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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the
+Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself, by De Witt
+C. Peters
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself
+
+
+Author: De Witt C. Peters
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2005  [eBook #16274]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT
+CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY
+HIMSELF***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Alicia Williams, William Flis, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 16274-h.htm or 16274-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16274/16274-h/16274-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16274/16274-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY
+MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY HIMSELF
+
+by
+
+DE WITT C. PETERS, M.D.,
+Late Assistant Surgeon U.S.A.
+
+With Original Illustrations, Drawn by Lumley,
+Engraved by N. Orr & Co.
+
+New York:
+W.R.C. Clark & Co.,
+348 Broadway.
+W.H. Tinson, Stereotyper and Printer,
+Rear of 43 & 45 Centre Street, N.Y.
+
+MDCCCLVIII
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  "All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
+  Whose body nature is, and God the soul."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KIT AND HIS FAVORITE HORSE "APACHE."]
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+COL. CERAN ST. VRAIN,
+
+OF NEW MEXICO.
+
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+You were first among the brave mountaineers to discover and direct the
+manly energy, extraordinary natural ability, and unyielding courage
+which have attached to the subject of this volume; and, as among the
+first Americans who put foot on the Rocky Mountains, you are perhaps
+best acquainted with the history of the men, who, for fifty years,
+have lived there. CHRISTOPHER CARSON, after a long life, now crowned
+with successful and honorable achievements, still looks upon you,
+sir, as his earliest patron, and places your name on the list of his
+warmest friends. Through a life of unusual activity and duration,
+which, reflecting honor and renown upon your name, has given you a
+distinguished position among your countrymen, you have never been
+known to forget a duty to your fellow man.
+
+For these considerations, the dedication of this volume to you cannot
+but appear appropriate. That he may continue to merit a place in your
+confidence and esteem is the earnest desire of
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FERNANDEZ DE TAOS, NEW MEXICO.
+
+SIR:
+
+We, the undersigned citizens of the Territory of New Mexico, have been
+acquainted with Mr. CHRISTOPHER CARSON for a number of years, indeed
+almost from the time of his first arrival in the country. We have been
+his companions both in the mountains and as a private citizen. We are
+also acquainted with the fact that for the past few months, during his
+leisure hours, he has been engaged dictating his life. This is, to
+our certain knowledge, the only authentic biography of himself and his
+travels that has ever been written. We heartily recommend THIS BOOK
+to the reading community for perusal, as it presents a life out of the
+usual routine of business, and is checkered with adventures which
+have tried this bold and daring man. We are cognizant of most of the
+details of the book, and vouch for their accuracy.
+
+Very respectfully,
+
+CERAN ST. VRAIN, LIEUT. COL. N.M. VOLUNTEERS.
+
+CHARLES BEAUBIEN, LATE CIRCUIT JUDGE.
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+The pages here presented to the public form a book of facts. They
+unfold for the student, as does no other work yet extant, the great
+interior wilderness of the territories belonging to the United States.
+The scenic views, though plainly colored and wrought by the hand of
+an unpretending artist, inasmuch as they portray a part of the North
+American continent which is unsurpassed by any other country on the
+face of the earth, will not fail to interest the American public. In
+addition to this, the reader is introduced to an intimate acquaintance
+with the Indian races of the countries which He east and west of the
+Rocky Mountains. The savage warrior and hunter is presented, stripped
+of all the decorations with which writers of fiction have dressed
+him. He is seen in his ferocity and gentleness, in his rascality and
+nobility, in his boyhood, manhood, and old age, and in his wisdom and
+ignorance. The attentive reader will learn of his approximations to
+truth, his bundle of superstitions, his acts at home and on the war
+path, his success while following the buffalo and engaging the wild
+Rocky Mountain bear, that terror of the western wilderness. He will
+also behold him carrying devastation to the homes of the New Mexican
+settlers, and freely spilling their best blood to satiate a savage
+revenge. He will see him attacking and massacring parties of the white
+men traveling across the prairies, and trace him in his savage wars
+with the early settlers and frontiersmen.
+
+In order to acquire these important _data_ that they might be added
+to the pages of American history and form a reliable record, it was
+necessary that some brave, bold and determined man should become an
+actor on the scenes and among the races described. Such an actor
+has been, and yet is, Christopher Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky
+Mountains; and, it is the experience, as well as the acts, of his
+stirring life, which the following pages present.
+
+In olden times there existed, in the Rocky Mountains, a race
+familiarly known by the name of "Trappers and Hunters." They are now
+almost extinct. Their history has not yet been written. Pen paintings,
+drawn from the imagination, founded upon distant views of their
+exploits and adventures, have occasionally served, as do legends,
+to "adorn a tale." The volume now offered to the public, gives their
+history as related by one whose name as a trapper and hunter of the
+"Far West," stands second to none; by a man, who, for fifteen years,
+saw not the face of a white woman, or slept under a roof; who, during
+those long years, with his rifle alone, killed over two thousand
+buffalo, between four and five thousand deer, antelope and elk,
+besides wild game, such as bears, wild turkeys, prairie chickens,
+etc., etc. in numbers beyond calculation. On account of their
+originality, daring and interest, the real facts, concerning this race
+of trappers and hunters, will be handed down to posterity as matters
+belonging to history.
+
+As is the case with the Indian, the race of the "Simon Pure Trapper"
+is nearly run. The advance of civilization, keeping up its untiring
+march to the westward, is daily encroaching upon their wild haunts and
+bringing the day close at hand when warrior and trapper will depart
+forever to their "Happy Hunting Grounds."
+
+With the extinction of the great fur companies, the trappers of "Olden
+Time" disbanded and separated.
+
+The greatest number of these men, to be found at the present day,
+reside in the Territory of New Mexico; which, in the time of their
+prosperity, was the country where they located their head quarters. In
+this Territory, Christopher Carson now resides. His name, in the Rocky
+Mountains, has been familiarly known for more than a quarter of a
+century; and, from its association with the names of great explorers
+and military men, is now spread throughout the civilized world. It has
+been generally conceded, and the concession has become strengthened
+by time, that no small share of the benefits derived from these
+explorations and campaigns, as well as the safety of the commands
+themselves, was and is due to the sagacity, skill, experience,
+advice and labor of Christopher Carson. The exploring parties, and
+expeditions here referred to, are those which he accompanied in the
+capacity of chief guide and adviser.
+
+His sober habits, strict honor, and great regard for truth, have
+endeared him to all who can call him friend; and, among such may be
+enumerated names belonging to some of the most distinguished men whose
+deeds are recorded on the pages of American history. His past life has
+been a mystery which this book will unveil. Instead of Kit Carson as
+by imagination--a bold braggart and reckless, improvident hero of the
+rifle--he will appear a retired man, and one who is very reserved in
+his intercourse with others. This fact, alone, will account for the
+difficulty which has hitherto attended presenting the public with an
+accurate history of his life.
+
+A few years since, the writer of this work first met Christopher
+Carson. It needed neither a second introduction, nor the assistance of
+a friendly panegyric, to enable him to discover in Christopher Carson
+those traits of manhood, which are esteemed by the great and good to
+be distinguishing ornaments of character. This acquaintance ripened
+into a friendship of the purest stamp. Since then, the writer has been
+the intimate friend and, companion of Christopher Carson, at his home,
+in the wild scenes of the chase, on the war trail, and upon the field
+of battle. For a long period, in common with hundreds--and, we might
+with truth add, thousands, the writer has desired to see Christopher
+Carson's wonderful career made public for the world of readers; but,
+while this idea was germinating in his brain, he did not, for an
+instant, flatter himself that the pleasant task would ever be assigned
+to him. Finally, however, at the urgent solicitation of many personal
+friends, Christopher Carson dictated the facts upon which this book
+is written. They were then placed in the writer's hands, with
+instructions to add to them such information as had fallen under his
+observation, during quite extensive travels over a large part of the
+wide expanse of country, which has been Christopher Carson's theatre
+for action.
+
+The book is a book of solid truth; therefore, the faults in the style,
+arrangement and composition, become affairs of minor consideration.
+For this reason, the writer makes no apologies to embarrass the
+critics.
+
+Christopher Carson, physically, is small in stature, but of compact
+frame-work. He has a large and finely developed head, a twinkling
+grey eye, and hair of a sandy color, which he wears combed back _a la
+Franklin mode_. His education having been much neglected in his
+youth, he is deficient in theoretical learning. By natural abilities,
+however, he has greatly compensated for this defect. He speaks the
+French and Spanish languages fluently, besides being a perfect master
+of several Indian dialects. In Indian customs, their manners, habits
+and the groundwork of their conduct, no man on the American continent
+is better skilled.
+
+The writer, while on a foreign tour, once had the opportunity and
+pleasure of hearing Gordon Cumming and other hunters of less note,
+discourse on their hunting exploits; furthermore, in our own country,
+while seated around camp-fires and in log houses, he has listened to
+the adventures of ancient and modern Nimrods in the chase; besides
+these facts, he has both seen and read much of hunting exploits; but,
+no hunter ever filled his fancy so perfectly, as does Christopher
+Carson, a man who acts and never boasts.
+
+Without further comment, the reader is presented with the work, while
+the writer cherishes the hope, that the facts, which for the first
+time are given to the world, will prove to be both interesting and
+important as jottings of history.
+
+The author begs leave to return to his friend, C. HATCH SMITH, A.M.,
+of Brooklyn, New York, his acknowledgment for valuable assistance in
+revising, correcting and arranging his manuscript.
+
+196 Twenty-third street, New York.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Carson's Birthplace--His Emigration to Missouri--Early Prospects--Is
+an Apprentice--Stories of the Rocky Mountains--He Enlists to go
+there--Adventures on the Prairies--Broaders is Wounded--Carson's Nerve
+put to the Test--Rude Amputation--Safe Arrival at Santa Fe--Goes
+to Taos and learns the Spanish Language--Early
+Vicissitudes--Disappointment and Attempt to return to Missouri--Is
+employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc., 13
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the Indians
+reaches Taos--Young raises a Party to chastise the Indians--Kit Carson
+becomes a Conspicuous Member of the Expedition--The Indians are found
+on Salt River--The Fight--Trapping Exploits--A new Country--Trials
+and Vicissitudes--Sacramento Valley--California and its Roman
+Catholic Missions in 1829--Another Indian Fight--Sale of Furs--Indian
+Depredations--Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers engage with the Indians
+in a Battle--Return to the Camp with recovered Property, 30
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Return from California to New Mexico--San Fernando and the Peublo
+of Los Angelos--Description of these Peublos--Passports demanded at
+Los Angelos--Trouble with the Mexican Authorities--Kit Carson sent on
+with the Pack Animals--One Trapper shoots another--The Mexicans become
+frightened--Indians come into Camp with their Weapons concealed--Cool
+Reception, by Kit Carson--Arrival at Santa Fe and Taos--Money realized
+soon parted with--Carson joins another Expedition--The Rivers trapped
+on--Four Men Killed by Blackfeet Indians--Kit Carson joins Gaunt's
+Party--The Parks--Winter Quarters--Crow Indian Depredations--Kit
+Carson and his Party in Pursuit--the Fight--Winter on the
+Arkansas--Another Expedition--Two Deserters--Kit Carson sent
+in Pursuit--The Fate of the Runaways--Adventures with
+Indians--Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson, 42
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves--The Great
+Success met with--Return to Taos--Sale of the Beaver Fur--Kit
+Carson joins Captain Lee and goes on a Trading Expedition--Winter
+Quarters--Kit Carson is sent in Pursuit of a Thief--Overtakes and
+is obliged to shoot the Runaway--Property recovered--The Return to
+Camp--The Sale of Goods--Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick and Party--Kit
+Carson organizes a Hunting Party--His Encounter with two Grizzly
+Bears--The Summer Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers and
+goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians--Annoyances received from
+these Indians--Winter Quarters in 1832--Horses Stolen--Kit Carson
+and eleven Men in Pursuit--A Parley--A Fight--Kit Carson severely
+wounded--His great Sufferings and Fortitude--His Convalescence--The
+Retreat--A New Expedition--A Braggadocio--Kit Carson Fights a Duel and
+Wounds his man--Duels in the Rocky Mountains in Olden Times, 68
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+The Fall Hunt--McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a Trapping
+Party which Kit Carson joins--The Hunt--Scarcity of Beaver on Humboldt
+River--The Party is divided--Kit Carson with a majority of the
+Men goes to Fort Hall--Hardships and Privations met with--Buffalo
+Hunt--All their Animals stolen in the Night by a Party of Blackfeet
+Indians--Arrival of McCoy from Fort Walla Walla--The Rendezvous--Kit
+Carson joins a strong Band--The Small Pox among the Blackfeet
+Indians--The Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites--Intense
+Cold--Immense Herds of Buffalo--Danger of their goring to death the
+Horses--The Spring Hunt--The Blackfeet Indian Village overtaken--A
+desperate Fight with these Indians--The Rendezvous--Sir William Stuart
+and a favorite Missionary--Kit Carson goes on a Trading Expedition to
+the Navajoe Indians--The Return--He accepts the post of Hunter of the
+Trading Post at Brown's Hole, 106
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills--The Main Camp--The
+Rendezvous--Winter Quarters on the Yellow Stone--Carson with forty men
+in a desperate fight with the Blackfeet Indians--A Council--Sentinel
+posted--One Thousand Warriors come to punish the Trappers--The War
+Dance--The Courage of the Savages deserts them--Winter Quarters--The
+Spring Hunt--Another Fight with the Blackfeet--Continued
+Annoyances--The Trappers abandon the Country--The Rocky Mountains
+and Alps compared--Other Trapping Expeditions--Beaver becoming
+scarce--Prices of Fur reduced--Kit Carson and the Trappers give
+up their Vocation--The Journey to Bent's Fort--Mitchell the
+Mountaineer--His Eccentricities, 127
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort--His Career for
+Eight Years--Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain--The commencement of his
+Acquaintance with John C. Fremont on a Steamboat--Is employed as
+a Guide by the Great Explorer--The Journey--Arrival at Fort
+Laramie--Indian Difficulties--The business of the Expedition
+completed--Return to Fort Laramie--Kit Carson goes to Taos and is
+married--He is employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the
+States--Meeting with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S. Dragoons
+on Walnut Creek--Mexicans in Trouble--Kit Carson carries a Letter
+for them to Santa Fe--Indians on the Route--His safe Arrival--Amijos'
+advance Guard massacred by the Texians--The one Survivor--The
+Retreat--Kit Carson returns to Bent's Fort--His Adventures with the
+Utahs and narrow escape from Death--The Texians disarmed--The Express
+Ride performed, 147
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp--Goes on the Second
+Exploring Expedition--The Necessary Arrangements--Trip to Salt
+Lake--Explorations there--Carson is dispatched to Fort Hall for
+Supplies--Their Operations at Salt Lake--The Great Island--The Journey
+to the Columbia River in Oregon--Incidents on the Route--Tlamath
+Lake--The Journey to California--The Trials and Privations met with
+while crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains--Mr. Preuss is lost
+but finds the Party again--Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute
+Condition--Two of the Party become deranged--The Route on the Return
+Trip--Mexicans come into their Camp asking Aid and Protection--Indian
+Depredations--Carson and Godey start on a Daring Adventure--The
+Pursuit--The Thieves overtaken--These Two White Men attack Thirty
+Indians--The Victory--Horses retaken--The Return to Camp--One of their
+Companions killed--The Journey continued--Arrival at Bent's Fort--The
+"Fourth of July" Dinner, 178
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer--He is joined in the
+Enterprise by a Friend--They build a Ranche on the Cimeron
+River--Descriptions of Mexican Customs and Country--Fremont once more
+at Bent's Fort--Express sent for Kit Carson to join the Expedition as
+Guide--The Ranche Sold, and the Departure--The Third Expedition and
+its Explorations--Difficulties with the Mexican-Californians--General
+Castro's Orders to leave the Country--Determination to Fight--Fremont
+goes to Lawson's Fort--Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand
+Indians--The Battle and the Victory--The news that War had
+been declared between the United States and Mexico reaches
+Fremont--Lieutenant Gillespie rescued from the Indians--Three of the
+party killed in the Night by Indians--The Savages repulsed--The Burial
+of Comrades, 232
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Fremont en route for California--His men are anxious to punish the
+Tlamath Indians--Kit Carson, in command of ten Men, is sent on ahead
+to reconnoitre--He discovers the main Village of these Indians--The
+Attack and the Victory--Beautiful Lodges--The Trophies mostly
+destroyed--Fremont saves Kit Carson's Life--The Journey resumed--The
+Sacramento Valley--An Indian Ambuscade--One Savage defies the
+Party--Kit Carson shoots him--The Tlamath Indians still on the War
+Path--Another Lesson given to them--A Thief is shot--Arrival at
+Lawson's Trading Post--A period of Inactivity--A Detachment sent
+to capture Sonoma--Prisoners taken--The Mexicans come to punish
+the Americans--Their Courage deserts them--The Retreat--The
+Pursuit--Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort and establishes a Military
+Post--Monterey is taken by the American Squadron--Fremont marches
+there--Further Operations--The taking of Los Angelos, 261
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches to
+Washington--The Preparation and the Start--The Journey--Privations and
+Sufferings--Meeting with General Kearney--The General takes Carson
+as his Guide and sends on the Dispatches by Fitzpatrick--The
+March--Arrival at Warner's Ranche--Mexicans on the Road--Preparations
+for a Battle--The Battle--Disastrous Consequences--Kit Carson and
+Lieutenant Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels and
+carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical position--The
+Daring Undertaking--The Sufferings they encountered--Their
+Arrival--Reinforcements sent out--Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from
+the Privations he has undergone--Gen. Kearney and his Command finally
+reach and join the other American Forces in California, 274
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos--The Mexican
+Army evacuates the Town--Its Capture--Rumors of an Attack to be made
+on Fremont's Command--The Mexicans surrender--The Winter
+Quarters--Kit Carson is ordered to carry Dispatches overland to
+Washington--Lieutenant Beale accompanies him--A Night Attack made by
+the Indians--Arrival in the United States--Kit Carson's Introduction
+to Col. Benton and Mrs. Fremont--Hospitality offered to him at
+Washington--Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant in the
+Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk--He is ordered to
+carry Dispatches to California--The Journey--A Brush with the
+Camanche Indians--Arrival at Santa Fe--More trouble with hostile
+Indians--Arrival at Los Angelos--Dispatches delivered--Kit Carson
+is assigned to do Duty with the Dragoons--Is ordered to Guard Tajon
+Pass--The Winter spent there--Is ordered again to carry Dispatches to
+Washington--The Journey and its Adventures--The return to New Mexico,
+297
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Kit Carson at his Home--The Apache Indians become hostile--An
+Expedition sent against them--It is not successful--Another is
+organized, with which, Kit Carson goes as Guide--Two Indian Chiefs
+captured--Other Incidents of the Trip--Colonel Beall attempts to force
+the Indians to give up Mexican Captives--Two thousand Savages on the
+Arkansas River--The Visit to them--Kit Carson emigrates and builds a
+Ranche at Rayado--Description of the Valley--The Massacre of a Santa
+Fe Merchant--His Wife is made Prisoner--The Expedition sent to rescue
+her--The Indians overtaken--Bad Counsel and Management--The commanding
+Officer wounded--Mrs. White's Body found--Severe Snow-storm on the
+Plains--One Man frozen to Death--Kit Carson returns to Rayado--The
+occupation of a Farmer resumed--The Apaches steal from the Settlers
+nearly all their Animals--Kit Carson with thirteen others in the
+Pursuit--The Surprise--A running Fight--The Animals recovered--A
+gallant Sergeant and his Fate--Kit Carson and Goodel go on a Trading
+Expedition to meet California Emigrants at Fort Laramie--Humorous
+Adventures--The Dangers that beset the Road to New
+Mexico--Hair-breadth Escape--Arrival at Taos, 322
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Kit Carson reaches Home--Himself and Neighbors robbed by the
+Apaches--Major Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the stolen
+Stock--A Plot organized by White Men to murder two Santa Fe Traders
+for their Money--The Disclosure--Kit Carson goes to the Rescue of the
+Traders--The Camp of United States Recruits--Captain Snell with twenty
+Men joins Kit Carson and they two make the Arrest of Fox--Gratitude
+expressed by the Traders--Money offered but refused--The Prisoner
+taken to Taos and incarcerated--Kit Carson receives a magnificent Pair
+of Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders--The return
+to Rayado--A Trading Expedition to the United States--The return
+Journey--An Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians--A State of
+Suspense--The Deliverance from Danger by a Message sent by a Mexican
+Runner--The arrival at Rayado, 361
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition--He embarks in a
+Speculation--His Trip to California with a large Flock of Sheep--The
+Method employed by Mexicans in driving Herds and their Dexterity--Kit
+Carson goes to San Francisco--Its wonderful Growth--Maxwell joins Kit
+Carson at Sacramento City--The Lucky Speculation--The Return Trip to
+New Mexico and its Adventures--The Mormon Delegate to Congress informs
+Kit Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent--Kit Carson enters
+upon the Duties of his Office--Bell's Fight with the Apaches on
+Red River--Kit Carson's Interview with the same Indian--High-handed
+Measures on the Part of the Apaches--Davidson's desperate Fight with
+them--The Soldiers defeated with severe loss--Davidson's Bravery is
+unjustly questioned--Kit Carson's Opinion of it--The Apaches elated by
+their Victory--Their Imitations of the Actions of Military Men, 389
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+A fresh Campaign set on foot--Col. Cook in Command--Kit Carson goes
+as Guide--The Apaches and Utahs leagued together--The Roughness of
+the Country and the Privations to which the Command was exposed--The
+Indians overhauled--A running Fight--The Advantages gained--The Chase
+resumed--The Apaches resort to their old Tricks--Col. Cook is obliged
+to return to Abiquiu--A Utah taken Prisoner through Mistake--Kit
+Carson goes to Taos and has a Conference with the Chiefs of the Utah
+Nation--Cook's second Scout--He is caught in a furious Snow-storm and
+obliged to return to Rio Colorado--Major Brooks and Reinforcements
+come to the Rescue--Major Brooks on the Lookout, but fails to find the
+Indians--Carleton's Expedition--Kit Carson goes with it as Guide--The
+Adventures met with--Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true--The Muache Band
+of Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council--Troubles brewing
+among these Indians--The Small Pox carries off their Head Men, 434
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Commencement of a formidable Indian War--High-handed Measures
+on the Part of the Indians--The Governor of New Mexico raises five
+hundred Mexican Volunteers and places them under the Command of
+Colonel St. Vrain--Colonel Fauntleroy placed in Command of all
+the Forces--Kit Carson is chosen as Chief Guide--The Campaign
+commenced--The Trail found--The Indians are met and the first Fight
+and its Consequences--An Excitement in Camp--The Indians again
+overtaken--The return to Fort Massachusetts--Intense Cold Weather
+experienced--The Second Campaign--Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the
+Main Camp of the Enemy--The War and Scalp Dance broken up--Terrible
+Slaughter of the Indians--The Great Amount of Plunder taken and
+destroyed--Another small Party of Indians surprised and routed--St.
+Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign--The Indians sue for
+Peace--The Council held and Treaties signed--Kit Carson opposes the
+making of them--The poor Protection Indian Treaties usually afford
+to Settlers--Kit Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends--His
+Attachment for his Family put to the test--Cowardice of a Mexican--Kit
+Carson's Friends as they look upon him--His influence over
+Indians--General remarks--Conclusion, 466
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF KIT CARSON.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    Carson's Birthplace--His Emigration to Missouri--Early
+    Prospects--Is an Apprentice--Stories of the Rocky
+    Mountains--He Enlists to go there--Adventures on the
+    Prairies--Broaders is Wounded--Carson's Nerve put to the
+    Test--Rude Amputation--Safe Arrival at Santa Fe--Goes to
+    Taos and learns the Spanish Language--Early
+    Vicissitudes--Disappointment and Attempt to return to
+    Missouri--Is employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc.
+
+
+It is now a well-established fact, that no State in the American Union
+has given birth to so many distinguished pioneers and explorers of
+its boundless Territories, as the commonwealth of Kentucky. An Author,
+whose task is to tell of a Hero, his bravery, endurance, privations,
+integrity, self-denial and deeds of daring, carries the _morale_ with
+which to gain at once for these characteristics the assent of the
+reader, by the simple assertion, "My Hero was born a Kentuckian."
+Indeed, in America, to be a native of the State of Kentucky, is to
+inherit all the attributes of a brave man, a safe counsellor and a
+true friend. It is, at least, certain that this State, whether the
+fact is due to its inland and salubrious climate, or to its habits of
+physical training, has added many a Hero unto humanity.
+
+Christopher Carson, by his countrymen familiarly called "Kit Carson,"
+was born in the County of Madison, State of Kentucky, on the 24th day
+of December, 1809. The Carson family were among the first settlers
+of Kentucky, and became owners of fine farms. Besides being an
+industrious and skillful farmer, the father of Kit Carson was a
+celebrated hunter. When the Indians of Kentucky became quieted down,
+putting an end to the calls upon his courage and skill as a woodsman,
+he settled into a simple, respectable farmer. This monotonous life
+did not suit his disposition; and, as the tide of emigration into the
+wilds of Missouri was then commencing, where both game and the red man
+still roamed, he resolved to migrate in that direction. It was only
+one year after the birth of his son Christopher, that Mr. Carson sold
+his estate in Kentucky and established himself, with his large family,
+in that part of the State of Missouri now known as Howard County. At
+this time Howard County, Missouri, was a wilderness, on the remote
+American frontier. At his new home, the father was in his element. His
+reputation of carrying an unerring rifle and always enacting the deeds
+of a brave man, was not long in following him into this wilderness.
+Mr. Carson's only assistant, on his first arrival in Howard County,
+was his eldest son, Moses Carson, who was afterwards settled in the
+State of California, where he resided twenty-five years before the
+great California gold discovery was made.
+
+For two or three years after arriving at their new home, the Carson
+family, with a few neighbors, lived in a picketed log fort; and when
+they were engaged in agricultural pursuits, working their farms, and
+so forth, it was necessary to plough, sow and reap under guard,
+men being stationed at the sides and extremities of their fields to
+prevent the working party from being surprised and massacred by wild
+and hostile savages who infested the country. At this time the small
+pox, that disease which has proved such a terrible scourge to the
+Indian, had but seldom visited him.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: This disease has probably been the worst enemy with which
+the red man of America has had to contend. By terrible experience he
+has become familiarized with its ravages, and has resorted to the most
+desperate remedies for its cure. Among many tribes, the afflicted are
+obliged to form camps by themselves; and, thus left alone, they die by
+scores. One of their favorite remedies, when the scourge first makes
+its appearance, is to plunge into the nearest river, by which they
+think to purify themselves. This course, however, in reality, tends
+to shorten their existence. When the small pox rages among the
+Aborigines, a most unenviable position is held by their "Medicine
+Man." He is obliged to give a strict account of himself; and, if so
+unfortunate as to lose a chief, or other great personage, is sure
+to pay the penalty by parting with his own life. The duties of the
+"Medicine Man" among the Indians are so mixed up with witchcraft
+and jugglery, so filled with the pretence of savage quackery, so
+completely rude and unfounded as to principle, that it is impossible
+to define the practice for any useful end. About five years since, a
+young gentleman of scientific habits, who was attached to an exploring
+party, accidentally became separated from his companions. In his
+wanderings, he fell in with a band of hostile Sioux Indians, who
+would quickly have dispatched him, had he not succeeded immediately
+in convincing them of his wonderful powers. It so happened that this
+gentleman was well informed in the theory of vaccination, and it
+struck him that by impressing on the savages his skill, he might
+extricate himself. By the aid of signs, a lancet and some virus, he
+set himself to work, and soon saw that he had gained a reputation
+which saved him his scalp. He first vaccinated his own arm, after
+which all of the Indians present solicited his magic touch, to save
+them from the loathsome disease. The result was, that he found he had
+enlisted himself in an active practice. After a few days, the Indians
+were delighted with the results, and began to look upon their prisoner
+as possessed of superhuman knowledge. They feared to do him injury,
+and finally resolved to let him go; of which privilege, it is almost
+unnecessary to say, he was delighted to avail himself, and was not
+long in finding his friends.]
+
+The incidents which enliven and add interest to the historic page,
+have proved of spontaneous and vigorous growth in the new settlements
+of America. Nearly every book which deals with the early planting and
+progress of the American colonists and pioneers, contains full, and
+frequently glowing, descriptions of exploits in the forest; strifes of
+the hunter; fights with the savages; fearful and terrible surprises of
+lurking warriors, as they arouse the brave settler and his family
+from their midnight dreams by the wild, death-announcing war-whoop;
+hair-breadth escapes from the larger kinds of game, boldly bearded in
+their lair; the manly courage which never yields, but surmounts every
+obstacle presented by the unbroken and boundless forest; all these
+are subjects and facts which have already so many counterparts in
+book-thought, accessible to the general reader, that their details
+may be safely omitted during the boyhood days of young Carson. It is
+better, therefore, to pass over the youthful period of his eventful
+life, until he began to ripen into manhood.
+
+Kit Carson, at fifteen years of age, was no ordinary person. He had at
+this early age earned, and well earned, a reputation, on the basis
+of which the prediction was ventured in his behalf, that he would not
+fail to make and leave a mark upon the hearts of his countrymen. Those
+who knew him at the age of fifteen, hesitated not to say, "Kit Carson
+is the boy who will grow into a man of influence and renown."
+
+The chief points of his character which elicited this prediction were
+thus early clearly marked. Some of his traits were kindness and
+good qualities of heart, determined perseverance, indomitable will,
+unflinching courage, great quickness and shrewdness of perception, and
+promptitude in execution. The predictions uttered by the hardy rangers
+of the forest concerning a boy like Carson are seldom at fault; and
+Kit was one who, by many a youthful feat worthy the muscle of riper
+years, had endeared himself to their honest love. It was among such
+men and for such reason, that Kit Carson thus early in life had won
+the influence and rewards of a general favorite.
+
+His frame was slight, below the medium stature, closely knit together,
+and endowed with extraordinary elasticity. He had, even then, stood
+the test of much hard usage. What the body lacked in strength was more
+than compensated for by his indomitable will; consequently, at this
+early age, he was considered capable of performing a frontier man's
+work, both in tilling the soil and handling the rifle.
+
+It was at this period of his eventful life that his father, acting
+partially under the advice of friends, determined that his son Kit
+should learn a trade. A few miles from Kit's forest home, there lived
+a Mr. David Workman, a saddler. To him he was apprenticed. With Mr.
+Workman young Carson remained two years, enjoying both the confidence
+and respect of his employer; but, mourning over the awl, the hide
+of new leather, the buckle and strap; for, the glorious shade of the
+mighty forest; the wild battle with buffalo and bear; the crack of
+the unerring rifle, pointed at the trembling deer. Saddlery is an
+honorable employment; but saddlery never made a greater mistake than
+when it strove to hitch to its traces the bold impulse, the wild
+yearning, the sinewy muscle of Kit Carson. Harness-making was so
+irksome to his ardent temperament and brave heart, that he resolved to
+take advantage of the first favorable opportunity and quit it forever.
+With him, to resolve has ever been followed by action. During the
+latter part of his stay with Mr. Workman, many stories of adventures
+in the Rocky Mountains reached the ear of the youthful Kentuckian in
+his Missouri home. The almost miraculous _hyperbole_ which flavored
+the narratives were not long in awakening in his breast a strong
+desire to share in such stirring events. The venturesome mind at last
+became inspired. He determined to go; and, giving his restless spirit
+full sway, in 1826, joined a party bound for his boyish fancy-pictures
+of the Elysian Fields. The leader of this expedition required no
+second request from young Carson before enrolling his name on the
+company-list. The hardy woodsman saw stamped upon the frank and open
+countenance of the boy who stood before him those sterling qualities
+which have since made his name a household word. These formed a
+passport which, on the spot, awakened the respect and unlocked the
+hearts of those whose companionship he sought.
+
+The work of preparation was now commenced by the different parties to
+the expedition. All of the arrangements having been finally completed,
+the bold and hardy band soon started upon their journey. Their route
+lay over the vast, and then unexplored territory, bounded by the Rocky
+Mountains on the one side, and the Missouri River on the other. Before
+them lay, stretched out in almost never-ending space, those great
+prairies, the half of which are still unknown to the white man.
+Crossing the plains in 1826 was an entirely different feat from what
+it is at this day. Where, then, were the published guides? Where were
+the charts indicating the eligible camping grounds with their springs
+of pure water? These _oases_ of the American Sahara were not yet
+acquainted with the white man's foot. The herds of buffaloes, the
+droves of wild horses, knew not the crack of the white man's rifle.
+They had fled only at the approach of the native Indian warrior and
+the yearly fires of the prairie. It was a difficult task to find a man
+who had gazed on the lofty peaks of the mountain ranges which formed a
+serpentine division of the vast American Territories, or who had drank
+the waters at the camping places on the prairies. The traveller
+at that day was, in every force of meaning which the word extends,
+literally, an explorer, whose chosen object was the task of a hero.
+The Indians themselves could give no information of the route beyond
+the confined limits of their hunting ranges. The path which this
+pioneer party entered was existent only in the imagination of the
+book-making geographer, about as accurate and useful from its detail,
+as the route of Baron Munchausen to the icelands of the North Pole on
+the back of his eagle. The whole expanse of the rolling prairie, to
+those brave hearts, was one boundless uncertainty. This language may
+possibly be pronounced redundant. It may be in phrase; it is not in
+fact. The carpet-knight, the holiday ranger, the book-worm explorer,
+knows but little of the herculean work which has furnished for the
+world a practical knowledge of the western half of the North American
+continent. We shall see in the progress of this work whether the
+adventures of Kit Carson entitle him to a place in the heart of the
+American nation on the same shelf with his compeers.
+
+In that day, the fierce red-man chief scoured the broad prairies, a
+petty king in his tribe, a ruler of his wild domain. Bold, haughty,
+cautious, wily, unrelenting, revengeful, he led his impassioned
+warriors in the chase and to battle. Even to-day, the lurking Indian
+foeman is no mean adversary to be laughed and brushed out of the way,
+notwithstanding disease, war, assassination and necessary chastisement
+have united rapidly to decimate his race, thereby gradually lessening
+its power. Thirty years ago the rolling plains were alive with them,
+and their numbers alone made them formidable. It is not strange that
+the untutored savages of the prairie, like those of their race who
+hailed with ungovernable curiosity the landing of the Pilgrims on
+Plymouth Rock, should have been attracted by the wonderful inventions
+of the white-man intruder. A very short period of time served to turn
+this ungovernable curiosity into troublesome thieving. Knowing no law
+but their wild traditionary rules, they wrested from the adventurous
+pioneer, his rifle, knife, axe, wagon, harness, horse, powder, ball,
+flint, watch, compass, cooking utensils, and so forth. The result was,
+sanguinary engagements ensued, which led to bitter hostility between
+the two races. Doubtless the opinion may be controverted, but it
+nevertheless shall be hazarded, that, until the weaker party shall be
+exterminated by the stronger, the wild war-whoop, with its keen-edged
+knife and death-dealing rifle accompaniments, will continue, from time
+to time, to palsy the nerve, and arouse the courage of the pioneer
+white man. The Indian, in his attack, no longer showers cloth-yard
+arrows upon his foe. He has learned to kill his adversary with the
+voice of thunder and the unseen bullet.
+
+The bold traveller, whose pathway lies over those great highroads
+which lead to the Pacific, must still watch for the red man's ambush
+by day; and, by night, sleep under the protecting vigilance of the
+faithful, quick-sighted sentinel. The savage never forgives his own or
+his ancestor's foe. Every generation of them learns from tradition the
+trials and exploits of its tribe. From earliest boyhood these form the
+burden of their education in history; and, on performing the feat of
+courage or strength which admits them to the councils of the braves,
+their nation's wrongs are uppermost in their thoughts, causing them to
+thirst for a revenge which sooner or later gives them a grave, making
+themselves, in turn, an object of revenge.
+
+It has already appeared that when Kit Carson entered upon his first
+expedition, game was to be had in abundance. His route lay across the
+western wilds to Santa Fe. All this distance the bulk of provisions,
+consisting of a small quantity of flour and bacon, had to be
+transported by himself and his companions. These articles were kept
+as a reserve, and were looked upon as luxuries; for, that man was
+estimated to be a very poor shot who could not obtain, with his rifle,
+all the animal food he required for his individual sustenance. These
+hunters, however, well understood the laws which govern and the
+advantages which follow division of labor. Everything was so arranged,
+both for this and subsequent expeditions, by which a regular hunter
+was appointed, and each man assigned some particular duty according
+to his capacity. These appointments were usually made by the leader
+of the party, whose supervision was acknowledged by general consent on
+account of his known experience and capability. This plan was the more
+necessary in order to avoid confusion.
+
+The caravan had hardly launched out on its long and tedious tramp,
+when an accident occurred which came very near proving serious in its
+results. For several days the men had been greatly annoyed by wolves
+who appeared more than usually ravenous and bold.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: There are two species of these animals found on the
+western prairie. One is small, called the Jackal; the other much
+larger. The latter, or larger species, are found of various, colors,
+but more frequently grey. The color, however, varies with the season
+and often from other causes. Many of their habits are strikingly
+similar to those of the domestic dog, with the simple difference
+that the wolf is unreclaimed from his wild state. The connecting link
+between the prairie wolf and the domestic dog is the cur found among
+the Indians. The Indian cur, by a casual observer, could be easily
+mistaken for a prairie wolf. Near the Rocky Mountains, and in them,
+these animals are found of immense size; but, being cowardly, they are
+not dangerous. The first night a person sleeps on a prairie is ever
+afterwards vividly impressed upon his memory. The serenade of the
+wolves with which he is honored, is apt to be distinctly remembered.
+It is far from agreeable, and seldom fails to awaken unpleasant
+forebodings concerning the future; and, the idea that these fellows
+may be soon clearing his bones, is not very genial to the fancy. To
+the wolf the graveyard is anything but consecrated ground; and, if a
+person is very chary of his cadaver, he had better not leave it on the
+Western Plains. The wolf is quite choice in his viands whenever the
+opportunity offers, and will, at any time, leave the carcass of an
+Indian for that of a white man. Old frontiersmen, speaking of the
+wolves, usually style them as "their dogs;" and, after a night when
+these animals have kept up an incessant barking, they will express
+wonder by asking what has been disturbing "their hounds." The flesh of
+the mountain wolf, when cooked, has something of the smell and taste
+of mutton, but it is very rank.]
+
+In order to frighten the wolves, the teamsters would occasionally
+shoot them. One of the members of the expedition was obliged to take
+a fresh rifle from a wagon. In taking the gun out, the hammer of the
+lock caught against some projecting object, which caused it to be
+partially set. Having become freed, however, before it was fully set,
+it came down and fired the gun. The contents of the barrel were sent
+through the man's arm. No member of the expedition was conversant with
+surgical knowledge. Here was an occasion to shake the nerves of any
+feeling man; and, beneath the rough exterior of the western ranger,
+there runs as deep a stream of true humanity as can be found anywhere
+on the American continent. Every suggestion was offered and every
+effort was put forth which heart feeling chained to anxiety and the
+terrible necessity, could offer. Every remedy which promised a good
+result was duly weighed; and, if pronounced worthy of trial, it was
+adopted. The sufferer had kind, though rough nurses; but, the absence
+of scientific skill, under such emergency, proved a sad want for the
+unfortunate man. Notwithstanding their united efforts, Broader's arm
+grew alarmingly worse. It soon became manifest to all that he must
+part with his arm, or lose his life; perhaps both. At this critical
+period, a consultation was held, in which the suffering patient
+joined. Due deliberation was extended to all the symptoms. The giving
+of advice in such a council by men who could only give judgment from
+an imaginary stand-point, must strike the heart of true sympathy
+as having been painful in no ordinary degree. After every possible
+argument had been offered in favor of saving the arm, the final
+decision of the council was that it must come off. The next difficulty
+which presented itself was quite as formidable as the expression of
+a correct judgment. Who should perform the office of surgeon, was the
+knotty question? Again the consultations became exciting and intensely
+painful. The members of the council, however, took it upon themselves
+to designate the persons, and chose Carson with two others. These
+immediately set at work to execute their sad but necessary task. The
+arrangements were all hastily, but carefully made, and the cutting
+begun. The instruments used were a razor, an old saw; and, to arrest
+the hemorrhage, the king bolt taken from one of the wagons was heated
+and applied to serve as an actual cautery. The operation, rudely
+performed, with rude instruments, by unpractised hands, excited to
+action only by the spur of absolute necessity, proved, nevertheless,
+entirely successful. Before the caravan arrived at Santa Fe the
+patient had so far recovered that he was able to take care of himself.
+
+Besides this unfortunate affair, nothing worthy of note transpired,
+beyond the general record of their route, during the remainder of
+their journey. The latter would be too voluminous for the general
+reader, and has already served its purpose as an assistant to other
+exploring parties, both from published account and conversational
+directions. The party entered Santa Fe in the month of November. Very
+soon after, Kit Carson left his companions and proceeded to Fernandez
+de Taos, a Mexican town, which lies about eighty miles to the
+northeast of the capital of New Mexico. During the winter that
+followed his arrival in the territory of New Mexico, Kit lived with an
+old mountaineer by the name of Kin Cade, who very kindly offered him a
+home. It was at this period of his life that he commenced studying
+the Spanish language. His friend Kin Cade became his assistant in this
+task. At the same time Kit neglected no opportunity to learn all he
+could about the Rocky Mountains. He little thought, then, that these
+earth-formed giants were to become his future home, and so gloriously
+to herald his name throughout the entire civilized globe.
+
+The pinching effects of want now attacked poor Kit. He could obtain no
+employment. His expectations in this respect, as well as his earnest
+efforts, received so little encouragement that he began, finally,
+to despond. Extreme poverty is a wet damper on the fires of the best
+genius; but, as was the case with Kit, it does not effectually put
+it out. Kit saw with sorrow that he must retrace his steps. To obtain
+means to carry out his ardent desires, in the spring of 1827 he
+started on a backward trip to Missouri. Every step he took in this
+direction was accompanied with such displeasure, that had it not been
+his best and surest policy, he would have mastered any difficulties
+of another and better course, had such offered. Four hundred and fifty
+miles from Santa Fe, being about one half the distance across the
+prairies, had been accomplished by the party Kit had joined for this
+homeward trip. The fording of the Arkansas River had been reached.
+Here Kit's party met with some traders bound for New Mexico. They
+offered him employment, which he gladly accepted; and, in their
+company, retraced his steps back to Santa Fe But when arrived at
+Santa Fe, Kit found himself again without money. He was afforded
+an opportunity to obtain a wardrobe, but to the mountaineer, such
+property would be entirely a superfluity. He feels nearly independent
+on the score of clothing, as he considers that he needs but little
+raiment, and that little he is always proud to owe to his beloved
+rifle. This brings to his hand buckskins in plenty, and his own
+ingenuity is the fashion-plate by which they are manufactured into
+wearable and comfortable vesture. There is one article of clothing,
+however, for which the frontiersman feels an ardent predilection. It
+is a woollen shirt. This article, Kit really needed; and, in equal
+pace with his necessity, ran his anxiety that something should offer
+by which to obtain one. The reader may smile at this; and, so does Kit
+at this day, as he recounts the fact in his own inimitable style. But
+Kit says that to obtain a woollen shirt then, was, to him, no laughing
+matter. At a moment when he almost despaired of gaining employment, he
+received an offer to go as a teamster with an expedition bound to El
+Paso. This opportunity was a chance for success not to be lost, and
+he closed with the proposition. After faithfully performing his
+engagement, he, however, returned to Santa Fe, where he made a short
+stay, and then proceeded to Taos. In this town Kit entered into the
+service of Mr. Ewing Young, who was a trader and trapper. The reader
+may prepare again for a smile, as he will now learn that Kit became
+a cook. Mr. Ewing Young has the satisfaction of boasting that the
+renowned Kit Carson once performed the responsible and arduous duties
+of a master cook in the culinary department of his establishment; and
+that, for these valuable services, labor, care and diligence, he gave
+to Kit, as a _quid pro quo_, his board. In this way Kit supported
+himself in his straitened circumstances until the following spring.
+
+What was the bright thought which made the bold, the ardent, the
+energetic Kit Carson accept this menial office? Surely the brain metal
+which was so brightly polished when he set out from Howard county,
+Missouri, must have been sadly rusted. Not so! The hope which buoyed
+up his spirits while he attempted to rival French pastry and English
+beef with American venison and Buffalo meat on the table of Mr. Ewing
+Young, was that some trapper, or hunter, would come into Taos, their
+favorite place of resort; and, by being ready for an emergency, he
+would obtain an opportunity for gaining a permission to join them. His
+intention was certainly good, but it lacked the bright crown of good
+intention--success. In the spring of 1828, much chagrined with his,
+so far, continued bad luck, and no prospect of gaining his object
+appearing, he again joined a homeward-bound party and with it,
+sorrowfully, started for Missouri. But, as on the former trip
+homeward, he met on the route a party bound for Santa Fe. That
+indomitable ingredient in his composition, an iron will, caused him
+once more to turn his face westward. He joined this party and returned
+to Santa Fe, in order again to tempt fortune for an opportunity
+to reach the Rocky Mountains. But during all these changes and
+counterchanges Kit had not been idle. He had picked up considerable
+knowledge, and, to his other stock of accomplishments, had added the
+ability to speak the Spanish language.
+
+On arriving once more at Santa Fe, he fell in with Col. Tramell, who
+was at that time a well-known trader. Col Tramell needed a Spanish
+interpreter. Kit obtained the post, and set out with him for
+Chihuahua, one of the Mexican States. Here again Kit made a change in
+his employment. In Chihuahua he fell in with Mr. Robert McKnight.
+To him he hired out as a teamster, and in this capacity went to the
+copper mines which are found near to the Rio Gila. Amid the weary
+necessities of this humble but honorable calling, Kit's heart was
+constantly alive with ambition to become a hunter and trapper. He knew
+that he was expert with the rifle, which had been his boyish toy, and
+felt confident that he could rely upon it as an assistant to gain an
+honest living. His constant thought at this time was, let him now be
+engaged in whatever calling chance offered and necessity caused him
+to accept, the final pursuit of his life would be as a hunter and
+trapper. Here, then, is presented a fair example of the strife, both
+inward and outward, through which a young man of courage and ambition
+must expect to pass before he can win position, influence, and the
+comforts of life, whatever the scene of his action, or whatever the
+choice of employment suitable to his talent and genius. Kit Carson
+was determined, no matter what might be the obstacles which presented
+themselves, to be a hunter and trapper.
+
+The reader will have made a sad mistake if he has concluded, that
+during the time which has intervened since Kit started from Missouri,
+he has been roaming in a country where there was less danger than when
+he was in the picketed fort with his father. Such a supposition would
+be greatly at fault. The towns in New Mexico, at this early period,
+were almost entirely at the mercy of the Indians. The Mexicans were
+nearly destitute of means to defend themselves. Very few of the
+Anglo-Saxon race had entered this territory, and those who had
+were, in turn, exposed to the vacillating wills of the proverbially
+treacherous Mexicans. A man like Kit Carson, however, born and bred in
+danger, cared but little about this state of affairs. The dangers did
+not enter into his calculations of chance to overcome the difficulties
+which beset the pathway which the alluring hopes of his ambition had
+marked out. Not long afterward, he left the copper mines, and once
+more bent his steps to Taos, in company with a small party. At Taos,
+he found a band of trappers which had been sent out by Mr. Ewing
+Young. While _en route_ for the river Colorado of the _west_, in
+pursuit of game, they had been attacked by a band of Indians. After
+fighting an entire day, they had been compelled to retreat, and
+returned to New Mexico.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the
+    Indians reaches Taos--Young raises a Party to chastise the
+    Indians--Kit Carson becomes a Conspicuous Member of the
+    Expedition--The Indians are found on Salt River--The
+    Fight--Trapping Exploits--A new Country--Trials and
+    Vicissitudes--Sacramento Valley--California and its Roman
+    Catholic Missions in 1829--Another Indian Fight--Sale of
+    Furs--Indian Depredations--Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers
+    engage with the Indians in a Battle--Return to the Camp with
+    recovered Property.
+
+
+The news of the attack and defeat of his men by the Indians, was
+brought to Mr. Ewing Young at Taos by a member of the unfortunate
+expedition. On learning the causes which brought this unpleasant
+termination to his enterprise, Mr. Young raised a party of forty men,
+consisting of Americans, Canadians and Frenchmen, and put himself at
+its head. Kit Carson was received into the party, and soon became
+one of its most prominent and efficient aids. Mr. Young's object was
+two-fold: first, to chastise the Indians; and, second, to make all he
+could out of the expedition by employing the men in their calling
+as trappers. Under the Mexican laws, licenses were required from the
+government to all Mexicans who set out on trapping expeditions. These
+were not granted to citizens of the United States. This was not
+the mere will of governmental officials; the Mexican statutory law
+prohibited the granting of licenses to citizens of the United States.
+This law was, however, often made a dead letter by Americans; for,
+they frequently, but stealthily evaded it. In order, therefore, to
+hoodwink the Mexican authorities, Mr. Young had to resort to various
+expedients. His preparations were so carefully and secretly made, that
+the real business he had in contemplation did not transpire, or even a
+suspicion gain currency as to his intended whereabouts.
+
+In April, 1829, the party set out, eager to bring about results equal
+to their anticipations. At first, to avoid the curiosity and inquiring
+disposition of the Mexicans, they traveled northward, as if their
+destination was into the territory of the United States. Hints had
+been sufficiently freely bestowed upon the Mexicans to lead them to
+believe that such was the destination of the party. After journeying
+fifty miles in this direction, and feeling themselves free from the
+scrutiny of the Mexican authorities, they changed their course to the
+southwest, and travelled through the country occupied by the Navajoes,
+who are an interesting and dangerous race of Indians, even to the
+trader of this day. On their route, the company passed through Zuni,
+a Peublo town; thence they traveled to the head of Salt River, one
+of the tributaries of the Rio Gila. Here they discovered the band of
+Indians who had attacked and defeated the former party. As soon as the
+Indians discovered the party of trappers, they became eager for the
+affray. The usual preliminaries for such fights were, therefore,
+quickly made on both sides. Young directed the greater part of his men
+to lie in ambush, for he felt confident that the Indians did not know
+his strength. The bands of savages who covered the hills round about
+mistook the halt necessary to complete the ambush for cowardice and
+fear on the part of the whites. At this their courage arose, to such
+a degree, that they made a bold charge against, as they supposed,
+the small party of white men who were visible. They were allowed to
+advance well into the trap, until, by the position of the trappers
+in ambush, they came under a cross fire. At the word of command, a
+general volley was fired into the advance column. Fifteen warriors
+fell dead, and many others were wounded. The Indians became
+panic-stricken, and the trappers immediately following up their
+advantage, advanced from cover. The warriors did not rally for a
+second attack, but fled in every direction, leaving Young, with his
+party, masters of the field. Strange as it has ever seemed, to the
+inquiring mind, in those days and for many succeeding years, companies
+of white men from fifty to sixty in number could wage successful war
+against whole tribes of Indians, who could easily muster a thousand
+fighting men. A reason often given for this is, that the trappers of
+the western wilds are invariably "dead shots" with the rifle and
+well versed in Indian strategy. On the other hand, the red men were,
+comparatively speaking, poorly armed, and could not travel together
+for any length of time in large parties, because they depended for
+food chiefly upon hunting. Had there existed no other cause, the means
+of obtaining provision being limited, must have compelled them to
+separate. Very frequently whole tribes are reduced to depend upon
+daily hunts. The bravery of the Indians is of a different stamp from
+that which is exhibited by the whites, especially where the white man
+is a Simon-pure western trapper. The white man on the prairie or in
+the mountains, knows but too well that if attacked by Indians he
+must conquer or die. It was, and is, seldom that a company out on an
+expedition has any place of refuge to which it may retreat. Here is
+the principal reason why the trapper is so seldom defeated. He cannot
+afford to lose his life to a certainty, and consequently will not
+allow a defeat.
+
+After this fight, Young's party trapped down the Salt River to San
+Francisco River, and thence on up to the head of the latter stream.
+The Indians failed not to hover on their pathway, and to make nightly
+attacks upon their party. Frequently they would crawl into camp and
+steal a trap, or kill a mule or a horse, and do whatever other damage
+they could secretly. At the head of the San Francisco River the
+company was divided. It was so arranged, that one party was to proceed
+to the valley of the Sacramento in California. Of this detachment
+Kit Carson was a member. The other party had orders to return to New
+Mexico for the purpose of procuring traps to replace those stolen.
+This latter party was also commissioned to take and dispose of the
+stock of beaver already on hand. The party bound for California was
+eighteen in number. Of this party Mr. Young took command. Previous to
+setting out, a few days were devoted to hunting. They only succeeded,
+however, in killing three deer. The meat of these animals they
+prepared to take with them, as they were about to journey into a
+country never before explored. The skins of the three deer were
+converted into tanks for carrying water. They had learned from some
+friendly Indians that the country over which they had to pass _en
+route_ was destitute of water. The red men told them additionally
+that the valley (meaning the Sacramento) was beautiful, and that the
+streams were full of beaver. All of this information the trappers
+found was true. For four days they travelled over a barren country,
+where not one drop of water could be found. At each night's
+camping-place, small allowances of water from the tanks was
+distributed by the commander to each man and animal. A guard was then
+stationed over the remainder to prevent any accident from depriving
+the company of this now precious article of sustenance. At the close
+of the fourth day, however, they again found water. The instinct
+exhibited by the pack mules on this occasion was truly remarkable.
+Long before any member of the party thought that water was so near,
+the mules, with unerring certainty, had smelt it, and each one,
+according to his remaining strength, had hurried on to partake of it.
+The result was, that when the first mule had reached the water, the
+remainder were scattered along upon the trail for a great distance.
+The company encamped here, and remained two days to recruit.
+
+The journey was renewed on the third day, the route being still over a
+similar kind of country, necessitating both man and beast to submit to
+similar privations as to water. In four days more they came in sight
+of the great Canon of the Colorado, which failed not to awaken a
+thrill of delight in every member of the party. Just before reaching
+the Canon they met a party of Mohave Indians, of whom they purchased
+an old mare. She was killed and eaten by the party with great gusto.
+The party remained three days on the banks of the Colorado recruiting
+their strength. While remaining here, another party of Mohave Indians
+visited them, from whom they procured a small quantity of corn
+and beans. Leaving the Colorado they recommenced their journey and
+travelled southwest. In three days they arrived at a stream which
+rises in the coast range, runs northeast and is lost in the sands of
+the Great Basin. About two years previous to their arrival here, three
+trappers by the names of Smith, Sublett, and Jackson, with a large
+party of men, had a desperate fight in this neighborhood with hostile
+Indians. They, also, had learned from friendly Indians of the wonders
+of the Sacramento Valley, and were _en route_ to explore it when
+attacked. Four only out of their entire company escaped with their
+lives. These succeeded in making their way to the nearest Mexican
+settlements, which they reached in a state of complete destitution,
+after many hardships. Young and his party followed the dry bed of this
+river for several days before they came to any visible water. It may
+be interesting to some of our readers to know that there are many of
+these curious rivers in western America, which, for miles disappear
+from the surface of the earth, and, probably, run through the
+quicksand beneath, as they reappear again. The outline of the river
+usually exists between the place of its disappearance and the place
+where the water again comes to the surface of the earth. By digging
+a few feet into the sand within the outline, the water is generally
+obtained. It takes but a short time, however, for the hole thus made
+to fill up again. On quitting this river, the party journeyed to the
+westward, and, in four days, came to the Mission of San Gabriel. Here
+they found one Roman Catholic priest, fifteen Mexican soldiers, and
+about one thousand Indians. Belonging to this little colony were
+eighty thousand head of cattle, fine fields and vineyards. Literally
+the work and life of the Jewish patriarchs were here being reenacted.
+
+    "A shepherd on the mighty plain he watched his roving store."
+
+To the half-starved followers of Mr. Young, this Mission appeared to
+be a "Paradise of Earth." They remained here, however, but one day.
+Having nothing else to trade, they parted with their butcher knives,
+receiving for four of them one fat ox. It would all appear a fabulous
+tale, were we to incorporate into this narrative a history, or even a
+slight description of the immensity of the herds of horses and cattle
+which once roamed over the plains and valleys of California and New
+Mexico. It is but a few years since, that some wealthy Mexicans
+owned herds in these parts of America which they numbered by tens of
+thousands. They were, however, almost valueless for want of a market;
+and, until the tide of emigration poured in, developing the resources
+of the country by its demand for provisions and labor, horses and
+cattle were sold for a mere trifle. In one day's march from San
+Gabriel, Young and his party arrived at another Roman Catholic
+Mission, called San Fernando. This establishment was on a much smaller
+scale than the first. Young and his hardy followers, however, stopping
+only for a few hours, pushed on for the Sacramento River, which proved
+to be distant only a few days' march. Their course from San Fernando
+was northeast. The last part of their journey led through a delightful
+tract of country, where water, grass and game existed in abundance,
+seemingly a foretaste of the success which awaited their further
+advance. Selecting an eligible camping site, Young here rested his
+party for some time. When they were fully recruited, the party started
+for the San Joaquin, and commenced trapping down the river. What gave
+the men great surprise, they discovered unmistakable signs of another
+trapping party. In a short time it appeared that they were close to a
+party belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, commanded by Peter Ogden.
+Young's men, however, continued setting their traps on the San Joaquin
+and its tributaries. The two parties were near each other for some
+time, and as deer, elk, and antelope existed by thousands around them,
+which it was no trouble to kill in any numbers desirable, they
+fared well. On again reaching the Sacramento River, the two parties
+separated. Mr. Ogden, with his party, set out for the Columbia River,
+while Mr. Young's party encamped where they were, for the remainder of
+the summer. As the season for trapping had passed, they employed their
+time in hunting and preparing meat for future necessity.
+
+It was here that Kit Carson soon distinguished himself as a superior
+hunter, which reputation he has maintained ever since, no matter who
+have been his antagonists. Not but that Kit may have had his equals;
+but that it is next to an impossibility to find his superior. At all
+events, the world has given Kit Carson the title of "Nestor of the
+Rocky Mountains," for his reputation as a hunter alone; and as his
+biographer, we take pleasure in recording the facts by which the title
+has been earned and maintained. Let the reader possess himself of the
+facts, as they shall appear divested of any and every picture which
+fancy or partiality may accidentally cause us to paint, and even then
+Kit Carson will not lose the title. On the contrary, it will become
+the more indelibly stamped upon his brow.
+
+During the sojourn of the trappers on the Sacramento, an event
+occurred which exhibited the readiness with which these men responded
+to calls upon them for aid in a just cause. A few of the Indians
+belonging to the Mission of the San Rafael, after committing some
+excesses, deserted from those to whom they had pretended friendship.
+The priest having charge of the Mission sent a strong force to search
+for the fugitives. They were found secreted in an Indian village,
+the inhabitants of which were not on friendly terms with the priest's
+party. A demand was made that the deserters should be given up, which
+being refused, a fight ensued, and the priest's party was defeated.
+Assistance was now asked from the trappers. The request was complied
+with by Carson and eleven of his companions, who volunteered for the
+occasion. Thus reinforced, the vanquished party returned and resumed
+the fight, but with a far different result. The Indian village was
+captured and one third of its inhabitants killed. The day following
+a second demand to deliver up the deserters was complied with. Carson
+and his companions then left the priest's party and rejoined their
+camp. A short time after this affair had happened, Mr. Young carried
+the furs he had on hand to the Mission of San Rafael, where he was
+so fortunate as to find a captain of a trading schooner to whom he
+succeeded in disposing of the entire stock. With the money accruing
+from the sale, he purchased horses and then rejoined his company.
+
+A circumstance occurred a few days after Mr. Young's return, which
+proved to be a good warning to the party for their future vigilance.
+During one dark night, some Indians, eluding the watch of the
+sentinels, succeeded in entering the camp and moving off sixty horses.
+As soon as the robbery was discovered, which had been the more easily
+accomplished because the trappers, not apprehending danger, had
+allowed the animals to take care of themselves, Mr. Young directed
+Kit Carson to take twelve men with the remaining horses, fourteen in
+number, and pursue the thieves. Carson, in obedience to his orders,
+immediately started for the Sierra Nevada Mountains, following the
+trail of the Indians. After travelling one hundred miles he came up
+with the robbers, and discovered them in the act of feasting upon
+horse-flesh, six of their own animals having been killed to supply the
+viands. Doubtless stolen fruit made the feast all the sweeter to the
+savages, but Kit determined to mingle a little of the bitter as a
+condiment to the roasted flesh. Gathering his men well together, and
+approaching very close to the foe without being discovered, he gave
+the order to charge. His men needed no second command. They fell upon
+the feasting savages like a thunderbolt, scattering them right and
+left without mercy. Eight of the warriors were killed in the short
+conflict which ensued. The remainder were allowed to escape. With some
+difficulty they next succeeded in recovering all their horses, except
+the six which had been killed. With their horses, and three children
+taken prisoners, they returned to camp. It is unnecessary to add that,
+to men thus isolated in the wilderness, Kit and his party were hailed
+with joyful greetings when their complete success became known. To
+them their horses were like the good ship to the hardy sailors on the
+mighty ocean. The joyful reaction which followed such complete success
+was in ratio to the fears which the continuing suspense had excited.
+
+Kit Carson, though at that day a youth in years and experience when
+compared with the other members of the party of which he was then an
+associate, had risen rapidly in the estimation of all, and had excited
+the admiration and enlisted in his behalf the confidence of the entire
+band. When called upon to add his counsel and advice to the general
+fund of knowledge offered by the trappers concerning any doubtful or
+difficult enterprise, his masterly foresight and shrewdness, as well
+as clearness in attending to details, alone gave him willing auditors.
+But it was the retired manner and modest deportment, which he
+invariably wore, that won for him the love of his associates. Such
+characteristics failed not to surprise, in no ordinary degree, those
+who could boast a long lifetime of experience in Indian countries.
+Kit Carson's powers of quickly conceiving thoughts, on difficult
+emergencies, which pointed out the safest and best plans of action,
+"just the things that ought to be done," and his bravery, which, in
+his youth, sometimes amounted to rashness, were the component parts of
+his ability which thus caused his companions to follow his leadership.
+His courage, promptitude, willingness, self-reliance, caution,
+sympathy, and care for the wounded, marked him at once as the
+master-mind and safest counsellor. His first trapping expedition
+gained him so much credit, that from the time it was concluded, he
+found no difficulty in joining any band of trappers, no matter how
+select the party. In this respect the mountaineers resemble sea-faring
+men, who invariably dislike new and untried hands, because such are so
+apt to give more trouble than assistance. Green hands, therefore, are
+treated with indifference when they apply to be admitted as members on
+a contemplated hunt. The reader will here see one difficulty which
+had to be overcome by Carson, and which kept him so long in want of
+employment. From this time Kit carried a rifle and worked from an
+experience which commanded admiration, respect, and esteem wherever
+he went, and with whatever party he became connected. Like the great
+Napoleon, when he joined the army for his first campaign, he was a
+hero in spite of his youth among men grown grey with experience.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    The Return from California to New Mexico--San Fernando and the
+    Peublo of Los Angelos--Description of these Peublos--Passports
+    demanded at Los Angelos--Trouble with the Mexican
+    Authorities--Kit Carson sent on with the Pack Animals
+    One Trapper shoots another--The Mexicans become
+    frightened--Indians come into Camp with their Weapons
+    concealed--Cool Reception by Kit Carson--Arrival at Santa
+    Fe and Taos--Money realized soon parted with--Carson joins
+    another Expedition--The Rivers trapped on--Four Men Killed
+    by Blackfeet Indians--Kit Carson joins Gaunt's Party--The
+    Parks--Winter Quarters--Crow Indian Depredations--Kit
+    Carson and his Party in Pursuit--the Fight--Winter on the
+    Arkansas--Another Expedition--Two Deserters--Kit Carson
+    sent in Pursuit--The Fate of the Runaways--Adventures with
+    Indians--Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson.
+
+
+In September, Mr. Young, having accomplished all that he had intended,
+informed his men that he was going to New Mexico. The homeward
+route was through most of the country over which they had previously
+traveled. The preparations for the journey having been completed, the
+party started, touching on the way at the Mission of San Fernando, and
+thence through to the Peublo of Los Angelos. Scattered over various
+parts of the dominion of Old Mexico are these Peublos, or Indian
+villages, called so because they are inhabited by Indians who bear
+that name. These are the true descendants of the ancient Aztecs, who
+were once the subjects of the Montezumas. They are usually a quiet
+and industrious race, and are most devout in their religious worship,
+according to the principles, forms, and ceremonies of the Roman
+Catholic Church. They have not failed to inherit the superstition of
+their forefathers. Not withstanding the changes which time, with its
+cohorts of emigration, books, religious teachings, association with
+other races, mechanics, science and art, in greater or less degree,
+has introduced into their country, and accomplished under their eyes,
+they still believe that some day their great chief will return to
+them; accordingly, in each and every one of their towns, they keep a
+watch-fire burning, in order, on his advent, to let him know where his
+children live.
+
+At Los Angelos the Mexican authorities came to the trappers and
+demanded their passports. On finding that such articles of paper
+authority did not form any part of a trapper's outfit, they determined
+to arrest them. Fear, however, prevented their determination from
+assuming any very formidable action. Former experience in a similar
+matter of official duty had taught those Mexicans that the American
+trappers were men of a peculiarly resolute nature. Fair and legitimate
+means were therefore laid aside, and a foul policy adopted. They
+commenced supplying them with "firewater," thus attacking them in a
+weak point. When they should become fully inebriated they considered
+the matter of their arrest both easy and certain.
+
+Mr. Young, seeing the intentions of the authorities, and their
+underhanded method of carrying them out, determined to thwart them.
+He directed Carson to take three men, the loose animals and the camp
+equipage, and move on, with the instructions, that if he did not soon
+join him, to push on; that if he did not eventually overtake him, to
+report in New Mexico that the main party had been massacred. Young
+succeeded in collecting his men as best he could, for they were yet
+sufficiently sober to retain a little of their reason. The treacherous
+Mexicans, however, continued annoying the commander of the trappers by
+gratuitously offering the men all the liquor they desired. One by one,
+the trappers were allowing themselves to be easily conquered, as the
+effects of the liquor began to be more active. They would soon have
+fallen a complete prey to their enemies, had not a most singular
+circumstance put the Mexicans to flight. One of the trappers, named
+James Higgins, without any provocation and without any excuse, except
+that he was intoxicated, shot a man named James Lawrence, inflicting
+a slight wound. Such conduct so terrified the Mexicans that they took
+sudden and precipitous leave. This happened, very fortunately, before
+the party arrived at the mission of San Gabriel, where they would
+all have been arrested, and perhaps killed, by the Mexicans, aided by
+parties and reinforcements at the mission.
+
+About dark, Young, by urging his half-drunken men into a forced march,
+succeeded in overtaking Carson. At the first supply of water, they
+went into camp. A night of sleep soon set the brains of Young's
+trappers once more to rights. The next day the party, most of them
+sufficiently ashamed of their drunken debauch, commenced with vigor
+the homeward march. They continued nine days almost upon their former
+track, when outward bound. On the ninth day, they once more stood on
+the banks of the Colorado River.
+
+While encamped on this stream, a band of five hundred Indians made
+their appearance and entered the camp. The rascals professed the
+greatest friendship for the trappers, but their actions not fully
+measuring their words, the white men looked to Carson for advice. He
+had discovered that beneath their articles of dress their weapons were
+very carefully concealed; and from this circumstance it became quite
+clearly apparent the Indians intended to massacre the entire party.
+Here Carson's boldness proved, as it had before, and did many a time
+afterwards, the safety of himself and friends or associates. At the
+time the Indians entered the camp, Carson, with only a few of the
+party, occupied it; the rest were out visiting their traps, which it
+was their general custom to set whenever they arrived at a suitable
+stream. Kit having thus become satisfied concerning the design of the
+savages, and feeling that the salvation of the entire party rested
+upon his courage and wisdom, made up his mind that boldness was the
+wisest policy he could adopt. He found present among the warriors one
+who could speak the Spanish language. Through him he ordered the
+red men "to leave the camp. In the event of their not doing so
+immediately, he and his friends would, without further parley,
+commence hostilities, and would be sure each in killing his man,
+although they might all in the end lose their own lives."
+
+The Indians had been accustomed to act about as they chose with such
+small parties of Mexicans as they chanced to meet, and consequently
+were taken completely by surprise at Kit's unusual boldness. Seeing
+that they would inevitably lose several of their braves if they
+made any hostile demonstration, they chose the discreet part of best
+policy, and departed. As a general rule, no matter what the profit or
+urgent necessity which chance offers, these Indians will not hazard a
+contest when, to a certainty, they must expect their own killed will
+equal the number of scalps which they can obtain. This rule, and
+doubtless some fearfulness on the part of the Indians, saved the lives
+of the entire band.
+
+As has already appeared, the trappers were on the banks of the
+Colorado at the time this affair happened. They continued their work
+on it, descending the south side until they reached tide water, when
+they changed their camp on to the Gila, and continued trapping up this
+river as far as the mouth of the San Pedro. Near the outlet of this
+river, they discovered a large herd of horses and mules; on a closer
+examination, they found that they were in the possession of a band
+of Indians who had formerly given them some of their gratuitous
+hostilities. Not having forgotten their former troubles with these
+people, they determined to pay them off in their own coin by depriving
+them of the herd. A short search sufficed to discover the Indian camp.
+Without waiting an instant, they put their horses to their speed and
+charged in among the huts. The Indians were so completely taken by
+surprise, that they became panic-struck and fled in every direction.
+They, however, rallied somewhat, and a running fight commenced which
+lasted some time, but which did not change matters in favor of the
+Indians. The entire herd fell into the possession of the trappers.
+
+On the same evening, after the men had wrapped themselves up in their
+blankets and laid down for a sleep, and while enjoying their slumbers,
+a noise reached their ears which sounded very much like distant
+thunder; but a close application of the sense of hearing showed
+plainly that an enemy was near at hand. Springing up, with rifle in
+hand--for generally in the mountains a man's gun rests in the same
+blanket with himself on all sleeping occasions--they sallied forth to
+reconnoitre, and discovered a few warriors driving along a band of at
+least two hundred horses. The trappers comprehended instantly that the
+warriors had been to the Mexican settlements in Sonora on a thieving
+expedition, and that the horses had changed hands with only one party
+to the bargain. The opportunity to instill a lesson on the savage
+marauders was too good to be lost.
+
+They saluted the thieves with a volley from their rifles, which, with
+the bullet-whizzing about their heads and bodies, so astonished them,
+that they seemed almost immediately to forget their stolen property,
+and to think only of a precipitous flight. In a few moments, the
+whites found themselves masters of the field, and also of the
+property. To return the animals to their owners was an impossibility;
+Mr. Young, therefore, selected as many of the best horses as he needed
+for himself and men, and game being very scarce, killed two and dried
+most of the meat for future use, turning the remainder loose. Such
+either became wild mustangs or fell again into the clutches of the
+Indians. The company then renewed their trapping, and continued it up
+the Gila to a point opposite the copper mines of New Mexico. Here they
+left the river and proceeded to the copper mines, where they found Mr.
+Robert McKnight engaged in trading with the neighboring Indian tribes.
+These mines were not then, and ever since have not been, worked. The
+holes which had many years before been made by the miners--but who
+they were is unknown--formed a safe hiding-place for their skins. The
+stock of beaver was therefore placed under the care of Mr. McKnight.
+Young and his men then renewed their march, and in due time arrived
+safely at Santa Fe. Here they purchased licenses to trade with the
+Indians who live about the copper mines. With these licenses as
+protection papers, they returned to where the skins were concealed.
+Having once more recovered their fur, they returned with it to Santa
+Fe. The deserted mines of New Mexico show incontrovertible signs
+of having been successfully and extensively worked, at some remote
+period, for various kinds of metals. They have proved a knotty
+historical problem to many an investigating mind; for their authentic
+history has fallen, and probably will ever remain in oblivion. It
+may have been that about a century ago the Spaniards, with Indian
+assistants, worked them; and the savages becoming hostile to their
+employers, in some sudden fit of frenzy may have massacred the
+Spaniards. There is a legendary story circulating, similar to the
+traditions of the Indians, giving this explanation. The more probable
+hypothesis, however, is that the Indians themselves, many centuries in
+the past, were versed to some extent in the art of mining, and carried
+on the business in these mines; but from indolence or, to them,
+uselessness of the metals, the work was abandoned, and their
+descendants failed to obtain the knowledge which their ancestors
+possessed. These mines, and those which exist nearer to the large
+towns, will some day render New Mexico a profitable and rich field for
+the learned antiquary.
+
+The ruse which Mr. Young found absolutely necessary to employ, in
+order to blind the Mexican authorities, succeeded so well, that when
+the fur arrived at Santa Fe, every one considered the trappers had
+made a very good trade. The amount of beaver thus brought in amounted
+to two thousand pounds. The market price was twelve dollars the pound.
+The proceeds, therefore, of the entire trip were nearly twenty-four
+thousand dollars. The division of this handsome sum gave to each man
+several hundred dollars. It was during the month of April, 1830, that
+Mr. Young's party again reached the town of Taos. Here they disbanded,
+having completed their enterprise. Like as Jack, when he returns
+from his battles with old ocean, having a pocket well lined with hard
+earnings, fails not to plunge into excess, with the determination to
+make up for the pleasure lost by years of toil, the brave mountaineers
+courted merrymaking. From their own accounts, they passed a short
+time gloriously. This similarity of disposition between trappers and
+sailors, in regard to pleasure's syren cup and its consequent draft
+upon their treasures, causing them to forget the risk of life and
+limb and the expense of their valuable time, is most remarkable. These
+hardy trappers, like reliable old salts, proved to be as true to the
+bowl as they had been to their steel; for, most of the party, in a
+very brief space of time, were penniless and ready to be fitted
+out for another expedition. Young Kit, at this period of his life,
+imitated the example set by his elders, for he wished to be considered
+by them as an equal and a friend. He, however, passed through
+this terrible ordeal, which most frequently ruins its votary,
+and eventually came out brighter, clearer and more noble for the
+conscience-polish which he received. He contracted no bad habits,
+but learned the usefulness and happiness of resisting temptation, and
+became so well schooled that he was able, by the caution and advice of
+wisdom founded on experience, to prevent many a promising and skillful
+hand from grasping ruin in the same vortex.
+
+The scenes of pleasure lasted until the fall of 1830. Kit then joined
+his second trapping expedition. This band had been formed for the
+purpose of trapping the principal streams of the Rocky Mountains. Mr.
+Fitzpatrick, a trapper well known and respected by the mountaineers,
+had charge of the party. He was, at that time, well acquainted by
+experience with the Rocky Mountains, and has, since then, gained an
+enviable fame as an Indian Agent. The new party travelled North and
+commenced operations on the Platte River, which they followed down
+stream to one of its tributaries, the Sweet Water River. From
+here they worked on until they reached the Green River. Hence they
+journeyed to Jackson's Hole, which is a fork of the Great Columbia
+River. After making a short stay at this point they started for the
+Salmon River. Here they were joined by a band of their own party, who
+had left Taos some days in advance of the main body, and for whom they
+were then hunting. The whole party, as now organized, remained where
+they were throughout the winter of 1830 and 1831, employed in killing
+only the amount of game necessary for their sustenance. An unfortunate
+affair here happened to them. Four of their men, while hunting
+buffalo, were attacked and killed by a party of Blackfeet Indians.
+No other incident occurred during the winter to change the everyday
+routine. In April of 1831, they recommenced trapping, shaping their
+course for Bear River. This is the principal stream that empties into
+GREAT SALT LAKE. Thence they returned to Green River, where they found
+some Trappers under the command of Mr. Sinclair, who left New Mexico
+soon after Mr. Fitzpatrick's party and had wintered on the Bear River.
+Among many other facts, they learned from this party that Captain
+Gaunt, who was an old mountaineer well known to most of the whites
+present, had passed the winter on the Laramie River, and that he
+was then with his men in the New Park. Kit Carson and four of his
+companions determined to join him. For this purpose they started, and,
+after ten days of steady travel, found his party.
+
+There are two of these natural Parks in the Rocky Mountains. To
+distinguish them they are called the Old Park and the New Park. As
+their names imply, they are fair natural examples of the manufactured
+parks of civilization. In some things nature has lavished upon them
+charms and beauties which no human skill can imitate. These parks are
+favorite haunts of the deer, antelope and elk, while the streams which
+run through them are well stocked with otter and beaver. Kit and
+his companions were graciously received by Gaunt; and, with him they
+trapped the streams in the vicinity of the New Park and the plains of
+Laramie to the South fork of the Platte. Having finished here, they
+left for the Arkansas, remaining there while their captain went to
+Taos to dispose of their stock of furs and to make such purchases of
+necessaries as the men required. Gaunt returned after an absence of
+two months; when, trapping operations were resumed on the Arkansas
+River, which they trapped until it froze over. The party then went
+into Winter Quarters.
+
+The business of trapping for beaver is no child's play. A person
+unaccustomed to it may possibly look upon it as no very difficult
+task. A single trial is usually sufficient to satisfy the uninitiated
+on this point; for, the beaver, above all other wild animals of
+America is endowed with an extraordinary amount of instinct. His
+handiwork and habits sufficiently attest this.
+
+There are bands of Indians living in the Northwestern part of America
+who really believe that the beaver has almost as much intelligence as
+an Indian, holding and maintaining that all the difference that exists
+between a beaver and an Indian, is, that the latter has been endowed
+by the Great Spirit with power and capabilities to catch the former.
+Some of the stories which old mountaineers occasionally inflict upon
+an inquisitive traveller are somewhat startling; nevertheless, what
+this amphibious animal really performs is truly astounding, and
+oftentimes the truth fails to gain credence.
+
+During the winter the trappers had many very pleasant times, for they
+had little work beyond the task of making themselves comfortable.
+The snow fell to a great depth, which proved rather hard for their
+animals. By dint of cutting down cottonwood trees and gathering the
+bark and branches for fodder, they managed to prevent them from dying
+of starvation. The buffalo existed about there in great abundance;
+and, early in the winter, they had taken the precaution to kill and
+prepare a large supply of this kind of game, while it was in good
+condition. As the season advanced therefore, the trappers found
+themselves living quite sumptuously.
+
+In the month of January, the daily routine of their lives was
+rather unpleasantly disturbed. A party of fifty Crow Indians made an
+unfriendly visit to their camp on one very dark night. They succeeded
+in stealing nine of their loose animals, with which they escaped
+unperceived. Early the next morning, the _signs_ of the Indians were
+discovered. Kit Carson, with twelve of his companions, immediately
+saddled their horses and started in pursuit. It was very difficult
+to follow the trail of the Indians from the fact that many herds of
+buffalo had crossed and repeatedly recrossed it during the night,
+making the tracks very indistinct. Having traveled forty miles, their
+horses, which were very poor in flesh, became fatigued, causing them
+to think of making a halt. After due consultation, it was agreed that
+they had best go into camp. With this object in view they traveled
+towards some timber which was near by. On arriving at the woods,
+the advance of the party, to their surprise and not less to their
+satisfaction, discovered the smoke of their enemies' fires. The
+distance between the parties was inconsiderable; but, in order that
+their movements might be made unobserved, the trappers retreated to
+a secluded spot where they awaited the night, judging it best to take
+the party by surprise. Their first care was to secure and provide for
+their animals. The second was to prepare their arms. As soon as it
+would do for them to move, they started, eager for the strife. It was
+judged best first to make a half circuit and then approach the Indians
+from the direction they themselves were travelling, as from this
+source, they wisely judged the red men would be less apprehensive of
+an attack. Their movements were made slowly and with great care in
+order not to alarm the savages. Having obtained a position close
+enough to observe the strength of their enemies, they stopped to
+reconnoitre. The men then crept for a long distance on their hands and
+knees until finally they obtained a full view of the Indians, which
+showed them that the savages had erected two rough forts and that they
+were now divided into two parties. A dance was in progress in honor of
+the robbery so recently perpetrated, which proved conclusively, that
+they were without even a suspicion of danger. Just outside one of the
+forts, the nine stolen animals were securely tied. This sight did not
+tend to allay the wrath of the trappers. They resolved that come what
+might the attempt to regain their property and punish the Indians
+should be made notwithstanding their strength. To insure success in
+spite of their weakness, they determined to conceal themselves and
+wait quietly until the Indians had lain down for sleep. During this
+time of suspense the trappers were subjected to great suffering
+for the weather was intensely cold and they possessed but a scanty
+allowance of clothing fit for such work. But as there is an end to all
+things, there was an end to the dance and other festivities and the
+savages sought their rest. At last the time for action arrived. Kit
+Carson and five of his companions commenced crawling towards the
+stolen horses, which, on reaching, were easily set free by cutting
+their halters. They then threw snow-balls at them and by this means
+drove them away without disturbing the sleeping Indians. The trappers
+who acted as a reserve party soon after joined Kit and his companions;
+and, after retreating some distance in order to be out of the hearing
+of the enemy, they held a council to obtain the views of each member
+of the party as to their next step. It appeared that a difference of
+opinion existed; some of the men were in favor of returning, having
+recovered their property and sustained no damage. The remainder,
+those who had lost no animals, wanted satisfaction for the trouble
+and hardship they had undergone while in pursuit of the thieves.
+Kit Carson and two others composed this latter party and thus were
+determined to punish the thieves, let the consequences of the attempt
+be ever so fatal. The more peaceful party, seeing this earnestness,
+could not do otherwise than lend their aid in the fight and cheerfully
+did so.
+
+There always existed such a feeling of brotherly love among the old
+trappers of the Rocky Mountains, that the hour of peril was never the
+hour for separation or desertion. This instance affords a fair example
+how the minority could easily rule the majority when the minority held
+to the side of danger. The whole band were now unanimous in favor of
+the attack.
+
+Kit Carson, who had from the first acted as captain, ordered three
+men to take the recovered animals back to where they had secured their
+saddle horses. Then, with his comrades, he marched directly for the
+Indian camp. A dog belonging to the enemy first gave the alarm of
+approaching danger to the Indians; but not until Kit and his party
+were within a few paces of the first fort. As soon as the occupants
+of the fort heard the noise they sprang to their feet, and thus became
+fair marks for the unerring rifles of the trappers. The whites did not
+throw away a single shot; every ball struck a warrior in some vital
+spot. Those who survived retreated to the fort occupied by their
+friends, and, as soon as possible, commenced returning the fire; but
+without execution, as the trappers, on discharging their first volley,
+had well concealed themselves behind trees, from whence they were
+shooting only when sure of an object. It was now nearly daybreak; and
+as the savages discovered the weakness of the attacking party, they
+resolved to charge, feeling sure of success. They did so; but the
+white men, who were expert fighters in this kind of warfare, quietly
+waited until the Indians were fully exposed. They then fired and
+killed five warriors. The remainder immediately retreated into the
+fort.
+
+After considerable deliberation, the Indians decided once more to make
+a sortie. On they came, and this time with such determination that
+the trappers could not withstand the assault, but were compelled to
+retreat. They disputed, however, every inch of ground over which they
+trod, as they fell back from one tree to another, continually making
+their bullets tell with terrible effect on their foes. The three men
+who had been sent back with the horses had joined their comrades soon
+after they had commenced retreating. They had heard the incessant
+firing and had become convinced that the fight was hotly contested and
+that their services were required. On their joining, the whole party
+resolved to make one more stand, and as soon as the Indians saw this,
+they wavered and finally drew off. Both sides had now, seemingly, had
+enough of fighting, and hostilities soon after entirely ceased, the
+savages marching back and leaving the whites masters of the field.
+Several of the trappers were slightly, but none dangerously, wounded.
+The Indians had paid dearly, in numbers killed, for their rascality.
+Finding the coast clear, Carson and his men set out and soon rejoined
+their comrades on the Arkansas River. In the Spring, after having
+_cached_ their fur, the whole band departed for Laramie River on
+another expedition.
+
+While on the south fork of the Platte, two of the party deserted,
+taking with them three of their best animals. Suspecting their design,
+Gaunt sent Kit Carson and another man in pursuit of the fugitives, who
+had one day the start. As was suspected, the two deserters had gone
+to the camp where the beaver fur was concealed and buried. They had
+succeeded in digging it up and stealing about three hundred pounds of
+this valuable property, belonging to the company in general, share and
+share alike. Carson and his companion failed entirely in their
+efforts to find the two men. Doubtless they never lived to enjoy their
+ill-gotten wealth; for, notwithstanding careful search was made, the
+men were never heard from afterwards. It is probable that they were
+killed by Indians, a fate which they, at least, richly merited.
+
+This old camp, the reader will please bear in mind, was on the
+Arkansas River. Kit Carson and his comrade, after finding that the two
+deserters had thus succeeded in stealing the fur which had been buried
+by the company, made every further effort which lay in their power
+to recover it. As has also been seen, they were unsuccessful. It now
+remained for them to determine their future course. The country was so
+infested with hostile Indians that it made their position, thus
+alone, very precarious. To regain their commander's company was almost
+impracticable; at least, without a more important object to make the
+risk necessary, it was a foolhardy attempt. Time in learning the loss
+was of no great importance either to their leader or their party.
+Sooner or later this, as a matter of course, would be fully shown. Kit
+and his comrade, therefore, determined to remain where they were, in
+the old camp; and, to this end, immediately arranged everything so
+that they could make a successful defence in case they should be
+attacked by the savages. They did not dare to venture out far from
+their fortifications; but, this was no great trial to them, as game
+existed in great plenty and came very near their fortifications. While
+one slept, the other stood on guard. It was their intention to await
+the return of their party; but, at the expiration of one month,
+they were quite happily relieved from their perilous position. Mr.
+Blackwell, Mr. Gaunt's partner, arrived from the United States. He was
+accompanied by fifteen men, and brought with him a complete outfit
+for the entire band. Kit and his comrade had been expecting and were
+anxiously looking for this party. They were also made quite happy in
+obtaining the articles of outfit which would render their wild life
+more agreeable and easy. Shortly after this arrival, four men from
+the trapping party came into camp and brought the news as to the
+whereabouts of Gaunt and his men. They were overjoyed at finding Kit
+and his comrade, as they said that they had hunted for them in all
+directions; and, finally had given up all hopes of ever seeing them
+again. The whole party now began the march to join Gaunt at the Ballo
+Salado.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Salt Springs.]
+
+These Springs form the head waters of the south fork of the River
+Platte. When four days' journey had been accomplished, and while they
+were partaking of their breakfast in camp, an alarm of Indians was
+given by one of the men. He had accidentally discovered the red skin
+rascals as they were prowling about the camp. A rush was instantly
+made by the trappers, with rifles in hand, to save their horses.
+Shots were fired and one Indian fell. The rest of the band made off as
+empty-handed as they came, with one exception. One brave had succeeded
+in capturing and mounting a horse before the white men could reach
+him. Notwithstanding he had a dead brother lying on the ground, he
+appeared to be altogether too polite to make the trappers a longer
+visit; at least, without a proper introduction. On the contrary, he
+galloped off; seemingly, quite proud of his trophy. Had it not been
+that the trappers had taken the precaution to hobble their horses
+before turning them out to graze, they would have lost them all in
+this attempted stampede.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: These stampedes are a source of great profit to the
+Indians of the Plains. It is by this means they deprive the caravans
+of their animals. The Camanches are particularly expert and daring
+in this kind of robbery. They even train horses to run from one given
+point to another in expectancy of caravans. When a camp is made which
+is nearly in range they turn their trained animals loose, who at once
+fly across the plain, penetrating and passing through the camp of
+their victims. All of the picketed animals will endeavor to follow,
+and usually succeed in following, the trained horses. Such are
+invariably led into the haunts of the thieves, who easily secure them.
+Young horses and mules are easily frightened; and, in the havoc which
+generally ensues, oftentimes great injury is done to the runaways
+themselves. The sight of a stampede on a grand scale requires steady
+nerves to witness without tremor; and, woe to the footman who cannot
+get out of the way when the frightened animals come along. At times,
+when the herd is very large, the horses scatter over the open country
+and are irrecoverably lost; and, such as do not become wild, fall a
+prey to the ravenous wolves. Such, most frequently, is the fate of
+stampeded horses which have been bred in the States, not being trained
+by a prairie-life experience to take care of themselves. Instead of
+bravely stopping and fighting off the wolves, they run. The whole pack
+are sure to leave the bolder animals and make for the runaways, which
+they seldom fail to overtake and dispatch. Four years since, one of
+these stampedes occurred on the Plains of a band of horses, in which
+there were several hundred valuable animals. It was attended with very
+heavy loss to the owners. Through the courage and great exertions of
+those who had the animals in charge, many were recovered, but none
+without having sustained more or less injury.
+
+A favorite policy of the Indian horse thieves is to creep into camp,
+cut loose one animal and thoroughly frighten him. This animal seldom
+fails to frighten the remainder, when away they all go with long ropes
+and picket pins dangling after them. The latter sometimes act like
+harpoons, being thrown with such impetus as to strike and instantly
+kill a valuable steed from among the brother runaways. At other times,
+the limbs of the running horses get entangled in the ropes, when they
+are suddenly thrown. Such seldom escape without broken legs or severe
+contusions, which are often incurable. The necessity of traveling on,
+at any rate, renders it an impossibility to undertake the cure, when
+it might be practicable under other circumstances.]
+
+This day the party travelled fifty miles and thought themselves clear
+of Indians, as there were no visible signs of their presence. The
+experience of the day, however, had admonished them to be on their
+guard against surprise. To make things sure as to their animals, they
+fastened them to stakes driven in the earth, sufficient rope being
+given them for grazing. The place selected for their camp was a
+beautiful spot, being on a small stream which empties into the
+Arkansas, the water of which is sparkling and clear. There are many of
+these charming little brooks which, emptying into, form this river.
+To the general traveler, however, they present one great drawback as
+eligible camping sites. Their banks are usually pretty thickly lined
+with rattlesnakes. The mountaineer is quite well accustomed and
+reconciled to this venomous reptile, as they abound in nearly every
+section of his hunting and trapping grounds. Not so however with the
+mere visitor of, or casual traveller over, the Western Territories. To
+them his rattlesnake-ship is a formidable personage.
+
+The rattlesnake rarely moves after sunset. The night air is generally
+too chilling for him. In the day time they are a noble enemy, always
+warning their antagonist of their hostile intentions by springing
+their rattles, thus giving a person warning of his danger. By these
+two wise provisions of the Creator the power of this otherwise
+terrible reptile, is so limited or restrained, that the trapper rarely
+gives him a thought unless he comes in direct contact. Although they
+are so numerous, it very seldom happens that either the Indian or the
+trapper is bitten by them.
+
+The party had not been long at rest before their suspicions were
+aroused that hostile Indians were near them. A faithful dog belonging
+to the camp kept up a furious barking, much more lustily than when
+wolves annoyed him. An extra guard was therefore immediately posted,
+when the remainder of the party lay down; but, not for sleep. They
+expected at every moment that their services would be needed to defend
+the camp. Everything however passed as usual during the night; and,
+with the morning, all suspicion was laid aside. Kit Carson, with three
+companions, proposed a visit to a fork of a river close by, to look
+for signs of beaver. They had been informed that these animals were
+numerous in this particular stream. Carson and the three men had
+been absent about one hour when the signs of Indians proved to be
+realities, in the shape of a bold and well-sustained charge upon their
+camp. The rascals succeeded in running off all of their loose animals.
+
+Four of the men immediately saddled the fleetest of the remaining
+horses and instantly gave chase. After a quick run they came up with
+the savages and immediately gave them battle. A sharp skirmish ensued
+in which one of the warriors was killed, when the remainder fled,
+leaving the property once more in the hands of its rightful owners.
+The men however did not come off entirely safe. One of them received
+a very severe wound; which, eventually, gave him considerable
+difficulty; but from the effects of which he finally recovered.
+
+Kit and his companions in the mean time, in order to reach their
+destination, found it necessary, unless they should take a long and
+circuitous route, to cross one of those lofty peaks for which the
+Rocky Mountains are so famous. The ascent was however commenced and
+successfully accomplished; but, not without labor and an occasional
+resting-place being sought for breathing their animals. In due time,
+they reached the desired stream; but, the beaver signs did not appear.
+Finding their errand had proved entirely useless, they started to
+return into camp. Experience had taught them that the longest way
+round was, in this case, the quickest way home. Taking therefore a
+circuitous route, they avoided recrossing the lofty mountain peak
+already alluded to. As they were riding carelessly homeward, beguiling
+the time with anecdote and remark upon their future prospects, the
+scenery around them, with an occasional sight at some kind of game,
+what should appear ahead of them but four Indian warriors, remarkably
+well mounted, painted and decked with feathers, showing, conclusively,
+that they were out upon the war-path. As soon as Kit and his
+companions saw the warriors, and without one word as to their proper
+and best action being interchanged, they simultaneously put spurs to
+their horses and dashed at the Indians in order quickly to bring
+them within range of their rifles. The pace became a hot one; but, as
+suddenly as the charge had been commenced, so suddenly the trappers
+found that they had, this time "caught a Tartar;" for, as they dashed
+on, sixty warriors, fully armed and splendidly mounted, came into view
+from beneath a hill where they were awaiting in ambush.
+
+There was but one course for the trappers to take and that was to run
+the gauntlet, which they did in gallant style, although twenty yards
+would have frequently measured the distance between them and the
+hostile savages. The bullets from the rifles of the Indians flew about
+their ears thick and fast, for a heavy fire was opened upon them,
+as they passed, and incessantly kept up until they were out of their
+reach. The trappers did not return a shot. It would not have been
+according to their custom. There is no one thing Simon-pure trappers
+consider to be a greater folly than firing their rifles on such an
+occasion as is here described. There is nothing they so much dread as
+being left on foot with an empty gun and no time to load, when perhaps
+a single shot might change defeat into victory; sure captivity into
+freedom, or a dead companion into a laughing, jolly and lovable
+help-mate, ready for setting a trap or to engage in the next bloody
+skirmish. This must inevitably happen if, after the rider has fired,
+among the score or so of passing bullets, one of them, perchance, took
+a peculiar fancy for a vital organ of his horse. The mortally wounded
+animal would make no account of dismounting his master and leaving
+him to the tender mercies of the refined savages. In every close and
+unequal contest, such as above detailed, they only think of the surest
+and speediest method of escape, leaving revenge to be obtained on some
+more fitting and favorable occasion. For some unaccountable reason the
+savages did not give chase.
+
+As soon as Carson and his comrades had got out of the reach of the
+Indians they began to recall the suspicions concerning signs of
+Indians which their faithful dog had aroused. Fears for the safety of
+their companions arose accordingly. Therefore, giving spurs to their
+horses they pushed on with vigor to know the worst. The facts that
+awaited them at camp concerning the attack by the Indians, stealing
+and rescue of the horses gave them therefore but little surprise. They
+had already surmised the reason why the Indians had thus set a trap
+for them. Having been watching the camp during the night and finding
+the white men fully on the alert and carefully guarding against any
+surprise, they had quietly waited until suspicion of their proximity
+had been entirely laid aside. The departure of Carson and his
+companions from camp was doubtless seen by the savages and afforded
+them a clear proof that the white men had forgotten their fears. As
+Kit's departure with the men weakened the camp party the Indians had
+gathered together sufficient courage to make a bold charge for the
+coveted plunder. The final result, however, which led to their losing
+the stolen property, and the life of one of their braves, had caused
+them to think of an attack upon Kit's party; thus, obtaining by its
+massacre, revenge for their dead companion; and, the horses which Kit
+and his comrades rode would have been a consolation for their failure
+to retain the horses obtained at the camp. The attack was skillfully
+planned and would undoubtedly have succeeded, but for the unexpected
+daring and promptitude displayed by Kit and his comrades. The Indians
+had not looked for the bold charge upon their advance party; but,
+on the contrary, they had been prepared for a chase and fight in the
+opposite direction. Had such a skirmish taken place, nothing beyond
+an absolute miracle, or change of the laws of nature, could have saved
+the little band. Kit and his friends had reason, therefore, to be very
+thankful for their safety. They all felt that they had retained their
+scalps by a very close shave. To use the expressive language of Carson
+employed in narrating the event "The red skins made a good attempt
+but, thank God, failed."
+
+Two of the trappers had received, in this affray, wounds; which proved
+to be of a serious nature: much more so than they or their companions
+thought on the first examination given them. In consequence, the whole
+party was obliged to halt and again go into camp, having accomplished
+but a very short remove from their savage foes. It became necessary
+to maintain a strong and careful guard during the succeeding night,
+notwithstanding the labors of the past day and night had been more
+than usually arduous. However, they succeeded in passing the night
+without further molestation. The next morning, it was found necessary
+to make a litter for one of the wounded men whose condition had grown
+to be much worse.
+
+The method which the mountaineers adopt for making a litter, they have
+taken from the Indians, and is as follows. Take two strong poles, six
+feet of which, at either extremity, is allowed for shafts, or handles,
+while the patient lies in the intermediate space on a buffalo robe, or
+strong sacking, which-ever is most convenient. Two mules or horses
+of the same size are then selected; and, to saddles upon each of the
+animals, the poles, at their extremities, are fastened. Another and
+simpler plan, but one not so comfortable to the patient, is to take
+the two poles as before and attach them strongly to a saddle on but
+one animal, while the two ends are allowed to drag upon the ground.
+Directly in the rear of the horse the patient's bed is affixed. If the
+poles are long they will act as springs, especially when the wood used
+is of a kind which has considerable elasticity.
+
+Having arranged everything to the satisfaction and comfort of the
+wounded men, the party commenced their march and in four days reached
+Gaunt's camp where they rested until the wounded men had nearly
+recovered. This simple fact shows the careful and sympathizing care
+which the mountaineers of the west ever exhibit towards each other in
+distress. It speaks more than would volumes of mere praise, concerning
+their character for true manhood.
+
+When the wounded men had so far recovered that they could safely
+proceed, the whole party, now quite strong in its numerical power, as
+well as skill and mountaineer experience, departed for, and, in due
+time, arrived at the Old Park. The coveted beaver however were scarce
+there, for other trappers had preceded them; and, to employ trapping
+phrase, "had caught all the fur in those streams that could be taken
+that season." This was an unpleasant condition for their business
+prospects; but, as the old adage hath it, "what could not be cured was
+quietly endured." Catching beaver is not always a matter of choice.
+The beaver themselves have considerable to say on the subject.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves--The
+    Great Success met with--Return to Taos--Sale of the Beaver
+    Fur--Kit Carson joins Captain Lee and goes on a Trading
+    Expedition--Winter Quarters--Kit Carson is sent in Pursuit
+    of a Thief--Overtakes and is obliged to shoot the
+    Runaway--Property recovered--The Return to Camp--The Sale
+    of Goods--Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick and Party--Kit Carson
+    organizes a Hunting Party--His Encounter with two Grizzly
+    Bears--The Summer Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers
+    and goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians--Annoyances
+    received from these Indians--Winter Quarters in 1832--Horses
+    Stolen--Kit Carson and eleven Men in Pursuit--A Parley--A
+    Fight--Kit Carson severely wounded--His great Sufferings
+    and Fortitude--His Convalescence--The Retreat--A New
+    Expedition--Braggadocio--Kit Carson Fights a Duel and Wounds
+    his man--Duels in the Rocky Mountains in Olden Times.
+
+
+The fortunes of Gaunt's party in not finding game continued to grow
+darker and darker as they traveled from stream to stream. The men
+began to grow disheartened at this succession of failures. Kit Carson,
+finally, became so tired of going empty handed, that he resolved to
+try a hunt upon his own account. On stating his intentions to the
+party, two of his old companions offered to join him. These were
+gladly accepted by Kit; and, had they not been deterred by the
+consideration that their dangers would be greatly augmented if they
+worked with so small a party, others would most willingly have joined
+his company. With the good wishes, therefore, of Gaunt and his entire
+band, Kit and his two brave comrades boldly and confidently commenced
+their march.
+
+The plan Kit adopted was to confine his operations exclusively to the
+mountain streams and not to venture out upon the Prairie. By taking
+this course he hoped to avoid much of the danger to be apprehended
+from Indians.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: The mountain Indians, during the Summer season generally
+come down from their secure retreats and are engaged either in hunting
+buffalo, or marching on the war-path. When they are at peace with the
+Indians of the Plains, which is rarely the case, they join them, and,
+together, with their united strength and skill, they make piratical
+excursions into the Settlements of the Mexicans. While out on this
+business, they leave their families in some secluded spot for abundant
+caution, placing them under the guardianship of the old men, assisted
+by some of the younger members of the tribe.]
+
+For several months they followed the business of trapping without
+being in any way annoyed by the Indians. Their success was abundant.
+At the end of the season they had gathered together a splendid stock
+of beaver fur and began to think of a homeward trip. Having made
+everything ready, they finally started for Taos. True, their party
+was small and the risks they ran of attacks from hostile and covetous
+Indians were imminent; but, fortune, or Providence favored them and
+there was finally a satisfactory end to their anxieties; for, after a
+quick march over the plains, they arrived safely at Taos. Beaver fur
+was, at the time of their arrival, in great demand and prices ruled
+correspondingly high. Kit and his comrades obtained the benefit of
+this state of the market and disposed of their fine stock to great
+advantage.
+
+The money realized, so far as Kit's two comrades were concerned, was
+soon expended in fleeting pleasures and a new outfit for the next
+trapping expedition which might offer. Kit's former experience had
+been sufficient on this score, and he had become impressed with the
+highly important fact that there existed a much wiser course to be
+pursued. With his characteristic consistency, Kit acted upon this
+conviction and wisely saved his hard earnings.
+
+While remaining at Taos, Kit Carson met with Captain Lee, formerly of
+the United States Army; but, at this time, a partner of Bent and
+St. Vrain, two names as familiarly known to the mountaineers as the
+household words of their boyhood days.
+
+Captain Lee was purchasing goods for the purpose of trading with
+and supplying the trappers. He desired Kit Carson to join in his
+enterprise and made him an offer which was accepted.
+
+In the latter part of October 1832, with their goods well packed
+and properly fitted for the rough transportation which they must
+necessarily be subjected to, they set out to find the trappers. They
+traveled for some distance on a route well known as the "Old Spanish
+Trail." This is nothing more than a mule path which leads from New
+Mexico to California.
+
+Having arrived safely at White River, they continued their march down
+stream, following the windings of the river until they came to Green
+River. Green River, they forded and then struck across the country for
+the Winty River which is a branch of the Green River.
+
+Here they found Mr. Robidoux who had a party of twenty men in his
+employ and who was engaged both in trapping and trading according as
+opportunity presented itself. Soon after these parties met, snow
+began to fall, indicating the approach of the cold season. A mutual
+understanding having been arrived at, the two parties joined together
+and began to establish Winter Quarters suitable for the whole.
+
+They selected a site for their permanent camp on the Winty River, at
+its mouth, where the men made themselves as comfortable as possible
+under such circumstances. They were provided with skin lodges, so
+common among the Indians of America, and which according to Kit's
+mountaineer experience are very comfortable substitutes for houses.
+
+During the winter Mr. Robidoux lost six of his most valuable and
+high-priced horses, in the following manner. Attached to the camp
+there was a California Indian who was employed by Mr. Robidoux, a keen
+and shrewd savage: and one, whose acquaintance with the trappers had
+enabled him to gain the confidence of Mr. Robidoux. He was also an
+expert with the rifle and possessed undoubted courage with great
+bodily strength and activity. These qualifications made him a
+troublesome customer in a skirmish.
+
+This Indian's education on the score of property rights had not been
+as well attended to as the methods of attack and defence in the chase
+and on the war path. By some, not strange, personal argument, he
+concluded to appropriate the six valuable horses above mentioned, in
+the law wordy vocabulary of civilization, "to his own, use, benefit
+and behoof, without asking the consent, good-will, approbation,
+permission and personal, directions of the said owner, to wit Mr.
+Robidoux."
+
+As these horses were worth, even at that remote spot on the great
+American Continent, the just and full sum of two hundred dollars each,
+making a round sum total of twelve hundred dollars, Mr. Robidoux was
+not content to pocket the loss; or, much less, to allow the rascal to
+enjoy ill-gotten wealth on the principle that "stolen fruit is sweet."
+He determined, if possible to show him that some stolen fruit is
+bitter.
+
+Knowing Kit Carson's reputation for skill and his fearless
+disposition, as soon as he had discovered his loss, he came and
+requested him to pursue the Indian. Kit Carson is a man who never
+works without orders except when he is leader. He therefore informed
+Captain Lee of Mr. Robidoux's request and asked permission to serve
+his friend. This, as a matter of course, was readily granted by
+Captain Lee; when, Kit instantly made his preparations for the
+adventure. He was very soon on horseback, well armed and well prepared
+for hard and close work.
+
+There chanced, near by to the camp, to be an Indian village belonging
+to the Utah Tribe. The whites were on friendly terms with the
+inhabitants of this village, which determined Carson to seek out, from
+among their warriors, one active and intelligent brave, and get him to
+join in the chase. This was the more easily accomplished as Carson's
+reputation for skill, courage and experience was already well known in
+this tribe. He, himself, had made a large circle of acquaintance among
+the braves, and many of them had become strongly attached to him. Some
+of these attachments have existed for years and are still maintained;
+for, a fact well known, the American Indian warrior, as a general
+rule, is true and unchangeable in his friendships. With this object
+in view, Carson, putting his horse to his speed, started for the Utah
+village. On making his errand known to such of the braves as enjoyed
+his confidence, he found no difficulty in engaging a well-known
+warrior, and one on whom he knew he could rely, to accompany him. The
+wily savage was soon ready for the march, when Kit gave the word to
+start. Both men were splendidly mounted. Their pace was that of no
+sluggard. The high-conditioned animals which they rode seemed to
+catch the eager spirit of their masters, and entering into it, bent
+themselves to their work with determination accordingly. To discover
+the trail of the deserter and to study its various characteristics,
+a science of no mean or useless order in the matter of a woodman's
+education, required the two men to slacken their pace for a short
+time. The tracks made by the stolen animals, however, were well
+marked; and, to such practised eyes, afforded a certain indication
+as to their route. Again putting their horses to their speed, with
+compressed lips and eyes directed to the trail before them, Carson and
+the Indian warrior dashed on, feeling confident, that, if the rascal
+escaped with his ill-gotten booty, the sin would not be laid upon
+their shoulders. The trail led down the Green River. This fact made
+Carson conclude that California was the destination aimed at in the
+deserter's calculations. Kit and his Indian brave had accomplished
+about one hundred miles, having, not once, lost sight of the trail,
+when, most unfortunately for Kit, the horse of the Indian was suddenly
+taken sick and his strength gave out completely. The Indian could go
+no further except on foot, and this mode of travel he was unwilling to
+adopt, refusing absolutely Carson's request made to him to do so. This
+was an unpleasant predicament, especially as the rascal, who formed
+the chase, was a dangerous antagonist even to an experienced fighter
+and in an honest cause. Goaded on by the fear of punishment for theft,
+Carson well knew that he would require all of his own address to
+purchase success; for, the rascal would not fail to make a most
+desperate resistance. But Kit Carson's courage arose, as the
+difficulties of the adventure seemed to multiply. With a farewell word
+to his Indian companion, he put spurs to his horse and entered boldly
+upon the trail alone, being determined to run every hazard, which the
+unhappy accident to the Indian's horse seemed to require at his hands.
+The spectacle here presented to the reader, is one which exhibits Kit
+Carson in his true character both as a faithful and earnest friend,
+and a determined and dangerous adversary. Such is his character. A
+life of most singular events has never yet found him false to his
+friend or his manhood. While he is not rash in judgment, he is
+consummately skillful, quick and brave. Onward he dashed, never for an
+instant taking his eagle eye from the tracks which formed his compass.
+Think not that such tracks are easily traced. None but a practised and
+ready eye can follow them to any advantageous end. To trace them even
+at a snail's pace, for an unpractised eye, is like the child putting
+pen and ink to paper through his first copy-book of penmanship. Many
+and many an awful blot and horribly crooked line will doubtless carry
+the simile fully and strikingly to the mind. But the result which
+crowned Kit's effort showed conclusively that, notwithstanding he had
+followed the trail for over one hundred and thirty miles, he had made
+no blots or crooked lines. At the distance of thirty miles from the
+place where he parted with his Indian companion, Kit discovered the
+chase. His pace now became tremendous. The wily savage had descried
+him almost at the same instant that he was discovered by Kit, and
+instantly prepared for a desperate encounter. With this object in
+view, the savage turned to seek a cover from whence he could fire upon
+his adversary and reload long before he should himself become exposed
+to a shot. The rascal's plan was good enough, but he was too slow in
+its execution to overcome Kit's activity. Kit had unslung his rifle as
+soon as he saw his enemy. Anticipating the object of the savage, he,
+instantly, covered him with his rifle. His horse was now at full speed
+and he was rapidly nearing the Indian. At the moment he discovered
+that the Indian had reached his cover and before he could take
+advantage of it, without relaxing his horse's speed, he fired. The
+ball from Carson's rifle was so well directed that the Indian, as it
+struck him, gave one bound and then fell dead in his tracks. At the
+same instant the rascal's rifle went off with a sharp report, sending
+a bullet whizzing at some distance from the line of Carson's approach.
+The fact of the Indian's rifle being fired at all is a sufficient
+explanation of what was his intent, had his career not been so
+suddenly cut short, thereby preventing its fulfillment.
+
+The words of an old trapper are here very much to the point. The
+author was, on a fitting occasion, questioning him in regard to Kit
+Carson's capabilities with the rifle. Said he: "If a man has a serious
+quarrel with Kit Carson, he had better not let him get the _first
+sight over his rifle_; for, if he succeeds in this, his adversary is
+as good as dead."
+
+An intimate acquaintance and tried friendship with Kit Carson has,
+since then, repeatedly furnished occasions which have confirmed this
+trapper's statement; although, in the first instance, a person will
+find it no easy task to render an altercation necessary, for Kit
+Carson holds his passions fully under control; and, besides, they are
+of a very conciliatory type. No man will sooner shun a difficulty when
+justice, honor and necessity do not warrant strife.
+
+The work of collecting the horses was soon accomplished, when Carson
+immediately commenced his journey back to the camp. This he reached
+in safety, after overcoming a few minor difficulties caused by his
+charge; and, had the satisfaction of returning the six horses to Mr.
+Robidoux in as good condition as they were the night on which they
+were stolen; and, also, of informing him that there was one rascal
+less in the world to prey upon honest people.
+
+This event served to interrupt the monotony and routine of winter camp
+duty, affording a basis for many a long yarn during the evening
+hours around the camp fires. These trappers, especially whenever a
+green-eyed bundle of curiosity chances to seek their company, can spin
+yarns most wondrous. The habits of the beaver and their remarkable
+instinct, form a fit subject for their active imagination. It would
+doubtless add very much to the interest of these pages if we could set
+down a few of these anecdotes and tales for the general reader; but,
+the task would be hopeless as to its accomplishment. To give them
+life and reality, they require all the surroundings of time, place and
+occasion; there should be the dark night; the wild whistling wind; the
+shaking tent with its covering of skins; the roasted venison, bear's
+meat, or horse flesh; the rifles standing in the corners; the lamp of
+bear's grease; in fine, all the similitude of camp life. Then the wild
+stories of bear fightings, beaver intelligence, Indian deviltry, and
+hairbreadth escapes, become intensely real. The auditor hangs upon
+each word which falls from the lips of the supposed sage orator with
+eager earnestness, while curiosity never becomes satisfied.
+
+"Ah! Jones, that is a whopper."
+
+"Sure as I live, but the beaver slept every night with the trapper,
+and in the day time, if he left the tent, the beaver would fall to
+work and make a dam across the floor of the tent, using the chist,
+skins, arms and everything."
+
+"Oh! Jones!"
+
+"But, I tell you it is true. Tame a beaver once, and you'll find I'se
+tellin' a plain statement as true as ever a Padre made."
+
+"Padre! who'd believe a Mexican priest? Mr. Jones, that tame beaver
+of your'n must have been born in the States, where he hadn't trees and
+mud to build dams with, and had to resort to furnitur."
+
+"That beaver," responded Jones, "was as near like a human bein' as any
+man present."
+
+"How do you make that out, Mr. Jones?"
+
+"Why, one day his master died. Well, they tried all they could to
+console the beaver, but it 'twant no use. He wouldn't be consoled.
+All he did was to git an ole shoe belonging to his master, an' if he
+didn't haul that ere shoe around day after day wherever he went. Well,
+the beaver 'gan to grow thin, and one night they found he was a dyin',
+jest from starvin' himself to death and a huggin' the ole shoe."
+
+"Oh! Jones," said the greenhorn, "you don't expect I'll swallow all
+that yarn?"
+
+But Mr. Jones and all of the other trappers present preserved an
+imperturbable dignity of mien, as if the very reference to the animal
+mentioned demanded from them all due reverence.
+
+"Well, but that was not doing as a human being would do. I never seen
+a man carry an old shoe around till he died from starvin'."
+
+"That is neither here nor there," continued Mr. Jones. "It was when
+the trapper first made the beaver's acquaintance that he showed he
+knew as much as a human critter. At that time he had one wife and
+lived with her all alone in a hole, side o' the dam. They had two sons
+and a darter. The darter the old beaver had married to a fine lookin'
+young beaver who lived t'other side the dam."
+
+The whistle which the neophyte here gave seemed to give great
+dissatisfaction to all of the trappers present. One of them quietly
+asked him--
+
+"Is that the way, youngster, you'se bin eddicated in perliteniss of
+manners? If it is, I know a beaver who kin larn you sumthin'. In the
+fust place, if a young beaver ever kums inter the presence of the ole
+uns, especially if she's, that is the ole uns, a female beaver, the
+young un 'mediately fetches his right fore paw up to his forehead,
+jest 'hind the right eyebrow, an' makes a reverintial bow of cerimony
+in salute. I'se seen that ar' oftener than you've put one leg ahead of
+t'other yit, young un."
+
+The trappers present all confirmed the truth of this statement by
+a solemn nod of assent to the query, "Ain't that true, gentlemen?"
+which, at least, served to prevent unceremonious whistling.
+
+It is thus that we might go on and fill page after page with this
+picture-talk of the trappers. Some of their yarns are pretty tightly
+strained, but most of them contain a capital hit and are usually
+founded on the facts. It is a well authenticated fact that the beaver
+has but one mate; and, that they live together a loving couple, as if
+husband and wife. As to their _liaisons_, coquetry, flirting and so
+forth, doubtless the society in some parts of the human family will
+bear a faithful resemblance in these respects also. As an example of
+industry the world will look in vain for a better one than is afforded
+by the little beaver of the Western Rivers. Look at them patiently
+felling the tallest trees; and, so nicely adjusting their fall and
+calculating their height, that they strike the opposite bank of their
+stream gaining a fixed and permanent lodgment. It is thus that these
+wonderful little creatures will often erect dams across wide rivers
+and effectually stop the rushing torrents.
+
+As has appeared, after collecting the six horses, Kit Carson returned
+with them safely into camp. A few days subsequent to this occurrence,
+a band of trappers belonging to another party _en route_, entered the
+camp. These men reported that Fitzpatrick and Bridger were encamped
+on Snake River distant about fifteen days' journey. This was too good
+news for Captain Lee and Kit to warrant their remaining any longer
+idle. They doubted not but that they should be able to dispose of
+their goods to these parties. With this object in view, they prepared
+for the march and started. Their journey, although perilous and
+laborious, was successfully accomplished. Messrs. Fitzpatrick and
+Bridger received and entertained them very hospitably, and purchased
+their entire stock, paying therefor in beaver fur. Kit Carson then
+joined Fitzpatrick's band, but remained with it only one month.
+His reason for separating from it was, that there were too many men
+congregated together either to accomplish much, or to make the general
+result profitable in the distribution. He, accordingly, arranged
+an enterprise upon his own account; and, from his well-established
+reputation, found more men than he wanted ready to join him. From
+those who applied, he selected but three. These were men of the best
+material; and, no man could judge a trapper's qualifications better
+than Kit Carson.
+
+With his three men he immediately set out for the Laramie River. On
+this stream and its tributaries, he spent the summer. Perhaps our
+readers will look for a full description of the course which the
+American trapper pursues in order to catch beaver. It is very simple
+in its detail but difficult and tedious in its application. The trap
+is the common steel trap made in the usual form; if there is any
+difference, it is larger and more powerful. It is set in the haunts
+of the beaver with a particular kind of bait[6] known chiefly among
+trappers. It is a singular fact that, frequently, old beavers will be
+discovered springing the traps, by the aid of a stick. If discovered
+at his work, he seems to enjoy hugely the vexation of the trappers
+which they sometimes exhibit. An old trapper, however, especially if
+he be a Frenchman or Mexican, feels so much pride in the matter, that
+he will cover up his vexation under assumed politeness, as if the
+beaver could understand and appreciate his language.
+
+[Footnote 6: Animalium patris testiculum.]
+
+But to escape from these pleasing digressions, Kit Carson and his men
+concluded their summer's work with unusual success. Their exertions
+had been crowned with rewards which surpassed their fondest
+anticipations. As the wintry months were again fast coming on, Kit and
+his men determined to rejoin Bridger's' command. The return trip,
+was therefore commenced and duly prosecuted. Late one afternoon,
+just after the little party had gone into camp, Kit, having lingered
+somewhat behind, suddenly rode into the camp ground and leaped from
+his horse, giving it in care of one of the men. With his rifle, he
+then started in pursuit of game for supper. He walked on about one
+mile from the camp and there came upon the fresh tracks of some elk.
+Following up the trail he discovered the game grazing on the side of
+a hill. In the neighborhood of the animals there were some low and
+craggy pine trees. Moving along with great care, he finally gained the
+cover of the trees, which brought him in close proximity to the
+elk, and within certain range of his rifle. This care was the more
+necessary as his party had been without meat diet for some time and
+began to be greatly in need thereof. These ever wary animals saw, or
+scented him; or, at any rate, became conscious of approaching danger
+from some cause, before he could reach the spot from which he desired
+to take his aim. They had commenced moving; and, in another instant,
+would have bounded away, out of all reach of his rifle. His eye and
+piece, however, were too quick for them; for, bringing his piece into
+position and without dwelling upon his aim, he sped a bullet after the
+largest and the fattest of the noble game before him. He had wisely
+allowed for the first leap, for his shot caught the nimble animal in
+mid air and brought him to the earth, writhing in his death agony with
+a fearful wound through the heart and lungs, from which there was
+no escape. One quiver ran through the frame of the beautiful animal,
+when, he breathed his last. The echoing sound of the rifle shot had
+hardly died away, to which the true hunter ever listens with unfeigned
+pleasure as the sweetest of music on his ear, whenever he has seen
+that his game is surely within his grasp, the last faint melody was
+broken in upon and completely lost in a terrific roar from the woods
+directly behind him. Instantly turning his head to note the source
+of this sound, the meaning and cause of which he well knew by his
+experienced woodman's ear, educated until its nicety was truly
+wonderful, he saw two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears. As his
+eye first rested upon these unwelcome guests, they were bounding
+towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their monstrous
+fore-arms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready and anxious to hug his
+body in a close and most loving embrace. There was not much time for
+Kit to scratch his head and cogitate. In fact, one instant spent in
+thought then would have proved his death warrant without hope of
+a reprieve. Messrs. Bruin evidently considered their domain most
+unjustly intruded upon. The gentle elk and deer mayhap were their
+dancing boys and girls; and, like many a petty king in savage land,
+they may have dined late and were now enjoying a scenic treat of
+their ballet troupe. At all events Kit required no second thought to
+perceive that the monarchs of the American forest were unappeasably
+angry and were fast nearing him with mighty stride. Dropping his
+rifle, the little leaden bullet of which would now have been worth
+to him its weight in gold if it could by some magic wand have been
+transferred from the heart of the elk back into its breech, he bounded
+from his position in close imitation of the elk, but with better
+success. The trees! he hoped and prayed, as he fairly flew over the
+ground with the bears hot in chase, for one quick grasp at a sturdy
+sapling. By good fortune, or special Providence, his hope, or prayer,
+was answered. Grasping a lower limb he swung his body up into the
+first tier of branches just as passing Bruin brushed against one of
+his legs. Bears climb trees and Kit Carson was not ignorant of the
+fact. Instantly drawing his keen-edged hunting knife, he cut away for
+dear life at a thick short branch. The knife and his energy conquered
+the cutting just as Messrs. Bruin had gathered themselves up for an
+ascent, a proceeding on their part to which Mr. Carson would not give
+assent. Mr. Carson was well acquainted with the Messrs. Bruin's pride
+in, and extreme consideration for, their noses. A few sharp raps made
+with the severed branch upon the noses of the ascending bears, while
+they fairly made them to howl with pain and rage, caused them hastily
+to beat a retreat. This scene of ascending, getting their noses
+tickled and again descending howling with pain and rage now kept
+Mr. Carson and Messrs. Bruin actively busy for some time. The huge
+monsters and monarchs of the mountains were determined not to give it
+up so. Such a full and fair chase and to be beaten by a simple
+white man on their own domain! This evidently galled their sensitive
+natures. It is true the roaring of the bears in his rear had
+stimulated Mr. Carson in the race, so much so, that he undoubtedly
+ran at the top of his speed; and, being naturally, as well as by long
+practice, very fleet of foot, he had managed to outstrip his pursuers
+in the race. It is true he had made short work of climbing the tree
+and here again had very innocently beaten the bears at their own game
+and one in which they took great pride. It is more than probable that
+the bears were in too good condition to run well. Had it been early
+spring time they would doubtless have been much lower in flesh. That
+was their own fault too; they should have known that racing time
+cannot be made on high condition. After leaving their hibernating
+quarters they should have been less given to a sumptuous habit at the
+table.
+
+[Illustration: Two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears were bounding
+towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their monstrous
+forearms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready and anxious to hug his
+body in a close and most loving embrace.--PAGE 83.]
+
+Affairs were, however, by no manner of means settled. They had the
+daring trespasser on their domain treed, and almost within their
+reach; and, indeed, to keep out of the way of their uncomely claws,
+Kit was obliged to gather himself up in the smallest possible space
+and cling to the topmost boughs. The bears now allowed themselves
+a short respite for breathing, during which they gave vent to their
+wrath by many shrill screeches. Then they renewed their endeavors to
+force the hunter from his resting place. Mounted on their hind paws
+they would reach for him; but, the blows with the stick, applied
+freely to their noses, would make them desist. In vain did they
+exhaust every means to force the man to descend; he was not to be
+driven or coaxed. The hard knocks they had sustained upon their
+noses had now aroused them almost to madness. Together they made one
+desperate effort to tear Kit from the tree. As in all their previous
+attempts, they were foiled, and their ardor dampened and cooled by the
+drumming operations upon their noses, which this time was so freely
+and strongly applied upon one of them as to make him lachrymate and
+cry out with pain. One at a time they departed; but, it was not
+until they had been out of sight and hearing for some time that Kit
+considered it safe to venture down from the tree; when, he hastened to
+regain and immediately to reload his rifle.
+
+Thus ended an adventure in which Kit Carson considers that he failed
+to lose life and limb by the narrowest miss that ever occurred to him.
+Although he has killed much more than his _quantum_ of this kind of
+game, and has gained what is a practical advantage to every western
+hunter, to wit: a knowledge of all their abilities with which they
+enforce sway, Kit Carson regards this adventure in the light of a
+warning. It is a warning too which he never allows himself to forget;
+consequently, whenever he has hunted since, he watches as closely
+for signs of Mr. Bruin as he does for the game he seeks; it would,
+therefore, be a difficult matter for the bears again to surprise him.
+Some of the most desperate battles on record between hunters and wild
+animals are narrated of encounters with the bear tribe.
+
+Several years ago, a Mexican by the name of Armador Sanchez, still
+well known in the Rocky Mountains as a brave and skillful hunter, had
+a fight with a bear which lasted several hours. This terrible battle
+ended by both the combatants being laid prostrate upon the ground, so
+completely exhausted as to be utterly unable to reach each other from
+the want of physical strength. In this condition they spent one night;
+and, on the following morning, when the brave Mexican hunter had
+recovered sufficiently to be able to creep to his antagonist, he found
+him dead. This close conflict grew out of the hunter's noble daring
+in endeavoring to save the life of a Mexican boy, whom, at the instant
+the hunter attacked the beast, the bear was about to tear into pieces.
+At one time the bear had the youth in his terrible clutches in such
+a manner that it was impossible for him to plant a shot in any vital
+organ. But nothing daunted, with his rifle and revolver, he lodged
+several bullets in other parts of the fierce monster. Still the
+savage animal clung to the unfortunate boy, endeavoring to tear him to
+pieces, and horribly mangling him in every part of his body. The noble
+hunter could resist no longer, and dropping his pistols and rifle, he
+drew his sheath-knife and slung shot, and, after winding his blanket
+around his left arm to protects it, rushed in and compelled the animal
+to turn upon him. Wounds were freely given and returned; but, the wary
+Mexican fought with such dexterity and determination, that the bear
+finally became so mad with pain and rage that by a tremendous effort,
+with one blow of his powerful paw, he knocked the brave hunter
+headlong upon the ground, where he lay some time before recovering his
+breath. Instead of following up this advantage, the brute, doubtless
+being deceived because the man did not move, commenced examining and
+licking his own bleeding wounds. But the brave hunter had now got his
+spirit so completely up, that he determined to conquer his antagonist
+or die. Early in the fight, by a blow from his slung-shot, he had
+succeeded in breaking the bear's lower jaw. This had greatly disabled
+the animal and undoubtedly was the successful wound which eventually
+gave Sanchez the victory. When he felt himself sufficiently rested,
+he renewed the fight; and, by adopting various manoeuvres, in which he
+was greatly assisted by some adjacent trees, succeeded in putting in
+several telling blows with his knife. Again the animal became aroused
+to madness unendurable, and, gathering himself up for a final effort,
+succeeded in planting a terrible blow on the hunter's head, which once
+more brought him to the ground. From this blow and the previous loss
+of blood, the brave man fainted entirely away. How long he remained
+in this state he could not tell; but, on becoming again conscious,
+he found that the victory was on his side, for the bear had already
+breathed his last. The poor boy, notwithstanding his wounds, as soon
+as the battle was decided; and, as he supposed, at the cost of his
+friend's life, started for a neighboring fort, and, reaching it the
+following morning, reported the affair. A party of men well armed
+immediately marched to the rescue. They found the brave hunter in a
+most pitiful condition, with his flesh terribly mangled, his clothes
+torn into ribbons, and his back and shoulders one mass of lacerated
+wounds. His reason had already become unseated. In his native language
+he would call out to his now visionary foe, "If you are a brave man,
+come on." Although the most delicate care and assistance was rendered
+to Sanchez, it was many weeks before he was able to resume his
+occupation; and, even then, he owed his life to the wonderful
+recuperative powers of his healthy and iron constitution. Had the
+fact been otherwise, he could not have survived his injuries. One more
+brave heart must have yielded its last drop of heroic blood in defence
+of youthful weakness. This picture, because it does not exaggerate the
+facts, we leave with regret; for, it is a pleasure to contemplate
+such nobility of character, whatever be the name which declares the
+governmental allegiance of the hero.
+
+It is not going beyond the bounds of truth to assert that the grizzly
+bear of the Rocky Mountains is as formidable an enemy as the hunter
+is called upon to meet, wherever the hunting-ground and whatever the
+animal which opponents to our assertion may set up. When caught out on
+the open prairie, where he can be attacked on horseback and lassoed,
+the chances are against the bear; but, in a broken country, woe to his
+assailants, unless life is saved by some trick; or, happy fortune; a
+lucky shot; a telling blow, like Sanchez's with his slung-shot;
+or, the fanciful drumming, such as was Kit's, on the noses of
+his antagonists; or, some other equally singular and unlooked-for
+expedient. The weight of one of these monsters often runs as high as
+fifteen hundred pounds; and, their fore paws, which they can manage
+with the greatest dexterity, frequently measure fourteen inches. The
+courage, sagacity and skill invariably evinced by this species of
+bear, when engaged in a fight, is not equaled by any other wild animal
+on the face of the globe, not excepting the lion.
+
+We take pleasure in here giving further publicity to the careful
+research and plain truths which have emanated from the pen of that
+distinguished and successful traveler Dr. Livingston. The new ideas
+which appear in his pages in regard to the courage of the "King of
+Beasts," have served, in a measure, to correct the general impression,
+and to bring down from its high-stilted hyperbole the courage,
+sagacity and terrible power of the lion, which, he states, are
+overrated. We do not desire to contradict published statements any
+farther than our own personal knowledge extends; hence, we give
+our authority for our statements in regard to the lion, very well
+satisfied ourself with Dr. Livingstone's love of truth and earnest
+candor. So much for the lion. Our statements in regard to the Rocky
+Mountain grizzly bear rest upon our own knowledge and investigation,
+gathered in his own haunts and on his own wild domain; and, as such,
+are given upon our own responsibility. Because brave American woodsmen
+can readily conquer the monarch of the American forest; and because
+the chicken-hearted Afric son, or dweller, trembles before the steady
+glare of the Afric King of Beasts, _ergo_ his bearship must in popular
+opinion, play subordinate to his lionship. For the sake of truth,
+we should like to see the Spanish arena once open for a fighting
+encounter between a Rocky Mountain bear and an African lion, full and
+native grown specimens of each. The bull-fights all good men abhor;
+but, such a battle would serve to set at rest a fast-growing doubt
+among naturalists; and, so far, would prove available to science and
+the cause of truth. We would readily stake a purse on the bear.
+
+With the Indians of the West, who live mostly by hunting, among whom,
+nine out of ten would, single handed, readily face a score of native
+lion spearsmen and, we verily believe, put them to flight; a man is
+considered a great brave who, alone, will undertake to kill a grizzly
+bear. If he succeeds, which is very rarely the case, his fortune in
+his tribe is made, once and for all. The reputation he gains will
+cling to and follow him into his grave and form one of the chief
+burdens of the tradition which bears his name to posterity. The
+Indians usually hunt and attack him in large parties; and, when the
+contest becomes really earnest, it requires a most immoderate amount
+of yelling, and fierce cry for the onset, to keep their bravery up in
+fighting trim. The victory is seldom gained without the sacrifice
+of several lives. The mounted hunter almost invariably finds it a
+difficult task to bring his charger even within shooting range of this
+kind of game. On an untrained or young horse the accomplishment of
+this feat is next to an impossibility; for, instinct seems to teach
+them the true character of the game even though they approach it for
+the first time.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: The author once saw thirty brave and determined men in
+pursuit of an old grizzly bear and her two cubs near the head waters
+of the Arkansas River. In vain they urged their horses to the chase.
+Not a single steed in the entire band could be induced to run for the
+game. The old bear was quite thin and her young nearly half grown and
+were very fleet of foot. The chase lasted for about three miles, but
+not a man present was able to obtain a shot, because their riding
+animals were so completely frightened as to be almost unmanageable;
+consequently, the bears made good their escape. The last that was seen
+of them was their dim outlines as they traveled leisurely up a deep
+ravine.]
+
+Darkness closed in about Kit Carson before he could reach his camp;
+and, indeed, the sky was so cloudy that it was with great difficulty
+he found his way to it. The idea of sending out a pack animal for
+the elk was out of the question; therefore, the whole party went,
+supperless, to bed. In the morning they breakfasted upon a beaver
+found in one of their traps; for, they well knew that, long before
+daylight, the prowling wolves had feasted upon the elk; hence, they
+resigned it without a visit. The flavor of the meat of the beaver is
+not very palatable and the trappers rarely use it; never when they can
+do better. Not so with its tail. To this they are very partial; and,
+when properly boiled, it is, indeed, a great delicacy.
+
+Believing that Bridger would visit this place, Kit ordered his men
+to make a permanent camp. Kit's sagacity was not at fault in this
+hypothesis; for, in fifteen days, this famous old mountaineer made his
+appearance accompanied by his whole band. The two parties once
+more consolidated and started for the summer rendezvous, which was
+appointed to be held on the Green River.
+
+Upon their arrival at this place, they found congregated, all the
+principal trappers of the Rocky Mountains. They were divided into two
+camps, and numbered about two hundred men. The objects which brought
+them thus together were, the disposal of their fur and the purchase of
+supplies.
+
+When all the parties had reported their arrival, the trading commenced
+and was conducted upon a basis which gave general satisfaction. The
+most exorbitant and fabulous prices ruled for such articles as the
+mountaineers required. Sugar and coffee brought two dollars the pint;
+powder, the same; and ordinary blankets were sold at fifteen and
+twenty-five dollars each.
+
+Coffee, sugar, and even flour, were luxuries not every day indulged in
+by the hardy mountaineers. They seldom partook of such dainties; not
+more frequently than two or three times in the year, and then, merely
+as rare treats. Their standard food was game and wild vegetables when
+in their season.
+
+This meeting of the trappers continued in progress during two months.
+It was then dissolved; and, once more the bold mountaineers formed
+into bands of a size convenient for trapping, and started out to
+engage in the fall hunt. Kit Carson joined a party of fifty men which
+was bound for the country occupied by the Blackfeet Indians, and which
+lies on and adjacent to the head waters of the Missouri River. The
+party met with very poor success in catching beaver, but had their
+fill of annoyances from the tribe of savages already referred to.
+Finally the state of affairs between the trappers and the Indians
+became so desperate, that a white man could not leave his camp and
+go a distance of a single mile alone without being fired upon, so
+completely and untiringly was their camp surrounded and watched by
+this wily and dangerous tribe of Indians.
+
+This state of affairs led them to the determination to quit the
+country, as the trapping season was far advanced. With this line of
+policy they began the march; and, in the month of November, 1832,
+arrived on the banks of the Big Snake River where they established
+winter quarters and remained until the subsequent February.
+
+During these winter months, the quiet monotony of their life was
+unexpectedly broken in upon by a band of their old enemies, the
+Blackfeet Indians. Taking advantage of an unusually dark night they
+entered the camp and succeeded in running off eighteen of their
+horses. In consideration of their leniency displayed towards them when
+they were engaged trapping in their own country, then merely acting
+on the defensive, this act on the part of the savages appeared to the
+trappers to be more than they ought peaceably to bear. Such appeared
+to be the general opinion, and it was determined that a party should
+be sent out to recover the property and inflict a chastisement upon
+the hostile savages which they would not soon forget. Kit Carson with
+eleven men to accompany him was selected for this delicate but highly
+important service. Having prepared everything for the route, the party
+started and after fifty miles of sharp riding through the snow,
+came up with the savages. The progress of the Indians had been,
+fortunately, considerably retarded by the necessity of breaking a
+path through the deep snow, which had but very recently fallen. The
+trappers instantly made an attempt to recover their animals which were
+found grazing on the side of a hill, the Indians having previously
+come to a halt. In doing this, shots were exchanged by both parties
+without effect. The savages had on snow shoes which gave them
+considerable advantage over the trappers. After some manoeuvering, the
+Indians asked for a parley which was granted. On these occasions, it
+is customary for one man from each party to advance to a spot about
+halfway between the contending parties and there have a talk. The
+rascals, through their representative, informed the trappers through
+their representative, that they had supposed that they had been
+committing a robbery upon the Snake Indians; and, that they did not
+desire to steal from the white men.
+
+The trappers, believing these tales to be false, considered this a
+mere ruse on the part of the Indians to make them unwary of passing
+events. However, they put the very natural query to them, why, if they
+were so friendly disposed, they did not follow out their usual custom;
+and, on seeing them approach, lay down their arms and advance to meet
+their white brothers, so that they might have a smoke together and
+talk over their difficulties and thus amicably settle matters.
+
+Their replies to this query contained nothing but evasions. Finally,
+however, it having been mutually agreed upon, both parties disarmed
+and marched to the place where their representatives were talking. The
+Calumet was then prepared, lighted and handed around to each person
+present, it being puffed once or twice by every one of the savages
+and every one of the whites. The council then commenced. The head
+men among the savages led off by making several lengthy and unmeaning
+speeches. In their replies, the trappers came directly to the point,
+and said they could hear no overtures for peace, until their property
+was restored to them. The Indians, upon hearing this demand several
+times repeated, began to presume upon their strength, assuming an
+overbearing demeanor. After considerable talk among themselves, they
+sent out and brought in five of the poorest horses, declaring that
+it was the only number they could return. The trappers, upon hearing
+this, ran for their arms; when, the Indians instantly started for
+theirs. The fight was now renewed by both parties. Kit Carson, in the
+rush made for the rifles, and one of his companions named Markhead,
+succeeded in getting hold of their weapons first; and consequently,
+they formed the advance in the return to the contest. They selected
+for their antagonists, two Indians who were close together; but, who
+were partially concealed behind separate trees. As Kit was on the
+point of raising his rifle to fire he saw by a quick side glance at
+Markhead, that he was working at the lock of his gun without paying
+attention to his adversary who was aiming at him with, almost, a
+certainty of killing him. Kit instantly changed the direction of his
+rifle and fired, sending a bullet through the heart of Markhead's
+adversary; but, in thus saving the life of his friend, he was obliged,
+for the instant, to neglect his own adversary. A quick glance showed
+him the fellow sighting over his rifle and that the mouth of the
+Indian's gun covered his breast. Upon the instant he endeavored to
+dodge the bullet, but he was unsuccessful in doing so completely. It
+struck him in such a way that, first cutting the skin of his neck and
+glancing, it passed through his left shoulder. The head of the bone,
+of the arm in the shoulder was shattered; but, fortunately, the
+main artery of the arm escaped injury. Notwithstanding his wound Kit
+immediately endeavored to reload his rifle. In this effort he was
+unsuccessful, for his left arm hung powerless by his side. He was
+obliged, therefore, to remain a mere spectator during the remainder
+of the fight; when, being overcome by the loss of blood and the
+consequent fast increasing weakness, he threw himself upon the ground.
+The fight continued to be hotly contested by both the trappers and
+Indians until, gradually, the firing ceased, when the trappers drew
+off and went into camp. They did not dare to light any fires, as they
+would inevitably bring the Indians upon them. With nothing but their
+saddle-blankets to protect them from the bitter cold, even the safe
+and sound members of the party suffered severely. Kit's condition
+failed not to arouse the heartfelt sympathy of his friends, for there
+was not one among them who would not have readily risked life and limb
+to save Kit's. But his condition was most critical; at the least, he
+was in a most unenviable condition. His wounds bled profusely,
+and, the blood, as it oozed out, froze to the rude dressings. This,
+undoubtedly, in the final result, was beneficial to him, as the cold
+acted as a partial check upon the hemorrhage. It was, however, none
+the less painful to endure. He bore his agonizing sufferings without
+a single murmur, exhibiting in patient fortitude and resignation the
+same brave spirit and dauntless courage which distinguished him in
+every action. Not once did a single complaint escape from his lips.
+Had he received this wound within the pales of civilization with its
+concomitant constitution, he might never have recovered the use of
+his arm. In the pure air, and with a constitution in the best possible
+trim, after all danger from hemorrhage had passed, his chances to
+recover were favorable; and, finally, resulted in giving him once
+more, the full use of his arm.
+
+That night the trappers held a council. It was decided, that, although
+the result of the fight had been that they had given the Indians a
+sound thrashing, there having been several braves killed while they
+had suffered only in one wounded, they were, nevertheless, not then
+strong enough to pursue the savages farther. They adopted therefore
+the policy of returning to the camp and reporting their progress.
+
+On their arrival, a council was immediately called and their
+adventures duly rehearsed. The result was that a second party was
+immediately organized comprising thirty men. Under the command of
+Bridger, this party followed the trail for some days, but returned to
+camp without finding the savages. They, after their late engagement,
+had made their way as fast as possible into distant parts. A short
+time after this, the weather moderated and it was time for the spring
+hunt.
+
+This was now commenced and continued quite active for several weeks on
+the Green and Snake Rivers. The success of the trappers was far beyond
+their most sanguine expectations. Beaver fur seemed absolutely to
+rain down upon them. The season having passed, they went into summer
+rendezvous on the banks of the Green River. This was brought about
+by the arrival of the traders with their supplies. The whole force of
+trappers, therefore, again rested until the first week of September;
+when, they again broke up their camp for the fall hunt.
+
+Some time previous to this last named event Kit Carson, having
+recovered from the effects of his wounds, was very reluctantly drawn
+into an "affair of honor." The circumstances of this occurrence we
+give in detail for two reasons. It was an event in Carson's life,
+and therefore is required at our hands; but, it serves to exhibit the
+manner of the duello among these western mountaineers which throws
+around the circumstance the importance of an example in their manners
+and customs. By itself, so far as Kit Carson was concerned, it was of
+very little importance, serving but little, in his opinion, to adorn
+the story of his life.
+
+Among the men congregated at the rendezvous, there was a Captain
+Shunan, a powerful Frenchman. The Captain was exceedingly overbearing
+in his intercourse with all around him. Upon the slightest pretext, he
+was sure to endeavor to involve some of the trappers in a quarrel.
+The result was that he was heartily despised by all, although, for the
+sake of peace, he was allowed to go unmolested. One day his conduct
+was particularly offensive to the entire command; for, after having
+had two fist fights with a couple of weak and inoffensive men,
+he commenced boasting that he could easily flog all the Frenchmen
+present; and, as to the Americans, he said that "he could cut a stick
+and switch them." Such actions and manners, at last, attracted Kit
+Carson's notice and caused him to be greatly annoyed. He thought the
+matter over and concluded that if Captain Shunan was allowed to gather
+many more such detestable laurels, he would soon become even more bold
+and troublesome. As no other member of the company seemed disposed to
+put a check upon such unmanly behavior, he quietly determined to make
+the affair his own.
+
+An opportunity soon presented itself. A number of the company had
+congregated together and were engaged in conversation, when Captain
+Shunan began anew his bullying language; this time a little more
+boisterous than usual. Kit Carson advancing into the centre of the
+company and placing himself in front of the Captain thus addressed
+him:
+
+"Shunan, before you stands the humblest specimen of an American in
+this band of trappers, among whom, there are, to my certain knowledge,
+men who could easily chastise you; but, being peaceably disposed,
+they keep aloof from you. At any rate, I assume the responsibility of
+ordering you to cease your threats, or I will be under the necessity
+of killing you."
+
+To this Captain Shunan did not reply; but, immediately after Kit
+Carson had closed his remarks, he turned upon his heel and walked
+directly for his lodge.
+
+Kit Carson was too well versed in trapper rules not to read the
+meaning of this action. He, therefore, walked off also; but, in
+the direction of his own lodge. In a brief space of time, both men
+appeared before the camp, each mounted on their respective horses. The
+affair had drawn together the whole band, and they were now, quietly,
+so many witnesses of the facts here recorded.
+
+Captain Shunan was armed with his rifle. Kit Carson had taken merely
+a single-barrel dragoon pistol which happened to be the first weapon
+that had fallen in his way, because of his hurry to be on the ground.
+The two men now rode rapidly towards one another, until their horses'
+heads almost touched, when both horsemen reined up, and Kit Carson
+addressed Captain Shunan as follows:
+
+"Am I the person you are looking for?"
+
+Captain Shunan replied, "No!"
+
+It was apparent that this reply of Captain Shunan was a falsehood;
+for, while giving it utterance, he raised his rifle in the act of
+shooting, bringing it to his shoulder and covering his antagonist.
+Before, however, Captain Shunan could discharge his gun, the ball from
+Kit Carson's pistol shattered his forearm, causing the rifle to tilt
+upwards, which changed the direction of its contents in such a
+way that Kit Carson received a wound in his scalp while the powder
+severely burnt his face.
+
+[Illustration: Before, however, Captain Shunan could discharge his
+gun, the ball from Kit Carson's pistol shattered his forearm.--PAGE
+100.]
+
+It was the universal opinion of the spectators of this unhappy scene
+that both parties fired nearly at the same instant. The facts of the
+case show very plainly, first, that Captain Shunan's intent was to
+kill his antagonist. Why did he aim at Kit Carson's breast? Second,
+that Kit Carson's shot was delivered perhaps a second or two in
+advance of Captain Shunan's; third, that Kit Carson did not desire to
+kill his antagonist, but merely to save his own life, by disabling
+his adversary. The fact that his shot struck first and hit Captain
+Shunan's right arm is sufficient proof of this. When Kit Carson's
+well-known and indisputable skill with all kinds of fire-arms is taken
+into the account; and that, notwithstanding this skill, he hit his
+adversary in one of only two places (his right or left arms) which
+would have rendered his aim with the rifle uncertain, the statement
+that Kit Carson did not intend to kill his adversary becomes an
+incontrovertible fact. Last, had Kit Carson not gained a second in
+advance in the firing, he would have lost his own life, inevitably;
+and, the emphatic "No!" the lie of his antagonist, would have been
+crowned with success. Such plain deception seldom is allowed to
+triumph by an all-wise Providence.
+
+In judging Kit Carson in this matter, the reader will commit an
+ungenerous error if he fails to allow to be placed, in the balance of
+judgment, the stirring deeds and daily hair-breadth risks Kit Carson,
+during so many years of his eventful life, was constantly called upon
+to take a part in and undergo. We take leave of this unfortunate scene
+in his life, feeling confident a just public opinion will see in it no
+cause to pluck from the brow of Kit Carson any of the laurels which it
+has been called upon to place there. As a man of truth, honor, virtue,
+and reverence for the laws of his country, Kit Carson has few equals
+and no superior among Americans. It needed not this incident to
+establish his courage; that had long been proven to be undoubted. Nor
+did the result elate his feelings in the least. He met his companions
+without a smile, and invariably expressed his regrets that he felt it
+to be his duty, for the good order and peace of the camp, to interfere
+in the matter. On the other hand, when he espoused the cause of the
+majority in maintaining the right, he was not a man to be easily
+thwarted. When the affair was ended, Kit was congratulated and
+received the thanks of nearly every individual present; for, each felt
+that a load of most vexatious and troublesome responsibility had been
+taken from his shoulders. The good fellowship immediately introduced
+into the camp was also a circumstance of mark.
+
+The wounded man was carried to his quarters and every attention shown
+him in the power of his companions. His punishment had the effect
+completely to subdue him.
+
+These duels among the old trappers of the Rocky Mountains were not
+very unfrequent occurrences. Men, situated as they were, beyond the
+reach of the mighty arm of the law, find it absolutely necessary to
+legislate for themselves. It is not within our province to advocate
+either the right or wrong of duelling; for, with the best of
+reasoning, there will always exist a difference of opinion on the
+subject. In the case of these mountaineers, when any serious offence
+was given, the man receiving the injury to body or fame held the right
+of demanding satisfaction. The interests of the entire band required
+an immediate settlement of difficulties, so that their future plans
+could be carried out in concert. In their dealings with each other
+they were strictly honorable; and when by any mischance a rogue crept
+into their ranks, if detected in any rascality, he was summarily and
+severely dealt with. Their duels were serious events; for, oftentimes
+both men were killed. In fact, the case could hardly be otherwise.
+They were men of unflinching courage, and their weapons were generally
+rifles, which, from long practice, they held with a certain and deadly
+aim. We cannot better close this passage in the life of Kit Carson
+than to quote the language held in 1846 by the Biographer[8] of the
+great explorer, JOHN CHARLES FREMONT:
+
+"He" (Christopher Carson) "is a remarkably peaceable and quiet man,
+temperate in his habits, and strictly moral in his deportment. In a
+letter written from California, in 1847, introducing Carson as the
+bearer of dispatches to the government, Col. Fremont says: 'with me,
+Carson and truth mean the same thing. He is always the same--gallant
+and disinterested.' He is kind-hearted, and averse to all quarrelsome
+and turbulent scenes, and has never been engaged in any mere personal
+broils or encounters, except on one single occasion, which he
+sometimes modestly describes to his friends. The narrative is fully
+confirmed by an eye-witness, of whose presence at the time he was not
+aware, and whose account he has probably never seen or heard of. I
+shall tell the story as it is gathered from them both.[9]
+
+[Footnote 8: Charles Wentworth Upham.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The reader will easily correct the few discrepancies
+of facts contained in this statement, by the narrative which is from
+Carson himself, and given with a view to publication.]
+
+"In the year 1835, the Rev. Samuel Parker made an exploring and
+missionary tour, under the auspices of the American Board of
+Commissioners for Foreign Missions, beyond the Rocky Mountains, and as
+far as the settlements on the Columbia River. In his printed journal
+he gives an account of the incident to which I am referring; it
+occurred on the 12th of August, at a point on the borders of Green
+River, beyond the South Pass, on the occasion of a 'rendezvous,' that
+is, on a spot selected for Indians, trappers, and hunters to bring to
+market their peltries, and obtain supplies from the agents of the Fur
+Companies. There was a large concourse of savage tribes, and all the
+various denizens of the wilderness. There were Frenchmen, Spaniards,
+Dutchmen, Canadians, and Western backwoodsmen. The Rev. Mr. Parker
+happened to be there, to witness the strange gathering. Of course
+there were some rude characters, and not a little irregularity and
+disorder. Conflicts were liable to arise between quarrelsome persons,
+growing out of the feuds among the tribes, and animosities between the
+representatives of different nations, all actuated by pride of race or
+country.
+
+"A hunter, named Shunan, a Frenchman, who was well known by the title
+of the 'big bully of the mountains,' mounted his horse with a loaded
+rifle, and dashing defiantly around, challenged any person, of any
+nationality, to meet him in single combat. He boasted of his
+exploits, and used the most insulting and irritating language, and was
+particularly insolent and abusive towards Americans, whom he described
+as only worth being whipped with switches. Kit Carson was in the
+crowd, and his patriotic spirit kindled at the taunt. He at once
+stepped forward and said, 'I am an American, the most trifling one
+among them, but if you wish to die, I will accept your challenge.'
+Shunan defied him. Carson at once leaped upon his horse, with a loaded
+pistol, and both dashed into close conflict. They fired, almost at the
+same moment, but Carson an instant the quickest. Their horses' heads
+touched. Shunan's ball just grazed Carson's cheek, near the left eye,
+and cut off some locks of his hair. Carson's ball entered Shunan's
+hand, came out at the wrist, and passed through his arm above the
+elbow. The bully begged his life, and it was spared.
+
+"This put an effectual stop to all such insolent proceedings, and
+Americans were insulted no longer. Carson is still living, being yet,
+indeed, in his prime. His faithful commander has recorded his name
+on the geography of the continent, by calling after him a river and a
+lake, in the great basin they explored together."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+    The Fall Hunt--McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a
+    Trapping Party which Kit Carson joins--The Hunt--Scarcity of
+    Beaver on Humboldt River--The Party is divided--Kit Carson
+    with a majority of the Men goes to Fort Hall--Hardships and
+    Privations met with--Buffalo Hunt--All their Animals stolen
+    in the Night by a Party of Blackfeet Indians--Arrival of McCoy
+    from Fort Walla Walla--The Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins a
+    strong Band--The Small Pox among the Blackfeet Indians--The
+    Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites--Intense
+    Cold--Immense Herds of Buffalo--Danger of their goring to
+    death the Horses--The Spring Hunt--The Blackfeet Indian
+    Village overtaken--A desperate Fight with these Indians--The
+    Rendezvous--Sir William Stuart and a favorite Missionary--Kit
+    Carson goes an a Trading Expedition to the Navajoe
+    Indians--The Return--He accepts the post of Hunter of the
+    Trading Post at Brown's Hole.
+
+
+Arrangements for the fall hunt were now in active progress among the
+trappers. Though the reader may find some similarity of fact and idea
+as we progress in this part of the Life of Kit Carson, the interest
+which hangs about it, nevertheless, will not, or should not be
+dampened, because this pen-painting of his long and active experience
+is a better and more faithful exhibit of those qualifications,
+knowledge and skill which afterwards made him, first the guide and
+then the bosom friend of the illustrious Fremont, than any assertions
+whether authenticated by published record, whether rested upon
+statement on knowledge, information and belief of acquaintances and
+friends, or, whether facts taken from the thousand allusions to his
+exploits which have from time to time flooded the press of the United
+States.
+
+The company of trappers which had been so fortunate as to secure the
+services of Kit Carson, for facts seem now to warrant us in employing
+this language of just praise, set out for the Yellow Stone River,
+which stream they safely reached, and on which they set their traps.
+Dame Fortune here seemed to be in unpleasant mood. Crossing the
+country from the Yellow Stone to the Big Horn River, they again
+courted the old lady's smile with stoical patience, but with no better
+results. They next extended their efforts to the three forks of the
+Missouri River; also, to the Big Snake River. The fickle old lady
+proved scornful on all these streams, and finally, on the latter
+stream and its tributaries they wintered.
+
+In this section of the country they fell in with Mr. Thomas McCoy,
+a trader who was in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. In his
+trading operations Mr. McCoy had been unsuccessful and had concluded
+to organize a trapping expedition. The inducements which he held out
+led Kit Carson and five of his companions to become members of his
+party. With him they traveled to Mary's River,[10] from whence reports
+had circulated that beaver existed in great abundance. The party
+struck upon this stream high up and slowly followed it down to
+where it is lost in the Great Basin. Their success here was not
+satisfactory; consequently, the party returned to the Big Snake River.
+By McCoy's direction the party tarried upon this river for some time
+when it was divided. McCoy and a small escort started for Fort Walla
+Walla. Kit Carson and the majority of the men took up their line of
+march for Fort Hall. While en route, the latter division was subjected
+to the greatest privations imaginable. Among the worst of these was
+hunger, as their trail led through a barren region of country. For a
+short time, they managed to subsist upon a small supply of nutritious
+roots which had been provided in advance. This source finally gave
+out, when their affairs assumed a most desperate attitude. To keep
+from starving, they bled their mules and drank the warm red blood with
+avidity, so acutely had the days of fasting sharpened their appetites.
+This operation, however could not be repeated without endangering the
+lives of their animals. These also were on a short allowance of food,
+for the grass was very poor and scanty. The whole party had become
+frightfully reduced in strength, and began to think it necessary to
+kill some of their animals, which at this time they could but ill
+spare. In this terrible condition they met with a band of Indians who
+proved to be of a friendly disposition. The party was then only
+about four days' journey from Fort Hall. Most unhappily, the Indians
+themselves possessed but a scanty supply of provisions, and no more
+than their immediate wants required. It was not without considerable
+manoeuvering and talk, during which all the skill and Indian
+experience possessed by Kit Carson were brought into active
+requisition, that the savages were prevailed upon to trade with the
+trappers. By the trade the half famished men obtained a fat horse,
+which was immediately killed, and on which they regaled with as much
+relish as the epicure in the settlements enjoys his "joint of roast
+beef."
+
+[Footnote 10: We give the name which was applied to this river at the
+date of the facts related in the text. It is now called the Humboldt
+River.]
+
+To a man not accustomed to this kind of meat, mule flesh and horse
+flesh would not be likely to prove over tempting or appropriate
+viands. Let him feel the pangs of hunger very sharply, and his ideas
+of lusciousness and propriety in respect to food will rapidly change.
+The civilized world has condemned the practice as belonging to
+barbarians. A mountaineer, not being quite so fastidious, scouts these
+ideas, considering them foolish prejudices of people who have never
+been forced by necessity to test the wisdom of their condemnation. Let
+the epicurean sages have their choice, eat horse flesh or starve,
+and, they confidently maintain, horse flesh would gradually grow to be
+considered a dainty, the rarer over beef, in proportion to its greater
+cost.
+
+The trappers of the western prairies, who wander thousands of miles
+over barren as well as fertile lands, where game cannot exist from
+stern necessity, are compelled to submit to all kinds of vicissitudes;
+but, with buoyant spirits, they conquer results, which, a faint heart
+and yielding courage would behold almost in their grasp but fail to
+reach.
+
+An emergency calls forth skill and great energies; and, in an
+unexplored country where, as in the case here recorded, everything
+living suddenly disappears, it is then that the wits of a trapper save
+his life when an ordinary traveler would lie down and die.
+
+Kit Carson and his men, at last, succeeded in reaching Fort Hall. They
+were kindly received and amply provided for by the whites who then
+occupied it as a trading post. Here they rapidly recruited their
+strength, and in the course of a few days felt able to start out upon
+a buffalo hunt. Reports had come in that large numbers of buffalo
+existed in close proximity to the Fort. Kit Carson and his men were
+not the kind who live upon the bounty of others when game can be had
+in return for the necessary effort to find. They were also not the
+men to hoard their stock of provisions whenever they met parties in
+distress. The first query which different bands of trappers offer
+to each other on meeting in the wilderness, is, "Does game exist in
+plenty," or "is game plenty in such and such sections of country?"
+This takes precedence over the commonplace question, "What's the
+news?" Oftentimes, when venturing into distant and unexplored
+districts of territory they were obliged to take their chances of
+finding sustenance; but, they hardly ever neglected an opportunity
+to inform themselves on the subject: on the contrary, they often
+sacrificed both time and profits in order to secure correct details.
+Any other course would have been fool-hardy rashness, just fit for
+parties of over-bold inexperience to take the consequences of.
+
+Hunting the buffalo is a manly and interesting sport; and, as Kit
+Carson on this occasion engaged in it with successful results, it
+might be interesting to the general reader, and, in this place the
+unity of the narrative seems to require, a complete and practical
+description of the manner of taking the buffalo. We have, however
+deferred this part of our duty to an occasion when Kit Carson had
+his friend John C. Fremont upon his first buffalo hunt. We shall then
+permit the bold Explorer to tell the story of a buffalo hunt in our
+behalf.[11]
+
+[Footnote 11: See page 161.]
+
+During their sojourn at Fort Hall, the hardy trappers were not idle.
+Besides the calls upon them by the hunt, they set to work with great
+industry repairing their saddles, clothing and moccasins. With the
+aid of a few buck-skins, usually procured from Indians, and a few rude
+tools, they soon accomplished wonders.
+
+To give the reader an appropriate view of the genius to conquer
+obstacles displayed by the mountaineers, he must picture one of them
+just starting upon a long journey over the prairies and through
+the mountains. His wagon and harness trappings, if he chances to be
+possessed of worldly effects sufficient to warrant him in purchasing a
+first-class outfit, present a neat and trim appearance. Follow him
+to the point of his destination, and there the reader will discover,
+perhaps, a hundredth part of the original vehicle and trappings.
+While en route, the bold and self-reliant man has met with a hundred
+accidents. He has been repeatedly called upon to mend and patch both
+wagon and harness, besides his own clothing. Though he now presents a
+dilapidated appearance, he is none the less a man; and, if his name
+is known as a regular trapper and mountaineer, he is immediately a
+welcomed and honored guest. If the broadcloth of a prince covered his
+back, spotless, scientifically shaped and foreign woven, his reception
+would not be more heartfelt and sincerely cordial. It is amusing to
+see the raw-hide patches of harness, wagon and clothing, now become
+dry and hard as oak. To have dispensed with the use of buckskin on his
+route, would have been like cutting off the right arm of the gallant
+pioneer. Buckskin and the western wilds of America are almost
+synonymous terms; at least, the one suggests the other, and therefore
+they are of the same brotherhood. The traveler in these regions of
+this day fails not to learn and appreciate its value. It has not only
+furnished material for clothing, but has been used to repair almost
+every article in daily use. Even the camp and tea-kettle, as well as
+the frying, milk and saucepan, bedstead and hammock, chair and table,
+all have had their buckskin appendage, as fast as any of them have
+become injured or broken.
+
+Everything being in readiness, Carson set out with his followers for
+their hunting-grounds. Their pace was one of so much rapidity, that
+after one day's march they discovered signs of the buffalo. On the
+following morning immense herds were in sight. A suitable place for a
+camp was soon selected, and everything which could impede their work
+well stowed away. The best marksmen were selected for hunters, and the
+remainder of the party detailed to take care of the meat as fast
+as the hunters should bring it in. Poles were planted on the open
+prairies, and from one to the other ropes of hide were stretched. Upon
+these ropes strips of the buffalo meat were hung for curing,
+which consists of merely drying it in the sun's rays. After it is
+sufficiently dried, it is taken down and bound up in bundles.
+During the time of hunting and curing, the trappers feasted upon
+the delicacies of the game, which consist of the tongue, liver and
+peculiar fat which is found along the back of the buffalo. Their past
+sufferings from hunger had made them so determined in the work of
+procuring game, that in a few days they possessed meat sufficient to
+load down all their pack animals. They now thought about returning to
+Fort Hall. Their pace, however, rendered so by their weighty game, was
+very slow. Their old enemies, the Blackfeet Indians, had discovered
+them while engaged in this hunt. They followed them on the march to
+the Fort, the trappers being wholly unaware of their presence; in
+fact, the idea of hostile Indians had not troubled their thoughts.
+
+Two or three nights after they arrived at the Fort, taking advantage
+of a dark evening, the Indians deprived them of all their animals.
+This was the result of carelessness on the part of one of the men,
+which, under the circumstances, was excusable. The party had encamped
+just without the pickets of the Fort, but had taken the precaution to
+secure their horses and mules while they slept, by placing them in the
+_corral_[12] belonging to the station. A sentinel was put upon duty
+over the corral, in order to make everything doubly secure. In the
+latter part of the night, nearly at daybreak, the sentinel saw two
+persons advance and deliberately let down the bars leading into the
+yard and drive out the animals. He mistook these men for two of
+his companions who were authorized to take the herd out to graze.
+Concluding, therefore, without going to them, that he was relieved,
+he sought his resting-place and was soon fast asleep. In the morning,
+anxious inquiries were made for the horses and mules, when a
+very short investigation revealed the truth of matters. It was,
+undoubtedly, very fortunate for the sentinel that he fell into the
+error alluded to. It was very apparent that the two advanced Indians
+who let down the bars were backed up by a strong party. The signs
+of Indians, discovered afterwards, proved this beyond a doubt. Their
+reserve party were posted where the least resistance on the part of
+the sentinel would have been followed by his quick and certain death.
+This successful theft was, no doubt, considered by the Indians a cause
+for great rejoicing. It may have formed the basis of promoting the
+brave who planned and directed it, as the animals had been obtained
+without the loss of a man or even the receiving of a wound. The
+parties living at the Fort were equally as poorly off for horses
+and mules as were now the trappers. The same Indians had recently
+performed the same trick upon them. The loss was most severely felt by
+the trappers, inasmuch as they had not a single animal left upon which
+to give chase. Nothing remained for them to enact, except a stoical
+indifference over their loss and await the return of McCoy, who had
+agreed, after finishing his business at Fort Walla Walla, to rejoin,
+them at Fort Hall.
+
+[Footnote 12: _Corral_, a barnyard.]
+
+This tribe of Indians, the Blackfeet, whose meddlesome dispositions
+have so frequently brought them in contact with Kit Carson in such and
+dissimilar affairs, occupy the country on the Yellow Stone River and
+about the head waters of the Missouri. There are other tribes in close
+proximity, the most important of which is the tribe called the Crows.
+When Kit Carson first entered upon his wild career the Blackfeet
+Indians numbered nearly thirty thousand souls. They were greatly
+reduced in numbers within the next six or seven years, between 1832
+and 1839. In the last-named year, in consequence of the ravages of
+the small pox, heretofore alluded to and which prevailed the
+year previous, they had lost at least fifty per cent. The Indian
+computations of 1850, according to Brownell, give their numbers at
+only about thirteen thousand. They are one of the finest races of the
+American Aborigines. Powerful in frame and development; well trained
+in horsemanship, although in this they are surpassed by the Camanches;
+capable of great endurance; and, usually well fitted as to arms,
+dress, horse trappings, _et caetera_, they generally prove knotty
+customers as enemies. We ought not to pass by this notice of the
+Blackfeet Indians without calling the attention of the inquisitive
+reader to a remarkable proof which is afforded by the whole
+intercourse of these western trappers with the Blackfeet Indians, as
+thus detailed by Kit Carson, of an assertion hazarded some years ago
+by Charles De Wolf Brownell, in his admirable work upon the Indian
+races of North and South America. On pages 465-6, Mr. Brownell comes
+to the defence of the Crow tribe of Indians, which, up to that time,
+had been characterized as a "lawless, thieving horde of savages."
+"But," says Mr. Brownell, "those best acquainted with their character
+and disposition, speak of them as honest and trustworthy." The
+adventures of Kit Carson among both the Crow and the Blackfeet
+Indians, we think, demonstrate pretty conclusively which of these
+contiguous tribes are the horse stealers. The Crows, it will be
+remembered, are more particularly inhabitants of the mountainous
+regions. The Blackfeet have ever been their sworn and implacable foes.
+Their burials of the hatchet have been few and far between, and
+never in deep soil. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that
+the Blackfeet reputation should extend to the Crows; but, although
+circumstances exist which condemn the latter, they are few in number
+compared with the sins laid by the traders and trappers at the
+tent-doors of the former.
+
+After the lapse of one month McCoy made his appearance and, most
+opportunely, brought an extra supply of animals. The camp was soon
+struck and the whole band started for the rendezvous, which had been
+appointed to convene at the mouth of Horse Creek on the Green River.
+They reached this place after several days of hard travel. As usual,
+trading operations did not commence until all the regular bands
+of trappers had arrived and reported. They were then commenced and
+continued through a period of twenty days. Here Kit Carson left the
+company under McCoy and joined a company under the management of a
+Mr. Fontenelle which numbered one hundred men. This party went to and
+trapped on the Yellow Stone River. On commencing operations the party
+was divided into fifty trappers and fifty keepers. The duties of the
+former were to take the beaver and provide game for food. The latter
+to guard their property and cook. The trappers were now in the midst
+of their sworn foes, the Blackfeet Indians. They felt themselves
+sufficiently strong and were desirous to pay off old scores. They
+therefore trapped where they pleased, being determined to dispute
+the right of possession to the country if attacked. They were not,
+however, molested. A good reason appeared for this, soon after,
+brought by some friendly Indians belonging to the Crow Tribe. They
+informed the whites that the small pox was making terrible havoc with
+the Blackfeet Indians. Thousands were dying and fears were entertained
+that the whole tribe would be cut off. In order to attend to their
+sick they had secluded themselves. The trapping season being nearly
+over, as the streams began to freeze, the party commenced looking out
+for a camping site.
+
+In conjunction with the main body of the Crow nation they proceeded to
+a well protected valley and erected their lodges, making themselves
+as comfortable as possible under the circumstances. As the season
+advanced, the cold became more severe, until at last, it was more
+intense than ever before experienced by the trappers or Indians. Fuel,
+however, was abundant, and, excepting the inconvenience of keeping
+unusually large fires, they suffered but little. Not so with their
+animals. It was with the greatest difficulty that they preserved
+them from starvation. By the most unwearied exertions, however, they
+succeeded in obtaining food enough barely to keep them alive until the
+weather became more mild and auspicious. At one time the crisis was
+so imminent, that the trappers were compelled to resort to cottonwood
+trees, thawing the bark and small branches, after gathering them, by
+their fires. This bark was torn from the trees in shreds sufficiently
+small for the animals to masticate. The Indians of the Rocky
+Mountains, when suffering from hunger, are often driven to the
+extremity of eating this material. For miles, not unfrequently, the
+traveler discovers these trees denuded of their bark, after a party
+has passed through on their way to find the buffalo. The rough,
+outside cuticle is discarded, and the tender texture, next to the body
+of the tree, is the part selected for food. It will act in staying the
+appetite, but cannot, for any great length of time, support life.
+It is dangerous to allow starving animals to eat freely of it; the
+trappers, therefore, feed it to them but sparingly.
+
+The intense cold operated to bring upon them another serious annoyance
+in the shape of immense herds of starving buffalo, which, goaded on
+by the pangs of hunger, would watch for an opportunity to gore the
+animals and steal their scanty allowance of provender. It was only by
+building large fires in the valleys and constantly standing guard that
+the trappers succeeded in keeping them off.
+
+During the winter, to beguile the time, the whites vied with
+their Indian allies in many of their sports. As game existed in
+superabundance, always ready for a loaded rifle, both parties were
+contented and happy. Time flew away rapidly and soon brought again the
+sunshine of spring with the buds and blossoms, gay wild flowers, green
+herbage and forest verdure. For the purpose of procuring supplies,
+the trappers dispatched two messengers to Fort Laramie. They did not
+return and were never again heard from. The conclusion which gained
+belief was, that they had been murdered by the Sioux Indians. The
+party waited as long as they possibly could for the return of their
+two companions, but, finally, were compelled to commence the spring
+hunt without them. They trapped a short time on the Yellow Stone
+River and then went to the Twenty-Five-Yard River. From thence
+they proceeded to the head waters of the Missouri, and, on the most
+northern of its forks, remained some time, meeting with considerable
+success. Here they obtained news of the Blackfeet Indians, which
+showed that the ravages of the small pox had been greatly over
+estimated. They were still nearly as strong, and in character, had not
+at all become subdued. Upon drawing near to the source of this river,
+they discovered that the main village of these savages, their old
+foes, was in close proximity. This was pleasing intelligence to the
+trappers. They had suffered too many unprovoked insults at their hands
+not to desire the avenging of their wrongs and to punish them by way
+of retaliation. During the whole winter, and, in fact, from the
+time the party was first organized, they had anxiously abided their
+opportunity to meet and punish the rascally Blackfeet warriors. The
+old scores, or sores, had been festering too long, and here was a
+chance to probe them satisfactorily.
+
+The party cautiously followed upon the trail which led to the Indian
+encampment until within one day's journey of it. Here they came to a
+halt. Kit Carson, with five men, was sent in advance to reconnoitre.
+Upon approaching the Indians, the reconnoitering party discovered them
+busily engaged driving in their animals to saddle and pack, and
+making such other preparations necessary to the effecting of a hurried
+decampment. Kit and his companions hastened back and reported the
+results of their observations. A council was immediately held which
+decided to send out forty-three picked men to give battle; and, for
+the commander of this party, Kit Carson was unanimously elected. The
+fifty-five men left behind under Mr. Fontenelle had the onerous duty
+of guarding the animals and equipage. It was a part of the programme,
+also, that the latter force should move on slowly and act as a reserve
+in case of need.
+
+Kit Carson and his command were in fine spirits and lost no time in
+overhauling the village. In the first charge they killed ten of the
+bravest warriors. The savages quickly recovered from this blow and
+commenced retreating in good order. For three consecutive hours they
+heroically received a series of these furious and deadly assaults
+without offering much resistance. At the end of this time the firing
+of the mountaineers began to slacken, as their ammunition was running
+low. These experienced and brave, though rascally Indians, soon
+surmised the cause of this sudden change of affairs. Rallying their
+forces, they turned upon their assailants in right good earnest and
+a desperate hand-to-hand engagement ensued. The white men now had an
+opportunity to use their small arms, which told with such terrible
+effect upon their foes that they were soon driven back again. They,
+however, rallied once more and charged so manfully that the trappers
+were forced to retreat. In this latter engagement a horse belonging
+to a mountaineer by the name of Cotton, fell, throwing his rider
+and holding him on the ground by his weight. This happened as he was
+passing a point of rocks. Six of the warriors, seeing the accident,
+instantly hurried forward to take Cotton's scalp. But Kit Carson's
+eagle eye was watching every part of the battle-field and discovered,
+in time to be of service, the danger to which his friend was exposed.
+Although some distance off, Kit sprang from his saddle, and, with
+the leap of an antelope and the rallying cry for his men, was on the
+ground, ready to make a certain shot. His aim and the crack of his
+rifle almost belonged to the same instant of time. It was none the
+less sure. The foremost warrior, a powerful savage, whose fingers
+evidently itched for the scalp of the mountaineer, fell, shot through
+the heart. By this time others had followed the bold example of their
+leader, when the five remaining warriors, seeing the imminent danger
+which threatened them, turned to run back into their band. But two of
+them however reached a place of safety. The remainder, caught in
+their fleet career by the unerring and death-dealing bullets of the
+mountaineers, measured their lengths upon the battle-ground, stricken
+with wounds which demanded and received from them their last wild
+war-whoop.
+
+[Illustration: Kit Carson's eagle eye was watching every part of the
+battle-field and discovered, in time to be of service, the danger to
+which his friend was exposed. Although some distance off, Kit sprang
+from his saddle, and, with the leap of an antelope and the rallying
+cry for his men, was on the ground ready to make a certain shot.--PAGE
+120.]
+
+When Kit Carson fired, his horse, being under no restraint, became
+frightened and dashed away, leaving his brave rider on foot. Kit
+however instantly comprehended his position. The fallen horseman had
+succeeded in extricating himself, but not without difficulty, for
+the ground was very uneven. He had received a few pretty severe
+contusions, but was, notwithstanding these, worth a dozen Indians yet,
+and failed not to show the fact. Seeing Cotton thus all right, Kit
+Carson made his way to one of his companions, and, as the fighting
+had, apparently by mutual consent, ceased for a few moments, mounted
+up behind him and thus rejoined the main body of his men. The runaway
+horse, after quite a chase, was soon captured by a trapper and
+returned to his captain. A period of inactivity now reigned over the
+battle-field, each party apparently waiting for the other to again
+open the ball. During this resting spell, the reserve division of the
+trappers came in sight, having been anxiously expected for some time.
+The Indians showed no fear at this addition to the number of their
+adversaries. On the contrary, being no doubt carried away by their
+recent success in making a stand, they commenced posting themselves
+among the rocks about one hundred and fifty yards distant from the
+position taken up by the trappers. The arrival of the reserve was
+a great relief to the advance, because, they were tired of fighting
+without ammunition. Having well filled their ammunition pouches they
+once more became eager for the affray. Everything being in readiness,
+with a cheer, they started on foot to attack and dislodge the enemy.
+In a few moments was commenced the severest skirmish of the day. It
+became so exciting that frequently a trapper would occupy one side,
+and a stalwart warrior the other, of some large rock, each intent
+upon the life of his adversary. In such cases it required the closest
+watchfulness and the utmost dexterity to kill or dislodge the bold
+savage. The power of powder in the hands of skillful men soon began
+to assert its superiority in the battle, and when once the Indians
+commenced to waver, it was all over with them. Their first wavering
+soon broke into a complete rout, when they ran for their lives. As
+they scattered in every direction, the pursuit which followed was
+short. In this battle the trappers considered that they had thoroughly
+settled all outstanding accounts with the Blackfeet Indians, for they
+had killed a large number of their warriors and wounded many more. On
+their side three men only were killed and a few severely wounded.
+
+Fontenelle and his men camped for a few days in the vicinity of the
+scene of their late engagement, burying their dead and repairing
+damages. They then resumed the business of trapping, traversing the
+Blackfeet country whenever they chose without fear of molestation.
+The success in their late engagement seemed to follow them in their
+business, for their stock of fur accumulated rapidly.
+
+While they were encamped upon Green River, an express rider, sent by
+the traders, came into camp and informed the party that the rendezvous
+would be held on Mud River. With a large stock of beaver, the party
+started for that place, arriving in eight days.
+
+Besides the usual traders and trappers, the party met at this
+rendezvous some missionaries and a distinguished English nobleman, Sir
+William Stuart. Of this latter gentleman, Kit Carson says: "For the
+goodness of his heart and numerous rare qualities of mind, he will
+always be remembered by those of the mountaineers who had the honor of
+his acquaintance."
+
+Among the missionaries was "Old Father De Smidt," as he afterwards
+came to be familiarly called. This gentleman is at present well known
+as being a leading literary and religious man at St. Louis, Missouri.
+Perhaps there never was a person in the wilds of America who became
+so universally beloved both by the white and red man. While in the
+mountains, he acted with untiring zeal for the good of all with whom
+he came into contact. Wherever duty called him, there he was sure
+to be found, no matter what the obstacles or dangers spread upon
+the path. He worked during a long series of years in these dangerous
+localities, and accomplished much good. When, at last, he returned to
+civilization, he left an indelible name behind him.
+
+In twenty days after the camp at the rendezvous was formed, it broke
+up again into small parties. Kit Carson, with seven companions, went
+to Brown's Hole. This was a trading post. Here they found two traders
+who were contemplating getting up a business expedition to the Navajoe
+Indians. This tribe exhibits more traces of white blood than any other
+of the wild races in North America. They are brave and fond of owning
+large possessions. These consist chiefly of immense herds of fine
+horses and sheep. In this respect they are not unlike the ancient
+inhabitants of the earth, who "watched their roving store" on Syrian
+soil and the contiguous countries. The parties who desired to trade
+with them usually carried a stock of trinkets and articles of use, for
+which they received horses, mules, blankets and lariets.[13]
+
+[Footnote 13: A lariet is a beautifully made rope, manufactured from
+hides and used for picketing horses out upon the prairies. They are
+worth, in New Mexico, about two dollars each.]
+
+Navajoe blankets are very celebrated in the far west of America, and
+especially in old Mexico, where they are in great demand and command
+high prices. Many of these articles are really beautiful, and, from
+their fine texture, together with the great amount of labor spent in
+their manufacture, are expensive, even when purchased of the Indians.
+The art of weaving these blankets has been long known to the Navajoe
+Indians; and, all the female children belonging to the nation are
+taught the art during their earliest years. It is only after much
+practice, however, that they become expert.
+
+Kit Carson joined the two traders, whose names were Thompson and
+Sinclair, and made the trip with them which they had planned. They
+realized very handsomely from it, bringing back a large drove of very
+fine mules. The animals were driven to the Fort on the South Fork
+of the Platte, where they were disposed of at fair prices. Having
+received his share of the profits, Kit returned again to Brown's
+Hole. The season was too far gone for him to think of joining another
+trapping expedition that fall. He therefore began to look about for
+some suitable employment for the winter. As soon as it became known
+that his services were open for an engagement, several offers were
+made him, all of which he rejected. The reader will doubtless see a
+contrast between the Kit Carson renowned as a trapper and hunter and
+the Kit Carson who, at Taos, only a few years before, was glad to hire
+out as a cook, in order to gain his daily sustenance. For some time,
+strong inducements of high wages had been held out to him by the
+occupants of the Fort, in order to prevail upon him to accept the
+responsible and arduous office of Hunter to the Fort. The task of
+supplying, by the aid of the rifle, all the flesh twenty men would
+naturally consume during an entire winter, formed the duty required
+and expected from this officer. The inducements were so tempting,
+the task so congenial with his feelings, and, withal, the urgent
+persuasions of the men so pressing, that Kit Carson finally accepted
+the offer and entered upon his duties. He soon showed the company that
+he knew his business, and could perform it with an ease and certainty
+which failed not to elicit universal esteem and commendation. When
+the time arrived for him to resign the office in the Spring, he left
+behind him golden opinions of his skill as a marksman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+    Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills--The
+    Main Camp--The Rendezvous--Winter Quarters on the Yellow
+    Stone--Carson with forty men in a desperate fight with the
+    Blackfeet Indians--A Council--Sentinel posted--One Thousand
+    Warriors come to punish the Trappers--The War Dance--The
+    Courage of the Savages deserts them--Winter Quarters--The
+    Spring Hunt--Another Fight with the Blackfeet--Continued
+    Annoyances--The Trappers abandon the Country--The
+    Rocky Mountains and Alps compared--Other Trapping
+    Expeditions--Beaver becoming scarce--Prices of Fur
+    reduced--Kit Carson and the Trappers give up their
+    Vocation--The Journey to Bent's Fort--Mitchell the
+    Mountaineer--His Eccentricities.
+
+
+In the spring, Kit Carson joined Bridger. With four companions they
+went to the Black Hills to hunt. In the streams adjacent to that
+country, the beaver existed in large numbers and their success in
+trapping was excellent.
+
+Soon after arriving, however, the party broke up. Kit Carson and a
+trapper named Owens made a hunt by themselves and were very fortunate
+in obtaining a large stock of the fur. After which they joined the
+main camp of the trappers on Green River. When the summer was pretty
+well advanced, the camp was broken up and all of its occupants started
+for the Rendezvous, this year held on the Popoayhi, a branch of the
+Wind River.
+
+In the fall, most of the trappers went to the country which lies in
+the immediate neighborhood of the Yellow Stone River. Having trapped
+all the streams there, they went into winter quarters on that stream.
+
+Nothing was heard of their sworn enemies, the Blackfeet Indians until
+about the middle of the winter. A party who were out hunting suddenly
+came upon some signs which, looking suspicious, attracted their
+attention. To these signs they gave a close investigation, and fully
+made up their minds that they were close to the stronghold of their
+foes. Without waiting to follow up the signs they immediately retraced
+their steps and informed their party in camp of their conviction that
+trouble was brewing. A command of forty men was instantly detailed to
+seek out the Indians and give them battle. Kit Carson was once
+more called upon to lead the brave trappers in this expedition, and
+everything was left to his direction and good judgment. Soon after
+commencing their march, the company fell in with a scouting party of
+the enemy in the vicinity of the spot where the fresh signs had been
+discovered. To this party the trappers gave chase, wisely concluding
+they would run for their main body. The result satisfied their
+anticipations. In a short time they found themselves opposed to
+a strong band of the Indians, when, a regular fight was instantly
+commenced. After quite a spirited contest, the Indians gave way and
+retreated, but in good order, to an island in the Yellow Stone River
+where they had previously erected strong barricades. Night put a stop
+to the scenes of the day and further action was deferred until
+the next morning. As soon as the light would again warrant it, the
+trappers plunged into the stream and made for the island, being
+determined to dislodge the Indians. To their great dismay the brave
+savages had already retreated having quietly given them the slip
+during the night.
+
+The result of the battle the day before was now made apparent. It was
+evident that not much powder had been wasted in the action. The snow
+within the fortification was red with fresh blood, and from the place
+a bloody trail led to a hole in the ice of the stream where a large
+number of lifeless bodies had been sunk. There was nothing now to
+be done except to return to camp. Upon their arrival a council was
+convened to devise measures and plans for their future conduct. It was
+quite evident to all that the campaign had but just commenced. It was
+the general impression that the main village of the Blackfeet tribe
+had been located within a few miles. When therefore the news of their
+recent severe loss should be carried there by the survivors in the
+battle, active measures would be set on foot to seek revenge. It was
+the decision of the council that the trappers should act chiefly on
+the defensive. Measures were immediately set on foot to guard against
+surprise. To make everything doubly secure, none but the most trusty
+and well-tried men were detailed to perform sentinel duty. Near their
+camp there was a very lofty hill which commanded a fine view of
+the surrounding country. Upon this eminence they posted a sentinel
+throughout the day time. Their arrangements having been all determined
+upon and plans laid, the execution of them, to men so well skilled in
+frontier life, occupied but little time. Notwithstanding this celerity
+in their movements they had been none too quick. Soon after their
+preparations were fully made, the sentinel on the hill gave his signal
+indicating the approach of the Indians, showing that their precaution
+in this respect had been a wise one. The order was immediately
+given to erect strong breastworks. This task was so successfully
+accomplished, that, in a few hours, they had prepared a little
+fortress, which, covered with their unerring rifles, was impregnable
+against any force the Indians could bring against it. The advance
+party of the savages soon appeared in sight, but when they discovered
+the strength of the trappers, they halted and awaited, distant about
+half a mile from the breastwork, the arrival of the rest of the band.
+It was three days before the whole force of the Indians had arrived.
+They mustered about one thousand warriors. It was a sight which few
+white men of the American nation have looked upon. Arrayed in their
+fantastic war costume and bedaubed with paint, armed with lances, bows
+and arrows, rifles, tomahawks, knives, etc., some mounted and some on
+foot, they presented a wild and fearful scene of barbaric strength
+and fancy. Soon after their last company had reported, the frightful
+war-dance, peculiar to the American savages, was enacted in sight of
+the trappers' position. The battle songs and shouts which accompanied
+the dance reached the ears of the whites with fearful distinctness.
+Any other than hearts of oak with courage of steel would have quailed
+before this terrible display of savage enmity and ferocity. This
+dance, to men so well skilled in the ways of the Indian warrior, was
+a sure signal that the next day would be certain to have a fearful
+history for one party or the other and doubtless for both. The odds,
+most assuredly, were apparently greatly in favor of the savage host
+and against the little band of hardy mountaineers.
+
+The following day the expectations of the trappers were realized. The
+Indians, at the first dawn of day, approached the breastwork,
+eager for the battle. They were, evidently, very much astonished at
+beholding the invincibility of the trappers' position. It was what
+they had not calculated upon and seemed to cast a perfect damper upon
+their courage. After firing a few shots which did no harm, and seeing
+that nothing could be accomplished except by a charge, they commenced
+a retreat. The trappers, though only sixty strong, were filled with
+disappointment and chagrin at the course taken by their wary foes.
+They began to shout to their enemies in derisive terms, hoping
+the taunts would exasperate and draw them into an attack. Nothing,
+however, would tempt them to face the danger, for they withdrew to a
+spot about one mile from the little fort and sat down in council. The
+speeches appeared to be generally opposed to risking an assault; for,
+after the council was dissolved, the Indians divided into two nearly
+equal parties and immediately marched off. One band took the direction
+of the Crow country and the other shaped their course in the direction
+from whence they came.
+
+The trappers remained at their little fort during the winter and were
+not again disturbed by the Indians. Early in the following spring,
+they set their traps on one of the tributaries of the Missouri River
+and finished the hunt on the head of Lewis' Fork. They then departed
+for the rendezvous which was held on Green River near the mouth of
+Horse Creek, remaining there until the month of August and until the
+meeting was dissolved.
+
+Kit Carson, on the breaking up of the camp at the rendezvous,
+accompanied by five other trappers, went to Fort Hall and joined
+a party attached to the "Northwest Fur Company." With this band he
+trapped to the head of Salmon River. Thence they went to Malade River,
+trapping down it to where it empties into the Big Snake River. They
+continued on up this latter river, and then, after trapping on Goose
+Creek and Raft River, returned to Fort Hall. Their stock of fur was
+quite extensive on their arrival here and, an opportunity offering
+to dispose of it, they sold out at a fair valuation. After recruiting
+their strength at the Fort for one month, Kit Carson, accompanied by
+most of the trappers, set out to join Bridger, who was still in the
+country of the Blackfeet Indians. Upon striking the Missouri River,
+signs of trappers were discovered, indicating that, whoever the party,
+or parties might be, they were now above the place where Kit and his
+party then were. With fourteen companions Kit started in advance of
+the main party to overtake, and report who these men were. Towards
+evening of the same day, the advance party came up with the trappers
+and found that they were under the charge of Joseph Gale and in the
+employ of Captain Wyatt.
+
+Gale informed Carson that his command had recently been engaged in a
+closely contested fight with the Blackfeet Indians; that several of
+his party had been wounded, and one, by the name of Richard Owens, was
+at first thought to be mortally so; but, eventually, he had begun to
+recover and now was doing well.
+
+Kit and his men remained one night with Gale. On the following day his
+party commenced setting their traps, intending to proceed up the river
+at a slow pace in order to allow the main party to overtake them. The
+men sent out to set their traps had not gone from the camp over two
+miles before they were fired upon by a party of Blackfeet Indians
+and compelled to retreat. They did so, succeeding in joining their
+comrades without the loss of a single man. The pursuit had been close
+and well sustained by the savages; hence, it became necessary to take
+instant measures in order to insure the safety of the advance. Kit
+Carson, who was the commander of the party, after quietly surveying
+the scene, gave orders for the men, with their animals, to conceal
+themselves, as best they could in the brush. His orders had been
+issued but just in time, for the concealment was barely attained, when
+the Indians were upon them. They were received with a well-directed
+volley from the rifles of the little party, which brought down several
+of the fierce assailants. They recoiled and retreated for a moment.
+The moment was golden to the few white men. Like men who were fighting
+for their lives but who were cool in danger, they made no mistakes
+in reloading their rifles. They were but just ready, however, for the
+second charge. This time the savages came on with unearthly yells and
+desperate courage, seemingly well satisfied that before them stood the
+men whose faithful rifle-talk they had heard before. Kit warned his
+men to keep cool and fire as if shooting game, a warning which was
+entirely unnecessary, for the result was that the savages were again
+driven back with a brave bleeding or dying for nearly every shot
+fired. It was very fortunate that Kit had chosen this position, for
+the engagement lasted nearly the entire day. The loss on the part of
+the Indians was very severe. They did everything in their power to
+force Kit and his party from their cover, but without avail. Every
+time they attempted to charge into the thicket the same deadly volley
+was poured in with never-failing aim, which invariably caused the
+savages to beat a hasty retreat. Before the next attack the trappers
+were ready for them with reloaded rifles. At last, as if driven to
+desperation, the Indians set the thicket on fire, hoping to burn out
+their foes. Most providentially, in this also they were foiled. After
+consuming the outer shrubbery, the fire died out. This was the last
+act attempted by the savages. Seeing the ill-success of their effort
+to dislodge the trappers by fire, they departed. They may have been
+hurried in this leave-taking somewhat by news brought in by their
+spies of the near approach of the main body of the trappers, which
+had arrived at a point about six miles distant from the battle ground.
+They had been prevented from hearing the reports of fire-arms by
+adverse winds, and knew nothing of the fight until informed by the
+trappers engaged in it. When sufficient time had elapsed for the
+Indians to be well out of sight, Kit Carson and his companions left
+their cover and soon found their way into the camp of their friends.
+
+Gale was so continually annoyed by these Indians that he joined the
+other trappers and together they concluded to leave their country.
+Their combined forces, though able to cope with them so far as
+defensive measures were necessary, was utterly powerless to overawe
+them. This made it next to an impossibility for them to continue in
+their country with a hope of success in business. For the purpose of
+getting rid of them, they moved off, some distance, to a small creek
+where beaver were plenty. Trouble followed them, however. The first
+day of their arrival, one of the party was killed by the Blackfeet
+Indians within a short distance, only, of the camp. During the
+remainder of the stay made by the party on this stream, the rascals
+hovered around and worried them to such a degree that a trapper could
+not leave the camp without falling into an ambuscade and being forced
+to fight his way back again.
+
+It became evident to all interested that so long as such a state of
+affairs existed they could not employ their time with just hope of
+advantage. After a short council, it was decided to abandon this
+region of the country and go to the North Fork of the Missouri. They
+soon accomplished their journey and began the business of trapping.
+Proceeding up the river, on the fourth day, they came, suddenly, upon
+a large village of Flathead and Pondrai Indians who were encamped upon
+its banks. These Indians were friendly to the whites. A chief of the
+Flatheads and several of his people joined the trappers and went
+with them to the Big Snake River where they established their winter
+quarters. The winter passed away so quietly that not a single incident
+occurred beyond the usual routine which the imagination of the reader
+can easily supply. It was quite cold that season, and the snow fell
+to a great depth. Everything however was arranged as best conduced to
+comfort, and the trappers found a pleasant and congenial exercise in
+hunting to supply their daily wants.
+
+The winter seasons in the Rocky Mountains are usually fearful and
+severe. There, snow storms form mountains for themselves, filling up
+the passes for weeks, even those which are low being impracticable
+either for man or beast. As a set-off to all this, the scenery is most
+grand provided the beholder is well housed. If the case is otherwise
+and he be doomed to combat these terrible storms, his situation is
+most critical. During the summer months the lofty peaks of this mighty
+chain of mountains, like those of the Alps, are covered with white
+caps of snow. As time, the bright sun and the south wind wear out
+these old-lady head-gearings, no matter what be the part of the year,
+whether the cold days of January, or the hot days of August, the snow
+storms are faithful in replenishing them. It affords a contrast of the
+elements of the grandest conception to stand in the shade of some wavy
+verdure of the valley wiping off the unbidden perspiration from
+the brow, and, at the same instant, look upon a darkly threatening
+storm-cloud powdering the heads of the hoary monster mountains from
+its freight of flaky snow. So far these American giant mountains
+are unsurpassed by their Alpine neighbors of Europe. Not so in
+the glaciers. Throughout the great range, there are none of those
+beautiful glaciers to be found that can compare with those possessed
+by their compeers in Europe.
+
+To the traveler whose taste has led him to wander along the "Great
+back bones," or vertebrae, of the two hemispheres, preparing the mind
+to draw truthful contrast, his pleasantest reveries will find him
+drawing comparisons between them. He is never tired, for the subject
+he cannot exhaust. When, supposing that his conclusions are at last
+made and that the Alps have won the highest place in favor, some
+forgotten scene from America will assume the form and shape of a vivid
+recollection, rife with scenic grandeur and sublimity, restoring the
+Rocky chain to its counterpoise; then, an hour of peril and fearful
+toil will come to memory, and, until the same mental process shall
+bring them again to an equilibrium, the far-famed Alps will descend
+in the balance. Each have their attractions, each their grandeur, each
+their sublimity, each their wonderful, awful silence, each their long
+and glorious landscape views, while, to each, the general contour is
+the same. In the point of altitude, the Rocky chain, as is well known
+to science, has the advantage; but, in historical science and lore,
+the famous Alps stand preeminent. True, it is from ignorance that
+we are led to concede this, because no man can give to the world the
+reminiscences of the Rocky Mountains. Their history, since the first
+red man entered them, must forever rest in oblivion. In scenery these
+mountains of the Western Continent again carry off the palm; for,
+they strike the observer as being more bold, wild and picturesque than
+their formidable rivals. To the foot-worn traveler, who has journeyed
+thirty or forty days upon the level prairies, seeing nothing to
+break the monotony of a sea of earth, the dark outlines of the Rocky
+Mountains, gradually coming into the view, never fail to prove a
+refreshing sight both to the physical and mental eye. They appear
+as if descending from the heavens to the surface of the earth,
+perpendicularly, as though intended to present a perfect barrier over
+which no living thing should pass. This view never fails to engross
+the earnest attention of the traveler, and hours of gazing only serve
+to enwrap the mind in deeper and more fixed contemplation. Is there
+not here presented a field, such as no other part of this globe can
+furnish, in which the explorer, the geologist, the botanist may
+sow and reap a rich harvest for his enterprise? As yet scientific
+research, on questions concerning the Rocky Mountains, is
+comparatively speaking, dumb. But science will soon press forward
+in her heavenly ordained mission, borne upon the shoulders of some
+youthful hero, and once more the wise book-men of the gown and
+slipper, who, surrounded with their tomes on tomes of learned digests,
+are fast approaching the hour when they had better prepare their last
+wills and testaments, will again be distanced in the race and
+doomed to argue technicalities. To the hunter, the real lover of
+and dependent upon the chase, there can be no comparison between
+the mighty Alps and the huge Rocky Mountain Barrier of the American
+Prairies. The one is destitute of animal life while the other bears
+a teeming population of the choicest game known to the swift-leaden
+messenger of the white man's rifle. He who wishes to behold in the
+same gaze, beautiful valleys, highly cultivated by a romantic and
+interesting race, in rich contrast with wonderfully moulded masses
+of earth and stone, covered with a medley of green foliage and white
+snow, let him go to the Alps.
+
+In the following spring Kit Carson, accompanied by only one trapper,
+started out to hunt the streams in the vicinity of Big Snake River.
+The Utah nation of Indians inhabit this country; and, with them,
+Kit Carson stood on a friendly footing. The business of trapping was
+therefore carried on without fear of molestation. The labors of the
+two were crowned with great success.
+
+Loaded with a full cargo of fur they soon after set out for Robidoux's
+Fort, which they reached in safety, selling out their stock to good
+advantage.
+
+Kit Carson made only a short stop at this Fort. As soon as his fur was
+disposed of, he immediately organized a small party consisting of five
+trappers and made a journey to Grand River. After thoroughly trapping
+this river, he established himself at Brown's Hole on Green River for
+the winter. Early in the spring he returned with the same party to the
+country of the Utahs and hunted there for some time. He then went
+to the New Park, where they finished their trapping operations and
+returned to Robidoux's Fort. Here Kit again found a purchaser for his
+furs; but, the prices at which he was obliged to sell them, did not
+at all please him. Within a few years, the value of beaver fur had
+greatly deteriorated. This was caused by the slow demand which had
+gradually ruled at the great emporiums of Europe and America. The
+skill of the manufacturer had substituted a material for the making
+of hats which, while it was cheaper, pleased the great race of
+hat-wearers. The beaver itself was becoming scarce, owing to their
+being so diligently hunted. It was evident to Kit Carson and many
+of his mountaineer companions that their occupation was gradually
+becoming less profitable and that it would soon drive them into other
+employments. Acting upon this impression Kit Carson, accompanied
+by "Old Bill Williams,"[14] William New, Mitchell and Fredericks,
+a Frenchman, started for Bent's Fort, which was then located on the
+Arkansas River near a large forest of cotton wood trees, and which
+is, even at this day, known as the "Big Timbers." The party struck
+the river at a point about one hundred miles above the Fort, where, in
+later years, was built a settlement called St. Charles.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Williams was a most celebrated character in the
+Rocky Mountains, where he lived for many years. At one time he was
+a Methodist preacher in the State of Missouri, which he frequently
+boasted of in after life. Whenever relating this part of his eventful
+career, he used to say that he was so well known in his circuit, that
+the chickens recognized him as he came riding past the farmhouses.
+The old chanticleers would crow "Here comes Parson Williams! One of us
+must be made ready for dinner." Upon quitting the States, he traveled
+extensively among the various tribes of wild Indians throughout the
+far West and adopted their manners and customs. Whenever he grew weary
+of one nation he would go to another. To the Missionaries, he was
+often very useful. He possessed the faculty of easily acquiring
+languages and could readily translate most of the Bible into several
+Indian dialects. His own conduct, however, was frequently in strange
+contrast with the precepts of that Holy Book. He next turns up as a
+hunter and trapper; when, in this capacity, he became more celebrated
+for his wild and daring adventures than before he had been for his
+mild precepts. By many of his companions, he was looked upon as a man
+who was partially insane. Williams proved to be a perfect enigma and
+terror to the Mexicans, who thought him possessed of an evil spirit.
+He once settled for a short time in their midst and became a trader.
+Soon after he had established himself, he had a quarrel with some of
+his customers about his charges. He appeared to be instantly disgusted
+with the Mexicans, for he threw his small stock of goods into the
+street of the town where he lived, seized his rifle and started again
+for the mountains. His knowledge of the country over which he had
+wandered was very extensive; but, when Colonel Fremont put it to the
+test, he came very near sacrificing his life to his guidance. This
+was probably owing to the failing of Williams' intellect; for, when
+he joined the Great Explorer, he was past the meridian of life. After
+bequeathing his name to several mountains, rivers and passes which
+were undoubtedly discovered by him, he was slain by the red men while
+trading with them.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Five years ago this settlement contained, about thirty
+inhabitants, mostly Mexicans. It was frequently subjected to various
+kinds of annoyances from Indians. On one occasion it was attacked by
+the hostile Utahs and Apaches, who killed and carried off as prisoners
+a total of sixteen settlers. Among the slain was a Canadian who fought
+so skillfully and desperately before he was dispatched, that he killed
+three of his assailants. When his body was found, it was literally
+pierced through and through with lance and arrow wounds, while the
+hand, with which he had caught hold of some of these weapons, was
+nearly cut to pieces. Around his corpse, there were a dozen horses'
+tails which had been cut from the horses which were owned by the dead
+warriors, and left there, as a sign of mourning, by the Indians.]
+
+On reaching the river, two of the party, Mitchell and New, concluded
+to tarry awhile in order to gratify their humor for hunting. But Kit
+Carson, with the remainder of the mountaineers, continued on their
+course, and, in three days time, were safely lodged within the walls
+of the Fort. One week subsequently, Mitchell and New followed their
+companions to the Fort, but in a sad plight. They had not suspected
+danger, and, consequently, had failed to guard against it. They had
+been surrounded by Indians and deprived of everything they possessed
+except their naked bodies. In this denuded state they arrived at the
+Fort. They were kindly received and provided for by its noble-hearted
+proprietors; and, for some time enjoyed a respite from all their
+troubles.
+
+This mountaineer Mitchell, full of eccentricities of character, has
+seen the ups and downs of a frontiersman during a long and eventful
+life. He once joined the Camanche nation and became one of their
+braves.[16]
+
+[Footnote 16: White men have frequently enrolled themselves as
+warriors among the American Indians; but they have rarely gained the
+full confidence of the Indians, who, naturally very proud of their
+birthright, view with a jealous eye all intruders.]
+
+In this capacity he won great renown by the efficient and active part
+he took in several engagements between the tribe of his adoption and
+their enemies. His real object in turning Indian was to discover the
+locality of a gold mine which was said to have an existence in some
+of the mountains of northern Texas. Having convinced himself that the
+story of the gold mine, like many of the tales and traditions which
+gain currency in Indian countries, was entirely without foundation,
+Mitchell, with some plausible excuse, bid his red friends good bye and
+sought out his old comrades, the trappers, to whom he ever afterwards
+proved faithful. About two years since, Mitchell paid a trading visit
+to the States. On his route, it became necessary that he should pass
+over the Kansas Territory, just at a time when political difficulties
+there were exciting the people to the highest pitch of anxiety. The
+consequence was, that his views upon the all-absorbing questions at
+issue were frequently asked for by members of both parties. To all
+these queries he invariably replied, professing his ignorance of
+everything that appertained thereto. This caused him to be regarded as
+a dangerous man, and one not to be trusted. He was accordingly treated
+with indifference and silent reserve. This to a mountaineer, who,
+during a long period of years, had met every "pale face" as a brother,
+was insupportable usage. In all haste he finished his business,
+relinquished his contemplated journey through the States, and
+started to return to his home in New Mexico. While upon the road, he
+accidentally fell in with a friend; and, in reply to the question,
+where have you been? said:
+
+"After a lapse of many years, I thought I should like to see the
+_whites_ again; so, I was going to the States. But the sample I've
+seen in Kansas is enough to disgust _a man_ with their character. They
+do nothing but get up war parties against one another; and, I would
+much rather be in an Indian country than in civilized Kansas."
+Mitchell is full of dry humor and commands the faculty of telling a
+good story, which makes him a pleasant traveling companion.
+
+Since the time when Kit Carson first joined a trapping expedition,
+up to the time of his arrival at Bent's Fort, a period of eight long
+years, he had known no rest from arduous toil. Not even when, to the
+reader, he was apparently idle, buried in the deep snows of the Rocky
+Mountains and awaiting the return of Spring, has he rested from toil.
+Even then his daily life has been given up to bodily fatigue and
+danger, frequently in scenes which, although of thrilling interest,
+are too lengthy for this narrative. It has been our purpose thus far
+to present Kit Carson undergoing his novitiate. We regard, and we
+think a world will eventually regard, this extraordinary man as one
+raised up by Providence to fulfill a destiny of His all-wise decree.
+It is premature for us, at this stage of our work, to advance the
+argument upon which this conclusion, so irresistibly to our mind,
+is deduced. We have yet before us an array of historical fact and
+incident to relate, without parallel in the history of nations, and in
+which Kit Carson plays no insignificant part. For these eight years
+of stirring practical life, Kit Carson, relying upon his beloved rifle
+for his sustenance and protection, had penetrated every part of the
+interior of the North American Continent, setting his traps upon every
+river of note which rises within this interior, and tracing them from
+the little springs which originate them to the wide mouths from which
+they pour their surcharged waters into the mighty viaducts or drains
+of the vast prairies, and the mighty leviathan ranges of the Rocky
+Mountains. In this time he had wandered over a wild territory equal
+in its dimensions to nearly all of the empires, kingdoms and
+principalities of Europe combined. His journeys, as it has already
+appeared, were made sometimes on foot and sometimes on horseback. By
+themselves, his travels will be called no trivial undertakings.
+Each fresh adventure led him into regions where but seldom, and more
+frequently never, had a white man trod the soil. He was, therefore,
+now an explorer in every sense of that distinguishing word, with the
+single exception that he had not produced the results which the early
+culture and advantages of a scientific and classical education
+might have brought about. But the history of the world furnishes few
+examples, if indeed any, where the physical training, practical skill
+and knowledge of a country, as possessed by Kit Carson, have been
+united with scholastic lore. At all events, in the wisdom of that
+special Providence which was intending the gold mines of California to
+be consecrated to the advancement of American civilization, with
+its religious freedom, personal liberties and sacred literature,
+the novitiate of Kit Carson was decreed to be wholly of a practical
+nature. But while Kit Carson, with his rifle, was thus reared up
+in character, courage and experience, the same All-wise hand was
+directing the pathway of a mind, equal to accomplish His call, through
+all the labyrinths of Science, History and the Arts, endowing that
+mind with a keenness of intellectual grasp in strange contrast with
+the practical skill of its future guide. Those who see no God in
+nature, no God in events, may batter away at this proposition. The
+record of Kit Carson's future tasks will prove it to be an invincible
+stronghold of theory.
+
+Kit Carson's mind had now become well stored with facts and localities
+which were destined to be made known to the world through his
+connections with others. It is not detracting from the merits of
+any one to assert that, without frontiers-men like Kit Carson, the
+numerous scientific expeditions which have been sent out by the United
+States Government to explore the far West would have returned but
+sorry and meagre records for their employers. After reading some of
+the many printed accounts which parties of a more recent date have
+gathered from their experience while making their way overland to the
+Pacific, and also the sad fate of some brave men with noble hearts
+who have fallen a sacrifice upon the altar of science under the fatal
+blows of hostile savages, attributable no doubt in some measure to
+bad advice, we can thus more easily form a correct judgment of the
+hardships which Kit Carson has been called upon to endure and the
+wisdom or skill which he has displayed in surmounting every obstacle
+on his wild and solitary pathway. The hardships which fell to the lot
+of the "trappers of olden time" also stand out in bolder relief. Out
+of the whole catalogue of labors, from which man, to gain an honest
+livelihood has selected, there is not one profession which presents
+so many formidable obstacles as that under consideration; yet, it was
+with difficulty that the mountaineers could wean themselves from their
+calling even when forced by stern necessity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+    Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort--His Career
+    for Eight Years--Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain--The commencement
+    of his Acquaintance with John C. Fremont on a Steamboat--Is
+    employed as a Guide by the Great Explorer--The
+    Journey--Arrival at Fort Laramie--Indian Difficulties--The
+    business of the Expedition completed--Return to Fort
+    Laramie--Kit Carson goes to Taos and is married--He is
+    employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the
+    States--Meeting with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S.
+    Dragoons on Walnut Creek--Mexicans in Trouble--Kit Carson
+    carries a Letter for them to Santa Fe--Indians on the
+    Route--His safe Arrival--Amijos' advance Guard massacred by
+    the Texians--The one Survivor--The Retreat--Kit Carson returns
+    to Bent's Fort--His Adventures with the Utahs and narrow
+    escape from Death--The Texians disarmed--The Express Ride
+    performed.
+
+
+It has already appeared that Kit Carson was now at Bent's Fort. Also,
+that his occupation as a trapper of beaver had become unprofitable.
+His services were however immediately put into requisition by Messrs.
+Bent and St. Vrain, the proprietors of what was called Bent's Fort,
+which was a trading-post kept by those gentlemen. The position which
+he accepted was that of Hunter to the Fort. This office he filled from
+that time with the most undeviating fidelity and promptitude for eight
+consecutive years. During all of this long period not a single word
+of disagreement passed between him and his employers, which fact
+shows better than mere words, that his duty was faithfully and
+satisfactorily performed. It is but seldom that such a fact can be
+stated of any employee, no matter what the service. Here, however, was
+an example in which, the nature of the employment would of itself, at
+times, present cause for discord, such as scarcity of game, bad luck,
+and men hungry in consequence. But Kit Carson was too skillful in his
+profession to allow such reasons to mar his fortunes. With the effort
+the game always was at hand; for, it was not his custom to return from
+his hunts empty handed.
+
+Of course Kit Carson's duties were to supply the traders and their
+men with all the animal food they wanted, an easy task when game was
+plenty; but, it would often happen that bands of Indians, which were
+always loitering about the trading post, would precede him in the
+chase, thereby rendering his labors oftentimes very difficult. From
+sunrise to sunset and not unfrequently during the night, he wandered
+over the prairies and mountains within his range in search of food for
+the maintenance, sometimes of forty men who composed the garrison of
+the Fort and who were dependent on the skill of their hunter; but,
+rarely did he fail them. He knew, for hundreds of miles about him, the
+most eligible places to seek for game. During the eight years referred
+to, thousands of buffalo, elk, antelope and deer fell at the crack of
+Kit Carson's rifle. Each day so added to his reputation that it is not
+to be wondered at, considering the practice of his previous life, that
+he became unrivalled as a hunter. His name spread rapidly over the
+Western Continent until, with the rifle, he was the acknowledged
+"Monarch of the Prairies." The wild Indians, accustomed to measure a
+man's greatness by the deeds which he is capable of performing with
+powder and lead, were completely carried away in their admiration of
+the man. Among the Arrapahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas and Camanches, Kit
+Carson was always an honored guest whenever he chose to visit their
+lodges; and, many a night, while seated at their watch-fires, he has
+narrated to them the exciting scenes of the day's adventures, to which
+they have listened with eager attention and unrestrained delight. When
+arrayed in his rough hunting costume and mounted upon his favorite
+charger Apache, a splendid animal, Kit Carson was a picture to behold.
+The buffalo were his favorite game, and well were they worthy of
+such a noble adversary. In the eyes of a sportsman, the buffalo is a
+glorious prey. To hunt them is oftentimes attended with great danger;
+and, while thus engaged, many a skillful man has yielded up his life
+for his temerity.
+
+The American bison or buffalo seems to demand at our hands a short
+episode from the narrative of Kit Carson's life. This animal has
+several traits of character peculiarly his own. If alarmed, he starts
+off almost instantly and always runs against the wind, his sense
+of smell appearing to be better than his eyesight. What is a most
+remarkable fact, a herd of buffalo, when grazing, always post and
+maintain a line of sentinels to warn the main body of the approach of
+danger. When a strange object comes within sight or smelling distance,
+these sentinels immediately give the alarm by tossing up their heads
+and tails and bellowing furiously. The whole herd instantly heed the
+warning and are soon in motion. Buffalo run with forelegs stiff, which
+fact, together with their ugly-looking humps and the lowness of their
+heads, gives a rocking swing to their gait. If a herd, when in full
+motion, have to cross a road on which wagons are traveling, they
+change their course but little; and, it sometimes happens, that large
+bands will pass within a stone's throw of a caravan. At night they are
+quite systematic in forming their camps. In the centre are placed the
+cows and calves; while, to guard against the wolves, large numbers
+of which always follow them, they station on their outposts, the old
+bulls. The age to which a buffalo may attain is not known; but, it is
+certain that they are generally long-lived when not prematurely cut
+off. When their powers of life begin to fade, they fall an easy prey
+to the small, carnivorous animals of the plains. The attempt has been
+made to domesticate and render them useful for agricultural purposes.
+Hitherto such efforts have invariably failed. When restrained of their
+freedom, they are reduced to mere objects of curiosity.
+
+In hunting buffalo the most important matter for the attention of the
+hunter is to provide himself with a suitable horse. The best that can
+be selected is a trained Mexican or Indian pony. Their familiarity
+with the game and the prairies, over which the hunter must ride at
+full speed, renders these horses quite safe. On the other hand a green
+horse is sure to be terribly frightened when called upon to face these
+ugly-looking animals, and the rider will find he has his hands full
+to manage him without thinking of his game. One great danger to be
+apprehended is the being led into a prairie-dog town. Here a horse
+needs experience to carry his rider through with safety. Upon
+reaching the herd, the hunter dashes in at the cows, which, are easily
+recognized by the fineness of their robes and their smaller forms. The
+white man hunter, of all weapons, prefers a revolver; but, the red man
+uses the lance, and bow and arrows, which he handles with remarkable
+dexterity. The place of election to make the deadly wound is just
+behind the fore shoulder where the long, shaggy mane of the hump
+is intersected by the short hair of the body. The death-wound being
+given, the blood gushes out in torrents and the victim, after a few
+bounds, falls on her knees with her head bunting into the ground. If,
+by chance, a vital organ is not reached, the pain of the wound makes
+the stricken animal desperately courageous. She turns upon her pursuer
+with terrible earnestness ready to destroy him. It is now that the
+horse is to be depended upon. If well trained, he will instantly wheel
+and place himself and rider out of harm's way; but, woe to both horse
+and hunter if this is not done. The lives of both are in imminent
+danger. In case the buffalo is killed, the hunter rides up, dismounts
+and makes his lariet fast to the horns of his game. He next proceeds
+to cut up the meat and prepare it for his pack animals which he should
+have near by. By their aid he easily carries it into camp.
+
+It would doubtless afford many a page of exciting interest could we
+carry the reader through all the varied scenes of the chase in which
+Kit Carson has been the principal actor. To transmit to our narrative
+a choice fight with the fierce old grizzly bear; or, perchance, a fine
+old buffalo bull turning on his destroyer with savage ferocity; or, a
+wounded panther, with its inevitable accompaniment in the shape of a
+hand-to-hand encounter for dear life, each of such could not fail in
+giving interest to the general reader. We are forced, against our
+own conviction of the duty we owe the public as Kit Carson's chosen
+Biographer, to pass by all such acts of his personal daring
+and triumph because of his own unwillingness to relate them for
+publication. Notwithstanding our urgent requests, backed up by the
+advice and interference of friends, Kit Carson is inflexibly opposed
+to relating such acts of himself. He is even more willing to speak of
+his failures, though such are few, rather than of his victories in
+the chase. While the description of these adventures could not fail
+to furnish useful and interesting data, most unfortunately, Kit Carson
+considers that they are uninteresting minutiae which have pertained to
+the every-day business of his life and no persuasion can induce him to
+enter upon their relation. Not so when he is entertaining some of the
+brave chiefs of the Indian nations whose friendship he has won by his
+brave deeds. If they are his guests, or he himself theirs, then their
+delight to hear kindles a pride in his breast to relate. He knows that
+he will not, by them, be called a boaster.
+
+Before quitting the mountains, Kit Carson married an Indian girl to
+whom he was most devotedly attached. By this wife he had one child,
+a daughter. Soon after the birth of this child, his wife died. His
+daughter, he watched over with the greatest solicitude. When she
+reached a suitable age, he sent her to St. Louis for the purpose of
+giving her the advantages of a liberal education. Indeed most of Kit
+Carson's hard earnings, gained while he was a hunter on the Arkansas,
+were devoted to the advancement of his child. On arriving at maturity
+she married and with her husband settled in California.
+
+The libertine custom of indulging in a plurality of wives, as adopted
+by many of the mountaineers, never received the sanction, in thought,
+word or action, of Kit Carson. His moral character may well be held up
+as an example to men whose pretensions to virtuous life are greater.
+Although he was continually surrounded by licentiousness he proved
+true to her who had first gained his affections. For this honoring of
+virtue he is indebted in a measure to the present sway which he holds
+over the western Indian races. While their chiefs are seldom men of
+virtuous act or intent, they are high in their appreciation of, and
+just in their rewards to those whose lives are patterns of honor
+and chastity. The Indian woman, concerning whom no truthful tale of
+dereliction can be told, when she arrives at the requisite age, is
+invested with great power in her tribe. One of their ancient customs,
+well authenticated, was to honor the virtuous women of their tribe
+with sacred titles, investing them, in their blind belief, with power
+to call down the favor, in behalf of the people, of their Manitou, or
+Great Spirit. But every woman who aspired to this honor, was required
+upon a certain day in the year, to run the gauntlet of braves. This
+was sometimes a terrible scene. All the warriors of the tribe, arrayed
+in their fiercest war costume and armed at every point with lance, bow
+and arrow, knife, tomahawk, etc., were drawn up under command of the
+principal chief, in single line. At the head of this line was placed
+a kind of chaplet, or crown, the possession of which by any woman was
+supposed to confer the power of necromancy or magic, rendering her
+able to heal diseases and to foretell events. The line having been
+formed, all of the young maidens of the tribe were drawn up in a body
+at the further extremity and any of them who aspired to the possession
+of the chaplet was at liberty, having first uncovered her back and
+breast as far as her waist, to march before the line of warriors
+within ten paces of their front and, if she lived to reach it, take
+possession of the crown. On the other hand, it was the duty of any
+warrior, who knew aught by word or deed against the virtue of the
+advancing maiden, to kill her upon the spot. If one arrow was shot at
+her, the whole band instantly poured a flight of arrows into her bare
+and defenceless bosom until life was extinct. Again, it was the belief
+of the untutored savage that whatever warrior failed to make his
+knowledge apparent, if he possessed any, by sending his arrow at the
+aspirant, would always be an object of revenge by the Great Spirit
+both here and hereafter; and, that he would always live in the
+hereafter, in sight of the Happy Hunting Grounds, but never be allowed
+to enter them. This latter belief made it a rare thing for young girls
+to brave the attempt; but, sometimes, the candidates were numerous
+and the horrible butchery of the young girls which took place formed
+a terrible expose of their lewdness. To kill an innocent girl was
+equally a matter which would be forever avenged by the Great Spirit.
+
+The warm friendship which sprang up between Kit Carson and the
+proprietors of Bent's Fort, under whom he held his situation
+as Hunter, is a sufficient index of the gentlemanly conduct and
+amiability of heart evinced towards him on their part. The names
+of Bent and St. Vrain were known and respected far and near in the
+mountains, for, in generosity, hospitality and native worth, they were
+men of perfect model.
+
+Mr. Bent was appointed, by the proper authority, the first Civil
+Governor of New Mexico, after that large and valuable country
+was ceded to and came under the jurisdiction of the United States
+Government. He held this distinguished position however only a short
+time; for, in the year 1847, he was most foully and treacherously
+murdered by the Pueblo Indians and Mexicans. A revolution had broken
+out among this turbulent people, and, in his endeavors to stem it,
+Governor Bent was frustrated. At last, being driven to his own house,
+he barricaded the doors and windows. The rascally rioters, after a
+severe contest, succeeded in breaking open his doors; and, having
+gained access to their victim, murdered him in cold blood in the
+midst of his family. The only crime imputed by the mob against this
+benevolent and just man was, that he was an American. His untimely
+death, which was mourned by all the Americans who knew him, cast a
+settled gloom over the community in which he resided. The Mexicans
+were afterwards very penitent for the share they took in the committal
+of this black crime. Although several of the guilty party are still
+living, they have left the country; for, the mountaineers have not
+forgotten the friend whom they esteemed and respected, and will avenge
+his death if ever the opportunity offers.
+
+Cerin St. Vrain, the surviving partner of this celebrated trading
+firm was equally noted. Upon the declaration of war between the United
+States and Mexico, St. Vrain took an active part on the side of his
+country, and, from his extensive knowledge of the Mexican character,
+was enabled to render important services. At the close of the war,
+he became extensively engaged in mercantile pursuits within the New
+Territory, and, by his untiring industry amassed a large fortune. He
+was the first man who discovered and recognized the superior skill of
+Kit Carson as a hunter; and, for his subsequent success in life,
+Kit Carson is much indebted to him. St. Vrain is one of the oldest
+mountaineers now living; and, as such, he is viewed by his old and new
+associates in the light of a father.
+
+As the reader can now easily compute, sixteen years had elapsed since
+Kit Carson commenced his exploits in the Rocky Mountains. During this
+long period, as frequently as once every year, he had sat down to a
+meal consisting of bread, vegetables, meat, coffee, tea, and sugar.
+When dining thus sumptuously, he considered himself as greatly favored
+with luxuries of the rarest grade. Few men can say, with Kit Carson,
+"During sixteen years, my rifle furnished nearly every particle of
+food upon which I lived." Fewer can say with equal truth, that "For
+many consecutive years, I never slept under the roof of a house, or
+gazed upon the face of a white woman."
+
+It was after such an experience as we have endeavored to paint by the
+simple tale of his life thus far, that Kit Carson longed, once more,
+to look upon and mingle with civilized people. For some time before
+he determined to visit the United States, this desire had taken
+possession of his mind and had been growing stronger. The traders of
+the Fort were accustomed, yearly, to send into the States a train of
+wagons, for the purpose of transporting their goods. The opportunity,
+therefore, presented for Kit Carson to gratify his wish. In the spring
+of 1842, one of these caravans started with which Kit Carson traveled
+as a supernumerary. When it arrived within the boundary lines of the
+State of Missouri, he parted from his _compagnons de voyage_ and went
+in quest of his relatives and friends, whom, now, he had not seen for
+over sixteen years. The scenes of his boyhood days, he found to be
+magically changed. New faces met him on all sides. The old log-cabin
+where his father and mother had resided was deserted and its
+dilapidated walls were crumbling with decay. The once happy inmates
+were scattered over the face of the earth while many of their voices
+were hushed in death. Kit Carson felt himself a stranger in a strange
+land--the strong man wept. His soul could not brook either the change
+or the ways of the people. While he failed not to receive kindness and
+hospitality, to which his name alone was a sufficient passport among
+the noble-hearted Missourians, nevertheless, he had fully allayed his
+curiosity, and, as soon as possible, bid adieu to these unpleasant
+recollections. He bent his steps towards St. Louis. In this city he
+remained ten days; and, as it was the first time since he had reached
+manhood that he had viewed a town of any magnitude, he was greatly
+interested. But, ten days of sight-seeing wearied him. He resolved
+to return to his mountain home where he could breathe the pure air of
+heaven and where manners and customs conformed to his wild life and
+were more congenial to his tastes. He engaged passage upon the first
+steamboat which was bound up the Missouri River.
+
+We cannot resist the impulse which here struggles for utterance. Look
+upon that little steamboat as it ascends the mighty Missouri bearing
+in its bosom the man who was destined to point out the hidden paths of
+the mighty West; to mount and record the height of the loftiest peak
+of the American monster mountain chain; to unfold the riches of
+the interior of a great and glorious empire to its possessors, and,
+finally, to conquer with his good sword, preparing the way for its
+annexation to his country, the richest soil and fairest land on earth,
+thus adding one more glorious star to the original thirteen of 1776;
+a star, too, of the very first magnitude, whose refulgent brightness
+shines clear, sparkling and pure for the Truth of Sacred Writ and
+American Liberty. On the deck of that little steamboat, the two men,
+the one the master mind, the giant intellect, the man of research and
+scholastic strength, the scientific engineer; the other, than whom
+his superior as an American mountaineer was not living, stood,
+uninterested spectators of each other; and, each, unconscious why they
+had been permitted to enter the same cabin. The Christian student
+of American history cannot pass by this simple circumstance without
+seeing Heaven's wisdom in such a coincidence; namely, Kit Carson for
+the first time in sixteen years bending his steps to his boyhood home
+just as his sixteen years of mountaineer skill and experience were
+required by one of the master workmen of American Engineering, about
+to enter upon the exploration of inland North America.
+
+Kit Carson wandered over the boat, studying its mechanism, admiring
+the machinery, which, so like a thing of life, subserved the interests
+of human life; watched with quiet reserve the faces and general
+appearance of his fellow-passengers; occasionally, modestly addressed
+an acquaintance, for some present were known to him; and, finally
+singled out from among the strangers a man on whose face he thought
+he discovered the marks of true courage, manhood and nobility of
+character. The impression which Kit Carson had thus received,
+was nothing fleeting. The eagle eye, the forehead, the form, the
+movements, the general features, the smile, the quiet dignity of
+the man, each and all of these attributes of his manhood had been
+carefully noted by the wary and hardy mountaineer, and had not failed
+to awaken in his breast a feeling of admiration and respect. While on
+this boat Kit Carson learned the fact that the man, whom he had
+thus studied, was Lieutenant John C. Fremont of the U.S. corps of
+topographical engineers; also, that Lieutenant Fremont had been
+earnestly seeking Captain Drips, an experienced mountaineer, but,
+that he had been disappointed in finding him. Upon learning this, Kit
+Carson fell into a deep reverie which lasted some little time, when,
+having brought it to a conclusion, he approached Lieutenant Fremont
+and modestly introducing himself, said:
+
+"Sir! I have been some time in the mountains and think I can guide you
+to any point there you wish to reach."
+
+Lieutenant Fremont's answer indicated his satisfaction in making the
+acquaintance which Kit Carson had offered him and that he would make
+inquiries concerning his capabilities of performing the duty for which
+he offered himself.
+
+The inquiries which the then lieutenant instituted, or, at least, may
+be supposed to have instituted, must have been favorable; for, soon
+afterwards, Kit Carson was engaged by Colonel Fremont to act as guide
+to his first exploring expedition at a salary of one hundred dollars
+per month. Upon arriving in Kansas the party prepared for a long
+and dangerous journey which lay before them. The objects of this
+expedition was to survey the South Pass, and take the altitude of
+the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, besides gathering all the
+collateral information which they could. The party had been chiefly
+collected in St. Louis. It consisted of twenty-two Creole and Canadian
+voyageurs; Mr. Charles Preuss, a native of Germany, whose education
+rendered him a master in the art of topographical sketching, and,
+towards whom, Colonel Fremont has always extended high and just
+encomium; Henry Brant, a son of Colonel J.H. Brant, of St. Louis,
+nineteen years of age; young Randolph Benton, a son of Colonel Benton,
+twelve years of age; Mr. L. Maxwell, a mountaineer engaged as the
+hunter of the party; and finally, Kit Carson, as guide, making,
+including the commander of the Expedition, twenty-eight souls. On the
+10th day of June, 1842, the party commenced their march. The daily
+routine usually observed on the march was as follows:
+
+At daybreak the camp was aroused, the animals led out and turned loose
+to graze; breakfast about six o'clock, immediately after which, the
+line of march was resumed; at noon there was a halt of one or two
+hours; the march was then again resumed and kept up until within an
+hour or so of sunset, when the order was usually given to encamp; the
+tents were then pitched, horses hobbled and turned loose to graze and
+the cooks prepared supper. At night all the animals were brought in
+and picketed, carts set for defence and guard mounted.
+
+[Illustration: BUFFALO HUNT.--PAGE 161.]
+
+The party had only accomplished a few miles of the march when they
+fell in with the buffalo. Before we pursue the narrative of Kit
+Carson's life we must redeem our promise and allow Col. Fremont to
+describe his own impressions in his first Buffalo Hunt, in which Kit
+Carson and Mr. L. Maxwell were his companions and guides. Col. Fremont
+says:
+
+"A few miles brought us into the midst of the buffalo, swarming in
+immense numbers over the plains, where they had left scarcely a blade
+of grass standing. Mr. Preuss, who was sketching at a little distance
+in the rear, had at first noted them as large groves of timber. In the
+sight of such a mass of life, the traveler feels a strange emotion of
+grandeur. We had heard from a distance a dull and confused murmuring,
+and, when we came in view of their dark masses, there was not one
+among us who did not feel his heart beat quicker. It was the early
+part of the day, when the herds are feeding; and everywhere they were
+in motion. Here and there a huge old bull was rolling in the grass,
+and clouds of dust rose in the air from various parts of the bands,
+each the scene of some obstinate fight. Indians and buffalo make
+the poetry and life of the prairie, and our camp was full of their
+exhilaration. In place of the quiet monotony of the march, relieved
+only by the cracking of the whip, and an '_avance donc! enfant de
+garce!_' shouts and songs resounded from every part of the line,
+and our evening camp was always the commencement of a feast, which
+terminated only with our departure on the following morning. At
+any time of the night might be seen pieces of the most delicate and
+choicest meat, roasting _en appolas_, on sticks around the fire, and
+the guard were never without company. With pleasant weather and
+no enemy to fear, and abundance of the most excellent meat, and
+no scarcity of bread or tobacco, they were enjoying the oasis of a
+voyageur's life. Three cows were killed today. Kit Carson had shot
+one, and was continuing the chase in the midst of another herd, when
+his horse fell headlong, but sprang up and joined the flying band.
+Though considerably hurt, he had the good fortune to break no bones;
+and Maxwell, who was mounted on a fleet hunter, captured the runaway
+after a hard chase. He was on the point of shooting him, to avoid the
+loss of his bridle (a handsomely mounted Spanish one), when he found
+that his horse was able to come up with him. Animals are frequently
+lost in this way; and it is necessary to keep close watch over them,
+in the vicinity of the buffalo, in the midst of which they scour off
+to the plains, and are rarely retaken. One of our mules took a sudden
+freak into his head, and joined a neighboring band to-day. As we are
+not in a condition to lose horses, I sent several men in pursuit,
+and remained in camp, in the hope of recovering him; but lost the
+afternoon to no purpose, as we did not see him again. Astronomical
+observations placed us in longitude 100 deg. 05' 47", latitude 40 deg. 49'
+55".
+
+"_July 1._--As we were riding quietly along the bank, a grand herd of
+buffalo, some seven or eight hundred in number, came crowding up from
+the river, where they had been to drink, and commenced crossing
+the plain slowly, eating as they went. The wind was favorable; the
+coolness of the morning invited to exercise; the ground was apparently
+good, and the distance across the prairie (two or three miles) gave
+us a fine opportunity to charge them before they could get among the
+river hills. It was too fine a prospect for a chase to be lost; and,
+halting for a few moments, the hunters were brought up and saddled,
+and Kit Carson, Maxwell and I started together. They were now somewhat
+less than half a mile distant, and we rode easily along until within
+about three hundred yards, when a sudden agitation, a wavering in the
+band, and a galloping to and fro of some which were scattered along
+the skirts, gave us the intimation that we were discovered. We started
+together at a hand gallop, riding steadily abreast of each other, and
+here the interest of the chase became so engrossingly intense, that we
+were sensible to nothing else. We were now closing upon them rapidly,
+and the front of the mass was already in rapid motion for the hills,
+and in a few seconds the movement had communicated itself to the whole
+herd.
+
+"A crowd of bulls, as usual, brought up the rear, and every now and
+then some of them faced about, and then dashed on after the band a
+short distance, and turned and looked again, as if more than half
+inclined to stand and fight. In a few moments, however, during which
+we had been quickening our pace, the rout was universal, and we were
+going over the ground like a hurricane. When at about thirty yards,
+we gave the usual shout (the hunter's battle cry) and broke into the
+herd. We entered on the side, the mass giving way in every direction
+in their heedless course. Many of the bulls, less active and less
+fleet than the cows, paying no attention to the ground, and occupied
+solely with the hunter were precipitated to the earth with great
+force, rolling over and over with the violence of the shock, and
+hardly distinguishable in the dust. We separated on entering, each
+singling out his game.
+
+"My horse was a trained hunter, famous in the west under the name of
+Proveau, and, with his eyes flashing, and the foam flying from his
+mouth, sprang on after the cow like a tiger. In a few moments he
+brought me alongside of her, and, rising in the stirrups, I fired at
+the distance of a yard, the ball entering at the termination of the
+long hair, and passing near the heart. She fell headlong at the report
+of the gun, and checking my horse, I looked around for my companions.
+At a little distance, Kit was on the ground, engaged in tying his
+horse to the horns of a cow which he was preparing to cut up. Among
+the scattered bands, at some distance below, I caught a glimpse of
+Maxwell; and while I was looking, a light wreath of white smoke
+curled away from his gun, from which I was too far to hear the
+report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, towards which they were
+directing their course, was the body of the herd, and giving my horse
+the rein, we dashed after them. A thick cloud of dust hung upon their
+rear, which filled my mouth and eyes, and nearly smothered me. In
+the midst of this I could see nothing, and the buffalo were not
+distinguishable until within thirty feet. They crowded together more
+densely still as I came upon them, and rushed along in such a compact
+body, that I could not obtain an entrance--the horse almost leaping
+upon them. In a few moments the mass divided to the right and left,
+the horns clattering with a noise heard above everything else, and my
+horse darted into the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we
+dashed along the line, but were left far behind, and singling out a
+cow, I gave her my fire, but struck too high. She gave a tremendous
+leap, and scoured on swifter than before. I reined up my horse, and
+the band swept on like a torrent, and left the place quiet and clear.
+Our chase had led us into dangerous ground. A prairie-dog village, so
+thickly settled that there were three or four holes in every twenty
+yards square, occupied the whole bottom for nearly two miles in
+length. Looking around, I saw only one of the hunters, nearly out of
+sight, and the long dark line of our caravan crawling along, three or
+four miles distant."
+
+The trail which the party left behind them now forms the emigrant
+road to California via Fort Laramie, Salt Lake, etc. On reaching Fort
+Laramie, Fremont found a fearful state of affairs existing among the
+Sioux Indians through whose country his route lay. An encounter had
+recently taken place between a war-party belonging to the Sioux nation
+and a party of trappers and Snake Indians. In the fight the Indians
+had been worsted and several of their braves killed. To revenge
+themselves the Sioux chieftains had collected their warriors; and,
+while the nation was encamped to the number of one thousand lodges,
+they had gone forth to seek and punish their enemies.
+
+At Fort Laramie the exploring party met several trappers and friendly
+Indians who used their utmost endeavors to dissuade Colonel Fremont
+from venturing into such inevitable danger. There was but one opinion
+expressed, viz.: that, as sure as he entered upon the journey,
+the entire party would be massacred. To all these admonitions and
+warnings, Colonel Fremont had but one reply. His government had
+directed him to perform a certain duty. The obstacles which stood
+in his way, it was his duty to use every means at his command
+to surmount; therefore, in obedience to his instructions, he was
+determined to continue his march. Finally, he said, that he would
+accomplish the object or die in the attempt, being quite sure that if
+the expedition failed by being cut to pieces, a terrible retribution
+would be in store for the perpetrators of the act. Kit Carson, his
+guide, openly avowed that the future looked dark and gloomy; but, he
+was delighted to hear this expression from his commander. He now felt
+that he had a man after his own heart to depend on, and should danger
+or inevitable death be in store for them he was ready and willing
+to face either with him. In order to be prepared for the worst, Kit
+Carson felt it his duty, considering the dangers apprehended, to make
+his will, thereby showing that if he had to fight he was ready to
+count it his last battle. Colonel Fremont resumed his journey, and
+very opportunely arrived at the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains
+without, in any way, being annoyed with Indians, not even meeting any
+on the route.
+
+He had now reached the field where his chief labors were to commence.
+Without loss of time he set earnestly about his work, making and
+recording such observations as he deemed to be essential and examining
+and exploring the country. Having finished this part of his labors,
+the ascent of the highest peak of the mountains was commenced. The
+length of the journey had jaded the animals. It was very difficult to
+procure game. The men had undergone such severe hardships that their
+spirits had become almost worn out. The daily fare now was dried
+buffalo meat. This was about the consistency of a pine stick; and,
+in taste, resembled a piece of dried bark. Besides these rather
+uncomfortable prospects, the expedition stood in constant fear of an
+attack by the Indians. It was now in the country of the Blackfeet;
+and, only a short distance from the encampment, at the foot of the
+mountain, there was one of their forts. In the face of all these
+obstacles, sufficiently formidable to have deterred most commanders,
+the mountain party was detailed, being fourteen in number including
+Fremont. A man named Bernier was left in command of the camp which
+had been made by felling forest trees in a space about forty feet in
+diameter, using the trunks to form a breastwork. The camp was thus
+concealed by the trees and their foliage. It was well calculated for
+defence, and a few determined men could have maintained it against
+almost any Indian force.
+
+On the 12th day of August the mountain party left the camp. It was
+fifteen in number. On the 14th of August some of the party reached an
+elevation at which the barometer stood 19.401. On the 15th some of
+the party were sent back. Kit Carson had command of this party. The
+remainder consisted of Colonel Fremont, Mr. Preuss, Basil Lajeunesse,
+Clement Lambert, Janesse, and Descoteaux. The day previous Kit Carson
+had alone climbed one of the highest peaks of the main ridge from
+which he had a full view of the highest peak, which rose about eight
+or ten hundred feet above him. The arduous labors of the 14th August
+had determined the commander to ascend no higher. Instead of carrying
+out this intention, after Kit Carson with his party had set out,
+Fremont made one more effort to climb the highest peak and succeeded.
+His own words in describing this ascent are as follows:
+
+"'At intervals, we reached places where a number of springs gushed
+from the rocks, and about 1,800 feet above the lakes came to the
+snow line. From this point our progress was uninterrupted climbing.
+Hitherto, I had worn a pair of thick moccasins, with soles of
+_parfleche_; but here I put on a light thin pair, which I had brought
+for the purpose, as now the use of our toes became necessary to a
+further advance. I availed myself of a sort of comb of the mountain,
+which stood against the wall like a buttress, and which the wind and
+the solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the smooth rock, had
+kept almost entirely free from snow. Up this I made my way rapidly.
+Our cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared my strength;
+and, with the exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt
+no remains of yesterday's illness. In a few minutes we reached a point
+where the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other way of
+surmounting the difficulty than by passing around one side of it,
+which was the face of a vertical precipice of several hundred feet.'
+
+"_Parfleche_ is the name given to buffalo hide. The Indian women
+prepare it by scraping and drying. It is exceedingly tough and hard,
+and receives its name from the circumstance that it cannot be pierced
+by arrows or spears. The entire dress of Fremont and his party, on
+their ascent to the 'top of America,' consisted of a blue flannel
+shirt, free and open at the neck, the collar turning down over a black
+silk handkerchief tied loosely, blue cloth pantaloons, a slouched
+broad-brimmed hat, and moccasins as above described. It was well
+adapted to climbing--quite light, and at the same time warm, and every
+way comfortable.
+
+"'Putting hands and feet in the crevices between the blocks, I
+succeeded in getting over it, and, when I reached the top, found my
+companions in a small valley below. Descending to them, we continued
+climbing, and in a short time reached the crest. I sprang upon the
+summit, and another step would have precipitated me into an immense
+snow-field five hundred feet below. To the edge of this field was a
+sheer icy precipice; and then, with a gradual fall, the field sloped
+off for about a mile, until it struck the foot of another lower
+ridge. I stood on a narrow crest, about three feet in width, with
+an inclination of about 20 deg. N. 51 deg. E. As soon as I had gratified
+the first feelings of curiosity, I descended, and each man ascended in
+his turn, for I would only allow one at a time to mount the unstable and
+precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would hurl into the abyss
+below. We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit, and, fixing
+a ramrod in a crevice, unfurled the national flag, to wave in the
+breeze where never flag waved before. During our morning's ascent, we
+met no sign of animal life, except a small bird having the appearance
+of a sparrow. A stillness the most profound and a terrible solitude
+forced themselves constantly on the mind as the great features of the
+place. Here, on the summit, where the stillness was absolute, unbroken
+by any sound, and the solitude complete, we thought ourselves beyond
+the region of animated life; but while we were sitting on the rock,
+a solitary bee (_bombus terrestris_, the humble bee) came winging his
+flight from the eastern valley, and lit on the knee of one of the men.
+
+"'Around us, the whole scene had one main striking feature, which was
+that of terrible convulsion. Parallel to its length, the ridge was
+split into chasms and fissures, between which rose the thin, lofty
+walls, terminated with slender minarets and columns, which are
+correctly represented in the view from the camp on Island Lake.
+According to the barometer, the little crest of the wall on which
+we stood was three thousand five hundred and seventy feet above that
+place, and two thousand seven hundred and eighty above the little
+lakes at the bottom, immediately at our feet. Our camp at the Two
+Hills (an astronomical station) bore south 3 deg. east, which, with a
+bearing afterward obtained from a fixed position, enabled us to locate
+the peak. The bearing of the _Trois Tetons_ was north 50 deg. west, and
+the direction of the central ridge of the Wind River Mountains south
+39 deg. east. The summit rock was gneiss, succeeded by sienitic gneiss.
+Sienite and feldspar succeeded in our descent to the snow line, where
+we found a feldspathic granite. I had remarked that the noise produced
+by the explosion of our pistols had the usual degree of loudness,
+but was not in the least prolonged, expiring almost instantaneously.
+Having now made what observations our means afforded, we proceeded
+to descend. We had accomplished an object of laudable ambition,
+and beyond the strict order of our instructions. We had climbed the
+loftiest peak of the Rocky Mountains, and looked down upon the snow
+a thousand feet below, and, standing where never human foot had stood
+before, felt the exultation of first explorers. It was about two
+o'clock when we left the summit; and when we reached the bottom, the
+sun had already sunk behind the wall, and the day was drawing to a
+close. It would have been pleasant to have lingered here and on the
+summit longer; but we hurried away as rapidly as the ground would
+permit, for it was an object to regain our party as soon as possible,
+not knowing what accident the next hour might bring forth.'"
+
+This peak was found, by barometrical observation, to be _thirteen
+thousand five hundred and seventy_ feet above the waters of the Gulf
+of Mexico. It bears the name of the Great Explorer, being called
+Fremont's Peak.
+
+The return trip was now commenced, all of the objects of the
+expedition having been successfully accomplished. The party again
+reached Fort Laramie in the month of September, 1842. Kit Carson had
+served in the double capacity as a hunter and guide. It is sufficient
+to say of the manner in which he performed his duties that he won
+the friendship of John C. Fremont, and has ever occupied since then a
+prominent and permanent place in his esteem. At Laramie, Kit Carson's
+labors were done. There he bid his commander good bye and set out
+for New Mexico. Fremont returned to the United States in safety. Thus
+terminated the first of his great explorations.
+
+Kit Carson's Indian wife had long since been dead. In the month
+of February, 1843, he married a Mexican lady by the name of Senora
+Josepha Jarimilla. Of this lady it is sufficient to say that for her
+many virtues and personal beauty she is justly esteemed by a large
+circle of acquaintance. By this wife Kit Carson has three children, to
+whom he is devotedly attached.
+
+In the following April Kit Carson was employed as hunter to accompany
+Bent and St. Vrain's train of wagons, while on their journey to the
+United States. On arriving at Walnut Creek, which is about two-thirds
+of the distance across the Plains from Santa Fe, Kit and his
+companions came upon the encampment of Captain Cook, belonging to the
+United States Army--who was in command of four companies of United
+States Dragoons. Captain Cook informed Carson's party that in his rear
+was traveling a train of wagons belonging to General Armijo, a wealthy
+Mexican.
+
+For the purpose of insuring protection to this richly-freighted
+caravan while passing through an Indian country, the Mexican
+wagon-master in charge, had hired one hundred men. There were rumors,
+currently reported at that time and believed, that a large body of
+Texians were waiting on the road to plunder and murder this wagon
+party, and thus retaliate the treatment Armijo had been guilty of
+in the case of the "famous Muir Prisoners;" but, in order that this
+should not happen in Territory belonging to the United States, the
+War Department had ordered Captain Cook and the dragoons to guard the
+property as far as the fording of the Arkansas River, which was then
+the boundary line between the two countries. The Mexicans had become
+alarmed for fear they might be attacked on parting with the United
+States soldiers; so, on meeting with Kit Carson, who was well known to
+them, they offered three hundred dollars if he would carry a letter
+to Armijo who was then Governor of New Mexico, and lived at Santa Fe.
+This letter apprised the General of the danger to which his men and
+property were exposed and asked for assistance to be immediately sent
+to them. Carson accepted the offer, and in company with Owens, another
+mountaineer, he set out on his express ride. In the course of a few
+days he reached Bent's Fort, where his companion concluded not to
+go on with him. At the Fort, Kit Carson was informed that the Utah
+Indians, then hostile, were scattered along his intended route. He was
+not, however, turned from his duty by this danger, but he resumed his
+journey immediately. At this last-named place his friend, Mr. Bent,
+kindly furnished him with a fleet and magnificent horse, which he led,
+so that, should he find himself in peril, he might mount this fresh
+animal and make his escape.
+
+By watching for signs and being continually on the alert, Kit Carson
+discovered the Indians and their village without exposing his own
+person to view. He immediately secreted himself in an out-of-the-way
+place and remained until the coming on of darkness; when, he passed
+safely by the camp of the savages. In the course of a few days he
+reached Taos and handed his dispatch to the _Alcalde_ of the town
+to be forwarded to Santa Fe. As had been previously agreed upon, he
+waited here for an answer with which he was to return. At Taos Carson
+was informed that Armijo had already sent out one hundred Mexican
+soldiers to seek his caravan and that the General himself, in command
+of six hundred more, was soon to follow after. It was afterwards
+learned that this unfortunate band of one hundred men went as far
+as the Arkansas River, but could not find any traces of the train of
+wagons, it not having completed that much of its journey; therefore,
+they commenced to retrace their steps, but had proceeded only a few
+miles, when they were suddenly attacked by the Texians, who succeeded
+in massacring all but one man. This survivor had succeeded in
+catching, in the heat of the battle, a fully equipped Texan horse
+which was loose. Mounting him, he made off in the direction of Santa
+Fe; and, at Cold Springs came upon the camp of Armijo, to whom he
+reported proceedings. The narration of this sad story so dampened
+the courage of the General and his men as to cause them to make a
+precipitous retreat. The spot where this slaughter took place has
+since gone by the name of the "battle ground" and many are the
+bleached human bones that are still to be found there.
+
+It was during Carson's stay of four days in Taos, that Armijo and
+his small army had started out in quest of the enemy; but, before his
+departure, he had received the letter and directed an answer to be
+sent, thinking perhaps, that Kit Carson might reach the train even
+if he himself did not. On the answer coming into Carson's hands, he
+selected a Mexican boy to accompany him and was quickly on the road
+again. They had left Taos two days' journey behind them and had
+reached the River _Trinchera_ (for they were traveling via the
+_Sangero de Christo_ Pass and Bent's Fort) when they unexpectedly
+met four Indian warriors. Eat Carson immediately recognized them as
+hostile Utahs. As yet the red men were some distance off; and, while
+Kit and his companion stood meditating what was best to be done,
+the latter spoke and said to the former: "I am a boy and perhaps the
+Indians will spare my life. At any rate yours is much more valuable
+than mine, therefore mount the horse you are leading, without delay,
+and make your escape." Carson at first thought this advice to be good,
+and was about acting on it, when it struck his equally generous heart,
+how cowardly such a course would be--to desert a youth who had in the
+hour of peril so manfully borne himself. Turning to the boy he thanked
+him and added that "he could not and would not desert him." He said
+"we must stand our ground together and if we have to die let us take
+with us each his warrior." While this colloquy was going on, the
+foremost of the Indians came up. He approached Carson with the air of
+a man sure of an easy victory, and, with a bland smile, proffered one
+hand in friendship, while, with the other, he grasped Kit's rifle.
+A powerful blow from the fist of the latter released his hold and
+instantly laid him sprawling upon the ground. The other Indians,
+seeing the fate of their companion, hastened to his rescue. When they
+reached talking distance, Kit, standing with his rifle brought to his
+shoulder, informed them that, upon the first hostile demonstration
+they made, he and his companion would fire. The Indians commenced
+shaking their priming into the pans of their flint lock guns, and,
+while doing so, talked loud and threatened to perform a great many
+things. This was a mere ruse to intimidate Kit and his companion
+and throw them off their guard. It was, however, well understood and
+operated to make them only the more vigilant. This endeavor to draw
+off Kit's attention was continued in various ways, but, finally seeing
+the determined posture of their opponent, they grew weary of the game,
+and, at last, departed.
+
+The journey was now resumed. After five days of hard traveling, Kit
+and his companion entered Bent's Fort, without further molestation.
+Here Kit Carson learned that the Texians had been caught by Captain
+Cook and his dragoons in United States Territory, and had been
+disarmed. This had immediately relieved the conductors of the train
+from all anxiety. They had, consequently, continued their route, not
+thinking a stop at Bent's Fort necessary as had been anticipated. Gen.
+Armijo's letter of instruction was, accordingly, left by Carson with
+Mr. Bent who promised to forward it to Santa Fe by the first favorable
+opportunity. To pursue and overtake the wagons would be nothing but
+labor thrown away. All danger had disappeared.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp--Goes on the Second
+    Exploring Expedition--The Necessary Arrangements--Trip to Salt
+    Lake--Explorations there--Carson is dispatched to Fort
+    Hall for Supplies--Their Operations at Salt Lake--The Great
+    Island--The Journey to the Columbia River in Oregon--Incidents
+    on the Route--Tlamath Lake--The Journey to California--The
+    Trials and Privations met with while crossing the Sierra
+    Nevada Mountains--Mr. Preuss is lost but finds the Party
+    again--Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute Condition--Two
+    of the Party become deranged--The Route on the Return
+    Trip--Mexicans come into their Camp asking Aid and
+    Protection--Indian Depredations--Carson and Godey start on a
+    Daring Adventure--The Pursuit--The Thieves overtaken--These
+    Two White Men attack Thirty Indians--The Victory--Horses
+    retaken--The Return to Camp--One of their Companions
+    killed--The Journey continued--Arrival at Bent's Fort--The
+    "Fourth of July" Dinner.
+
+
+A few days before Kit Carson's arrival at Bent's Fort, Col. Fremont
+had passed by and had informed the Traders there that he was bound on
+another Exploring Expedition. Having finished up his business with
+the Mexicans, Kit thought he would like to see his old commander once
+again. Accordingly, he started on his trail: and, after seventy
+miles of travel, came up with him. The meeting proved to be mutually
+agreeable. Although Kit Carson had made this visit solely from his
+desire to see again his old commander and not with a view of joining
+his second expedition, Col. Fremont insisted so strongly upon having
+Kit accompany him that he acquiesced in doing so.
+
+For Col. Fremont, Kit Carson has the greatest admiration. He knows, as
+well as any man living, his bravery, his talents and the many splendid
+qualities of his mind and heart. The question will naturally arise,
+does Kit Carson indorse the political creed upon which Col. Fremont
+accepted the nomination for the Presidency of the United States? The
+best answer and the one which is true, will be: Kit Carson considers
+it one of the highest honors and greatest blessings to be a citizen of
+the United States. He is willing to incur any danger for his country's
+good, even if the sacrifice of his life is the alternative. He has
+spent all his life in the wilds of America where news is always as
+scarce an article as luxuries of the table and fire-side, and, where
+the political strifes of factions and parties are not known. The
+inference will therefore be plainly apparent, that his curiosity
+does not lead him to examine very attentively the minute workings of
+political machinery. He is not a man to be swayed by friendship from
+performing any act which the interests of his country seem to require
+at his hands. His political bias will, therefore, remain a matter of
+conjecture until such time, if his life is spared to see it, when New
+Mexico shall be admitted into the Union as a State. So far, he has
+never lived where he could exercise the right of franchise. The time
+must come which shall entitle him to a Presidential vote before he
+decides what political party shall count him as its supporter.
+
+Soon after Kit Carson was again enrolled under the command of Col.
+Fremont, he received orders to return to Bent's Fort and purchase some
+mules of which the party stood in need. Mules are valuable animals
+in new and mountainous countries. They are often the only beasts of
+burden which can be successfully used in crossing the wild mountains.
+Being more sure footed and more able to endure great fatigue than the
+horse, in such expeditions, they become absolutely necessary. While
+he was absent on this duty, the expedition journeyed first to Soda
+Springs and thence on to St. Vrain's Fort, which was located on the
+South Fork of the Platte. At this point, the expedition was joined by
+Major Fitzpatrick with a command of forty men which he had enrolled,
+under orders, to assist in the exploration. When Kit Carson had
+rejoined the party, the arrangements for the arduous task in view were
+nearly complete.
+
+Colonel Fremont divided his forces, sending one division, with most of
+the camp equipage, on the more direct route. This division was placed
+under the command of Major Fitzpatrick. The other division under the
+command of Colonel Fremont, consisting of a squad of fifteen men and
+his guide Kit Carson, struck out up Thompson's Fork. The object of
+this expedition had in view by the government was, to have Colonel
+Fremont connect his explorations of the preceding year with the coast
+surveys of Commander Wilkes on the Pacific. This would give the data
+for making a correct map of the interior of the wild lands of the
+continent. From Thompson's Fork Colonel Fremont's division marched to
+the Cache la Poudre River, and thence to the plains of Laramie until
+they came to the North Fork of the Platte. This river they crossed
+below the New Park and bent their way to the sweet water, reaching it
+at a point about fifteen miles below the Devil's Gate. From this point
+they traveled almost the same road which is now used by emigrants and
+which leads to Soda Springs on Beaver River. It had been decided by
+Fremont to go to the Great Salt Lake and accomplish its exploration.
+He therefore started for that direction; but, before doing so, ordered
+Kit Carson to proceed to Fort Hall and obtain such supplies as were
+required. After procuring these necessities, Kit Carson, with one
+companion and his pack animals, set out on the return from Fort Hall
+and eventually found Fremont on the upper end of Salt Lake. From here
+the party journeyed around to the east side of the lake, a distance of
+about twenty miles. At this spot they obtained a good view of the lake
+and its adjacent scenery. Before him, and in bold relief, stood out
+everything which the explorer desired to examine, even to one of
+the several islands which are located in the midst of this wonderful
+collection of saline waters. To this isolated land Fremont was
+resolved to go. Among the rest of the forethought, supplies, there was
+an India-rubber boat. This was ordered to be made ready for a trip
+to the island early the following day. No doubt our readers will be
+pleased to enjoy Colonel Fremont's account of this lake, its scenery
+and characteristics. We insert therefore as much thereof as our space
+will admit. It was the twenty-first day of August 1843 that the little
+party reached Bear River, which, as has already appeared in another,
+part of this work, was the principal tributary of the Great Salt Lake.
+At this point of Colonel Fremont's narrative, he says: "We were now
+entering a region which, for us, possessed a strange and extraordinary
+interest. We were upon the waters of the famous lake which forms
+a salient point among the remarkable geographical features of the
+country, and around which the vague and superstitious accounts of
+the trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which we anticipated
+pleasure in dispelling, but which, in the meantime, left a crowded
+field for the exercise of our imagination.
+
+"In our occasional conversations with the few old hunters who had
+visited the region, it had been a subject of frequent speculation;
+and the wonders which they related were not the less agreeable because
+they were highly exaggerated and impossible.
+
+"Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers, who were wandering
+through the country in search of new beaver streams, caring very
+little for geography; its islands had never been visited; and none
+were to be found who had entirely made the circuit of its shores;
+and no instrumental observations, or geographical survey of any
+description, had ever been made anywhere in the neighboring region. It
+was generally supposed that it had no visible outlet; but, among the
+trappers, including those in my own camp, were many who believed that
+somewhere on its surface was a terrible whirlpool, through which
+its waters found their way to the ocean by some subterranean
+communication. All these things had made a frequent subject of
+discussion in our desultory conversations around the fires at night;
+and my own mind had become tolerably well filled with their indefinite
+pictures, and insensibly colored with their romantic descriptions,
+which, in the pleasure of excitement, I was well disposed to believe,
+and half expected to realize.
+
+"'In about six miles' travel from our encampment, we reached one of
+the points in our journey to which we had always looked forward with
+great interest--the famous Beer Springs, which, on account of the
+effervescing gas and acid taste, had received their name from the
+voyageurs and trappers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude
+and hard lives, are fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the
+luxuries they rarely have the good fortune to enjoy.
+
+"'Although somewhat disappointed in the expectations which various
+descriptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of situation and
+scenery, I found it altogether a place of very great interest; and a
+traveler for the first time in a volcanic region remains in a constant
+excitement, and at every step is arrested by something remarkable and
+new. There is a confusion of interesting objects gathered together in
+a small space. Around the place of encampment the Beer Springs were
+numerous; but, as far as we could ascertain, were entirely confined to
+that locality in the bottom. In the bed of the river, in front, for
+a space of several hundred yards, they were very abundant; the
+effervescing gas rising up and agitating the water in countless
+bubbling columns. In the vicinity round about were numerous springs
+of an entirely different and equally marked mineral character. In a
+rather picturesque spot, about 1,300 yards below our encampment, and
+immediately on the river bank, is the most remarkable spring of the
+place. In an opening on the rock, a white column of scattered water is
+thrown up, in form like a _jet-d'eau_, to a variable height of about
+three feet, and, though it is maintained in a constant supply, its
+greatest height is attained only at regular intervals, according to
+the action of the force below. It is accompanied by a subterranean
+noise, which, together with the motion of the water, makes very much
+the impression of a steamboat in motion; and, without knowing that it
+had been already previously so called, we gave to it the name of the
+Steamboat Spring. The rock through which it is forced is slightly
+raised in a convex manner, and gathered at the opening into an
+urn-mouthed form, and is evidently formed by continued deposition from
+the water, and colored bright red by oxide of iron.
+
+"'It is a hot spring, and the water has a pungent and disagreeable
+metallic taste, leaving a burning effect on the tongue. Within perhaps
+two yards of the _jet d'eau_, is a small hole of about an inch in
+diameter, through which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot
+air with a light wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise.'
+
+"As they approached the lake, they passed over a country of bold and
+striking scenery, and through several 'gates,' as they called certain
+narrow valleys. The 'standing rock' is a huge column, occupying the
+centre of one of these passes. It fell from a height of perhaps 3,000
+feet, and happened to remain in its present upright position.
+
+"At last, on the 6th of September, the object for which their eyes had
+long been straining was brought to view.
+
+"'_Sept. 6_.--This time we reached the butte without any difficulty;
+and, ascending to the summit, immediately at our feet beheld the
+object of our anxious search, the waters of the Inland Sea, stretching
+in still and solitary grandeur far beyond the limit of our vision.
+It was one of the great points of the exploration; and as we looked
+eagerly over the lake in the first emotions of excited pleasure, I am
+doubtful if the followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasms, when,
+from the heights of the Andes, they saw for the first time the great
+Western Ocean. It was certainly a magnificent object, and a noble
+_terminus_ to this part of our expedition; and to travelers so long
+shut up among mountain ranges, a sudden view over the expanse of
+silent waters had in it something sublime. Several large islands
+raised their high rocky heads out of the waves; but whether or not
+they were timbered was still left to our imagination, as the distance
+was too great to determine if the dark hues upon them were woodland
+or naked rock. During the day the clouds had been gathering black over
+the mountains to the westward, and while we were looking a storm burst
+down with sudden fury upon the lake, and entirely hid the islands from
+our view.
+
+"'On the edge of the stream a favorable spot was selected in a grove;
+and felling the timber, we made a strong _corral_, or horse-pen, for
+the animals, and a little fort for the people who were to remain.
+We were now probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though none
+reside upon the lake. The India-rubber boat was repaired with prepared
+cloth and gum, and filled with air, in readiness for the next day.
+
+"'The provisions which Carson had brought with him being now
+exhausted, and our stock reduced to a small quantity of roots, I
+determined to retain with me only a sufficient number of men for the
+execution of our design; and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort
+Hall, under the guidance of Francois Lajeunesse, who, having been for
+many years a trapper in the country, was an experienced mountaineer.
+
+"'We formed now but a small family. With Mr. Preuss and myself,
+Carson, Bernier, and Basil Lajeunesse had been selected for the boat
+expedition--the first ever attempted on this interior sea; and Badeau,
+with Derosier, and Jacob (the colored man), were to be left in charge
+of the camp. We were favored with most delightful weather. To-night
+there was a brilliant sunset of golden orange and green, which left
+the western sky clear and beautifully pure; but clouds in the east
+made me lose an occultation. The summer frogs were singing around us,
+and the evening was very pleasant, with a temperature of 60 deg.--a night
+of a more southern autumn. For our supper we had _yampah_, the most
+agreeably flavored of the roots, seasoned by a small fat duck, which
+had come in the way of Jacob's rifle. Around our fire to-night were
+many speculations on what to-morrow would bring forth; and in our
+busy conjectures we fancied that we should find every one of the large
+islands a tangled wilderness of trees and shrubbery, teeming with game
+of every description that the neighboring region afforded, and which
+the foot of a white man or Indian had never violated. Frequently,
+during the day, clouds had rested on the summits of their lofty
+mountains, and we believed that we should find clear streams and
+springs of fresh water; and we indulged in anticipations of the
+luxurious repasts with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past
+privations. Neither, in our discussions were the whirlpool and other
+mysterious dangers forgotten, which Indian and hunters' stories
+attributed to this unexplored lake. The men had discovered that,
+instead of being strongly sewed (like that of the preceding year,
+which had so triumphantly rode the canons of the Upper Great Platte),
+our present boat was only pasted together in a very insecure manner,
+the maker having been allowed so little time in the construction that
+he was obliged to crowd the labor of two months into several days. The
+insecurity of the boat was sensibly felt by us; and, mingled with
+the enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the prospect of an
+undertaking which had never before been accomplished, was a certain
+impression of danger, sufficient to give a serious character to our
+conversation. The momentary view which had been had of the lake the
+day before, its great extent and rugged islands, dimly seen amidst the
+dark waters in the obscurity of the sudden storm, were well calculated
+to heighten the idea of undefined danger with which the lake was
+generally associated.
+
+"'_Sept. 8_.--A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of 41 deg..
+In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equipment of the boat
+had been made to consist of three air-tight bags, about three feet
+long, and capable each of containing five gallons. These had been
+filled with water the night before, and were now placed in the boat,
+with our blankets and instruments, consisting of a sextant, telescope,
+spy-glass, thermometer, and barometer.
+
+"'In the course of the morning we discovered that two of the cylinders
+leaked so much as to require one man constantly at the bellows, to
+keep them sufficiently full of air to support the boat. Although we
+had made a very early start, we loitered so much on the way--stopping
+every now and then, and floating silently along, to get a shot at
+a goose or a duck--that it was late in the day when we reached the
+outlet. The river here divided into several branches, filled with
+fluvials, and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we could get
+the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade. We encamped on a
+low point among rushes and young willows, where there was a quantity
+of driftwood, which served for our fires. The evening was mild and
+clear; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows; and geese and
+ducks enough had been killed for an abundant supper at night, and for
+breakfast next morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by
+millions of water-fowl.
+
+"'_Sept. 9_.--The day was clear and calm; the thermometer at sunrise
+at 49 deg.. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of any enterprise,
+our people had made dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad one--one
+which always preceded evil--and consequently they looked very gloomy
+this morning; but we hurried through our breakfast, in order to make
+an early start, and have all the day before us for our adventure. The
+channel in a short distance became so shallow that our navigation
+was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft mud, with a few inches of
+water, and sometimes none at all, forming the low-water shore of the
+lake. All this place was absolutely covered with flocks of screaming
+plover. We took off our clothes, and, getting over-board, commenced
+dragging the boat--making, by this operation, a very curious trail,
+and a very disagreeable smell in stirring up the mud, as we sank above
+the knee at every step. The water here was still fresh, with only an
+insipid and disagreeable taste, probably derived from the bed of fetid
+mud. After proceeding in this way about a mile, we came to a small
+black ridge on the bottom, beyond which the water became suddenly
+salt, beginning gradually to deepen, and the bottom was sandy and
+firm. It was a remarkable division, separating the fresh water of
+the rivers from the briny water of the lake, which was entirely
+_saturated_ with common salt. Pushing our little vessel across the
+narrow boundary, we sprang on board, and at length were afloat on the
+waters of the unknown sea.
+
+"We did not steer for the mountainous islands, but directed our course
+towards a lower one, which it had been decided we should first visit,
+the summit of which was formed like the crater at the upper end of
+Bear River valley. So long as we could touch the bottom with our
+paddles, we were very gay; but gradually, as the water deepened, we
+became more still in our frail batteau of gum cloth distended with
+air, and with pasted seams. Although the day was very calm, there was
+a considerable swell on the lake; and there were white patches of foam
+on the surface, which were slowly moving to the southward, indicating
+the set of a current in that direction, and recalling the recollection
+of the whirlpool stories. The water continued to deepen as we
+advanced; the lake becoming almost transparently clear, of an
+extremely beautiful bright-green color; and the spray, which was
+thrown into the boat and over our clothes, was directly converted
+into a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands and
+arms. 'Captain,' said Carson, who for some time had been looking
+suspiciously at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands
+'what are those yonder?--won't you just take a look with the glass?'
+We ceased paddling for a moment, and found them to be the caps of the
+waves that were beginning to break under the force of a strong breeze
+that was coming up the lake. The form of the boat seemed to be an
+admirable one, and it rode on the waves like a water bird; but, at
+the same time, it was extremely slow in its progress. When we were
+a little more than half way across the reach, two of the divisions
+between the cylinders gave way, and it required the constant use of
+the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For a long time
+we scarcely seemed to approach our island, but gradually we worked
+across the rougher sea of the open channel, into the smoother water
+under the lee of the island, and began to discover that what we took
+for a long row of pelicans, ranged on the beach, were only low cliffs
+whitened with salt by the spray of the waves; and about noon we
+reached the shore, the transparency of the water enabling us to see
+the bottom at a considerable depth.
+
+"'The cliffs and masses of rock along the shore were whitened by an
+incrustation of salt where the waves dashed up against them; and the
+evaporating water, which had been left in holes and hollows on
+the surface of the rocks, was covered with a crust of salt about
+one-eighth of an inch in thickness.
+
+"'Carrying with us the barometer and other instruments, in the
+afternoon we ascended to the highest point of the island--a bare rocky
+peak, 800 feet above the lake. Standing on the summit, we enjoyed an
+extended view of the lake, inclosed in a basin of rugged mountains,
+which sometimes left marshy flats and extensive bottoms between them
+and the shore, and in other places came directly down into the water
+with bold and precipitous bluffs.
+
+"'As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread out beneath us,
+and strained our eyes along the silent shores over which hung so much
+doubt and uncertainty, and which were so full of interest to us, I
+could hardly repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our
+exploration; but the lengthening snow on the mountains was a plain
+indication of the advancing season, and our frail linen boat
+appeared so insecure that I was unwilling to trust our lives to
+the uncertainties of the lake. I therefore unwillingly resolved to
+terminate our survey here, and remain satisfied for the present with
+what we had been able to add to the unknown geography of the region.
+We felt pleasure also in remembering that we were the first who, in
+the traditionary annals of the country, had visited the islands, and
+broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the long solitude of
+the place.
+
+"'I accidentally left on the summit the brass cover to the object end
+of my spy-glass; and as it will probably remain there undisturbed
+by Indians, it will furnish matter of speculation to some future
+traveler. In our excursions about the island, we did not meet with any
+kind of animal; a magpie, and another larger bird, probably attracted
+by the smoke of our fire, paid us a visit from the shore, and were
+the only living things seen during our stay. The rock constituting the
+cliffs along the shore where we were encamped, is a talcous rock, or
+steatite, with brown spar.
+
+"'At sunset, the temperature was 70 deg.. We had arrived just in time to
+obtain a meridian altitude of the sun, and other observations were
+obtained this evening, which place our camp in latitude 41 deg. 10' 42",
+and longitude 112 deg. 21' 05" from Greenwich. From a discussion of the
+barometrical observations made during our stay on the shores of the
+lake, we have adopted 4,200 feet for its elevation above the Gulf of
+Mexico. In the first disappointment we felt from the dissipation of
+our dream of the fertile islands, I called this Disappointment Island.
+
+"'Out of the driftwood, we made ourselves pleasant little lodges,
+open to the water, and, after having kindled large fires to excite the
+wonder of any straggling savage on the lake shores, lay down, for the
+first time in a long journey, in perfect security; no one thinking
+about his arms. The evening was extremely bright and pleasant; but the
+wind rose during the night, and the waves began to break heavily on
+the shore, making our island tremble. I had not expected in our inland
+journey to hear the roar of an ocean surf; and the strangeness of our
+situation, and the excitement we felt in the associated interests of
+the place, made this one of the most interesting nights I remember
+during our long expedition.
+
+"'In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on the shore, and we
+were up early. The lake was dark and agitated, and we hurried through
+our scanty breakfast, and embarked--having first filled one of the
+buckets with water from the lake, of which it was intended to make
+salt. The sun had risen by the time we were ready to start; and it
+was blowing a strong gale of wind, almost directly off the shore, and
+raising a considerable sea, in which our boat strained very much.
+It roughened as we got away from the island, and it required all the
+efforts of the men to make any head against the wind and sea; the gale
+rising with the sun; and there was danger of being blown into one of
+the open reaches beyond the island. At the distance of half a mile
+from the beach, the depth of water was sixteen feet, with a clay
+bottom; but, as the working of the boat was very severe labor, and
+during the operation of sounding it was necessary to cease paddling,
+during which the boat lost considerable way, I was unwilling
+to discourage the men, and reluctantly gave up my intention of
+ascertaining the depth, and the character of the bed. There was a
+general shout in the boat when we found ourselves in one fathom, and
+we soon after landed.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now resume Kit Carson's narrative. When the Indian-rubber boat was
+put in order, Colonel Fremont started, taking Carson and three others
+as companions. (Their names have already appeared.) The distance from
+the main land to the island is computed to be about three leagues,
+hence the pull at the oars, for landsmen unaccustomed to such kind of
+work, was no small task. However a landing upon the island was safely
+accomplished, the boat made fast and the investigations commenced.
+After examining most of the island without finding even a spring of
+water on it, it was determined to ascend the great hill which was
+the highest elevation on it. The party was not long in reaching the
+summit, where they found a shelving rock, on which they cut a cross,
+their names and the date as signs to after visitors, should any such
+follow in their footsteps, that they had been the first persons who
+had ever, within the knowledge of man, been on that island.
+
+The day having been far spent in their labors, orders were given to
+camp on the island for the night. On the morrow they departed for
+the main land. When they had accomplished about one league, being
+one-third of the distance, the clouds suddenly gathered and threatened
+a storm. Just as this danger impended, the air which acted in giving
+buoyancy to the boat, by some accident, began to escape. A man was
+immediately stationed at the bellows and it required his constant aid
+to supply the portion which steadily escaped. Colonel Fremont then
+ordered the men to pull for their lives and try thus to escape the
+danger of the impending storm. In this instance, as indeed in every
+hour of peril, an all-seeing Providence guided them in safety to the
+shore. Soon after they arrived, the storm came on with such fury that
+it caused the water of the lake, according to the natural water mark,
+to rise ten feet in one hour.
+
+The party soon after recommenced their march and proceeded some
+distance up the Bear River. Crossing it they went to the Malade
+and thence on until they reached Fort Hall. Here they met with the
+division under Fitzpatrick and made a short stay.
+
+Once more Colonel Fremont started with his small party in advance of
+his main body. He marched about eight days' journey ahead, Fitzpatrick
+following up his trail with the larger division. At this time the
+expedition was journeying in the direction of the mouth of the
+Columbia River. In due time they arrived safely at the river Dalles.
+Here they made another brief halt. Colonel Fremont left Kit Carson
+in command of this camp, while he, with a small party, proceeded to
+Vancouver's Island and purchased some provisions. On his return he
+found that the whole party had become consolidated. The command now
+journeyed to Tlamath Lake in Oregon Territory. The descriptions of all
+these journeys have already been given to the public in several forms,
+all however based upon Colonel Fremont's reports made to the U.S.
+Government. It would be superfluous, therefore, for us to fill up the
+pages of the life of Kit Carson with matter already published beyond
+the occurrences appertaining to him. Having finished the observations
+upon Tlamath Lake, the expedition started for California. The route
+led through a barren and desolate country, rendering game scarce. As
+the command drew near to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they were found
+to be entirely covered with deep snow throughout the entire range of
+vision. At this time the provisions had commenced giving out. Game
+was so scarce that it could not be depended on. The propositions which
+presented themselves at this crisis were to cross the mountains or
+take the fearful chance of starving to death. Crossing the mountains,
+terrible though the alternative, was the choice of all. It was better
+than inactivity and certain death. On arriving at the mountains the
+snow was found to be about six feet deep on a level. The first task
+was to manufacture snow-shoes for the entire party. By the aid of
+these foot appendages, an advance party was sent on to explore the
+route and to determine how far a path would have to be broken for the
+animals. This party reached a spot from whence they could see their
+way clear and found that the path for the animals would be three
+leagues in length. The advance party also saw, in the distance, the
+green valley of the Sacramento and the coast range of mountains.
+Kit Carson was the first man to recognize these, to the snow-bound
+travelers, desirable localities, although it was now seventeen years
+since he had last gazed upon them. The advance party then returned
+to their friends in the rear and reported their proceedings. All were
+delighted on learning that they had one man among them who knew where
+they were. The business of making the road was very laborious. The
+snow had to be beaten compact with mallets. It was fifteen days before
+the party succeeded in reaching, with a few of their animals, a place
+where the heavy work of the route was ended. During this time, many of
+their mules had starved to death, and the few remaining were driven
+to such an extreme by want of food, that they devoured one another's
+tails, the leather on the pack saddles; and, in fact, they would try
+to eat everything they could get into their mouths. The sufferings
+of the men had been as severe as had ever fallen to the lot of any
+mountaineer present. Their provisions were all used and they were
+driven to subsist upon the mules as they died from hunger. But,
+commander and all bore these terrible trials in an exemplary manner.
+
+An incident is related by Colonel Fremont, in which Kit Carson enjoyed
+a cold-bath, which occurred during this terrible march. "_February
+Twenty-third._--This was our most difficult day; we were forced off
+the ridges by the quantity of snow among the timber, and obliged to
+take to the mountain-sides, where, occasionally, rocks and a southern
+exposure afforded us a chance to scramble along. But these were
+steep and slippery with snow and ice; and the tough evergreens of the
+mountain impeded our way, tore our skins, and exhausted our patience.
+Some of us had the misfortune to wear moccasins with _parfleche_
+soles, so slippery that we could not keep our feet, and generally
+crawled across the snow beds. Axes and mauls were necessary to-day, to
+make a road through the snow. Going ahead with Carson to reconnoitre
+the road, we reached in the afternoon the river which made the outlet
+of the lake. Carson sprang over, clear across a place where the
+stream was compressed among the rocks, but the _parfleche_ sole of
+my moccasin glanced from the icy rock, and precipitated me into the
+river. It was some few seconds before I could recover myself in the
+current, and Carson thinking me hurt jumped in after me, and we both
+had an icy bath. We tried to search awhile for my gun, which had been
+lost in the fall, but the cold drove us out; and, making a large fire
+on the bank, after we had partially dried ourselves, we went back to
+meet the camp. We afterwards found that the gun had been slung under
+the ice which lined the banks of the creek."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was while undergoing such experience as we have endeavored to
+narrate that the characters of men show forth in their true light
+and can be fully analyzed. John C. Fremont never was found wanting in
+times such as tried men's hearts. He was worthy of the trust reposed
+in him. His was no ordinary command. The men he had to deal with, in
+their line, had no superiors on the American Continent; yet, he proved
+a match for any one of them and gained from them the name of being a
+good mountaineer, an encomium they are not prone to bestow lightly.
+
+The party now commenced descending the mountains. On reaching the
+valley beneath, Fremont, taking Kit Carson and six of the men, pushed
+on in advance, in order to reach Sutter's Fort, where he would be able
+to purchase provisions. Fitzpatrick was left in charge of the main
+party, with orders to make easy marches. The second day after this
+division was made, Mr. Preuss, Fremont's assistant, accidentally got
+lost. His friends began making search for him. This failing, they
+traveled on slowly, fired guns and used every means in their power to
+let their whereabouts be known to him. After wandering about for four
+days, to the surprise and joy of his companions, he came into camp.
+During his absence he had subsisted on acorns and roots, and, as a
+matter of course, was nearly exhausted both in body and mind. Three
+days after Mr. Preuss was restored to them, Fremont, with the advance
+party, reached Sutter's Fort. He and his party were very hospitably
+received. They were entertained with the best the post could furnish,
+by its kind-hearted proprietor. Never did men more deserve such
+treatment. The condition of all was about as miserable as it could
+well be imagined, for men who retained their hold on life.
+
+It was at Sutter's Fort, as most of our readers will remember, that
+the great gold mines of California first received their kindling
+spark, the discovery of that precious metal having been made there.
+While some men were digging a mill-race the alluring deposit first
+appeared. This event has made the Fort world-renowned.
+
+At the time we describe Fremont on his second expedition, nothing
+whatever was known of the immense fields of treasure over which he
+and his men daily walked, although, for many years previous to the
+discovery being made, the mountaineers had trapped all the rivers in
+that vicinity, and on their banks had herded their animals for months
+together. They had drank thousands of times from the pure water as it
+flowed in the river's channel, and, no doubt, frequently their eyes
+had penetrated through it until they saw the sand beneath in which,
+perchance, the sparkling specs may have occasionally allured them
+sufficiently to recall the proverb that "all is not gold that
+glitters."
+
+The writer once made inquiry of one of these mountaineers who had
+spent two summers in the manner narrated above near and at Sutter's
+Fort some twenty years since. He was asked whether he ever saw there
+anything in the shape of gold which in any way aroused his suspicions?
+His reply was: "Never. And had I, it would have been only for a
+brief space of time, as finally I should have been certain that I
+was deluded and mistaken, without there had been the _Eagle_ of our
+country stamped upon it."
+
+Provisions were immediately obtained at the Fort and carried to
+Fitzpatrick and his party. Great difficulty had now to be encountered
+to prevent the men from losing their lives by the sudden change from
+want to comparative luxury. Notwithstanding the utmost care was taken,
+some of the party lost their reason. The hardships of the journey had
+proved too much for them. Fitzpatrick and the main body arrived at
+the Fort in a few days, where they were likewise welcomed by its
+hospitable and generous proprietor, Captain Sutter. His name in
+California has ever been but another term for kindness and sympathy
+for the unfortunate. This expedition, in one respect only, can be
+called unfortunate. When the terrible sufferings of the commander and
+his men have been named, the catalogue of misfortune is ended. Its
+results, grand and glorious, have immortalized the name of every man
+who assisted, in any way, to accomplish it. "I belonged to the several
+Exploring Expeditions of John C. Fremont" is the key note to the
+respect and homage of the American nation; the truth would be equally
+real, if we add, to the whole civilized world. Every heart which beats
+with admiration for the heroic, or which is capable of appreciating
+the rich contributions to the sciences, direct resultants from their
+terrible sufferings, has thrilled with delight when possessed of the
+history which records the brilliant achievements of these Exploring
+Parties.
+
+The band started from the little town of Kansas on the twenty-ninth
+day of May, 1843. It returned to the United States in August, 1844.
+After traveling seventeen hundred miles, it reached, September sixth,
+Salt Lake. On the fourth day of November it reached Fort Vancouver,
+on the Columbia River. On the sixth day of March, 1844, it reached
+Sutter's Fort in the destitute condition already explained. The
+distance from Fort Hall by the route taken is about two thousand
+miles. The party remained at Sutter's Fort until the twenty-fourth
+day of March, or as Kit Carson expresses the time from his memory, the
+expedition remained at this place about one month. At the expiration
+of this time, the party was sufficiently recruited to be ready for
+their return journey, which they commenced in April, 1844. Just
+previous to their taking leave of Mr. Sutter, two of the company
+became deranged, owing to the privations and fasting to which they
+had been obliged to submit before being ushered into a land of plenty.
+They had indulged appetite too freely, and brought on one of those
+strange revolutions in the brain's action which never fails to excite
+the pity of friend and foe. The first warning which the party had that
+one of the men was laboring under a disordered intellect occurred in
+the following manner. Early in the morning the man suddenly started
+from his sleep and began to ask his companions where his riding animal
+was gone. During this time it was by him, but he did not know it.
+Unknown to the rest of the party he started off soon after in search
+of his imaginary animal. As soon as his absence became known to
+Fremont, he surmised the truth and sent persons in all directions to
+hunt for him. They searched the neighboring country for many miles
+and made inquiries of all the friendly Indians they chanced upon, but
+failed to discover him. Several days of delay was caused by this most
+unhappy circumstance. Finally, it becoming necessary for the party
+to depart without him, word was left with Mr. Sutter to continue the
+hunt. He did so most faithfully; and, by his exertions, some time
+after the party had set out on the return trip, the maniac was found
+and kept at the Fort until he had entirely recovered. He was then, on
+the first opportunity, provided with a passage to the United States.
+Before we follow the party on their homeward-bound tramp, it is proper
+that the reader should be favored with the estimate and views which
+the American historian, statesman and scholar, Colonel Benton, has
+recorded concerning the perils undergone and results accomplished by
+this expedition. His pen is so graphic and life-like that the reader
+will doubtless thank us for the extract. Besides presenting a view of
+the expedition, it will unfold a fact which shows where the origin of
+the expedition had its conception. We give all he says concerning the
+expedition.[17]
+
+[Footnote 17: Thirty Years View, vol. ii. chap. 134.]
+
+"'The government deserves credit for the zeal with which it has
+pursued geographical discovery.' Such is the remark which a leading
+paper made upon the discoveries of Fremont, on his return from his
+second expedition to the great West; and such is the remark which
+all writers will make upon all his discoveries who write history
+from public documents and outside views. With all such writers the
+expeditions of Fremont will be credited to the zeal of the government
+for the promotion of science, as if the government under which he
+acted had conceived and planned these expeditions, as Mr. Jefferson
+did that of Lewis and Clark, and then selected this young officer
+to carry into effect the instructions delivered to him. How far such
+history would be true in relation to the first expedition, which
+terminated in the Rocky Mountains, has been seen in the account which
+has been given of the origin of that undertaking, and which leaves the
+government innocent of its conception; and, therefore, not entitled to
+the credit of its authorship, but only to the merit of permitting it.
+In the second, and greater expedition, from which great political as
+well as scientific results have flowed, their merit is still less;
+for, while equally innocent of its conception, they were not equally
+passive to its performance--countermanding the expedition after it had
+begun--and lavishing censure upon the adventurous young explorer for
+his manner of undertaking it. The fact was, that his first expedition
+barely finished, Mr. Fremont sought and obtained orders for a second
+one, and was on the frontier of Missouri with his command when orders
+arrived at St. Louis to stop him, on the ground that he had made
+a military equipment which the peaceful nature of his geographical
+pursuit did not require! as if Indians did not kill and rob scientific
+men as well as others if not in a condition to defend themselves. The
+particular point of complaint was that he had taken a small mountain
+howitzer, in addition to his rifles; and which he was informed,
+was charged to him, although it had been furnished upon a regular
+requisition on the commandant of the arsenal at St. Louis, approved by
+the commander of the military department (Colonel, afterward General
+Kearney). Mr. Fremont had left St. Louis, and was at the frontier,
+Mrs. Fremont being requested to examine the letters that came after
+him, and forward those which he ought to receive. She read the
+countermanding orders and detained them! and Fremont knew nothing
+of their existence, until after he had returned from one of the most
+marvellous and eventful expeditions of modern times--one to which
+the United States are indebted (among other things) for the present
+ownership of California, instead of seeing it a British possession.
+The writer of this View, who was then in St. Louis, approved of the
+course which his daughter had taken (for she had stopped the orders
+before he knew it); and he wrote a letter to the department condemning
+the recall, repulsing the reprimand which had been lavished upon
+Fremont, and demanding a court-martial for him when he should
+return. The Secretary of War was then Mr. James Madison Porter, of
+Pennsylvania; the chief of the topographical corps the same as now
+(Colonel Abert), himself an office man, surrounded by West Point
+officers, to whose pursuit of easy service, Fremont's adventurous
+expeditions was a reproach; and in conformity to whose opinions the
+secretary seemed to have acted. On Fremont's return, upwards of a year
+afterwards, Mr. William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, was Secretary of
+War, and received the young explorer with all honor and friendship,
+and obtained for him the brevet of captain from President Tyler. And
+such is the inside view of this piece of history--very different from
+what documentary evidence would make it.
+
+"To complete his survey across the continent, on the line of travel
+between the State of Missouri and the tide-water region of the
+Columbia, was Fremont's object in this expedition; and it was all that
+he had obtained orders for doing; but only a small part, and to his
+mind an insignificant part, of what he proposed doing. People had been
+to the mouth of the Columbia before, and his ambition was not limited
+to making tracks where others had made them before him. There was a
+vast region beyond the Rocky Mountains--the whole western slope of our
+continent--of which but little was known; and of that little, nothing
+with the accuracy of science. All that vast region, more than seven
+hundred miles square--equal to a great kingdom in Europe--was an
+unknown land--a sealed book, which he longed to open, and to read.
+Leaving the frontier of Missouri in May, 1843, and often diverging
+from his route for the sake of expanding his field of observation,
+he had arrived in the tide-water region of Columbia in the month of
+November; and had then completed the whole service which his orders
+embraced. He might then have returned upon his tracks, or been brought
+home by sea, or hunted the most pleasant path for getting back; and if
+he had been a routine officer, satisfied with fulfilling an order, he
+would have done so. Not so the young explorer, who held his diploma
+from nature, and not from the United States Military Academy. He was
+at Fort Vancouver, guest of the hospitable Dr. McLaughlin, Governor of
+the British Hudson Bay Fur Company; and obtained from him all possible
+information upon his intended line of return--faithfully given, but
+which proved to be disastrously erroneous in its leading and
+governing feature. A southeast route to cross the great unknown region
+diagonally through its heart (making a line from the Lower Columbia to
+the Upper Colorado of the Gulf of California), was his line of return;
+twenty-five men (the same who had come with him from the United
+States) and a hundred horses were his equipment; and the commencement
+of winter the time of starting--all without a guide, relying
+upon their guns for support; and, in the last resort, upon their
+horses--such as should give out! for one that could carry a man, or a
+pack, could not be spared for food.
+
+"All the maps up to that time had shown this region traversed from
+east to west--from the base of the Rocky Mountains to the Bay of San
+Francisco--by a great river called the _Buena Ventura_: which may be
+translated, the _Good Chance_. Governor McLaughlin believed in the
+existence of this river, and made out a conjectural manuscript map to
+show its place and course. Fremont believed in it, and his plan was to
+reach it before the dead of winter, and then hybernate upon it. As a
+great river he knew that it must have some rich bottoms, covered with
+wood and grass, where the wild animals would collect and shelter,
+when the snows and freezing winds drove them from the plains; and
+with these animals to live on, and grass for the horses, and wood for
+fires, he expected to avoid suffering, if not to enjoy comfort, during
+his solitary sojourn in that remote and profound wilderness.
+
+"He proceeded--soon encountered deep snows which impeded progress upon
+the highlands--descended into a low country to the left (afterwards
+known to be the Great Basin, from which no water issues to any
+sea)--skirted an enormous chain of mountain on the right, luminous
+with glittering white snow--saw strange Indians, who mostly
+fled--found a desert--no Buena Ventura; and death from cold and famine
+staring him in the face. The failure to find the river, or tidings of
+it, and the possibility of its existence seeming to be forbid by the
+structure of the country, and hybernation in the inhospitable desert
+being impossible, and the question being that of life and death, some
+new plan of conduct became indispensable. His celestial observations
+told him that he was in the latitude of the Bay of San Francisco, and
+only seventy miles from it. But what miles! up and down that snowy
+mountain which the Indians told him no men could cross in the
+winter--which would have snow upon it as deep as the trees, and places
+where people would slip off and fall half a mile at a time--a fate
+which actually befell a mule, packed with the precious burden of
+botanical specimens, collected along a travel of two thousand miles.
+No reward could induce an Indian to become a guide in the perilous
+adventure of crossing this mountain. All recoiled and fled from
+the adventure. It was attempted without a guide--in the dead of
+winter--accomplished in forty days--the men and surviving horses--a
+woeful procession, crawling along one by one; skeleton men leading
+skeleton horses--and arriving at Sutter's Settlement in the beautiful
+valley of the Sacramento; and where a genial warmth, and budding
+flowers, and trees in foliage, and grassy ground, and flowing streams,
+and comfortable food, made a fairy contrast with the famine and
+freezing they had encountered, and the lofty Sierra Nevada which they
+had climbed. Here he rested and recruited; and from this point, and
+by way of Monterey, the first tidings were heard of the party since
+leaving Fort Vancouver.
+
+"Another long progress to the south, skirting the western base of the
+Sierra Nevada, made him acquainted with the noble valley of the San
+Joaquin, counterpart to that of the Sacramento; when crossing through
+a gap, and turning to the left, he skirted the Great Basin; and
+by many deviations from the right line home, levied incessant
+contributions to science from expanded lands, not described before. In
+this eventful exploration, all the great features of the western slope
+of our continent were brought to light--the Great Salt Lake, the Utah
+Lake, the Little Salt Lake; at all which places, then deserts, the
+Mormons now are; the Sierra Nevada, then solitary in the snow, now
+crowded with Americans, digging gold from its flanks: the beautiful
+valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, then alive with wild
+horses, elk, deer, and wild fowls, now smiling with American
+cultivation; the Great Basin itself and its contents; the Three Parks;
+the approximation of the great rivers which, rising together in the
+central region of the Rocky Mountains, go off east and west, towards
+the rising and the setting sun--all these, and other strange features
+of a new region, more Asiatic than American, were brought to light and
+revealed to public view in the results of this exploration.
+
+"Eleven months he was never out of sight of snow; and sometimes,
+freezing with cold, would look down upon a sunny valley, warm with
+genial heat;--sometimes panting with the summer's heat, would look up
+at the eternal snows which crowned the neighboring mountain. But it
+was not then that California was secured to the Union--to the greatest
+power of the New World--to which it of right belonged; but it was the
+first step towards the acquisition, and the one that led to it. The
+second expedition led to a third, just in time to snatch the golden
+California from the hands of the British, ready to clutch it. But of
+this hereafter. Fremont's second expedition was now over. He had left
+the United States a fugitive from his government, and returned with a
+name that went over Europe and America, and with discoveries bearing
+fruit which the civilized world is now enjoying."
+
+On their homeward-bound journey, the party followed up the valley of
+the San Joaquin crossing over the Sierra Nevada and coast range of
+mountains at a point where they join and form a beautiful low pass.
+They continued on from here close under the coast range until they
+struck the Spanish Trail. This they followed to the Mohave River. That
+stream, it will be recollected, was an old friend of Kit Carson's.
+The reader will recall the many times he had caught beaver out of its
+waters. They followed the trail up the course of the river to where
+it leaves it. At this point an event occurred which somewhat retarded
+their progress, relieving the monotony of the route and somewhat
+changing their plans.
+
+Soon after the camp had been formed, they were visited by a Mexican
+man and boy; the one named Andreas Fuentes, the other Pablo Hernandez.
+They informed Fremont that they belonged to a party of Mexican traders
+which had come from New Mexico. They said that six of them, including
+in this number two women who acted as cooks, had been left by their
+friends in charge of a band of horses. The rest of the party were
+absent trafficking. The party of six thus left to watch the horses,
+consisted of Santiago Giacome, Andreas Fuentes and wife, and Pablo
+Hernandez, together with his father and mother. They were endeavoring
+to find better grazing for their animals. For this purpose they had
+penetrated the country as far as they dared; and, at about eighty
+miles from the camp of Fremont, had resolved to wait for their
+friends. Fuentes and the boy Pablo were on guard over the animals when
+their camp was attacked by hostile savages. The attacking band was
+about thirty in number.
+
+Their principal object was to seize the horses. To effect this the
+more easily, they saluted the little band with a flight of arrows as
+they advanced. Fuentes and Pablo now heard Giacome warning them to
+start the horses and run for it. Both were mounted. They obeyed the
+directions of Giacome and with the entire band of horses charged
+boldly into the midst of the Indians regardless of their weapons. The
+charge succeeded in breaking their line, through which Fuentes and
+Pablo boldly dashed after their animals. The Indians deferred the
+chase to attend to a more bloody purpose. Having put sixty miles
+between them and the site of the attack, they left their horses
+and started in search of their main body. This search led them into
+Fremont's camp. Fuentes feared that the worst had overtaken his wife.
+Pablo already looked upon himself as an orphan boy. He doubted not
+that the bloody savages had murdered both his father and mother. It
+was a sad picture to witness their grief. But Kit Carson could not
+do so unmoved. The heart of such grief has ever awakened his earnest
+sympathy. His sympathy, too, has never been of a wordy nature. He
+volunteered to go with Fuentes and make an attempt to deliver the
+captives, if such they should prove, or to avenge their death, if that
+became the sad alternative.
+
+Fuentes had left the horses at a spring of water, well known to
+Carson. There he had found signs of white men which had led him into
+Fremont's camp. There was no difficulty for Carson to find the spring.
+The whole company therefore traveled to the spring, which they reached
+early the next morning, distant about thirty miles from their last
+camp. The horses were not to be seen. A short examination of signs
+soon revealed to Carson and Godey that the two Mexicans had been
+followed by the Indians and that they had come upon the horses shortly
+after they had left them. Of course therefore they had captured and
+driven them off.
+
+Carson and Godey were determined to make one effort to punish the
+rascals. They started, taking Fuentes with them, upon the trail of
+the Indians. The chase was a severe one, as, in the judgment of the
+mountaineers, the Indians would not make a short trail after acquiring
+so much booty. The horse which Fuentes rode, most unfortunately, gave
+out after a short ride. There was no time to be lost and no means at
+hand to supply this important deficiency. To turn back to camp would
+supply it, but that course would also lose them their game. Fuentes,
+therefore, was requested to return to Fremont's camp, and there await
+the return of Kit Carson and Godey. These two had been the only men
+in the entire command who had volunteered in this chase. The loss of
+Fuentes therefore made their task literally a Don Quixotic adventure.
+Two men against thirty. But Kit Carson was not the man to turn his
+back upon an adventure as soon as the difficulties began to present
+themselves. He well knew that he had one man on whom he could rely.
+Richard Godey was his tried and trusty friend, his kindred spirit and
+a noble hearted man. Leaving the Mexican to find his way back to camp,
+a distance of about twenty miles, they gave him their word that they
+would finish the business. The following night was very dark, and in
+order to keep on the right scent Carson and Godey were obliged to
+lead their horses and frequently to follow the trail by the sense of
+feeling. It was seldom, however, that they lost the path, and never
+for more than a few moments at a time. Gradually the signs grew
+fresher as they advanced, which gave them the assurance that they were
+rapidly gaining on the pursuit. Finally, they concluded that only
+a few hours separated them from the savages. Having accomplished a
+considerable part of their journey during the night, and finding that
+both themselves and their horses required rest, they concluded to
+halt. Having unsaddled their animals and turned them out to graze,
+they wrapped themselves up in their wet blankets and laid down to
+sleep. The weather, however, was too cold to permit sleeping in
+comfort without a fire. That they dare not make, fearing it would
+prove a warning signal to the savages. Having worried through the
+remainder of this cold and cheerless night, they arose early in the
+morning and went to the bottom of a deep ravine where they kindled
+a small fire and succeeded in warming themselves. At daybreak they
+re-saddled their jaded horses and once more started upon the trail.
+Just as the sun was rising they discovered the Indians. When first
+seen they were encamped two miles in advance, and were enjoying a
+breakfast on horse steaks, having already killed five of the stolen
+animals. Kit Carson and his friend dismounted, and, concealing their
+horses near by, held a council of war. They decided to crawl in among
+the herd of stolen animals which were grazing, without guard, at a
+short distance from the camp of the savages. Upon reaching the horses,
+they agreed to be guided by circumstances. First divesting themselves
+of all useless apparel, they commenced their task. After much cautious
+labor they gained their point and stood among the animals. As soon,
+however, as they arrived, one of the young horses of the band became
+frightened at the grotesque figures cut by the two creeping men and
+exhibited his fear by snorting and kicking up his heels. This alarmed
+the remainder of the horses and caused quite a commotion among them,
+which had the effect to alarm the savages, who sprang for their arms.
+With a yell, Carson and Godey instantly turned towards the savages. As
+soon as they were all fairly in view the two white men saw that they
+had thirty warriors before them to deal with. When they had advanced
+within rifle range Kit Carson halted and, aiming his rifle at the
+stoutest looking brave, fired. The fierce savage fell with a cry
+of anguish. Godey had also halted and fired, but he missed his aim.
+Instantly reloading, he made the second attempt and this time brought
+down a warrior. While these events were taking place the red men were
+running about in great confusion. Occasionally they returned a few
+arrows, but they all proved but harmless missiles. The fact was the
+Indians were puzzled what to think of the audacity of the two men.
+Evidently they considered them to be an advance party of some strong
+force, acting with a view of decoying them into a close fight. Acting
+upon this they began to fly in every direction except that from which
+danger impended. Kit and Godey, as they had calculated, were thus,
+quite unceremoniously, left masters of the enemy's camp. Besides the
+recaptured horses, they had two trophies lying upon the ground in
+the shape of a brace of stalwart warriors. In order to show their
+companions on their return that they were not given to boasting, they
+followed the example and practice of the savages and scalped the two
+Indians. The common expression now in use is that they proceeded to
+"take the hair" of their victims. The performance of this act was a
+matter of choice and fell to the lot of Godey, while Kit Carson,
+with the two rifles, ascended an eminence near at hand for the double
+purpose of standing guard over his companion and also to reconnoitre.
+Godey commenced his operations on the savage which he himself had
+shot. Having finished with him, he started for the other Indian hit by
+Kit Carson. But this fellow after he had fallen had crawled quite out
+of view among some rocks. Being only wounded, he raised up and sent
+an arrow at Godey as he approached which pierced his shirt collar.
+The Indian had already lost a large amount of blood. His last act so
+exhausted him that he sank back upon the ground and expired. They next
+proceeded to collect the horses. Upon counting them they found the
+number stated by the Mexican to be correct with the exception of five
+killed by the Indians for their feast. The animals were now driven to
+the spot where their own horses had been left.. Here they held another
+council and determined to seek out the fate of the remainder of the
+Mexican party. They therefore bent their steps towards the late camp
+of the Mexicans. There they found the bodies of the two men terribly
+mangled. The savage ferocity of the rascally savages had here had full
+play as soon as they found that the two who were on guard had broken
+through their line and escaped with the horses. Their bodies were
+naked and full of arrows. The women were not to be found. The remains
+were decently interred by Carson and Godey, and then they set about
+looking for the women. After a long search they could discover nothing
+of them, and concluded that they had been reserved for a worse fate.
+The remains of these two poor captives were afterwards found by some
+of Fremont's men. The Indians, not satisfied with killing them, had
+staked their bodies to the ground. Kit Carson and Godey having now
+accomplished, on this errand of mercy, all that lay in the power of
+man to do, set out to return and soon rejoined their friends, whom
+they found anxiously waiting for them. Col. Fremont concludes his
+account of this affair in the following words:
+
+"Their object accomplished, our men gathered up all the surviving
+horses, fifteen in number, returned upon their trail, and rejoined us
+at our camp in the afternoon of the same day. They had rode about one
+hundred miles in the pursuit and return, and all in thirty hours. The
+time, place, object, and numbers considered, this expedition of Carson
+and Godey may be considered among the boldest and most disinterested
+which the annals of western adventure, so full of daring deeds, can
+present. Two men, in a savage desert, pursue day and night an unknown
+body of Indians into the defiles of an unknown mountain--attack them
+on sight, without counting numbers--and defeat them in an instant--and
+for what? To punish the robbers of the desert, and to avenge the
+wrongs of Mexicans whom they did not know. I repeat: it was Carson
+and Godey who did this--the former an American, born in Kentucky; the
+latter a Frenchman by descent, born in St. Louis; and both trained to
+western enterprise from early life."
+
+The stolen property was restored to the Mexicans without one cent
+being demanded or received by either Carson or Godey.
+
+It was not for the love of Indian fighting as many may suppose, that
+Kit Carson was moved to take part in such expeditions; but, when the
+life of a fellow-creature is exposed to Indian barbarities, no living
+man is more willing, or more capable of rendering a lasting service
+than Christopher Carson. A name that, wherever it is known, is ranked
+among the "bravest of the brave."
+
+Soon after the two volunteers came in, Fremont resumed his journey and
+continued it without anything transpiring to disturb the equanimity
+of the party until they reached a point on the Virgin River where the
+Spanish Trail leaves it. It became necessary to change camps here, in
+order that the animals might take advantage of better grass. As the
+party were enjoying a day's rest, one of the men, a Canadian by birth,
+missed his riding mule from the herd. Without informing any of his
+friends of his intentions, he started out in quest of the animal. His
+absence, at first, was not noticed; but, soon, inquiries were made for
+him, and when an unusual length of time had passed without his return,
+Fremont became anxious for his safety. He directed Kit Carson to take
+three men and go in search of him. On arriving at their last camp,
+Kit found a spot where, undoubtedly, the man had fallen from his horse
+wounded, as, about the place, there were pools of coagulated blood.
+It was now believed that their companion was dead. Kit immediately
+ordered the party to search for his body, but they could not find it.
+They then followed the trail of the Canadian's horse, which it was
+very evident he had caught and mounted before being shot. It led to
+where the animal had crossed the river. There, all signs disappeared.
+After a faithful search for the trail, Kit returned to camp, and
+informed his commander of the result of his day's work. The next
+morning the search was renewed by all of the company. They discovered
+Indian signs, yet could not trace them to where the body was. After
+looking in every conceivable hiding-place in the neighborhood of the
+signs, they gave up the hunt. Kit Carson was much affected by the loss
+of this man. He had been his friend. They had been associated in many
+trapping expeditions, and knew each other most intimately. He felt
+assured that, if the Canadian had not been surprised by any enemy in
+ambuscade, he would have killed one or two Indians before he himself
+fell; for, besides being a very brave man, he was well versed in
+Indian mode of warfare, and was considered a fine marksman.
+
+The party now proceeded on their journey, returning to and keeping on
+the Spanish Trail, which was not left until they reached the "Vega
+of Santa Clara." There they struck out across the country to the Utah
+lake, which, after crossing, they left, and went to the Wintry River,
+and thence to Green River, Brown's Hole, Little Snake River, and so on
+to the mouth of St. Vrain's Fork. It was here that they traversed
+the mountains and came upon Laramie River below the New Park. They
+journeyed through this into the Old Park, and thence traveled to the
+head waters of the south fork of the Platte. On quitting it, they bent
+their way to the Arkansas River, coming on to it at a point just below
+the place where it leaves the Rocky Mountains; and, by keeping on
+down it, they arrived at Bent's Fort on the 2d of July, 1844. On the
+following fourth of July Mr. Bent gave a dinner in commemoration of
+the occasion to Fremont and his party. Although hundreds of miles
+separated from their countrymen, yet they sat down to as sumptuous a
+repast as could be furnished in many towns of the States.
+
+The exploring party considered their labors finished at this post,
+as, in accordance with the tastes of many of the party, they were near
+enough to civilization. The command was dissolved, and Colonel Fremont
+proceeded on his route to Washington. Kit Carson, about the same time,
+started for Taos, where he had been for a long time anxiously expected
+by his family and friends.
+
+The description which Colonel Fremont has given of the country through
+which this expedition traveled, seems to be an appropriate and almost
+a necessary addition to this work. On the 24th day of May the party,
+on their return, reached the Utah Lake. "Early the next day," says
+Fremont, "we came in sight of the lake; and, as we descended to the
+broad bottoms of the Spanish Fork, three horsemen were seen galloping
+towards us, who proved to be Utah Indians--scouts from a village,
+which was encamped near the mouth of the river. They were armed with
+rifles, and their horses were in good condition. We encamped near
+them, on the Spanish Fork, which is one of the principal tributaries
+to the lake. Finding the Indians troublesome, and desirous to remain
+here a day, we removed the next morning further down the lake, and
+encamped on a fertile bottom near the foot of the same mountainous
+ridge which borders the Great Salt Lake, and along which we had
+journeyed the previous September.
+
+"We had now accomplished an object we had in view when leaving the
+Dalles of the Columbia in November last; we had reached the Utah Lake;
+but by a route very different from what we had intended, and without
+sufficient time remaining to make the examinations which were desired.
+It is a lake of note in this country, under the dominion of the Utahs,
+who resort to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about fifteen
+miles, stretching far to the north, narrowing as it goes, and
+connecting with the Great Salt Lake.
+
+"In arriving at the Utah Lake, we had completed an immense circuit
+of twelve degrees diameter north and south, and ten degrees east and
+west; and found ourselves in May, 1844, on the same sheet of water
+which we had left in September, 1843. The Utah is the southern limb
+of the Great Salt Lake; and thus we had seen that remarkable sheet of
+water both at its northern and southern extremity, and were able to
+fix its position at these two points. The circuit which we had
+made, and which had cost us eight months of time, and 3,500 miles of
+traveling, had given us a view of Oregon and of North California from
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and of the two principal
+streams which form bays or harbors on the coast of that sea. Having
+completed this circuit, and being now about to turn the back upon the
+Pacific slope of our continent, and to recross the Rocky Mountains, it
+is natural to look back upon our footsteps, and take some brief view
+of the leading features and general structure of the country we have
+traversed. These are peculiar and striking, and differ essentially
+from the Atlantic side of our country. The mountains all are higher,
+more numerous, and more distinctly defined in their ranges and
+directions; and, what is so contrary to the natural order of such
+formations, one of these, ranges, which is near the coast (the Sierra
+Nevada and the Coast Range), presents higher elevations and peaks than
+any which are to be found in the Rocky Mountains themselves. In our
+eight months' circuit, we were never out, of sight of snow; and the
+Sierra Nevada, where we crossed it, was near 2,000 feet higher than
+the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains. In height, these mountains
+greatly exceed those of the Atlantic side, constantly presenting peaks
+which enter the region of eternal snow; and some of them volcanic, and
+in a frequent state of activity. They are seen at great distances and
+guide the traveler in his courses.
+
+"The course and elevation of these ranges give direction to the
+rivers, and character to the coast. No great river does, or can, take
+its rise below the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range; the distance to
+the sea is too short to admit of it. The rivers of the San Francisco
+Bay, which are the largest after the Columbia, are local to that bay,
+and lateral to the coast, having their sources about on a line with
+the Dalles of the Columbia, and running each in a valley of its own,
+between the Coast Range and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range. The
+Columbia is the only river which traverses the whole breadth of
+the country, breaking through all the ranges, and entering the sea.
+Drawing its waters from a section of ten degrees of latitude in the
+Rocky Mountains, which are collected into one stream by three main
+forks (Lewis's, Clark's, and the North Fork), near the centre of the
+Oregon valley, this great river thence proceeds by a single channel to
+the sea, while its three forks lead each to a pass in the mountains,
+which opens the way into the interior of the continent. This fact in
+relation to the rivers of this region gives an immense value to the
+Columbia. Its mouth is the only inlet and outlet to and from the sea;
+its three forks lead to the passes in the mountains; it is, therefore,
+the only line of communication between the Pacific and the interior of
+North America; and all operations of war or commerce, of national or
+social intercourse, must be conducted upon it. This gives it a value
+beyond estimation, and would involve irreparable injury if lost. In
+this unity and concentration of its waters, the Pacific side of our
+continent differs entirely from the Atlantic side, where the waters of
+the Alleghany Mountains are dispersed into many rivers, having
+their different entrances into the sea, and opening many lines of
+communication with the interior."
+
+"The Pacific coast is equally different from that of the Atlantic. The
+coast of the Atlantic is low and open, indented with numerous bays,
+sounds, and river estuaries, accessible everywhere, and opening by
+many channels into the heart of the country. The Pacific coast, on the
+contrary, is high and compact, with few bays, and but one that opens
+into the heart of the country. The immediate coast is what the seamen
+call _iron bound_. A little within, it is skirted by two successive
+ranges of mountains, standing as ramparts between the sea and the
+interior country; and to get through which, there is but one gate, and
+that narrow and easily defended. This structure of the coast, backed
+by these two ranges of mountains, with its concentration and unity of
+waters, gives to the country an immense military strength, and will
+probably render Oregon the most impregnable country in the world."
+
+"Differing so much from the Atlantic side of our continent in coast,
+mountains, and rivers, the Pacific side differs from it in another
+most rare and singular feature--that of the Great interior Basin,
+of which I have so often spoken, and the whole form and character of
+which I was so anxious to ascertain. Its existence is vouched for by
+such of the American traders and hunters as have some knowledge of
+that region; the structure of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains
+requires it to be there; and my own observations confirm it. Mr.
+Joseph Walker, who is so well acquainted in those parts, informed
+that, from the Great Salt Lake west, there was a succession of lakes
+and rivers which have no outlet to the sea, nor any connection with
+the Columbia, or with the Colorado of the Gulf of California. He
+described some of these lakes as being large, with numerous streams,
+and even considerable rivers, falling into them. In fact, all concur
+in the general report of these interior rivers and lakes; and, for
+want of understanding the force and power of evaporation, which so
+soon establishes an equilibrium between the loss and supply of waters,
+the fable of whirlpools and subterraneous outlets has gained belief
+as the only imaginable way of carrying off the waters which have no
+visible discharge. The structure of the country would require this
+formation of interior lakes; for the waters which would collect
+between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, not being able
+to cross this formidable barrier, nor to get to the Columbia or the
+Colorado, must naturally collect into reservoirs, each of which would
+have its little system of streams and rivers to supply it. This would
+be the natural effect; and what I saw went to confirm it. The Great
+Salt Lake is a formation of this kind, and quite a large one; and
+having many streams, and one considerable river, four or five hundred
+miles long, falling into it. This lake and river I saw and examined
+myself; and also saw the Wahsatch and Bear River Mountains which
+inclose the waters of the lake on the east, and constitute, in that
+quarter, the rim of the Great Basin. Afterwards, along the eastern
+base of the Sierra Nevada, where we traveled for forty-two days, I saw
+the line of lakes and rivers which lie at the foot of that Sierra; and
+which Sierra is the western rim of the Basin. In going down Lewis's
+Fork and the main Columbia, I crossed only inferior streams coming in
+from the left, such as could draw their water from a short distance
+only; and I often saw the mountains at their heads, white with snow;
+which, all accounts said, divided the waters of the _desert_ from
+those of the Columbia, and which could be no other than the range of
+mountains which form the rim of the Basin on its northern side. And in
+returning from California along the Spanish trail, as far as the
+head of the Santa Clara Fork of the Rio Virgen, I crossed only small
+streams making their way south to the Colorado, or lost in sand--as
+the Mo-hah-ve; while to the left, lofty mountains, their summits white
+with snow, were often visible, and which must have turned water to the
+north as well as to the south, and thus constituted, on this part, the
+southern rim of the Basin. At the head of the Santa Clara Fork, and
+in the Vegas de Santa Clara, we crossed the ridge which parted the
+two systems of waters. We entered the Basin at that point, and have
+traveled in it ever since, having its southeastern rim (the Wahsatch
+Mountain) on the right, and crossing the streams which flow down into
+it. The existence of the Basin is, therefore, an established fact in
+my mind; its extent and contents are yet to be better ascertained. It
+cannot be less than four or five hundred miles each way, and must lie
+principally in the Alta California; the demarcation latitude of 42 deg.
+probably cutting a segment from the north part of the rim. Of its
+interior, but little is known. It is called a _desert_, and, from what
+I saw of it, sterility may be its prominent characteristic; but where
+there is so much water there must be some _oasis_. The great river
+and the great lake reported may not be equal to the report; but where
+there is so much snow, there must be streams; and where there is no
+outlet, there must be lakes to hold the accumulated waters, or sands
+to swallow them up. In this eastern part of the basin, containing
+Sevier, Utah, and the Great Salt lakes, and the rivers and creeks
+falling into them, we know there is good soil and good grass, adapted
+to civilized settlements. In the western part, on Salmon-trout River,
+and some other streams, the same remark may be made."
+
+"The contents of this Great Basin are yet to be examined. That it is
+peopled, we know; but miserably and sparsely. From all that I heard
+and saw, I should say that humanity here appeared in its lowest
+form, and in its most elementary state. Dispersed in single families;
+without fire-arms; eating seeds and insects; digging roots (and hence
+their name); such is the condition of the greater part. Others are a
+degree higher, and live in communities upon some lake or river that
+supplies fish, and from which they repulse the miserable _digger_. The
+rabbit is the largest animal known in this desert; its flesh affords
+a little meat; and their bag-like covering is made of its skins.
+The wild sage is their only wood, and here it is of extraordinary
+size--sometimes a foot in diameter, and six or eight feet high. It
+serves for fuel, for building material, for shelter to the rabbits,
+and for some sort of covering for the feet and legs in cold weather.
+Such are the accounts of the inhabitants and productions of the Great
+Basin; and which, though imperfect, must have some foundation, and
+excite our desire to know the whole."
+
+"The whole idea of such a desert and such a people, is a novelty in
+our country, and excites Asiatic, not American ideas. Interior basins,
+with their own systems of lakes and rivers, and often sterile, are
+common enough in Asia; people in the elementary state of families,
+living in deserts, with no other occupation than the mere animal
+search for food, may still be seen in that ancient quarter of the
+globe; but in America such things are new and strange, unknown and
+unsuspected, and discredited when related. But I flatter myself
+that what is discovered, though not enough to satisfy curiosity,
+is sufficient to excite it, and that subsequent explorations will
+complete what has been commenced."
+
+"This account of the Great Basin, it will be remembered, belongs
+to the Alta California, and has no application to Oregon, whose
+capabilities may justify a separate remark. Referring to my journal
+for particular descriptions, and for sectional boundaries between good
+and bad districts, I can only say, in general and comparative terms,
+that, in that branch of agriculture which implies the cultivation of
+grains and staple crops, it would be inferior to the Atlantic States,
+though many parts are superior for wheat, while in the rearing of
+flocks and herds it would claim a high place. Its grazing capabilities
+are great; and even in the indigenous grass now there, an element
+of individual and national wealth may be found. In fact the valuable
+grasses begin within one hundred and fifty miles of the Missouri
+frontier and extend to the Pacific Ocean. East of the Rocky Mountains,
+it is the short, curly grass, on which the buffalo delight to feed
+(whence its name of buffalo), and which is still good when dry and
+apparently dead. West of those mountains it is a larger growth, in
+clusters, and hence called bunch grass, and which has a second or fall
+growth. Plains and mountains both exhibit them; and I have seen good
+pasturage at an elevation of ten thousand feet. In this spontaneous
+product, the trading or traveling caravans can find subsistence for
+their animals; and in military operations any number of cavalry may be
+moved, and any number of cattle may be driven, and thus men and horses
+be supported on long expeditions, and even in winter in the sheltered
+situations.
+
+"Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must be great, washed
+as it is by the North Pacific Ocean, fronting Asia, producing many
+of the elements of commerce, mild and healthy in its climate, and
+becoming, as it naturally will, a thoroughfare for the East India and
+China trade."
+
+Col. Fremont, in this beautiful and instructive passage of descriptive
+writing, refers to the grass on which the buffalo "delight to feed."
+It is eminently proper that we should add a few words for general
+information concerning the grasses of the prairies, as also concerning
+the timber, flowers, game, face of the country, etc., etc., in which
+the whole life of Kit Carson has been spent.
+
+On the west side of the Arkansas River, and between that stream and
+the Rocky Mountains, there are three distinct species of grass found.
+The first is the short, curly variety, on which the buffalo are said
+to feed, from which fact it takes its name. The second kind is the
+Grama grass, which is, I believe, indigenous to only this section of
+America. Its stalk grows to the height of about one foot. Near its
+top, it gives off, at right angles, another stem, which is
+usually from one and a half to three inches in length. From this
+last-mentioned stem, hang clusters of seeds which are well protected
+by a suitable covering. It is said, and my own observation confirms
+the fact, that horses will leave grain, such as corn and oats, to
+feed on this grass; and its wonderful nutritious properties cannot be
+denied. Wild oats are often seen in the mountain valleys. Along the
+low swampy lands which skirt the rivers of the plains, there is yet
+another species of grass which grows oftentimes several feet high,
+and has a broad blade, similar almost to that of the flag plant. On
+approaching the mountains the blue grass is found, which is nearly the
+same as that usually met with in many of our western States. The bunch
+grass, as spoken of by Fremont, is not confined to the mountains in
+New Mexico; it is sometimes met with in the valleys, where it grows
+to an immense height; but, in the low lands, it is useless, being too
+tough for animals to masticate. Strangers, when journeying in these
+parts, often make the mistake of selecting camps in this tall grass,
+being deceived by its thrifty appearance; but, one night, thus spent,
+will clearly prove its utter worthlessness.
+
+On the plains there are but few wild flowers; but, as the traveler
+approaches the mountains, they greet his eyes in extensive beds and of
+variegated colors. As a grazing country, the Rocky Mountains and their
+immediate vicinity cannot be surpassed. The timber found there is poor
+in quality. It comprises pine, cedar, and cotton wood, with here
+and there patches of small and crooked oak bushes. The rivers in
+the mountains are formed from melting snows and springs. They come
+tumbling down through rough gorges and rocky canons, until they are
+free in the valleys, where, they form bold and beautiful rivers. The
+brook trout are the fish which mostly inhabit them, and, a singular
+fact, in many of these streams this kind of fish treat the presence of
+a man with perfect indifference, which has led me to believe, that in
+their primitive state, the "shy trout" fear neither man nor beast. The
+Indians catch them, and it may be that this fish is first frightened
+by them. In the Rocky Mountains, south of the head waters of the
+Arkansas, comparatively speaking, there are but few small birds and
+squirrels. The raven, the crow, the hawk, the owl, and occasionally
+the eagle, are seen. Wild geese, ducks, and cranes, are common.
+Pigeons, including the wild dove, are not often seen. The magpie is
+found in abundance. Turkeys and grouse are also in abundance. Wild
+rabbits and a species of hare are also common. Indeed a man can travel
+for days in the Rocky Mountains and never hear the musical notes of a
+bird. In these mountains, rattle-snakes are only found in the
+valleys, where it is warm. In the summer, the deer and elk live in the
+mountains; but, when cold weather sets in, they are driven out of
+them by the deep snows. The antelope of the plains seek the mountain
+valleys during the winter. The buffalo migrate south as the season
+becomes too severe for them. Sometimes they are caught by the storms,
+and are obliged to winter also in the mountain valleys. The pine
+trees of the Rocky Mountains bear a small nut, which is called by the
+Mexicans _pinon_, which, when cooked, are quite pleasant to the taste.
+There are many small salt lakes in the mountains, and many marshes,
+where the ground is covered white by the salt deposit. The mineral
+wealth of the Rocky Mountains is very great, and there is no doubt but
+some day, rich veins of gold, silver, and iron ore will be discovered
+there. The geological formation of the country is such as to warrant
+this belief. Nearly every stream carries down in its floods that
+precious metal, gold; but, in such small quantities, as not to attract
+the attention of miners. I have found there, on the surface of the
+earth, small pieces of material resembling stone coal, which have
+probably been thrown up by some volcanic action. Hot and mineral
+springs are not unfrequently met with. They are places of frequent
+resort by the Indians, who use them for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+    Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer--He is joined in the
+    Enterprise by a Friend--They build a Ranche on the Cimeron
+    River--Descriptions of Mexican Customs and Country--Fremont
+    once more at Bent's Fort--Express sent for Kit Carson to
+    join the Expedition as Guide--The Ranche Sold, and
+    the Departure--The Third Expedition and
+    its Explorations--Difficulties with the
+    Mexican-Californians--General Castro's Orders to leave the
+    Country--Determination to Fight--Fremont goes to Lawson's
+    Fort--Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand Indians--The
+    Battle and the Victory--The news that War had been
+    declared between the United States and Mexico reaches
+    Fremont--Lieutenant Gillespie rescued from the Indians--Three
+    of the party killed in the Night by Indians--The Savages
+    repulsed--The Burial of Comrades.
+
+
+In the early spring of 1845, Kit Carson, after weighing the various
+occupations which presented, decided to become a farmer. One of his
+mountaineer friends, Mr. Richard Owens, came to the same conclusion.
+Together they talked over their plans, and concluded that it would
+be to them, at least, newness of life to be domiciled in their own
+houses. The two hunters carefully marked out their plans, and then set
+to work with a will for success to carry them into execution. A
+very short time enabled them to choose a farming site, because their
+knowledge of the country enabled them to see all of its desirable
+localities, as it were at a glance. They decided to purchase a tract
+of wild land situated on the little Cimeron River, and improve it.
+Their arrangements were soon made, tools and implements, stock and
+animals, provisions and necessaries all procured. With the services of
+some laborers hired by them, they were soon engaged actively preparing
+their land for the reception of seed. The spot which they selected
+was forty-five miles east of Taos. They commenced the enterprise by
+building some small huts. These afforded both themselves and their
+Mexican laborers a comfortable lodgment. They sowed a considerable
+quantity of grain, and prepared timber almost sufficient to build good
+substantial houses. Their vigorously prosecuted labors began to show
+evident results, and in the prospect, it was clearly apparent that
+another year would serve to give them profitable reward for their
+enterprise.
+
+It seems appropriate at this point, that we should enable the reader
+to look upon and judge of the farming country and habits of New
+Mexico; their markets, and some of the manners and customs of the
+people who dwell in cities. The town of Taos affords a fair sample of
+the markets, and as Kit Carson has many times been exhibited to the
+reader at that place, it is very proper that we should describe it.
+
+The town of Taos is located in a valley called by the same name. The
+town consists of a series of villages, which are scattered, and are
+known to the Mexicans by various names. The main village is called
+Fernandez de Taos, and is located near the centre of the valley, on
+a high plateau of ground. The buildings here, as, indeed, in all the
+towns of New Mexico, are constructed of adobes, and are one story
+high, with what is usually known as flat roofs. These houses are
+huddled together without much regard being paid to streets. The main
+attraction of the town is the plaza, where all the business, such
+as marketing, etc., is carried on. It is here that the stores are
+located; and, on a fete day, or in business hours, it is thronged
+with Mexicans, Americans, and Indians. Among these there is a large
+per-centage of idlers. The houses are mostly covered with a white
+material, which is either chalk or lime. The church is the largest
+building in the town, and is a rough specimen of architecture, which
+is rudely finished within. It has a flat-sounding bell, propped up
+in a sort of a belfry. To make a noise on this, a piece of iron, or
+several stones are used; and, when an attempt at chiming is made,
+it is very laughable. The figures representing saints, and even the
+altar, are a strange compound of imitation. On the respective days set
+apart by the Catholic church for worship, marriages and fete
+services are carried on with a great attempt at pomp, but, under the
+circumstances, they leave no lasting impression of grandeur, save on
+the inhabitants, who have beheld nothing beyond their own country. The
+dignitary most respected in these towns is the Padre (or Priest), who
+is looked upon as sacred; and, when so inclined, this class of men
+have the power of accomplishing much good; but, oftentimes, they
+pervert this power, setting bad examples in their mode of life, and
+offering wicked counsel. However, under the management of the present
+bishop, who is a very exemplary man, these things are being changed.
+The old Priests of New Mexico were formerly educated in Old Mexico.
+Their information was very imperfect, and their minds were contracted
+down to extreme narrowness, from want of observation; hence, they were
+the means of retarding the natural progress of the people. It cannot
+be denied but that the Catholic religion has been the pioneer system
+in the far West, and that, in the hands of good and pure men, it has
+done much praiseworthy work, and has set an example which other creeds
+might and ought to follow. The valley of Taos is bounded on all sides
+by lofty mountains, which are but continuations of the Rocky chain.
+The boundaries of this valley are very irregular, both in the course
+they take and in their altitudes. The valley is about thirty miles
+wide and some fifteen miles long. The ground has the appearance, at
+first sight, of being a plain; but, on closer observation, it is
+found to contain many ravines, and to bear the appearance of being
+undulating. To the west side of it, rolls the Rio Grande, which
+cuts, for most of the way, through a deep and impassable (for fording
+purposes) channel. In the valley, there are but few, if any, trees,
+which fact gives the villages a barren look. The mountains about are
+covered with timber, which is not generally of the first quality for
+building purposes. The number of people included within the limits
+of this valley, it is difficult to estimate; but, about ten thousand
+would include every living soul. The occupation of the people is
+farming. Raising horses, cattle and sheep is carried on to a certain
+extent; but most of the large herds of these animals owned in this
+town are kept at ranches situated at more distant points, where grass
+is to be had in abundance, and those retained about the villages are
+only kept for immediate use. The reason for this is found in the fact
+that most of this valley is not under cultivation, but is covered with
+sage bushes. It is around the skirts of the mountains, that the only
+valuable grass is found. The people, as a general thing, are quite
+poor, but, as they find a ready market through the military posts for
+their produce, they manage to realize some money, and thus live quite
+comfortably, in contrast with their former destitute condition under
+the government of Old Mexico. Some of the inhabitants might be said to
+be rich, though but few of this class own ten thousand dollars' worth
+of property. It is with great labor that the people of Taos bring
+their crops to perfection, as it is necessary to irrigate the
+soil, unless the season, which is rarely the fact, is favorable in
+furnishing rains to them. There are no fences to divide one man's
+possessions from another's; but, by common law, they furnish shepherds
+to guard their flocks and cattle and keep them from trespassing. The
+climate is very severe during the winter season, but in the summer
+it is delightful. The health of this community is wonderfully good.
+Indeed, the only severe diseases they have to contend against are
+brought on by vices. Excluding small pox, and the lesser complaints
+among young children, no epidemics are known. The country is so
+elevated and inland, that the air is dry and salubrious, and the "dew
+point" is rarely reached so as to amount to anything. It may be well
+to add here, that for the consumptive patient, in the early stages of
+the disease, there is no such climate in the world to visit, as that
+of New Mexico; but, as a matter of course, he must vary his location
+with the changes of temperature, being governed by the seasons. The
+winter in Taos is too severe for him; then, he must go South, towards,
+or even to El Paso, where it is congenial to his disease. I prophesy
+that some day our internal continent will be the "Mecca" for pilgrims
+with this disease.
+
+The dress of the New Mexican is the same as in Old Mexico. The peasant
+wears his _sombrero_ and his everlasting blanket, which serves him
+as a coat, and a covering by night. He rarely has but one suit of
+clothes, which are put on new and worn until they are of no further
+use. By amalgamating with the Americans, they are gradually
+changing their style of dress. The buckskin pants, which were
+characteristically cut and ornamented, are giving way to the ordinary
+cloth ones of his white companion. It is so with the blanket, which is
+being shed for the coat; and, again, this is true with the moccasin,
+which is being replaced by the leathern shoe. The dress of the female
+has undergone the same alteration. From almost a state of nudity,
+they have been raised to a position from which they look upon silk
+and satin with a "_connoisseur's_ eye." When New Mexico was part
+and parcel of the domain of Old Mexico, Taos was the seat of much
+smuggling from the United States, and many an apparent pack of grain
+drawn into the town has been nothing less than packages of domestic
+goods, the duties upon which, when introduced in the legal way,
+were enormous; hence the white men engaged in this business, when
+successful, met with ample rewards for their labors. The frontiers
+were like the olden sea coasts. The Mexicans kept out scores of
+custom-house officers to guard their frontiers, but the shrewd
+foreigners, many times, were able to escape them; at others, they
+were so fortunate as to find that a bribe would answer as well. An old
+trick was to have a double bottom to a wagon, and, in the vacant space
+thus formed, were stowed valuable shawls and such light articles as
+would meet a sure and remunerative sale. Sometimes the goods were
+brought near the frontiers and there hidden in the ground until a
+favorable opportunity offered to steal them into the country. When
+there was great danger that these secreted goods would be discovered,
+the smugglers would so arrange a keg of powder with a loaded pistol
+pointing at it, with strings running to the shrubbery near by, so as
+to cause it to explode and kill the searchers should the bushes about
+be disturbed. One old smuggler once fixed things in this manner, but
+performed his task too well; for, on going to remove his property, he
+came very near blowing himself up, as the mine was sprung and he was
+thrown in the air, but miraculously escaped. Many of the adventures
+of these men would be interesting; but they are too voluminous to be
+embodied in our work. The valley of Taos is well watered by mountain
+streams which flow into the Rio Grande. On one of these creeks and
+near the mountains, to the east of Fernandez de Taos, is located an
+Indian Pueblo which is very interesting to the traveler. Its houses
+are built one on top of another until a sort of pyramid is formed. The
+people enter their respective domicils through the roofs, which form
+a kind of steps. At the foot of this queer building there is a church;
+and around, the scenery is very picturesque, as the whole is bounded
+on one side by a gap in the mountains, while on the other is the open
+valley. This band of Indians at first offered great resistance and
+fought with much bravery against the United States; but now they
+are counted among its most faithful allies, and are great in their
+admiration of Kit Carson. The farming utensils of the New Mexicans
+are rude in the extreme; but the agricultural implements of the
+Anglo-Saxon are slowly replacing these articles. The old plough, as
+frequently used at the present time by the New Mexicans, is indeed
+a curiosity, as it probably was invented in the earliest times. It
+consists of one piece of timber which is crooked the proper shape by
+nature; the end of this is sharpened, and on it is fastened a single
+piece of iron which has an attempt at a sharp point. The force to
+propel this farming implement is attached in the usual way, with but
+few modifications. Oxen are always employed in this labor, and their
+yoke is fastened after the Egyptian fashion, to their horns instead of
+by bows. In breaking up the hard prairies, this plough had a difficult
+task to perform and was often broken; but, by the assistance of men
+employed in clearing obstacles, such as sage bushes, etc., the task
+was imperfectly gone through with. The Mexican axe is another curious
+tool, which resembles as much the common pick of our laborers as
+it does the axe used by American woodsmen. The sickle is used in
+harvesting to this day in these parts, performing the duties of the
+scythe, the cradle, etc. The most remarkable sight of all is the
+Mexican cart, the noise of which, when moving, can, be heard on a
+still day at a great distance. The wheels of this vehicle are at least
+one foot thick, and consist of pieces of solid wood which are pegged
+together and made to approach a circle by the best judgment of the
+_eye_, without the aid of measuring. These wheels are very heavy, and
+when rolling they go by jerks, owing to their want of proportion, etc.
+The body of the cart, as are all of its parts, is made of soft wood,
+and seems to be constructed for weight and strength instead of beauty.
+The whole affair, when complete, is almost a load by itself; hence, it
+is capable of carrying but a small cargo. The grain that Mexicans of
+New Mexico grow is corn and wheat, and it is on these crops that they
+depend for their support. In converting this grain into flour,
+they either use the old water mill which is very primitive in its
+construction, or else, when these are not near by, they make use of
+two stones and grind it by hand. Their common diet is a sort of thick
+gruel made of corn meal, wheat bread, eggs, peas, beans, pumpkins,
+which latter articles they roast, and then break holes into them and
+with a spoon dip out the contents as they are required; and, to finish
+the catalogue, sometimes meat, game and milk. The fruits found in New
+Mexico are not various, and are mostly confined to apples, peaches,
+plums and grapes. These latter are truly superior, and are raised in
+the greatest abundance in the south of the Territory, where, also,
+they manufacture a very pleasant red wine, which goes by the name of
+El Paso Wine. We take the manners and customs of the people of Taos as
+a good type to judge of the manners and customs of the New Mexicans,
+for the town is second only in size, in this Territory, to Santa
+Fe. The inhabitants of New Mexico, notwithstanding their poverty and
+neglect, owing to their remote locality, are perhaps as happy and
+contented as any community in the world. They are not over-celebrated
+for their chastity or virtue; and, to the disgrace of the white man,
+they have not been assisted by him in these cardinal principles; but,
+time will work wonders on this score and teach the immorality of such
+proceedings. Their great source of enjoyment consists in dancing; and
+hence the fandango is always looked for as a time when dull care will
+be dispelled. A grand fandango is the event of a New Mexican's life.
+These affairs are gotten up sometimes for charitable purposes, when
+the money gathered in the sale of refreshments is distributed to the
+poor; or else they are started by individuals to make a little money
+out of. In a town the size of Taos, during the winter season, hardly
+a night passes by without a dance. Written invitations in Spanish are
+freely circulated about the town in order to entrap the strangers,
+while the inhabitants are invited by other means. The music consists
+of a high-strung violin and a species of guitar. This is perambulated
+about the town. The players perform light dancing tunes and accompany
+the music with their voices, making up the words as they go along.
+This music is learned entirely by ear, and is transmitted from one
+generation to another through the means of these fandangos. The vocal
+music is anything but harmonious to the ear, but some of the airs,
+when played on the instruments, are rather pleasing, and one, on
+hearing them, finds himself often humming them afterwards. The powers
+of music are nowhere better illustrated than among these people. Their
+ready ear quickly catches a new tune, and it is not uncommon to hear,
+in a Mexican town, a senorita giving vent to a negro melody or a
+favorite polka which she has heard some American sing or whistle. At
+Santa Fe there are several noted players on the violin and harp who
+cannot read a word of music, yet they can play on their respective
+instruments with taste and skill. A New Mexican female, in preparing
+herself for these balls, is very particular in making, by the aid of
+cosmetics, her complexion as light as possible. She first uses a red
+berry which stains her face almost to the color of brick and renders
+her excessively ugly; this she leaves on several hours, when it is
+washed off and chalk is applied so freely as to render it easily
+perceptible. In her toilet she is also very particular, as far as the
+exterior is concerned, and in the _fandango_ the stranger's eyes are
+taken by storm by the gaudy colors he sees rather than the neatness of
+the dress. The floor of the dancing-room is usually the mother earth,
+which is frequently sprinkled with water to keep down the dust. The
+men are in their everyday habiliments, with the addition of any clean
+thing they may chance to possess; but, usually they are a motley
+crowd, a glance at whom at first leaves the impression that they
+are far from being refined. Except when dancing, they cling to their
+blankets, and at the least pause in the proceedings, they at once
+draw forth the materials and make their cigarettos. Both men and women
+indulge in these articles; and oftentimes when the dance is in full
+blast, the air of the room is densely charged with the smell of
+the burning _punchi_, a species of tobacco, making it anything but
+agreeable. The women are seated on benches along the walls of the
+building, by themselves, while the men congregate in knots together.
+On the commencement of a figure, the Mexican selects his partner and
+notifies her that she is his choice by making a signal to her with
+his hand, when she takes her position in the dance. The eyes and the
+latent smile on the face of the "dark eyed senorita" shows she is
+enjoying herself. The men exhibit their pleasure in a more boisterous
+manner; that is, by occasionally whooping and cracking jokes.
+Gambling[18] is carried on under the same roof; and in this both men
+and women join as long as their money lasts. Then they make room for
+others who are anxious to try their fortunes. This vice is truly of
+a national character, and so given to it are these people, that they
+will part with anything to support their appetite. To their credit
+it can be said, that the New Mexican women indulge but sparingly in
+alcoholic liquor; but the men are prone to the intoxicating cup. They
+often anticipate the evil effects of drink, and it is not unfrequent
+to see a New Mexican assuming the airs of a drunken man after two or
+three mouthfuls of "_aqua-diente_." The spirit of the ball is carried
+on well into the short hours of night, when all parties depart for
+their homes. Intoxication, that curse to all men, is playing havoc
+with this innocent amusement of the people, and causing these scenes
+to terminate in riot, and often bloodshed, especially when the
+jealousy of the white blood is raised at some imagined insult; and
+then, as is always the case, the two races come in fierce contact. It
+is hoped that by the aid of schools and education these things may
+be ameliorated, but they cannot be cured. The mischief is too deeply
+rooted.
+
+[Footnote 18: The game most frequently played is _monte_.]
+
+We have thus endeavored to give the reader a view of the people among
+whom Kit Carson had determined to become a farmer. But he was not
+destined to finish and perfect his plans.
+
+Near the conclusion of the second exploring expedition, and at the
+time when Kit Carson took his departure from the party, Col. Fremont
+had received a promise from him to the effect that he would join,
+as guide, any party of discovery, for the further exploration of the
+Rocky Mountains, which he, Col. Fremont, should command.
+
+During the active duties of a farmer's life, and just as Kit Carson
+had brought his new enterprise into working order, an expressman from
+Col. Fremont arrived at his ranche, bearing dispatches to Carson. The
+purport of these dispatches was to remind Kit Carson of his promise,
+to inform him of the organization of a third expedition, and to
+appoint a place where Kit Carson might find his old commander.
+
+The express found Carson in the midst of so many cares and anxieties
+concerning his new project, that it became a very difficult matter for
+him to keep his word. But the sacrifice of pecuniary interest was but
+a slight consideration with Kit, when weighed in the balance against
+his promise. He knew that his promise had not been either lightly
+given or received. Col. Fremont, by it, had the first right to his
+time and energies, and had formed his expectations accordingly; and
+Kit lost, therefore, no time in making preparations to satisfy these
+expectations by reporting himself at the appointed place of meeting,
+ready for the march.
+
+But to effect this was attended with no slight difficulties. Kit
+Carson had a large sum invested in his improvements, by way of
+payments for labor, as well as purchases of stock, provision, farming
+tools, utensils, teams, wagons, seed, and stock in general. The
+erection of his house, barns, etc., was under an advance which reached
+far towards completion. But with Kit Carson, his word was worth more
+than prospective losses which its fulfillment would entail. In company
+with Mr. Owens, he set himself actively at work to effect a complete
+sell-out. After a good deal of anxious inquiry, he found a man who
+was willing to pay one half of the real valuation attached to his
+property. Notwithstanding this sacrifice, the bargain was closed and
+the business details completed. In company with Mr. Owens, Kit Carson
+once more bade his family and friends an affectionate farewell. They
+took the route for Bent's Fort, and arrived there in the course of
+a few days. The meeting between Fremont and Carson was mutually
+satisfactory. With his friend, Mr. Owens, he joined the Third
+expedition of Col. Fremont, which was the last one which he undertook
+by authority of the United States government.
+
+A long tramp was before them. The arrangements preparatory were,
+therefore, made with corresponding care and diligence. The route
+led up the Arkansas River to the point where that stream leaves the
+mountains; thence they made a circuit by the Ballo Salado, or Soda
+Springs, coming back again upon the Arkansas, striking the stream
+above its great canon. Thence they journeyed on to the head waters of
+the river. Here they left the Arkansas River and took a direct route
+for the Piney River, down which latter stream they traveled to a spot
+within twenty-five miles of its mouth. From this place they continued
+their explorations of the country to the head of White River.
+Following down it, they soon reached the mountains. Crossing them,
+they proceeded to Prevost's Fork.
+
+At this spot a desperate fight once occurred between a party of
+trappers and a band of hostile Indians. The trappers were commanded by
+a man whose name has ever since been applied to the stream. Prevost,
+although he had a strong party and fought a most desperate battle,
+nevertheless was outnumbered, outgeneralled, and most completely
+overpowered. The Indians succeeded in killing the entire party,
+including himself, with but four exceptions. These four escaped
+only with the greatest difficulty and prudence. Through them the
+particulars of the affair became known to the mountaineers.
+
+Col. Fremont (we should before this have mentioned that Fremont had
+been promoted in the corps of Topographical Engineers from the post of
+Lieutenant to the rank of Captain by brevet) now examined the country
+as far as the south side of the Great Salt Lake, passing on his route
+a smaller body of water, which, for many years, has been known as
+Little Utah Lake. The command halted at Great Salt Lake a few days
+to recruit, preparatory to undertaking the further exploration of the
+lake, together with one of its largest islands, which would be reached
+by this southern route. The Indians met with on the journey, informed
+them that on this island there was plenty of fresh water, and game in
+abundance. On arriving at a suitable place, Col. Fremont pitched his
+tents for the main camp. On the following morning, taking Kit Carson
+and a few chosen men, Col. Fremont started to explore the island. The
+reports of the Indians were proven to be true. In addition to plenty
+of fresh water and game, they discovered very good timber growing
+there. The game, which proved to be antelope, was so abundant that
+they decided to kill from the herds a quantity sufficient for future
+use. The island was about fifteen miles in length by about five in
+breadth. From the main land to the island they were able to ride their
+horses, as the water was not deep. Upon the banks of the lake they
+found the salt deposit to vary from the thickness of a wafer to the
+depth of twelve inches.
+
+Having made their observations, the small party returned to the main
+camp. On the following day the journey was resumed, the route leading
+around the south side of the lake, until they reached the last fresh
+water to be found in that direction. Before them lay a wide and
+unknown desert, over which no white man had ever passed. Kit Carson
+had been at this spot several times in previous years, and had often
+heard the oldest trappers speak of the impossibility of crossing
+it for man or beast. They had always shrunk from a path apparently
+endless, which offered appearances of neither grass nor water. Colonel
+Fremont had determined to try the formidable desert, and, if possible,
+unfold its hidden secrets. His men were equally ambitious with
+himself, and were ready to second his efforts without fearing the
+trials or sufferings which the desert route might exact.
+
+Colonel Fremont arranged all of his plans commensurate with the
+hardships in expectancy. Early the subsequent morning he dispatched
+Kit Carson, Maxwell and two others as an advance party to break the
+road and look for a camping site. With his telescope, he then ascended
+a neighboring mountain to watch the little party of pioneers. In the
+event that water and grass should be found, Kit Carson's orders
+were to build a fire, the smoke of which would serve as a signal to
+Fremont, who would immediately follow up their trail with the whole
+command.
+
+For sixty miles, Kit Carson with his little party traveled over this
+level, barren and sandy desert, without coming to a drop of water or
+a blade of grass. At the end of this distance they reached the
+mountains, on the west side of the lake, and found both in abundance.
+The signal of smoke was now made, according to agreement. Even at this
+long distance Fremont discovered it, and immediately set his party in
+motion. Kit Carson sent back one of the men to meet the main body, and
+guide it across the dreary waste. Before the party had accomplished
+more than half the distance to Kit Carson's advance, night set in,
+forcing the whole band to encamp without water, grass, or fuel. The
+camp became more necessary because the darkness was so great that they
+could not follow the trail in a night march. Early the following day
+the march was resumed, and a few hours served once more to reunite
+the command. They had the misfortune, however, to lose a few of their
+animals. The place which Kit Carson had selected for the camp was, to
+the weary travelers, in every respect equal to an oasis on the Great
+Sahara. There is no one thing which a traveler on the plains dreads
+more than being forced to camp without water and grass.
+
+At this resting-place Colonel Fremont, in order to accomplish as much
+as possible, divided his forces into two commands. One of them he gave
+into the charge of Mr. Talbot, his assistant, and appointed for his
+guide a mountaineer named Walker. To this party Colonel Fremont gave
+instructions to shape their course for Mary's River; on striking
+which, they were to follow down the stream to where it is lost in the
+Great Basin. Colonel Fremont retained with him fifteen men besides his
+guide. The route which he pursued lay in the country south of Mary's
+River forming a large tract of land, which it was very desirable that
+he should explore. After finishing this, he was to join Talbot on the
+lake which is formed by the widening of the Carson River. The country
+through which Colonel Fremont traveled, he found to be well furnished
+with grass, water and wood. It is highly picturesque; but, as
+its characteristics are so vividly painted in his reports, it is
+superfluous to add our attempt to the same task. Having arrived at the
+lake already mentioned, he there awaited the arrival of Talbot. It
+was three days before the command was again united. They, however,
+remained together only one night. Early the following morning they
+separated once more. This time, Talbot's instructions were, to find a
+certain pass which would bring him out in the vicinity of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains, which he was to cross, and then keep on his course
+for the waters of the San Joaquin. Fremont, with his division,
+journeyed up the Carson River, and after traversing the Sierra Nevada
+Mountains, he arrived safe at Sutter's Fort, without meeting with any
+incidents that were not to be expected on such a trip. Captain Sutter,
+with his usual urbanity of manner, kindly received them, and supplied
+their wants. Of him, Fremont purchased forty head of cattle and a few
+horses, with which he set out to look for Mr. Talbot. In doing so, he
+traveled up the valley of the San Joaquin, and forded that river at
+about where it is ushered forth from the mountains. Mr. Talbot was not
+to be found in this direction, so the party went to Kings River, and
+journeyed up it to its head waters. It now happened that the cattle
+belonging to the party began to grow foot-sore and weary from travel
+over rocky trails and through deep snows. It became evident that the
+looked-for men were not in that quarter; therefore, Fremont returned
+to the prairies near by, in the hopes of saving his cattle; but, when
+he arrived there, he was destitute of these animals, for they had all
+given out and died. The party had, previous to this misfortune, killed
+some of the best of the oxen, and prepared the meat to carry along
+with them; but, in no great quantities, as their riding animals were
+not strong enough to bear heavy burdens. The command had hardly left
+the mountains and succeeded in reaching the prairies, before they were
+obliged to submit to further trials and losses. After going into camp
+one night, the men, tired and worn out by much labor, had lain down
+to rest. As a guard had been posted, they gave themselves but little
+concern about danger. Their sentinels were not on the look-out as
+sharply as they might have been. The consequence was, that some
+hostile Indians crept within their lines and killed two mules, which
+depredation was not discovered until the next morning.
+
+Fremont had no animals remaining in condition to give chase, and
+therefore had quietly to submit to his loss. He now resolved to give
+up for the time being his search for Talbot's party and return to
+Sutter's Fort, where he could reorganize. While on their road to the
+Fort, the men came suddenly upon a band of the same Indians who had
+recently annoyed them. These fellows seemed to invite an engagement,
+and were gratified by Col. Fremont. In the skirmish that ensued, they
+lost five warriors killed. The rest fled. The party, after undergoing
+many hardships, finally reached their point of destination. During the
+latter part of this tramp, game had become so scarce that the men had
+to shoot whatever came in their way. This time it chanced to be wild
+horses. When they arrived at the Fort they were on foot, their saddle
+and pack animals having all given out and broken down. By the kind
+assistance of Mr. Sutter, they were furnished anew. After recruiting a
+little their own worn-out bodies, they started on their second trip in
+quest of their companions. They traversed the coast range and went to
+San Jose to see if they could hear anything through the Mexicans and
+Indians who resided there, concerning the whereabouts of the missing
+men; as perchance, some of the hunters or traders among these people
+might, in their travels, have met or heard something of them. On
+making inquiries at San Jose, they were informed that the party was
+encamped at a well known place on the San Joaquin. This piece of
+intelligence immediately decided Fremont to dispatch Carson and two
+companions to that section of country, while he and the remainder of
+the men would remain where they were and await his return. Kit Carson
+performed his mission with his usual promptness and soon returned with
+his charge, when the expedition was once more united under one leader.
+Owing to the great trials and privations recently met with, and the
+inability to procure at Sutter's Fort all that was wanted in the
+matter of an outfit, therefore it was determined upon that the party
+should proceed next to Monterey, where they knew they could purchase
+the articles that were actually required. While en route, and when
+within thirty miles of this last-named town, an impertinent order was
+received from Gen. Castro, the Mexican commander of the territory. The
+purport of this order was, that Fremont and his party must immediately
+vacate the country without further notice, or else the gallant general
+would be obliged to drive them out. It was late in the afternoon when
+the messenger with this document arrived in Fremont's camp; yet, he
+found time the same day to pack up and fall back to a place where he
+could fortify his position, as he felt confident that this was but
+an empty excuse which the Mexican general had invented to prevent him
+from penetrating further into the country. The Americans had hardly
+got things in proper trim before the Mexican general, at the head
+of several hundred troops, arrived and established his camp and
+head-quarters within sight of the former, being deluded with the
+belief that he would easily intimidate the exploring party. The
+general commenced firing his cannon and making a great uproar. He had
+all branches of the service with him, including artillery, infantry
+and cavalry. In the intention of intimidation, however, he was greatly
+mistaken, though the difference in numbers between the two parties
+was in itself almost decisive, should they come to a conflict. Yet the
+Mexicans had but poorly estimated the mettle contained in the American
+commander and his forty men. They were ready, one and all, to sell
+their lives dearly in a cause good as that before them. Unshaken in
+their purpose, the little band of intrepid men remained in their camp
+for the period of three days. The Americans who were then living at
+Monterey sent several expressmen to their countrymen, warning them of
+their danger, as they felt that the Mexicans could, without a
+doubt, completely annihilate them. Fremont's reply was perfectly
+characteristic of the man; he said he had done nothing to raise the
+wrath of the Mexicans, who were now treating him disgracefully. He had
+come to perform a duty, and could not leave without executing it. In
+fact, neither himself nor his men would submit to be driven out of
+the country. At the end of three days, Fremont saw that there was no
+prospect of Gen. Castro's consummating his threat; and, considering
+that he had sufficiently shown his willingness to fight if driven
+to it, he therefore concluded to strike his camp and withdraw to the
+Sacramento River. The party were not disturbed in their movements, and
+on reaching this stream they followed it up until they came to Peter
+Lawson's Trading Post, where Fremont intended, since he could not go
+to Monterey without being too rash, to purchase the outfit for the
+homeward-bound trip. The party remained at this post some ten days,
+during which time some American settlers in the neighborhood came in
+with the information that one thousand Indian warriors were collecting
+for the avowed purpose of destroying their ranches, probably at the
+instigation of the Mexicans. The exploring party, and also five white
+men from the Post, proffered their services to go to the aid of their
+countrymen, and shortly afterwards the whole command under Fremont
+moved forward to meet and measure their strength with the savages.
+The village of the Indians was in due time found, when the whites
+commenced the fight by making an attack on it. The battle was for
+a little while stoutly contested; but finally the red men were
+completely routed. The number of the killed it was difficult to
+ascertain; but Carson is of the opinion that this fight had the
+tendency of fixing on the minds of this tribe the truth of their
+inability to cope with white men, the convincing evidence of which was
+that the battle-ground was strewn with their dead. Having more than
+accomplished his chastisement of the Indians, Fremont with his party
+returned to Lawson's.
+
+On finishing his purchases, at this post, whose occupants had done
+their utmost to supply his wants and make his stay agreeable, the
+explorer once more set his command in motion en route for the Columbia
+River. He traveled up the Sacramento and passed near the Shasta
+Buttes,[19] and thence on to the Tlamath Lake. While encamped on the
+head of this collection of water, news came to the party that war had
+been declared between the United States and Mexico. This intelligence
+had been sent to Fremont through Lieutenant Gillespie, of the United
+States marines, who had with him six men as an escort. After traveling
+three hundred miles over bad trails at a rapid pace, his animals began
+to succumb to fatigue. The lieutenant saw he would fail to accomplish
+his ends with the whole party together, therefore he selected two of
+his most reliable men, mounted them on his fleetest horses, and sent
+them on ahead to bear the dispatches, while he himself would jog on
+slowly. The expressmen overhauled the exploring party after several
+days of hard travel and handed to Fremont the communications. As
+soon as he had read his letters, Fremont made inquiries in regard to
+Gillespie, and found that he was in rather a precarious position; for,
+should the Tlamath Indians take the notion, they would murder him
+and his men just by the way of pastime. Fremont at once determined
+to return with all haste and succor Gillespie from the imminent peril
+that surrounded him. With this purpose in view, he selected ten picked
+men, leaving orders for the rest of the party to follow on his trail,
+and set out. He had traveled about sixty miles when he met the officer
+he was in search of coming on. The meeting was very gratifying to
+both, but especially so to Fremont, who was fully alive to the dangers
+through which Gillespie had passed; for, the lieutenant was not
+sufficiently aware how black-hearted in their villainy and treachery
+this tribe, through whose country he was passing, were, as he had
+heretofore never dealt with them. A camp was selected near by, and all
+hands were not long in being snugly seated in it around a good fire,
+listening to the important news fresh from the civilized world.
+
+[Footnote 19: Blunt projecting mountains.]
+
+Fremont sat up until about one o'clock reading his letters from the
+United States. Kit Carson and Owens, wrapped in their saddle blankets,
+had picked out their beds near the fire, as the night was cold. On
+concluding the reading of his correspondence, Fremont turned in and
+was soon sound asleep. All was quiet for awhile, when Kit Carson heard
+a noise that awaked him; the sound was like the stroke of an axe.
+Rising to his feet, he discovered Indians in the camp. While in the
+act of reaching for his rifle, he gave the alarm, to his slumbering
+companions; but, two of them were already sleeping their last sleep,
+for the fatal tomahawk had been buried in their brains. One of these
+victims was the brave Lajeunesse, while the other was a full-blooded
+Delaware Indian. As Kit Carson left the fire, where he was too
+conspicuous an object, he saw several warriors approaching towards it.
+There lay near to it four other Delawares, who, on hearing the alarm,
+sprang to their feet. One of them by the name of Crane, seized hold of
+a rifle which, unfortunately, was not his own, and was not loaded. The
+poor fellow was not aware of this important fact. He kept trying to
+fire it while he stood erect, and manfully received five arrows,
+all of which penetrated his left breast, and either one of which was
+sufficient to cause his death. At last, he fell. On grasping his gun,
+Kit Carson remembered that the evening before, he had discharged it
+for the purpose of cleaning it, and while doing so had accidentally
+broken its cap tube, and consequently he had not reloaded it. As this
+flashed across his mind, he threw the rifle down and drew from his
+belt a single-barrelled pistol, with which he made at the warrior
+who was so safely throwing his arrows into his companion. When
+sufficiently near, Kit Carson fired, but as the fellow kept dodging
+about, he only succeeded in cutting the string that held the tomahawk
+to its red owner's arm. Maxwell now shot at this same brave and hit
+him in the fleshy part of one leg; and, as he was turning to run,
+which was the case with most of the Indians by this time, a bullet
+from the rifle of a mountaineer passed through his heart and arrested
+his progress. The whites were now fully awakened to their danger, and
+about ready to commence the fight; but the enemy had scattered. If
+all the savages had shown the same quickness and coolness as did their
+foremost warrior, the probability is that the most, if not the whole
+of the party would have been massacred. As it was, the attack was well
+planned, but poorly carried out.
+
+The result of the affair was, that Fremont lost three brave men, and
+had one other wounded slightly. It now became evident that the party
+had fallen into a snare which was intended for Lieutenant Gillespie
+and his small force, but the coming up of Fremont had caused the
+assassins to find they had caught a Tartar.
+
+Fremont and his party apprehended no danger that night; consequently,
+they did not post a guard, and as the men were very tired they slept
+very soundly. Before lying down, several of them had fired off their
+rifles, and, after cleaning them, they had neglected to reload them.
+This was the first and last time they were guilty of such a mistake
+while in an Indian country.
+
+Of the three men killed, the one by the name of Lajeunesse was
+the most regretted, for he had been with Fremont on his previous
+expeditions, and had won the admiration and confidence of his
+commander and companions. In a small company of men, such as these
+expeditions were composed of, where every member becomes intimately
+known and admired by his companions, the loss of one would be greatly
+felt; but, when three such were thus suddenly taken, it caused a gloom
+to be cast over the remainder, not easily to be dispelled. The only
+consolation left to the living was, that they had been instrumental
+in saving Lieutenant Gillespie and his four companions; therefore, in
+sacrificing their comrades, they had saved more lives than had been
+lost.
+
+There were no more thoughts of sleep in this camp for that eventful
+night; but instead, the men selected positions behind neighboring
+trees and fallen logs, and were ready to receive the enemy should they
+see fit to visit them again.
+
+The Indians, however, as Kit Carson predicted, had come to the wise
+conclusion not to attempt so unsatisfactory a business as another
+attack, for the grey light of the following day came without their
+reappearance. Before the sun had fairly risen, Fremont had broken
+up this camp, which had become odious to the men from its unpleasant
+associations. With their packs, and with the bodies of their dead
+companions, the party started to find their rear guard. They had
+proceeded about ten miles on their journey, when, by unanimous
+consent, they resolved to halt and inter the remains, which they had
+wished to carry until they united their forces, so that all could
+participate in the funeral rites; but, the woods through which they
+were traveling were very thick, and already the bodies had become
+greatly disfigured, on account of their frequently striking against
+the trees, as they were fastened on the backs of three animals.
+
+Slowly and sadly, in that dense forest, hundreds of miles from their
+nearest countrymen, was this funeral procession formed. A spot was
+selected on one side of the main trail, at a distance of about one
+half mile, where a rude grave was dug, and, wrapped in their blankets,
+in the same common house, were deposited all that remained of these
+three brave men. An observer of these obsequies, would have seen the
+lips of daring men, now and then, giving spasmodic twitchings; eyes
+swimming in tears, and a silence and solemnity that bespoke the truest
+kind of grief. Among that party, such a one would have been sure to
+have marked out the countenance of Kit Carson; for, engraven on it
+were the throes which were troubling his kind heart on being thus
+obliged to separate from old friends. Not a man left that grave, but
+who resolved, secretly and silently, to make these dastardly Indians
+suffer for the lives they had thus wantonly taken. In fact, they felt
+it an imperative duty they yet owed to their departed comrades; who,
+if they but stood in their places, would have sworn to be avenged;
+hence, the reader must not judge them harshly if they nourished these
+feelings.
+
+That very day the two parties met and went into camp together. Plans
+were concocted to chastise the red men soundly. The next day, on
+quitting this last resting-place, a squad of fifteen men was left
+concealed in the neighborhood, in order to watch and act against
+any Indians who, by chance, might be following them from one camp to
+another, in hopes of finding something. The main command then moved on
+slowly, and had advanced but a few miles when they were overtaken by
+their friends, who came up with two scalps. These were the sum total
+of their morning's work. The two warriors to whom they had belonged
+were caught following the trail as scouts of their main body. The
+unerring rifles of the party in ambush had performed their fearful
+duty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+    Fremont en route for California--His men are anxious to punish
+    the Tlamath Indians--Kit Carson, in command of ten Men, is
+    sent on ahead to reconnoitre--He discovers the main Village
+    of these Indians--The Attack and the Victory--Beautiful
+    Lodges--The Trophies mostly destroyed--Fremont saves Kit
+    Carson's Life--The Journey resumed--The Sacramento Valley--An
+    Indian Ambuscade--One Savage defies the Party--Kit Carson
+    shoots him--The Tlamath Indians still on the War Path--Another
+    Lesson given to them--A Thief is shot--Arrival at Lawson's
+    Trading Post--A period of Inactivity--A Detachment sent to
+    capture Sonoma--Prisoners taken--The Mexicans come to punish
+    the Americans--Their Courage deserts them--The Retreat--The
+    Pursuit--Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort and establishes
+    a Military Post--Monterey is taken by the American
+    Squadron--Fremont marches there--Further Operations--The
+    taking of Los Angelos.
+
+
+The news of war having been declared between the United States and
+Mexico, determined Fremont to return to California; and, in doing so,
+he decided to enter that country by a new route of his own selection.
+
+He commenced his journey by traveling around Lake Tlamath, and had not
+proceeded far in that direction, before he found himself encamped on a
+small stream which empties into the lake, nearly opposite to the place
+where his three men were killed. The distance of each day's progress
+had been carefully reckoned and noted by the party. Upon their minds
+there was still resting a sadness, which, their leader saw, was only
+to be effaced by a satisfactory revenge, and that they were eager to
+obtain it before quitting the country. Perhaps, also, their commanding
+officer thought it best, while the opportunity offered, for the
+benefit of his countrymen, whom he felt sure would some day possess
+this territory, to impress these savages with the power and bravery of
+the white men. Whatever was the object to be gained, it matters not
+in relating the particulars. The next morning he sent Kit Carson on
+ahead, with ten chosen men, giving him orders to the effect that if he
+discovered a large village of Indians, which was the general surmise,
+without being himself seen, he was to send back word; when he
+(Fremont) would hasten on with reinforcements, in order to make the
+assault. If it should happen that the Indians were the first to be
+apprised of his near approach, then, without delay, Carson was to
+engage them as he thought best. Acting under these instructions, Kit
+Carson, with his detail of men, set out, and fortunately soon found
+a fresh trail that led directly to where the savages had established
+their village. This Indian village numbered fifty lodges; and, to
+each wigwam, the mountaineers estimated three braves, as this is the
+complement of men who live in one of these huts on the prairies and in
+the Rocky Mountains; thus making the force of the Indians to be in the
+neighborhood of one hundred and fifty. From the commotion noticed in
+the village, it was evident to all present that the tribe had become
+aware of danger, and that there was no time to be lost in sending back
+the desired information. Kit Carson, notwithstanding the strength
+of his enemies, determined to hazard an attack; and, after a brief
+consultation with his companions, he decided to take advantage of the
+confusion that was existing among the red men by charging right in
+among them. If ever there is a time when Indians will stand their
+ground, it is when defending their families; therefore, on this
+occasion, the white men were warmly received; but, they fought with
+such a degree of desperation, as they themselves had never done
+before. The result was, that the savages became panic stricken, and
+soon afterwards fled, leaving everything they possessed behind them.
+The victors, after pursuing the Indians for some distance, and adding
+a few more to the list of killed, returned to the village, which they
+found to be rich in booty. The lodges here taken, Kit Carson describes
+as being the most tasty pieces of handiwork that Indian skill could
+devise, and surpassed anything of the kind that he had previously
+looked upon. They were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag,
+which were beautifully and intricately woven together. Within the
+wigwams, the party found a very large amount of fish in different
+stages of preservation for future use. Wishing to do these people as
+much harm as possible, and thus be even with them for their recent
+savage cruelties on their own party, Kit Carson gave the order to
+collect everything in the lodges and arrange the articles in such
+manner that fire would either destroy, or completely damage them.
+Having accomplished this work, the lighted tinder was applied, when
+the flames leaped high up in the air, forming a fit funeral pyre for
+their slain companions. Fremont saw the reflection of the fire, and
+also the smoke, and at once knew that Kit Carson was engaged with the
+Indians; consequently, he pushed on at a very rapid pace to assist
+him. He arrived too late for what the men called the sport; but
+instead, heard the report of his lieutenant and guide, Kit Carson,
+whose words, to use his (Fremont's) own language, "are synonymous with
+truth." The gloom which had prevailed over the party, while the men
+recounted to their friends the details of the fight was temporarily
+dispelled; and, while thus engaged, the command moved on about two
+miles from the Indian village. Having here selected a site, they
+went into camp. After comfortably stowing themselves away in this
+resting-place, another "war talk" was called, and what was best to be
+done was canvassed over. After the adjournment of the council,
+Fremont decided to send back twenty men, under Richard Owens, to the
+neighborhood of the ruins of the village, there to conceal themselves
+and await the return of the Indians; who, it was thought, might come
+back to look after their dead. He did so; and Owens had not been
+secreted a great while before about fifty savages returned, and, by
+the moon's light, were quite visible. As had been previously agreed
+upon, word was sent by a trusty messenger to Fremont, who, with six
+companions, Kit Carson being of the number, hastened on horseback
+to join his outpost. For fear of being discovered, Fremont chose a
+different route from the one taken by Owens, which was quite
+direct, while that of the former was circuitous. On approaching the
+smouldering remains of the village, Kit Carson discovered only one
+Indian wandering about on the ground. As soon almost as he was seen by
+the party, they made a dash at him. Kit Carson was in the advance, and
+on arriving within about ten feet of the warrior, he drew up his
+horse and brought his rifle to his shoulder to fire, but the gun only
+snapped, and left its owner in a very precarious situation, as the red
+man had already drawn the string of his bow to plant an arrow in the
+body of his adversary. A moment more and, in all probability, Kit
+Carson would have been breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his
+friend was in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by throwing
+himself on one side of his horse. With much forethought, as well as
+personal exposure, he plunged the rowels of his spurs deep into his
+riding animal. The noble horse, obeying the impetus thus given by his
+rider, made a few extra strides, until he reached, knocked down
+and passed over the Indian, thereby causing his arrow to fly in a
+different direction from the one intended. Before the savage could
+regain his feet, a ball from one of the rifles belonging to the party
+had sent him to his last resting-place. Fremont now learned from
+Owens, that while the messenger was absent, the rest of the Indians
+had decamped, and as he had received orders from him to await his
+coming in case he found the enemy, therefore, he was obliged to let
+the rascals quietly depart without firing into them, which was much to
+his own and his men's displeasure.
+
+[Illustration: A moment more and in all probability Kit Carson would
+have been breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his friend was
+in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by throwing himself on
+one side of his horse.--PAGE 265.]
+
+It was now necessary to return without delay to their own camp, and
+thus anticipate the movements of the Indians, as they might conclude
+to make an attack in that quarter; but, on arriving there, they
+found everything safe; nor were they, during that night, in any way
+disturbed. Kit Carson was, and is still, very grateful to Fremont for
+thus interposing between him and almost certain death; for it would
+have been the work of an instant for the Indian warrior, at ten feet
+distance, to have sent an arrow into some vital organ. It was such
+noble generosity, bravery, and disinterested exposure in the hour of
+peril, in order to serve his men, that strongly cemented Fremont to
+them. Indeed, in all of his expeditions, he had such command over his
+employees, that little or no trouble ever occurred among them while
+on their marches, although they had privations and dangers to undergo
+that would often try men of the most even temper.
+
+On the day following the one on which his party had encountered and
+chastised the Tlamath Indians, Fremont started for the Valley of the
+Sacramento. The expedition was progressing well, and was four days out
+from this last camp; when, as two of the men, whose names were Maxwell
+and Archambeau, were out hunting at a distance of about three miles on
+one side of their friends, they were surprised at seeing one Indian,
+on foot, approaching towards them.
+
+The hunters, in order to do away with all suspicion, at once halted
+and laid down their arms, to show the warrior that they were friendly
+disposed. They thought it was best to have a "talk" with him, and
+question him in regard to the country they were then in. As he showed
+no symptoms of fear, but kept coming on, they supposed that he had
+understood their actions; therefore, they paid but little attention to
+him, until they saw him stop. Their curiosity was now excited to know
+his intentions; and, as they watched his movements, they saw him take
+some young crows from his quiver, and, after untying the string that
+held them, he concealed them to his satisfaction in the grass, and
+again moved forward; but, while doing so, he was busy arranging his
+weapons for immediate use. The white men were not astonished at this,
+for they concluded that he was only preparing himself against danger.
+The Indian slowly advanced to a spot that was within fifteen yards of
+the hunters, when he again stopped, and commenced shooting his arrows
+at them. At first they dodged about, and made signs for him to desist,
+as they were friends; but, to their admonitions he paid not the least
+attention. Several of the missiles had come near causing them bodily
+injury. After a time, forbearance ceased to be a virtue. Raising his
+rifle, one of the men fired; when, to use mountaineer parlance, the
+Indian "went under."
+
+What could have been the foolhardy ideas of this warrior that
+compelled him to take such a course as he did, not one of the party,
+when they were informed of the adventure, could conjecture; but, a
+fact it is, that he lost his life and his scalp by his indiscretion.
+In due time the command reached the Sacramento River, and were
+proceeding on the trail down that stream, when they came to a
+point, not far from a deep canon, the sides of which were almost
+perpendicular and composed of cragged rocks. Fremont decided not to
+pass through this deep gorge, but instead, to travel around it; and
+he did so by crossing the river. It proved afterwards to be a very
+fortunate change; for, their old enemies, the Tlamath Indians, had
+concealed themselves there, thinking, as a matter of course, that the
+white men would keep the trail. Seeing that the white men were
+not coming into the ambuscade laid for them, the Indians became so
+disappointed that they boldly ventured forth from their hiding-places.
+A few, more daring than the rest, advanced into open ground, when
+Carson, Godey, and another member of the party, made a dash at them.
+They all ran except one warrior, and as the charging party were
+mounted on mules, they made but poor progress in overtaking them.
+The one Indian who, apparently, had resolved to make war on his own
+account, concealed himself behind a rock, strung his bow, putting
+several arrows in his mouth, and thus awaited the advance of his foes.
+Kit Carson and Godey soon came within shooting distance, when he began
+to let fly his arrows, and kept it up so briskly, that the men dodged
+about, without being able to do anything else for some moments. At
+last, wearying of this dangerous sport, Kit Carson dismounted, and
+crept around until he obtained a good sight at the Indian; when, he
+drew up his rifle, fired, and sent a bullet through his heart. From
+this dead brave, Kit Carson took a beautifully wrought bow and
+quiver, which still contained a large number of arrows, and which he
+presented, on rejoining the party, to Lieutenant Gillespie. It is a
+pity that such a brave man as this savage was, should have met with
+such an inglorious death; but, it was his own seeking, for he had
+attacked the wrong persons. Another twenty-four hours now passed by
+without any further annoyance from the Indians; who, notwithstanding
+the late forcible instruction they had received, still continued to
+hover around, and follow after the exploring party. On encamping
+the next evening, after Kit Carson had killed the Indian, as above
+described, the party found themselves entirely destitute of anything
+to eat, although they were very hungry. Game had, all at once, become
+very scarce, as the hunters whose turn it was to be out that day, had
+returned unsuccessful. Two more men were then sent out, in hopes that
+by perseverance they might find something. They had not proceeded far
+before they discovered an Indian watching their camp, as if awaiting
+a favorable opportunity to make a descent on the animals. Step (one
+of these hunters) crept unperceived by the red man until he was within
+range of his rifle, when he fired, and killed the would-be thief.
+No other game could be found, so the hunters returned, and the whole
+party retired to rest supperless, and arose the next morning to fast
+again. That day, however, they found and killed some game, and for the
+time being, their appetites were once more appeased. Fremont was now
+on his way to Peter Lawson's Fort, where he arrived safely, after
+several days of hard traveling. At this place the party rested
+for about one week; but the desire to have an active share in the
+approaching hostilities, caused Fremont to delay no longer than was
+absolutely necessary; hence, he started and went to a point lower down
+on the Sacramento, known to the mountaineers under the name of the
+Buttes. Here, a camp was made, and here Fremont had decided to wait
+positive orders concerning the war; and, until these instructions
+should arrive, he employed his men in hunting. After several days
+spent in this way, he began to weary of inactivity. He thought that,
+in all probability, war had commenced; and, finally, he decided to
+take the responsibility of sending a part of his force to surprise
+Sonoma--a Mexican military post that had but a weak garrison. This the
+party accomplished to the entire satisfaction of their commander. They
+captured and made prisoners of war at this fort, one general and two
+captains, besides taking several cannon and quite a quantity of small
+arms. It was about this time that news reached Fremont which convinced
+him that hostilities had already commenced, and that both countries
+were taking active measures to carry the war on with vigor. He set out
+immediately, on the receipt of this information, and joined his detail
+of men at Sonoma. During his stay at this fort, General Castro
+sent one of his captains, with a large force of Mexicans, from San
+Francisco, with orders to drive the Americans out of the country. This
+command came, and accidentally fell upon and butchered two men whom
+Fremont had sent out as messengers to inform all American settlers
+that Sonoma had been taken by him, and that thither they could fly
+for safety. The gallant Mexican captain, on seeing and hearing that
+Fremont's forces were anxious to meet him, becoming disheartened,
+began to retreat, and was pursued by the exploring party. For six days
+they thus followed the retreating enemy, whose courage had evidently
+deserted them though they had triple the force of their pursuers. So
+hot was the chase, that the Mexicans deserted many of their animals,
+which, as a matter of course, fell into the hands of the Americans.
+Fremont, on finding that he could not overtake the enemy, returned
+to Sonoma. The captain, with his Mexican command, as was afterwards
+learned, did not remain at San Francisco. No doubt he did not like
+to trust himself within reach of Fremont, for he continued his march
+until he reached the Pueblo of Los Angelos, where he was rejoined by
+General Castro, who reorganized the forces and assumed the command
+himself. The exploring party had now become a military expedition, and
+around this nucleus the Americans, then in California, flocked to
+pour out their vengeance against their country's foes. Having quite
+a little army at his disposal, Fremont left a strong detachment at
+Sonoma, and departed with the rest of his command for Sutter's Fort.
+On arriving there, he placed the fort under military rule, and left
+his prisoners, General Vallejos and the two captains, who had been
+captured at Sonoma. Also an American by the name of Lace, who was a
+brother-in-law to General Vallejos, and whose predilections appeared
+to lean in favor of the Mexican side. With all his mountain men,
+including Kit Carson, Fremont then took up his line of march towards
+Monterey, for the purpose of attacking and taking possession of the
+town; but, this movement had been anticipated by Commodore Sloat and
+the American squadron. Soon after Fremont's arrival at Monterey
+(where he was very kindly received by the commodore and his officers),
+Commodore Sloat left the country, and the command devolved upon
+Commodore Stockton.
+
+A consultation having been held among the officers, it was the
+prevailing opinion that it would be impossible to overtake and engage
+the Mexicans by following them up on land; therefore Fremont asked for
+a ship to take his force to San Diego, where he could obtain animals
+and march on to Los Angelos. The United States vessel Cyane, under
+the command of Capt. Dupont, was furnished him for this undertaking by
+Commodore Stockton. In four days time the party arrived at San Diego,
+where they landed. They there parted with the ship and the gallant
+captain, with many pleasant reminiscences of their short voyage. At
+San Diego, Fremont found himself at the head of about one hundred
+and fifty men, which was not a very strong force to be in an enemy's
+country with, especially so far from their homes as they were.
+However, nearly every man was a veteran in war, and the whole body
+felt themselves invincible, which was a source of great consolation
+to their leader. From San Diego, parties of the command were sent
+to scour the neighboring country, in order to bring in a sufficient
+number of horses to mount the men. This being accomplished, Fremont
+set out for Los Angelos, where the Governor and Gen. Castro had a
+force of seven hundred men at their disposal. These officials, with
+their soldiers, on learning the near approach of the Americans, broke
+up and fled, most of them taking the road to Sonora, while the balance
+scattered, not apparently caring where they went, as long as they did
+not come in contact with the Americans. Fremont marched within about
+one league of the town, and encamped to await, as had been previously
+agreed upon, the arrival of Commodore Stockton, who soon joined him
+at this place with a party of sailors and marines, "As fine a body of
+men," says Kit Carson, "as ever I looked upon."
+
+When the two commands had been consolidated, they marched direct for
+Los Angelos, which they easily captured, as its would-be defenders had
+some days before deserted it. In this town the command was quartered
+for some time; but, as it is our intention to follow the career of
+Kit Carson, who, shortly after their arrival, had been detailed
+for important duty, which placed him in new scenes; hence, we are
+necessitated to take leave of affairs as they transpired there, and
+hereafter revert to them casually as they connect with our narrative.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+    Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches
+    to Washington--The Preparation and the Start--The
+    Journey--Privations and Sufferings--Meeting with General
+    Kearney--The General takes Carson as his Guide and sends on
+    the Dispatches by Fitzpatrick--The March--Arrival at Warner's
+    Ranche--Mexicans on the Road--Preparations for a Battle--The
+    Battle--Disastrous Consequences--Kit Carson and Lieutenant
+    Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels
+    and carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical
+    position--The Daring Undertaking--The Sufferings
+    they encountered--Their Arrival--Reinforcements sent
+    out--Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from the Privations he has
+    undergone--Gen. Kearney and his Command finally reach and join
+    the other American Forces in California.
+
+
+On the 15th day of September, 1846, Kit Carson was placed in the
+command of fifteen men, with orders to make an overland journey to
+Washington, as bearer of very important dispatches.
+
+At the time of which we write, there was no steam communication, as
+now, _via_ the two great oceans, consequently, the intercourse between
+our brave countrymen in California and the government at Washington
+was attended with extreme difficulty. Fortunately, Fremont had in Kit
+Carson just the man to make such a journey through an enemy's country.
+
+Kit Carson was instructed to use his utmost endeavors to make the
+journey in sixty days, which was no small undertaking, when we
+consider the great distance to be traveled over and the obstacles that
+lay in his path; he undertook it, however, with a determination not to
+be easily frustrated.
+
+By judicious management and watchfulness, Kit was making good
+progress, and had reached a point within two days' travel of the
+Copper Mines in New Mexico without being in any way annoyed. Here he
+came into full view of a village of Apache Indians, who were then, as
+they nearly ever since have been, at war with the Americans. He had
+been discovered by these Indians, and there was but one true way to
+act, which was not to show the white feather by attempting to evade
+them. Fremont's dispatch bearer had not the least idea of that; he
+was too well schooled in Indian stratagem to be out-manoeuvered, so he
+rode on as if nothing had happened until he came to some timber that
+lay within one hundred yards of their village, when he halted. At
+first the Indians were disconcerted at the boldness of the whites,
+and were showing it by hurrying to and fro, either for the purpose
+of leaving or to be better prepared to offer fight. On arriving near
+enough so to do, Kit Carson called to the savages and informed them
+that his party were friends and wished a parley. To this an assent was
+given, when Kit made them understand that he and his men were simply
+travelers, en route for New Mexico; that they carried the olive branch
+of peace with them, and had come among them bearing it, in the hopes
+of being able to exchange their fatigued animals for others that were
+fresh. With this the Indians were satisfied; therefore, Carson chose a
+camping-ground for himself and men, and selected the site so that they
+could best contend against the treachery of the red men, should they
+attempt any. When the camp was arranged, the Indians were allowed to
+come in; and, soon after, the trading commenced, which proved to be
+very successful, for the men obtained very good riding animals in
+place of their old ones. Their intercourse with this band of Apaches
+closed early the next day, when both parties bid each other good bye
+on the most friendly terms.
+
+A few days more of travel brought Kit Carson and his men to the first
+Mexican settlement which then stood in their road. Their arrival in
+the town happened very opportunely, having for the past few days been
+suffering severely from hunger. They had started from California with
+but a small stock of dried meat and corn, not being able conveniently
+to carry more without impeding their progress; therefore, they were
+left to depend on their rifles. Game they found to be scarce; and, in
+a short time, their meat was expended. Being reduced to the corn,
+they were, as a matter of necessity, very sparing of it. The maize was
+parched, and for several days they derived their entire subsistence
+from it; though, on account of the short allowance, they but poorly
+satiated their appetites. About the time succor appeared to them in
+the shape of this Mexican town, even the maize was nearly used up.
+They were delighted to reach a place where they would be able to
+replenish their provisions. It was well known to their commander that,
+as a _dernier resort_, he could kill and live upon his riding animals,
+but in so doing, he would cripple his means so much, that the business
+he was on might prove a failure. While so much depended on it, he felt
+that he ought not to leave any other means untried before resorting to
+such a procedure. It was true, the Mexicans at that time were at
+war; but, there were scattered over New Mexico, in almost every town,
+former friends of Kit Carson, who would, he felt confident, serve him
+in the hour of trial. At the first ranche they came to, they halted
+and made a rest of two or three days, while Kit employed himself
+in purchasing supplies, in which he succeeded beyond even his
+expectations.
+
+It was while obeying instructions, in traveling as fast as possible,
+that one day, the sixth of October, 1846, the party discerned
+something which, at first, looked like a mere speck moving on the
+prairies. Watching it with intense anxiety, the little speck increased
+in size until they saw it emerge, as it were, from the apparent
+junction of the heavens with the earth, and form a visible line; as
+the front of this column came nearer to view, they discovered that
+it was a strong detachment of United States troops. The truth was now
+evident to them all that this was an expedition sent out by government
+to operate in California. Spurring on their animals, Kit and his men
+soon met the advance guard of the soldiers and learned that their
+commander was Gen. Kearney, who was further back in the lines. On
+coming to the general, Kit Carson reported himself, informed him
+of the business he was on, and also furnished him with all the
+intelligence in his power in reference to the disposal of the American
+forces in California, besides detailing to him what had already been
+accomplished in that quarter.
+
+After due deliberation, Gen. Kearney determined to send Mr.
+Fitzpatrick on to Washington with the dispatches and to order Kit
+Carson to join him as guide. In fulfilling this duty, he well knew
+that Kit would be invaluable to him. Acting on this decision, he
+sent for Kit Carson and informed him of what he wished him to do. Kit
+Carson replied, "As the general thinks best." The fact was, that Kit
+well knew he could be of great service to the command, and he was too
+honest not to confess it, though he was now nearly in reach of his
+happy home and its loved inmates, from whom he had been so long
+separated and whom he fondly wished to see. In facing about, Kit took
+upon his shoulders the prospect of encountering fearful dangers; but,
+he undertook his new duties without allowing a murmur to escape his
+lips, and without even asking additional pay; though, had he but
+mentioned it, the general could not have well refused the demand. A
+noble motive engrossed Kit Carson's mind. He has ever labored to win
+and wear the confidence and respect of his countrymen, being ambitious
+to leave a name behind him that shall be an honor to his friends and
+family.
+
+On the eighteenth day of October, 1846, General Kearney and his
+command left the Rio Del Norte, in New Mexico. The services of Kit
+Carson in directing the route, proved the wisdom of General Kearney
+in making the change in the bearers of dispatches. So true was Kit
+Carson's guidance, that the command traveled with so much dispatch as
+to reach Warner's Ranche, in California, on the third day of December
+following. From this place it took up a line of march for San Diego.
+
+While on their march, news was brought in by their spies that a strong
+command of Mexican Californians had taken up a position on their
+route, evidently awaiting their advance with the view of attacking
+them. This occurred on the sixth day of the same month. General
+Kearney made no change in his route, but advanced to within fifteen
+miles of the enemy's encampment. Here he commanded a halt. A
+reconnoitering party, consisting of fifteen dragoons, commanded by
+Lieutenant Hammond, was sent on in advance to note the position and
+force of the enemy. He proceeded upon the duty, but was discovered
+by the Mexicans. Nevertheless, he fortunately succeeded in making his
+observations previous to being seen. His report to General Kearney,
+among other facts, stated that these Mexican soldiers had strongly
+established themselves in an Indian village.
+
+General Kearney determined, without delay to attack them. Orders were
+given to resume the march; and, by one o'clock the next morning the
+American soldiers had fastened all their packs on their mules, and
+were themselves mounted and ready for the command to move. The order
+came without delay, and the little army was immediately in motion.
+Fourteen miles of the space which separated the two parties were
+passed without interruption. When within one mile of the Mexican
+position, the advance guard of the Americans suddenly came upon a
+small advance guard of the Mexicans, who were evidently posted
+to watch their approach and guard the road. As soon as they were
+discovered, the trumpets of the dragoons sounded, in quick succession,
+the orders to trot, and to gallop. The Americans were so prompt in
+making their charge that they came upon the Mexicans, when a sharp
+skirmish ensued, in which several of the enemy were killed. The
+remainder of the outpost were driven in, bearing the news of the
+attack to their friends. Captain Johnson, Kit Carson and fifteen
+American soldiers formed the attacking party in this affair. They had
+been ordered to secure the loose animals belonging to the enemy. In
+this they failed, the animals being too strongly guarded, and because,
+upon the first alarm, they were driven out of harm's way.
+
+This attack, however, proved to be the commencement of a serious
+fight. Seeing that his orders could not be obeyed in regard to the
+animals of the enemy, Captain Johnson and his party joined a party
+under Captain Moore. The force of the latter consisted of twenty-five
+American volunteers from California, who had attached themselves to
+General Kearney's command since its arrival in the country. Moore's
+command also comprised parts of two companies of United States
+dragoons. Captain Moore had been ordered to make an attack on the
+centre of the enemy, in order to cut their forces in two, and thereby
+cause confusion in their ranks. As has been stated, Captain Johnson,
+with his little force, joined Captain Moore in making this attack.
+While the charge was in progress, and when within one hundred yards of
+the Mexican camp, Kit Carson's horse, occupying a leading position in
+the column of attack, accidentally fell, and threw his rider with such
+force as to break the wood part, or stock, of his rifle into several
+pieces, rendering it useless. His position, for a short time, was
+precarious. Being foremost in the charge when the accident happened,
+the whole troop of horse came galloping over him as he lay upon the
+ground. His escape was almost a miracle. When the last horseman had
+passed, Kit arose, and was quite happy to find that he had received
+only slight contusions, which did not in the least impair his
+movements or strength of body. Casting a hasty glance over the field,
+he discovered a dead dragoon, not far distant from the spot where
+he himself had fallen. Instantly running up to the poor fellow, he
+relieved him of his gun and cartridge-box. Being once more armed, he
+rushed forward at the top of his speed and plunged into the thickest
+of the fight, which was then severely contested. Captain Johnson and
+several of the more advanced soldiers had been killed by the bullets
+of the enemy, almost at the same instant that Kit Carson's horse had
+fallen. It is not at all unlikely, therefore, that the accidental
+falling of his horse had been the means of saving Kit Carson's life.
+After a desperate and deadly conflict, Moore and his men dislodged the
+enemy, causing them to retreat. They were followed by the Americans,
+but, unfortunately for their complete success, the large majority of
+the latter were mounted on mules. These, when the firing commenced,
+became almost unmanageable. But forty of the entire command of General
+Kearney were mounted on horses, and these were none the best for
+cavalry purposes, having been but recently broken to the saddle. They
+had been captured since the arrival of the American forces in the
+country, from a party of Mexicans, who were en route to Sonora, by
+Lieutenant Davidson and twenty-five dragoons, assisted by Kit Carson.
+By the uncontrollable actions of the stubborn mules, Moore's men
+became greatly separated and could not act in concert. This rendered
+the pursuit, so far as the enemy was concerned, nearly harmless.
+
+The Mexicans, quickly perceiving the condition of their assailants,
+and comprehending the chances, which the apparent difficulty gave
+them, at once rallied and turned on their pursuers. The fight was
+renewed with most determined courage. The Mexicans fought with a
+bravery and success which turned the hitherto, comparatively speaking,
+bloodless victory of the Americans, into a terrible slaughter. Every
+moment saw some brave dragoon yield up his life to the deadly bullets
+or blows of the exasperated Mexicans. Out of the forty dragoons who
+were mounted on horses, thirty-six were either killed or severely
+wounded. Among the names to be added to the sad list already killed,
+was Captain Moore, "as brave a man," says Kit Carson, "as ever drew
+breath in any service." As fast as the scattered American soldiers
+could reach the scene of carnage, they joined in the battle; but, the
+Mexicans, elated by their success, fought like demons, and seemed to
+sweep everything before them.
+
+General Kearney, seeing his officers thus shot down, drawing his
+sword, placed himself at the head of his remaining forces; and, though
+severely wounded, he made a desperate attempt to cause the enemy,
+once more, to retreat. At this crisis of affairs, Lieutenant Davidson
+arrived on the ground with two mountain howitzers. Before he could get
+his guns unlimbered and ready to commence firing, nearly every man he
+had to work them was shot down, being either killed or badly wounded.
+Following up their success, the Mexicans charged right up to the guns,
+and, with the lasso, unerring in their hands, captured the horses
+attached to, and, on the instant, made off with one of the guns. On
+reaching a distance of three hundred yards, they halted and prepared
+to turn the fire of the howitzer upon the Americans. From some
+unaccountable reason, it would not go off. Lieutenant Davidson did
+his utmost to prevent the loss of this gun, and after several narrow
+escapes from dangerous lance wounds, as his clothing and saddle
+sufficiently attested, he was finally stricken down, and nearly gave
+his life a sacrifice to his heroism.
+
+After being thus badly cut up, and with not more than one or two
+officers left who had not been either killed or wounded, while the men
+had been handled with equal severity, the Americans were obliged to
+take refuge at a point of rocks which chanced to be near where
+their advance had been defeated. A rally was made at this place. The
+Mexicans, however, did not venture to attack them. Both sides were
+apparently weary of fighting for that day. The firing ceased, and soon
+after, night closed over the scene of the battle field.
+
+These California Mexicans, previous to the war with the United States,
+were considered by the mountaineers as the bravest Spanish blood in
+the Mexican provinces. During the war, they proved that they had not
+been over-estimated, as they met their foes, at the commencement of
+hostilities, with a determination to win, or sell their lives dearly.
+The reason of this difference of courage in their favor over their
+countrymen who inhabited the internal States, is supposed to be owing
+to their opportunities for intercourse with the bold mariners from
+different countries who visited them in ships for the purpose of
+trade. This commerce consisted in the transporting into the country of
+such articles as arms, ammunition, groceries, and dry goods, for which
+were bartered, hides, tallow, and furs. The currency of California
+at that time was hides, which were estimated as so many dollars. The
+raising of cattle and horses was the leading employment of the people,
+and occupied most of their time. On the discovery of gold, these
+affairs underwent a change, and the rapid strides of civilization has
+left this people far in the minority. The horses of California were
+celebrated as being larger than the ponies of New Mexico, and also for
+being much fleeter of foot. The California rider, at that time,
+was looked upon as being unrivaled by those who had witnessed his
+performances. However, the intercourse between the two countries was
+very limited among the Mexicans, and it was difficult to find a New
+Mexican who had seen the Pacific. Their dialects were also slightly
+different, as much so as happens in the dependencies of any other
+country. It was fear of the Indians that put a damper on the travel
+between these adjoining districts. The society of the man who had
+had the boldness to make a journey to California from New Mexico was
+courted, he being considered a renowned traveler. His amusing stories
+of large ships and the men who managed them, and also, of the great
+expanse of the ocean, amazed his auditors and made them deeply
+interested in his conversation and information. It has become a
+strange sight to look upon whole communities of men, who have
+only heard of steamboats, telegraphs, railroads and other great
+improvements and inventions of the age, yet there are thousands of men
+living in the great interior of the North American continent who
+have only vague ideas of these things; and many there are, who cannot
+realize them, but believe that they are fabulous stories, and will
+meet the narrator of them with equal wonders, which they manufacture
+to suit the occasion. To give a specimen: we remember one night to
+have tried to explain these advancements to an old Mexican of some
+eighty winters, while we were the guest of his house. He listened
+attentively, but evidently could comprehend but little that we said.
+We changed the subject, and began to describe to him the great beasts
+of the forest, such as the lion, the tiger, and the elephant, and soon
+found that we had struck the theme which pleased him. In reply, he
+told us that in his younger days he himself was a famous hunter; and
+that, on one occasion, while on the chase, he met _Adam_, who, he
+informed us, was the greatest hunter of his age. We were somewhat
+surprised to hear this old man thus annihilate time and space, but
+not more so than when we heard him relate the conversation that passed
+between himself and Adam. It was both short and sweet. The Mexican
+demanded of Adam what was the particular game he was seeking in these
+parts, and the reply was deer. He said that he wished to kill a few
+choice bucks, in order to get their skins to clothe _Eve_ with, and
+hence he had come to the Rocky Mountains. The flavor of this yarn
+was so good, I attempted to try the old man on another adventure, by
+asking him if he ever, by chance, in his travels, met the _Evil One_.
+Immediately, he informed me that at one time, that gentleman lived in
+a salt marsh, which is to be found in the valley of _San Louis_. The
+object of his staying there was to watch a very fine band of horses
+which he was raising near by. The Indians and Mexicans one day
+determined to deprive Satan of his stock, and arranged things
+accordingly; but, on coming upon the horses, they were surprised
+to find that they could not overtake them, and that the horses ran
+directly into the swamp and vanished by easily sinking out of sight.
+While looking for a path that led into this marsh, they were all
+at once scared nearly out of their senses by seeing the devil raise
+himself up in the midst of the bog. The sequel was, that the Mexicans
+and their Indian friends retreated as fast as possible, and never
+stopped until they had reached a place of safety. My companions became
+vexed to think any man could perpetrate such a story on travelers, who
+considered they knew a thing or two, and commenced quizzing the old
+gentleman by asking him what the Indians knew of Satan; but the old
+Mexican evaded the answer by taking down the little wooden cross which
+hung on the wall of the room and expressed the desire to confirm the
+truth of his story by swearing to it; this, of course, was said to be
+entirely unnecessary. From it, we had learned the lesson never to try
+to impress on the minds of the ignorant too weighty matters. This is
+true with the Indian also; for, he is incredulous of anything beyond
+the grasp of his own mind; which fact is illustrated by the following
+incident. An American had some business to transact with a certain
+band of Indians, who were celebrated as being very treacherous. Being
+a bold man, he thought he would beard the lions in their den, and
+accordingly, traveled alone to where the band was located; but,
+instead of being received with open arms, as he expected, he was made
+a prisoner, and so held until it could be decided what was to be done
+with him. At last, a council was formed, before which he was to be
+tried. The first question asked by the head chief was, "How do your
+white people get gunpowder?" The reply was instantaneous: "We sow it
+in a peculiar soil and it grows up like wheat." This was responded to
+by a grunt from the examiner. A pause ensued, when the chief looked
+the captive full in the eyes, and thus addressed him: "Know you, young
+man, that the Great Spirit came into our camp this morning, and after
+resting a short time he took yonder large hill and placed it on the
+top of its fellow, and after leaving it there two hours, he returned
+it to its former site. He then bid his Indian children good bye. Young
+man, your tongue is split: one fork is for telling lies, and the other
+is for telling truths." This was enough to convince the white man that
+he had made a mistake, and, that if he had attempted to presume on too
+much knowledge, his scalp might soon be dangling on some lodge-pole.
+The Indians admired the brave and manly course he had pursued in
+coming to them single-handed, and this, with the importance of the
+business he came on, saved his life.
+
+The California Mexicans were so remote from their capital, that,
+although they acknowledged their allegiance to the general government,
+yet they were accustomed, in many things, to act with great
+independence. Whenever a governor was sent to them who would not
+conform to their rules and regulations, or made himself in the least
+obnoxious, he was immediately placed on board ship, with orders to
+take himself out of the country as fast as possible, which he never
+failed to obey, in order to save his life. Attempts were made by the
+home department to make them suffer for these disobediences of the
+general laws, but, in all of these contests, the Californians came
+out victorious, and hence they believed they were beyond the power of
+being vanquished. They were taught differently by the Americans.
+
+These few cursory remarks will serve to show the reader that General
+Kearney had no despicable foe to overcome and subdue. His care now
+was to attend to the wounded. There was no rest for his command that
+night, as, during the hours of darkness, his men were busy interring
+their dead and looking after the wants of the sufferers. A sharp
+look-out, also, was kept on the movements of the enemy, who were
+continually receiving reinforcements. A council of war was held in
+the American camp, when Gen. Kearney, after taking the advice of his
+remaining officers, decided to move on early in the morning, with the
+hope of meeting reinforcements. He had dispatched three men as bearers
+of dispatches to Commodore Stockton at San Diego before the battle;
+but, whether they had been successful, or not, in reaching the
+commodore, the general did not know. Just before the late fight, they
+had returned to within sight of their friends, when they were taken
+prisoners by the Mexicans. The order of the march on the following
+day was as follows: Kit Carson, with a command of twenty-five men,
+proceeded in the advance, while the remainder, of the now very much
+crippled band of soldiers, followed after on the trail made by their
+guide. Steadily and compactly these brave men moved forward, being
+continually in expectancy of a charge from the enemy, who would show
+themselves, from time to time, on the neighboring hills, and then
+again, for a time, disappear. During the previous day, a Mexican
+lieutenant had his horse shot from under him and he himself had been
+taken prisoner. On a favorable opportunity occurring, General Kearney
+ordered the "halt" to be sounded; when, through a flag of truce, he
+asked a parley. It being granted, he succeeded in making an exchange
+of the lieutenant for one of his expressmen. He gained nothing by
+this, for the man stated that he and his companions had found it
+impossible to reach their point of destination, and hence they had
+turned back. The manoeuvering on the part of the Mexicans, which we
+have alluded to as consisting of making temporary stands on the hills,
+and then changing their positions as the Americans drew near to them,
+continued for the greater part of the day. Finally, as Gen. Kearney
+and his men were approaching the water, where they, intended to camp,
+and were not over five hundred yards from it, down came the Mexicans,
+divided into two separate commands, for the purpose of making a
+charge. They were at first warmly received by the Americans, who,
+after a time, were obliged to give way to superior numbers; but, in
+doing so, they retreated in good order to a hill about two hundred
+yards to their left. Here they halted and determined to decide the
+battle; but the wary Mexicans, on seeing the strength of the position
+taken by their foes, declined to attack them and drew off to a
+neighboring height, from which they commenced and maintained a
+deadly fire on the Americans. Captains Emery and Turner, with all
+the available dragoons, were sent to dislodge them. This they did in
+splendid style, after a sharp encounter, and when their companions saw
+them take possession of this position, General Kearney, with all
+his wounded and luggage trains, joined them there. Here a permanent
+resting-place, for the time being, was made. In fact, the men had
+no other choice, as they were now pretty effectually used up from
+fighting, severe loss and fatigue. The Americans found on this hill
+water barely sufficient for their own use, and were obliged to exclude
+the idea of sharing it with their animals. Although within sight of
+abundance of this much-needed article, yet they did not dare to drive
+the latter to it, for they were too weak to defend them from the
+assaults of the enemy. The situation of Gen. Kearney's force was now
+critical in the extreme; as, besides the dangers that surrounded him,
+the men were reduced to living on their mules. That afternoon another
+council of war was called, at which desperate efforts to be made for
+immediate relief were discussed. When every spark of hope had almost
+died within them, and when they were in a dilemma as to what still
+remained for them to do, Kit Carson was found to act as the reader
+has previously seen him act to parties almost similarly situated--the
+right man in the right place. Rising to his feet, he addressed a few
+simple words to those present, saying that he was willing to make the
+attempt of creeping through the Mexican lines. Should he succeed, he
+pledged his word that he could carry information to Commodore Stockton
+at San Diego, and thus bring them succor. No sooner had he made this
+proposition than he was seconded by Lieutenant Beale, then of the
+United States Navy, who, equally as brave and daring as Kit Carson,
+volunteered his services in the undertaking.
+
+This gentleman, since the time he first turned landsman up to the
+present date, has been adding fresh laurels to his fame. His recent
+career in exploring new routes across the great western girdle of
+prairies and mountains is so well known through his valuable and
+interesting reports as not to require recapitulation at our hands. His
+life has been one series of rare adventures; while, to the scientific
+world, he has proved a valuable acquisition. To the United States
+Government his services are inestimable; and, as an explorer, he has
+but few equals.
+
+General Kearney at once accepted the noble and generous offers of
+these two men, knowing that if he waited until the following day
+and then attempted to leave the hill, the consequences would be most
+disastrous; for, in so doing, a sanguinary battle must certainly
+ensue, with the chances greatly against him. Having made the few
+preparations necessary, Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale waited the
+setting in of night, under the cover of which they had both resolved
+to succeed in the performance of their mission or die in the attempt.
+Having got well under way, and while stealthily crawling over the
+rocks and brush, they found their shoes would often, even with the
+greatest preventive care being taken, strike against the various
+impediments to their progress and make sounds which might lead to
+their detection. To avoid this, they took them off and pushed them
+under their belts. Slowly, but surely, they evaded the vigilant guard
+of the Mexican sentinels, who they found to be mounted and three rows
+deep, evidently being determined not to be eluded. So near would they
+often come to these Mexican sentinels, that but a few yards would
+measure the distance between them and their enemies; yet, with brave
+hearts they crept along over the ground foot by foot; they were almost
+safe beyond these barriers, when all their hopes came near being
+dashed to pieces. This alarm was caused by one of the sentinels riding
+up near to where they were, dismounting from his horse and lighting,
+by his flint and steel, his cigarretto. On seeing this, Kit Carson,
+who was just ahead of Lieutenant Beale, pushed back his foot and
+kicked softly his companion, as a signal for him to lie flat on the
+ground as he (Carson) was doing. The Mexican was some time, being
+apparently very much at his leisure, in lighting his cigarretto; and,
+during these moments of suspense, so quietly did Kit Carson and his
+companion lie on the ground, that Carson said, and still affirms, that
+he could distinctly hear Lieutenant Beale's heart pulsate. Who can
+describe the agony of mind to which these brave hearts were subjected
+during this severe trial. Everything--the lives of their friends as
+well as their own--so hung on chance, that they shuddered; not at the
+thought of dying, but for fear they would fail in accomplishing what
+was dearer to them than life, the rescue of the brave men whose lives
+hung on their success. After quite a long time, the Mexican, as if
+guided by the hand of Providence, mounted his horse and made off in
+a contrary direction from the one where these bold adventurers were
+biding their time to accept either good, if possible, or evil, if
+necessary, from the wheel of fortune. For a distance of about two
+miles, Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale thus worked along on their
+hands and knees. Continually, during this time, Kit Carson's eagle eye
+was penetrating through the darkness, ever on the alert to discover
+whatever obstacle that might present itself on which was stamped the
+least appearance of danger. Having passed the last visible image in
+the shape of a sentinel and left the lines behind them at a suitable
+distance, both men regained their feet, and once more breathed freely.
+Their first thought was to look for their shoes, but, alas, they were
+gone. In the excitement of the journey, they had not given them a
+thought since depositing them beneath their belts. Hardly a word had
+hitherto passed between these two companions in danger, but now they
+spoke hurriedly and congratulated each other on the success that so
+far had attended them, and thanked God in their hearts that He had so
+mercifully aided them. There was no time for delay, as they were by
+no means yet free from danger, though they thought that the worst
+was over. Kit Carson was familiar with the country, and well knew
+the necessity of avoiding, for fear of being discovered, all the well
+trodden trails and roads which led to San Diego, every one of which
+was closely watched by the enemy. He chose a circuitous route, over
+rocks, hills and wild lands. The soil was lined with the prickly pear,
+the thorns of which were penetrating, at almost every step, deep into
+their bare feet, which, owing to the darkness and the thickness of the
+plants, they could not avoid. The town of San Diego was located many
+miles in a straight line from the point from whence they had started,
+but, by the round-about route they were obliged to travel, this
+distance was much lengthened. All the following day they continued
+their tramp and made as much progress as possible. Their mental
+excitement kept them in good spirits, though, from previous fatigue,
+the want of food during this time, and by the rapid pace at which they
+were traveling, they were putting their physical powers to their full
+test. Another night closed in around them, yet "ONWARD" was their
+watchword, for they thought not of rest while those behind them were
+in such imminent peril. Kit Carson's only compass was his eye, which
+served him so well that soon the dark outlines of the houses of San
+Diego could just be discerned. Both men were ready to leap with joy.
+They were challenged by the American sentinels about the town,
+and answered in pure English, "Friends," which same English was
+unmistakable proof to the guard from whence they came. On stating
+their important business, they were conducted into the presence
+of Commodore Stockton, to whom they related what we have tried to
+describe. Commodore Stockton, with his usual promptitude, immediately
+detailed a command of about one hundred and seventy men to make forced
+marches in order to reach and relieve their besieged countrymen. With
+as much dispatch as possible, this force set out, taking with them
+a piece of heavy ordnance, which, for want of animals, the men
+themselves were obliged to draw, by attaching ropes to it. Kit Carson
+did not return with them, for it was considered that he had seen
+service enough for the present; besides, his feet were badly swollen
+and inflamed from the rough usage they had recently been obliged to
+submit to. He graphically described the position of Gen. Kearney,
+so that the relief party could have no difficulty in finding him. He
+remained to recruit in San Diego; though, had the commodore expressed
+the least wish to have Kit Carson return, every man who knows him
+can bear witness with me that he would have been the last person to
+object, so long as there was life in his body. Unused then to such
+hardships and mental excitements on land, as was his more experienced
+companion, Lieutenant Beale, from the trials of the service performed,
+became partially deranged; and for treatment, was sent on board the
+frigate Congress, which ship lay in the harbor, being one of the
+vessels attached to the commodore's fleet. Two long years elapsed
+before the gallant lieutenant fully recovered from the effects of this
+adventure, which, for the bravery and unselfishness evinced in its
+planning, and the boldness with which it was carried out, without
+mentioning the good results it produced, was not excelled by any one
+feat performed during the Mexican War. Better than all, had these
+two men known previously the poor rewards which were afterwards to
+be bestowed upon them by their government for this heroic deed, I
+hesitate not in saying, that it would have had no effect in changing
+their purpose. The reinforcements sent out to meet General Kearney,
+by traveling both by day and night, soon reached and released him,
+without coming in contact with the enemy. They kept a bright look-out
+and were early apprised, through their spies, of what was transpiring
+among the Americans; hence, as the naval brigade drew near, they
+retreated. The road being now clear, General Kearney, with his
+soldiers and the marines, marched on to San Diego, where his wounded
+men were comfortably housed and received the attentions of skillful
+surgeons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+    A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos--The
+    Mexican Army evacuates the Town--Its Capture--Rumors of
+    an Attack to be made on Fremont's Command--The Mexicans
+    surrender--The Winter Quarters--Kit Carson is ordered to
+    carry Dispatches overland to Washington--Lieutenant Beale
+    accompanies him--A Night Attack made by the Indians--Arrival
+    in the United States--Kit Carson's Introduction to Col.
+    Benton and Mrs. Fremont--Hospitality offered to him at
+    Washington--Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant
+    in the Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk--He
+    is ordered to carry Dispatches to California--The Journey--A
+    Brush with the Camanche Indians--Arrival at Santa
+    Fe--More trouble with hostile Indians--Arrival at Los
+    Angelos--Dispatches delivered--Kit Carson is assigned to do
+    Duty with the Dragoons--Is ordered to Guard Tajon Pass--The
+    Winter spent there--Is ordered again to carry Dispatches to
+    Washington--The Journey and its Adventures--The return to New
+    Mexico.
+
+
+One month elapsed before the forces of the United States that were
+concentrated at San Diego were entirely recruited, and in fine trim
+for taking the field again. At the expiration of this time, a command
+of six hundred men was detailed for the purpose of capturing Los
+Angelos. The commanding officers of this force were General Kearney
+and Commodore Stockton. At Los Angelos was assembled the main strength
+of the Mexicans then in California; the number of their fighting men
+was about seven hundred. Towards this town the Americans took up their
+line of march, and, in the course of a few days, they arrived within
+fifteen miles of it. The Mexican forces had taken a strong position
+on a hill, near by where they had pitched their tents and strongly
+fortified their camp. Between the Americans' and the enemy's camp
+ran a small river. It was decided to postpone the attack until the
+following day. Early the next morning, General Kearney ordered two
+pieces of artillery to be brought to bear upon the Mexican position.
+The guns were so well and successfully served, that the Mexicans were
+forced to break up their camp. As soon as this state of things became
+apparent, General Kearney and Commodore Stockton crossed the river and
+marched on the town. On entering Los Angelos, they found that it
+had been evacuated by the Mexicans, and that only a few stragglers
+remained in or near the place. From some of these they learned that
+the retreating army had gone to attack Col. Fremont; who, with a force
+of four hundred Americans collected in Monterey, was also on the march
+for Los Angelos. It turned out afterwards that the Mexicans succeeded
+in finding Col. Fremont, but, for unknown reasons, failed to give him
+battle, as they had boasted they would; but instead, they gave him the
+preference over the other American commanders by surrendering to him.
+Col. Fremont continued his journey, and finally reached Los Angelos,
+where he and all the officers and men heretofore spoken of as engaged
+in this campaign, rested for the winter, and managed to pass the time
+very agreeably, considering their remote position. Carson, who had,
+for a great length of time, been rendering valuable services to
+Kearney, rejoined Fremont, when that officer arrived in town, and once
+more enrolled himself on his old commander's muster roll.
+
+We have said that the cold and dreary winter days were passed at Los
+Angelos as agreeably and happily as the circumstances of the case
+would permit. This is only true to a certain extent. It was at Los
+Angelos, and during this winter, that the seeds of discord were first
+sown between the rival commanders, and the plot carefully laid,
+which finally led to Colonel Fremont's court martial. Rank, with its
+green-eyed monster, jealousy, which is ever watching with a restless
+and caustic determination to snatch from the subaltern his hard-earned
+laurels, was actively at work during these winter months. By the
+programme, cut and dried, the ambitious young soldier, who was nobly
+breasting the conflicts against the enemies of his country, was to
+be summarily put down, and his career quickly guillotined. These
+ungenerous plans had their birth and were carefully fostered at Los
+Angelos; but, the wise decrees of the American people, ever just in
+the cause of truth, although tardy, came at last to the rescue, and
+stamped the course with its approval and complete indorsement which
+had led the bold Explorer to unfurl the standard of his country over
+the modern El Dorado. In this view the course of the Mexican forces
+at Los Angelos in surrendering their swords to Colonel Fremont becomes
+significant. A brave though fallen enemy, seldom fails to admire
+a heroic, chivalrous and discreet victor. The choice here plainly
+indicated between Colonel Fremont and General Kearney, we repeat, is
+sufficiently significant. In Colonel Fremont the fallen chieftains of
+the brave Californian-Mexicans discerned all the qualities which make
+up true nobility of character. Many of the men under him were well
+known to the Mexicans as being upright, honorable and generous. For
+many years they had lived among them. Hence we discover the reason of
+their preference in laying down their arms in their presence.
+
+Kit Carson took no active part in these unhappy differences, but, his
+simple action in leaving General Kearney's command and reenlisting
+under his old commander shows plainly to a discerning public, that he
+could not be alienated from his friend by acts of injustice. It also
+spoke more significantly than words that he adjudged his friend to
+have performed in behalf of his country, meritorious actions and a
+great service. Such was Kit Carson's view; and no man was capable of
+forming a better judgment in the premises than he. As an occupant of
+an inferior rank, he then kept his counsel to himself; the time has
+at last arrived when he should fully and appropriately express his
+opinion, though that opinion he is well aware has been rendered
+entirely unnecessary by the honorable mention since attached to the
+name of Fremont by the highest officer in the American service, by
+the recommendation to the President of the officers of the court to
+commute the sentence, and by the President of the United States in
+appointing, unsolicited, the court-martialed Conqueror of California
+to the high and important trust of commissioner to run the boundary
+line between the United States and Mexico, and finally, by the
+spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm which greeted the name of John C.
+Fremont, from around the firesides of the American people, when his
+name was placed at the head of one of the great political parties of
+the nation.
+
+It is not for or against regulations that these remarks are directed.
+The transactions with which they deal have not been forgotten. They
+are recorded as historical facts, and, as such, are always open for
+investigation or deductions. In the month of March, 1847, Kit Carson
+was ordered to carry important dispatches to the war department at
+Washington. Lieutenant Beale, who was still a great invalid, was
+permitted to accompany him. In order to show the regard which Kit
+Carson entertained for this brave officer, and also to portray to the
+reader the goodness of heart which has ever been the actuating impulse
+in all of Kit Carson's actions, we will give his own words in relating
+this part of his adventures. He says: "Lieutenant Beale went with me
+as bearer of dispatches intended for the Navy Department. During the
+first twenty days of our journey, he was so weak that I had to lift
+him on and off of his riding animal. I did not think for some time
+that he could live; but, I bestowed as much care and attention on
+him as any one could have done under the circumstances. Before the
+fatiguing and dangerous part of our route was passed over, he had so
+far recovered as to be able to take care of himself. For my attention
+(which was only my duty) to my friend, I was doubly repaid by the
+kindness shown to me by his family while I staid in Washington, which
+was more than I had any reason for expecting, and which will never be
+forgotten by me." On the river Gila, Kit Carson's party was attacked
+by Indians during the night, while they were encamped. These savages
+threw a good round number of arrows into the midst of his men, which,
+however, did no damage, as, early in the commencement of the assault,
+he had directed them to hold up before them their pack-saddles, behind
+which they could pretty securely conceal themselves while lying upon
+the ground. He also directed the men not to talk, lest they should
+indicate their positions. It was very dark, and the Indians, from the
+above precautions being taken, were frustrated in their plans. His men
+lay very still; and, having previously received the order so to do,
+they awaited the near approach of the red men, when they were to use
+their rifles as clubs. The reason which made this latter command best
+was, because no man could see to shoot; hence, were they to fire at
+random, they would only expend their ammunition, a loss they were in
+no situation to sustain. However, the Indians became weary of their
+shooting after a few hours, and did not hazard a close attack, but
+went away to parts unknown.
+
+Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale arrived at Washington in the following
+June, having accomplished their journey overland, a distance of nearly
+4,000 miles, in about three months, a record which shows that they
+had not been idle while on the route. With the exception of the Indian
+attack sustained on the Gila, they were not again annoyed by the red
+men, although, over the vast tract of wild territory which they
+had traversed, there roam thousands of savages who often, for the
+slightest pretext, and frequently without any reason whatever, will
+murder the unsuspecting traveler, as it chances to please them. Hence,
+to accomplish this journey, it was not only necessary to know the
+direction to shape their course, but also to be familiar with the
+haunts and habits of these various tribes, in order to avoid them. All
+of this knowledge, Kit Carson, the mainspring of this little party,
+was well possessed of, and, as a matter of business, guided himself
+and men in a direct and safe course.
+
+The hardships and privations of this trip were trivial affairs
+when compared to most of Kit Carson's previous adventures, and not
+considered by him as worthy of mention. Indeed, Kit Carson appears so
+hardened in all kinds of vicissitudes, that a man, in his eyes,
+must have stood on the brink of death before he has seen much real
+suffering; but, probably, if the reader had been one of the members of
+this party, he would, unless equally experienced in Western frontier
+life, have considered that he had seen something of the world, and the
+rough side of it at that.
+
+It requires no small amount of courage and determination to start out
+with but a handful of men to perform the difficult and dangerous task
+of threading the American continent from tide to tide, even at the
+present epoch; but, eleven years ago, there were few men living who
+had ever performed, or were able to perform the feat at all; much less
+with the certainty and speed which lay within the power and experience
+possessed by Kit Carson. In describing these trips, he now speaks of
+them as lightly as a man would after making a journey of a few hundred
+miles in a railroad car. He seems to have acted with the idea that
+this duty was expected of him, and it required but the official orders
+to send him bounding over the country, without regard to obstacles or
+dangers. His final object was his destination; which, on reaching, he
+was ready to quit at a moment's warning, with as much _sang froid_ as
+a Russian courier possesses when doing his master's bidding. Yet so
+cautious is he when traveling, that, at first, to a new companion, he
+often appears to be wanting in courage. Not a bush, a tree, a rock,
+or any other hiding-place on his path, escapes his notice. Towards the
+heavens, in search of smoke ascending from, or crows, as they hover
+about Indian encampments which are deserted, or for ravens, and back
+again to the earth, on the look-out for moccasin or horse tracks, his
+eyes are continually turning. There is a nervous action about the man
+that shows he is ever alive to meet and be ready for any emergency.
+These traits are sure to instill confidence in his followers.
+
+On starting from Los Angelos, Kit Carson took but a few rations of
+provisions with him, as he could not burden the few animals he had,
+too heavily; hence, he was compelled to depend on the rifle and the
+chances of meeting with game. This, of course, is always an uncertain
+mode of supporting life, and, consequently, it not unfrequently
+happened, that the party were out of food and went fasting; yet, not
+a murmur was heard. On they sped, in the hopes of reaching their homes
+and firesides, where kind friends were awaiting them, and where
+their cares and troubles would be buried in the past, and appear like
+dreams. In the breast of the leader of this expedition, there was
+throbbing a heart that was anxious to do its duty well, for he was
+approaching, not his family circle, but instead, the fireside of
+strangers to whom he was only known by name. Yet, in the common cause
+of his country's honor, he recognized in every American with whom
+he came in contact his true friend, and therefore he, also, was very
+happy as he neared Washington. There he looked confidently forward
+to hear the words: "Well done thou good and faithful servant." At St.
+Louis, Kit Carson had the honor of an introduction to the Hon. Thomas
+H. Benton, who was greatly interested in him, and who kindly invited
+him to make his house in Washington his home during his stay there. Of
+this invitation Kit Carson availed himself, and since considers that
+he was very fortunate in doing so, for the best of everything was
+heaped upon him, while he enjoyed the satisfaction of meeting and
+conversing with the great men of his country.
+
+Mrs. John C. Fremont, daughter of Colonel Benton, and wife of the
+distinguished explorer, was in attendance at the railroad depot,
+when the train of cars in which Kit Carson was traveling arrived
+in Washington. It was quite late in the evening when he reached the
+terminus of his journey; yet, notwithstanding this, Kit had hardly
+landed on the platform of the depot, before he was addressed by a lady
+who said that she knew him from her husband's descriptions of him, and
+that he must accept the hospitalities of her father's house.
+
+The distinguished father-in-law of John C. Fremont became, from the
+time of their first meeting in St. Louis, the warm friend and patron
+of Kit Carson; and, up to the time of his death, he had no cause to
+change his first impressions of him. There was not a friendly favor
+within his power which would not have been freely given, had it been
+asked. It is one thing to make a friend, but another to keep him; and
+those who knew the true character of Mr. Benton are cognizant of the
+fact, that he was not easily won; but, when gained, that he was true
+as steel, as is beautifully illustrated by the able and devoted manner
+in which he stood by General Andrew Jackson.
+
+It is indeed a valuable possession to know that one has friends who
+cannot be bought by wealth or other sordid attractions; men, who can
+discern through the rough garb of the working, as well as thinking
+man, those noble qualities which place them on a par. This acquisition
+Kit Carson holds. He easily makes a friend, and never deserts him;
+hence, those, with whom he comes in contact, who are worthy of this
+name, are enrolled on his side; and he seldom has occasion to call
+a man his enemy. Kit Carson was so embarrassed and overcome by the
+expressions of kindness and hospitality which greeted his first
+arrival at Washington, that he could hardly essay a reply; and yet,
+he was almost too happy at the opportunity presented of accepting Mrs.
+Fremont's invitation. If there was anything wanted to cement Carson
+more firmly in his friendship and admiration for Colonel Fremont, it
+was thus to know his accomplished and gifted lady. The situation
+of Jessie Fremont has often been comparable with that of the
+noble-hearted Lady Franklin. Again and again has she been compelled
+to part from her husband when he started out to battle in the cause of
+science, and, in the words of the poet, she seemingly said:
+
+  "Go, wondrous creature! mount where science guides;
+  Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides."
+
+Kit Carson remained some time in Washington; but had it not been for
+the many tokens of kindness which he there received, he would
+have grown weary of the restraints of civilization. As it was, he
+continually longed to be once more in the mountains and prairies. His
+desire, in time, was granted; for, having received the appointment of
+lieutenant in the rifle corps of the United States army from President
+Polk, he was ordered, as bearer of dispatches, to return across the
+continent from whence he had but recently come. Lieutenant Beale
+had intended to return with him, but did not eventually proceed any
+further than St. Louis. There he became too ill to continue on the
+journey. After arriving at Fort Leavenworth, Kit Carson was furnished
+with an escort of fifty men, who were volunteers in the war which was
+then being carried on against Mexico. With his usual promptness
+and dispatch, Kit Carson was soon under way crossing the plains. At
+Leavenworth he had learned that the Camanche Indians were at war with
+the whites. As he knew them to be a numerous and treacherous tribe,
+he had taken this strong escort in order to give them battle, if they
+should be anxious for it. However, he arrived at a place called the
+"Point of Rocks," which is not far from the Rocky Mountains, and on
+their east side, without discovering any signs of these Indians. At
+this place they made their appearance.
+
+The "Point of Rocks" appears to be a favorite place of resort for
+the Indians of the plains. It is notorious as being one of the most
+dangerous places for the traveler in all the far West. It is a series
+of continuous hills, which project out on the prairies in bold relief.
+They end abruptly in a mass of rocks, out of which gushes a cold and
+refreshing spring, which is the main attraction about the place. The
+road winds about near this point, and therefore it is a chosen spot
+for the Indians to lurk, in order to catch the unwary pilgrim. Several
+encounters with the savages have taken place here, which has caused it
+to be pointed out as the scene of bloody tragedies, thereby making it
+quite historical. The Indians themselves have made this spot the stage
+on which has been enacted several desperate battles. In making the
+journey to Santa Fe, when these rocks are passed, the traveler
+counts his march as being drawn to a close. Government troops, on the
+look-out for Indians on the plains, rarely fail, when they come from
+New Mexico, to give this place a visit.
+
+Kit Carson had arrived at the place with his escort, and was about
+establishing his camp. His men were under orders to keep a vigilant
+watch for Indians, while Kit Carson's restless eye was searching
+the country in every direction to discover their signs. About three
+hundred yards distant he discovered white men, and found there was
+encamped a company of United States volunteers, under the command of
+Lieutenant Mulony. With this company was a large train of wagons bound
+for New Mexico. Kit Carson ordered his men to go into camp. The night
+passed by without any signs of the Indians; but, early in the morning
+of the subsequent day, as Lieutenant Mulony's men were leading out
+their animals to picket them in fresh grass, the savages suddenly
+made their appearance and began an attack upon the picketing party,
+capturing all their cattle and twenty-six horses. Mulony's men had
+left their rifles in camp, and therefore, in order to escape being
+killed, they retreated to their wagons. The cattle, in the confusion
+which ensued, turned and came towards Kit Carson's camp. He and his
+men, who were instantly on the alert, made an unexpected charge upon
+the Indians and recaptured the oxen. During the skirmish which ensued,
+two of his men dismounted, in order to be more certain of a deliberate
+aim, but, in so doing, they accidentally let their own horses go
+loose, and lost them, as they ran away with those that were being
+stampeded by the red men.
+
+In this affair three of the volunteers were wounded. With the
+two horses lost by Kit Carson's men, twenty-eight riding animals,
+belonging to the United States government, were stolen by this band of
+Camanches. But, had it not been for Kit Carson and his men, Lieutenant
+Mulony would have lost his cattle likewise.
+
+Young oxen, when stampeded, are sometimes lost by the Indians. When
+not killed by wolves they usually join with the herds of buffalo and
+soon become wild. In this state, they are represented as being quite
+fleet of foot. More generally, they fall a prey to the wolves, and
+sometimes, again into the hands of the savages. A party was crossing
+the plains in the year 1854; the advance of the party sent back word
+that the first buffalo was in sight. Many amateur hunters eagerly
+volunteered for the chase, and soon, quite a squad of men were
+traveling at a good round gallop towards the supposed game. On
+approaching the game, it was found to be an old lame ox, which had
+been turned out by some caravan to die. The disappointment which
+prevailed in this crowd of neophyte hunters, on discovering this
+mistake, can be better imagined than described. The poor ox,
+apparently, had no idea of giving up the ghost quite yet. He was in
+good health and spirits, and showed signs of being pleased to see a
+white man again. The little birds of the prairies had used him as a
+perch. This office he appeared quite accustomed to perform, for he
+did not disturb the flock that was then occupying his back. How he had
+escaped the wolves is a miracle.
+
+From signs discovered after the Indians had decamped, it became
+evident that several of the thieves had been mortally wounded; but,
+being tied on their horses, they were carried out of sight before they
+died. This is a fair sample of many of the Indian fights which have
+occurred, and are yet not unfrequent, on the prairies; the object of
+the savages is to plunder; therefore, an unguarded moment is selected
+for their attacks. In this instance, by the time the whites had got
+their firearms and men ready to commence the contest, the Indians had
+perpetrated their intended assault and were off.
+
+[Illustration: CAMANCHE WARRIOR.]
+
+The Camanches are excelled by no men in the world in their
+horsemanship, not excepting the famous Cossacks of Europe. The level
+prairies are beautiful fields for them to act on. It is in a skirmish
+similar to the one we have endeavored to describe, that they put these
+qualifications to the test. The arena where these scenes are enacted
+is a very undesirable place for a mere spectator. Kit Carson and party
+resumed their march the same day, and arrived safely at Santa Fe,
+without meeting with any other adventures. At this town he left his
+escort of fifty volunteers, and hired sixteen other men with which
+to perform the remainder of his journey. This was in obedience to
+the orders he had received at Fort Leavenworth. Pursuing his route on
+Muddy Creek, a tributary of Virgin River, he came upon a village of
+some three hundred Indians, so suddenly, as his route twisted about
+among the hills, that he had to make a bold matter of it, and go into
+camp, for the purpose of having a "talk." Kit Carson had learned some
+time before that these very red men had massacred seven Americans. For
+this reason he determined not to trust them, even if they professed
+friendship. The Indians wished to come into his camp, but this
+privilege he would by no means grant to them. He posted his men and
+selected a place so that he himself could talk, and at the same time
+let them see that if the least hostile demonstration was made by their
+side, it would be answered by a volley of bullets from the rifles of
+the white men. Kit Carson harangued them and informed them that he
+knew of the murders they had committed on his people during the past
+year. He told them that they bore a treacherous character and could
+not be treated as friends, and wound up his discourse by adding, that
+he would not allow himself to be deceived, for he knew that their only
+object in gaining admission into his camp was to repeat their bloody
+acts. He now gave them a limited period of time in which to be off,
+at the expiration of which, several lounged about, apparently doubting
+his words. He now gave the order to fire. In consequence, a few shots
+were aimed at them, which killed one and wounded three or four others.
+This had the tendency to hurry the movements of the remainder, who
+retired from the dangerous proximity to his camp. This was a case
+which required some nerve and great experience in the commander of the
+little party. Nothing but the personal courage and promptness of Kit
+Carson saved his command. The success of fifteen men against three
+hundred Indians in this manner, is chiefly due to their commander.
+
+The party proceeded on their journey, but soon were troubled for food.
+Having used up all the game they could find, they were obliged to kill
+two mules, on which they lived until they arrived at Los Angelos. Kit
+Carson, finding that the officers to whom he was ordered to deliver
+his dispatches were at Monterey, journeyed thither, and having reached
+that town in safety, gave the documents to Col. Mason, then of the
+First Regiment of United States dragoons, who was in command. Obeying
+orders, Kit Carson, now an acting lieutenant in the United States
+army, returned to Los Angelos and was assigned to do duty in the
+company of United States dragoons commanded by Captain Smith. Kit was
+allowed little time to recruit, but his restless disposition did
+not ask, nor his habits require it; consequently, he remained at Los
+Angelos only a short period. With a command of twenty-five dragoons,
+he was ordered to proceed to Tajon Pass, the main outlet through which
+hostile Indians went out of California, bearing the proceeds of their
+incursions, such as cattle, horses, sheep and captives. Kit Carson's
+duty in this place was to intercept the Indians and examine their
+_papers_ and _cargoes_. He spent the winter in doing much good in this
+service. In the spring, he was again ordered to proceed overland to
+Washington, with dispatches. An escort being furnished him, he was
+soon under way, and had reached Grand River without encountering any
+serious difficulty. At this place an accident happened to his party
+while crossing the river on rafts.
+
+During the early part of summer, the fording of streams which have
+their source in the Rocky Mountains is no safe or easy task. When the
+sun and the warm south winds begin to melt the immense piles of snow
+and ice in the mountains, the water comes tumbling down in torrents;
+and, having overflowed the rivers' banks, floods the adjacent country.
+By this means, new gullies and ravines are continually forming, which,
+when the melting process ceases, are converted into dry beds. With
+this rush of angry water, large rocks and masses of earth are swept
+from their natural seat, leaving a wreck behind that is fearfully
+grand to behold. The roaring of these torrents as they come leaping
+past and over every obstacle, resembles a low, rumbling thunder, which
+is reechoed through the deep forests and canons. Sometimes travelers
+are compelled to wait weeks before these rivers fall sufficiently
+to allow a safe transit. Heavy rains have the same effect to enlarge
+them; and, in one instance, a body of soldiers, while crossing the
+plains, were overtaken by these rains, which fell with such rapidity
+and in such quantity as to make the level prairies almost one sheet of
+water, while every ravine was converted into a river, swift and deep.
+To cross these, the men were obliged to use their best exertions with
+very poor means to guard against loss; and, even with the best care,
+one man was drowned, while several mules shared the same fate. In the
+prospective construction of bridges for highroads and railroad tracks
+across the continent, in certain seasons of the year, this sudden
+accumulation and explosion of water may cause trouble by sweeping them
+suddenly away.
+
+This accident crippled the resources of Kit Carson's party very much
+and caused them afterwards great suffering. The accident occurred
+something after the following manner. One division of the men, with
+their leader as a companion, had constructed a float of logs, on which
+they had crossed the stream in safety; but the second branch of the
+party, under charge of Lieutenant Brewerton, then of the United States
+army, and who was traveling in company with Kit Carson, were not so
+successful with their raft; for, no sooner did they get it into the
+swift current than it became unmanageable, and finally precipitated
+its contents, among which were included several of the men and their
+luggage, into the water. The wrecked men with great difficulty saved
+their lives by swimming to the shore from which they had started. The
+day was far spent and no attempt to succor them could be made that
+evening; so, in their semi-state of nudity, and without the means of
+making a fire, they passed a miserably cold night; but, early the next
+morning, one of their friends recrossed and carried them an axe, by
+the aid of which a new raft was made, on which they embarked a second
+time and were soon safe with their companions. Among the very useful
+articles that were lost by this mishap there were several saddles and
+six valuable rifles. What made this loss peculiarly unpleasant was,
+that they could not be replaced until the party could reach the
+settlements. The owners of the saddles were now in a sad plight; for,
+neither to the rider or his horse is it a very pleasant prospect to
+make a long journey without these useful articles. After repairing
+their damages as best they could, they struck out afresh. Setting
+aside hunger and the suffering experienced from exposure to cold,
+they were not again incommoded in any way until they had come to the
+vicinity of the Mexican towns. Here they met several hundred Utah and
+Apache Indians. These red skins showed some warlike symptoms which
+Kit Carson did not in the least fancy; but, to make the best of his
+situation, he ordered his men to post themselves in a neighboring
+thicket and be ready to act on the defensive. Kit Carson then informed
+the Indians that they must keep at a proper distance, or otherwise he
+would direct his men to fire into them. He told them that if they were
+disposed to be friendly, which they professed to be, towards the white
+men, they could show it by leaving and not annoying his party, who,
+being nearly naked and in a destitute condition, could give them
+nothing. Evidently the savages saw this was true, and so did not
+hazard a fight, but departed. Kit Carson traveled that night ten miles
+further. It was late in the day when he again ventured on the trail,
+but this distance was all that his animals could accomplish without
+food and rest, for they were fatigued and poor. His object in thus
+resuming his march, was to separate himself and men as far as he
+could from the Indians, fearing that they might change their minds and
+conclude to attack him. Being too weak, his party was in no condition
+for an engagement. At the end of this distance he fortunately met
+with a party of volunteers, who had been out in search of these very
+savages, in order that they might punish them for some rascality they
+had been recently guilty of. The next day Kit Carson reached
+Taos, where he allowed himself a short respite for the purpose of
+recruiting, and also to have the pleasure of a visit to his family
+and friends. These were privileges which, during his life in the
+mountains, had been seldom granted to him, though his feelings of
+attachment for relatives and intimate acquaintances are not exceeded
+by those of any living man. Indeed, his love for his children is
+unbounded. We have several times heard him assert, that if there was
+any one thing that could make him a coward, it would be the thoughts
+of his little ones. When his party was sufficiently recruited, Kit
+Carson left Taos and proceeded to Santa Fe. At this time Colonel
+Newby, of the Illinois Volunteers, was in command of the United States
+forces stationed there. This gentleman informed Kit Carson that his
+appointment as lieutenant, made by President Polk, was not confirmed
+by the United States Senate. Many of Kit's friends, on hearing this,
+came to him and advised him not to carry the dispatches any further;
+but, instead, they counseled him to deliver them to the commanding
+officer of the post he was at, advising him that he was doing duty as
+an officer in the army and yet was not recognized by government. The
+language used by Kit Carson on this occasion, in reply to his friends,
+is so much to his credit and is so like the man, that every American
+citizen ought to know it. It was as follows: "I was intrusted with
+these dispatches, having been chosen in California, from whence I
+come, as the most competent person to take them through safely. I
+would try to fulfill this duty even if I knew it would cost me my
+life. It matters not to me, while I am performing this service for my
+country, whether I hold the rank of a lieutenant in the United States
+army, or am known merely as an experienced mountaineer. I have gained
+some little honor and credit for the manner in which I have always
+conducted myself when detailed on any special and important business,
+and I would on no account now wish to forfeit the good opinion formed
+of me by a majority of my countrymen because the United States Senate
+did not deem it proper to confer on me an appointment which I never
+solicited, and one which, had I been confirmed, I would have resigned
+at the termination of the war."
+
+The reasons why the wishes of the President were not carried out by
+Congress in this instance, we know not; but, certain it is, that the
+lucky aspirant who eventually received this office at the hands of the
+same United States, had no credentials to present that could, as far
+as merit was concerned, compare with those held by Christopher Carson.
+It is fair to infer, that Kit Carson had but few friends at court,
+though it cannot for one moment be supposed that his name was not
+well known at Washington, when for five long years he had been the
+right-hand man of John C. Fremont in his explorations. The privates
+and the hardships which that commander and his guide willingly
+submitted to during those years, it is impossible to describe through
+reports. The whole newspaper press of the United States, together with
+several volumes of well-written books, have attempted it, but all have
+failed in giving a true picture of the reality. These things availed
+nothing when brought in contact with political moves; and Kit Carson
+was doomed to go by the board. He had, however, met, during his
+eventful life, with too many disappointments to be much chagrined at
+this, and we find him, soon afterwards, making inquiries in relation
+to the state of feeling among the Indians who inhabited the country
+through which he had to pass.
+
+The appointment of civilians to the responsible duties of a command in
+the United States army has, of late years, become, in many instances,
+very unfortunate. Perhaps it is this that has taught our legislators
+a lesson. But there is a truth which lies above this difficulty. The
+severe ordeal necessary to be gone through with at West Point, in
+order to make military men of the proper standard, has very naturally
+raised a jealousy between these two classes of men. This is very
+healthy for the country, as it stimulates each to noble exertions.
+In order to make the army less secluded, it is necessary to appoint
+a certain per-centage of men from the walks of private life, and
+therefore the most meritorious should be selected. West Point men, as
+a body, are a great credit to our country; and, as a scientific corps,
+they cannot be surpassed; but, the fact is incontrovertible, that
+many, if not most of the leading officers of the United States army,
+are self-educated, and have risen to their exalted positions by
+untiring industry and distinguished services. For frontier work, men,
+to be capable of taking command, are required to have great experience
+in Indian strategy, and to become accustomed to endure privations and
+vicissitudes. These cannot be taught by schools or books. For these
+positions those are best fitted who have been trained to the mountains
+from earliest boyhood, and where is the man in North America who has
+battled in this service longer or more successfully than Christopher
+Carson? But Kit Carson could see no reason why the votes of the United
+States Senators, refusing to confirm the President's effort to reward
+him for his services to his country, should cause him for one moment
+to swerve from his duty. He pocketed at once his disappointment, and
+went to work. Colonel Newby informed him that the Camanches had
+of late been very hostile, and that they were then roaming in war
+parties, numbering from two to three hundred, scattered along the old
+Santa Fe road, on which their depredations had, so far, been mostly
+committed. On learning this, Kit Carson determined to make a trail of
+his own, and endeavor thus to avoid them. He reduced the number of his
+escort to ten trusty followers. With them, he returned to Taos, and
+after a halt there of two days, once more was on the march. At first,
+he traveled to the northward, until he reached a tract of country
+which these Indians seldom visited; then, changing his route by
+compass, he struck the Bijoux River, which is a tributary of the
+Platte River, and followed it down stream. At about twenty-five miles
+from the mouth of the Bijoux, he quit that stream, and struck out
+diagonally across the prairies, and soon reached the Platte itself,
+down which he journeyed to Fort Kearney. Here he again changed his
+course for the Republican Fork. On leaving this last-named stream, he
+traveled direct to Fort Leavenworth, finally reaching that post with
+his men and animals in fine condition, for the journey had been as
+pleasant as could have been expected. Here he left his escort, and
+set out alone for Washington. After reaching the land of railroads and
+steamboats, he was but a few days in bringing the latter part of his
+journey to an end. Handing his dispatches to the proper authorities,
+Kit Carson turned right about and made his way to New Mexico, where he
+arrived in the month of October, 1848.
+
+It will be seen by following on a map the route which Kit Carson
+planned on this occasion, that it was very circuitous, and led him a
+great distance out of his way. Indeed he was, at times, far beyond the
+roaming grounds of the Camanches, but this was necessary. He was not,
+however, free from danger; but was obliged to be on the lookout for
+their allies, the Kiowas, who are usually at war whenever the Camanche
+nation is. His trail led him through a country which is celebrated as
+abounding in game, and also in being well watered, and last, but not
+least, the desideratum of finding grass of a good quality, whenever
+he desired it, was proved a valuable assistant on the march. It may be
+well to mention here, that one of the most curious of the phenomena of
+the plains, to the inexperienced traveler, are those mirages which,
+on every clear day, are sure to meet and delude his eyes. So wonderful
+are these deceptions, that often the vision leads one to believe he is
+beholding, in the distance, a beautiful city which is located on the
+banks of some attractive lake. The outlines of the palaces, spires of
+cathedrals, and even the lesser buildings themselves, all surrounded
+with trees, bearing luxuriant and green foliage, together, form
+an imaginary picture which throws into the background any of the
+realities which are the work of man. The shading is oftentimes very
+captivating, and on it the traveler can be entertained for hours,
+until a change in the rays of light or intervening clouds, or else by
+approaching the delusion itself, the magic scene fades away. A mirage
+and a prairie on fire, seen by night, the one a delusion, the other a
+fearful reality, are two of the grandest sights to be seen in the far
+West; we might add, on the American continent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    Kit Carson at his Home--The Apache Indians become hostile--An
+    Expedition sent against them--It is not successful--Another
+    is organized, with which, Kit Carson goes as Guide--Two Indian
+    Chiefs captured--Other Incidents of the Trip--Colonel Beall
+    attempts to force the Indians to give up Mexican Captives--Two
+    thousand Savages on the Arkansas River--The Visit to them--Kit
+    Carson emigrates and builds a Ranche at Rayado--Description of
+    the Valley--The Massacre of a Santa Fe Merchant--His Wife is
+    made Prisoner--The Expedition sent to rescue her--The Indians
+    overtaken--Bad Counsel and Management--The commanding Officer
+    wounded--Mrs. White's Body found--Severe Snow Storm on
+    the Plains--One Man frozen to Death--Kit Carson returns to
+    Rayado--The occupation of a Farmer resumed--The Apaches steal
+    from the Settlers nearly all their Animals--Kit Carson with
+    thirteen others in the Pursuit--The Surprise--A running
+    Fight--The Animals recovered--A gallant Sergeant and his
+    Fate--Kit Carson and Goodel go on a Trading Expedition to meet
+    California Emigrants at Fort Laramie--Humorous Adventures--The
+    Dangers that beset the Road to New Mexico--Hair-breadth
+    Escape--Arrival at Taos.
+
+
+Being comfortably housed in his own pleasant home at Taos, Kit Carson
+made up his mind to treat himself to a more lengthy stay there than he
+had for some time enjoyed. While he was quietly enjoying the pleasures
+of home, active operations were transpiring about him, for the
+neighboring Indians had dug up the tomahawk and buried the calumet,
+and were holding in defiance the United States forces, which had been
+stationed in New Mexico to protect its inhabitants. Colonel Beall was
+at that time commanding officer of the district, and had established
+his head-quarters at Taos. The colonel, soon after assuming the
+command, being a resolute man, saw that there was but one way to deal
+with these Indians, and that was to bring them to a strict account,
+and make them amenable for their many crimes. This tribe of Apaches
+has given the government of the United States almost as much trouble
+as have the Seminoles in Florida, and I hesitate not in saying, that
+before they are exterminated, which is the only sure plan of making
+a peace with them, they will have surpassed their red brethren of the
+swamps of the South in the number and enormity of their crimes. Before
+New Mexico came under the jurisdiction of the United States, the
+Apaches, for many years, had committed all kinds of heinous offences
+against the Mexicans; and, for a period of ten years after that event,
+these same savages were continually on the war path, notwithstanding
+military expeditions, one after another, were organized and sent out
+against them. Their mountain retreats are almost inaccessible to white
+men, while the Indians, apparently, play about in them like rabbits.
+The amount of physical endurance and the length of the journeys these
+red men can make, appear very astonishing to one not accustomed to
+them. The Apaches, as an Indian race, are not wanting in bravery, the
+best evidence of which statement is, that nearly all their warriors
+_die in battle_. Their country is the healthiest in America.
+Besides waging war against the whites and Mexicans, they have their
+differences to settle with their neighboring tribes, with whom they
+are punctilious in vindicating their national honor. Colonel Beall
+commenced his operations against these Indians by dispatching a junior
+officer, backed by a strong force, with orders to pursue, overtake,
+and chastise them. This expedition started; but, on coming to the
+mountains, the guides reported that there was too much snow on them
+for the command to pass through in safety; so the undertaking was
+given up, and the men were marched back to Taos.
+
+The most famous war chief of the Apaches, during these troubles,
+was called by the Mexicans _Chico Velasques_, and his name, for many
+years, was a terror to the surrounding country. His savage brutality
+knew no bounds, and he was truly in his element, only when he was
+tearing the bloody scalp from his half-lifeless victim. He was the
+sworn enemy of the Americans and Mexicans, and his hunting-knife was
+rarely clean of human blood, until his cruel life, by the wise decrees
+of an all-seeing Providence, was suddenly cut short. He fought against
+his disease (small pox) with that rashness that had been his ruling
+spirit through life, and thus ingloriously terminated his days. The
+pride of this man was to strut through the Mexican towns and gloat
+over his many crimes. To the gazing crowd, he would point out the
+trophies of his murders, which he never failed to have about him. To
+his fringed leggins were attached the phalanges (or finger bones) of
+those victims whom he had killed with his own hands. On the one side,
+he proclaimed to his auditors, were the fingers of the Mexicans, while
+on the other, were the same tokens from the Americans; and it gave him
+great delight, ironically, to dwell upon the latter name. With whip
+in hand, he struck out right and left when anything displeased him.
+He met one day more than his match in the person of the famous Mexican
+hunter, Armador Sanchez, of whom we have previously spoken. The
+circumstances of this rencounter were as follows: The bold Indian,
+with but few followers, was on a visit of pleasure to the Mexican
+town of Culebro. He had agreed to a temporary peace, to suit his
+convenience and ends; and, taking advantage of it, he made his
+appearance in the settlements, to lord it over the peaceable
+inhabitants. After indulging in a little fire-water, his wicked
+propensities could be controlled no longer, and broke forth in minor
+cruelties. At last he found himself in the house belonging to Sanchez,
+who was quietly conversing with his aged father, for whom he had great
+veneration, and also with his son. The Indian peremptorily demanded
+that some whisky should be given him. He was informed by Sanchez that
+he did not keep the article. A second demand was now made, with the
+threat that if it was not forthcoming immediately, he would whip the
+person who refused him. This had the effect of bringing Sanchez to
+his feet, when the following colloquy, in Spanish, between him and the
+Indian transpired: "Chico Velasques, you have long been accustomed to
+treat our people almost as you please. You have robbed and murdered us
+at your will, notwithstanding we have given you no cause thus to act.
+Had you asked for bread, I would have given it to you, for the door of
+my house is always open to the friendly red man; but, as for whisky,
+you can have none from my hands. Raise that whip but once to strike
+me, and I will dash your brains out with this mass of lead." Suiting
+his actions to his words, Sanchez drew forth from the pocket of his
+hunting-shirt a slung shot that weighed nearly four ounces, which
+he always carried to dispatch his game with when it was in the last
+agonies of death. With uplifted hand, the Indian hesitated; for, he
+knew the character of the man who stood before him, as they had hunted
+together during many moons gone by, on the same mountains and on the
+same trail. At last, using his own savage dialect, in order that his
+words could not be understood by others about him, the savage answered
+the Mexican hunter by saying, "that by chance they might some day meet
+again;" a threat which fell harmless at the feet of Sanchez. As he
+took his departure, the chief added, in Spanish, "I will tell these
+things to my father,[20] Kit Carson," as if further attempting to
+intimidate the hunter; but Sanchez knew that his own and Carson's
+opinions were the same in regard to this man; therefore, he smiled
+at the rascal's knavery. _Chico Velasques_ was followed in his
+chieftainship by _Blanco_, who did his utmost to walk in the footsteps
+of his illustrious predecessor; but, he was not so cunning, and was
+less successful in his encounters with the Americans and Mexicans,
+and therefore had not that influence with his tribe which the former
+possessed. Still, he performed his quantum of mischief, and yet lives
+to play his part in the great drama of Indian life. An Apache Indian
+is rather small in stature, but everything about him denotes symmetry
+and strength. His limbs are almost straight, and their muscles are
+as hard as iron. The elasticity of his movements, when in the least
+excited, shows a high degree of physical training. His coal-black eye
+exhibits an amount of treachery rarely seen elsewhere, proving the
+truth of the Chinese adage, that "the tongue may deceive, but the eye
+can never play the rogue."
+
+[Footnote 20: This expression of "father," with these Indians, means
+their agent.]
+
+But to return to the narrative. The commanding officer of the party
+sent out against these Indians, on arriving again at Taos, reported to
+Col. Beall that the reason he had returned was because, at the present
+time, it was impracticable to cross the mountains. That brave
+and experienced officer replied, "that there was no such word as
+impracticable in the soldier's vocabulary, and that nothing ought
+to be impossible for the 1st regiment of United States dragoons to
+accomplish." Suiting his actions to his words, Col. Beall reorganized
+the command, took charge of it himself, and employed Kit Carson as his
+guide. When everything was in proper trim, this expedition set
+out, and after surmounting many obstacles and privations, finally
+accomplished the feat of crossing the snow-clad mountains, and after
+a long and fruitless search for the Indians, the men were obliged to
+turn about, because their stock of provisions was running low. As
+the command emerged through the "_Sangre de Christo Pass_," on their
+return route, they came suddenly into view of a village of Apaches.
+As soon as the Indians were discovered the charge was sounded, but the
+animals of the dragoons were too much jaded to obey the summons with
+the celerity wished for by their riders; the result was that, besides
+a considerable amount of plunder, only two persons were taken, but
+they, fortunately, proved to be no less than two important chiefs. In
+order to impress these Indians with the fairness and liberality which
+his government wished to show to the red men, after a long talk,
+in which the colonel exacted promises of good behavior, he let the
+prisoners go. They departed, to forget as quickly as possible all
+their vows and promises; for, seemingly, they will act in no other
+way than as their own savage instinct teaches. After this affair, Col.
+Beall made a direct march for Taos, where he remained for some time,
+attending to the ordinary duties of his garrison.
+
+In the treaty between the United States and New Mexico, entered into
+at the close of the Mexican War, a clause was inserted binding the
+former to turn over to the latter all the Mexican captives then held
+by the Indians who inhabited territory belonging to the first named
+government. The carrying out of this provision of the treaty involved
+the United States government in a large and constant bill of expense.
+This was, undoubtedly, unavoidable, for even had the clause not been
+inserted in the treaty, the maintenance of about the same frontier
+military forces would have been necessary. It would have proved a
+difficult matter to carry out this treaty to the letter.
+
+If it had been so carried out to the letter, the Camanches would have
+been great sufferers, for at least one third of the blood that now
+runs in their veins is Mexican. During the last half century, and
+perhaps longer, they have been accustomed to make annual visits into
+the Mexican settlements of Old Mexico. The object of these hostile
+incursions has ever been to load themselves with plunder. They steal
+all the horses that fall in their way, and also take for captives as
+many young children as they can lay hands on. The latter are brought
+up in true Indian style, and, having cast off all remembrance of their
+former habits and friends, they gradually become the wild men of the
+plains. The female captives, on arriving at the suitable age, are
+married to the young warriors of the tribe, and thus the true Indian
+stock, becoming amalgamated with the Mexico-Spanish blood, is fast
+becoming degenerated. The reason, therefore, why the fulfillment of
+this treaty would have militated strongly against the Camanche Indians
+especially, is clearly apparent.
+
+In the following February, Col. Beall learned that on the Arkansas
+River there were congregated a large body of Indians, who had quite
+a number of Mexicans in bondage. He felt it to be his duty to visit
+these savages and endeavor to have them deliver up all such captives,
+using peaceable means to accomplish this result in the first instance;
+and, should they fail, he made up his mind to resort to more forcible
+and potent arguments. With this determination, and with two companies
+of dragoons to back him and Kit Carson as his guide, he set out on
+his mission. In due time he reached the Arkansas, and there found
+congregated four tribes of Indians who numbered in the vicinity of
+two thousand souls. Their object in thus coming together was to have a
+grand council and lay out plans for the future, and also to meet their
+agent. This agent, who was an experienced mountaineer, informed the
+colonel that, considering the present state of ill feeling existing
+among these Indians towards the whites, it would be useless to make
+the demand for the prisoners; and as to using force, it would almost
+certainly prove a failure, when such a large number of well armed
+warriors were arrayed against him. It required a great deal of
+persuasion to bring the colonel around to this mode of thinking; but,
+at last he yielded to the advice of his friends and concluded to make
+no demonstration against the Indians at the present time, concluding,
+as his anger cooled, that it was the wisest policy to await a more
+favorable opportunity, when a treaty could be made with them, in
+which there could be an article inserted that would stipulate for the
+restoration of the captives.
+
+In parting with these red men without accomplishing the main object
+for which they came, both officers and men felt that their labors had
+not been entirely thrown away. Their presence must have left lasting
+impressions on the minds of the savages, in showing them that they no
+longer had poorly clad and poorly armed Mexican soldiers to deal with.
+
+On arriving again in Taos, Kit Carson returned to his home to ruminate
+over what was best for him to take up as a business for the future.
+He revolved in his thoughts his past career, and, in the end, finished
+the mental study by resolving to give up his roaming life, as he
+rightly considered that now was the time, if ever, that he should be
+making a substantial home for himself and family, before old age crept
+upon and disabled him from the undertaking. About the time that he was
+in this frame of mind, his old mountaineer friend, Maxwell, was about
+going to a pretty little valley called by the Mexicans _Rayado_.
+Maxwell proposed to Kit Carson to join him in the enterprise of
+building a ranche on the site which he had selected. This offer the
+latter gladly accepted. Rayado would have, long before, been settled
+by the Mexicans, had they not been deterred by its exposure, and
+consequent inviting position for Indian depredations. The valley is
+about fifty miles east from Taos; and, for its scenery, cannot be
+surpassed by anything of the kind in America. Standing at the head
+of it on a blunt bluff, you look down and out on the prairies, and
+nothing can be more enchanting than the view that is thus presented.
+On each side there are lofty hills, which, when green with grass and
+foliage, add a magic beauty to the scene. Through the valley, as if it
+had been intended for its dividing line, runs a broad mountain stream,
+the banks of which are now metamorphosed into beautiful fields.
+
+We stop here to undeceive the reading public concerning an idea which
+has gained currency by the extraordinary imaginative writings of
+novelists. These trashy fictions represent the western plains,
+or prairies, as flower-beds. In this a great mistake has become
+prevalent. A traveler often pursues his way over them for many days
+without seeing anything to interrupt the continuity of green grass
+except it be the beautiful road over which he is journeying. Near the
+slopes of the mountains and on the river banks the remark will
+apply. There, fields of wild flowers are often found growing in great
+luxuriance.
+
+The settlement was soon after commenced by Kit Carson and Maxwell,
+and, as now completed, is really a beautiful spot. It is located about
+midway down the valley. Among its several houses, there are two which
+are more conspicuous than the rest. In the finest of these two, the
+owner of which has taken great pains and spent much valuable time
+with its construction, lives Maxwell, whose honest pride is the being
+master of a model farm. In the residence next most to be admired in
+Rayado, Kit Carson sometimes sojourns.
+
+The mansion which belongs to Maxwell would be an ornament to any
+country. At one time, it was used as a garrison for American troops,
+and on it, the soldiers made many improvements. It is built one story
+high, in the shape of a hollow square, and has the size of an ordinary
+block in a city. Around the whole runs a fine veranda. With its lofty
+ceilings, large and airy rooms, and its fine yard in the centre of the
+square, which is well stored with its fowls, pigeons, and other pet
+animals, with appropriate kennels; with antlers of noble buck and elk;
+hams of venison, buffalo meat, wild turkeys, etc., and near by a
+fine vegetable garden; altogether, it presents a picture of sumptuous
+living rarely seen within the pale of civilization. Maxwell counts
+his steeds and cattle by hundreds, while his flocks of sheep are
+enumerated by thousands. Near by stands Kit Carson's ranche, which,
+though more modest, yet, when the hunter occupies it, in dead game and
+comfort, it fully rivals its compeer. Around these two hunters live
+a handful of Mexican friends, who are either engaged in agricultural
+pursuits for themselves, or else in the employ of the "lords of the
+manor," Carson and Maxwell.
+
+In this his residence at Rayado, Kit Carson is only kept from spending
+his whole time by business for which his tastes are more suited. Soon
+after the commencement of the settlement, and while he was engaged
+in his vocation as farmer, news reached him that the Apaches had been
+committing a most wicked murder, the details of which are horrible
+in the extreme. A merchant by the name of White, who was engaged in
+business at Santa Fe, had been into the United States for the purpose
+of purchasing goods. With his train of wagons and his small escort
+of men, traveled his private carriage, in which there were, as
+passengers, his accomplished but unfortunate lady and her only child.
+On arriving at a point where he anticipated no further danger, Mr.
+White started on ahead of his caravan, in order that he might reach
+Santa Fe as soon as possible, and thus relieve his family from the
+privations of camp life. He had proceeded but a few miles when he was
+attacked by some Indians who had concealed themselves in the rocks
+on either side of the road. The savages, as the carriage neared their
+hiding-place, fired with such accuracy of aim that they killed, by
+their first volley, all of the men who were with the carriage before
+they were aware of the danger which surrounded them. Mrs. White and
+her child were reserved for a worse fate. They were carried off
+into captivity. The child proved to be a source of annoyance to the
+blood-thirsty savages, and its angel spirit was released from earth by
+their cruel ferocity. Before the eyes of its captive mother the fatal
+tomahawk was raised, and by one dastard blow its keen edge was made to
+mingle with its brains. The horrid work failed not to bring the bitter
+woes and anguish of despair to the breast of the unhappy mother. It
+was then thrown into Red River, which was the stream nearest to the
+scene of the bloody tragedy.
+
+Red River and its great canon has always been to the Apache Indians a
+favorite haunt of refuge, either when pursued, or after the committal
+of some terrible crime. There are several streams in the West called
+by this name. The one here referred to is the Red River of the plains,
+and is one of the upper tributaries of the Arkansas River. In olden
+times it went by the name of the Canadian River. Several sharp
+conflicts have occurred on this stream between the Apache Indians and
+parties of United States troops. It has also formed the stage of many
+an Indian tragedy in conflicts between the mountain Indians and the
+Indians of the plains. Quite recently, attempts have been made by
+whites to use its banks for grazing purposes, but every enterprise
+which has been set on foot to establish ranches in its vicinity,
+have been warmly contested by the Camanches, who have killed several
+persons who have dared to essay such attempts.
+
+The intelligence of this terrible butchery having been carried to New
+Mexico, a command was organized in hot haste, which had for its object
+the immediate rescue of Mrs. White from her bondage, worse than death.
+Two men went with this party as guides, named Leroux and Fisher.
+Watkins Leroux is an old and famous trapper and mountaineer, whose
+reputation and skill as a guide in the far West, is second only to Kit
+Carson's. A few of his warm partisans, who are ever very warm in their
+praise of their friend, at one time considered him superior even to
+Kit Carson; but, when the skill of the two men came to be tried in
+the same cause, the palm was yielded to Kit Carson. Leroux has
+guided several parties over new routes with meritorious success. His
+knowledge of Indian character is nearly equal to that possessed by Kit
+Carson, and he is endowed with a wonderful amount of forethought and
+prudence; but, in an Indian fight, or on any great emergency, his
+faculties appear to be less active, and his judgment less certain,
+than those exhibited by the great Nestor of the Rocky Mountains. It
+is a well well-understood maxim, that there are more or less
+narrow-minded persons who are ready and eager to pull down any and
+every rising man; and, for this purpose, such must choose a champion.
+Kit Carson's association with Colonel Fremont had won him so great
+renown, as a mountaineer and guide, that an opposition party was
+formed to detract from his merits and capabilities. Leroux, owing to
+his popularity, was chosen for the leader of this party, and whenever
+the name of Kit Carson was mentioned, the friends of Leroux always
+saw fit to compare the deeds of the two men together. This strife, of
+course, could not be lasting, and now it is almost forgotten. It is
+a just tribute of praise due to both of these brave men, to say
+that they do not sanction, by word or deed, either party to the
+controversy. They could but appreciate each other, and, as friends,
+ever felt elated, the one at the success of the other, and _vice
+versa_. They mutually considered that every fresh laurel of glory
+added a measure-full of honor and renown to their common brotherhood
+of mountaineers, among whom the good reputation of their cloth was as
+dear as it was among the knights attached to the orders of chivalry.
+Their ranches are located in the same valley, and in the same
+town; where, having lived together as fast friends in life, in all
+probability they will find their last resting-places in the same
+graveyard. Few men can say aught against the character of Watkins
+Leroux, but in this estimate of his actions, we are only reviving what
+has already been given to the public.
+
+With Leroux and Fisher employed as guides, the expedition for the
+rescue of Mrs. White set out on its route, and, on its journey, passed
+by Rayado. Kit Carson immediately proffered his services for the
+expedition. They were accepted, but, much to the surprise of many of
+the party, instead of being at once placed in the position which his
+great experience demanded, he was assigned to an inferior position
+under the command of Leroux. Kit Carson, however, was too good a
+soldier to exhibit the conduct which the little buzzing talkers so
+anxiously looked for from their supposed kindling of his jealousy,
+and quietly took the post assigned him, eager to lend a helping hand,
+which might even thus be instrumental in saving a valuable life. It
+is proper, however, that we should add, that this slight upon his
+reputation and experience wounded his feelings. But, especially, as
+the life in jeopardy belonged to a woman, he would not, and did not,
+think of allowing his actions to partake of his feelings. We have
+reason to believe that this slight, at least on the part of the
+commanding officer of the expedition, was not intentional. That
+gentleman was an honorable man, and would not have committed an act
+which he considered would have resulted otherwise than for the best;
+and, in appointing Leroux his chief counsellor, he had selected a good
+man, but, one whom he afterwards learned, to his sorrow, was every way
+the subordinate of Kit Carson in managing Indian affairs.
+
+A few years subsequent to the transpiring of this murder and the
+skirmish which succeeded it, we traveled near to the spot under the
+same officer who had the command of the above expedition. He reverted
+to the affair with much feeling, and from his actions and remarks, we
+could plainly see that his sympathies had been, perhaps, too greatly
+enlisted in behalf of his unfortunate countrywoman, and that his
+better judgment had been overcome by giving way to the urgent advice
+of others. If it had been a battle where either scientific attainments
+or manly courage could have succeeded, he would, doubtless, have been
+himself, and carried everything through with success. This is no mere
+assertion, for his long and well tried military career warrants us
+in this belief. We have the greatest respect for this gentleman, and
+consider him a very able man; but, as a biographer, we are called
+upon to narrate the facts as they come to us. If he had succeeded,
+everything would have been considered as well done; but he failed, and
+the cause of his failure is plain.
+
+The party being thus constituted, and no delay having been occasioned
+by any unforeseen accident, the party arrived in good season at the
+place where the cold-blooded murder had been consummated. Around the
+spot, there was strewn, in great confusion, boxes, trunks, pieces of
+harness, and many other things, which had belonged to the unfortunate
+party, and which the villains did not fancy and carry away with them.
+The path taken by these Indians was soon found, and on it, the command
+traveled in full chase for twelve days, without seeing the outline of
+a savage. Carson describes this as being the most difficult trail to
+follow he remembers ever to have undertaken, for the rascally Apaches,
+on breaking up their camps, would divide into parties of two and
+three, and then scatter over the vast expanse of the prairies to meet
+again at some preconcerted place, where they knew water could be had.
+In several of these camps the pursuers found remnants of dress and
+other articles, that were known to have belonged to Mrs. White. By
+these signs, they were led to believe that she still lived. Although
+these things would be trifles on ordinary occasions, yet, at the
+present time, they were the cause of stimulating the white men to
+their utmost exertions; and, as they grew fresher, the excitement
+among the party increased. At last, the camp, and even the persons
+of the savages, became visible to the foremost of the pursuers; and,
+among the first to get a glimpse of them was Kit Carson. At the time
+the discovery was made, Kit Carson was considerably in advance of most
+of the men. Turning to those near him, he shouted to have the command
+come on as fast as possible, for he saw at once that there was no
+time to be lost in consultation as to the best mode of assaulting the
+Indians. They, already, were in commotion, and were making hurried
+preparations to decamp. Riding on at full speed for some distance, Kit
+Carson again turned his head and saw, to his dismay, that he was
+not followed; but instead, the command had halted. The cause of this
+curious order being given, at such a precarious moment, was, as he
+afterwards learned, brought about by the advice of the chief guide,
+who told the commanding officer that the Indians wished to have a
+parley. On seeing what was transpiring behind him, Kit Carson had no
+alternative but to rein up his horse also; for, to ride on alone into
+the midst of the savages, would have been unjustifiable rashness, and
+might, perhaps, have destroyed the plans his superior officers were
+concocting. So, he stood paralyzed and confounded at the inactivity of
+his companions. Just about this time, a bullet, fired from the Indian
+camp, struck the commanding officer in the breast, and bent him
+forward. Those around him, for a little while, supposed that he had
+received a mortal wound. Still, he retained his seat in the saddle,
+but could not speak. Thus again was precious time lost, as the party,
+during this time, were virtually without a leader, and did not seem to
+be inclined to make one. Fortunately for this officer, just before he
+received the shot, he had taken off his thick buckskin gauntlets and
+crowded them into a breast pocket. The ball had struck this bundle;
+and, as its force was somewhat expended by the distance it had come,
+it was unable to more than penetrate the mass and contuse the soft
+parts of the chest.
+
+This accident assisted in preventing this well known military man from
+inflicting such a blow on these savages, that they would have been
+long in recovering from it. He had undoubtedly seen, soon after he had
+halted, that Kit Carson was right in recommending a charge; for,
+as quick as he recovered sufficiently from his injury to be able
+to speak, he commanded the men to make the attack, and leave him to
+himself. Unfortunately, the time had passed to accomplish the desired
+effect when this order was given, for, on arriving among the lodges,
+the men found only one warrior. He, as a matter of course, was slain.
+The body of Mrs. White was also found in the camp. Life was extinct,
+though her soul had but just flown to heaven. There was still warmth
+in the corpse when the men first discovered it. An arrow had pierced
+her breast. Evidently she had been conscious that friends were near,
+and was trying to make her escape when the missile of death produced
+the fatal wound.
+
+Much has been written and said about this sad affair, and much unjust
+calumny has been heaped upon the head of the leader of the expedition;
+therefore, the opinion of Kit Carson in reference to the matter may
+not be out of place; hence, we give it word for word. "I am certain"
+says Kit Carson, "that if the Indians had been charged immediately on
+our arrival, Mrs. White would have been saved. At first, the savages
+were much confused at our approach, and I do not hesitate to say that
+she saw us as quick as any one of the redskins did, for it undoubtedly
+was the all absorbing topic of her mind that her rescue would be
+attempted by her friends and countrymen. On seeing us coming, she
+had attempted to run towards us, when she was shot down. Had she been
+liberated, she could not have long survived the brutality, hardships
+and vicissitudes she had experienced. Words cannot describe the bitter
+cup that she had been obliged to drink during her captivity. It was
+the will of Providence that, having suffered like a martyr on earth,
+she should be taken to himself before we arrived to where her remains
+lay; upon coming upon which, we shed tears at thus being defeated in
+what had been our cherished hopes even had it cost some of us our own
+lives."
+
+By this language it can be readily seen that Kit Carson regretted the
+failure of this attempt made to rescue Mrs. White as deeply as any
+one, either in the expedition, or among her friends at the home from
+which she had so recently, in health and happiness, been torn. "Yet I
+cannot," says Kit Carson, "blame the commanding officer, or the other
+guide, for the action they took in the affair. They evidently did as
+they thought best, but I have no doubt that they now can see, that
+if my advice had been taken, the life of Mrs. White might have been
+spared for at least a short period." This expedition was far from
+being a failure, for the Indians lost all their provisions, camp
+equipage and a few animals. Many of these savages ran away leaving
+behind them everything they possessed in the world, except the scanty
+amount of clothing they had on.
+
+For six miles they were pursued over the level prairies when another
+brave was killed, several wounded and three children taken prisoners.
+The horses belonging to the Expedition broke down, one by one, until
+at last, the chase had to be given over, after which the Indians made
+short work in getting out of sight. Among the trinkets and baggage
+found in the captured camp, there was a novel which described Kit
+Carson as a great hero who was able to slay Indians by scores. This
+book was shown to Kit and was the first of the kind he had ever seen.
+After glancing at it he made the remark, "that perhaps Mrs. White,
+to whom it belonged, knowing he lived not very far off, had prayed to
+have him make his appearance and assist in freeing her. He wished that
+it might have been so, but consoled himself by thinking that he had
+performed his duty." While on their route back to Taos, the command
+was overtaken by a terrible snow storm which was accompanied by a high
+wind; as there were no hills to break its force, it amounted almost
+to a tornado. The snow was driven with such force into the men's faces
+that they became nearly blind, and were bewildered as to the course
+they should travel. During its continuance, they wandered about on the
+prairies. Finally they were so fortunate that at last they reached a
+clump of timber in the neighborhood of _Las Vegas_ in New Mexico; but,
+during the tramp, one man had been frozen to death and others had come
+near to perishing.
+
+After arriving in the settlements; the party learned from some
+friendly Indians, that the Apaches had suffered severely by being
+exposed to this same storm, and the report was that many of them had
+since died in consequence thereof. From this, it would appear as if
+an all seeing power had protected the whites, while it had dealt out
+a fearful judgment upon these wicked savages, who have more than vague
+ideas of the sin of murdering, in cold blood, innocent people, sages
+and philanthropists far distant and safe in great cities to the
+contrary notwithstanding. There are no set of men in the world who can
+draw the line between right and wrong based on its first principle,
+and taught to them by the great lessons of nature, as can many tribes
+of Indians. Among themselves, and especially among their individual
+bands, in regard to all crimes, the Indian has his moral code of laws
+which, in many respects, is not surpassed by those of his pale-faced
+brother. They have their civil chief who is responsible for the peace
+and good order of the camp; and, before him, are tried, by the lawyers
+of the tribe, all cases worthy of notice. If the parties are found
+guilty, the offender or offenders are summarily dealt with--therefore,
+"with his untutored mind," in his intercourse with white men, the
+Indian is not altogether excusable in committing crime.
+
+There are many people who believe that the Indians, as a race, have
+been greatly sinned against, and to sustain their views, have called
+in the assistance of flowery-written romances and the high-sounding
+language of prose and poetry. Much of this novelty and interest
+rubs off by coming in contact with the savage as he really exists.
+Admiration often changes, in this case, into distrust and even enmity.
+It is natural that this should be so, for mere book-education biases
+the mind always, either for or against, and therefore, it is not
+strange that in the far West, we should often meet with men who
+unhesitatingly declare that the red man, if capable, is unwilling
+to entertain in his character even one redeeming trait; but, on
+investigating their individual case, we find that they are but
+superficial observers who are prone to find fault with everything that
+does not exactly suit their tastes. It is necessary to spend a whole
+life with Indians, in order to judge them without prejudice. The Great
+Spirit has endowed his red children with reason, the same in quality
+as possessed by any other race, but their habits, mode of life and
+experience is of such a kind, that, when taken, as a whole, they are
+truly original. Looking upon this class of people, either in the light
+of an enthusiast or as a detractor, cannot be otherwise than wrong;
+for, as is usually the case, the truth lies between the extremes.
+
+To be caught in one of these winter storms on the plains is a very
+serious affair; and one only needs to have been through a fearful gale
+on the seas to render him dubious of which to choose. To the faint
+heart, death seems inevitable in either case; and, to such a one, a
+choice between a watery grave or a bed of snow, when hunger and cold
+are his attendants while life is gradually ebbing out, is a question
+in which the contrast appears small. During many of the winter months,
+a life on the prairies becomes a necessity to the frontiersman and not
+a pleasure. The force and power of the winds on the level earth of the
+far West, are beyond human imagination. The snow storms there, at
+the proper period of the year, are terrific in their grandeur. The
+quantity of the snow that falls is not so much a matter of notice as
+the force with which it comes, being almost blinding in its effects
+and requiring all the physical powers of both man and beast to meet
+and contend against it. It but seldom happens, during one of these
+seasons, that the roads are so blocked up by snow that human ingenuity
+cannot overcome the obstacle; for the wind drifts the snow, rendering
+the path clear at intervals which vary in their area. The poor mail
+parties are the ones who experience this undesirable life; and, in
+their attempts to make their journeys, they are often driven near to
+death's door, although every precaution is taken to make the transit
+safe. The mules of these parties are well protected with india rubber
+coverings which are lined with blankets, and, so snugly are they
+made to fit every available part of the animal, that it seems almost
+impossible for cold to touch them. Corn and fodder, to a limited
+extent, is transported; but, even with these precautions, the mules
+now and then succumb to cold. The man covers his body with warm
+clothing and carries with him furs and robes enough to be seemingly
+able to defy the storms. He can provide himself only with a scanty
+amount of fuel, for his means of conveyance are very contracted. When
+overtaken by the storms, which may last several days, he is rendered
+almost powerless, and is at the tender mercies of the gale; for he
+cannot make fires,--and without them he may perish. This is not true
+of every trip made across the plains during the winter, for, like
+on the ocean, the passage may be frequently gone through with the
+encountering of but little real suffering. One thing in favor of
+making the journey in this season of the year is, the probability
+of not seeing an Indian. They, usually, during the cold months,
+stow themselves away in their, comparatively speaking, warm mountain
+retreats. In crossing the plains, small parties find the item of
+meeting Indians to be of considerable importance, as, even in the
+time of peace, they are very exacting and troublesome, demanding that
+provisions should be given them, by way of toll. To refuse is apt
+to bring down their ire, when they will usually help themselves to
+whatever suits their fancy. They are very partial to sugar, which,
+when they cannot say the word in English, they call "Shoog." If not
+understood, they make their wants known by the Indian sign of touching
+with the index finger the tip of the tongue, thereby indicating the
+sweetness of the article. Many of them come armed with a piece of
+paper, which testimonial of good behavior they have obtained from
+their agent or forced from some traveler. As they cannot read, it
+makes but little difference what is the sense of the writing so long
+as it is _bona fide_ penmanship. I once saw one of these documents
+which the owner prized very highly, but, had he known the purport of
+his paper, he would have sighed for the scalp of his _kind friend_
+who wrote it. The language was as follows: "Crossing of the Arkansas,"
+etc. "The bearer, _Young Antelope_, is a good Indian and will not take
+anything out of his reach. This is to warn traders and travelers
+to beware of his race, breed, seed, and generation." It was signed
+evidently with a fictitious name, and answered the purpose for which
+it was intended, which was, to get rid of an ugly customer and to put
+strangers on their guard against the man who carried it.
+
+On arriving at Taos, Kit Carson left this party and proceeded
+to Rayado, where he was, soon after, actively engaged in farming
+pursuits.
+
+During the subsequent winter, a detachment of ten dragoons under the
+command of sergeant Holbrook was stationed at Rayado to protect the
+little settlement. In order that their animals might have the benefit
+of the good grass which was to be found in the mountains at a place
+where but little snow fell, the settlers established there a herder's
+ranche, posting two men there to look after and guard the property.
+The cold months were passed in peace and quiet, but, in the spring the
+marauding Apaches came, and, after wounding both of the herders, stole
+all the gentle animals, including both horses and mules. One of the
+wounded men made his way to Rayado, notwithstanding his injuries, and
+gave information of what had happened to himself and companion.
+On learning these facts, Kit Carson, the dragoons and three of the
+settlers, immediately proceeded to the ranche. They arrived there just
+as the shades of night began to fall. Nothing could be attempted until
+the dawn of another day, consequently, a camp was ordered and duly
+arranged. As the first faint beam of light gilded anew the mountain
+tops, the party were up and moving. They soon found the trail made
+by the thieves and commenced a sharp pursuit. The pace at which they
+traveled became so rapid, that, at the distance of only twenty-five
+miles from the spot where they first struck the trail, the Indians
+were discovered moving on the prairie a long way in advance. There
+remained nothing but an open chase.
+
+Orders were issued to accelerate even the hitherto rapid march. Each
+man resumed his exertions to put his horse to his best speed.
+The chase was growing intensely exciting when four of the animals
+belonging to the pursuers gave out, completely ridden down. Their
+riders were the most unhappy of any of the party at this circumstance,
+for it precluded even the chances of engaging in the expected affray.
+Leaving the four men behind, the remainder of the party pushed on in
+the pursuit, and every bound made by their horses brought them nearer
+to their foes. After several hours of this hard riding, they came near
+enough to the warriors to count their numbers. Their force consisted
+of twenty well armed and equipped Indians. They showed no fear of
+the party pursuing them, but clung to their stolen property with such
+pertinacity that they allowed themselves to be overtaken. A running
+fight was immediately commenced which became most exciting, as well
+as dangerous, to the participants; but, all the more exciting because
+thus dangerous. The Indians were all skillful horsemen and fought
+with great dexterity. Their animals being comparatively fresh, in
+this respect they had the advantage. Notwithstanding this fact, the
+pursuing party administered to them a severe lesson. Five of the
+rascally Indians were killed and several wounded, while all of
+the stolen animals, with the exception of four, were overtaken and
+recaptured. The whole of this pursuit and the running fight which
+terminated so successfully was accomplished under the advice of Kit
+Carson. Each man in the pursuing party felt that the simple fact that
+Kit Carson's eagle eye and experienced hand watched and guided their
+movements was a guaranty of certain and ample success. Hence, the
+labor of the long chase and the demands upon their personal skill,
+activity and courage made by the necessities of the fight, were all
+met with that kind of readiness and determination which seldom fails
+to make the soldier invincible. Every man in that party knew well
+that an Indian chase with Kit Carson for a leader, meant fight and win
+success or die.
+
+In referring to this adventure Kit Carson, when speaking of the
+gallant men who accompanied him, said, "They all proved themselves to
+be men of the very best material."
+
+Unfortunately, two of this gallant party have since fallen by the
+hands of these same Apache warriors. One of these was Sergeant
+Holbrook, a brave man, a skillful soldier and a noble friend. He was
+one who adorned his profession of arms and who was an honor to the
+country whose uniform he wore. He was killed at the well known battle
+of Ceneguilla while bravely fighting against overwhelming odds. This
+battle was fought in New Mexico in the year 1854. In it, a company
+of United States dragoons were worsted and cut to pieces by a greatly
+superior force of these Indians who succeeded in drawing them into an
+ambuscade.
+
+The other person referred to as having been since killed by this tribe
+of Apaches was a brave and experienced trapper, well known throughout
+the range of Indian depredations as a fearless and dangerous
+adversary. His name was William New. He was literally murdered at
+Rayado by these Apaches. This occurred only a few months after he had
+formed one of the party to pursue and recover the animals stolen from
+their ranche. When he was attacked, New was engaged tilling the soil
+on his own farm. The rascally Indians surrounded him before he became
+aware of their presence. Having an empty rifle with him, he succeeded,
+for some time, in keeping his assailants at bay, by pretending that
+the piece was loaded and pointing it at the foremost warrior as if
+he intended to fire it. The savages, however, finally discovered the
+truth and immediately made a rush upon him. A most desperate fight
+ensued, for William New, even thus defenceless, was not one who
+would yield up his life without a struggle. He made almost superhuman
+efforts to effect his escape, using the rifle as a club; wound after
+wound was given him in rapid succession in return for the desperate
+blows which he dealt with the rifle. His efforts, however, proved
+futile. Gradually the red blood was gathered from his body and drank
+up by the soil to which he looked for the sustenance of himself and
+family, until finally, he sank upon the ground fainting from its loss,
+literally covered from head to foot with frightful wounds. Thus died
+one more of the sparse race of original mountaineers, now fast passing
+away, bravely meeting the fate that has hitherto usually awaited this
+band of fearless men.
+
+We again turn to the adventures of Kit Carson. On the fifth day of
+May, 1850, accompanied by an old mountaineer named Timothy Goodel,
+he started with fifty head of mules and horses for Fort Laramie. This
+fort is distant from Rayado, over five hundred miles. The object which
+the two men had in view was to trade their animals with the emigrants
+who were, at that time, thronging the overland route to California.
+The journey was safely accomplished, Kit Carson and Goodel arriving
+at the fort, with their animals all in good condition, sometime in the
+following June. They remained here about one month disposing of their
+animals at good bargains.
+
+A few rather amusing anecdotes have had their rise connected with
+this visit which Kit Carson made to Fort Laramie. Among several other
+incidents the following is somewhat laughable and seems to us worth
+relating. Among the line of emigrants then on the road, the report was
+circulated for some distance back that the famous Kit Carson was at
+the fort. The result was that every man, woman and child, as fast as
+they arrived at the fort, were eager to gratify their curiosity by a
+sight of the man whose name and exploits had already been the theme of
+many a conversation among them. If ever Yankee, or American, (which
+is the more appropriate term, we will not attempt to decide)
+inquisitiveness was exhibited, it certainly could be then seen at Fort
+Laramie. The large majority of those who were thus anxious to see the
+famous guide, were led astray by the descriptions which they had heard
+and read, and picked out some powerfully built trader who chanced to
+present himself, especially if the man was tastefully dressed in a
+hunting shirt, with buck-skin leggins, and whose appearance indicated
+ferocity. Of this kind of personages there were quite a number present
+at the fort. Usually they would accost the man whom they had thus
+selected. Sometimes, if their address was appropriate and the humor
+of the person accosted so inclined, they would get put right, but more
+frequently they were left to enjoy and cherish their mistake, or were
+made the subject of a joke. Among the rest there came along quite a
+rough looking individual fresh from the cane-brakes of Arkansas. He,
+also, was seeking to place his eyes upon Kit Carson. Accidentally, or
+intentionally, it matters not for the story, he was directed to the
+place where the _bona fide_ Kit Carson stood. His powerful frame and
+determined looks, as he put his inquiries, made those inquired of,
+apparently, cautious how they perpetrated a joke upon the Arkansas
+man. At last, standing face to face with Kit Carson, he thus
+interrogated him. "I say, stranger, are you Kit Carson?" Being
+modestly answered in the affirmative, he stood a moment, apparently
+quite taken aback at beholding the short, compact and mild-looking
+man that stood before him. Evidently his beau ideal of the great
+mountaineer did not compare with the man whom he thus faced. This
+momentary hesitation resulted in the conviction that he was being
+deceived. The conviction, at last, took form in words. Rolling an
+immense quid of his beloved Indian weed from one cheek to its brother
+he said, "Look 'ere _stranger_, you can't come that over me any how.
+You ain't the kind of Kit Carson I am looking for."
+
+This was too much for Kit Carson to hear without treating the person
+addressed to his _beau ideal_ of Kit Carson, so suppressing a laugh,
+and assuming a very meek expression of countenance, as if he was
+afraid to impose upon the Arkansas man, he quietly pointed to a
+powerfully built trader, who chanced to be passing near by, dressed
+in true prairie style. The Arkansas emigrant followed around after the
+trader until, seemingly, he was perfectly satisfied, that he had, at
+last, found the famous person of whom he had heard so many wonderful
+stories narrated. After gazing at the man for some time, he departed,
+no doubt with one more perfect description of what sort of personage
+Kit Carson was.
+
+From the time Kit Carson's name began to be heralded throughout the
+world up to the present date, impostors have presented themselves in
+various cities; and, acting on the credulity of the people, they have
+palmed themselves off as the individual of whom we write; but, from
+the perusal of this work, it can be seen how seldom the real Kit
+Carson has enjoyed the luxuries of civilized life. It is in this way,
+many persons have gathered wrong impressions concerning Kit Carson.
+
+Within the past few years, a stranger one day presented himself in
+the quiet town of Taos, and, being a fellow of words, he soon let
+everybody there know his business, both past and present. In one of
+the principal stores of the town, there happened to be congregated a
+small party of friends, among whom was Kit Carson. They were talking
+of the important affairs of their section of country, when this
+strange individual entered. His familiarity with all things soon gave
+him an introduction; and, after a short conversation, a wag present
+was tempted, by the fellow's boasting, to quiz him. Addressing the
+traveler he asked, "What part of the world, pray sir, do you come
+from?"
+
+The answer was prompt.
+
+"I kum from the Cheyenne Nation. I've been living with them Injins fur
+several years. Indeed, I consider myself more of an Injin than a white
+man."
+
+The conversation then turned upon other matters. The fellow made
+some remarks which led the party to believe that he was entirely
+unacquainted with the Cheyenne Indians, or any other Indians. When he
+was apparently off of his guard, the wag resumed his questioning.
+
+"I presume, stranger, you accompany the Cheyennes when they go out on
+war parties, as you say that you have turned warrior."
+
+The reply was:
+
+"When they go out 'gainst t'other Injins, I do; but when they hunt
+white men's hair, I am allowed to stay behind. This was one of the
+stip'lations when I took a squaw and jined the tribe."
+
+"Oh ho! that is the way you manage!" exclaimed the wag.
+
+"Yes! and I've bin the means of saving some scalps for my race too,
+fur the Injins believe in me, they do," continued the fellow.
+
+The wag resumed--
+
+"Perhaps, stranger, you have heard of Kit Carson. It is said he is on
+the prairies somewhere, either dead or alive."
+
+The fellow answered:
+
+"You've got me! Know Kit Carson! I reckon I do. It is strange that you
+should ask me that, when Kit was the very last man I laid eyes on as I
+left our tribe."
+
+Here the fellow lowered his voice and said, as if exemplifying
+sympathy.
+
+"Poor Kit was in a very bad way one hour before we parted. The fact
+is, you know, he'd bin playin' the papers (meaning gambling) and had
+lost everything. However, I made him happy by giving him my gun and
+powder-horn. With them, you know, he will git along anywhere!"
+
+All hands, except Kit Carson, joined in the laugh at the fellow's
+impudence. Kit Carson's patience was exhausted in listening to the
+barefaced falsehoods which the man was uttering; so, with some excuse,
+he left the party. The fellow was unapprised of the farce which he had
+been acting; and, shortly after, left the town, believing that he had
+acquitted himself as became a hero.
+
+By way of episode, and while story-telling keeps its hold on our pen,
+we may as well relate a short anecdote, which, though it does not
+form any close connection with this part of the narrative, seems to
+illustrate the practical jokes which are sometimes played off by the
+western men upon those who have yet to undergo their novitiate.
+
+A German accidentally wandered out to and located himself in company
+with others on or near the Greenhorn River, which is one of the
+tributaries of the Arkansas. Their business was trading with the
+Mormons, many of whom at that time traveled to Salt Lake, by what is
+known as the Arkansas River route. In so doing, they came near
+the vicinity of the site selected for trading purposes. In the
+commencement, the German was very inexperienced in matters that
+pertained to trading with these emigrants, and, as a matter of
+course, in an Indian country, met with many singular adventures. It
+so happened that this man was exceedingly afraid of rattlesnakes,
+and those he was associated with, by way of amusement, delighted in
+augmenting his fears by telling him wonderful stories of what feats
+the reptile had been known to perform. On the first trip which he made
+to the camp of some Mormons located about nine miles off, his ride
+took him through a perfect hot-bed of these snakes. Behind his saddle,
+on the horse's back which he rode, he had tied a bag of rice which he
+had intended to barter. The German, not being used to riding, was a
+poor horseman, while unfortunately, his steed was a spirited animal,
+and at once, on his mounting, started off on a trot. The string of the
+bag of rice became loosened by the severe jolting, and its contents
+came tumbling on the ground in great quantities, but afterwards as the
+stock on hand decreased, this was lessened. The German, who had his
+hands full to keep his seat in the saddle, heard the rattling noise
+behind him, but dared not look around, for fear of being thrown off
+from his horse. He supposed he was chased by a ferocious snake, and,
+at once, thought only of escape; therefore, seizing the mane of the
+horse, he gave him the spurs. He was soon going at a flying gait;
+still, the rattling noise pursued him as the increased speed sent the
+little grains of rice out of the sack in greater quantities. At last
+the sound died away, as the cause of the trouble was expended. The
+frightened rider now considered himself safe, and began to rein in his
+horse. After a while, he brought him to a stand-still, and turned to
+look for his retreating enemy, but instead, found the origin and cause
+of the mischief. His loss was irrecoverable, and he could only laugh
+at the ridiculous figure he must have cut. This adventure gave his
+friends much merriment, and served to open his eyes in reference to
+the much vaunted capabilities of this snake. He has since often told
+this story of himself, and considers it a capital joke.
+
+The labor of settling up their business at Fort Laramie was soon over,
+when Kit Carson and Goodel took their departure. Goodel started
+for California, while Kit Carson commenced his tramp homeward. As a
+traveling companion, he took with him a Mexican. They pursued their
+journey quite pleasantly and safely enough, but, on their arrival
+at the Greenhorn River, the scene of the German's adventure with a
+rattle-snake, they were obliged to be very wary in their progress, for
+Kit had learned that the Apache Indians were out on the warpath, and
+were waylaying the road which, he intended to pursue with the avowed
+purpose of attacking, plundering and murdering whoever chanced to fall
+in their savage clutches. Kit Carson, therefore, halted for six days
+on the banks of the Greenhorn, and spent the time recruiting his
+animals. While here and thus engaged, a party of white men, whom he
+found encamped on the same river, formed the subject of his earnest
+attention. They had come thus far on their route to New Mexico, but,
+on learning the news of the hostile attitude of the Apache nation,
+their courage had entirely deserted them. They did not dare venture
+into New Mexico, and counselled the retracing of their steps. Kit
+Carson set himself to work, but found he had a difficult task to talk
+courage into these men. By dint of much argument, he succeeded in
+persuading one of them to accompany him. On the seventh day, with this
+one companion--for the Mexican had left him--he broke up his little
+camp on the Greenhorn, and set out upon his dangerous journey.
+
+By taking a zigzag course, avoiding, in the mountains, all the usually
+traveled trails, he advanced on his route forty miles without seeing
+any very fresh Indian signs. As often as the moon was unclouded, the
+two men embraced the assistance of its pale light to make progress
+through the dangers that beset them; and, on the days which succeeded
+this night-work, they would conceal themselves and animals in some
+out of the way place, where they were not to be easily discovered. Kit
+Carson had not sufficient confidence in the quickness of perception
+of his companion to trust him as a sentinel, therefore, he had to
+take upon himself all of that important duty. While on the lookout, he
+usually posted himself in the top limbs of a tree and always took
+care to select one that commanded a good prospect of the surrounding
+country. After several days passed without having proper rest, Kit,
+in the monotony of his position as sentinel, would feel sleep stealing
+over him, until it was difficult to keep longer awake. He would close
+his eyes and commence to nod, but on these occasions he was sure to
+be quickly aroused on almost losing his balance, by which, however, he
+endangered his neck. One day, while thus employed, he was perched in
+the highest branches of a lofty old cotton-wood on the banks of the
+River Timchera and not far off from the "Spanish Peaks." Nearly
+ten hours had passed without anything special having attracted his
+attention, when, all at once, a band of straggling Apaches came into
+view not over one half mile distant. A single look was sufficient to
+convince him that, as yet, neither himself nor his companion had been
+discovered. No time was to be lost, so Kit, as quickly as possible,
+descended and ran to where his friend was, and informed him of their
+danger. The animals were soon saddled, and the two men mounting them,
+struck out in a direction just the opposite to that in which the
+Indians were traveling. Fortune favored them, as, soon after they had
+emerged from the timber into the open prairies, night set in, thus
+shutting them out from the view of the savages. Profiting by the
+darkness and the level country which lay before them, they reached, by
+the rising of the next morning's sun, the Mexican town of Red River,
+which was sixty-five miles distant from the place they had last
+started from. All dangers having been now surmounted, they made a
+sufficient stay at Red River to rest themselves and animals.
+
+On resuming their journey, they jogged along over the now rough trail
+and, after a ride of thirty miles, came to Taos, where they were once
+more safe from the perils that had so recently surrounded them, and
+where they were well provided for by kind friends.
+
+Rio Colorado, or Red River settlement, is, next to Taos, the oldest
+town in northern New Mexico. It is located on a small stream of the
+same name, which flows into the Rio Grande. The town itself contains
+some two or three hundred inhabitants, and occupies rather a pretty
+site, being built on a high bank, while between it and the river
+there is a large strip of bottom land, which is under cultivation.
+The scenery about is picturesque, embracing lofty and bold mountains,
+beautiful wood-land and open prairies. The external appearance of the
+village is that of abject poverty; and, on entering it, one readily
+sees that his eyesight has not deceived him, but that his first
+impressions are fully realized. It was here that Fremont and his men
+found a haven of safety after meeting their trying reverses on the
+fourth exploring expedition. To them, the sight of this town must have
+been hailed with delight. In Red River there live two old trappers,
+who have long since been weaned from the habits and manners of
+civilization. These two men are Canadians, one of them notorious for
+the "yarns" he can spin; but as they are many of them past belief,
+they are listened to by the traveler as a help to pass the time while
+he is obliged to tarry in the place. A young English nobleman who was
+on a visit of pleasure to the western country, once fell into this
+man's clutches, and, from the trapper's after boasting, we infer that
+he (the trapper) more than surpassed himself in story-telling. Among
+other things, he informed this nobleman that he had once mastered
+a grizzly bear in a hand-to-hand fight by cramming a stick that was
+sharpened at both ends into the bear's mouth in such a way that the
+monster could not close his jaws, because it fastened and kept them
+open. Being asked by the nobleman how large were the _hare_ in that
+vicinity of country, his answer was, that he had seen them of such
+a magnitude that one would be a load for a man, and that when strung
+across the hunter's shoulder, one part was sure to be dragging on the
+ground. He then boasted that he had killed a grasshopper that, with
+his head cut off, weighed _six ounces_. Notwithstanding his love of
+talk, this old man had once been a brave and famous hunter; but no
+confidence could be placed in him, owing to his habituated want of
+regard for truth and honor; hence, he has long since been excluded
+from the companionship of the mountaineers. The English gentleman
+above spoken of was an experienced traveler, and therefore undoubtedly
+knew how to weigh the truth of his astonishing information.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    Kit Carson reaches Home--Himself and Neighbors robbed by the
+    Apaches--Major Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the
+    stolen Stock--A Plot organized by White Men to murder two
+    Santa Fe Traders for their Money--The Disclosure--Kit Carson
+    goes to the Rescue of the Traders--The Camp of United States
+    Recruits--Captain Ewell with twenty Men joins Kit Carson and
+    they two make the Arrest of Fox--Gratitude expressed by the
+    Traders--Money offered but refused--The Prisoner taken to Taos
+    and incarcerated--Kit Carson receives a magnificent Pair of
+    Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders--The return
+    to Rayado--A Trading Expedition to the United States--The
+    return Journey--An Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians--A
+    State of Suspense--The Deliverance from Danger by a Message
+    sent by a Mexican Runner--The arrival at Rayado.
+
+
+After finishing the pleasant visit which he was thus enabled to make,
+while recruiting himself among the good people of Taos, Kit Carson
+bent his way to his home at Rayado. He safely reached there and had
+but just dismounted at his own door, when he was informed of a recent
+calamity that had befallen himself and neighbors during his absence.
+It was the old story, viz. that the Indians had come in and boldly
+stole all the animals belonging to the settlement--At the time this
+depredation had been committed, there was a small detachment of United
+States troops stationed in the place, but the soldiers were too few
+in number to attempt a rescue of the property from the savages.
+The latter had visited the little town with a strong force on this
+occasion; the settlers, therefore, made application to the commanding
+officer of the territory, who promptly dispatched Major Grier with
+a command of dragoons to hunt up the guilty parties and punish them.
+This the major did and was so fortunate as to recover nearly all of
+the stolen stock which he had the satisfaction of returning to its
+owners.
+
+Kit Carson remained through the following summer months at his ranche
+at Rayado, busying himself in efforts to improve his house and lands.
+
+In his employment Kit Carson had several faithful Mexicans. His task
+was to superintend their labors, which occupied only a part of his
+time. When anything required it he lent a hand to assist them; but,
+these men had to be provided with provisions which, to purchase in
+those distant parts, would have entailed a great item of expense;
+indeed, more than equal to the profits arising from their labor.
+Therefore, a certain amount of time had to be set apart for hunting,
+which kind of employment he truly enjoyed. Mounted on a fine horse,
+with his faithful gun and dog, early each day, he would start out on
+the prairies to engage in the chase. In a few hours he would return on
+foot, with his noble hunter loaded down with choice game. Sometimes
+it would be antelope or elk; on another occasion, it would consist of
+black tailed deer, which are celebrated as being the largest and the
+finest species of venison that roam the forests of any country and are
+only to be found in the Rocky Mountains; on another, wild-turkeys; and
+then mountain grouse and prairie chickens helped to complete the load.
+When thus provided for, it is no wonder that Kit's workmen loved their
+employment and labored with good will. While thus engaged Kit Carson's
+weather eye was always open for Indian signs. His horses, cattle and
+sheep which he had bought since the last depredation were watched with
+great vigilance, as no one could foretell what the next hour would
+bring forth. In his mountain home Kit was often visited by Indian
+friends who came to smoke the pipe of peace with him and enjoy his
+hospitality. When thus surrounded by rival hunters worthy of his
+steel, who had sprung up, like oaks of the forest, he felt truly
+happy. This happiness was greatly enhanced and augmented by the
+thrifty appearance of everything that pertained to him.
+
+He saw himself in the possession of fine lands, well watered and well
+timbered. Also plenty which was ready for the plow. It was almost a
+farm, made to order by the most perfect Workman. The soil, unsurpassed
+in richness and fertility, was a safe and sure depository for his
+seeds, telling him, in its silent, but unmistakable language, of the
+rich harvest in store for him. His stock was the best which heart
+could wish; and last, but with him not least, he was within a stone's
+throw of splendid hunting grounds, which, to his unerring rifle, as
+the reader has already seen, proved as safe an assistant, as would
+have been a Wall street bank with a large credit side to his account.
+
+We have here a picture of Kit Carson enjoying the rewards of a home
+congenial to his taste and knowledge of life, while around him are
+gathered the objects which his manly soul had learned to love and
+live for. The painting is one which we find beautiful to the sight
+and which is rich in its lessons of life. But these deductions must be
+left for the sensitive and honest hearted imagination to draw. It is
+not fitting to add them to these pages, however truthful they may be,
+until the last sad rites which are measured out to all, shall have
+been performed for the brave man of whom we write, and his noble
+soul shall have winged its flight to the happier hunting grounds of
+eternity.
+
+The duties of farming and hunting were only once interrupted during
+the summer which Kit Carson thus enjoyed with his family. The exploit
+which called him, on this occasion, from his home, was caused by an
+effort to save the lives of two well known traders. To accomplish
+this, he assumed the character and duties of a detective police
+officer. The circumstances of the case were as follows.
+
+An American, by the name of Fox, had organized a party to accompany as
+a guard over the plains, and, while professedly engaged in this duty,
+to murder Messrs. Brevoort and Weatherhead, two gentlemen who were
+traveling into the United States, as the rascal and party supposed,
+with a large sum of money which they expected to expend in the
+purchase of goods to be used for trading purposes. Fox played his part
+so well that when he offered himself and men as an escort, the offer
+was accepted by the intended and unsuspicious victims, as if it had
+been a mark of particular favor. Before the route was entered upon,
+Fox visited Taos for the purpose of enlisting among his band of
+desperadoes, a fellow who resided in that town. He was a person
+who bore a very bad character, but for some reason, which has never
+transpired, he refused to go; yet, proving true as a wicked confidant,
+he waited until he thought his friend Fox was sufficiently advanced on
+the road to accomplish his hellish purposes without any chance of his
+being overtaken and arrested. He then saw fit to divulge the plot.
+
+Every new country is the favorite place of resort for desperadoes and
+rascals of all grades, who cannot live in their native districts on
+account of their many crimes.
+
+Until the machinery of law and order begins to work smoothly, these
+fellows, in their new homes, have every thing their own way unless
+they go to too great excesses, when their neighbors will rise
+for their own protection and treat them with summary and severe
+punishment. Often, by thus making an example of a few, large numbers
+are prevented from doing further mischief. In the early history
+of nearly every one of our western territories, escaped convicts,
+murderers, thieves and the worst sort of humanity, mingled in with
+good men, have commenced their nefarious practices on a grand scale.
+These things have brought such sections of our country into bad
+repute abroad. It needs but time for communities to ferret these
+human monsters out and visit upon them a just retribution. The inland
+position of New Mexico and the consequent difficulty of intercourse
+with the General Government of the United States, made it an inviting
+place, from time to time, for men of this stamp to visit; but, as they
+have met on most occasions with a reception from the friends of order,
+not in the least suited to their tastes, they have almost ceased their
+coming, thereby showing what a few resolute men can accomplish at the
+commencement of such trouble. The reforming work of mitigating the
+evil, which is sure to result among a mixed population under the best
+regulations, is slowly progressing, and the day is not far distant,
+when New Mexico, in this respect, will compare favorable with her
+sister (and older) territories.
+
+The purport of this diabolical plot accidentally came to the ears of
+an officer in the army, who chanced to be in Taos at the time. This
+gentleman was one of the first to hear of it, and at once sought Kit
+Carson; but instead of directly telling him what he had just heard,
+from some strange reason of his own, he demanded of Kit whether
+he would be willing to pursue and apprehend Fox for debt. To this
+proposition Kit Carson replied in the negative.
+
+On hearing Kit's indignant refusal to be employed in such a menial
+undertaking, the officer concluded to lay the true state of the case
+before him, who, he naturally enough thought, could, above all others
+in that territory, devise some plan that would result in rescuing
+Brevoort and Weatherhead from their impending fate. Here it may be
+proper for us to add that the officer who had thus indiscreetly acted,
+must have had previously a very slight acquaintance with Kit Carson,
+or he would not have selected him as a man ready and anxious for any
+dirty job which might offer, as it is entirely foreign to his
+true character. Kit Carson, on being apprised of the facts, became
+interested, and took the management of the affair, for the most part,
+into his own hands; and, on investigating it more thoroughly, he came
+to the conclusion that Fox and his companions contemplated committing
+the crime on the Cimaron River.
+
+This river is nearly east from Taos; and the point at which Carson
+anticipated overhauling the party was between two and three hundred
+miles distant. At this time, the Mountain Indians were unusually
+hostile; but Kit Carson was always well informed of their
+movements--as much so as it was in the power of any one to be. With
+the little command under him he was willing, where so weighty a matter
+as saving the lives of two of his countrymen demanded his services,
+to march anywhere--even if he had to contest his way. One hour was
+sufficient time for him to make ready for the undertaking, but not
+so with the soldiers. They had to put their horses and themselves in
+trim, for it might be severe and taxing duty. The route taken by the
+party was a trail, which leads direct to Rayado, and on which, just
+before reaching the last-named place, there are many curious piles
+of stones, which are scattered over the side of a mountain, and have
+formed a puzzle to many an inquiring mind. By some they are supposed
+to be Indian graves; but, by others, they are thought to have been
+made as a sort of landmark by the older inhabitants of the plains,
+when they started into New Mexico on some marauding incursion. These
+latter persons believe that the Indians were unacquainted with the
+country they were invading, and had left these marks to assist them in
+making their way out again. Most likely the first hypothesis is true,
+and that the stones were thus heaped up to protect the corpses from
+being devoured by the wolves. On quitting Rayado Kit Carson struck out
+on the open prairies.
+
+By making an expeditious march, Kit Carson felt that the traders could
+yet be saved. His party consisted of ten picked men of the dragoons,
+and it was splendidly mounted on horses furnished him to assist in the
+undertaking. The pace which Kit commanded and required was one which
+would try the nerves and courage of most good horsemen. Onward, over
+the level prairie, the party galloped--every man feeling proud of the
+guide, whose spirit they caught and imitated. The second night out
+from Taos they came upon the camp of a detachment of United States
+recruits who were under the command of Captain Ewell, and who were
+bound for New Mexico, where they were to reinforce the regiments of
+the army which were stationed in that territory.
+
+It is customary to send out, each year, detachments of recruits to
+the different departments of the West. These men are enlisted and
+collected at the depots within the States; and, whenever a sufficient
+force is collected to fill up the requisitions, they are dispatched,
+at the proper seasons, to their respective regiments. Those intended
+for New Mexico set out during the summer months. They are rarely sent
+at the same time, or as the same command of men. These recruits are
+a hard set to manage, especially when traveling through the States,
+where they are exposed to temptation. On arriving at the commencement
+of their hardships, on the plains, it is usually found that many have
+deserted, and also that many might have done so with benefit to the
+government. Military service with recruits, and the same with old
+soldiers, are two different things. With the former, officers are
+obliged to command, threaten and punish, to accomplish in one day,
+what the latter would perform without much trouble in half the time.
+Recruits know little or nothing about marching or camp duty; and,
+in taking care of them, an officer has his hands full. Even the most
+minute items have to be looked to; for example, they are men rarely
+used to fire-arms, being, for the most part, foreigners by birth, and
+are just as apt to load a gun with the ball of the cartridge first
+down, as with the powder. Old soldiers look upon these new comers as
+verdant in the extreme, and the pranks they often play upon them are
+very humorous. With patient discipline, they become serviceable men,
+and are an honor to the standard which they carry; and, what appears
+to be the strangest fact of all, frequently the poorest looking
+recruit may make the best soldier. This is a fair picture of the men
+Capt. Ewell was commanding.
+
+Kit Carson at once informed the captain of the duty he was on, when
+that distinguished officer, generously determined to assist in putting
+a damper on the wicked designs of the wretches. Taking with him twenty
+men, Captain Ewell joined Kit Carson, and together they proceeded in
+the pursuit. By using every precaution in their power, and forcing
+their marches, they entered into the camp of the traders, and arrested
+Fox before he had time even to suspect the business upon which
+the party had come. After Fox was secured, Messrs. Weatherhead and
+Brevoort, were informed of the dangers through which they had passed.
+These gentlemen, at first were astounded, but they soon became assured
+of the truth of what they heard. They then selected fifteen men whom
+they knew to be innocent, and ordered the remainder of their escort,
+numbering thirty-five souls, to leave their camp instanter, which
+command was promptly obeyed. To Kit Carson, they offered any sum of
+money that was in their power to bestow, in return for the invaluable
+service he had rendered them. Kit Carson replied, "that it was reward
+sufficient for him to have been instrumental in saving the lives of
+two worthy citizens, and that he could not think of receiving one cent
+of money."
+
+A long colloquy was held that night around a good camp fire, that was
+freely fed with "buffalo chips."[21] At midnight, most of the party
+were asleep, and nothing could then be heard except the barking of
+wolves and the heavy tread of the guard, as they walked to and fro
+on their respective beats. On the first appearance of day-light, all
+hands were up and preparing to strike their tents. Soon after the
+parties separated, but, before doing so, the traders again expressed
+their thanks, and then resumed their journey. Fox was first taken
+to Captain Ewell's camp, then he was turned over to Kit Carson, who
+conveyed him to Taos, where he was imprisoned for some time; but was
+finally released, as nothing positive could be proved against him,
+chiefly because he had committed no overt act, but had only, thus far,
+engaged in plotting the double murder and robbery. This is always a
+difficult crime to establish. In this instance, the difficulty was
+greatly augmented from the fact that the witnesses in the case, as
+soon as they heard of Fox's capture, scattered and left for parts
+unknown. He was finally set at liberty.
+
+[Footnote 21: Buffalo chips form the principal fuel of the plains. It
+is dry buffalo manure.]
+
+At that day the keeping of a prisoner in close confinement in New
+Mexico, or of having him continually under the surveillance of the
+military was no ordinary, or easy matter. The only places which
+could be converted into jails, were the common _adobe_ houses of the
+inhabitants. From these a wide awake and determined prisoner with the
+free use of his hands, and the assistance of the smallest kind of
+a tool, as a jack-knife or pair of scissors, could dig out of his
+dungeon in five or six hours. The large majority of the criminals who
+were thus incarcerated, managed to effect their escape. In the case of
+Fox, however, he had a man to deal with who was seldom thwarted in any
+of his undertakings. With so much convicting evidence of his wicked
+intentions, and with so much trouble to bring him to trial, it was
+greatly regretted, that he did not receive a suitable punishment. As
+soon as he was set free, Fox made his way out of the country; but his
+further history is not known.
+
+The general impression left upon the minds of the people who were
+familiar with the minutiae of this affair was, that Fox was guilty.
+As he was known to be a finished villain, it was universally believed
+that, after murdering and plundering the two traders, he intended to
+grasp the "lion's share," and with his portion, to proceed to Texas,
+where, as he was there entirely unknown, he hoped to enjoy the rewards
+of his rascality.
+
+This valuable service rendered to Messrs. Brevoort and Weatherhead,
+was most gracefully and handsomely rewarded by them. In the course of
+the following spring, they presented Kit with a pair of magnificent
+revolvers. Upon the silver mountings, there were engraved a very few,
+but expressive words, indicating the obligations which the donors
+considered themselves laboring under towards their deliverer. Such a
+testimonial to an unselfish heart like that which beats in the breast
+of Kit Carson, is a prize of greater value than any more substantial
+gift, which money could purchase. These beautiful weapons, Kit Carson
+prizes very highly; and, the donors may here learn the fact that, in
+the hands of their owner, they have since been duly initiated into
+active service, and found to perform their necessary duties most
+admirably.
+
+After the task of the arrest of Fox was thus successfully undertaken
+and consummated, by his being securely lodged in jail and placed under
+suitable guard, Kit Carson returned to Rayado, where he spent the
+winter in a very quiet manner. We use the term quiet manner: it should
+be qualified with the phrase, quiet manner for him. He found plenty
+of employment in looking after his animals, besides spending a large
+share of his time in hunting. This, however, although always attended
+with paying practical results, he did as much for pleasure as from
+necessity. He always found a large number of hungry mouths ready to
+relieve him from any superabundance of game; and, as his hospitality
+to all classes is unbounded, he took especial delight in feeding and
+liberally bestowing his bounties upon his poor Mexican neighbors, to
+whom powder and lead were more of a desideratum than to himself,
+and with whom his experience and skill as a hunter, were a source of
+support which they could only wish for.
+
+Early the next summer Kit Carson, in charge of a train of wagons
+belonging to himself and his friend Maxwell, set out for the United
+States. After an unusually pleasant journey, he reached the Missouri
+River, and proceeded down it, in a steamboat, to St. Louis. Here he
+purchased a large stock of goods. With this freight, he returned to
+Kansas, where he had left his caravan, into which, on his arrival, he
+transferred his merchandise. He then started on his return trip to
+New Mexico. In order that his animals might take advantage of the fine
+grass to be found there, he chose the route, known to all traders on
+the plains, as well as to the reader, as the road by Bent's Fort. He
+was progressing on his journey quite happily, when unfortunately, at
+a point that is located about fifteen miles above the fording of the
+Arkansas, he fell in with a village of Cheyenne Indians who were just
+at that time violently hostile towards the whites and were waiting an
+opportunity to wreak their vengeance on them. This state of feeling
+had been brought about only a few days previous, and was due to an
+officer who was attached to a command of recruits that some ten days
+before Kit Carson's arrival had passed by. He had flogged a warrior
+for some liberty which the fellow had taken while he was in the camp
+of the soldiers. These Cheyennes are very fond of dress and show; but,
+as a body, they are as noble and athletic looking men as tread this
+earth. Singular though the contrast may appear, a greater set of
+rascals never went unhung; yet, they are Indians, and, as such, they
+ought to command sympathy and forbearance.
+
+The young men who belong to the Cheyenne nation, are fond of dress,
+and when arrayed in full costume one of them is a picture to look
+upon; when thus gilded no man could be prouder. These Indians wear
+their hair in a long cue a la Chinese style. They take great pleasure
+in ornamenting this cue with innumerable pieces of silver, which are
+made from half dollar pieces, and are beat out in the shape of small
+shields. With their blue, or red blankets, long ribbons of different
+colored flannel, fancy leggins and bead decorations, and finally (as
+I once saw one) with a red cotton umbrella, they represent the very
+Paris tip of Indian fashion. Their squaws do not possess as regular
+and fine features as the men; but, this may be said to be true of most
+of the wild tribes of savages in North America, for it requires an
+enormous stretch of the imagination to call them handsome, while many
+of the men are fine looking. Hard work spoils the beauty of the Indian
+women. To admire an Indian woman one must seclude himself from the
+society of other females; under such circumstances it may be that
+a person might be inclined to change his opinion and think the race
+lovely. The lazy brave considers it beneath his station to work;
+therefore all camp labor and the packing, saddling and looking after
+the ponies devolves upon the squaw. When there is a scanty supply of
+horses, she is obliged to give her lord the preference in taking his
+ease, and go herself on foot and carry her pappoose. In fact it is
+lowering to the Indian's pride to do else than hunt and fight.
+Owing to the scarcity of timber on the western prairies the Indians
+transport their lodge poles from camp to camp. This is done by
+attaching them to the sides of the pack animals while the free ends
+drag on the ground, and in time of war this constitutes one of the
+signs of the trail by which to follow when in pursuit of them.
+
+The reason why the commanding officer of this party of recruits
+inflicted the summary punishment referred to, is not known to the
+writer; but, it surely does appear as if the person who ordered its
+execution or perhaps courageously performed it himself, might have
+reflected, that a savage, least of all men, allows a supposed injury
+done to him or his tribe to pass by unrevenged, and also that it is a
+matter of perfect indifference to him as to who the victim is, if he
+only gets the chance to strike a blow on the same nation. This revenge
+will quench his cruel thirst for blood quite as effectually as if
+he had the satisfaction of scalping the perpetrator of his real or
+supposed injury. It is a fact--alas too frequently true--that the
+parties who are strong in numbers, courage, and equipment, while
+crossing the plains, are prone to treat, in an overbearing and
+insolent manner, the bands of Indians with whom they chance to come
+into contact. For these insults and injuries weaker parties who travel
+upon the same road are held to a strict and revengeful account by
+being made to suffer even with their lives, as well as effects. Kit
+Carson and his small force, unfortunately, or rather, fortunately, so
+far as Kit himself was concerned, for no man could be better fitted to
+deal with such a crisis of trouble than he, were the first white men
+who came along after the flogging of their warrior had wrought up the
+temper of the Cheyenne nation to a degree which nearly bordered on
+frenzy.
+
+As soon as the whites were discovered, the Indians went into council
+evidently to decide on the best mode of attacking and making away with
+them. Kit Carson, though he did not know that this tribe had declared
+war, and much less their reasons for so doing, when he first saw them,
+was not long in coming to a conclusion, from their actions, that there
+was a screw loose somewhere. He, therefore, began to act with more
+than usual sagacity and caution. He ordered his men to keep their
+wagons close together, to have their rifles in good trim and be ready
+for an instant fight. In this manner, with every man on the watch,
+he pushed on for a distance of twenty miles. Although he had left
+the Indians far behind, he did not relax his vigilance, being still
+impressed with the belief that a storm was brewing. His surmises began
+to be verified soon after, for the Indians, in parties of two, three,
+and four, appeared in sight, arrayed and painted in their full
+war costume. Having approached some of them to within a distance
+sufficiently near so to do, Kit Carson commenced talking to them in
+a conciliatory manner. They were inclined to heed his words; and, in
+order to make it appear that he was not intimidated by their actions,
+he went into camp, and invited these advance parties of the Indians to
+come in and have a talk and smoke with him. The savages accepted the
+invitation and were soon seated in a circle. After the pipe had passed
+from one to the other, until all present had had a puff or two from
+it, they began to talk loud among themselves.
+
+At the time we now speak of, several years, as the reader can readily
+compute, had elapsed since Kit Carson was a hunter at Bent's Fort, and
+then well known to most of the Cheyenne nation; but, these few years
+had so altered him, together with his new style of dress, that it is
+no doubt that, at first, not one of the Indians remembered ever having
+seen him before.
+
+Kit Carson remained quiet and allowed the Indians to open the talk, as
+he was watching to find out what had so suddenly aroused their anger,
+and he well knew, that if they supposed that he and his men did not
+understand what they were conversing about, they might refer to the
+cause of the trouble, and thus give him a clue whereby he might take
+advantage and form a line of conduct. It was clear to his mind that
+the Indians were resolved to have revenge on his party, and that
+there was time enough to let himself be known to them, which, in their
+present excited state, would serve him but little. The Indians had
+at first conversed in the Sioux tongue. The reason for this was, to
+conceal their own nationality and thus, if necessary, in the future,
+they could shield themselves by laying the massacre, which they were
+about to commit, on the shoulders of that tribe. This is a ruse often
+employed by the Indians; but, in this case, in their heated state they
+forgot their native cunning and commenced conversing in the language
+which was most familiar to them. A Frenchman, called in the mountains
+Pete, who spoke English fluently and who was with Carson during these
+trying scenes, informed the writer, on one occasion, that he never
+fully knew or appreciated Kit Carson until this occurrence. "Why,"
+said he in his enthusiasm, "Kit knew just what was to be done and did
+it too. With any other man, we would _have gone under_[22] The Indians
+were more afraid of him than all the rest of us put together. There
+were red fellows enough there to eat us up, and at one time I could
+almost feel my hair _leaving my head_. We had two women traveling with
+us and their crying made me feel so bad that I was sartin there was
+no fight in me. Women (he added) are poor plunder to have along when
+going out on a war party, but Kit talked to them and then to the
+Indians, and put them both finally on the right trail. Wah!! but them
+were ticklish times."
+
+[Footnote 22: A trapper phrase for being killed.]
+
+As soon as the Indians, in their excitement, began to speak their
+own language, they became very violent, and so unguarded were they in
+expressing their individual sentiments that they treated Kit and his
+party with perfect indifference, and openly, though secretly as they
+thought, arranged for the massacre.
+
+Little did they imagine that Kit Carson, whom they had at first sight
+selected as the leader of the company, understood every word that was
+said. Kit listened attentively to their plans and heard them decide
+that the time to kill him was, when he again took the pipe to smoke;
+for, in so doing, he would lay down his weapons. They could be
+instantly seized, and therefore he would be prevented from doing them
+any harm. As to the Mexicans who accompanied him, they said they could
+kill them as easily as they could buffalo. Already enough had passed
+among the Indians to arouse in Kit Carson's breast the greatest
+feeling of alarm as to what would be the result of the position in
+which he was placed. He had with him fifteen men, two only of which
+number, were men on whom he felt that he could rely. The other members
+of the party, who counted thirteen in all, were Mexicans of whom he
+had a poor opinion as to their bravery. Nothing daunted by such an
+accumulation of unfavorable circumstances, he at once saw that a bold
+face was to be put on in order to extricate himself from the grasp
+of the Indians. Springing to his feet with his weapons ready for
+immediate use, Kit Carson, as he advanced into the centre of the
+seated warriors, gave directions for his men to be ready to defend
+their lives. Then, turning to the Indians, who sat rooted to the
+earth, as it were, with astonishment at the suddenness of such actions
+and such coolness, he commenced addressing them. He informed them
+"that they might readily see from the fluency with which he spoke
+their language, that he had comprehended all that they had been
+talking about. What puzzled him most, however, was the cause of their
+wishing to have his scalp. Never," said he, "to his knowledge had he
+been guilty of any wrong to their tribe; that, on the contrary,
+there were braves among those present, who, if they turned to their
+memories, would recognize his face as that of an old friend in years
+gone by, and who could testify to the many acts of kindness which he
+had performed in their behalf." He reminded them "how that, even
+now, he had received them into his camp and treated them with all the
+hospitality in his power; and yet they persisted in repaying him by
+taking his life." In the end, he wound up his discourse by giving
+peremptory orders for them to leave his camp, and should any one
+refuse, he would be shot. The Indians were completely nonplused, and
+not feeling inclined to risk a fight without their usual accompaniment
+of a surprise, after saying something about returning, to which they
+were answered "that if they did they would be received by a volley of
+bullets," they departed to join their friends who were in swarms upon
+the neighboring hills. It is supposed that a grand council was called,
+in which the proceedings that had transpired in the camp of the
+white men were fully reported, and perchance, many of the braves, in
+refreshing their memories, began to recollect some of the daring deeds
+which Kit Carson had performed when he lived in their country.
+This, doubtless, led them to the conclusion that they had caught
+an experienced traveler; for, certain it was, that afterwards their
+actions became somewhat disconcerted and not so rash as they had
+been. No sooner had the savages retired from the camp, than Kit Carson
+ordered his men to harness their animals to the wagons so that they
+could resume their journey.
+
+As the train moved on, the Indians were once more left behind,
+although they had, by no means, formed the idea of allowing the white
+men to depart in peace. They were busy concocting some scheme whereby
+they could accomplish their ends without loss to themselves. The
+muleteers, as they walked beside their teams, by order of Kit Carson
+held in one hand their rifles, while in the other were their whips,
+which, from time to time, they were obliged to apply freely to their
+animals in order to keep the caravan in compact order. Mounted on a
+fine horse, with his rifle and pistols so adjusted that he could lay
+his hands on them at a moment's notice, Kit Carson rode from one end
+of the line to the other, inspiring his men with his own courage. He
+felt that upon him was rested the responsibility of saving the lives
+of his companions, and that it was to him they all looked to be
+rescued from the perils that surrounded them. As he rode along, his
+eyes were busy scanning the prairies in every direction. Now and then
+he rested from this duty as his mind became somewhat relieved, when he
+could discover nothing except bands of antelope, or, here and there,
+a hungry wolf, who, with his white, canine looking teeth, seemingly,
+spoke volumes of the empty condition of his stomach. For the remainder
+of that day, the train traveled on in apparent safety. When the shades
+of evening had fairly set in, a camping-ground was selected on a small
+stream. The wagons were formed in a circle, in which were huddled the
+men and animals so that both could be protected by the weapons of the
+former. Grass was cut with the butcher knives belonging to the
+members of the party and was laid before the mules. In this dangerous
+locality, they could not be allowed to procure this food for
+themselves. As strong a guard as their forces would permit of was
+posted. The remainder of the party gathered some wood that had floated
+down the stream from the mountains and was sparingly scattered along
+the shores of the river near to the camp. This was brought in, when
+small fires were made over which their frugal meal was prepared, after
+which the men lay down to rest. Many persons there are who would
+think that after escaping such perils once, it would take very
+great inducements to make them thus expose themselves a second time.
+Nevertheless, there exist in our land hundreds upon hundreds of men
+who take delight in returning into the midst of these dangers.
+
+A life on the prairies of the "Far West" has its good chances as
+well as its counter chances, and no man can be happier than the
+true mountaineer. At first, to one accustomed to luxuries and modern
+refinement, nothing can be more unpleasant than a journey over the
+plains; but each day thus spent, hardens the traveler until meals,
+that a beggar in our towns or cities would hardly deign to touch, are
+by him eaten with a relish to which he has long been a stranger. It
+is on these long tramps that the dyspeptic and melancholic man becomes
+the liveliest of the party; his sociability often increases to such a
+degree that he soon can spin a yarn in a true Baron Munchausen style.
+
+Eat Carson, as he rode silently along all the following day, had been
+meditating over the scenes through which he had so recently passed,
+and also the most practicable means to be employed for the future.
+When the night had fully set in, without saying one word to the other
+members of the party, he called to a young Mexican whom he knew to be
+very fleet of foot and whose powers of endurance were wonderful. On
+his coming to him he led him one side, when, after he had depicted to
+the boy their fearful situation in its true colors, he told him that
+he held the power of saving the lives of the whole party.
+
+The New Mexicans of the north are famous as being very fleet of foot,
+and the great distance which they can run in a short period of time is
+astonishing. As a general rule, they are very partial to horses,
+but, when they have no riding animal, they will start on a journey
+of hundreds of miles and accomplish it in an incredibly short time. A
+journey of forty or fifty miles in a day is an ordinary circumstance
+with them, even when the inducement for making it has in its behalf
+only a minor consideration. Owing to want of mail routes, it sometimes
+becomes necessary to dispatch them on express duty, such as carrying
+one, or several letters to some distant point. Their charge is wrapped
+up in a handkerchief and tied about their waists to prevent being
+lost. Then, on a jog trot, they will start out; and over mountains
+and broken country they will not alter the pace for many consecutive
+hours, and this for a reward of one or two dollars per diem. It is not
+uncommon to meet traveling companions where one is on horseback and
+the other on foot; but notwithstanding, they will keep together for
+an entire journey, and complete it as quickly as if the horseman
+had undertaken it alone. When, by chance, they come to and stop at
+a village where there is a fandango or other festive scene in full
+blast, they will, notwithstanding their long tramp, join in and
+dissipate as hard as any member present. Their healthy climate, coarse
+but plain diet, and the great amount of exercise which they take in
+the open air, make them capable of a wonderful amount of physical
+endurance, under which they seem never to grow weary. In this respect,
+the only successful rivals which they have, are the Indians. This was
+the kind of material Kit Carson had in the Mexican boy, whom he was
+now about to part with, having detailed him for a very important duty.
+
+That youth had long been known by and had the full confidence of
+his employer. He was ready at his bidding to undertake anything.
+Therefore, on hearing the mission which Kit proposed sending him on,
+he promised to use every exertion in its accomplishment, and at once
+set about its execution. Having obtained a few rations of provisions,
+he soon rejoined Carson. They then proceeded outside of the camp,
+where he was to receive his final instructions. By the dim light of
+the moon, Kit pointed in the direction of Rayado, where he was to
+travel; and, after warning him of the dangerous places that lay in
+his route, and giving him the message that he was to deliver to the
+commanding officer at Rayado, he bid him good bye, with the words, "be
+sure and leave a good many miles between us, by to-morrow's sunrise."
+The distance to the settlement of Rayado, from Kit Carson's camp, was
+between two and three hundred miles, yet, this runner was capable
+of travelling it in as short a period of time, as could any ordinary
+horse. Kit now returned among his men, not to sleep, but to watch.
+This he did until the break of the following day, when he summoned
+all hands to hitch up the teams and proceed. Until twelve o'clock no
+Indians were visible; but, at about that hour, five of the savages
+were seen approaching. On they came, and when within speaking
+distance, Kit Carson ordered them to halt. They obeyed his command. On
+scanning them closer he bade them come nearer, when, he informed
+them, "that the night before he had sent an express to Rayado, for the
+purpose of letting the troops there know of the annoyances their tribe
+were causing him. Among the soldiers," he said, "he had many friends,
+who would be certain to come to his relief, and, if they should find
+that his party was massacred, which he let the Indians know could only
+be accomplished by his men being overpowered, they would be already
+informed by whom it was done, and would be sure to visit upon the
+perpetrators of the crime, a terrible retribution." The Indians said
+they would look for the moccasin tracks made by the messenger, and
+thus decide whether that which they had just heard was true, or not.
+Kit Carson hearing this, at once considered it as the turning point in
+favor of the safety of his party. The Indians immediately went to look
+for the trail. Shortly afterwards the entire Indian village passed
+within sight, and were evidently making the best of their time in
+seeking some safe hiding-place. The five warriors had, therefore,
+evidently found the expressman's trail, as they had been informed that
+they would, and that the boy had proceeded too far on his journey to
+think of pursuing him. On his way to Rayado, the messenger overtook
+the detachment of recruits to which was attached the officer who had
+caused the trouble. To the commander of these men, the young
+Mexican reported the position, as he left them, of his employer and
+companions, but that gentleman, for some unaccountable reason, would
+not then grant the desired aid; therefore, the boy pushed on to
+Rayado, where he found a warm-hearted and brave soldier in the person
+of Major Grier, who commanded the post. The major, on hearing
+the message sent by Kit Carson, immediately ordered Lieutenant R.
+Johnston, his subaltern officer, to take a squad of dragoons and
+proceed to the assistance of his countrymen. While on his march,
+Lieutenant Johnston met with the command of recruits of whom we
+have before spoken. In the course of the conversation which ensued,
+Johnston was asked, by the officer in charge of the recruits, what
+was the service he was engaged on? and, being informed, that gentleman
+probably gave the subject deeper thought, and it may have occurred
+to him, and such is the opinion of Kit Carson, that if the affair was
+properly managed, there might be some glory accruing from it. At any
+rate, he suddenly changed his mind, and ordered a detail of men to
+go with the lieutenant. The relief party, as thus reinforced, again
+started, and found Kit Carson and his train of wagons at a point that
+is some twenty-five miles below Bent's Fort. Under the escort of the
+soldiers, Kit and his men travelled in safety to Rayado, where he had
+the pleasure of thanking Major Grier for his praise worthy and prompt
+action, in succoring him and a few other American citizens who had
+thus been exposed to the barbarities of savages, made hostile by the
+overbearing conduct of a man whose double blunder was shielded by
+power. Although the fighting qualifications of the soldiers were not
+called into requisition, yet, they performed a meritorious service
+by coming. They might have been instrumental in saving lives while
+protecting commerce, and their frequent visits to remote Indian
+countries always leaves salutary impressions on the minds of the red
+men.
+
+Kit Carson's thorough knowledge of Indian character and his
+established bravery and integrity ought, it appears to us, to have
+been a sufficient guaranty to this officer, that he was acting in good
+faith when he asked, through the proper channel, that protection to
+which he was certainly entitled while pursuing the necessary though
+hazardous business, connected with the commerce of the plains.
+
+Never, throughout his eventful career, had Kit Carson refused to offer
+his services in the cause of a countryman who stood in need of them;
+and now, when the first time came that he felt it necessary to make
+the call for assistance, he could not understand why two valuable days
+were allowed to pass, by an officer who could have aided him, without
+some notice being taken of his urgent requisition. It is true that by
+some, especially those who are not acquainted with the character of
+Kit Carson, he is regarded as being ever anxious for an Indian fight;
+but, had this been the case, he would have long since paid the forfeit
+with his life. To contradict such a statement, we have but to appeal
+to the reader of this narrative, and ask him to bear testimony of the
+marked discretion that has so far coupled itself with Kit Carson's
+fame. An amusing incident which came under the eye of the writer is to
+the point.
+
+In the early part of the so-called gold "fever" of California, when
+parties were organizing in the city of New York, to proceed overland
+to the Pacific, we chanced to be present at a meeting held by one of
+the companies. As most of those present were entirely unacquainted
+with the country to be passed over, and as they were anxious to place
+themselves in a safe position, some one proposed that Kit Carson
+should be employed as a guide, provided his services could be had.
+This was ruled out. The amusing part of this incident consists in the
+reason which governed this judgment. It was on account of the fear
+that he might lead them out of their way in order to engage in some
+bloody Indian fight, it being generally represented and believed that
+he was sanguinarily inclined. Cheap literature had so ferociously made
+the man, that he, of all men most experienced, could not be trusted,
+showing thereby how little had been known of the real Kit Carson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+    Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition--He embarks in a
+    Speculation--His Trip to California with a large Flock of
+    Sheep--The Method employed by Mexicans in driving Herds
+    and their Dexterity--Kit Carson goes to San Francisco--Its
+    wonderful Growth--Maxwell joins Kit Carson at Sacramento
+    City--The Lucky Speculation--The Return Trip to New Mexico and
+    its Adventures--The Mormon Delegate to Congress informs Kit
+    Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent--Kit Carson enters
+    upon the Duties of his Office--Bell's Fight with the
+    Apaches on Red River--Kit Carson's Interview with the
+    same Indians--High-handed Measures on the Part of the
+    Apaches--Davidson's desperate Fight with them--The Soldiers
+    defeated with severe loss--Davidson's Bravery is unjustly
+    questioned--Kit Carson's Opinion of it--The Apaches elated
+    by their Victory--Their Imitations of the Actions of Military
+    Men.
+
+
+The expedition into the United States which terminated with the last
+chapter, proved to be valuable in its results so far as the parties
+engaged in it were concerned. Kit Carson was once more trying hard to
+keep quiet in his comfortable home at Rayado. But his restless spirit
+was not proof against this inactivity. His stay at home therefore was
+short. The memories of other days came upon him, and he longed once
+more to enjoy, in company with the "friends of his youth," the scenes,
+excitements and pleasures of his old life as a trapper. Throughout his
+eventful life, as the reader has been able clearly to see, Kit Carson
+seldom spent his time in idle thinking. His thoughts almost invariably
+take form in actions. This eager longing resulted, therefore, in the
+forming of a regular trapping expedition after the olden style, shape,
+etc, which he organized with great care and attention. The members of
+the party were selected by himself chiefly with great exclusiveness,
+and numbers who wished to join the party were refused, on account of
+their inexperience. After a good deal of inquiry, Kit succeeded in
+collecting eighteen of his old companions. No one among them was not
+entitled to be called a mountaineer. Kit looked upon this party of men
+with an eye of real affection. The meeting previous to the start was a
+scene to behold. Such a greeting of old friends, well tried and true,
+will not soon be again seen on the American continent. The day when
+men went trapping was "long time ago." Kit Carson, as he stood among
+this band of friends, the acknowledged leader of the party, every
+man of whom he knew would have periled his life for either one of the
+company, felt that, indeed, the days of his youth had returned unto
+him.
+
+Everything preliminary was arranged in the most approved style. When
+all was complete, Kit Carson, mounted on his magnificent charger
+Apache, riding to the head of the line, gave the order to march. Kit
+had put it to vote and the result was unanimous, that the expedition
+should be no boy's play. On the contrary, the boldest and one of
+the longest of the routes, known to their experienced footsteps,
+was selected. It comprised many of the mighty rivers of the Rocky
+Mountains, every one of which was almost a hunting ground by itself.
+Onward, over the wild and broad plains, this band of stalwart men,
+brave and kindred spirits, dashed. They soon put many a mile between
+them and the comfortable firesides at Rayado. But these miles, Kit
+Carson has often said, were the shortest he ever traveled. The way
+was beguiled by many a recollection in which every man present could
+participate with a relish, keen as disuse alone can render the palate
+of enjoyment. In a short time the well-remembered waters of the South
+Fork of the River Platte were descried. Their practised eyes soon
+discovered the oft-noted "signs of the beaver." The camp was formed
+and the traps set. The beaver, so long left to mind their
+own business, had increased in great numbers. The hunt proved
+correspondingly successful. The party continued working down this
+stream through the plains of Laramie to the New Park; and from thence,
+on to the Old Park. We cannot follow them through this long and
+enlivening hunt. They trapped a large number of their old streams
+until, finally, the expedition was terminated on the Arkansas River.
+Throughout the whole course the hunt proved to be very successful.
+With a large stock of furs they returned in safety to Rayado, via the
+Raton Mountains, which are spurs of the great Rocky chain.
+
+The fact that most of the old trappers had given up their vocation
+furnishes the reason why the beaver were found, along the entire
+route, to be so plentiful. We desire that the reader shall paint for
+himself the enjoyment which these men gathered in this renewal of a
+pursuit rendered congenial by the experience of long years of activity
+in following it. It has been our purpose to enable the reader to
+gather a spark of this same enjoyment by the endeavor to make of him
+an amateur trapper. He has followed Kit Carson throughout the trapping
+expeditions of his earlier life. It is to be supposed that with Kit he
+has acquired some experience. With Kit therefore he shall now receive
+his final polishing, and if he does not in the end catch a beaver,
+he shall at least learn how they are caught, and all the necessary
+minutiae of toil which he must expect to encounter and undergo.
+
+On striking any river, when on the hunt, the trappers are accustomed
+to keep a bright lookout for signs, often heretofore referred to. The
+word "signs" conveys but a vague idea of its all-important meaning, as
+it was received by the trappers. The news of the presence of "signs"
+sent a thrill of joy through the hunters of the olden time only
+equalled on board of whale-ships when the man at the lookout cries
+"_there she blows_". It rarely happens that this cunning, amphibious
+animal can be seen moving free, either on the river banks, or in the
+water; for nature has given him no powerful weapons with which to
+defend himself when surprised and attacked; but, what is better, she
+has endowed him with exceedingly sensitive eyesight and hearing, which
+enables him to detect the approach of danger in time to escape. The
+marks, however, which he leaves behind are, for a time, ineffaceable.
+These were only to be detected and used for his own purposes, by the
+superior intellect of man. The unequalled industry of gnawing down
+trees and cutting twigs, peeling off the tender cuticle of the willow
+bushes, digging away banks, and carrying on their shovel-shaped tails
+the earth, together with innumerable foot-prints and sometimes dams,
+were the items which filled up the catalogue of "signs" on which the
+trappers' vision was regaled after long and dangerous tramps in search
+of them. These "signs" were not always found together; but instead,
+they each could exist separately and thus would arouse the hunter's
+suspicions of the game near by. The little twig, as it floated down
+the stream, half denuded of its bark, would go unheeded by the casual
+observer, but, to the experienced trapper, it was a prize to be
+obtained; for, by its freshness, it indicated to his mind how near
+he was to the chance of obtaining and adding another pound or so of
+valuable fur to his stock on hand. To him, this small event, or one
+like it, as for instance, a fresh footprint, with its neatly defined
+claw-tracks, as moulded in the moistened earth or sand, was of
+a greater importance than the wonderful and striking workmanship
+exhibited in a dam; for, the latter might be old and deserted,
+whereas, the former was too recent to cause him to be deceived with
+such a sign; and in such a vicinity, he hesitated not to set his trap.
+
+An idea prevails which ought to be exploded. It is boldly asserted
+that the beaver builds his dam for the purpose of having a nice
+swimming pond in the neighborhood of his residence, which is always
+located in the river's bank. This is not true; for, in every stream
+which he inhabits, if this was his sole object, he could select many
+natural places where the water is without a ripple and where it is
+both deep and broad. The animal has a wiser object in view; and, it
+consists in providing against the pinching wants of hunger during
+winter, when nearly everything green has lost its sap and nutrition,
+and is, as a body, without blood and animation. He therefore chooses a
+place favorable for obtaining food, and also where his labors will be
+assisted by natural formations or accidents in the river's course and
+construction. Having pitched upon the right section to build, he
+sets to work with his fellows and falls giant trees. In this he again
+exhibits his wonderful instinct; for, while one party is cutting
+with their sharp teeth the hard wood of one side of the tree, another
+division is actively employed on the other side, never forgetting to
+make, like unto the woodman, the lowest incision on the side the tree
+is to fall, which, to suit their purposes, is always directly into and
+across the stream. When a tree is thus fallen, it is attacked in its
+branches, which are so turned and woven together in the outline of the
+dam as to catch in their meshes any floating material, or receive the
+tail-loads of soil and rubbish which they carry to it. Another and
+another tree are then systematically fallen and arranged as is the
+first, until the work is finished as completely as if it had been
+planned and executed by a reasoning mind. The finishing stroke is
+the transporting of the mud and laying it. In this labor, they show
+themselves to be excellent masons. They now act in concert. A large
+gang marches in a line to the bank where they load each other's tails
+and swim with their cargoes elevated above and free from the water.
+When they arrive at an unfinished point of the dam they dump the mud
+and mould it in place. Their houses they have previously built in the
+river banks. These consist of holes which lead into large and airy
+subterranean rooms, and which are above the water-mark. In these
+houses they are said to sleep and live in pairs; and, if we could
+believe the story of the trapper related many pages back, they imitate
+human beings in managing their household and in keeping house. The
+main object they have in staying the progress of the current of the
+river is to afford a deep place where, having fallen numbers of trees,
+the deep water will preserve tender and fresh the limbs and shrubs on
+which to subsist during, not only time present, but also time to come.
+It is well known that fresh branches of trees and young willows, when
+placed in water, will keep up partial life for a considerable length
+of time. On this principle, the beaver acts in submerging his food
+deep in the water where it will retain its verdure and where the
+freezing process that is going on at the surface of the river will
+not bar his efforts in getting at his store of provisions during the
+winter season. It is said that the beaver goes so far as to bundle up
+small branches of trees and willows which he stows away in the muddy
+bottom of the river. The trapper, in his wondrous yarns, insists that
+there are grades of society among beavers the same as among men; and
+he will have it that they have their "head chiefs," and that often
+individuals among them roll in wealth and that they have slaves who
+stand ready to do their master's bidding at a moment's warning; for
+instance, to bring them a bundle of green twigs on which to feast.
+According to their imaginative stories, the life of a beaver cannot
+be rivaled in happiness; and if we could put full credence in their
+descriptions of the pastimes of the animal, his palaces and luxuries,
+we could only compare a beaver to a citizen of Venice in her most
+palmy days--the difference between the two being, that the former
+enjoyed himself more in the water than the latter did on it in his
+favorite _gondola_.
+
+The beaver, when captured young, can be sufficiently domesticated
+to make him a pet; but their unattractive form is anything but an
+ornament to the house. With young children, they are very friendly,
+though their disposition is amiable to any one. They are very neat in
+their person and, when moved from their comrades and domiciled with
+human beings, nothing do they so much like as being allowed the
+daily privilege of taking a clean bath. When thus engaged, they are
+a curiosity to look at, as they are very agile and particular in
+removing every particle of dirt. We remember seeing one of these pets
+in the Mexican town of _Culebro_ thus enjoying himself. His owner
+hesitated not in taking the animal to the river, which was close by,
+and giving him his freedom. On finishing his ablutions the beaver
+returned to where his owner was standing, without making an effort to
+escape, and by a look as much as said, "I am ready to return to your
+home."
+
+The signs having been discovered, the trappers next select a suitable
+location for a camp, which they soon occupy. After the pack animals
+are unloaded, a part of the men start out to set the traps, while the
+remainder busy themselves in looking after their wants and in cooking
+and guarding their property, etc. The trap is very much like the
+same instrument used in different sections of the United States for
+catching foxes, wolves etc, excepting, that it is smaller and perhaps
+made with more skill. Old trappers were very superstitious in regard
+to the makers of their traps, for they entertained the idea that much
+of their good or bad fortune depended on the tools they worked with;
+hence, they always had their favorite makers, and would pay more for
+their traps than for those of any other maker. This is true also with
+their rifles. For many years a rifle was condemned at first sight if
+it did not have the name of Hawkins[23] stamped on it, and it was not
+uncommon for them, when boasting of the good qualities of their riding
+animals, if they considered them of the maximum degree of superiority,
+to style them "regular Hawkins _horses_", thereby showing how far, in
+this respect, their predilections grounded their opinions.
+
+[Footnote 23: Mr. Hawkins was the owner of a large gun establishment
+at St. Louis, Mo.]
+
+The setting of the trap required expertness and experience, or else it
+availed nothing; for the game to be caught is, as the reader can now
+readily conceive, very wary and his suspicions of there being anything
+wrong near at hand, had to be allayed by concealing as much as
+possible the instrument from view; yet it must not be far from the
+surface of the water; and then again it had to be firmly fixed in its
+position, by being made fast to something that was firm so as prevent
+its being dragged off. The trapper, while thus engaged, is in the
+water. About his waist there is a strap to which is attached a pouch
+in which is carried the bait. Everything being arranged, the trap is
+set and the bait applied, when the man notes the place where he has
+been at work so as to recognize it again, and then takes his departure
+to return early the following morning. The beaver, during this
+interim, is attracted by the peculiar scent of the bait, and, as a
+reward for his curiosity, he generally is caught by one of his paws
+and thus falls a prey to the hunter's pleasure. The traps, when
+visited, are relieved of the contents and then set again. The game is
+put out of its misery and carried to camp, where it is skinned, and
+where all of the pelts recently taken are stretched out, dried, cured,
+and packed in small bales, whenever a sufficient quantity is obtained
+so to do with it. The trapper, when in _full dress_ for an expedition,
+and especially after having been on one with its concomitant
+hair-breadth escapes, Indian and bear fights, etc., cuts, to all
+appearances, a sorrowful figure. His wardrobe is meagre in the
+extreme, yet it answers all of his purposes and the man would have
+no other. When summed up, it would be found to consist usually of
+two pairs of moccasins, one (or two pair) of buckskin pantaloons, two
+woollen shirts, a loose, fringed buckskin coat and an old slouched
+hat (usually made of some kind of skin with the fur on). His baggage,
+limited to a very small bundle, comprises his blankets, a buffalo robe
+or two, a spare hide of dressed buckskin, his extra garments above
+spoken of, and a little tobacco (when it can be had). These, with his
+camp kettle and outfit of powder, lead, extra traps, scanty allowance
+of provisions, guns, pistols, horses, bridles,[24] saddles, etc. make
+up his traveling and working kit; it may be only for a few months or
+it may be for years. With them he was ready to penetrate the loftiest
+mountains and unexplored regions. This is but a true picture, in a
+brief space, of the appearance of Kit Carson and the resources of his
+earlier days, the tools he had to work with, the mode of doing his
+labor, and the habits of the animal he diligently hunted for several
+years in order that his fellow man might convert into a luxury the
+products of his toil; yet had he been allowed the choice, he would not
+have exchanged situations with the consumer of the commodity. In the
+company of his boon companions and enjoying the pure mountain air, he
+had often seen as happy hours as ever fell to the lot of any man. And
+now he was starting out on probably his last trapping expedition.
+
+[Footnote 24: These saddles and bridles are queer-looking articles;
+but, for use, they could not be surpassed either for durability or
+comfort. Their bridle bits are the same as are used by the Mexicans.
+They are very powerful and intended for managing wild horses and
+mules, particularly the latter. With one in his mouth, an animal
+cannot drink or feed. A Mexican only waters his horse twice a day when
+traveling, viz. morning and night.]
+
+The party did not return to their homes until several months had
+expired, and, as much of the excitement that used to pertain to their
+former exploits had been worn off from the changes brought about by
+civilization, they decided that this, as far as they were concerned,
+should be their last trapping expedition; therefore, this visit to
+their old haunts was a sort of funeral service performed over their
+early adventures. On quitting each favorite river, the trappers felt
+that they were shaking hands with the streams and bidding them, one by
+one, a final good bye.
+
+Kit Carson, after disposing of his beaver, occupied himself in
+attending to his ranche, and was thus employed when news was brought
+to New Mexico of the exorbitant prices which sheep were bringing in
+California. He made up his mind to embark in a speculation in those
+animals by collecting a herd and driving it to that territory. He set
+out for the valley of Rio Abajo, which lies to the south of Santa Fe,
+and there, to his satisfaction, made his purchases. In company with
+two friends, after employing a suitable number of shepherds, he
+commenced his journey and traveled northward to Fort Laramie, where
+he came to and followed the emigrant road that leads direct into
+California via Salt Lake, etc. In the month of August, 1853, after
+meeting with very trifling losses, as he traveled very slowly and
+understood thoroughly the business he was employed in, Kit Carson
+with his flock of sixty-five hundred sheep reached the point of his
+destination in California, where he found no difficulty in disposing
+of them at the rate of five dollars and fifty cents per head.
+
+The making of these long journeys with such large herds of sheep, over
+a diversified country, sometimes abounding in water and grass, while
+on the other hand, and not unfrequently, for many miles, the earth is
+barren, is a difficult task. When broad, deep and swift rivers are
+to be forded, it requires dexterity and management to prevent heavy
+losses.
+
+The trail which Kit Carson followed to Fort Laramie is now a
+well-beaten path. It runs almost due north from Taos, and abounds, in
+the proper season, in good grass and water. For about one hundred
+and twenty miles, it passes through a broken country, but when that
+distance is accomplished, the traveler is ushered on to the plains and
+keeps on them for most of the way close under the Rocky Mountains.
+The scenery on this route is most magnificent, and at times as grand
+perhaps as can be seen in any part of the world. The distance from
+Taos, Kit Carson's starting-point, to Laramie River, is counted by
+hundreds of miles; and in this great tract of country, there live
+several of the largest and most troublesome tribes of Indians in
+the far West. The names of these tribes are the Utahs, Apaches,
+Arrapahoes, Cheyennes and Sioux. A man with a large drove of sheep is
+so conspicuous an object that he is certain to attract their notice
+and bring them to him. Kit Carson, however, was well received by
+them and allowed to pass unmolested. They were pleased to find so
+formidable an enemy moving boldly into their country and bearing
+the olive branch of peace. He however forgot not to pay them toll by
+presenting them with a suitable number of the sheep. In this way he
+prevented them from being tempted to steal from him. This is a usual
+custom, and the Indians expect that this sort of attention will be
+shown them. They do not like, at all seasons of the year, to have
+these herds pass through their country. Being so large, they eat up
+much of their grass, which assists greatly to drive away the game.
+We remember on one occasion that an American, in charge of several
+thousand sheep, started on a journey from New Mexico to California.
+Everything went prosperously with the man until he left the Raton
+Mountains and entered the country inhabited by the Arrapahoes and
+Cheyennes. At first, he was received in a friendly manner by these
+Indians; but was commanded by them to rest where he was until they
+went ahead and killed their annual amount of buffalo. This, the man
+could not do; for the season was so far advanced that if he delayed,
+and then attempted to make California, he would be certainly overtaken
+by snow-storms which would bury him and his property in the mountains.
+In vain he used his best endeavors to impress this state of affairs on
+the minds of the Indians. They would not listen to him or sanction
+his going on, and threatened to punish him if he undertook to disobey
+them. Bidding defiance to these threats, this man started; but had
+only proceeded a few miles, when a band of one hundred squaws, mounted
+on horseback, overtook him and dashed into his herd, and with savage
+delight put to death one hundred and fifty of the sheep before their
+owner's eyes and without his being able to stop them. The carcasses
+of the slaughtered animals were left to rot on the ground, thereby
+showing that the Indians did not stand in need of food, but that
+they wished to teach the intruder a lesson which he would be apt to
+remember. These women had been sent out by their husbands, who no
+doubt were close by in case their services should be needed, to show
+to the white man the contempt they had of his power. The result was
+that the American was obliged to return to New Mexico from whence he
+came. When he set out again, he chose what is known as the Southern
+Route, which runs via the Rio Gila and strikes California in its lower
+section.
+
+In the Rocky Mountains, the Indian women are rather small in stature,
+but, from their constant exercise they are physically very strong.
+They are naturally not wanting in modesty; but, being compelled to
+work and even engage in war, they soon become roughened and hardened.
+Their dresses consist principally of deer skins, and sometimes they
+are very tastefully arranged. They give birth to their children with
+great ease, and, as they have not become martyrs to fashions, or
+dress, they suffer but little inconvenience from this provision of
+nature. The children learn, during their earliest years, to look out
+for themselves, and soon become expert at it. The marriage ceremony
+amounts to little or nothing, and consists of a mere barter. The
+warrior is obliged to pay so many horses to the father for the bride.
+We remember, on one occasion, buying a superior pony from a trader,
+who said that he had obtained him from his Indian owner with great
+difficulty. The facts were as follows: This Indian was in love with a
+young maiden of his tribe. The young girl wished some silver ornaments
+which the trader had. The only thing the warrior had to exchange for
+these trinkets, was his prized pony. An old chief stood by with the
+trader and saw the warrior look and sigh at his horse. The chief gave
+the trader a wink, and said in a low tone of voice to him: "That man
+loves his horse and he loves his affianced bride, but the bride elect
+will conquer. Hold on and he will sacrifice the horse to please the
+girl. His love for her is the deepest feeling." Sure enough this
+came true, and we never regretted that it was so. The pony proved a
+valuable addition to our stock of animals.
+
+Besides the many dangers to his flock which a person runs the risk
+of, both from the numerous accidents to which it is liable, and the
+unwelcome visits of the Indians when thus traveling, there are others
+which may occasionally happen to his own person. He may be, while
+standing guard, suddenly attacked and bitten by a mad wolf. On this
+event occurring, he is almost certain to be seized with that terrible,
+and we might as well add incurable disease, hydrophobia, which renders
+him a most pitiful object to behold. From a human being so recently
+respected and beloved by his companions, a person, thus unfortunate,
+is suddenly changed into an object most dreaded and detested. A party
+of Mexicans in charge of a large herd of sheep, a few years since,
+were bound to California. One night a large, ferocious wolf entered
+the camp, and bit a man in the leg. Symptoms of hydrophobia very soon
+set in, and in a short time the victim was a confirmed case of the
+disease. His comrades had no proper means of taking care of and
+transporting him, as they were hundreds of miles from the nearest
+house. They were superstitious, and believed that all would die if
+they kept the man's company any longer; accordingly, they drove a
+stake in the ground, to which they inhumanly secured him; and, after
+depositing a small allowance of provisions near by, they left him to
+die. Human bones were afterwards found near the identical spot where
+it was said this unfortunate incident happened, which afforded
+strong circumstantial evidence that the man had eked out a miserable
+existence soon after he was deserted by his so-called friends, and
+also, that the truth of this story rested upon strong probability.
+
+When the Americans first obtained possession of New Mexico, sheep
+could be bought at the rate of twenty-five cents per head. The reason
+of this was, the want of a market and the ease with which they were
+raised. Cheapness of labor, also, assisted in reducing their value.
+The wool of these sheep was rather coarse, resembling hair more than
+wool. The only use in which it was employed, was for manufacturing
+blankets, rough carpet, and in filling mattresses. The valley of
+the Rio Grande is wonderful as a sheep growing country. The mountain
+districts also cannot be excelled in this respect. Their fitness for
+grazing is best exemplified by their abounding in the famous Rocky
+Mountain sheep. In many respects this animal resembles the chamois.
+They live on the tops of the highest peaks, eat the tenderest grass,
+and produce the finest flavored mutton in the world. One of their
+heads, with the horns, often weighs one hundred pounds. To shoot
+them, requires all of an experienced hunter's skill, and, when he has
+brought down one of these trophies, he feels he has done more than if
+he had killed ten deer. The sight of one of these mountain sheep, as
+perched on a high, rocky peak, is beautiful. The hostile Indians are
+the main drawback in New Mexico, to the successful raising of sheep.
+
+The usual modus operandi employed by Mexican herders, who cannot be
+surpassed in their vocation, to which they appear to take intuitively,
+although many of them serve an apprenticeship at it, which begins with
+early life and ends only by death, is, to send a youth who leads a
+goat in advance of the flock. From some strange and unaccountable
+reason, the sheep will follow after him even to the crossing of rivers
+whose currents are deep and swift. The shepherds, with their dogs to
+assist them when necessary, allow the herd to scatter over a space
+varying in its size, but always allowing sufficient area so that the
+animals can move on at their ease and at the same time be able to
+feed. The danger above all others that is to be apprehended and
+guarded against, while thus travelling, is crowding; for, in this
+manner, when journeying through deep gorges in the mountains and over
+the precipitous banks of rivers, hundreds of sheep can be, and not
+unfrequently are, smothered. When this crowding commences, it is next
+to impossible to arrest it; a sort of panic prevails over the entire
+herd, and they rush on, one on top of another, until a mass of dead
+and dying is thus piled up and a barrier is made; or else, until, as
+most frequently happens, a bridge of carcasses is formed over which
+the survivors pass in safety. The Indians who inhabit the country
+on the various routes to California, have a strong predilection for
+mutton, which is a fact to bear in mind when migrating with this
+sort of property. Such accidents as having a few sheep bitten by
+rattlesnakes, and also a certain percentage becoming foot-sore and
+breaking down from fatigue, are common to every herd that crosses the
+Rocky Mountains. Economy in living is the great fundamental principle
+among the lower classes of the Mexicans; therefore, when a sheep is
+going to die from fatigue, or any simple disease, natural death is
+anticipated by the herders with the aid of the hunting-knife, and the
+meat, being dressed and cooked, is unhesitatingly eaten by them.
+Next to the Mexican shepherd, his dog, although he is not generally a
+handsome animal, is found to be ever faithful in guarding the flocks.
+The greatest enemy to the herds is the wolf; and in keeping them at
+bay, and preventing their inroads by night, the dog is capable of
+performing valuable service; hence, no band of sheep should cross the
+plains and mountains without a full complement of them. It was at one
+of the frontier towns of California that Kit Carson disposed of his
+flock. There having heard of the rapid and marvelous growth of San
+Francisco, he made up his mind to verify these reports with his own
+eyes, for he was well acquainted with its ancient aspect.
+
+San Francisco had now had since the year 1848 to grow under the
+impulse of the gold fever. Kit Carson remembered it, a Spanish
+settlement as it existed in 1845--6--7, then containing not over two
+hundred inhabitants. In 1847, the first gold discovery was made at
+Sutter's Fort. In two months thereafter, about $250,000 in gold dust
+were carried into the town. The next two months $600,000 more. In
+February, 1849, the population of the town was two thousand. In the
+six months following, it increased to five thousand. In the early
+part of the year 1850, the population had increased to nearly twenty
+thousand. In 1852, according to the census, it was thirty-four
+thousand eight hundred and seventy. The first settlement made at San
+Francisco, was commenced in the year 1776. The place was then called
+Yerba Buena, or Good Herb, from the fact that an herb of that name,
+which was supposed to have great medicinal value, grew in rich
+luxuriance over the surrounding country. The houses were at first
+built of adobes, or sun dried bricks. It is now one of the most
+important cities on the western continent.
+
+As Kit Carson neared this great emporium of California, possessed of
+some of the details of its astonishing growth, and remembering it as
+it existed when its inhabitants could be easily counted in an hour, he
+was perfectly astonished to behold the great changes which a few short
+years had produced.
+
+Had it not been for the immovable landmarks about the city and the
+familiar scenery of the bay, he would have been entirely at a loss in
+considering that this was the spot, called San Francisco, which he had
+visited in former years. This metropolis, however, like all others,
+presented few attractions to Kit Carson's vision, further than its
+objects of curiosity, which were a source of interest and amusement to
+him. When he had finished sight seeing he was ready and anxious to
+be on his way to New Mexico. Previous to his setting out, he went on
+business to Sacramento City. While there, he received a message from
+his friend and partner, Maxwell, asking him to wait until the latter
+could come in with a herd of sheep from Carson River, when they could
+join forces and return home together.
+
+Kit Carson's stay in California was shortened by the annoyance (as
+he considered it) of being made a lion. His society was constantly
+courted by men whom he had never seen; he was passed free on
+steamboats and to all places of public amusement; and, in fact,
+the people, in acknowledging his worth, treated him with marked
+distinction. He was pointed out wherever he went as a man who had done
+the State great service. This reward of his merit was indeed a just
+tribute to his worth. Kit felt himself highly honored and favored,
+but he did not expect or wish such attention. He felt himself to be a
+humble individual, who had honestly and faithfully performed his duty,
+as it had been assigned to him, and his modesty would not allow him to
+ask or be willing to receive any other than the unexpressed opinion
+of the people. There were some men (there always are such persons in
+every community) who sought his company expecting to hear him boast
+of his deeds and proclaim himself a hero such as had never before
+existed; but, what must have been their surprise on seeing his
+unassuming bearing, his disregard of notoriety, and his anxiety to
+escape that popularity which they themselves would have highly prized.
+Tired, by the anxiety and hard work of bringing his property over a
+long and dangerous journey to a good market, he had looked for rest
+and retirement; but instead, he was everywhere sought out and made
+conspicuous.
+
+And here we pause to speak of the noble qualities of moral character
+and good judgment evinced by Kit Carson on this occasion of his
+eventful life. He found himself surrounded with the choice spirits of
+the new El Dorado; his name a prestige of strength and position, and
+his society courted by everybody. The siren voice of pleasure
+failed not to speak in his ear her most flattering invitations.
+Good-fellowship took him incessantly by the hand, desiring to lead
+him into the paths of dissipation. But the gay vortex, with all
+its brilliancy, had no attractions for him; the wine cup, with its
+sparkling arguments, failed to convince his calm earnestness of
+character, that his simple habits of life needed remodeling. To the
+storm, however, he was exposed; but, like a good ship during the gale,
+he weathered the fierce blast, and finally took his departure from the
+new city of a day, with his character untarnished, but nevertheless
+leaving behind him many golden opinions. With a hurried farewell and
+many kind remembrances of the good people of California, he left their
+great city to return to a home where he was certain to find a life
+better suited to his tastes. Money-getting had no charms for him.
+Had he chosen to accept some of the offers made him while then in San
+Francisco, he could easily have amassed an immense fortune. But his
+home had now the greater allurements, and a legitimate business gave
+him the certainty of comfort. The power merely which wealth assumes,
+Kit Carson never has desired to grasp.
+
+The time had nearly arrived for the appearance of Maxwell. He finally
+joined Kit Carson, when the two immediately engaged in the very
+profitable work of disposing of their sheep. The market proved to be
+quite active--so much so that they disposed of their entire flock at
+high cash values without the least difficulty. The speculation thus
+proved to be highly satisfactory to all concerned. In a monetary point
+of view, the adventure proved to be the most fortunate in which
+Kit Carson had been engaged. Heretofore, money had been a second
+consideration with Kit Carson. He had directed his energies and
+attention to almost everything, or at least to many things besides its
+accumulation.
+
+The sums which he had received for the important services rendered
+both to government officers and private individuals, had been
+expended on the wants of his family and on his suffering friends and
+countrymen. A trifling amount had always sufficed to satisfy his own
+immediate desires. The calls upon his purse, at the end of each year
+had left, therefore, but little which he could call his own. The snug
+sum now at his disposal, Kit Carson determined to lay by; and serving
+as a nucleus, around it, he has since accumulated enough amply to
+supply those comforts which will tend, in his old age, to make him
+happy. Maxwell and Carson decided to return to their homes by the
+southern route which runs through the country on and adjacent to the
+Rio Gila. Maxwell determined to take a steamer down the coast as far
+as Los Angelos, distant from San Francisco about three hundred and
+fifty miles, and used his best endeavors to persuade his friend Kit
+Carson to accompany him. In this however, he failed. Already one
+cruise over a part of the ocean route which Maxwell contemplated
+making, had been made by Kit Carson in 1846, and which had so sickened
+him of sea life, that he resolved never to travel on salt water again
+while it was in his power to obtain a mule to assist him in journeying
+by land. Maxwell, by his water conveyance, reached Los Angelos fifteen
+days in advance of Kit Carson, and employed himself in making the
+necessary preparations for their trip to New Mexico. When Kit rejoined
+his companion, everything was in readiness for them to proceed on
+their route, and, in a day or so afterwards, they started. Everything
+favored them until they reached a village belonging to some Pimo
+Indians, and located on the Rio Gila. Here the grass became suddenly
+very scarce. They learned from these Indians that the season had been
+unusually dry, and that, if they attempted to proceed on the regular
+trail, they would do so at the risk of losing their animals by
+starvation. While undecided as to which was the best course to pursue,
+Kit Carson informed the party that he could guide them over a new
+route which, though difficult and rough to travel, he felt confident
+would afford sufficient forage to answer all their purposes. At once
+the men agreed to be governed by their experienced friend's advice,
+and, having signified to him their willingness to do so, they resumed
+their march, following up the Rio Gila, until they came to the mouth
+of the San Pedro, when they struck out up the latter for three days,
+and then parted with it to risk the chances of reaching, at the end
+of each day, the small mountain creeks that lay on their contemplated
+route. After traveling in as direct a course as the nature of the
+country would admit, they arrived seasonably at the copper mines of
+New Mexico.
+
+While pursuing this experimental journey, Kit Carson, who was well
+acquainted with the general outline of the country, but was not
+equally conversant with it in reference to the certainty of finding
+eligible camping-sites, where wood, water and grass presented
+themselves in abundance, was frequently made the subject of a
+tantalizing joke by the men of the party.
+
+Occasionally his memory would not solve the question, what is the next
+course? He had neither map, chart, nor compass, and depended entirely
+upon old landmarks. Occasionally, the resemblance of different
+mountains, one to another, would serve to embarrass him. For a time,
+he would become doubtful as to the exact course to pursue. At such
+moments, the mischievous dispositions of the men would get the better
+of their judgment, and they would exert their lungs in shouting to
+him, as he spurred his riding animal to keep out of the sound of their
+raillery. He was not always successful in this, and occasionally a few
+sentences reached him like the following:
+
+"Hurrah!"
+
+"I say! are you the famous Kit Carson, who knows this country so
+well?"
+
+"Are you really a good pilot, or are you lost?"
+
+These and similar expressions saluted Kit's ear--a language to which
+he had not been heretofore accustomed--as some impediment, such as a
+fallen tree, a rock, a swamp, or a creek staid, for a brief period,
+his progress, thus allowing the party to approach within speaking
+distance. The remarks might have temporarily chafed his spirit; but,
+he had too much good sense to allow his friends to see that they had
+gained any advantage over him. He rode boldly on, and answered their
+raillery with silence. He knew, however, very well, that his turn
+would come; and, when he had brought them in safety to a spot with
+which all were familiar, he turned the tables on them by retorting
+to their questions in a playful manner, which made their future
+interpretation of his occasional doubts, less sweeping in its
+conclusions.
+
+Kit succeeded in guiding the party safely to the Copper Mines, from
+whence their route was plain. From the Copper Mines the party traveled
+through to the Rio del Norte. This river is 1,800 miles in length and
+forms the boundary line between Texas and Mexico. It takes its rise
+in the Rocky Mountains and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It is
+navigable for small steamers, sloops and schooners, for a distance of
+about four hundred and fifty miles from its mouth. About nine hundred
+miles from its mouth, there is a spot where the river is only about
+three or four feet deep. Here the Apache and Camanche Indians always
+cross when on their depredatory tramps into Mexico.
+
+Leaving the Rio Grande or del Norte, the party pursued their homeward
+route through the settlements of the Rio Abajo and Santa Fe and
+finally reached Taos on the twenty-third day of December, 1853.
+
+Soon after the party entered the Territory of New Mexico, Kit Carson
+accidentally met the Mormon delegate to Congress. That person informed
+Kit Carson that the appointment of an Indian Agent had been conferred
+upon him.
+
+On learning this piece of intelligence, Kit was much elated. He
+felt that the office was perfectly suited to his tastes, and he was
+honestly impressed with the belief that he was capable of performing
+the duties of this office, and of accomplishing much good. His
+happiness and pride were heightened by thinking that, finally, his
+services had met the approbation of his government, the substantial
+proof of which, was the offering to him of an important trust without
+solicitation on his part. Immediately on arriving at Taos, he wrote
+an answer to the authorities at Washington, in which he expressed
+his willingness to serve the government, and the pleasure he felt
+in accepting the office; at the same time he sent the necessary bond
+required of persons who hold this appointment.
+
+Hardly had Kit Carson been ushered into his new duties before the
+Jiccarilla Apaches, who formed one of the tribes of his agency, began
+to show new signs of dissatisfaction by committing various kinds of
+outrages on the property and lives of the citizens of the northern
+part of New Mexico. To arrest them in their career and make them
+amenable for the crimes they had already committed, Lieutenant Bell,
+of the 2d Regiment of United States dragoons, was sent in quest of
+them. He found them on the Red River, and at once commenced operations
+against them. At first, these red men were equally ready to break a
+lance in combat with their foes; but, after the soldiers had made two
+charges and penetrated through and through their ranks, they were,
+although in superior numbers, glad to give up the mastership of the
+field, and run away. In this fight, the Apaches lost, by his being
+killed, one of their great chiefs, besides many warriors. On the side
+of the soldiers, two men were killed and several seriously wounded.
+
+A short time after the news of this skirmish had reached Taos,
+Kit Carson found it necessary, in order to attend to some official
+business, to proceed to Santa Fe; but, just as he was on the point of
+setting out, he was informed that a large party of these Jiccarilla
+Apaches had recently arrived at a place in the mountains only about
+twenty miles from Taos, and were there encamped. With the view of
+pacifying them if it was possible, Kit Carson immediately
+posted thither; and, with no small degree of peril attending his
+movements--for he went unattended, and among Indians who were at the
+time very bitter against the whites--he confronted their "head men" in
+their den. He needed no introduction, for, during many years, he had
+been well known to them. Therefore he proceeded, at once, to business.
+After passing through the usual Indian salutations, he commenced by
+haranguing them, in a style that most pleases their fancy, thereby
+fixing their attention on what he was saying. Among other things, he
+forewarned them that the course they were pursuing, if persisted in,
+would prove the cause of their being exterminated, as their "Great
+Father," the President, had at his disposal thousands of soldiers
+to replace those who fell in battle, while, when their warriors were
+killed, they could not immediately place others in their moccasins.
+When a warrior was killed, they were compelled to wait until their
+children grew up. He added, that the "Great Father" loved his red
+children, and through him, whose servant he was, he wished to give
+them annuities and otherwise aid them in living at peace. These
+Indians, on learning that Kit Carson was their agent, expressed great
+pleasure, and, at his earnest solicitation, came forward and professed
+friendship. So little reliance, however, was to be placed in this
+tribe, that Kit Carson doubted their sincerity; although he exacted
+every pledge which he thought would in the least tend to bind them to
+their promises, he feared they would not prove true. Having finished
+his business, Kit bent his way to Santa Fe; but, he had not more than
+reached there before he heard that the Jiccarillas had already become
+tired of the restraints which he had placed upon them, and had broken
+out in open defiance of the authorities. From this time onward,
+so thick and fast did their wicked crimes increase, that coercive
+measures became necessary to put them down. This finally resulted, in
+as sanguinary a battle being fought between a small band of soldiers
+and this tribe, as was ever recorded. A rapid sketch of it must
+suffice to illustrate to the reader what kind of a fight this was, and
+what plucky fellows these Apaches are. Lieutenant J.W. Davidson,
+with a command of sixty men belonging to F and I companies of the 1st
+Regiment of United States dragoons, was ordered out to seek and act
+against these red men. Both the soldiers and their officers were
+renowned for their bravery and experience in Indian mode of warfare;
+hence, more than ordinary deeds were expected to be performed by
+them. The result will show that they did not disappoint any reasonable
+expectation. Lieutenant Davidson marched to the "_Embuda Mountains_"
+(which range lies between fifteen and twenty miles southwest of Taos),
+as he had been informed by good authority that the Indians were to be
+found there.
+
+On reaching the mountains he soon came upon the savages and found them
+fully prepared to meet him. They had selected their ground with great
+skill. The site which they had chosen was upon a high elevation, and
+at the first glance, to get at them, appeared to be an impossibility
+on account of the roughness of the country. If the Indians had hunted
+over the whole of the Rocky Mountains they could not have hit upon a
+place that offered them so many advantages for the use to which they
+intended to put it; but, as the red men had, by great labor, reached
+the tops of the crags, therefore, the soldiers resolved not to be
+outdone, even if they had to be the assaulting party.
+
+The strength of the Apaches amounted to eight lodges, or two hundred
+and forty warriors; and, as they were on foot and without their
+families, they were entirely unencumbered. Lieutenant Davidson's first
+manoeuvre was to send in advance a small party, whose duty it was to
+act as spies, while at the same time they endeavoured to engage the
+Indians in a talk, of which they are usually so fond; but, the courage
+of the red men was apparently much elevated on seeing the smallness
+of the whole force sent against them; therefore, they received the
+advance with such coldness that the latter soon after gladly retreated
+to their companions, who were halted on the little creek that runs by
+the foot of the mountains. Lieutenant Davidson now saw that his only
+course was to commence the attack and trust to fortune and the bravery
+of his men. Therefore he ordered the gallant fellows to dismount, and
+after leaving their horses with a small guard, they commenced the work
+of scrambling up the rocks so that they might get at, and dislodge
+the enemy. In this they succeeded, notwithstanding they met with a
+powerful and determined resistance. In the attempt, five soldiers were
+killed; and when the dragoons had reached the highest eminence of the
+mountain, they found, to their disappointment, that the Apaches had
+not taken to flight according to their anticipations, but instead,
+they were scattering and surrounding them. There being great danger,
+as already demonstrations were visible in that quarter, that the
+Indians would capture the horses of the soldiers, therefore Lieutenant
+Davidson placed himself at the head of his men and led them back
+to the spot where the animals were congregated. In so doing, he was
+obliged to fight his way, as every foot of ground he passed over was
+stoutly contested; but at last he arrived, just in time to save them.
+The fight then became desultory, but desperate, on the part of the
+soldiers; for the Indians, by concealing themselves behind rocks,
+trees and whatever came in their way, were quite secure against injury
+from the carbines and revolvers of the whites, while, from their
+side, came a deadly fire that fast diminished the numbers of their
+adversaries. In vain did the dragoons charge them and cause the
+foremost of the enemy to retreat to their friends in the rear.
+Lieutenant Davidson soon found his party so much crippled in strength
+that he saw he could no longer protect his horses and at the same time
+carry on the combat against such great odds. When there was little
+left that he could do except to offer himself and men as targets to be
+shot at, Lieutenant Davidson reluctantly ordered his men to retreat.
+
+In obeying this command, the soldiers had not more than wheeled about,
+when down came the foe in full pursuit, making the very air ring
+with their war-whoops and unearthly shouts. So bold did these Indians
+become from the victory which they had achieved, that they charged
+so hotly and so near the soldiers that the latter were compelled, in
+self-defence, to turn and, in a hand to hand contest, beat them off.
+After resisting a succession of these assaults, the command finally
+gained the main road. Upon counting his men, Lieutenant Davidson found
+that twenty of them were killed and left behind on the battle-field;
+and that, out of the surviving forty, hardly one man had escaped being
+wounded, thereby showing, considering the numbers engaged, how
+bravely the fight had been maintained, and how gallantly each one had
+endeavored to turn the tide of affairs to a more favorable result.
+
+The course pursued by, and even the bravery of, Lieutenant Davidson in
+this affair, has been unjustly assailed and questioned by some persons
+who have probably been misinformed on the subject. Judging from the
+evidence of his companions, there was not a more courageous man
+on that ground than the officer in command. Kit Carson refutes the
+accusation made against his friend in the following strain: "I am
+intimately acquainted with Lieutenant Davidson and have been in
+engagements with him where he has taken a prominent part and can
+testify that he is as brave and discreet as it is possible for a man
+to be. Nearly every person engaged in and who survived that day's
+bloody battle has since told me that his commanding officer never once
+sought shelter, but stood manfully exposed to the aim of the Indians,
+encouraging his men and apparently entirely unmindful of his own
+life. It was, however, in the retreat they say that he acted the most
+gallantly, for, when everything was going badly with the soldiers, he
+was as cool and collected as if under the guns of his fort. The only
+anxiety he exhibited was for the safety of his remaining men."
+
+The Indians must have lost many of their warriors in this fight, but
+the exact number has never been ascertained. The news of the defeat
+was brought by the retreating soldiers themselves to the town of Taos,
+where on hearing it, for short time, consternation seized hold of its
+inhabitants; but slowly they calmed down, and a party, consisting
+of Americans and Mexicans with wagons, was sent out to bring in the
+mutilated remains of the fallen. On reaching the field, the dead were
+found, but they were all mutilated and stripped of all their clothing.
+The Indians had left nothing which they thought might be turned to the
+least account. One poor fellow had escaped the rigid scrutiny of the
+red men by crawling to an obscure place where he had died from his
+wounds. On his body was found a belt that contained three hundred
+dollars in gold--his hard earnings that he had been saving up against
+a day of need. Had the savages known of this money, they would not
+have left it, for they are quite familiar with the use, if not with
+the real value of gold. A few days later, the Apaches made their
+appearance in a small Mexican settlement which was far distant from
+the scene of their success. They were dressed in portions of the
+uniforms and accoutrements taken from the dead dragoons; and, as they
+sauntered about the town, they would salute each other in military
+style, and otherwise mock the actions of the military men. Calling
+for a piece of paper, one fellow, with a bit of charcoal, pretended
+to write on it an order. No doubt, by so doing, he thought he was
+imitating something of the kind which he had seen done at a military
+post. After making a few scratches on the paper, he handed it to one
+of his red companions, and, with a smile on his rough countenance,
+addressed to him some directions in reference to the document.
+Although the Mexicans were much amused at these burlesque actions
+of the Indians, yet they did not dare to show their mirth until the
+latter had departed and left them in possession of their lives.
+
+The day following the one on which the fight had taken place, Kit
+Carson returned from Santa Fe and passed near to the spot where the
+soldiers had been so roughly handled; but he did not see a visage of
+an Apache. They had, by that time, traveled to the west side of the
+Rio del Norte. Indeed, he anticipated no danger to himself, as he was
+well aware, that the safest time to travel through any section of an
+Indian country, is just after the savages have been guilty of some
+highhanded act. They are then, instinctively, as some may say, but, as
+the fact appears to us, by use of their reasoning powers, well aware
+that active measures will be set on foot to repay them for their
+rascality.
+
+The trail which, on this occasion, Kit Carson traveled over in coming
+from Santa Fe, is one of the most interesting routes, in safe times,
+that the mere traveler can select. It comprises some of the most
+beautiful scenery in New Mexico. The length of the trail is about
+seventy-five miles, and so many windings and turns does it make
+through mountains, forests and gorges, that every hundred yards
+furnishes a suitable place for an Indian ambuscade. The largest part
+of the country which lies between Taos and Santa Fe, is mountainous;
+therefore, this trail is one series of ascents and descents. The
+greatest pitch is near the scene of the fight in which Lieutenant
+Davidson and his command were engaged, where the path, in order to
+avoid an almost perpendicular declivity, makes a zig zag course. To
+accomplish the ascent of this mountain on a good riding animal, it
+takes, at least, two hours; therefore, the height of the mountain
+can be easily imagined by those accustomed to mountain climbing. On
+reaching some of these immense eminences, the scenery is principally
+formed by the broken country, studded here and there with mountains,
+which appear as if in miniature, as well as real. Between are valleys,
+rivers, creeks, canons, etc., which render the views truly grand.
+There is sufficient woodland, plenty of pure air, and different
+species of game, in great abundance, playing about, and filling up the
+picture with life. To use the words of romance, this does not fail to
+make the scenery perfect. The trail runs through hamlets and villages,
+which come in at the proper distances and form great auxiliaries to
+the traveler, when fatigued by horseback riding; for, at most of these
+places, the traveler can find rest for the night, always provided that
+he be willing to submit to a multitude of inconveniences.
+
+The most desirable place at which to stop, on this trail, is a town
+nearly midway between Taos and Santa Fe. It is called Rio Arriba. In
+this village, the traveler can obtain many comforts which are denied
+him even in the larger towns. At the present time it is a very
+difficult matter for loaded caravans to pass direct from Santa Fe to
+Taos; but the United States government has taken the matter in hand
+and has appropriated large sums of money for making a good road
+between the two places; therefore, it will not be a long time before
+the transit will be accomplished with ease and safety. Scattered over
+the country adjacent to this trail now under consideration, there are
+many hamlets and villages which are being greatly augmented by new
+settlers yearly. Many of these have been seldom, if ever, visited by
+white men, and the minute geography of this tract of country is still
+in the embryo. Perhaps a new El Dorado is there in store for mankind,
+and that some day its resources will receive an impetus and be
+developed by the sudden discovery of valuable mines therein. This is
+no chimerical illusion; it scarcely rests upon an uncertainty; for,
+the mineral wealth of New Mexico, we are firmly persuaded, is still in
+its infancy. To use trapper language, judging from "signs" which exist
+there in abundance, we shall not be surprised to hear, in time, that
+this territory has turned out to be a second California. Rumors of
+gold, and even specimens of the article itself, are frequent in many
+parts of the country; but the poverty of the inhabitants keeps them
+from searching as they ought in order to make the discovery. The
+Americans find a more profitable business in commerce and trade,
+therefore they but seldom indulge in speculations designed to develop
+the mineral wealth of the country; but nevertheless, they have faith
+that gold, in immense quantities, exists there, and believe that, in
+time, scientific men will disclose the fact and position. We have seen
+_quills_ full of gold dust which has been collected there, and we are
+well acquainted with men who have washed out from several streams
+in the northern part of the Territory, the value of two and a half
+dollars per diem; but, with the high prices of living, this rate of
+produce cannot be made to pay unless the work shall be carried on by
+the assistance of capital.
+
+On this trail to Santa Fe, there are several small Pueblos which are
+inhabited by the descendants of the ancient Aztecs. These settlements,
+generally, are quite thrifty, and exhibit many external appearances
+of comfort. To prepare and cultivate the soil, it takes much labor
+in irrigating and bestowing other farming operations upon the land in
+order to bring crops to perfection. Hence these people, like the New
+Mexicans, can realize from their toil but little beyond their own
+subsistence. This trail, as it approaches Santa Fe, enters through
+groves of small pines which are many miles in extent. In such places
+the ground is sandy and the vegetation poor in the extreme. It has
+proved an exceedingly difficult problem, for more than one mind, to
+solve the reason why the capital of the Territory should have been
+located in such a barren section of the country. Perhaps it was
+because this was the most central spot that could be selected,
+although such a reason can hardly be offered in sober earnestness. The
+most charitable reasoning which we can offer for it, is because the
+Mexicans knew no better. It is true there are valuable silver mines
+near by; but this could only cause a town to be raised to suit the
+miners and not to form the attraction where the _elite_ of New Mexican
+society should for so many years congregate.
+
+Santa Fe is located on a plateau of ground which is about seven
+thousand feet above the level of the sea. The town itself contains
+about five or six thousand inhabitants which includes all races. It
+is built of _adobes_, or sun-burnt brick, and occupies both sides of
+a small stream which is called the _Rio Chicito_ and which flows into
+the Rio Grande nearly twenty miles from the town. The site of Santa
+Fe is low when compared with the altitude of the surrounding country,
+being bounded on nearly all sides by lofty mountains. One of these
+mountains is quite famous. It is the loftiest of all in that section
+of country, and is capped during the greater part of the year with
+snow. As is invariably the case with the large majority of Mexican
+towns, there is but little regularity in the streets of Santa Fe; but
+yet, the plaza is easily reached by several avenues. Santa Fe forms
+the grand commercial emporium of the great interior continent of North
+America; and its trade diverges to every point of the compass. The
+extent of this trade can be realized when we assert the fact that with
+the State of Missouri alone it amounts annually to several millions of
+dollars. In the south it has overland communication even with the city
+of Mexico. If the tariff between the two countries could be arranged
+upon a more equitable footing than it now is, the Mexican trade would
+swell into an enormous sum. Every acquisition of a new territory in
+the far west and southwest aids in developing the commerce of Santa
+Fe; therefore, until steam shall cause a revolution in the course of
+trade, this town must necessarily increase greatly in importance.
+The stores in the town are mostly owned, and the mercantile business
+chiefly carried on, by Americans. These American speculators are
+celebrated for the daring manner with which they launch out their
+money upon various enterprises. With them, the greater the risk when
+their chances appear that the gain will be large, the more eager they
+are in facing the hazard. They sometimes lose, but oftentimes realize
+large fortunes. The appearance of these stores is captivating to the
+fancy, and many of them would be ornaments to any of the larger cities
+or towns of the east. The most expensive articles of luxury and dress
+are to be found in them, and in these distant parts, such property
+commands a price which would startle and quite shake the nerves of
+a prince; but, when the people can obtain the money, they purchase
+everything which their fancy dictates. A Santa Fe senorita dashes in
+her rich silks which have cost hundreds of dollars with as much grace
+as does one of the Washington or Fifth Avenue belles, clothed in the
+same luxuriant style. In Santa Fe, we are sorry to say, it requires
+vice of the worst shade for women to support such a style of living;
+but the morals of the Mexicans are so loose in all classes, that
+virtue is boldly parted with by both sexes in a spirit which the
+triumphs of natural reason alone ought to prevent, and which no lover
+of humanity can admire or tolerate. Gambling, in this town, has
+long held its full sway, and many is the victim which this wretched
+wickedness has prematurely hurried into a vortex, from which there has
+been no recovery.
+
+The palmy days of gambling, in San Francisco, have been rivaled in
+the little town of Santa Fe, and the boldness with which the Mexican
+player will part with his last dollar, shows the hardened state
+to which the man, and, what is perhaps worse, the woman, have been
+brought, by years of habitual playing for money. In olden times, the
+Mexicans used to travel hundreds of miles, and bring their money with
+them in order to squander it at their favorite game of _monte_. Not
+only this fact is true, but men will often sell themselves into the
+slavery of debt in order to satisfy their craving desire to gamble.
+
+The town of Santa Fe is watered by azequias or small canals, which
+are used in every section of the Territory, with which to irrigate the
+soil. Near the town, and on a hill adjoining, stands the ruins of Fort
+Marcy, which was used by the American Volunteers during the conquest
+of the country in the year 1846. This fort commands the town; and, for
+the purpose which governed its building it answered very well. There
+are several good boarding-houses in Santa Fe, and one hotel, which is
+well fitted up and well kept. It forms the rendezvous for the
+whole town. The commanding general of the military department which
+comprises the Territory of New Mexico, with his staff, makes this
+town his head-quarters. There is also a garrison of American soldiers
+stationed in the town. The governor of the territory, the judges,
+surveyor and all the government officials of any importance, make
+this place their home. The Territorial buildings, being the halls of
+legislation, and such other buildings as are necessary for the State
+and Territorial purposes, both finished and under process of erection,
+are located in Santa Fe. On one side of the plaza there stands a long,
+low building known as the Palace. No one, however, would be aware
+of the fact if not informed of it; for the building has more the
+appearance of having been intended for a rope-walk than for the
+assemblage of _savants_ who were to discuss and arrange matters of
+state and public interest. Notwithstanding the small pretensions
+in the way of architecture which the Palace presents, nevertheless,
+within it, there have lived old Mexican governors who ruled their
+people with a rod of iron, and whose fiery impulses went forth as just
+and equitable law. These tyrants--for it was very seldom that the
+poor and ignorant New Mexicans were favored with a good, wise and just
+governor--governed on the principle of self aggrandizement. Being far
+separated from their home government, they took care to smother all
+evil reports, while the good, only, were allowed to circulate; and
+these, so far as the home government was concerned, solely by their
+authority, in order to have the desired effect to retain them in
+office. In this they were usually successful, as they generally
+retained their lucrative positions until cut off by death, or until
+they had amassed a fortune which made their tasks burdensome. Many of
+these men might have been envied by the richest among Americans, so
+far as wealth is considered. They were so envied by the wealthy men at
+the capital of the republic. These provinces of Mexico were the Indies
+where troublesome opponents were to be sent by government, to suck,
+like leeches, the public treasury, and thus obtain their fill
+to repletion. When the United States came into possession of the
+territory of New Mexico, affairs were somewhat tempered to the state
+of reason and justice; but, a people who had so long been kept down,
+could not at once appreciate the value of the changes; consequently,
+they have been slow in elevating their heads to the proper standard
+of men. The legislature of New Mexico, as it has been recognized
+under the constitution of the United States, resembles other forms of
+territorial governments. This statement is true in theory, but not in
+practice; for it is impossible to collect an uneducated people,
+unused to self government, and allow them to steer their own bark as
+law-makers, without observing that they make many openings for serious
+mistakes to creep in, which are and should be severely criticised.
+The pioneer laws, as they came from the first New Mexican legislature,
+were faulty in the extreme. They seemed to point out wickedness as
+a punishment for wickedness. If we desired to afford our readers a
+laugh, we should permit them to read many of these laws. The simple
+perusal of them would cause merriment equal to the most laughable
+comedy. Had it not been for the few white men, who, from time to time,
+have found their way into the legislature of New Mexico, the whole
+body would long since have lost themselves in the depth of learning
+which their untutored minds had undertaken to engraft upon their
+statute books. The members of this body, for a long time, turned their
+attention more to the emoluments which naturally accrued from their
+position, than to endeavors to steady the helm of government for
+the good of their country. In order to save their pay, they studied
+economy, which caused them to make a beggarly appearance, and, in
+the eyes of the white men, they were often contemptibly mean. Greatly
+predominating in numbers, the Mexicans of course had no difficulty in
+ruling the country; and they naturally preferred their own countrymen
+in filling the law-making department of their government. The
+consequence was, that they thus obtained a crowd of legislators who
+could hardly read. By the aid of a few schools, an enlightened press,
+and the examples of a few worthy Americans, they are gradually mending
+their ways in this respect; and the time will come in a few years,
+when the legislature of New Mexico will compare favorably with
+its sister territories; but this, not until education has made her
+indelible mark upon the people.
+
+The town of Santa Fe is provided with a Roman Catholic church, which,
+under the judicious management of the present bishop and clergy, is
+doing what it can to improve the condition of the Mexican population.
+Other religious denominations have not yet been fully developed;
+although the attempt is being made to establish churches of the
+Protestant faith on a sure and permanent footing; but this, although
+we regard it as certain, will take time, for the majority of the
+people lean strongly to the Roman Catholic faith. It is a very
+singular fact that among a population of seventy thousand souls
+included in the limits of the Territory of New Mexico, there have been
+such feeble and vain attempts made by Protestant missionaries to
+bring the people to their mode of thinking. The task might have been
+impossible when the country was under the jurisdiction of old Mexico;
+but, since it has changed masters, this excuse does not hold good. The
+Mexicans, as a body, learn readily; they easily discern between right
+and wrong; and, as the field for Christian enterprise to work in is
+large enough for all sects, it is strange that the Protestant church
+is not found laboring in the good cause, side by side with its Roman
+Catholic friend. It is true, there are a few persons struggling on
+under the auspices of the Protestant church; but they are so few that
+they are seldom met in the great expanse of the country. Santa Fe has
+long been celebrated as having a depraved population; but, as honest
+and honorable men are now working with satisfactory success for a
+reformation, the day cannot be far distant when this town will redeem
+itself. It is true that, not many years back, Santa Fe was filled with
+gamblers and desperadoes of all grades; but, at the present time, law
+and order is beginning to predominate, and it is to be hoped that the
+next generation will see a better state of affairs. The vices which
+have characterized the inhabitants have not been confined, by any
+means, to the Mexicans; but rather they have been exemplified in those
+Americans with bad characters, who have, from time to time, crept in
+among the people. These men, in several instances, have set examples
+which the most debased Mexican would hesitate to follow.
+
+The appearance of Santa Fe, from an outside view, is anything but
+striking. Its houses, like most Mexican buildings, are seldom higher
+than one story, and, with few exceptions, they are entirely wanting
+in beauty. They are built after what may be styled a Mexican mode of
+architecture, and consist of a series of rooms which encircle an open
+square or court, the access to which is through a large portal. These
+buildings are usually huddled together towards the centre or plaza,
+while, in the outskirts of the town, they are greatly scattered. The
+arrangement of the streets appears as if they were mere matters of
+accident rather than matters of system or intention. The town is
+ornamented by few, if any, trees, while the general appearance of the
+adjacent country, as has been seen, is barren. The markets of the town
+are but sparingly supplied with a variety, and those articles which
+are the most common, bring, comparatively speaking, good prices. Not
+many miles from Santa Fe there are famous silver mines, which for
+many years were worked almost entirely by hand. Within a recent date
+machinery has been introduced by some enterprising Americans, and the
+precious silver ore is being brought to light in large quantities.
+In point of amusement the people still cling to the pleasures of the
+fandango; and, as this town is much in advance of any other in the
+Territory, the Santa Fe balls are carried on, sometimes, on quite a
+grand scale. The majority of them are the places of resort for the
+free classes of society. The more respectable people seldom attend
+them, and then only when they are certain that they will find the
+ceremonies conducted in the spirit which administers really to
+pleasure and not to excess. The distance from Santa Fe to the Missouri
+River is in the neighborhood of nine hundred miles. The road, for the
+first one hundred miles towards the Santa Fe terminus, is rough and
+hilly; but, after that, it strikes out on the open plains, and is as
+level as can possibly be for such an immense distance. It is over this
+beautiful road that we have several times described Kit Carson as he
+traveled to and from the United States, though, more frequently, as
+has been seen, he preferred routes of his own selection, which enabled
+him, with his small escorts, to elude the vigilant watch of hostile
+Indians. The rich merchandise which finds its market in New
+Mexico passes over this road; and, during the summer months, the
+heavily-laden caravans are continually traversing it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    A fresh Campaign set on foot--Col. Cook in Command--Kit Carson
+    goes as Guide--The Apaches and Utahs leagued together--The
+    Roughness of the Country and the Privations to which the
+    Command was exposed--The Indians overhauled--A running
+    Fight--The Advantages gained--The Chase resumed--The Apaches
+    resort to their old Tricks--Col. Cook is obliged to return
+    to Abiquiu--A Utah taken Prisoner through Mistake--Kit Carson
+    goes to Taos and has a Conference with the Chiefs of the
+    Utah Nation--Cook's second Scout--He is caught in a furious
+    Snow-storm and obliged to return to Rio Colorado--Major Brooks
+    and Reinforcements come to the Rescue--Major Brooks on
+    the Lookout, but fails to find the Indians--Carleton's
+    Expedition--Kit Carson goes with it as Guide--The Adventures
+    met with--Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true--The Muache Band
+    of Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council--Troubles
+    brewing among these Indians--The Small Pox carries off their
+    Head Men.
+
+
+To retrieve the ground lost, and also, to show the Jiccarilla Apaches
+that their recent victory had tended only to stimulate the movements
+of the Americans to a display of greater activity and energy, after a
+brief space of time, a large body of regular troops were made ready to
+take the field against them. The commander of this expedition was Col.
+Cook of the 2d Regiment of United States dragoons. That officer chose
+for his principal guide Kit Carson, whose peace duties as Indian Agent
+had been abruptly arrested by the warlike attitude of some of his
+Indians. It was necessary, also, that Kit Carson should be on the
+ground in case the red men were overtaken, in order to ascertain
+whether, or no, the Utahs were mixed up with the operations of the
+Apaches. A large branch of the former tribe were part and parcel of
+his agency, and the two nations were known to be on very friendly
+terms with each other; consequently, it was surmised that they might
+be secretly, and under disguise, acting together in the war.
+
+Col. Cook employed, besides the troops of the line which were under
+his command, some forty men selected from among the Mexican and Pueblo
+Indians, whose duties were to act as spies and trailers.
+
+These Pueblos were selected for spies on account of their being
+familiar with Indian habits and their mode of warfare. They were taken
+from among the best hunters which the Pueblo villages could furnish.
+They presented themselves provided with their own horses, rifles, and,
+in most cases, with their own ammunition, and were supplied only with
+their rations of food. When it was practicable, they were allowed to
+kill game; and, being very expert at it, they seldom returned from
+a hunt open-handed. Their peaceful mode of life prevented them from
+engaging in any deep league with the hostile Indians; but yet, there
+is no doubt that when the different tribes were at war with the
+whites, the Pueblos harbored the warlike Indians and supplied them,
+in many instances, with such articles as they stood most in need of.
+Their policy in thus acting might have been to retain the friendship
+of these Indians and thus prevent their committing any depredations
+on themselves. The Pueblos may have taken advantage of the state of
+affairs when war existed, and doubtless frequently did, under disguise
+of the enemy, become guilty of crimes which could easily have been
+proven against them. The Mexicans have often tried to criminate the
+Pueblos for thus acting; but they have proceeded with such bungling
+policy, that it has seldom happened that anything criminal has been
+definitely proven against them. If a part of them have thus acted,
+there is not the least doubt but that the majority are guiltless. They
+are, as a body, loyal to the government of the United States; but, not
+so much from love of the Americans as from being shrewd. They know it
+is for self interest to keep good friends with the strongest power.
+On these war scouts they rendered valuable service, and in this light,
+have been long regarded with favor by the whites.
+
+The command of these forty Mexicans and Pueblo Indians was conferred
+upon James H. Quinn, a well-known and prominent citizen of New Mexico.
+This gentleman became intimately associated with the Territory of New
+Mexico soon after that country was annexed to the United States. In
+politics, military life, farming and mercantile pursuits, he was most
+actively engaged, and by his talents and industry took a prominent
+position and became an influential member of society. He had some
+faults; (who has not?) but his unexpected death came so suddenly
+upon his friends that they could only think of him for the many good
+qualities both of his head and heart. Hence, his faults were most
+willingly passed over in silence.
+
+All things being in readiness, the command entered upon the pursuit
+of the Indians. They marched from Taos, ten miles north, to a stream
+called the Arroya Hondo. Thence, following the banks of this stream
+down through its deep and rocky canon, they came to the Rio del Norte.
+
+On the first-named stream, there is a small and unattractive
+settlement, which bears the same name. Several years since, there was
+a large distillery in full operation at this place. This establishment
+was owned by an American, and was very extensive. The building was
+celebrated as being the place where several Americans were slaughtered
+by the Mexicans during the revolution, in which Governor Bent lost his
+life, heretofore spoken of. On the plain which is contiguous with the
+south bank of the Arroya Hondo, there are to be found the remains of
+a large Aztec town, which was, at some remote period, the largest
+settlement inhabited by that interesting people to be found in
+northern New Mexico. At the present day, can be seen the size and
+almost the number of houses which formed the town--which are very
+numerous. The building material, as here used by the Aztecs, was small
+cobble-stones which undoubtedly were mixed with mud and thus formed
+the structure. Pieces of pottery, flint arrow-points; stone pipe and
+rude tools have been, from time to time, found on the site of the
+town, going to prove that the people were not wandering in their
+habits, but that instead, they occupied their time in farming, raising
+cattle and mining. The wild Indians may have murdered the inhabitants,
+and then destroyed the town; or, civil war and pestilence might have
+caused it to become deserted, when, as a natural result, it fell to
+decay. The most plausible theory to entertain is the former, as every
+old Mexican town of the north contains relics which could not have
+been designed merely in case of an emergency. Not one of these towns
+in olden times was without a large well, which, in most instances,
+was bountifully supplied with water. In time of peace, these extensive
+reservoirs were covered over and concealed from view, and therefore,
+but few strangers could be made aware of their existence. On the
+breaking out of war, these wells were thrown open for public use, and,
+being located in the centre of the towns, the inhabitants escaped that
+danger in procuring water which necessarily would have surrounded them
+in case they had been obliged, as they are now, to bring it from the
+neighboring streams. As time rolled on, and danger was lessened,
+these wells were almost forgotten, until the timber which covered them
+rotted and allowed their fragments and the earth to cave in, when
+the object of the digging these reservoirs became apparent. It is an
+established fact in history, that the town of Taos once withstood
+a long and fearful siege, but finally escaped, as did its people,
+uninjured. The besieging party, in this instance, was composed of
+the Indians of the plains; they were present to the number of many
+thousand, and were at last compelled to depart, as is supposed, in
+consequence of their provisions giving out. Reasoning from analogy,
+it is no more than proper to suppose, that if the early settlements of
+the Mexicans were thus annoyed, the case of the Aztecs must have
+been still harder, and that being overcome by numbers, they were
+necessitated to succumb; and hence, were swept, by the Indians of the
+plains, from the face of the earth, leaving but a dim outline of their
+ancient grandeur.
+
+The party found the stream very much swollen by the melting of the
+snows in the mountains. When they arrived at its fording-place,
+notwithstanding a torrent rolled before them, the command was, of a
+necessity, given to cross. There was no shrinking. Without a single
+murmur, the entire command set themselves about the perilous task. The
+bed of the river at this place is rocky and shelving. At low water,
+these facts offer no great obstacles in crossing. The case is very
+different when the torrent has reached high-water mark--then, a single
+step will often plunge horse and rider into the angry waters beyond
+their depth. Kit Carson boldly took the lead, and before the infantry
+had all passed, the horses of the dragoons had to be sent back to
+assist them. To facilitate this fording, Kit Carson crossed and
+recrossed the stream at least twenty times. No serious accident
+occurred, although three of the dragoons came near being swept down
+the current, which, at the time, was very swift and strong. Had they
+gone below the fording-place, they would most assuredly have been
+drowned, as the river there takes a fearful leap through a cut in the
+rocks. Having safely gained the opposite shore, the men found
+that their labors had but just commenced. In front of them stood a
+precipice that was, at the least calculation, six hundred feet in
+height, of solid rock, and almost perpendicular. Up this ascent the
+command had to mount, by following a zigzag trail. With much trouble
+and toil, the summit of the height was reached, when they once more
+commenced their journey over a diversified country, made up of plains
+and ravines. No grass or water was found until the expedition arrived
+at a small Mexican town called Sirvilletta. Here an encampment was
+formed for one night, and here their animals were to have their last
+rations of corn and forage. The sale of these latter articles proved
+a windfall to, and made glad the hearts of the inhabitants of the
+settlement; for the money which they received, in exchange for their
+produce, was the largest sum they had ever possessed. Thus, in more
+ways than one, these campaigns in the mountains caused good results.
+
+These settlements on the remote frontiers of the territory of
+New Mexico are composed of very poor people, who, for many years
+succeeding their first efforts on establishing their small farms, find
+great difficulty in doing more than to feed themselves. Their distance
+from markets such as Taos affords, prevents them from transporting
+thither more than their small surplus of grain; but, as in this
+case, on thus finding many hungry horses and mules to feed, their
+corn-stalks and wheat-straw come into demand, and bring them in a
+remuneration in ready money, in sums which they have not even dreamed
+of before. The only difficulty in trading with such people is to fix a
+fair price on their produce; for they are so fearful of not receiving
+enough, that they often overshoot the mark, and charge so much as to
+prevent other expeditions of the same sort from visiting them. With
+the few dollars in their pockets thus gained from the party, these
+Mexicans for once felt themselves rich men.
+
+Early on the subsequent day the whole force was again in motion, and
+continued an active march for two days over a rough country. At last
+Kit Carson struck the Indian trail. The course was instantly made to
+suit this trail, when the party marched on two days more at a rapid
+pace. On the second day's march, the Indians were overhauled. The band
+of Apaches had been jogging on slowly, and consequently, their animals
+were in good order. The case was far different with their pursuers;
+their horses were much used up by overwork and privations. Thus, when
+their strength was most needed, it was found wanting. The Indians
+espied the soldiers in time to make good their flight, but not quick
+enough to save the lives of all their warriors. Several of them were
+killed and many more were wounded. They also lost a few of their
+horses, and nearly all their camp equipage. The roughness of the
+section of the country where they were overtaken, assisted the savages
+in escaping, notwithstanding every effort was made by the Americans
+to prevent their leaving so easily. Kit Carson, when describing these
+events, says: "To Capt. Sykes, who commanded the infantry, is due the
+greatest amount of praise for the part he acted in our adventures.
+When his men were almost broken down with sore feet, long and
+difficult marches, want of provisions, the coldness of the weather,
+and with their clothing nearly worn out, and when they were on the
+point of giving up with despair, they were prevented from so doing by
+witnessing the noble example set them by their captain. He showed them
+what a soldier's duty really was, and this so touched their pride that
+they hobbled along as if determined to follow him until death relieved
+them from their sufferings. Although this officer had a riding animal
+at his disposal, yet never for once did he mount him; but instead,
+he lent the horse to some deserving soldier who was on the point of
+succumbing to overwork. When the Indian village was discovered, he
+cheered his men from a limping walk into a sort of run, and dashing
+through a swollen mountain stream, that was nearly up to their
+arm-pits and full of floating ice, he was, with his company, the
+foremost in the attack."
+
+Two soldiers of Captain Sykes's company[25] were wounded, and one
+of them afterwards died. The other man was severely injured, but
+eventually recovered. The Indians, on being routed, were pursued
+through a deep canon for about four miles. A few who had been
+previously wounded were overtaken and slain. Night now came on;
+therefore, the men had to give up the chase, and on returning to their
+own encampment they found their friends had located it on the same
+ground which the Indians had occupied when they were first discovered.
+The next morning the surviving wounded man, with an escort, was sent
+back to the nearest military post, so that he could receive proper
+attention. The pursuit at an early hour was then resumed, by the
+soldiers' taking the fresh trail of the Indians. Away went both
+parties through valleys, canons, and over snow clad mountains, until,
+in the end, the Americans saw that it was impossible to overtake
+the red men, who began to break up into squads of two and three and
+scatter in every direction. During the latter days of the chase, the
+routes which the Indians traveled were the worst they could select;
+their object being, entirely to use up the animals of their pursuers,
+who were thus vigorously driving them from one haunt to another. Very
+often, at night, the soldiers would find themselves bivouacked but
+a short distance from the place which they had left on the previous
+morning; and this happened, when not once during the whole day, had
+they missed the trail or ceased travelling; but the fact was, that the
+enemy were so familiar with the country that they made these crooked
+trails with impunity. Finally, the Indians saw that in this trial of
+muscles and nerves they gained nothing, and could not thus shake
+off their pursuers, but that it was necessary for them to try
+other expedients; therefore, they separated, to meet again at some
+preconcerted rendezvous. On this occasion, as so often heretofore, the
+Apaches did not belie the character formed of them by some of our most
+experienced military men, and of which we have before spoken: viz.,
+that they have no equals for endurance, and such a thing as overtaking
+them when once put to flight is almost out of the category of the
+white man's feats.
+
+[Footnote 25: Company D, 2d Regiment U.S. Artillery.]
+
+There being nothing more that could be accomplished by the pursuit,
+consequently, Col. Cook ordered his men to face about, and they having
+done so, he made a direct march to Abiquiu, a Mexican village that is
+located on the Rio Chamo, a tributary of the Rio del Norte. The
+design he had in going there was to recruit his men and animals. Their
+sufferings had been severe. Although performing constantly more than
+double duty, the entire command was put upon half allowance of food,
+and that little could not be properly cooked. For this reason, the
+trials and hardships which they experienced were of no ordinary
+character.
+
+The town of Abiquiu, where Colonel Cook arrived, is about sixty miles
+northwest from Santa Fe, and a traveler can make a journey through
+valleys from one town to the other. It stands next to Taos in point
+of magnitude and importance in the matter of townships in the north of
+New Mexico. The scenery about this settlement is very attractive, and,
+as it lies on the borders of the Utah Indian country, it is frequently
+visited by these Indians. The neighbors of the Utahs, the Navajoes,
+occasionally make their appearance in the town. The Mexicans of
+Abiquiu, from their continued intercourse with bands of the Utah
+Indians, are more or less linked in with them; and, in time of war,
+the Americans can place but little confidence in the inhabitants of
+Abiquiu on this account. The grazing and farming facilities of the
+country adjacent to this town are quite progressive, and were it not
+for the Indians, its resources would be much more rapidly developed
+than they now are.
+
+Utah was originally part of the territory of Upper California. The
+United States came into possession of it by treaty with Mexico in
+1848. The population is chiefly Mormon. The new territory, as set
+off by the United States in 1850, includes an area of one hundred and
+eighty-seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-three square miles, or
+one hundred and twenty millions, two hundred and seventy thousand and
+seven hundred and twenty acres. Near the eastern base of the Sierra
+Nevada range there are several lakes which receive the waters of the
+eastern slope of these leviathan mountains. One of these lakes bears
+the name of Kit Carson, having been named Carson Lake by Colonel
+Fremont.
+
+In one respect this country has characteristics seldom met with in
+any part of the globe. Large numbers of the lakes and rivers have no
+outlets. Such is the fact in regard to Carson Lake. The only means by
+which their waters are reduced is by evaporation. The Great Salt Lake
+of Utah, to the traveler is of great interest. It may well be called
+the Dead Sea of Utah.
+
+As has been seen, Col. Cook and party were now halted at a Mexican
+village on the Rio Chama, a tributary of the Rio Grande or del Norte.
+
+The party that had been sent back with the wounded man, while on their
+journey met and captured an Indian. Supposing him to be an Apache,
+they deprived him of his horse and arms and otherwise treated him as
+a prisoner. While they were en route, the Indian made his escape and
+joined his tribe. This captive they afterwards learned was a Utah,
+whose tribe had the external appearance of being friendly towards the
+whites, although there were existing good reasons for doubting their
+sincerity. Col. Cook, fearing that such treatment might offer the
+Utahs a plausible excuse for openly declaring war, determined to clear
+himself of censure by making such reparation as was in his power.
+Accordingly, he dispatched Kit Carson to the head-quarters of his
+Agency, in order to settle matters. On reaching Taos, Kit Carson sent
+an expressman to the Utah village with the request that their chiefs
+would come and have a talk with him. They obeyed his summons, and when
+they were seated in Council with their "Father Kit," he explained to
+them how that the soldiers had taken prisoner their _brave_ through
+mistake and ignorance. He informed them, that his countrymen did not
+wish to do their tribe any injury, and he trusted that they would
+overlook the affair; advising them that the best way to show to the
+white men that their intentions were honest would be by not rendering
+aid to the Apaches. He said that he had not sent for them through
+fear, as their warriors were but a handful when compared to the
+soldiers of their "Great Father;" but the main object, always to be
+held in view in their deliberations, was to cultivate friendship, as
+the country was large enough for both parties to live in. The Indians
+replied that they were satisfied with the explanation made to them,
+and declared that their hearts were not in the least inimical towards
+the whites. On hearing this, Kit Carson restored to them the captured
+property, and also made to the chiefs themselves a few useful
+presents.
+
+Col. Cook, after granting a sufficient rest to his men, and after
+obtaining supplies at Abiquiu, started out again to hunt the
+Jiccarillas. He was so fortunate soon after as to find a fresh trail,
+and in hot haste followed it for several days, when, unfortunately, he
+was caught in a furious snow-storm which obliterated the tracks of the
+Indians, besides otherwise greatly damaging his resources. The fair
+prospects of a successful termination to the expedition being so
+suddenly frustrated, the commander had no other alternative open to
+him but to return. This he did by going to the Rito Colorado, a small
+town that lay on his route. Here the command was joined by Major
+Brooks of the 3d Regiment of U.S. Infantry, who had marched to the
+relief of Col. Cook with reinforcements. As soon as the necessary
+preparations were gone through with, another scout was undertaken
+under charge of this last-named officer, while Col. Cook and his men
+retired from their active service.
+
+Major Brooks, without much difficulty, struck upon a recent path made
+by the enemy, and on it, gave them chase. The Indians were making
+their way to the Utah country, and on arriving there, the plans of
+the major were completely balked, owing to the great numbers of fresh
+trails that he discovered in those parts. They were so numerous that
+they crossed and recrossed one another at all points, and were so
+similar that his best guides could not distinguish the one made by the
+Apaches from those belonging to the Utahs. The result was that this
+command, after being in the field for fifteen days, was compelled to
+return without accomplishing anything.
+
+These two nations, the Utahs and Apaches, have been so long intimate,
+that many of their habits and customs are the same, and very often it
+requires them to speak their respective languages, before they can
+be recognized; but, usually, the Utahs are cleaner and better dressed
+than their faithful allies, the Apaches, whom they use, in time of
+peace and war, as tools.
+
+After allowing sufficient time for the Apaches to collect and
+reorganize so that they would be more accessible, a third expedition
+was made ready and placed under the command of Major Carlton of the
+First Regiment of United States dragoons. Major Carlton employed as
+his guide, Kit Carson.
+
+This command, at first, traveled to the north one hundred miles, until
+it reached Fort Massachusetts. Here it halted for one day until the
+final arrangement could be finished. Major Carlton then divided his
+party, sending one division, which consisted of his spy company, under
+Captain Quinn, to examine the country on the west side of the White
+Mountains, while he took it upon himself to inspect the territory on
+the east side of the same range.
+
+Captain Quinn followed up the valley of San Luis. When he reached the
+Mosco Pass, he turned off through it, in order to get into the Wet
+Mountain Valley, where it had been previously agreed upon that he
+should meet with and report progress to his commanding officer.
+
+The Mosco Pass is a narrow opening in the White Mountains, which
+latter is but another name for a branch of the Rocky Chain. This pass
+has been traversed by Col. St. Vrain, many years ago, with
+wagons; but, at the present time, such a feat would prove to be an
+impossibility, as the mountain streams have washed down large rocks
+and other obstacles, which now present difficulties which simply men
+and animals cannot overcome. The pass itself is but a few miles in
+length. It is but a deep cut through very lofty mountains. Its sides
+are rocky, craggy and very rough, defying, in many places, the most
+experienced climber to ascend them. It is a favorite route, which
+the Apaches delight to take when hotly pursued, as it offers them the
+saving of many miles of difficult and circuitous traveling, when they
+wish to reach the open prairies.
+
+On reaching the place of rendezvous, Carlton, while in the Sangre de
+Christo Pass, by the aid of his guide Kit Carson, discovered a trail
+made by three of the enemy, and on following it up, it was found to
+join the main path on the Huerfano Creek. On the arrival of Quinn, who
+had discovered signs which indicated the direction the Indians were
+taking, a conference was called, when all the old guides and spies of
+the party agreed in believing they were on the right scent. The skill
+shown by men accustomed to the business of tracking Indians, either
+for friendly or warlike purposes, is oftentimes truly wonderful, and
+especially is it so to a person brought up in a civilized community,
+only familiar with the reports of such things. The age of the trail,
+the haunts the red men are bound to, their object in going there, the
+numbers on the trail, and the tribe, or tribes to which they belong,
+can, in the majority of cases, be told with the greatest accuracy. It
+is by philosophizing on minute things, which in ordinary life would be
+considered mere trifles, and hardly worth a consideration, that this
+knowledge is arrived at. Thus, it takes but a minimum amount of
+wisdom to realize that a spear of grass, when trodden upon, is usually
+crushed to the earth; but, few reflect that the attempt is made by
+nature to restore the blade to its naturally upright position, and in
+doing so, requires a certain period of time to accomplish the task.
+This process, to the trailer, is an index by which he judges the age
+of the visit made by the Indians, to that section of country. The
+shape of the sole of the moccasin, or the carvings on arrows when they
+are found, which not unfrequently happens, and many other like things,
+are sure signs in guiding the experienced trailer to the particular
+party he is seeking.
+
+Carleton and his men became flushed with the prospects of success on
+finding the main trail, and they lost no time in following it up. For
+six days they made rapid progress, and at the end of that time espied
+the Indians encamped on "Fisher's Peak" in the Raton Mountains.
+Although the mountain was none the easiest to climb, yet the soldiers
+went at its performance with a determination that brought them upon
+the Indians before they could collect their animals and be off, and
+the consequence was, that many a brave warrior then and there drew
+his last breath. However, the most of the Indians ran away, but were
+pursued and a few were overtaken and shot.
+
+The mountain on which the Apaches were concealed, as described in
+this adventure with them, is devoid of trees, and hence, is what, in
+western language is known as a "bald mountain." Its summit contained
+a dry basin; which, besides the open lookout that the eminence
+commanded, formed another inducement to these Indians in selecting it
+for a hiding-place. The route from New Mexico to the United States,
+which we have before spoken of as the Bent's Fort road, runs through,
+or rather, close to, the Raton Mountains. On account of its being well
+timbered, and offering somewhat of a protection, this route is often
+chosen late in the autumn and early in the spring, as the safest for
+caravans to travel. As a hunting district it cannot be surpassed,
+especially in the seasons of the year above mentioned, as the game
+collects there for shelter from cold and storms.
+
+At night, a squad of men under command of Lieutenant R. Johnston, of
+the First Regiment of United States Dragoons, secreted themselves in
+the camp lately occupied by the Indians, in the expectancy that some
+of them would return to reconnoitre and see what had been done there.
+Along with this detachment, there was a man belonging to the spy
+company who could counterfeit the call used by these Indians when they
+wish to find each other and collect their forces. At about midnight,
+when all was still, this peculiar-toned whistle was sounded, when
+lo and behold! two warriors and two squaws came forth and commenced
+groping about in the darkness. They were fired upon, but as no
+accurate aim could be taken, only one of the men was mortally wounded.
+There is no reason to doubt that there were more of these Indians
+concealed in the neighborhood, but the report of the rifles and
+the yells of their exposed brothers, caused them to cling to their
+hiding-places; and, as the shades of night advanced, they thought it
+was best to be on the move to distant parts. Hence, they escaped. The
+Apaches, in this affray, parted with forty head of horses and also
+their scanty allowance of camp equipage; for, by prosecuting the war,
+they were fast becoming poverty stricken; but, to do them as much harm
+as possible, all the articles that could be of any service to them
+were collected and destroyed.
+
+A spectator, not used to seeing Indians in all phases, on beholding
+these Apaches in their most nourishing condition, would at once decide
+they had but little else to lose than their bodies, for they usually
+have but a small quantity of clothing on them; but this is but an
+instance where human eyes can be easily deluded. As long as he has his
+rifle with plenty of ammunition, or even when he is reduced to his bow
+and arrows, the Apache still considers that he is amply provided to
+carry on war. Least of all the Indians in the far West does this race
+prepare for the future. When deprived of his horse, which he is ready,
+at a moment's warning, to convert into food by killing, his spirits
+are as buoyant as if he was mounted on the fleetest charger. He is
+equally careless about partaking of his last morsel of nourishment,
+although his rashness may drive him, and often does, to the
+alternative of subsisting on roots and bark, or such other articles as
+may fall in his way.
+
+On the morning of the day that the Apache village was discovered and
+captured, Kit Carson rode up to his superior officer and said, "Major,
+if no accident shall happen to prevent us, we are certain to overtake
+the Indians by two o'clock this afternoon. The signs are becoming so
+fresh that I feel confident that I will not be mistaken." Carleton
+replied that if his words came true, he would present him with the
+finest hat that could be purchased in the United States. Strange as
+it may appear, the Indians were found at the hour which the guide had
+predicted. Sometime afterward, as it required quite a length of time
+to write and have the commission executed, Kit Carson was
+presented with a superb hat, in which there was a very appropriate
+inscription--viz.
+
+    +----------------+
+    |  AT 2 O'CLOCK. |
+    |                |
+    |   KIT CARSON,  |
+    |                |
+    |      FROM      |
+    |                |
+    | MAJOR CARLETON.|
+    +----------------+
+
+This prophecy was not guesswork. On the contrary, it was a matter of
+calculation, made on the same principle which any experienced workman
+would adopt, in reference to some undertaking that was within the
+range of his calling. A few years later, an officer, who had been an
+eye-witness of this incident, had the opportunity of trying Kit Carson
+a second time on the same business, but Kit was not mistaken. The
+Indians were overtaken within five minutes from the time he had
+foretold they would be.
+
+Major Carleton, having performed all that lay in his power, commenced
+his homeward-bound march. While _en route_ he traveled by the head
+waters of the Canadian River and its tributaries, and passed over bold
+and lofty mountains, and through a picturesque country. Finally he
+reached Taos. His command was in a very good condition, considering
+the hardships to which it had been exposed.
+
+Although we say, in common parlance, that this command returned in
+good condition, yet it must not be presumed by this assertion that
+they came back making a fine appearance, like that presented by
+soldiers on a parade. When out on these campaigns, the comfort of the
+men is considered to be of more importance than either pomp or show;
+hence, those military trappings which are not particularly essential,
+are left behind, while there is just enough uniformity of dress
+remaining, to make them recognizable as soldiers. But little luggage
+can be transported on these trips, hence, the soldiers are obliged to
+limit their wants to actual necessity, which seldom amounts to more
+than the clothes they have on. When about starting out, the soldiers
+bear the appearance of being ready for hard work; which, after
+finishing, they are glad to return, even if they present themselves
+at their quarters in rags. It is wonderful what a change in personal
+appearance a few weeks can make by traveling in the mountains. The
+person thus exposed partially conforms to the habits of the wild
+Indians, both in appearance and mode of life. Such toilet articles
+as mirrors and razors, with their paraphernalia, are dispensed
+with, personal beauty being a thing the most to be despised. In lieu
+thereof, robust health shows itself in the cheek, the eye, and the
+whole economy of the man. The blood courses through his veins as pure
+as the water in the mountain streams about him. By this training, the
+mind becomes clear and well balanced, and the whole system reaches a
+condition which far surpasses the finest constructed machinery. This
+happy state of the body does not, however, communicate itself to the
+fantastical appearance of the soldiers as they come marching along.
+Were they to enter a town belonging to a civilized community, when
+arrayed in this mountain costume, they would be at once judged as a
+band of desperadoes.
+
+On arriving at his home, Kit Carson resumed the duties of his office
+as Indian Agent, which occupied his time during the remainder of
+the year. Soon after, another expedition was organized and sent out
+against the Apaches, but it returned unsuccessful.
+
+We have used this word "organizing," when speaking of the fitting out
+of various expeditions against the Indians, and it seems proper that
+here we should give the reader an idea of what kind of preparation is
+necessary to put one of these commands in proper trim. The company, or
+companies, of soldiers will be first detailed for the arduous
+duties of the field to castigate the Indians. This matter is easy to
+accomplish; but the next thing to be thought of is to take care of
+these troops, which is not quite so puerile a task. The quartermaster
+estimates from the number of the soldiers how many mules will be
+required to transport their luggage, equipments and provisions. This
+having been determined upon, he collects the animals and has them
+provided with pack-saddles. The task of shoeing the horses and mules
+is also no easy matter, for they cannot go until after they have been
+properly shod. A certain weight of freight is assigned to each pack
+mule, and a suitable number of men are employed to take care of, load
+and unload these animals when in camp. When on the march, these
+men perform duty as drivers, and otherwise look after their charge.
+Notwithstanding their proverbial obstinacy, these pack mules quickly
+learn the labor which they have to perform. After finishing their
+usual day's work, they often exhibit impatience to be relieved of
+their burdens. In the morning they are correspondingly reluctant about
+being loaded, and by their hostile demonstrations, they plainly show
+their unwillingness to engage in further labor. Especially is this
+true, when, by careless management, their backs have become injured;
+or when, from the steadiness of pressure from the "_dead_ weight" of
+their cargoes, the same result has been brought about. The Mexicans
+understand the art of packing animals to perfection, hence they are
+preferred before other men to serve in this capacity. It is often a
+laughable scene to witness a mule who is used to the business, having
+his load strapped on and otherwise arranged in proper place. The
+packer, with the lashing rope in hand, and with his foot braced
+against the side of the animal, by the assistance of a kind of pulley
+arrangement in the saddle gearing, uses his utmost endeavors to make
+things as firm as possible. Every effort which he thus put forth, is
+strenuously and obstinately resisted by a trick which we will call a
+straining process that is resorted to by the mule. The animal seems
+to know when his pack is securely and properly adjusted; for, if it is
+not, he is ready to dump it on the first opportunity occurring. When
+the mules are loaded, they start out in a drove, but are allowed to
+select their own path, provided they follow on after the command.
+It generally happens that one of them is more ambitious than his
+companions. This one taking the lead, the others resign to him
+their right to the place, and are content to keep his company at a
+respectful distance in the rear. One of the duties of the Commissary
+Department in fitting out such expeditions is, to provide a sufficient
+quantity of rations for the men, such as beef, bacon, beans, sugar
+and coffee. These form the reliable subsistence of the soldiers while
+absent from their posts or the settlements. The estimate is judged of
+by the number of days which the expedition will require to be absent,
+in order to perform a certain amount of work. From this result is
+calculated the weight and number of the rations required, always,
+when practicable, allowing a small surplus. In this respect old and
+experienced soldiers are far superior to volunteers. The former will
+allow of no waste. They are accustomed to be methodic in their modes
+of life, while the volunteer is usually ignorant of such teaching;
+hence, he is wanting in making little things go a great way. While
+out on one of these campaigns, it is often practicable to a certain
+extent, provided the undertaking is not a hotly contested chase, to
+drive along beef cattle, which can be killed and used at discretion.
+Bacon, however, is the soldier's sheet anchor; and, the variety of
+forms in which he can cook and prepare for eating this article, while
+in the field, would astonish even a French _chef de cuisine_. It very
+frequently happens, however, that in an Indian country, he is not
+allowed to exercise his talent, for, making large fires might have the
+effect of apprising the enemy of the near approach of danger. In such
+a case he is obliged to make his coffee in a tin cup, over a very
+small fire, the fuel of which consists of a handful of dry twigs,
+which are carefully and cautiously replenished as the first supply is
+consumed. This coffee, together with the remains of his last frugal
+meal, serves to stay his appetite for the time being, _nolens volens_.
+The organization is said to be complete and fit for service when the
+soldiers are judiciously provided with arms, ammunition, and riding
+horses. When the party consists of mounted men, they also are provided
+with such other articles as are deemed necessary, which are included,
+usually, under the heading of an outfit for the especial business in
+which the soldier is to engage.
+
+In the latter part of the summer, Kit Carson departed from the agency,
+on a visit to the band of Utahs, one of the tribes who were placed
+under his special charge. Although, usually, he went to their country
+several times in a year, yet, more frequently, these Indians came to
+him in order that they might enjoy the hospitality of his house, and
+receive from him presents of tobacco and other little commodities
+which he was always sure to give them--articles which he generally had
+to pay for himself. In visiting them at their home on this particular
+occasion, Kit Carson had the double object in view of notifying them
+of the _moon_ when they must meet the superintendent of the Indian
+affairs of the territory at Abiquiu, a town adjacent to their
+hunting-grounds, and one which they often frequented, and also, to
+inform himself of the schemes which they had on foot and their actual
+wants, so that he could report to the proper authorities the necessary
+articles of which they stood most in need. To define the actual wants
+and requirements of Indians, is a subject which has puzzled many a
+person who has endeavored thoroughly to investigate their character,
+and who has understood their mode of life. If the question was left to
+themselves, it would be readily settled; for, they desire to possess
+everything which in the least pleases their active fancy; and, so
+extensive are their demands in this respect, that they know no limit,
+provided their own inclinations are consulted. By some, it is supposed
+that the presents of blankets and trinkets which they annually receive
+from government, are more than sufficient rewards for depriving them
+of parts of their country. Others there are who charitably add to
+these things, presents of weapons and ammunition, arguing that thus
+they can kill their game, and gain their own subsistence without
+resorting to plunder; but alas! this latter argument is not found,
+in the majority of instances, to be the peaceful manner in which
+they employ these gifts. Very often the weapons which they have
+but recently received, are turned upon their donors with a view
+of destroying them. The reasoning of the Indian in regard to these
+presents is perhaps right and just, yet it is by no means pleasing to
+the exposed frontiersman. The Indian argues that these gifts are but
+rights which he is forced to receive in lieu of his hunting grounds,
+with which he is very loath to part, no matter what be the terms or
+consideration offered. The inference which he draws is, that he can
+use these presents as he pleases. Money, in the hands of wild Indians,
+is almost worthless to them, and paying it for their lands by way of
+annuity, is extreme folly. Some of them in time, as they have become
+half civilized, begin to appreciate the value of money. Such only,
+should be allowed to receive or accept it. They sometimes desire it by
+way of ornament. Then by the usual means of exchanging property, they
+know how, easily, to obtain it. Every tribe has its own peculiarities
+in respect to its wants, and the best judge of these is the agent, who
+should be first chosen for his honor, integrity and skill, and then
+allowed a large discretion in his decisions.
+
+The distance to be traveled over while on this duty was in the
+vicinity of two hundred and fifty miles, and was performed, like all
+of Kit's previous journeys, on horseback. Indeed, there are but
+few men living or dead, who have ridden in the saddle over as much
+territory as the man we write of. On his way to the Utah village, Kit
+accidentally fell in with the Apaches; but as he was constantly on the
+look out, and therefore first in making the discovery, he lost no time
+in effecting his escape from them, by changing his course. He thus
+was able to pass around them in perfect safety. Kit Carson met with
+no difficulty in finding the Utahs, among whom he spent two days
+investigating their affairs. Just before parting with them, he left
+directions for them to be at the council at the time appointed, which
+was in the _new moon_ of October. Notwithstanding his path was beset
+with the same perils that existed on his outward journey, yet by
+careful traveling he surmounted them all, and arrived at his home safe
+and sound. Little or nothing worth noting transpired until the
+time arrived for him to set out for Abiquiu, where all parties soon
+assembled in grand council and proceeded to business. Speeches were
+made by the superintendent, by Kit Carson, and also by the head
+chiefs. After these interesting proceedings were gone through with,
+the annuities, to which the band were entitled according to their
+treaty, were presented to them, which they received with outward signs
+of friendship, though the knowing ones who were on the ground could
+see, lurking beneath that stoic appearance which a savage usually
+assumes when facing his white brother, that the red men were not
+entirely satisfied with past events. However, every means had been
+employed to pacify the band, who, on first coming into the council,
+had succeeded in showing that they had been greatly outraged and
+injured, and that they had sufficient cause for resentment. The
+following circumstances will show the truth of this.
+
+Just previous to the holding of this council, one of the warriors who
+was much esteemed by his tribe, had been waylaid and murdered by a
+small party of Mexicans. The only excuse offered by the latter for
+committing this bloody deed was, that they wished to deprive the
+warrior of an old coat, which, by some means, had come into his
+possession.
+
+The killing of a human being to deprive him of a garment which
+was almost worthless, is perfectly characteristic of the depravity
+exhibited by the lower classes of Mexicans. It is a singular fact that
+these people love to steal trifling articles, or, sums of money. We
+remember two instances where this trait is singularly illustrated. An
+American, on one occasion, left on a table, in his log house, a large
+sum of money in gold. He sent a Mexican into this room to bring him
+something which he wanted, but the man returned saying he could not
+find it. The American now went himself to look for the article, and,
+while in the house, recounted his money and found one of the smallest
+coins missing. He at once called the thief and charged him with the
+crime. The Mexican knew this American to be very resolute; when,
+therefore, he heard him threaten him with severe and summary
+punishment if he did not, at once, produce the money, he knew there
+was no escape, and accordingly drew from its hiding-place, on his
+person, the missing coin and restored it to its owner. The American,
+being used to such every-day occurrences, passed by the affair without
+further notice. In the other instance an American was traveling and
+had occasion to stop at a Mexican's house during the night. On going
+to pay his bill for his lodging in the morning, he noticed that two
+pieces of his money had been abstracted while he was sleeping. These
+coins had been taken one from either end of his purse. This was what
+drew his attention to the fact of his having been robbed. The host
+was informed of what had happened and at once proceeded to restore the
+missing money. He called his son to him, a boy twenty years of age,
+and after threatening a good deal, he made the lad take his choice
+between owning the theft or submitting to the risk of being discovered
+by a search of his person for the missing coins. This had the desired
+effect, and at once the stolen property was returned to its rightful
+owner.
+
+Both of these facts are simple, and perhaps, uninteresting; but they
+serve to exhibit a characteristic of the lower classes of Mexicans.
+Doubtless, such paltry thieving is the result of a want of animal
+courage, easily discernible by the close observer of the Mexican race.
+Of course there are many exceptions to this statement.
+
+The white men interested in the council had their hands full in
+their endeavors to smooth over this affair, for the Indians were
+much dissatisfied with such treatment. At first they demanded that
+reparation should be made them by their agents giving them a certain
+number of horses. The Superintendent explained to them that he had not
+the power to do this, but he assured them that the murderers should
+be arrested and dealt with according to law. The Indians willingly
+received this promise, but seemed to feel, as finally was the fact,
+that they were doomed to be disappointed as far as the punishment was
+concerned. It afterwards happened that only one of the murderers was
+apprehended, and in a very short time after he was locked up as a
+prisoner, he succeeded in making his escape and was never retaken.
+This was all that was ever done by those in authority to render the
+justice that had been agreed upon and which was richly due to the
+Indians. After quitting the council, and while on their way back to
+their hunting-ground, the small pox broke out among the red men, and
+carried off, in its ravages, the leading men of this band of Muache
+Utahs. On the first appearance of this trouble, the Indians held a
+council among themselves, and decided that the Superintendent was the
+cause of the pestilence that had visited them. They, also, decided
+that he had collected them together in order thus to injure them,
+and to further his designs he had presented, to each of their
+distinguished warriors, a blanket-coat. They found that nearly every
+Indian who had accepted and worn this article, had died.
+
+It so happened that the writer, several years after these events
+occurred, visited the camp where this pestilence reigned in its full
+vigor. The site of this camp was very beautiful. Perhaps it was this,
+aided by other circumstances, which caused the red men to select it as
+a refuge for their sick. The place is located on the west side of the
+Valley of San Luis, and is about midway between its upper and lower
+extremes. Two mountain streams have so joined as to form a peninsula
+of tableland which is well shaded by cotton-wood trees. This ground,
+when the writer saw it, was literally strewn with the bleached bones
+of the Indian victims who had died from the scourge. As we lifted up
+one skull and another, the thought struck us that, perhaps, we might
+have touched the bones which once belonged to the famous chief, Chico
+Velasques, of whom we have before spoken, as it was here that he died.
+Had we done so knowingly, on account of that man's many cruel deeds, a
+thrill of horror must have run through our veins. The funeral rites of
+the dead among the Indians were clearly exemplified here.
+
+Whatever may be these rites observed among the Indians on the west
+side of the Rocky Mountains, I am satisfied that most of the tribes
+of Indians on the east side of this same range, use but few, if any,
+imposing ceremonies in committing the body to the dust. It is very
+difficult to find the bones of an Indian on the plains, and therefore
+I believe, and herein I am assisted by the observations of experienced
+men, that these Indians burn their dead bodies when they can do so, or
+completely hide them in the mountains by covering them with rocks, so
+that it is impossible to find them. Such a course would also serve
+the purpose of preventing the wolves from digging them up. The
+high-colored novels, referred to heretofore, which have, during the
+past few years, had for their theme the Indian race, love to dwell
+on the imposing and affecting spectacle of an Indian burial. When
+stripped of fancy, the truth is, that beyond the lamenting of a few
+hysterical squaws and the crackling of the flames of the funeral pile,
+there is little else done that is noticeable.
+
+But to return to results of the council. The Indians naturally enough,
+argued and persuaded themselves that these presents were intended as
+poisonous destroyers, and that they had been steeped in contagion for
+that end. It wanted but the happening of this affair, or a
+similar one, to destroy the small amount of confidence which the
+superintendent had hitherto enjoyed with these savages. While they
+were secretly preparing for war, they anxiously inquired of the
+traders who came among them, what was transpiring in regard to the
+Mexican prisoners who had wantonly murdered their brave. On each
+separate occasion they were answered with intelligence that did not
+in the least satisfy them. They, therefore, renewed their energies
+in order soon to be ready to take the redress in their own hands.
+Kit Carson apprehended difficulty, even at the council; but, after it
+broke up, he was early apprised of the trouble which was brewing; and,
+to prevent any outbreak, he brought all his Indian experience to bear
+upon the task. In him they said that they knew they had a true friend;
+but, their nation had received too many wrongs to allow any more to be
+thrust upon them without showing to the world that they were worthy of
+the names which their fathers had given to them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    The Commencement of a formidable Indian War--High-handed
+    Measures on the Part of the Indians--The Governor of New
+    Mexico raises five hundred Mexican Volunteers and places them
+    under the Command of Colonel St. Vrain--Colonel Fauntleroy
+    placed in Command of all the Forces--Kit Carson is chosen
+    as Chief Guide--The Campaign commenced--The Trail found--The
+    Indians are met and the first Fight and its Consequences--An
+    Excitement in Camp--The Indians again overtaken--The return
+    to Fort Massachusetts--Intense Cold Weather experienced--The
+    Second Campaign--Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the Main Camp
+    of the Enemy--The War and Scalp Dance broken up--Terrible
+    Slaughter of the Indians--The Great Amount of Plunder taken
+    and destroyed--Another small Party of Indians surprised and
+    routed--St. Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign--The
+    Indians sue for Peace--The Council held and Treaties
+    signed--Kit Carson opposes the making of them--The poor
+    Protection Indian Treaties usually afford to Settlers--Kit
+    Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends--His Attachment
+    for his Family put to the test--Cowardice of a Mexican--Kit
+    Carson's Friends as they look upon him--His influence over
+    Indians--General remarks--Conclusion.
+
+
+The Muache band of Utahs, under their renowned Chief Blanco, after
+trading for all the powder and lead which they required, joined the
+Apaches and commenced the war in earnest. They waylaid and murdered
+travelers on the roads, attacked towns, killed and made prisoners the
+people who inhabited them, and became so formidable that for a length
+of time everything was at their mercy. They lost no opportunity in
+showing their power and in possessing themselves of the finest herds
+of horses, mules, cattle and sheep within their reach.
+
+This Chief Blanco is a man who stands in his moccasins about five feet
+nine inches. He is rather thickset but, to use an Indian phrase, he
+is straight as an arrow. The chief attraction about this Indian is his
+head, which is finely developed. His lustrous black eye is filled with
+animation and shows an active brain, which, unfortunately, is turned
+to bad account. His forehead is lofty, yet it is symmetrically
+chiselled, and every feature about his face is as regular as if it
+had been carved for sculptured perfection. Blanco is a man who, in any
+sphere of life, would have become most certainly distinguished;
+and, under the influence of education, he might have risen even
+to greatness. In his present unreclaimed state, he shows to a
+disadvantage.
+
+It is within my province fully to attest to the earnestness, the
+savageness and the brutality with which these Indians commenced this
+contest. I was then stationed in their country and came very near
+being one of their first victims. The circumstances of this narrow
+escape happened as follows. For a considerable length of time the
+post to which I was then attached, was kept in a constant state of
+excitement by receiving authentic accounts, daily, of murders
+and robberies committed by the Indians. While these events were
+transpiring, the officers and soldiers were anxious to take the field
+in order that they might punish the perpetrators of the crimes; but,
+as the force of the Indians was, numerically speaking, very strong,
+therefore it required, in order to insure success, a well organized
+command to match them and checkmate their plans at once. It required
+time and much labor for the officers in charge of the military
+district to arrange and complete their plans. Every man who left our
+post ran the risk of losing his life; for, the enemy kept an eye on
+the road which led away from it to the principal towns of New Mexico,
+as often there was rich booty, for them to obtain, passing over it.
+Notwithstanding this critical state of affairs, express duty had to be
+performed, and it required brave men for the task. There were present,
+however, those who stood ready to volunteer to execute all express
+orders. Before proceeding with our own case, we will illustrate these
+critical times. It was necessary to dispatch an expressman to Fort
+Union. This post, from Fort Massachusetts, was one hundred and fifty
+miles distant. The ever faithful Mexican, Armador Sanchez, was then
+attached to Fort Massachusetts as a hunter and interpreter. On account
+of extensive experience with the habits and customs of the hostile
+Indians, Armador was selected to perform this dangerous mission. In
+his usually quiet manner, this noble hunter soon prepared himself for
+the undertaking. By using every precaution, he reached his point of
+destination in safety. Having finished up his business, he instantly
+began his homeward-bound journey. While on the rough trail which leads
+from Fort Union to Taos, he came near being surprised and captured by
+the enemy, under the following circumstances. Armador had selected
+the night as the safest time to travel; and, as it was quite dark, in
+order to pick out his way and prevent his growing sleepy by riding, he
+traveled on foot and led his animal. He had made good progress on his
+journey when suddenly his hunter-trained ear detected a noise on ahead
+of him which sounded like the rolling of stones down the side of
+the hills, over which the trail ran. He stopped and listened more
+attentively. This time he was certain that he was not deceived, and
+thought that he could hear voices singing Indian war songs. This was
+convincing proof to him that danger was near at hand; therefore he
+turned off from the trail and led his animal as high up the steep
+hill as he could, where, fortunately, he found sufficient under-brush,
+aided by the darkness of the night, to conceal himself from view.
+Hardly had he taken up this position when the noises suddenly became
+very distinct. The Indians, while following the trail, had made a turn
+round a bluff and were almost beneath him. Now the hunter felt his
+situation to be most precarious, for, should his mule bray, as these
+animals are apt to do when others are approaching, his own life would
+have to pay the forfeit; but, to prevent this, Armador held the mule's
+nostrils firmly with his hands and otherwise drew off the animal's
+attention by various gentle manipulations bestowed upon him. He
+saw the outlines of the Indians as they passed along in single file
+beneath him and estimated them to be at least twenty strong. Had these
+savages known that a victim was so close by, they would have made
+short work of him; but, before they could have killed him, it is safe
+to affirm that Armador Sanchez would have had a companion with whom
+to draw in his last breath. Fortunately affairs took a better turn and
+the expressman finished his journey without further trouble.
+
+To return to my own case--I was obliged to visit Taos. As an escort, I
+was allowed one faithful and brave soldier. We traveled together over
+the first half of our journey, and as we had considered, far the most
+dangerous part, in perfect safety. At the Mexican town of Costillo,
+after our day's ride, we rested for the night. Our fears of meeting
+Indians were now almost dispelled; but still, we took the precaution
+to question the Mexicans of the town in regard to their knowledge of
+their whereabouts. In reply we were invariably answered that no fresh
+signs had been discovered and that intercourse was both safe and free
+for the remainder of our route. By the first appearance of daylight
+on the following morning we were up and preparing for our journey, and
+but a little time elapsed before we were leisurely traveling along on
+the main road. We had left the town but a few miles behind us when
+the morning sun began to make its appearance in all his splendor. The
+country through which we were journeying was prairie land, and was
+bounded on either side by lofty and picturesque mountains, and the
+distance of the one range from the other was considerable, but yet
+could fully be taken in by the eye almost at a single view. As we rode
+along, we were amusing ourselves admiring the beauty of the morning,
+and especially directed our attention to the rising of the sun. All at
+once, just as we had reached a high plateau of land, the soldier
+made the discovery of a flock of sheep at a great distance off on
+the prairie. They appeared to be moving under rather suspicious
+circumstances. We reined up our horses, for the purpose of obtaining
+a better observation. What puzzled us, was the dim figures of,
+apparently, mounted men, who were moving at great speed from one point
+of the band of sheep to another, as if hurrying them along. After
+taking a searching look, we came to the conclusion that the horsemen
+which we saw were hostile Indians, as we had not been accustomed to
+see Mexican herders mounted and acting so strangely.
+
+The herders, near the towns in New Mexico, are usually small boys, who
+are under the surveillance of one or two men stationed near by. When
+the Apaches and Utahs steal these herds they always take the young
+herders along in order to look after the property in their mountain
+retreats. They rarely mortally injure these boys, for they say that
+it is against their own interest to do so; but instead, they prefer to
+save their lives, so that they may be useful in guarding other flocks
+which, perchance, may fall into their hands. Most of these youthful
+prisoners in time make their escape; and, after a series of hardships,
+return safe to their homes. Many Mexicans can give such adventures of
+their early experience, but scarcely one of them can recall a single
+kind act shown them by their captors save the mere sparing of their
+lives.
+
+As we were viewing the herd, we thought that we noticed the figures of
+the horsemen throwing themselves from one side to the other of their
+horses, as if very busily employed in frightening the sheep. We now
+held a council, and decided that our best policy was to quit the main
+road, as it was crooked, and make a straight march across the prairies
+for the town of Red River, which was located about twenty miles in our
+advance. It was our opinion, which afterwards proved to be correct,
+that, if the Indians were stealing the stock belonging to the town of
+Costillo, they were also engaged in attacking the place itself. For,
+while a strong party were engaged in drawing off the attention of
+the people, another would be driving off the cattle, sheep, etc. To
+return, therefore, would be almost certain death; so, at a full gallop
+we commenced our direct course. As the sage bushes were thick and high
+and the ground much broken by various kind of holes, we soon found
+that we had our hands full in managing our horses. We had hardly
+started afresh before our eyes were attracted to one side of us; and
+in the direction of the Rio del Norte, which runs through the
+valley, saw, what we at first considered to be, antelope; but which,
+afterwards, proved to be Indians in pursuit of us. As we watched
+closely these supposed antelope; we remarked that they kept in Indian
+file, and that the course they were on would diagonally intercept
+our own point of the compass. We began now to suspect that the white
+appearance assumed by these objects was owing to the strong sunlight
+which dazzled our eyesight, and struck on the dressed side of buffalo
+robes, and that in these robes were concealed human beings who had
+formed the determination to have our scalps.
+
+During the cold weather, most of the Indians who dwell in the country
+adjacent to the Rocky Mountains, and especially those living on the
+eastern side of them, wear buffalo robes with the fur next to their
+bodies. These robes serve the double purpose of shirts or coats, and
+a covering by night. The wearers make them fast around the waist, and,
+in the heat of the day, they are allowed to fold over and hang down;
+but, as the cool air of the evening comes on, they are wrapped around
+the head and body, something after the Spanish fashion of wearing
+a cloak. The Indians, frequently, for the purpose of decoying their
+enemies into battle, go out on the prairies, and by turning the fur
+side of these robes out, and covering their persons, having previously
+assumed a half bent position, imitate the Simon Pure buffalo while in
+the act of grazing. In order to keep up the ruse, they move about
+with a rocking motion. When taken for the buffalo, which frequently
+happens, they are enabled to gain an advantage in approaching a party
+or village which they wish to attack. The Cheyenne Indians are very
+partial to loose sack-coats which are made out of white blankets. To
+these coats a hood is attached, which is thrown over the head at the
+wearer's pleasure. In addition to this, during the winter season, they
+also resort to the buffalo robe. The squaws of the various tribes
+of Indians on the plains are well versed in the art of tanning and
+dressing buffalo hides. They frequently ornament them with beads,
+porcupine quills and rude paintings. In times long since gone
+by, these robes could be purchased, or rather traded for, at good
+bargains; but, the unlimited and increasing demand for them has
+greatly enhanced their value. Now days they bring standard prices.
+
+Being satisfied that the Indians were in pursuit of us, we carefully
+guided our horses, at the same time using our spurs freely and keeping
+them at their maximum speed. As the Indians drew nearer, we could
+see distinctly that they were urging on their animals. Our safety,
+therefore, depended entirely on outriding them. The race became most
+exciting, and demanded the greatest caution, for we well knew, that
+one misstep made by either of our horses, would prove fatal to the
+rider. We had decided, on commencing the race, that neither of us
+should fire a shot except as a last resort, and that we should do
+it only on the principle of man for man. While putting our horses to
+their speed, our weapons were held in our hands and kept ready for
+instant service. The most dangerous point was that at which the two
+trails would inevitably intersect. To gain this place in advance of
+our savage enemies, all our hopes now centered. For twelve miles we
+dashed along, laboring under a state of suspense not to be easily
+forgotten. When, at last, we arrived at the desired point, we were
+only about two hundred yards in the advance of our savage pursuers;
+still, we felt that our lives, for the time being, were saved, and
+accordingly breathed a prayer to the Almighty in thanks for our
+deliverance thus far. The pace now became tremendous; and here our
+grain-fed horses proved to be too much (and their powers of endurance
+were fully put to the test), for the grass-fed ponies of the Indians.
+After a short run, the savages saw that the advantage belonged to us,
+consequently soon after they halted. We, however, kept steadily, but
+with slackened speed, on our course, fearing that some accident might
+change the happy turn of affairs in their favor. On finding themselves
+thwarted in their designs, the Indians fired two or three shots at us,
+but even these final compliments did not, to use nautical phraseology,
+make us "heave to." We reached the settlement of the Red River in good
+season, and concluded that we had traveled the distance in about as
+brief a space of time as it ever had been accomplished either before
+or since our adventure. Our horses were so used up by this race that
+we were obliged to exchange them for fresh ones, on which we finished
+our journey without further annoyance. The Indians, in this incursion
+stole five thousand sheep, besides other property from the Costillo,
+and killed two men who were traveling behind us and on the same
+road. When the bodies of these men were discovered, one of them had a
+mouthful of bullets, which he had evidently put there in order that he
+might drop them into his rifle as he should require them, and not be
+obliged to be delayed in taking them from his ammunition pouch; but,
+evidently, before he could have used more than one from this supply,
+he was shot dead.
+
+It cannot be denied but that this outbreak on the part of the Indians,
+and its subsequent outrages, was the result of mismanagement; and, it
+is but justice to the reputation of Kit Carson to assert, that it was
+no fault of his that affairs had terminated so disastrously. He had
+used every means which human skill could devise to allay the anger of
+the Indians. Had his superiors in power acted with the same discretion
+and judgment, in all probability the Utahs might have been kept at
+peace. It is wonderfully strange that our Government will persist
+in placing at the head of Indian affairs men who are not practically
+acquainted with Indian habits, which can only be learned by a long
+life passed upon the frontiers. If it was a matter where dollars and
+cents alone were to be estimated, it might be different; but where
+valuable lives are legitimately exposed, it seems to us morally wrong
+to give the control of tribes of wild men to politicians, who are
+liable to make all kinds of mistakes, and in whom the Indians will not
+repose the least confidence. It is because such appointments are
+made that, in a great measure, the troubles with these border Indians
+arise; and many is the section of country in western America, where
+apparently the reward for taking a white man's scalp is a blazing red
+or a sky blue blanket, which is paid under the plea of keeping the
+peace. This, too, when efficient means and decided measures are the
+only hopes of a lasting peace.
+
+[Illustration: FORT MASSACHUSETTS, NEW MEXICO, IN 1855.]
+
+While engaged in our travels through the far West, we remember to have
+met with an Indian agent who was, both in years and experience, but
+a mere boy. To him had been intrusted the affairs of a large tribe,
+notorious in the country where they reside, as being great thieves.
+These Indians had so little respect for their agent, that they would
+openly boast of the crimes which they had committed, in his very
+presence. Not only this, but, on horses stolen from the neighboring
+settlers, they would ride by him, thus defying his power. The
+settlers were loud in their complaints against the Government for thus
+neglecting to protect them, and sending them a block of wood for a
+king. The young man of whom we speak, bore an exemplary character,
+but it was plainly and painfully apparent, that he was, in no way
+whatever, fitted for the office he held, and which he had attained
+through the influence of powerful political friends. This is but
+a fair example by which many of the so-called Indian agents may be
+rated, who are the actual managers of Indian affairs on our frontiers.
+
+The Utahs and the Apaches, having now openly combined, met with such
+success in their endeavors to attack the whites, that, during the
+course of a few months, they overran almost the entire northern part
+of the territory of New Mexico. They utterly defied the power of the
+American Government; and, whenever the opportunity offered, boasted to
+the Mexicans "that they no longer stood in fear of the white man."
+The subsequent cruel and barbarous crimes of which they were guilty,
+clearly demonstrated that they had become greatly elated by their
+success. It soon became apparent that, unless checked, they would
+exterminate the population and burn or otherwise destroy their
+settlements.
+
+At this time, it was only by running great risk, that the whites could
+leave their towns and go to the neighboring mountains, for the purpose
+of obtaining even a little firewood. Working parties were daily
+surprised and murdered; women and children were carried into bondage,
+and reserved for a worse fate, and all kinds of business were
+receiving a check, which was becoming ruinous to the country. It was
+even greatly feared, that the boldness of the savages would carry them
+so far as to make them attack Fort Massachusetts. To give them a warm
+reception, should they dare undertake that enterprise, the post was
+strengthened, by cutting down and removing everything which might, in
+the least, tend to aid the Indians, and give them a cover which they
+so much like when fighting; all the trees and brush about the post
+were cut away. Breastworks were thrown up on the block-house attached
+to the fort, so that the soldiers could be well protected in case of
+emergency. In these, sentinels were posted, and the strength of the
+guard doubled and greater vigilance exacted. Haystacks were removed to
+a safe place, for fear they would be fired by the enemy. The sentinels
+were ordered to cry out every half hour of the night while on their
+posts, and no man was allowed to approach after the shades of night
+came on, without giving the countersign. It proved to be well that
+these precautions were taken; for, on the neighboring mountains,
+Indian watch-fires were seen nightly; and, on several mornings,
+Indian moccasin tracks were discovered in close proximity to the
+fort, showing thereby that the enemy was watching and waiting for a
+favorable opportunity to strike a sudden and overwhelming blow upon
+the garrison within. The savages, no doubt, were deterred from making
+a bold attack by the prompt precautionary measures which had been
+taken by the commander to anticipate their plans. The wagons belonging
+to the fort were sent out after wood under a strong escort, and the
+government herd of beef-cattle, horses and mules, were well protected
+by the soldiery. On one occasion, through a false alarm of Indians,
+the whole command of the post, which numbered less than one hundred
+men, was put in great and sudden commotion. The cause will appear in
+connection with the following circumstances. The party in charge of
+the herd had espied a large cavalcade of men and animals approaching
+them. At the long distance they were off, the strangers resembled
+Indians. The commander of the party, immediately sent an expressman to
+the fort to apprise its occupants of the fact. The drums immediately
+sounded the rally, which caused the men to rush for their arms. They
+quickly fell into their ranks, and the order was given to march.
+Headed by a gallant lieutenant, they dashed out of the fort on a fast
+run, in order to reach and save their property from being captured by
+the enemy. The soldiers were elated at the prospect of having a brush
+with the Indians, and, on an open plain, giving them battle, where,
+notwithstanding the great numbers which would certainly be arrayed
+against them, they felt that they could soundly chastise them. On
+reaching the herd, the soldiers scattered, and were soon prepared to
+commence the skirmish; but, lo! when the strangers drew near enough
+to be discernible, they were recognized as a large party of Mexicans,
+under the command of an American. These people had been absent several
+months on a trading voyage among the Cheyennes and Arrapahoes, and for
+the purpose of returning home in safety, they had formed themselves
+into one body. Their dress was similar to that of the Indians, and
+therefore at the great distance at which they were first discovered,
+it is not strange that such a mistake had been made, especially during
+these dangerous times. The reason of the sudden stationing of the
+soldiers about the herd, the traders easily surmised; hence, on
+drawing near, they began to cry out that they were friends. No set
+of men were ever more disappointed than were these soldiers at this
+unexpected termination of the affair.
+
+Matters eventually arrived at such a crisis that the Governor of the
+Territory, by and with the advice of the commanding general, felt
+obliged to issue a proclamation calling upon the people to volunteer
+for the purpose of defending their lives and property.
+
+The inhabitants of New Mexico promptly responded to this call, by
+flocking to the places designated for them to organize. Out of the
+great number who presented themselves and offered their services,
+there were selected men sufficient to fill six companies, each of
+which, when fully organized, contained eighty mounted men. They had
+the power of electing their own officers, by and with the advice and
+consent of the Governor. These volunteers furnished themselves with
+riding horses. The pay which they were to receive amounted to about
+thirty dollars per month, which was considered very liberal, inasmuch
+as they were provided, in most cases, with arms. Rations were issued
+out to them the same as to the regular army. The willingness which
+the Mexicans exhibited on this occasion to volunteer, does them great
+credit, and clearly proves the fact that they do not always lack in
+courage, but that they are prompt to defend their homes when properly
+disciplined and aided with the means necessary to do so.
+
+It is the opinion of many of the most prominent citizens of the
+Territory of New Mexico, that, if the chastisement of the Indians,
+when it was required, was left to the people themselves, the general
+government only supplying them with money and arms, that peace between
+the two parties would, in a short time, be firmly established on a
+sure and permanent footing.
+
+In giving currency to such opinions, we risk them, with the knowledge
+that the previous experiments made on this policy, which have proved
+unsuccessful in the various older territories belonging to the United
+States, will be brought to bear as potent arguments against such a
+course by a large and powerful opposition. But such facts of Indian
+history are exceptions. Indian history clearly demonstrates the
+proposition, that well-organized volunteers, under able leaders, have
+accomplished more in warfare against the savages than regular troops,
+taking into consideration that the same length of time, which each
+have been engaged in actual service, has given them equal experience.
+The cause of this is plain. These two distinct forces are composed,
+entirely, of different material. The one is made up of frontiersmen
+who thoroughly understand the effective use of the rifle, and a life
+in an Indian country, while the regular soldiers have been, for many
+years back, chiefly foreigners who, as has been heretofore stated,
+have to be taught these things; and, as it very often happens, they
+have never seen one of their enemy until sent out in quest of the
+savages.
+
+As matters usually stand, the Indians are almost the actual, although
+not the nominal, masters of the country. In short, they commit
+excesses whenever it suits them, paying no regard to treaties. This
+has been their habit from time immemorial, and it is found to be a
+difficult task to break them from it. Their minor crimes are allowed
+to accumulate, and when, at last, they are actuated by increasing
+success and consequent boldness, to commit some great and overt
+act, it is noticed and expeditions are sent out against them. These,
+usually, fail to punish the really guilty parties, but instead, they
+recover a small share of the property stolen, and with it the thirst
+for revenge must be satiated. The officers and soldiers do their
+utmost to accomplish something more, and readily meet hardships and
+privations in every shape in order to accomplish the desired end; but,
+their time is too limited rightly and efficiently to perform the
+work; for the campaign must be ended, when in reality it has but just
+commenced. The reason exists in the fact that, those high in authority
+are liable to be called to an account for spending a dollar too much
+in a good cause. Perhaps this state of affairs has been brought about
+by the immense expenses which have attended many of the Indian wars
+in which the United States government has been engaged, when
+mismanagement and paltry results have characterized the acts of
+whole campaigns. This charge cannot, however, reach to the military
+department in which New Mexico is included, for the leading officers
+who have, from time to time, been stationed there, have invariably
+exhibited an unusual amount of discretion and sound judgment, and have
+set examples of military science, promptitude and skill which it might
+be well for others to follow.
+
+Under the existing causes for difficulty and peculiarity of
+circumstances, it is sometimes hazardous to assume the responsibility
+of punishing the hostile Indians as they deserve.
+
+By punishing the Indians we do not wish to impress the reader with the
+idea that they must be collected and butchered, like animals, in order
+to bring them to terms. Milder means serve the same purpose; but, when
+they dig up the hatchet, battles must be fought in which they ought
+to be so closely driven as to cause them to see that it is perfect
+rashness to attack the whites. One victory gained by savages over
+white men so exhilarates their pride that they forget the past and
+believe themselves invincible. In these fights, valuable lives are
+sacrificed, but they are necessary sacrifices for the common good.
+When one tribe is severely chastised, the surrounding Indians hear
+of it, and, becoming alarmed, for a time they behave themselves with
+propriety. This happy state of things will continue until some
+weak move on the part of government officials counteracts this good
+influence, when, misconstruing kind acts for fear, the red men at
+once dig up the tomahawk and boldly march upon the war path, to spill
+innocent blood. Such results often follow when the power is taken from
+the experienced military commanders, and vested in the hands of (often
+the fact) inexperienced superintendents. These men pompously
+invite the Indians to grand councils, where unmeaning speeches are
+manufactured to suit the occasion. Usually when thus summoned, the
+wily savages are delighted to go into council, for, as a rejoinder to
+the many concessions which are easily obtained from them, and which
+they are always ready to make after assuming a little coquetry, they
+receive presents which the superintendent informs them are merely
+tokens of the high appreciation with which they are regarded by their
+Great Father at Washington.
+
+It is the opinion of Kit Carson "that the Territory of New Mexico will
+continue to remain in its present impoverished state during the time
+that the mountain Indians are allowed to run at large. The only true
+remedy" (he says) "for this great evil is to compel the savages to
+form settlements by themselves. Then and there assist and teach them
+to cultivate the soil. In time they will be able to gain a maintenance
+independent of the General Government; and, to a certain extent, they
+will become responsible for their acts."
+
+The people who form the chief population of the territory have so
+often been deprived of their property that it is not strange that they
+have become poverty-stricken and indolent. It is enough to strike down
+the enterprise of any nation to have been so long badly governed, and
+then, without any resources in the way of arms and ammunition, to be
+compelled to beat back hostile Indians. Under the provisions of the
+government of the United States, they are improving, but yet, even
+now, they have not the protection which they require, and should
+receive. In their territory it takes a daring man to venture his
+small capital in raising stock. To be sure, claims are allowed them by
+Congress for the losses by Indian depredations, but these usually fall
+into the hands of speculators, and in reality, assist the people to a
+very trifling extent. It can be said, to their credit, that Mexicans
+bear reverses of fortune with a nonchalance seldom seen among any
+other race. Although generally poor they are as happy and joyous as it
+is possible for human beings to be.
+
+The organization of the Mexican volunteers was made complete by the
+governor of the Territory, who selected as their leader, Mr. Ceran St.
+Vrain of Taos. This gentleman, although he had much important business
+which called his attention elsewhere, immediately expressed his
+willingness to accept the responsible position which, without
+solicitation, had been conferred upon him. The commission received by
+St. Vrain gave him the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Without delay
+he set about the difficult and important work that lay before him,
+bringing to bear upon the details, that sound judgment, gentlemanly
+bearing and ready zeal, which have long characterized the man. He had
+the good fortune to secure the services of Lieutenant Creigg of
+the regular army, whom he appointed one of his aids-de-camp. Having
+completed his staff and other arrangements to place his force upon a
+military basis, he was ready to take the field.
+
+The appointment of St. Vrain as commander of the Volunteers, was
+hailed with delight throughout the territory. His great experience in
+the mountains, his knowledge of the Indian mode of warfare, and the
+respect which the people he was called to command invariably paid him,
+seemed to convince every thinking mind that something more than usual
+was to be accomplished. They felt that the wrongs of their country
+would now be certainly redressed. The sequel will prove that the
+people were not doomed to disappointment.
+
+Early in the month of February, 1855, Col. T.T. Fauntleroy of the
+First Regiment of United States Dragoons arrived in Taos from Fort
+Union, New Mexico.
+
+Fort Union is the first post met with on entering the Territory of New
+Mexico from the east. It lies on the Santa Fe road usually traveled
+by parties when crossing the plains, and is about one hundred miles
+distant from the capital. The site of this fort, at the first view, is
+bold and picturesque, as it is located near the west side of a
+broad valley, which is continuous with the open prairies. The houses
+composing the fort are built mostly of logs; and, as there are quite a
+number of them, the post has the appearance of a small settlement. The
+soil about is sandy, and the place being exposed, it suffers when
+the high winds spring up. This fort is usually garrisoned by several
+companies of soldiers.
+
+As it has such free access to the mail communication with the States,
+it is, comparatively speaking, quite a desirable fort for an officer
+to be stationed at. The difficulty of procuring fuel for the fort, and
+also other necessary articles, is the great objection to the present
+location, but its importance more than counterbalances these;
+therefore, the post will probably be kept up either where it is, or in
+the immediate vicinity, for many years to come. Colonel Fauntleroy had
+received orders from the Department General to proceed to the town of
+Taos and take command of the entire expedition. The little force had
+been made as powerful as the resources of the country would permit.
+The Mexican Volunteers, soon after their enrollment, purchased
+woolen shirts and felt hats, the color of which, in each company, was
+similar; this fact, with a little drilling, gave them quite a military
+appearance. Never were men prouder of the position they now held than
+the volunteers under consideration; and a more daring and expert band
+of horsemen has been seldom collected. So pleased were they at being
+recognized as soldiers, that they could not, when afterwards marching
+through their own towns, resist the temptation of jocosely taunting
+their countrymen whom they chanced to meet, for being obliged to till
+the ground. We have before said that these men were mounted. At first
+sight it would appear as though they would soon be on foot, for their
+horses appeared to be in a sad plight for so severe a campaign as
+that which lay before them. As has often occurred before, looks are
+frequently deceptive. In this instance, it was found to be the case;
+for, no sooner did these hardy ponies reach the mountains than their
+wonderful powers of endurance began to be exemplified. When the noble
+dragoon horses began to droop from hunger and overwork, these little
+fellows were fresh and strong as the day they started. The reason of
+this was that the Mexican horses were well versed in taking care of
+themselves, and when the snow fell and prevented their having
+free access to the dry grass beneath, they were not in the least
+disconcerted; for, with the aid of their fore feet, they readily
+pawed the snow away and thus obtained full rations; but, their more
+enlightened rivals did not fully understand this science, and, owing
+to a want of proper nourishment, their strength would fail gradually
+until finally they broke down.
+
+The only real inconvenience under which the ponies seemed to labor,
+arose from tender feet, for, the rocky trails in the mountains rapidly
+wore away, and broke off their hoofs. This continued, so that at last,
+reaching the matrix of these horny growths, their feet became very
+sensitive. Many of the Mexicans had taken the precaution to guard
+against this, before leaving the towns and military posts which lay on
+their route. They had obtained horse-shoes, with which they shod
+the ponies. We remember seeing a large party of them thus engaged as
+blacksmiths. It was at night; while some held burning torches, others
+were busy with hammers, stones and hatchets in applying all sorts and
+sizes of horse and mule shoes, with which they were content, provided
+they approached the diameters of the hoofs to which they were to be
+nailed. Strange to say, this rough work answered the purpose, and but
+few, if any, of the animals so shod, went lame. After the command had
+got under full headway, if any of these ponies became so tender in
+their feet as to be able to travel only with great difficulty,
+their riders resorted to other expedients for relieving them. When
+practicable, they obtained the fresh hides of the beef cattle as they
+were killed, and, binding the material around the injured feet, and
+making it fast about the fetlocks, they allowed it to dry on. In the
+morning, thus protected, the horse could journey on. It is customary
+regularly to shoe these ponies only on the fore feet, as the weight
+of the animal's head and neck, together with that of the rider, comes
+harder on these hoofs and causes them, when traveling over sharp
+rocks, to wear away quickly. It seldom happens that the hind feet
+become tender. The Indians cannot understand the policy of this,
+and one of them philosophizing on the subject, while visiting the
+blacksmith's shop attached to a military post, made the remark in
+Spanish, after apparently having been for some little time engaged in
+a deep study, "that it was not right." Said he, "The horse, with
+his eyes, can see where to put his fore feet when traveling over bad
+places, but he cannot do this with those behind; therefore, you
+white men ought to put the moccasins there." The Mexicans had so much
+confidence in the powers of endurance of their ponies while out on
+this campaign, that they hesitated not to run them on races, whenever
+circumstances and the site of the camp would permit such pastime. The
+only training required for these trials of speed, consisted in the
+rider foregoing the pleasure of riding for a day or two, in order
+to allow his horse to recruit. As their walking did not in the least
+interfere with the order of the march, they of course were permitted
+to race as they pleased, for their services on the march are just as
+valuable on foot.
+
+Col. Fauntleroy's command, when completed, consisted of four companies
+of Mexican volunteers, two companies of dragoons, one company of
+artillery who were performing duty as a rifle corps, and one company
+of spies. The two remaining companies of volunteers were dispatched
+to exposed towns on the remote frontiers in order to protect them. The
+artillery company was the only one on foot; but the soldiers who then
+composed it were known from actual experiment to be more than a match
+for the horses in traveling when the party should reach and penetrate
+the mountains. Col. Fauntleroy engaged the services of Kit Carson as
+his chief guide, and, having arranged all of his plans necessary for a
+vigorous campaign, he set out upon its execution.
+
+The command proceeded at first one hundred miles due north to Fort
+Massachusetts, which was to be their depot. Without delay they left
+this post and proceeded, encountering snow-storms and severe cold
+weather. The mercury of the thermometer, for most of the time, ranged
+several degrees below zero. They marched to the Rio Grande del Norte,
+and thence, on up this river to where it makes its exit through a deep
+canon from the mountains. It was, as will be remembered by the reader,
+on the head-waters of this last-mentioned stream, that Col. Fremont,
+while engaged in his last great exploring expedition, met with severe
+reverses, in which several of his men lost their lives from exposure,
+hunger, etc., while he, and the remainder of his party, barely escaped
+the same fate.
+
+While passing over this point of his journey, Col. Fauntleroy sent out
+as an advance party the company of spies. Their duty was to seek for
+fresh Indian trails. On reaching the mouth of the canon of this river,
+the main portion of the soldiers halted for a short time while their
+trailers penetrated the mountains in search of the much desired Indian
+signs. During this resting spell, an incident occurred which, for an
+hour or two, created some little stir and excitement among part of
+the men present. A large Newfoundland dog belonging to an officer had,
+accidentally, been allowed to follow the soldiers. By his pranks and
+his good disposition he had become a general favorite among them.
+While attempting to drink, this animal lost his foot-hold on the ice
+and slipped into the swift current of the river, which was partially
+frozen over. The dog at once attempted to extricate himself, but with
+all his efforts he could do no more than stem the flood, making no
+progress against it. His situation was very precarious, for, should
+his strength begin to give out, he was certain to be carried under the
+ice and lost. The sympathies of the men were soon well awakened in his
+behalf, and many plans were devised to rescue him, but they all proved
+abortive until, at last, a Mexican approached him with a lasso, and
+after making several vain attempts, succeeded finally in encircling
+the dog's head with the slip noose. On tightening the rope he found
+that he had the animal firm, and soon dragged him from his perilous
+position.
+
+The spies were not long in discovering a trail made by the Indians, to
+which they led the main portion of the command. This trail had been
+so frequently used of late by the Indians in driving stolen bands
+of sheep and cattle over it, that it was now a well-trodden road and
+therefore there was no difficulty in keeping on it at all hours of the
+day and night.
+
+Being accustomed to perform his duty carefully, and, at the same time,
+to use dispatch, the Colonel, in the course of a few days, led his
+party to the entrance of the Saquachi Pass, which is the great natural
+opening in the mountains that bound, on the west, the valley of San
+Luis. As they approached the mouth of the pass, the men were traveling
+close under the hills, therefore, on coming to it, and in order to
+follow it up, it was necessary to turn off almost at a right angle.
+The spies, as was usual when the command was on the march, were
+considerably in the advance. They had hardly entered the pass and had
+just reached the summit of a knoll which lay in their path, and which
+had hitherto prevented their seeing up the valley, when, all at once,
+the long looked for Indians were presented to their view. They were
+but a short distance off, and as if surprised at thus so suddenly
+discovering each other, both parties halted. During this state of
+suspense, the white men noticed that the Indians were arrayed in
+their war costume, showing that they were bound on another plundering
+expedition. Everything went to show that the visit which the white men
+were making to their mountain haunts was unexpected by the red men.
+
+The Indians quickly recovered from their astonishment and began to
+form in line of battle by spreading themselves out across the
+valley. They were evidently emboldened by the small force with which,
+apparently, they had to contend, and felt certain that a victory would
+be both easy and sure. Having taken their position, Blanco, their
+chief, was easily recognized by the red woolen shirt which he wore. He
+was busy, riding along in front of his warriors, occasionally stopping
+to give some command. As they were near enough so to do, the Indians
+opened a warfare of small talk, in the Spanish language. They charged
+their adversaries with being afraid to advance, or to use their
+expressive words, the Americans were as cowardly as squaws. To these
+taunts no reply was made; but to keep up the decoy, the few soldiers
+who were exposed to view, remained stationary, while word was passed
+to the rear of what was transpiring in the advance. Thus several
+minutes passed by; but they were not thrown away. During this time,
+most of the dragoons and volunteers were relieving themselves of
+such extra luggage as overcoats, blankets, etc.; saddle girths were
+tightened and weapons put in order for immediate use. The Indians were
+finely mounted, and about two hundred and fifty strong; and, as their
+wild career had gone so long unchecked, their bravery was aroused to
+its highest pitch. All things being in readiness, the bugles sounded
+the command to charge, when away dashed the gallant soldiers, eager
+for the affray, and each trying to be foremost in the fight. As they
+came bounding over the knoll before spoken of, the Indians began
+to see the delusion under which they had been laboring, and at once
+turned to fly, but not in time to escape, for the soldiers were soon
+among them and with their revolvers and small arms were fast thinning
+their ranks and sending many a brave to his final home. A running
+fight ensued, which was continued up the valley for about eight miles,
+when a majority of the Indians gained the mountains and made good
+their escape. The chase was a splendid affair to behold, and many
+feats of horsemanship were performed that would be difficult to excel.
+Among the foremost in this skirmish was, as the reader might readily
+imagine, Kit Carson. The pursuit was continued far into the mountains
+and was only given over when night came on. The soldiers then retired
+to their reserve-guard, who had established a camp on a small stream
+which runs through the centre of the pass, where their pack animals
+and stores could be easily guarded. During this exciting fight,
+several of the soldiers were slightly wounded. With this exception,
+the command came out of the skirmish unharmed. On the side of the
+Indians, affairs in this respect were quite different. Their blood had
+well sprinkled the battle-ground, and several of their swarthy forms
+were stretched out at full length, sleeping that sleep that knows no
+wakening, except it be at the final judgment day. Had it not been that
+most of the Indians, as is usually the case with them when in action,
+were tied on their horses, this number would have been augmented. The
+bloody trails that were afterwards found in the mountains, went
+to prove that many of the wounds given to the escaped Indians were
+mortal, and, while their horses were carrying them from the danger,
+they themselves were sinking from furious hemorrhage. Early in the
+pursuit, a fine warrior was thrown from his horse. As he had been
+crippled by a ball, he could not recover himself and make off. For
+some time he lay alone and neglected, but when the rear guard came
+along they noticed that he was playing a game by pretending to
+be dead; but he had closed his eyes too firmly for a man in that
+condition, and this fact attracted the notice of the passers-by. A
+Mexican raised his rifle and fired at the brave; but the bullet only
+served to cause another flesh wound. This so irritated the would-be
+dead, savage, that, seizing his lance which lay by his side, he
+attempted to reach and kill his adversary with it; but, others coming
+up, he was soon dispatched.
+
+While this running fight was in progress, the author met with an
+adventure which came near costing him his life. It was my duty to
+follow the charging soldiers in order to be near at hand to render
+professional services to the wounded, should there be any. I was
+mounted on a mule, and when the dragoon horses started off, he became
+frightened and unmanageable. I soon found that this mule lacked the
+speed of the former animals, hence he was in a short time left far
+behind, but not until he had fallen and thrown me into a thrifty bed
+of prickly pears, the thorns of which did not, in the least, save me
+from being hurt. On regaining my feet, I found that my injuries were
+but slight, and that I still retained my bridle rein, therefore
+I quickly regained my seat in the saddle and started on again,
+remembering the old proverb, which says, "All is fair in war." While
+riding on, I was joined by a soldier whose horse had broken down in
+the charge. As we now advanced together, our route led us by some
+large sand hills, behind which several Indians had sought refuge,
+when hotly pursued. Seeing that they had been overlooked during the
+excitement of the moment, they remained quiet until we came along,
+when they made a dash at us and commenced firing their arrows in
+fine-style. We returned their volleys with our revolvers, but, whether
+we produced any result further than preventing their coming too
+near, it is difficult to say. Several of their arrows came in close
+proximity to our bodies, and one struck, the soldier's horse in the
+neck and wounded a main artery, which bled, for a time, furiously. As
+danger was thick about them, the Indians soon left us to effect their
+own escape; when, we halted and attended to the wounded horse, whose
+life we were so fortunate as to save, by putting a ligature about the
+bleeding vessel.
+
+The night succeeding the day on which this fight occurred, with a
+single exception, passed by quietly. A soldier, who lay near the
+centre of the camp, had retired to rest, perhaps impressed with the
+belief that he and his comrades would be attacked by the Indians
+before morning; this train of thought had led him into dreams of
+war, and while reveling in them, he imagined that danger was at hand.
+Suddenly starting up, and seizing his rifle, he fired at random. His
+bullet came near striking a Mexican sentinel who was on duty, and who
+was making his rounds. The sentinel was very naturally startled by
+this unaccountable noise in the camp, and supposing that the Indians
+had, unobserved, crept within the lines, he returned the compliment
+by discharging his piece in the direction of the supposed danger.
+The report of these firearms had the effect of arousing the entire
+command. The men were quickly on their feet and ready for active
+service. In the confusion which ensued, several more rifles were
+fired, but fortunately no harm was done, and as soon as the cause
+of the trouble was explained, quietness and order was promptly
+established.
+
+At the break of day, on the next morning, the soldiers were up and
+preparing for their march. The Indians had, on this morning, made
+fires, and even presented themselves to view on the mountains, but
+they were few in number, and it was well known that this was only a
+ruse to allure the white men to the wrong trail, while their families
+should have time to escape in the contrary direction; hence, but
+little notice was taken of these demonstrations.
+
+Col. Fauntleroy here determined to relieve himself of all drawbacks
+which should in the least tend to prevent his now giving full chase
+to the Indians. Accordingly, he left his baggage and provision train
+under escort of the foot company and quartermaster men, the whole
+being placed under the command of Lieutenant Lloyd Beall, of the
+Second Regiment U.S. Artillery, with instructions to meet him at an
+appointed rendezvous in the Wet Mountain Valley. It required but a
+short search by his guide, Kit Carson, and his spies, to put him on
+the right trail taken by the main portion of the enemy. When it was
+found, the pursuit was resumed and kept up vigorously. Late and
+early, the soldiers followed on this trail, and although the Indians
+purposely led them over the worst conceivable routes, yet they gained
+nothing substantial by it. On one occasion, when the men were pushing
+on as fast as possible, their advance guard surprised three Indians,
+one of them a woman, while they were leisurely watering their ponies.
+These Indians attempted to fly, and succeeded in making a good run for
+about four miles, but, at the end of that distance, two of them were
+overtaken. A Mexican, who was mounted on a very swift horse, was the
+first to come up with the savages. He fired and brought the woman to
+the ground. Quickly dismounting, he made a trophy of her scalp. The
+other Indian, being arrested by a slight wound, was made a prisoner.
+On questioning him, it was found that they all belonged to one family.
+The man who had made his escape, was the husband of the woman who was
+killed, while the prisoner was her brother. These Indians had heard
+nothing of the recent fight in the _Saquachi Pass_, and, had the
+soldiers dropped down from the heavens, they could not have been
+more surprised at thus unceremoniously meeting them. It was very much
+regretted by those present that this Indian woman had lost her life;
+but, as she was dressed in the disguise of a man, her sex could not
+be recognized. There are many of our readers who will perhaps censure
+this Mexican for his barbarous action of scalping a human being, but
+it must be remembered that the education of his people is different
+from our own. The taking of Indian scalps for a long time has been
+authorized by the Mexican Government, as a means of lessening
+their savage enemies, and handsome premiums have been offered as an
+inducement to obtain them. In the case of this Mexican, there were
+extenuating circumstances which, if they did not warrant such a cruel
+act, yet they rendered him somewhat excusable. He had recently lost
+a near and dear relative by the hands of these same Indians, and the
+appearance of this mangled body was still fresh in his memory, making
+him to thirst for revenge. It must not be supposed for a moment that
+the commanding officer of this expedition had sanctioned such a mode
+of procedure, for, he had no knowledge of the matter until after it
+had been ended. It was not within his province to preach humanity to a
+people who had been so greatly outraged by savages. He came to punish
+and not to intercede for wild men who had long been a terror to the
+surrounding country, and upon whom, in order to reconcile them, every
+kind act had been expended in vain.
+
+It may possibly be asked whether or no a man, who has simply lost his
+scalp, can recover. In reply we can safely say that without any other
+wound, and under favorable circumstances, with good care the sufferer
+stands a chance of being restored to health. There was a man who
+formerly was living and working at his trade as a blacksmith in Santa
+Fe, who, in a fight with the Camanches while crossing the plains, was
+wounded by a lance and then scalped. After a long period of suffering
+this person entirely recovered, although the cicatrix of the wound
+was ever afterwards a source of annoyance to him, compelling him
+continually to wear a skull-cap made of oiled silk. The size of the
+scalp, as usually taken off by the Indians, varies. Sometimes they
+remove only the back covering of the head. At other times they cut off
+the whole, running down even with the margin of the ear. When a man
+has died in a manner which the Indians style as "brave"--that is,
+desperately fighting for his life, and never for once showing fear,
+they take two scalps, one from either side of the head. The object of
+this is, to have scalp dances for each, as they consider such a man
+as deserving the fate of two ordinary men. These scalps are often
+stretched, dried, decorated and frequently kept for years as trophies.
+The more scalps a warrior takes, the greater favorite he becomes
+with his tribe; and finally, having obtained a given number, he is
+considered eligible to fill the office of War Chief, provided he has
+other qualifications, such as the power of quickly conceiving the
+right plan on which to act in case of emergency. When a party of
+Indians in the Rocky Mountains have been on a war trail, met the enemy
+and vanquished them, they appoint a brave who is honored as being the
+scalp-bearer. This warrior carries a long pole, to which, at suitable
+distances from each other, the scalps are attached. When the party
+returns to, and enters their own village, this brave is the observed
+of all observers. Eagerly, by the old men, women, and children, these
+bloody trophies are counted, for each of them offers an occasion for
+rejoicing, to be at separate intervals of time. They are, then, each
+synonymous with the phrase, a fete day, and the scalp-bearer is looked
+upon with the same jealous eye which greets the color-bearer of an
+army after having been engaged in some great battle which has proved
+successful to his standard. An Indian will not remove, as a general
+thing, a scalp which contains grey hairs. This he considers to be a
+business fit only for women. The scalp which is to cause a general
+jubilee, on an appointed evening, is attached to the top of a long
+pole, planted in the earth at a suitable place. The warriors who have
+been instrumental in tearing it from the head of its owner, form a
+circle around the pole, outside of which are arranged the spectators.
+By the aid of one drum-stick, the person who has been detailed for
+this duty, keeps up a beating motion on a sort of kettle-drum, the
+noise of which serves the purpose of marking time. The voices of the
+dancers make the music. At first the song is a mere humming sound, but
+after a time, it grows gradually louder, until the participants in the
+dance, being excited to the highest attainable pitch with interest
+in the ceremonies, it becomes terribly hideous. Almost naked, with
+tomahawk and hunting-knife in hand, the warriors imitate the process
+of dispatching and tearing off the scalps of their victims. So excited
+do the dancing savages sometimes become while reveling in these
+fantastical scenes, that they frequently are aroused to a pitch
+which borders on frenzy. The spectators of these sights get so deeply
+interested that it is not an extraordinary matter for them to appear
+as if almost deranged. Their excitement breaks out into exclamations
+of encouragement and applause, until at last they can control
+themselves no longer, and, on their own account, commence making
+bodily demonstrations of joy by jumping about. The scalp dance may
+last an entire night, or until, worn down with fatigue, the actors are
+willing to forego their pleasure and seek rest. The Mexicans on the
+frontiers have fallen into this Indian custom, and they can go into
+the spirit of the scalp dance with a relish which fully equals that
+exhibited by their savage neighbors. This is not true as a general
+rule; but, very many of their people really enjoy these ceremonies.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WAR DANCE.]
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy and his men traveled at such a rapid pace, that, in
+the course of a very few days, they succeeded in once more overtaking
+the main village belonging to the enemy. The Indians took refuge in a
+steep and rocky mountain. A skirmishing fight immediately commenced,
+which lasted several hours. During this engagement, a large number of
+the savage warriors were killed, their band completely routed, and the
+inhabitants of the whole village made to scatter in every direction
+in order to save their lives. At first the braves attempted to make a
+stand, but they were driven from rock to rock, until they broke their
+ranks and fled. It was about the time of this crisis, and when they
+were most needed, that the dragoon horses began to break down and die.
+
+The word village has many times appeared in our pages, and as it may
+prove ambiguous to a few of our readers and render them liable to
+confound its meaning with that of a fixed town, we will here stop and
+explain its signification when applied to Indians. An Indian village,
+as understood in border parlance, comprises the lodges, the women,
+children, old men, and such movable property as Indians may chance
+to possess. They are usually found in some safe retreat where the old
+men, women and children stay while the warriors are engaged following
+the hunt or war path. The word has become more generalized since
+it was first given to stationary camps of the savages, and may
+now include any band of Indians traveling with their families and
+property. The village is the home of the red man, where those persons
+and things which he most cherishes, he tries to keep intact and sacred
+from the spoiler's hand. It is also where the Indian allows his
+love, friendship and all the better feelings of his nature to exhibit
+themselves. It is where in early youth he has listened to the legends
+of his tribe, and where he is taught those lessons and forced to
+endure those trials which are to prepare his heart in seeking out
+revenge. It is the place where, as he approaches the age of manhood,
+he takes those steps which are to make for him the reputation of a
+daring hunter and brave warrior. Here he first learns to shoot his
+arrows with precision, and to handle the lance with dexterity. His
+boyish feats in horsemanship, which he daily performs in the village,
+would be witnessed with astonishment by skillful riders. It is here
+that he runs to welcome his father when he returns either from
+the chase or the war path; and, while he listens to the marvellous
+adventures which his sire has encountered, he secretly wishes himself
+a man, so that he can emulate his greatness. In fact, the same
+feelings exist between parent and child with the Indian race, as
+with those who boast of being more civilized. Youth and the vigor of
+manhood, are the golden days with the savage. To be doomed to old age,
+is considered by him to be a punishment. When he is no longer able to
+hunt and seek out his enemy, he loses his desire to live. His life
+is then considered an incumbrance to the camp. The old and infirm,
+therefore, are often willingly deserted, that they may the more
+quickly die. The village is always under the surveillance of men who
+are past the middle age, and who no longer can act out the stirring
+deeds of the warrior. Their experience renders them capable of giving
+good advice, and attending to the less active affairs of the nation.
+They hold the power of restraining the rashness and indiscretion
+of the younger men, therefore they are selected to watch over the
+property of the tribe, while the strong warriors are seeking to
+provide the dependent portion of the band with food, or to revenge
+their real or imaginary wrongs. Order and good fellowship is made to
+prevail in these villages, somewhat similar to the habits found in
+civilized communities, for the passions and evil propensities of all
+men are found to be alike, no matter what differences of education or
+color exist. We find that the Indian tribes have their wise men, whose
+voices are heard and heeded on all occasions. When these villages are
+located, or, to use soldier phrase; when the Indians go into camp,
+care is taken that each lodge shall be placed where it will not
+interfere with the common good. The internal economy of these
+habitations is arranged on a social system which, in many respects,
+is commendable. When one person is poor, generally speaking, the whole
+tribe is found to be so. The herds of horses and mules belonging to
+the tribe, are turned loose in one body as if they were the property
+of one man. If game exists in plenty and danger is not apprehended,
+happiness holds complete sway within these Indian homes. The
+proverbial caution of the red man rarely allows him to be surprised;
+therefore, even in times of peace, he keeps his fleetest horse tied
+at the door of his lodge, so that he may make haste and collect his
+property, and be away before his enemy can harm him. These favorite
+animals are fed by hand. Before trusting his body in sleep, some
+warrior, in whom the tribe repose the utmost confidence, must ascend
+a neighboring eminence, if there chance to be one, and examine the
+country in search of dangers. Parties are always kept out as spies,
+and, at the least appearance of suspicious signs, they become easily
+aroused and vigilant, and if danger really exists, word is immediately
+sent to their village to be ready to move. This is a homely but
+literal interpretation of the term Indian village.
+
+The reader has seen that the dragoon horses gave out before the
+fatigues of the march, while the Mexican ponies performed their tasks
+so admirably and easily.
+
+This was a painful subject to contemplate and one which no man who
+loves the noble horse could wish to witness the second time. The
+dragoon horses, reduced to skeletons from starvation while retaining
+all their natural spirit, with tottering limbs, faithfully tried to
+perform the labor which their riders, seemingly, asked of them. Long
+before the arrival of the time when they could no longer support a
+burden, the soldiers had humanely relieved them from this work and
+were assisting them, by all the means in their power, to reach a haven
+of safety, where food, so essential in restoring their sinking powers
+of life, existed in abundance. As their little remaining strength
+was leaving them, they would exhibit the fact by staggering. Finally,
+breaking down in their hinder legs, they would sink to the ground, but
+not until they had made the effort to drag themselves along with
+their fore feet. To relieve them from their agonies and prevent their
+falling into the hands of the Indians, one by one, they were shot.
+
+When these horses broke down and began to die off, it was decided to
+be best to return to Fort Massachusetts in order to recruit and also
+to allow the Indians an opportunity to concentrate their forces, when
+another effective blow could be struck against them. On his return,
+Colonel Fauntleroy met, at the designated place, Lieutenant Beall,
+who had managed the affairs intrusted to him very much to his credit.
+Having once more consolidated his command, Colonel Fauntleroy retired
+to Fort Massachusetts, which he made, for a time, his head-quarters.
+
+Kit Carson, the guide of this expedition, when afterwards speaking
+of it, says, "During the time our forces were in the field they were
+exposed to the most intense cold weather I ever remember experiencing.
+We were overtaken by several severe snow-storms which came near
+completely using us up."
+
+For the success that had so far attended the labors of this body of
+soldiers, the greatest amount of praise is due to their leader, who
+set a noble example to his men. During those hours when hardships and
+trials came thickest upon the command, all eyes were turned to the
+commander, and, as the result proved, with no lack of confidence. Kit
+Carson's services were found to be invaluable. His long experience
+and untiring energy proved to be one of the best anchors of the goodly
+ship. We should not omit to state, in regard to the severity of the
+cold, that it was early in the morning, just before the break of day,
+that the cold was invariably found to be the most intense. During this
+time, it is the greatest wonder that the Mexicans did not perish, for
+but few of them had more than one blanket as a covering by night, and
+the remainder were but very little better provided for. When wood was
+plenty, and they were allowed so to do, they made large fires and laid
+down near to them to attempt sleep. After about one hour thus spent,
+they were routed out by being nearly frozen. Getting into close
+contact with the fires, they would thaw out and then were ready to
+make another endeavor to repeat the sleeping operation. In this manner
+they managed to live through each night, and on the following day they
+were, apparently, none the worse for wear. A person judging these men
+as he oftentimes sees them during the summer season, basking in the
+sunlight on the sunny side of their houses in New Mexico, would not,
+for an instant, suppose that they could undergo such hardships; and
+yet, they can do so, as the above example sufficiently proves, without
+allowing one murmur of complaint to escape their lips. With the
+regulars, who were amply supplied with blankets and buffalo robes, it
+would appear that they could have obtained sound sleep. But this too
+proved to be almost an impossibility. The heat of the man's body,
+during the early and warmer part of the night, served to melt the icy
+covering of the mother earth just under him. When the cold increased,
+this was again frozen, rendering the portion of the body nearest to
+the ground almost benumbed. By frequently reversing the posture a
+little, some relief from suffering was obtained, but not sufficient to
+reach a degree which could be called comfortable, or, in the least, be
+claimed as desirable. Every member of this expedition can truthfully
+assert that they have experienced a foretaste of what the first
+symptoms of freezing to death must be.
+
+Finally, the command reached Fort Massachusetts, where, in ease and
+plenty, the half starved, half frozen, half used-up men soon forgot
+all their troubles and privations. A few weeks spent at the fort,
+acted like a magic charm in recruiting the men and the remaining
+animals, when they were once more in a fit condition, and, again eager
+to go on the war path, anxiously desiring to surpass the splendid
+deeds of their first tramp.
+
+At the permanent camp, which was made near Fort Massachusetts, the
+Mexican Volunteers, especially, enjoyed themselves hugely. From
+privations of various kinds, to which they had shown themselves to be
+well trained, and which consequently affected them but little, they
+were suddenly placed in a state of comparative comfort and even luxury
+rarely realized at their own homes. They had not much else to do
+beyond guarding their animals and attending to such other minor duties
+as were required by camp duties. Had not their hardy ponies required
+the rest that was now being given them, these troops would have been
+kept in more active service; but, as this could not be, they were
+allowed a respite, which they themselves turned into pleasure. Foot
+races and various athletic games were concocted and played by them,
+making the time pass merrily by. Their discipline and respect for
+their officers had reached a degree seldom, if ever, attained by
+volunteer soldiers, and which, in many respects, could be imitated
+with advantage by regular troops.
+
+But the time soon arrived for the march to be resumed.
+
+At a council held among the chief officers, it was decided that the
+best and surest course to be followed would be to divide the forces
+and send them out in quest of the Indians, as if they were separate
+commands. Thus it might happen that being caught between the two,
+as they were running from danger they would rush into it and receive
+chastisement sufficient to answer all purposes. Acting on this plan,
+Colonel St. Vrain, with most of the Volunteers, was ordered to proceed
+in one direction, while Colonel Fauntleroy, with the main division,
+started in another; while on his route, Colonel Fauntleroy traveled
+close in under the mountains, and kept his men as much concealed as
+possible, making most of his marches by night. He traveled through the
+Valley of San Luis up to its head.
+
+The Valley of San Luis is about one hundred miles in length. Its
+greatest width is fifty miles. On either side, it is bounded
+by snow-capped mountains. The scenery of the valley is very
+prepossessing, being sure to enchant the eye throughout its entire
+length. In the south, the valley is continuous with prairie land,
+which extends down as far as the settlement of Rio Colorado. It is
+well watered by mountain streams and bears the appearance of being an
+excellent farming district; but, the probability is, that its climate
+is too cold for raising crops, and that its true value will be found
+chiefly to consist in using it for grazing purposes. From time to
+time, the Indians have reported that it contains gold mines, but there
+are no authentic proofs that this is a fact.
+
+At one time, the Indians succeeded in making the Mexicans converts
+to the belief in the existence of these mines, as they showed them
+specimens of gold which they affirmed to have been taken from them.
+It was agreed that, for this valuable information, presents, such as
+blankets, horses, and guns, should be made to those Indians who had
+openly proclaimed the good news, provided they could conduct the
+Mexicans to them. A party was formed and started to explore the
+valley, but, as nothing was afterwards heard of their success, and, as
+many of them, to all external appearances, were as poor as ever when
+they returned, it is presumed that they were duped by the Indians. The
+bottom land of the Rio Grande which skirts the southern border of the
+valley of San Luis, is, judging from the luxuriant hay crops which it
+produces, year by year, quite a good farming section; and, no doubt,
+ere long, the Mexicans will there establish a new settlement and thus
+practically demonstrate the use to which this beautiful valley can be
+put.
+
+While passing up the valley of San Luis, Colonel Fauntleroy came to
+the Punchi Pass. This pass is the main opening through the mountains
+which bound the valley of San Luis on the north. The pass itself is
+less than half a mile wide, but yet, it presents some of the grandest
+scenery human eyes ever beheld. The mountains, on either side, are
+not so lofty as their compeers close by, but they are rugged and
+picturesque. Through the pass runs a bold stream, which, at about
+midway (and at this time) was obstructed by a beaver dam, that was so
+scientifically constructed as immediately to attract the attention of
+the entire party. Near to this dam, there is a very large hot spring,
+which is located close under the base of one of the mountain sides,
+and which, under the favorable circumstance of a fine day, lends
+enchantment to the view. The Punchi Pass is but a few miles long and
+leads into a beautiful little valley, called by the Mexicans after the
+same name which is given to the pass.
+
+On arriving at the Punchi Pass, Col. Fauntleroy proceeded on through
+it to the head-waters of the Arkansas river, where, fortunately, a
+fresh trail made by the Indians was found. This trail was followed
+with such assiduity and prudence that the camp of some spies belonging
+to the enemy, and which was in their rear, was passed by the Americans
+one night without their presence being noticed. Early the ensuing
+morning (before the break of day), the main village of the Indians
+was discovered. Its occupants were enjoying a war and scalp dance, and
+their voices, as engaged in the song which usually accompanies
+such festivities, could be heard for a distance of at least a mile.
+Unconscious of danger, they were having a merry time. One can imagine,
+better than can be described, the scene that followed when three
+hundred loaded rifles poured their contents into this crowd. Suffice
+it to say, that among those who survived this terrible retribution,
+the greatest consternation prevailed; but, as a dernier resort, they
+began to fly, when they were hotly pursued by the soldiers. Before
+quitting their late camp, some of the savages had managed to get
+their own rifles, and with them to fire several shots which did some
+execution, as two soldiers were killed and two wounded.
+
+Thus it will be seen that the main village of these Apaches and Utahs
+fell into the hands of the Americans. It proved to be rich in plunder,
+for it contained all their stock of dried buffalo meat, besides other
+provisions. Also several cart-loads of robes, saddles, weapons, ropes,
+skins, blankets, trinkets and camp equipage. Most of this property was
+collected and destroyed by fire, being of little use to the command,
+whose means of conveyance was limited to their own actual wants.
+The number of Indians killed in this surprise has been variously
+estimated, as has been also the number of the red men on the ground
+when the carnage commenced; but all agree that this was the severest
+blow these savages had ever received.
+
+Among the many other objects of curiosity found by the victors, was
+a "Medicine lodge," which had, from appearance, but recently been in
+full blast. It was highly (and to Indian eyes it must have been very
+artistically) decorated, and contained all the emblems and symbols of
+witchcraft. If sickness was to be frightened away, or even coaxed
+to dethrone itself from the afflicted, there was sufficient in this
+temple of the Indian gods, seemingly, to have answered either purpose.
+Some potentate of the magnitude of a great chief had, evidently, but
+a few hours since, been its occupant; for, in his hurry to desert
+the premises, on hearing the music of the white man's rifle, he had
+forgotten his beautiful head-dress of feathers, and other articles
+pertaining to his wardrobe, which designated to the captors his high
+rank. Perhaps, and the surmise may not be far out of the way, this
+chief was suffering from a gun-shot wound inflicted in a recent
+fight by his pale-faced enemy, and having received one of their
+most dangerous potions of lead, he was not anxious for another, and
+therefore made his escape with the activity of a well man.
+
+In this expedition, a company of artillery,[11] who have before been
+described, doing duty as infantry, performed a feat that will compare
+well with anything of the same kind on record. These men, under the
+command of Lieutenant Beall, who shared all the privations of his
+soldiers, marched on foot through a mixture of mud and snow, nearly
+ankle deep, over an uneven country, from the Mosco Pass in the Valley
+of San Luis, to the head-waters of the Arkansas River, a distance
+which is computed at eighty-five miles, in thirty-six hours, including
+all their stoppages. This company had been long celebrated as being
+expert marksmen, therefore, their services were much needed when
+the Indian village was discovered. Although nearly broken down with
+fatigue, yet as soon as the electrifying news of the enemy being so
+near at hand reached them, it seemed to inspire them with new vigor.
+They dashed ahead, and gallantly led the van in this assault which
+terminated so favorably to the side of the Americans.
+
+[Footnote 11: D Company, 2d Regiment U. S. Artillery.]
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy was not satisfied with the victory already
+obtained; but, after having accomplished all that was possible for him
+in this quarter, and having scattered the Indians to the four winds,
+he determined to make forced marches in order to surprise another band
+of them who were supposed to be located in a distant mountain haunt
+well known to his guide. His object in thus hurrying away from the
+scenes of his late triumph, was to reach and surprise the Indians
+before their friends had time to travel to and apprise them of their
+defeat. In this manoeuvre he was also successful. He came upon this
+second band also before they were aware of their danger. They were
+routed, and after severe loss were followed far into the mountains.
+At this camp, Blanco, the celebrated Apache chief, was driven to such
+close quarters that he evidently began to feel that the safety of his
+whole tribe stood in jeopardy. He made his appearance on a high point
+of rocks and asked the white men who occupied the plain beneath for a
+parley, which was granted him. He said, in the Spanish language,
+that he and his Indians wished to make peace; that they were tired of
+fighting. In reply, he was informed that the terms he demanded would
+be listened to on his coming into the soldiers' camp. He was going on
+to say that he was afraid to trust himself there, when a bullet was
+sent whizzing by his head, which caused him to decamp in all haste. It
+was ascertained, afterwards, that a Mexican, who had great antipathy
+to this chief, had, unknown to the rest of the party, crept secretly
+up into the rocks. When he had reached a place where Blanco was within
+the range of his rifle, he fired; but, as the reader has inferred, he
+missed an accurate aim.
+
+At this latter camp or village, and near the close of this same day,
+another incident happened which will long be remembered by those who
+witnessed it. Two Indians who probably had been absent to some distant
+section of the country, having no knowledge of the matters which had
+lately been transpiring, were seen approaching. Gradually, they
+drew near to a cotton-wood grove of trees in which the soldiers were
+resting, thinking no doubt, that they were there about to meet their
+friends. A mountaineer by the name of Stewart, who commanded the Spy
+company, and another man, one of the Mexican Volunteers, immediately
+on seeing the Indians, sprang upon the backs of their horses which
+chanced to be near by, and started out to attack them. Not until these
+Indians saw the men advancing, were they made aware of their danger;
+when instantly they turned around their animals, and put them on a
+keen run for the nearest mountain. They were pursued and the race
+hotly contested for at least two miles; but, the Indians succeeded in
+making their escape, although shots were fired at them, and returned
+by the Indians. In doing so, one of them was obliged to dismount and
+leave his horse behind him, which fell into the hands of his pursuers.
+
+At the time that the chief Blanco was endeavoring to gain a parley,
+a stirring scene was being enacted at the soldiers' camp, which was
+several miles distant. Most of the soldiers had left it and were then
+out engaged in the business of scouring the country. In the camp there
+were all the pack animals, provisions, luggage etc., of the command.
+To guard this property there were only about fifty men left, who,
+anticipating no danger, were employing themselves in cooking and
+otherwise providing for the wants of their absent friends against
+their return. The herd of mules was scattered about, and grazing under
+the charge of a few herders. Suddenly a band of about one hundred
+warriors, were discovered coming down the little valley where the camp
+was located. The alarm was given, when each man seizing his rifle,
+rushed to place himself in the line of sentinels which were forming
+around the property. The mules were quickly driven together in a
+compact body into the centre of the camp. Hardly had this movement
+been performed, before the red men came galloping by. Seeing the
+smallness of the force opposed to them, they made two or three
+attempts at an attack on the weakest points of the lines. They
+were about to succeed, when a shout went up from the Americans, who
+descried relief in the shape of the foot company which, having been
+left behind for one night in order to make easy marches and thus
+partially rest themselves, was now approaching. The Indians saw
+the near approach of this powerful reinforcement, and using that
+discretion which is often the better part of valor, they started off
+and were soon lost sight of. Had not this reinforcement providentially
+thus arrived, the Indians would have certainly captured the pack mules
+belonging to the soldiers, and got away with them. Never was succor
+hailed with more delight, than on this occasion; for, had the red men
+succeeded in this endeavor, the benefits of this whole campaign would
+have been greatly frustrated.
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy, after thoroughly scouring the adjacent country in
+the hope of meeting with parties of straggling Indians, but, as the
+result proved, without success, returned to Fort Massachusetts, where
+he had the satisfaction of learning that Colonel St. Vrain, in his
+expedition, had caught other bands of these same Indians, and most
+severely chastised them.
+
+The Fort Massachusetts here referred to has recently been abandoned
+and another one has been built, distant about six miles from the
+original site. The name is retained for the new defences, which are
+located on the river Trinchera. The present location is picturesque,
+and beautiful in the extreme.
+
+In one of his fights, Col. St. Vrain had overtaken the red men on
+the prairies, where a running battle ensued, in which the volunteers
+killed many of the enemy, and made several prisoners. During this
+skirmish, the Indians tried the ruse of setting fire to the prairie
+grass, and, as the wind was blowing in the direction from which their
+foes were coming, they hoped thereby to impede their progress, and
+thus give themselves time to escape; but the volunteers boldly rode
+through the flames, and successfully continued the chase.
+
+The time for which the New Mexican volunteers had enlisted, was
+fast drawing to a close; but, as the hostile Utahs and Apaches were
+scattered to the four winds, it was thought best not to send out
+again a regularly appointed force to act against them. Instead, while
+awaiting the effect of their late telling blows, it was decided to
+be judicious to keep out, in different directions, small scouting
+parties, who could better follow the trails of the small parties of
+fugitive Indians with some prospect of success. It was now the
+season for the richly laden caravans to arrive on the borders of the
+territory, and perchance they might fall in with bands of the hostile
+savages of sufficient strength to cause them trouble; or, it might
+be, the Indians would combine in sufficient strength, being driven by
+pressing want, to capture some one of these trains, and thus obtain
+the material for renewing the contest. In view of these apprehensions,
+it was decided that the regular troops should go out on the plains,
+where they could be on hand ready to afford protection in case
+of need. Major Blake, in command of the dragoons, started out
+and faithfully performed this mission. After this duty was fully
+accomplished, he visited the mountains to the northeast of Fort
+Massachusetts, and then returned to Taos _via_ the fort and the
+intervening Mexican towns.
+
+While intimating the dangers which may befall trains on their journey
+across the plains, especially in time of Indian war, it may be well
+to narrate a fatal adventure which once happened to a mail party
+while traveling this route. Not many miles from Fort Union, and on
+the plains, there is a clump of hills known as the "Wagon Mound," so
+called from their resemblance to one of those peculiar wagons which
+are used to transport valuable freight across the country. It being
+dangerous times, a party of ten picked men had been sent out to insure
+the safe transit of the mail. Everything went well with the little
+band of travelers, and their prospects were becoming bright for making
+a safe journey, when, suddenly, a large band of hostile Apaches
+and Utahs hove in sight. The mail party, on making this discovery,
+immediately halted and prepared for a fight. The Indians very
+soon granted to them this favor. At first, the attack was sharply
+maintained, but, at last, fortune favored the whites, for the time
+being, and they succeeded in repulsing their foes, who retreated out
+of sight. The mail party, being thus freed from the unpleasant society
+of the Indians, at once hitched up their teams and proceeded on their
+route. It was afterwards learned that the Apaches made the first
+attack, but, they were countenanced by the Utahs, who remained close
+by. On the return of the unsuccessful war party of Apaches to the
+Utahs, the latter at once commenced charging them with cowardice, and
+boasted that they could have done better. The true state of the case
+was, that the Utahs were using the Apaches as tools by which to gain
+plunder, crying "go dog," while they themselves were keeping out
+of harm's way. The anger of the Apaches was fully aroused at these
+derisive imputations. Under the new impulse, they said to the Utahs,
+if you will help, we will return and show you whether we are afraid
+to meet these pale-faces. Another attack having been decided upon,
+the Indians set out and overtook the mail party once more near to this
+"Wagon Mound." It was snowing fast at the time, therefore, the white
+men were comfortably traveling in their vehicles and had their guns
+protected with suitable coverings to prevent their being injured, for
+they anticipated no further danger. The curtains of the mail wagons
+were all fastened down, and there was no look-out kept, for it was
+considered sufficient to prepare for the furies of the storm. The
+Indians accordingly approached unperceived and made such a desperate
+attack that all the white men were quickly killed. Not one, if the
+boasts of the Indians can be believed, had time to get out from his
+seat. Several days elapsed and no tidings were heard of the expected
+mail party; therefore, a body of men started out in quest of the
+missing men and found them sleeping the last sleep which knows no
+awakening. The bodies of the dead were decently interred; and, since
+that day, the "Wagon Mound" is pointed out to the traveler accompanied
+with a historical account of this awful tragedy.
+
+During the campaign under consideration, several Indian children were
+captured. These were generally under the age of ten years. They could
+not stand the kindly-planned treatment which they received while in
+bondage, for many of them died from over-eating, after having so long
+been accustomed to Indian frugality. One of the women prisoners
+taken, openly declared, and there is no reason why she should not be
+believed, that many of the younger children belonging to her tribe had
+been strangled by their parents and friends in order to prevent
+their becoming an inconvenience, and thus prevent their being able to
+prosecute the war, thereby showing that their hatred of the white
+man was deeply rooted, and that their anger had been aroused to its
+highest degree. On the publishing of peace, those Indian children who
+still lived, were collected, and, through the Indian agents, restored
+to their relatives and friends. The good effect which the moral of
+this campaign had on the surrounding Indian nations cannot be denied.
+They soon became loud in proclaiming their friendships for the
+Americans. Taking advantage of the now crippled condition of the Utahs
+and Apaches, their enemies the Arrapahoes and Cheyennes were ready
+to pounce upon them at a moment's warning. The opportunity did not,
+however, present itself until long after peace had been established
+with the white men, when the Utahs and Apaches had been able to
+recover from their losses and collect again.
+
+War party after war party of Cheyennes and Arrapahoes entered the
+country of their old enemies the Apaches and Utahs, but returned
+unable to find them. Yellow Bear, a head war chief of the Arrapahoes,
+did not accompany his braves on these expeditions, and he would
+not believe that they could not find either the Apaches or Utahs;
+therefore, to show his people that there was one warrior living of the
+olden stamp, he started, accompanied only by his youngest squaw,
+to meet and fight them. A severe snow-storm compelled this noble
+chieftain to come into Fort Massachusetts. While he was there the
+commanding officer of the post endeavored to dissuade him from his
+rash undertaking. In reply the chief said:
+
+"Captain, my young men are no longer warriors. They have become
+squaws. I sent them to seek our nation's enemies. They went,
+discovered their fires and counted their lodges, but were afraid to
+attack them. I am now on my way to find the Utah village, where I
+intend, either to smoke the pipe of peace, or offer fight to any three
+of their chiefs. If they kill me otherwise than fairly, perhaps it
+will stir up once more the fire in the breast of the warriors of the
+Arrapahoe nation."
+
+This speech was delivered with so much pathos, and yet with such
+an oratorical air, that the interpreter was enabled to catch and
+translate every word of it. Yellow Bear was now informed of the recent
+campaign against the Utahs and Apaches, but the news made no change in
+his determination. The advice was words thrown away, as he was found
+conversant with the whole proceedings of the campaign. We have brought
+in this incident to show how surrounding tribes are directly affected
+and personally interested in the results of all military transactions
+with hostile Indians. As we have taken up for a theme the story of
+this brave and really noble Indian, it may prove interesting to some
+of our readers if we complete the picture. Yellow Bear has always
+been the firm friend of Kit Carson both by word and action. He is the
+finest specimen of an Indian that the writer ever laid eyes on. He
+stands in his moccasins over six feet; is straight and symmetrically
+proportioned. The head, however, is the main attraction of this
+Indian. Never was a statesman possessed of a better. We once heard him
+address a large council of his warriors, and, although we could not
+understand one word he said, yet our attention was fixed on the man,
+for we never saw either before or since such majestic gestures, mixed
+with equal grace, in any speaker. It was a master-piece of acting,
+and from the "humphs," or grunts, ejaculated by his auditors, we were
+inclined to think that the speech was impressive. There is one great
+point about this chief which those who are familiar with the Indian
+race, as they now exist, cannot but admire. He has never been known
+to beg; rather than do this, we believe, he would actually starve. We
+will finish this description of Yellow Bear by adding that he
+finally listened to the advice of the then commanding officer of Fort
+Massachusetts, and returned to his own nation.
+
+On the final arrival at Taos of the troops engaged in this brilliant
+Indian campaign against the Utahs and Apaches, they received orders
+to disband. Those whose calling was arms, returned to their respective
+military posts, while the New Mexicans scattered to seek their homes,
+where they were received and justly treated as heroes. Before the
+forces were dispersed, the Pueblo Indians, who had been employed in
+the spy companies, gave, with the aid of their friends, by moonlight,
+a grand war-dance entertainment in the plaza of the town. It proved a
+fine display of this time-honored Indian custom.
+
+The combined efforts of the two commanders, Colonel Fauntleroy and
+Lieutenant-Colonel St. Vrain, aided by their followers, among whom Kit
+Carson played a most conspicuous and important part, had the effect to
+compel the Indians to send a delegate to Santa Fe, commissioned to sue
+for peace. Peace was finally granted, which formed a most happy and
+pleasing termination to this brilliant Indian campaign.
+
+It proved afterwards that a great mistake was made in hastily allowing
+these Indians to evade the punishment they so richly deserved, and
+which was being so summarily inflicted, by entertaining so soon
+conciliatory measures. At the council that was subsequently held, it
+was found that only a part of the Apaches were present to sanction the
+proceedings, and that the remainder were still in the mountains and
+were either hostile or undecided what course they would pursue. Kit
+Carson, their agent, was at the meeting, and earnestly opposed the
+policy of making a treaty so long as any portion of the two nations
+were insubordinate, as it offered a loop hole for those present to
+creep out whenever they were so inclined. He said, "that now was the
+time, if ever, when they might, at a small additional expense, and
+with the prospect of saving many valuable lives, show these Indians
+that they were dealing with a powerful government." His voice and
+experience were overruled by the other officials present and the
+treaty was made. It stipulated that the Indians should receive certain
+sums annually in case they would settle down and commence farming,
+and that they should be allowed to select their own locality within
+certain prescribed limits. The making of such offers to tribes of
+savages half subdued is absurd. The wisdom of this assertion has since
+been clearly shown, for hardly one article contained in the treaty
+there made has been carried out. The actions of those Apaches present
+at the council were trifling in the extreme, notwithstanding which,
+they were presented with some cattle. These they objected to receiving
+on the ground that they were not fat enough to suit their fastidious
+tastes. They insolently addressed the Government officials in the
+following strain: "If you do not give us better, we will again take
+the road where we can have our choice."
+
+The fact was that these half-starved rascals saw that the white men
+were anxious to make peace, and hence they assumed a haughty air in
+order to drive a good bargain.
+
+The great results which should have been brought about by the
+teachings of Colonels Fauntleroy and St. Vrain, by this weak
+diplomacy, were more or less frustrated. These gentlemen, however, had
+won great renown. They had the savages driven to such extremes that
+one more expedition, led by them in person, would have subdued all
+their obstinacy and made them over anxious for peace. The Indians had
+been seven times caught, and, on every one of the occasions, they had
+been greatly worsted. They had lost at least five hundred horses, all
+their camp equipage, ammunition, provisions, and most of their
+arms, and were indeed almost at the mercy of the whites. Under
+these circumstances they should have been shown true magnanimity and
+greatness, by forcing them into that course which was and is for their
+own welfare as well as the welfare of the country, and against which,
+they themselves so blindly contend. Say to an Indian, that ere many
+years have passed by the buffalo will all be destroyed, and he will
+answer you "that the 'Great Spirit' rains them down in the mountains
+for his red children." This is a fair example of the manner in which
+most of them listen to the voice of reason. It requires practical and
+active demonstrations by means of rifles and other weapons to
+teach, them that they will not be permitted to plunder and murder at
+pleasure. The wrong of this conduct they are as well aware of as their
+white brethren. It is by rifle arguments that their treaties become
+worth the value of the paper upon which they are written.
+
+It is a well known fact that people who live in Indian countries
+prefer to have the red men at war, rather than bound to peace by such
+slender ties as they are usually called upon to take upon themselves.
+In the former case, the settler knows what to expect and is always
+prepared for the worst so far as it lies in his power; but, in the
+latter position, he is continually exposed to the caprices of a race
+who are in many respects as changeable as the very air they breathe.
+
+In the old Mexican town of Don Fernandez de Taos, as we have before
+said, resides at the present time Kit Carson. A stranger entering this
+town, and especially at a little distance from it, is reminded of a
+number of brick-kilns just previous to being burnt, and all huddled
+together without any regard being paid to symmetry. In order to reach
+the Plaza, which is the main feature of attraction belonging to
+the town, the traveler is obliged to follow the crooks and turns of
+several unattractive streets. The home of Kit Carson faces on the west
+side of this public square. It is a building only one story in height;
+but, as it extends over a considerable space of ground, it makes up in
+part this defect, and within, it is surpassed by but few other houses
+in the country for the degree of comfort which is furnishes to its
+occupants. On most any fair day, around the doors of this house may be
+seen many Indians of various tribes who are either waiting for their
+companions within, or else for the opportunity to present itself so
+that they themselves can enter.
+
+Business or no business to transact with Kit Carson, they cannot come
+to town without visiting "Father Kit," and having a smoke and talk
+with him. Kit Carson enjoys himself in their society, for his heart
+and hand have long since taught them that, irrespective of the office
+which he holds towards them, he is their true friend and benefactor.
+Never is his patience exhausted by their lengthy visits. He listens
+to their narrations of grievances which they lay freely before him for
+his counsel, even in matters exclusively personal. Being familiar with
+all those things which will, in the least, touch their feelings and
+make them interested, he finds no difficulty in entering into the
+spirit of their affairs in a manner that exactly suits their tastes.
+This causes them to look upon him in the same light as they would upon
+some brave and experienced chief of their own race.
+
+Kit Carson takes every opportunity to warn the Indians against the use
+of intoxicating drinks, and shows them by his own example, that "fire
+water" is a dangerous luxury which man does not require and in which
+he should not indulge. Notwithstanding his best efforts, now and then
+they get under its influence. On becoming sober, they are so ashamed
+of their conduct that they often keep clear of their agent until
+they think he has forgotten the occurrence. Kit Carson, to a certain
+extent, treats Indians as a wise father does his own children; hence,
+he has won their respect as well as confidence, which fact has given
+him more influence over them, than any other man in the country where
+he lives. When Kit Carson enters the various villages of the Indians
+under his supervision, he is invariably received with the most marked
+attention. Having selected the warrior whose guest he intends to be,
+he accompanies him to his lodge, which is known during his stay as
+the "soldiers' lodge." He gives himself no concern about his horse,
+saddle, bridle rifle or any minor thing. The brave whom he has thus
+honoured, considers that he has assumed the responsibility of a
+"soldier," and so styles himself. This making of a "soldier" is no
+every day business with the Indians. It is only when they are visited
+by some great personage for whom they have the greatest respect, that
+this ceremony is gone through with. When thus favored, the "soldier,"
+at once, becomes the sworn friend of the white man who occupies his
+lodge, and will fight and die for him even against his own brethren.
+
+It is the opinion of Kit Carson, that Indians should not be allowed
+to come, when it pleases them, into the settlements. Every visit which
+they thus make is detrimental to them in many ways. He thinks that
+the time thus spent could be better employed in hunting or otherwise
+providing for the wants of their families. In the towns of the
+frontiers they do nothing but beg and learn the vices of the white
+man, which, added to their own, make them as dangerous and wicked as
+men can be. In lieu thereof, he advises that mission and agency
+houses should be established in their midst, when supplies should
+be furnished to them in a time of need. As matters stand now, the
+Indians, during a severe winter, or from some unforeseen accident, are
+liable to become suddenly destitute. They are then compelled either
+to starve or to make inroads upon the property of the settlers on the
+frontiers. Besides his Indian friends, Kit Carson is surrounded by
+a host of Mexicans and Americans, to whom he has greatly endeared
+himself. To his children Kit Carson is a kind and indulgent father,
+and to best illustrate his self-sacrificing attachment for them, it
+is only necessary to relate one striking incident of its proof. A few
+years since, he was returning to Taos from Rayado, whither he had been
+on a visit in company with his wife, two children, and two servants
+(a Mexican man and woman). The party had completed the first half of
+their journey, and were jogging along over a tract of prairie land
+that was of considerable extent, when suddenly, Kit Carson discovered,
+far off, a band of about forty Indians. Being so exposed, he at once
+concluded that he also had been seen, for while he was looking, he
+thought he could see the speed of their riding animals increase. The
+glaring rays of the sun impeded his view, so that he could not discern
+at such a distance, either from their dress or appearance, to
+what tribe they belonged. He was in a section of country that was
+frequently visited by the marauding Camanches, and, as their signs had
+been recently seen in the neighborhood, he made up his mind that it
+was a band of this tribe that he now saw. No time was to be lost; so,
+dismounting from the very fleet horse he was riding, he placed in
+his saddle his wife and eldest child. To the first named he gave
+directions "to follow on the trail that led to Taos, and let the
+bridle reins be a little slack, so that the horse would know what was
+expected of him, when he would travel at the top of his speed. He said
+that he intended to ride towards the Indians and engage them at first
+in a parley, and then if necessary offer them a single-handed combat.
+At any rate, before they could manage to kill him, she would have
+sufficient time to lessen her danger. As to the remainder of the party
+he added, there was no alternative but for them to take their chances
+for life or death." Bidding his wife and boy good bye, with one
+heart-rending look, he turned to face his apparent doom. As Kit
+approached the Indians, they began to call out his name. As soon as he
+heard this, he aroused himself from the agonizing frame of mind he had
+been laboring under after parting with all that was so dear to him,
+and as he had thought, for the last time. To his joy, Kit quickly
+recognized before him, the familiar faces of some of his Indian
+friends. They had come, as they afterwards informed him, to see him
+and his helpless charge safely lodged in their home, for they had
+become aware that he was exposed to great danger. While the friends
+were talking, some of the Indians began to laugh, which caused Carson
+to turn his head and look in the direction they were gazing. To his
+astonishment and disgust, he saw (the truth was too evident to be
+mistaken) that the cowardly Mexican man had, on his leaving, pulled
+off from her horse Mrs. Carson and her child, and having mounted the
+animal himself, was making good his escape. The Indians wished to keep
+up the ruse, pursue, Attempt to overtake and punish the poltroon; but
+Kit Carson was too thankful that matters had gone so well; therefore,
+he said that he felt that he could excuse such dastardly conduct, and
+requested the Indians to let it pass unnoticed. It is hardly necessary
+to add that with his faithful body-guard who had come to watch over
+him from feelings of earnest respect, gratitude and affectionate
+regard, the agent accomplished the remainder of his journey in perfect
+safety.
+
+Several years have elapsed, as the reader can easily estimate, since
+Kit Carson met, while traveling home from one of his expeditions,
+the Mormon delegate to Congress who had first informed him of his
+appointment as Indian agent. During this length of time Kit Carson has
+retained this office and rendered satisfactory service. The tract of
+country over which the Indians roam who are especially connected
+with his agency, is about equal in its area, to any one of the larger
+States in the American Confederacy. The Indians who are under his
+jurisdiction, are large and powerful bands of the Apaches and Utahs;
+but, as we have said before, neighboring tribes freely seek his
+counsel, aid and protectorate power as they may require it, and they
+all, from habit, consider that they have a claim on his services.
+To best illustrate this, we have but to cite one instance of which a
+thousand similar exist. Two Indian women were taken prisoners by the
+red men of the plains from a band of savages not under the immediate
+control of Kit Carson, who inhabited a section of New Mexico. These
+squaws, while captives, were subjected to the severest labor and the
+most brutal punishment which Indian ingenuity could invent. For one
+year they submitted without exhibiting any outward symptoms by which
+their condition could be known; but, at the end of that time, they
+resolved to escape, even if they were killed in the attempt. Watching
+a favorable opportunity, they started, and fortunately, so well laid
+their plans, that, for some time, they were not missed. On their
+prolonged absence being noticed, a party who were well mounted
+commenced the pursuit, no doubt believing that, to recapture the
+runaways would be an easy task. The squaws however eluded these
+horsemen, and, on foot, made their way to Kit Carson's house at Taos.
+By him they were hospitably received, entertained and amply provided
+for. They had traveled on foot for hundreds of miles, and, while en
+route, had lived on roots and such other food as fell in their way. In
+their reduced condition, it required kindness, proper diet and rest
+to resuscitate them. In the comfortable house to which they had come,
+these things were at hand, and were freely given, without hoping for
+the rewards which man can give. The pursuers of these unfortunate
+Indian women followed on their trail, which, with native instinct, the
+squaws had made as indistinct as possible, until they found themselves
+at a Mexican settlement, within the boundaries of New Mexico. Here
+they were informed that their late captives were safe under the
+protection of Kit Carson. This name acted like magic in settling their
+future mode of proceedings. They needed nothing more to bid them face
+about and retrace their steps to their own homes. The squaws, in the
+household of Kit Carson, rapidly recruited, and when the time came for
+them to be sent to their own tribe, they went away rejoicing at their
+good fortune; first in making their escape, and second, because they
+had been so humanely treated by a man whose name they had often heard,
+but never before seen. As we have said before and with truth, this is
+but one example out of thousands which have passed by unheralded since
+Kit Carson first commenced his official career as Indian agent.
+
+The duties of an agent are not by Kit Carson confined to the mere
+letter of the law. His is a heart that could not be happy were he not
+daily doing some equitable and humane act to ameliorate the condition
+of the Indian race. The strict duties of an Indian agent require that
+he should receive and disburse certain sums of money in purchasing
+such minor articles as the tribes over which he is placed may require.
+He has to give monthly and quarterly reports to the General Government
+and the superintendent of the Territory he is in, of the condition,
+crimes, practices, habits, intentions, health, and such other things
+as pertain to the economy of his charge. How seldom is this knowledge
+properly attained and how often are these things intrusted to clerks
+while the principal receives the emoluments of his office! Of the
+details which make the Indian happy or miserable, he, too frequently,
+knows but little about, except from routine. The agent, if he be a fit
+man, and the Indian is by no means slow in forming his estimate of
+the person he has to deal with, is received into the confidence of
+the tribes, when, after sufficient trial, he has been proved worthy of
+their esteem and friendship. When once he has gained a foothold in the
+affections of the savages, his task assumes the condition of pleasure
+rather than severe labor; but, if he is ignorant of the minute
+workings of his business, he is generally imposed upon and always
+disliked to such a degree that no honorable man would retain such a
+position longer than to find out his unpopularity and the causes of
+it. The Indian agent, to perform his duties well, must be continually
+at his agency house, or among the Indians, in order that he may
+personally attend to their wants and protect them from the mercenary
+visits and contact of outside intruders, who are continually watching
+their opportunity, like hungry wolves, to prey upon and cheat them in
+every shape and form. In fine, he is to assist the superintendent in
+managing the entire Indian family. .
+
+The business of Indian agent, which he strictly and conscientiously
+attends to, keeps Kit Carson employed during the most of his time;
+yet, as often as once each year, he manages affairs so that he can
+spend a few weeks in the exciting scenes of the chase. On these
+excursions, which are eagerly looked forward to by his friends, he is
+accompanied by the crack shots of the country, including his Indian
+and Mexican friends. On horseback and on open prairies, Kit Carson is
+indisputably the greatest hunter in America, if indeed he is not the
+greatest hunter now living. He has killed, in the brief space of three
+consecutive hours, with his rifle, twenty-two antelope, at a time when
+the game was so scarce, that other men who followed the business of
+hunting under pay, and were no ordinary shots, thought themselves
+doing well to bring down six of the same animals. It gives the
+greatest satisfaction to the people of New Mexico that Kit Carson
+is, from time to time, reinstalled in his office of Indian agent,
+notwithstanding the other great changes that have been and are
+continually making in their politics. His fitness for the position
+which he holds cannot be doubted, when the good already accomplished
+by his efforts is considered. No one would be so loath to part with
+his services as the Indians themselves. His influence reaches far
+beyond his own tribes, and is felt by the Cheyennes, Arrapahoes, and
+Kiowas, who are fast becoming very chary about visiting, with hostile
+intentions, the settlements of northern New Mexico.
+
+Kit Carson is still in the full vigor of his manhood, and is capable
+of undergoing almost any amount of privation and hardship; therefore
+we infer that to the country he has adopted; he will be spared many
+years to come, as one of its most valuable citizens. And when the time
+arrives for his final exit from this stage of life, he will bequeath
+to his family and friends a spotless character and an enviable
+reputation.
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RECENTLY ISSUED,
+
+BY W.R.C. CLARK & CO.,
+
+348 BROADWAY,
+
+APPLETON'S BUILDING.
+
+GEORGE MELVILLE,
+
+AN AMERICAN NOVEL.
+
+One handsome 12mo. volume, nearly 400 pages. Price $1.00
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+I. George Melville and Thomas F. Griswold determine that "Old Sassy"
+had better look out.
+
+II. Horses _versus_ Thorn-Apple Tree Limbs.
+
+III. "Wait for the Wagon."
+
+IV. The Boyhood Days of George Melville.
+
+V. The Excursion Party for Niagara--Astor House--James Mordaunt--The
+Plot.
+
+VI. Aurora--Cayuga Lake--The Pic-nic.
+
+VII. Clara Edgemonte's Mistake.
+
+VIII. Melville's and Griswold's Tour--A true Hand and firm Seat always
+come in Play.
+
+IX. Sunset at Niagara--James Mordaunt's Declaration.
+
+X. The Morning Walk--An Old Friend in Duplicate.
+
+XI. Hon. B.F. Mortimer--H.B. Edgemonte, Esq.,--James Mordaunt,
+Esq.--Frederick Mortimer--Thomas F. Griswold--George Melville--Mrs.
+Mortimer--Mrs. Edgemonte--Bell Mortimer--Clara Edgemonte--The
+Breakfast Party.
+
+XII. Bob Shank--The Fire--The Cave.
+
+XIII. Bell hates the Rain, but finally has no Objection to it--Miss
+Blackwood's Party.
+
+XIV. Various Things material both to the Story and the Reader--The
+Catfish Railroad Scheme.
+
+XV. Ahead--Back again.
+
+XVI. Who is Uncle Sam--Syracuse--Camillus--Junction--Auburn--A New
+York Lawyer obtains a Case (a hard one).
+
+XVII. The Dinner Party at Aurora--The Telegram--Mrs. Tryon's Glance.
+
+XVIII. Broadway, New York--James Mordaunt, Esq., at his Office in Wall
+street--Is he a Married Man?
+
+XIX. Rev. John Furnace--The Funeral--The Lawsuit--The Catfish Railroad
+Stock at a Premium.
+
+XX. Arrival of the Liverpool Steamer--New York Firemen--Griswold's
+Heroism--The Catfish Railroad Stock falling--Trouble.
+
+XXI. Short but Interesting.
+
+XXII. A Sail on Cayuga Lake before Breakfast--Thermometer thirty
+Degrees below Zero--Two Miles a Minute under a fair Wind--Bell
+Mortimer takes an Observation--The Surprise not a Surprise--The
+Race Home--The Ice-Boat too much for the Horses--The Runaway--The
+Rescue,--Love told without Words--Death cheated, of his Prey.
+
+XXIII. Plans for the Future.
+
+XXIV. Commencement Day at Hamilton College--William Hastings--How a
+Clerk in New York City may obtain a Partnership.
+
+XXV. A Friend in Need.
+
+XXVI. New York City Corporation Counsel--All Marriage Notices not
+Agreeable.
+
+XXVII. Sarah E. Graham's call at Mordaunt's Law Office--A Cool
+Scene--James Mordaunt in trouble.
+
+XXVIII. George Melville under a Cloud.
+
+XXIX. The Metropolis of America never sleeps--Scene in Twenty-Third
+street late at Night.
+
+XXX. An Arrest--A Promise made, and a Promise given.
+
+XXXI. A Station on the N.Y. Central Railroad--Car
+Manufactory--Reception of a Convict at the Auburn State Prison--The
+Model Prison of the United States.
+
+XXXII. More about the Prison.
+
+XXXIII. James Mordaunt, Esq., triumphs.
+
+XXXIV. Mr. M----l, Chief of the New York Police, puts his Private Seal
+upon a Coffin in Greenwood Cemetery.
+
+XXXV. A Council of War.
+
+XXXVI. A Smash-up in Broadway, N.Y.--The New York Hospital--The New
+York Press--Sarah E. Graham a Lunatic.
+
+XXXVII. Bell and Charger.
+
+XXXVIII. An Ante-Breakfast Ride--The Homestead of an American
+Statesman.
+
+XXXIX. Fort-Hill Cemetery--"Who is there to Mourn for Logan?"--How to
+carry on a Correspondence with a Convict--Distant View of the Auburn
+State Prison--Bell Mortimer in her Sanctum.
+
+XL. A Change in the progress of Events foreshadowed--Exercise of
+Wits--The Statesman proves too much for the Lawyer.
+
+XLI. An Alumnus of Hamilton College, _nolens volens_, becomes a
+Skillful Mechanic.
+
+XLII. A Ray of Hope.
+
+XLIII. Woman's Rights--The State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, Oneida
+County, N.Y.
+
+XLIV. The Arrest--Interview with the Governor of the Empire State.
+
+XLV. A Mountain in Massachusetts--The Home of an ex-President of the
+United States.
+
+XLVI. Another Telegram--Early rising sometimes proves very agreeable.
+
+XLVII. Bell Mortimer makes the Acquaintance of Sarah E. Graham.
+
+XLVIII. The Homestead of an American Mechanic--A Proposition.
+
+XLIX. Trial of the Action "Wilcox against Mordaunt"--Thomas F.
+Griswold, Esquire, addresses the Jury--The Utica Asylum again--One of
+the Biters bitten.
+
+L. Death of a New York City Policeman--A Trial, Sentence, and
+Execution--Ought Governors hold the Pardoning Power?
+
+LI. The Island Martha's Vineyard.
+
+LII. Sunday-school in Prison--The Chaplain and his Convict
+Congregation--A Convict who had well earned his position reflects--Two
+Deaths.
+
+LIII. A Wedding--Wedding Tour--Conclusion.
+
+
+
+NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+From the _Boston Traveller_.
+
+"The language is chaste and dignified, and varies to suit the
+different circumstances. A high-toned integrity, clear common sense,
+and a true representation of life in its real and sound aspects,
+characterize the work."
+
+"One of the best novels of the day."
+
+From the _New York Leader_.
+
+"A work of much power, possessing vastly more of that reality, which
+makes the real charm of a romance, than anything which has preceded it
+this season."
+
+From the _Cincinnati Commercial_.
+
+"A well written volume, spicy with interest, and quite above the every
+day average of the flood of works of fiction."
+
+From the _Chambersburg (Pa.) Independent_.
+
+"We submit the work to the perusal of our readers, as one replete with
+interest and instruction."
+
+From the _Ladies' Visitor_.
+
+"'GEORGE MELVILLE,' coming just now, will be even more certain of a
+warm reception than if he only swelled the crowd of claimants for the
+popular favor."
+
+From the _Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker_.
+
+"The style is dashing, and the scenes and incidents in the highest
+degree interesting. We commend 'GEORGE MELVILLE' to our readers."
+
+From the _Morristown (N.J.) Banner_.
+
+"The main features have evidently been actual occurrences, and are
+skillfully worked together by a talented writer, who, with an eye to
+its good moral influence has made a book which is at once pleasing,
+interesting and exciting."
+
+From the _Constitution_ (Middletown, Ct.)
+
+"A book of great interest and spirit, and one that brings out, in a
+strong light, some peculiar traits of American character."
+
+From the _Critic_.
+
+"An unusually well-written and interesting book."
+
+From the _Boston Saturday Evening Gazette_.
+
+"There is a deal of promise in a new novel just out called 'GEORGE
+MELVILLE.' It is a dashing, clever, well-written story; its characters
+talk with animation and plenty of animal spirit, and 'the plot
+converges to an issue' according to the most approved rules. It has
+the American Stamp, and imitates no transatlantic author--a merit
+worth noticing."
+
+From the _New York Sunday Times_.
+
+"Its style is graphic, careless, romping and fanciful, and it is
+really captivating."
+
+From the _Albany Evening Journal_.
+
+"The style is lively; the dialogues frequent and effective; the graver
+scenes well drawn and the book wholly what it purports to be--an
+American Novel, characteristically descriptive of American Life."
+
+From the _New York Sunday Mercury_.
+
+"A book that will repay the reader for the time spent in its perusal.
+A pleasant companion for Saratoga, or the sea-shore."
+
+From the _Educational Herald_.
+
+"Its descriptions and pictures are very graphic."
+
+The following notice from the _Toledo Blade_, is so just and true that
+we copy it entire:
+
+"We had almost said, after reading this story, 'The good old days of
+Cooper have come again.' It is really refreshing, in the midst of so
+much literary pretension, to meet with something of real merit.
+
+"The conception of the plot is admirable--the characters finely
+portrayed--the scenery true to nature and the interest maintained
+throughout. Its life-like pictures, as well as the style of its author
+must commend it to every one who feels any interest in the revival
+of a genuine, home-bred American literature. When such tales as
+this reflecting on our own manners, scenery, morals and laws can be
+produced, there is little reason that our fiction-writers should be
+superseded by foreigners. A tale of equal merit with this, so neatly
+told, so entirely American, has not of late been issued from the
+press.
+
+"The scenery of Central New York--a sail on the placid waters
+of Cayuga Lake in summer, and across the ice which covers it in
+winter--the picturesque views around Auburn and the grand sublimity of
+Niagara, are alike portrayed in vivid characters.
+
+"Character is as well delineated as scenery. Dark and light
+shades--gay and corrupt life--vanity, vice and virtue, all perform
+their appropriate parts, in making up a goodly number of men and
+women, who once fairly introduced, carry themselves very naturally
+through plot and counter plot, to the close of a story which aptly
+illustrates the elements composing American society, in its various
+phases. There are many such victims as Melville, and many such true
+hearted girls as Bell Mortimer.
+
+"We do not pretend that the writer has attained perfection. The book
+has faults--but these may be overcome by a writer of so much real
+ability, and we hope his pen will not be allowed to remain idle.
+
+"GEORGE MELVILLE is a pleasant story--written in a chaste style with a
+good moral, and we cheerfully commend it to our readers."
+
+*** Copies sent by mail to any part of the United States, pre-paid,
+upon receipt of price.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A BEAUTIFUL GIFT BOOK.
+
+SHELLS
+
+FROM THE
+
+SEA-SHORE OF LIFE,
+
+GATHERED BY
+
+PEARLY SHELLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This work comprises the lighter and more sketchy productions of one
+of the most original and distinguished writers in the country.
+The "Shells" are symbolical of the various lights and shades of
+Life--scattered over its surface or lying deep beneath its ocean. They
+embody a series of writings which may be called
+
+THE PARABLES OF THE WORLD!
+
+Every one of the series contains a moral which the Christian as
+well as the man of the world may bring home to his observation or
+experience. They sound the depths of the heart in the womanly as well
+as in the manly breast.
+
+Some of these brilliant sketches symbolized in Shells, were originally
+published in many of the first-class newspaper and periodical press;
+while others, again, have been republished extensively throughout
+the country. They are now "gathered" emphatically not only from the
+"Sea-Shore of Life," by the Author, but from the mass of journals
+through which they have been scattered broadcast far and wide.
+
+The "Shells" are published in a style which makes them, in their
+typographical and external dress, equal to their intellectual and
+moral interest, and renders them one of the most beautiful and
+appropriate presents that can be selected for the holidays.
+
+  One vol., 12mo., with twenty-one original
+         illustrations, cloth,                  $0 75
+  Cloth, full gilt,                              1 25
+
+W.R.C. CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+
+348 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+(Appletons' Building.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALSO, LATELY ISSUED, THE FOLLOWING
+
+NEW MUSIC.
+
+SISTER SPIRIT, STAY NOT HERE--SONG.
+
+Price Fifty Cents.
+
+WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.
+
+From the _New York Day Book_.
+
+"There is a tenderness and a pathos, both in the words and the music,
+so admirably adapted to each other, that it cannot fail to please all
+who may hear it."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HO! THE DEEP--SONG.
+
+BY ALLEN N. LEET, JR.
+
+Price Twenty-five Cents.
+
+A very inspiriting song, well adapted to the piano. The novelty of the
+melody has already made it very popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPIRIT OF THE ISLAND HOME--SONG.
+
+Price Twenty-Five Cents.
+
+WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.
+
+A new and very beautiful song. Its tones bring the murmur of the waves
+to our ears. The imitation of the motion of the sea is admirable.
+
+Either of the above pieces will be sent by mail, post-paid, upon
+receipt of the price, or all of them on receipt of 75 cents.
+
+W.R.C. CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+
+No. 348 Broadway, New York.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT
+CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY
+HIMSELF***
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