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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old St. Paul's Cathedral, by William Benham
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Old St. Paul's Cathedral
+
+Author: William Benham
+
+Release Date: August 15, 2005 [EBook #16531]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Old St Paul's and the Three Cranes Wharf.]
+
+
+
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL
+
+
+_By_
+
+WILLIAM BENHAM, D.D., F.S.A.
+
+_Rector of St. Edmund the King, Lombard Street, and Honorary Canon of
+Canterbury_
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON
+
+SEELEY AND CO. LIMITED, GREAT RUSSELL STREET
+
+NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+
+1902
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S AND THE THREE CRANES WHARF. Compiled from old Drawings
+and Prints. _Frontispiece._
+
+A BISHOP PLACING RELICS IN AN ALTAR. From a Pontifical of the
+Fourteenth Century. British Museum, Lans. 451. _P._ 6
+
+A PAPAL LEGATE. From a MS. of the Decretals of Boniface VIII. British
+Museum, 23923. _P._ 6
+
+A FUNERAL PROCESSION. From a MS. of the Hours of the Virgin. British
+Museum, 27697. _P._10
+
+A PONTIFICAL MASS. From a Missal of the Fifteenth Century. British
+Museum, 19897. _P._ 54
+
+BISHOP AND CANONS IN THE CHURCH OF ST. GREGORY-BY-ST. PAUL'S. From a
+MS. of Lydgate's _Life of St. Edmund._ British Museum, Harl. 2278.
+_P._ 62
+
+Wenceslaus Hollar--to whose engravings of Old St. Paul's we are
+indebted for our exceptional knowledge of the aspect of a building
+that has perished--was born in Prague in 1607, and was brought to
+England by the Earl of Arundel, who had seen some of his work at
+Cologne. He soon obtained profitable employment, producing engravings
+both of figures and views in rapid succession, and about 1639 he was
+appointed drawing-master to the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles
+II. On the outbreak of the Civil War he served as a soldier in the
+Royalist ranks, and was taken prisoner at Basing House, but escaped to
+Antwerp. Obtaining very poor employment there, he returned to England
+in 1652, and was engaged upon the plates for Dugdale's _History of St.
+Paul's_ and other works, for which, however, he is said by Vertue to
+have received very small pay, about fourpence an hour, "at his usual
+method by the hour-glass."
+
+Some years later the Plague and the Fire again threw him out of
+employment, and he seems to have sunk deeper and deeper into poverty,
+dying in 1677, with an execution in his house, "of which he was
+sensible enough to desire only to die in his bed, and not to be
+removed till he was buried." He lies in the churchyard of St.
+Margaret's, Westminster, but there is no stone to his memory.
+
+In the course of his industrious life he is said to have produced more
+than 2000 engravings and etchings. "He worked," says Redgrave, "with
+extraordinary minuteness of finish, yet with an almost playful
+freedom." His engravings of Old St. Paul's, though not entirely
+accurate, undoubtedly give a true general view of the Cathedral as it
+was in its last years, after the alterations and additions by Inigo
+Jones, and nearly a century after the fall of the spire.
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE SOUTH. After W. Hollar.
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE NORTH. After W. Hollar.
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE EAST. After W. Hollar.
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE WEST. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE CHAPTER HOUSE AND CLOISTER. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE NAVE, OR PAUL'S WALK. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE CHOIR. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE LADY CHAPEL. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE ROSE WINDOW. From a Drawing by E.B. Ferrey.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF OLD ST. PAUL'S. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE SHRINE OF ST. ERKENWALD. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE TOMBS OF SEBBA AND ETHELRED. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE MONUMENT OF JOHN OF GAUNT AND BLANCHE OF LANCASTER. After W.
+Hollar.
+
+THE MONUMENT OF BISHOP ROGER NIGER. After W. Hollar.
+
+THE MONUMENT OF SIR JOHN BEAUCHAMP, POPULARLY KNOWN AS DUKE
+HUMPHREY'S. After W. Hollar.
+
+BRASSES OF BISHOP BRAYBROOKE, JOHN MOLINS, AND RALPH DE HENGHAM. After
+W. Hollar.
+
+ST. FAITH'S CHURCH IN THE CRYPT OF ST. PAUL'S. After W. Hollar.
+
+PORTRAIT OF BISHOP FISHER. From the Drawing by Holbein. British
+Museum.
+
+ST. MATTHEW: VIEW OF A MEDIAEVAL SCRIPTORIUM. From a MS. of a Book of
+Prayers. British Museum, Slo. 2468.
+
+A REQUIEM MASS. From a MS. of a Book of Prayers. British Museum, Slo.
+2468.
+
+SINGING THE PLACEBO. From a MS. of the Hours of the Virgin. British
+Museum, Harl. 2971
+
+SEALS OF THE DEAN AND CHAPTER. From Casts in the Library of St. Paul's
+Cathedral.
+
+ORGAN AND TRUMPETS. From a Collection of Miniatures from Choral
+Service Books. Fourteenth Century. British Museum, 29902.
+
+MONUMENT OF DR. DONNE. After W. Hollar.
+
+PREACHING AT PAUL'S CROSS BEFORE JAMES I. From a Picture by H. Farley
+in the Collection of the Society of Antiquaries.
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE THAMES. From Hollar's _Long View of London._
+
+WEST FRONT AFTER THE FIRE. From a Drawing in the Library of St. Paul's
+Cathedral.
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S IN FLAMES. After W. Hollar.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+OLD ST. PAUL'S
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE BUILDING.
+
+
+    _Roman London_--_The Beginning of Christian London_--_The English
+    Conquest and London once more Heathen_--_The Conversion_--_Bishop
+    Mellitus_--_King Sebert_--_The First Cathedral_--_Its
+    Destruction_--_Foundation of the Second Cathedral by Bishop
+    Maurice_--_Another Destructive Fire_--_Restoration and
+    Architectural Changes_--_Bishop Fulk Basset's Restoration_--_The
+    Addition Eastward_--_St. Gregory's Church on the S.W. side_--"_The
+    New Work_" _and a New Spire: dedicated by Bishop Segrave_--_How the
+    Money was raised_--_Dimensions of the Old Church_--_The Tower
+    and Spire_--_The Rose Window at the East End_--_Beginning of
+    Desecration._
+
+
+The Romans began the systematic conquest of Britain about the time
+of Herod Agrippa, whose death is recorded in Acts xii. London was
+probably a place of some importance in those days, though there is
+no mention of it in Caesar's narrative, written some eighty years
+previously. Dr. Guest brought forward reasons for supposing that at
+the conquest the General Aulus Plautius chose London as a good spot
+on which to fortify himself, and that thus a military station was
+permanently founded on the site of the present cathedral, as being
+the highest ground. If so, we may call that the beginning of historic
+London, and the Romans, being still heathen, would, we may be sure,
+have a temple dedicated to the gods close by. Old tradition has
+it that the principal temple was dedicated to Diana, and it is no
+improbable guess that this deity was popular with the incomers,
+who found wide and well-stocked hunting grounds all round the
+neighbourhood. Ages afterwards, in the days of Edward III., were
+found, in the course of some exhumations, vast quantities of bones
+of cattle and stags' horns, which were assumed to be the remains of
+sacrifices to the goddess. So they may have been; we have no means of
+knowing. An altar to Diana was found in 1830 in Foster Lane, close by,
+which is now in the Guildhall Museum.
+
+But not many years can have passed before Christianity had obtained
+a footing among the Roman people; we know not how. To use Dr.
+Martineau's expressive similitude, the Faith was blown over the world
+silently like thistle-seed, and as silently here and there it fell and
+took root. We know no more who were its first preachers in Rome than
+we do who they were in Britain. It was in Rome before St. Paul arrived
+in the city, for he had already written his Epistle to the Romans; but
+evidently he made great impression on the Praetorian soldiers. And we
+may be sure that there were many "of this way" in the camp in London
+by the end of the first century. For the same reason we may take it
+for granted that there must have been a place of worship, especially
+as before the Romans left the country Christianity was established as
+the religion of the Empire. Only two churches of the Roman period in
+England can now be traced with certainty. Mr. St. John Hope and his
+fellow-explorers a few years ago unearthed one at Silchester, and the
+foundations of another may be seen in the churchyard of Lyminge in
+Kent.
+
+And this is really all we can say about the Church in London during
+the Roman occupation. The story of King Lucius and that of the
+church of St. Peter in Cornhill are pure myths, without any sort of
+historical foundation, and so may be dismissed without more words.
+
+The Romans went away in the beginning of the fifth century, and by the
+end of the same century the English conquest had been almost entirely
+accomplished. For awhile the new comers remained heathens; then came
+Augustine and his brother monks, and began the conversion of the
+English people to Christ. The king of Kent was baptized in 596, and
+Canterbury became the mother church. Pope Gregory the Great sent
+Augustine a reinforcement of monks in 601. Two of these, Laurentius
+and Mellitus, were consecrated by Augustine as missionary bishops to
+convert West Kent and the East Saxon Kingdom to the faith. The chief
+town of the former district was Rochester, and of the latter London.
+This city had much grown in importance, having established a busy
+trade with the neighbouring states both by land and sea. The king of
+the East Saxons was Sebert, nephew of Ethelbert of Kent, and subject
+to him. He, therefore, received Mellitus with cordiality, and as soon
+as he established his work in the city, King Ethelbert built him a
+church wherein to hold his episcopal see, and, so it is said, endowed
+it with the manor of Tillingham, which is still the property of the
+Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. There is no portion of that old church
+remaining. It was in all probability built mostly of wood, and it
+perished by fire, as so many Anglo-Saxon churches did, on July 7th,
+1087. Some historical incidents connected with that early building
+will be found on a subsequent page.
+
+In the year before this calamity (April 5th, 1086), Maurice, chaplain
+and chancellor to William the Conqueror, had been consecrated
+Bishop of London by Lanfranc. Unlike most of William's nominees to
+bishoprics, Maurice's moral character was disreputable; but he was a
+man of energy, and he set to work at once to rebuild his cathedral,
+and succeeded in getting from the king abundance of stone for the
+purpose, some of it from the remains of the Palatine tower by the side
+of the Fleet River, which was just being pulled down, having been
+hopelessly damaged by the fire[1], and some direct from Caen. William
+also at the same time gave him the manor and castle of Bishop
+Stortford, thus making him a baronial noble. There was need for haste,
+for the Conqueror died at Rouen on the 9th of September that same
+year.
+
+So began the great Cathedral of St. Paul, the finest in England in its
+time, which, witnessing heavy calamities, brilliant successes,
+scenes both glorious and sad, changes--some improvements and others
+debasements--lasted on for nearly six centuries, and then was
+destroyed in the Great Fire. We have first to note the main features
+of the architectural history.
+
+Bishop Maurice began in the Norman style, as did all the
+cathedral-builders of that age, and splendid examples of their work
+are still to be seen in our cities. Bishop Maurice's, as I have said,
+was the finest of them all in its inception, but he really did little
+more than design it and lay the foundations, though he lived until
+1108. He seems to have been too fond of his money. His successor,
+Richard Belmeis, exerted himself very heartily at the beginning of his
+episcopate, spent large sums on the cathedral, and cleared away an
+area of mean buildings in the churchyard, around which his predecessor
+had built a wall. In this work King Henry I. assisted him generously;
+gave him stone, and commanded that all material brought up the River
+Fleet for the cathedral should be free from toll; gave him moreover
+all the fish caught within the cathedral neighbourhood, and a tithe
+of all the venison taken in the County of Essex. These last boons may
+have arisen from the economical and abstemious life which the bishop
+lived, in order to devote his income to the cathedral building.
+
+Belmeis also gave a site for St. Paul's School; but though he, like
+his predecessor, occupied the see for twenty years, he did not see the
+completion of the cathedral. He seems to have been embittered because
+he failed in attaining what his soul longed for--the removal of the
+Primatial chair from Canterbury to London. Anselm, not unreasonably,
+pronounced the attempt an audacious act of usurpation. Belmeis's
+health broke down. He was attacked with creeping paralysis, and sadly
+withdrew himself from active work, devoting himself to the foundation
+of the monastery of St. Osyth, in Essex. There, after lingering four
+years, he died, and there he lies buried.
+
+King Henry I. died nearly at the same time, and as there was a contest
+for the throne ensuing on his death, so was there for the bishopric
+of London. In the interval, Henry de Blois, the famous Bishop of
+Winchester, was appointed to administer the affairs of St. Paul's, and
+almost immediately he had to deal with a calamity. Another great fire
+broke out at London Bridge in 1135, and did damage more or less all
+the way to St. Clement Danes. Matthew Paris speaks of St. Paul's as
+having been destroyed. This was certainly not the case, but serious
+injury was done, and the progress of the building was greatly delayed.
+Bishop Henry called on his people of Winchester to help in the
+rebuilding, putting forward the plea that though St. Paul was the
+great Apostle of the West, and had planted so many churches, this was
+the only cathedral dedicated to him. During these years Architecture
+was ever on the change, and, as was always the custom, the builders in
+any given case did not trouble themselves to follow the style in which
+a work had been begun, but went on with whatever was in use then.
+
+Consequently the heavy Norman passed into Transitional, and Early
+English. For heavy columns clustered pillars were substituted, and
+lancets for round arches. Nevertheless, apparently, Norman columns
+which remained firm were left alone, while pointed arches were placed
+over them in the triforium. Even in the Early English clustered
+pillars there were differences marking different dates, some of the
+time of the Transition (1222), and some thirty years later. And
+here let us note that the "Gothic" church, as it is shown in our
+illustrations, does not indicate that the Norman work had been
+replaced by it. The clustered pillars really encased the Norman, as
+they have done in other cathedrals similarly treated. At Winchester,
+William of Wykeham cut the massive Norman into Perpendicular order,
+but at St. Paul's an outer encasement covered the Norman, as Wren
+showed when he wrote his account of the ruined church. A steeple was
+erected in 1221. There was a great ceremony at the rededication, by
+Bishop Roger Niger, in 1240, the Archbishop of Canterbury and six
+other bishops assisting.
+
+In 1255 it became necessary for the Bishop of London (Fulk Basset) to
+put forth appeals for the repair of the cathedral, and his ground
+of appeal was that the church had in time past been so shattered by
+tempests that the roof was dangerous. Some notes about these tempests
+will be found in a subsequent page. Accordingly this part was renewed,
+and at the same time the cathedral church was lengthened out eastward.
+There had been a parish church of St. Faith at the east end, which
+was now brought within the cathedral. The parishioners were not well
+content with this, so the east end of the crypt was allotted to them
+as their parish church, and they were also allowed to keep a detached
+tower with a peal of bells east of the church. This tower had already
+an historic interest, for it had pealed forth the summons to the
+Folkmote in early days, when that was held at the top of Cheapside.
+This eastward addition was known all through the after years as "The
+New Work." It is remarkable to note how much assistance came from
+outside. Hortatory letters were sent from the Archbishops of
+Canterbury and York, as well as from the greater number of other
+bishops, to their respective dioceses. And not only so, but eight
+Irish dioceses and one Scotch (Brechin) also sent aid.
+
+There was another parish church hard by, that of St.
+Gregory-by-St. Paul. Almost all our cathedrals have churches close to
+them, such as St. Margaret's, Westminster; St. Laurence, Winchester;
+St. John's, Peterborough; St. Nicholas, Rochester. In all cases they
+are churches of the parishioners, as contrasted with those of the
+monastery or the cathedral body. St. Gregory's Church was not only
+near St. Paul's, but joined it; its north wall was part of the south
+wall of the cathedral. Its early history is lost in antiquity, but it
+was in existence before the Conquest[2]. The body of St. Edmund, K. &
+M., had been preserved in it during the Danish invasions, before it
+was carried to Bury St. Edmunds by Cnut for burial. It shared the
+decay of the cathedral, and in the last days it was repaired, as was
+the west end, by Inigo Jones in his own style, as will be seen by the
+illustrations. Of the tombs and chantries which had by this time been
+set up, it will be more convenient to speak hereafter, as also of the
+deanery, which Dean Ralph de Diceto (d. 1283) built on its present
+site.
+
+Before the end of the thirteenth century Old St. Paul's was complete.
+In the first quarter of the fourteenth century, a handsome marble
+pavement, "which cost _5d._ a foot," was laid down over "the New
+Work," eastward, and the spire, which, being of lead over timber, was
+in a dangerous condition, was taken down and a very fine one set in
+its place, surmounted by a cross and a gilt pommel[3] large enough
+to contain ten bushels of corn. Bishop Gilbert Segrave (who had
+previously been precentor of the cathedral, and was bishop from
+1313 to 1317) came to the dedication. "There was a great and solemn
+procession and relics of saints were placed within" (Dugdale). But the
+following extract from a chronicle in the Lambeth library is worth
+quoting: "On the tenth of the calends of June, 1314, Gilbert, Bishop
+of London, dedicated altars, namely, those of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
+of St. Thomas the Martyr, and of the Blessed Dunstan, in the new
+buildings of the Church of St. Paul, London. In the same year the
+cross and the ball, with great part of the campanile, of the Church of
+St. Paul were taken down because they were decayed and dangerous, and
+a new cross, with a ball well gilt, was erected; and many relics of
+divers saints were for the protection of the aforesaid campanile and
+of the whole structure beneath, placed within the cross, with a great
+procession, and with due solemnity, by Gilbert the bishop, on the
+fourth of the nones of October; in order that the Omnipotent God and
+the glorious merits of His saints, whose relics are contained within
+the cross, might deign to protect it from all danger of storms. Of
+whose pity twenty-seven years and one hundred and fifty days of
+indulgence, at any time of the year, are granted to those who assist
+in completing the fabric of the aforesaid church."
+
+[Illustration: A BISHOP PLACING RELICS IN AN ALTAR.
+_From a Pontifical of the Fourteenth Century. British Museum, Lans._
+451.]
+
+[Illustration: A PAPAL LEGATE.
+_From the Decretals of Boniface VIII. British Museum_, 23923.]
+
+
+In the Bodleian Library there is an inventory of these relics, amongst
+them part of the wood of the cross, a stone of the Holy Sepulchre, a
+stone from the spot of the Ascension, and some bones of the eleven
+thousand virgins of Cologne.
+
+The high altar was renewed in 1309 under an indented covenant between
+Bishop Baldock and a citizen named Richard Pickerill. "A beautiful
+tablet was set thereon, variously adorned with many precious stones
+and enamelled work; as also with divers images of metal; which tablet
+stood betwixt two columns, within a frame of wood to cover it, richly
+set out with curious pictures, the charge whereof amounted to two
+hundred marks."
+
+Dugdale also tells of "a picture of St. Paul, richly painted, and
+placed in a beautiful tabernacle of wood on the right hand of the high
+altar _in anno_ 1398, the price of its workmanship amounting to 12_l._
+16_s._"
+
+Quoting from a MS. of Matthew of Westminster, he gives the dimensions
+of the church, in the course of which he says the length was 690 feet.
+This is undoubtedly wrong, as Wren showed. I take the measurements
+from Mr. Gilbertson's admirable little handbook, who, with some
+modifications, has taken them from Longman's _Three Cathedrals_.
+
+Breadth                                           104 ft.
+Height of Nave roof to ridge of vaulting           93 ft.
+   "      Choir                                   101 ft. 3 in.
+   "      Lady Chapel                              98 ft. 6 in.
+   "      Tower from the ground                   285 ft.
+   "      Spire from parapet of tower             204 ft.
+   "      Spire from the ground                   489 ft.
+Length of church (excluding Inigo Jones's porch)  586 ft.
+
+
+Wren (_Parentalia_) thinks this estimate of the spire height too
+great; he reckons it at 460 feet.
+
+The cathedral resembled in general outline that of Salisbury, but it
+was a hundred feet longer, and the spire was sixty or eighty feet
+higher. The tower was open internally as far as the base of the spire,
+and was probably more beautiful both inside and out than that of any
+other English cathedral. The spire was a structure of timber covered
+with lead. In Mr. Longman's _Three Cathedrals_ are some beautiful
+engravings after a series of drawings by Mr. E.B. Ferrey, reproducing
+the old building. There is one curious mistake: he has not given at
+the base of the spire, the corner pinnacles on the tower, which were
+certainly there. They are clearly shown in Wyngaerde's drawing of
+London, and on a seal of the Chapter, which we reproduce. Some time
+later than the rest of the work, stately flying buttresses were added
+to strengthen the tower walls. One special feature of the cathedral
+was the exquisite Rose window at the east end, of which we give an
+engraving. It had not a rival in England, perhaps one might say in
+Europe. Inigo Jones, if he was really the architect of St. Katharine
+Cree, made a poor copy of it for that church, where it may still be
+seen.
+
+Of great historical events which had occurred during the growth of St.
+Paul's cathedral we have to speak hereafter. As the momentous changes
+of the sixteenth century drew near, the godlessness and unbelief
+which did so much to alienate many from the Church found strong
+illustrations in the worldliness which seemed to settle down awhile
+on St. Paul's and its services. Clergymen appeared here to be hired
+(Chaucer's _Prologue_), and lawyers met their clients. Falstaff
+"bought Bardolph at Paul's." But before we come to the great changes,
+it will be well to go back and take note of the surroundings of the
+cathedral, and also to stroll through the interior, seeing that
+we have now come to its completion as a building, except for one
+addition, a real but incongruous one, which belongs to the Stuart
+period. The accession of Henry VIII. then sees it, with that
+exception, finished, and we discern three main architectural features:
+there is still some heavy Norman work, some very excellent Early
+English, and some late Decorated. And there are also tombs of deep
+interest; though they are not to be compared indeed with those of
+Westminster Abbey. There are only two Kings to whom we shall come in
+our walk. But let us have the outside first.
+
+[Footnote 1: On the site of this old tower, Archbishop Kilwardby
+afterwards built the house of the Dominicans, or "Black Friars."]
+
+[Footnote 2: Hence old Fuller's racy witticism: "S. Paul's is truly
+the mother church, having one babe in her body, S. Faith, and another
+in her arms, S. Gregory."]
+
+[Footnote 3: A pommel was a ball made of metal, from Lat., _pomum_:
+"an apple." It was not uncommon to surmount church spires with hollow
+vessels and to take note of their capability of holding. Sometimes
+they were made in form of a ship, especially near ports where corn was
+imported.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: OLD ST. PAUL'S, FROM THE SOUTH. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: OLD ST. PAUL'S, FROM THE NORTH. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: OLD ST. PAUL'S, FROM THE EAST. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: OLD ST. PAUL'S, FROM THE WEST. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE PRECINCTS.
+
+
+    _The Cathedral Wall, its Course and Gates_--_Characteristic
+    Names_--_The North Cloister_--_The Library_--_Pardon Churchyard_
+    --_Minor Canons' College_--_Paul's Cross_--_Bishop's House_
+    --Lollards' Tower_--_Doctors Commons_--_The Cloister and Chapter
+    House_--_The West Front._
+
+
+A wall was built round the churchyard in 1109, but was greatly
+strengthened in 1285. The churchyard had got such a bad character
+for robberies, fornications, even murders, that the Dean and Chapter
+requested King Edward I. to allow them to heighten this wall, with
+fitting gates and posterns, to be opened every morning and closed at
+night. From the north-east corner of Ave Maria Lane, it went east
+along Paternoster Row, to the end of Old Change, then south to Carter
+Lane, thence northwards to Creed Lane, with Ave Maria Lane on the
+other side. It will of course be remembered that the Fleet River ran
+along at the bottom of the hill, not bearing the best character in
+the world for savouriness even then, but crowded with boats as far as
+Holborn. It will be remembered that there was also a gate in the City
+Wall, on Ludgate Hill, a little to the west of St. Martin's Church.
+The gate had a little chapel within it, but the greater part of the
+building was used for a prison. Passing under it, and up Ludgate Hill,
+you came to the western gate of the Cathedral Close--a wide and strong
+one--spanning the street.[1] There were six of these gates; the second
+was at Paul's Alley, leading to the Postern Gate, or "Little
+North Door"; third, Canon's Alley; fourth, Little Gate (corner of
+Cheapside); fifth, St. Augustine's Gate (west end of Watling Street);
+and sixth, Paul's Chain. The ecclesiastical names bear their own
+explanation: "Ave Maria" and "Paternoster" indicated that rosaries and
+copies of the Lord's Prayer were sold in this street. "Creed" was a
+somewhat later name. In olden days, it was Spurrier's Lane, _i.e._,
+where spurs were sold. But when an impetus was given to instruction
+under the Tudors, copies of the alphabet and the Creed were added to
+such articles of sale, and this was the place to get them. Paul's
+Chain got its name from the chain which was drawn across the gateway
+when service was going on, to prevent noise. The other names explain
+themselves.
+
+Inside this area ran a cloister along the north side, turning a short
+distance southwards at the east end. This cloister was rebuilt by Dean
+More (1407-1421) round an enclosure which was a burial ground for
+clerics and men of mark in the City. The cloister was decorated by the
+series of paintings commonly known as the Dance of Death, such as may
+still be seen in the Cathedral of Basel, and in other places. Verses
+were appended to each picture, which were translated by Lydgate, the
+monk of Bury, and writer of poems on classical and religious subjects.
+Over the eastern side of the cloister was the library, a very fine
+one, but it perished in the Great Fire. The name "Pardon" applied to
+burial grounds, was not uncommon, apparently. The victims of the Black
+Death, in 1348, were buried in a piece of ground on the site of the
+Charter House, and this ground was known as Pardon Churchyard; and in
+the register books of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, there are two entries
+of City magnates buried at different times by "the Pardon Door." Does
+it indicate that these particular burial grounds were bought with
+money paid for indulgences or expiations?
+
+In the middle of the Pardon Churchyard of St. Paul's was a chapel
+of rich ornament, built by "Gilbert Becket, portgrave and principal
+magistrate in this City in the reign of King Stephen." He was the
+great Archbishop's father. The monuments in it and the surrounding
+churchyard are said to have rivalled in beauty those inside the
+cathedral. How this cloister and chapel fared, we shall see presently.
+
+[Illustration: A FUNERAL PROCESSION.
+_From a MS. of the Hours of the Virgin. Fifteenth Century. British
+Museum_, 27697.]
+
+North of the Pardon Churchyard was the College of the Minor Canons,
+bordering on Paternoster Row; and between it and the cathedral, in an
+open space, which in older times was the authorised meeting-place
+of the folkmote, was Paul's Cross. There is no doubt of its exact
+situation, for during his valuable explorations into the history of
+the cathedral, Mr. Penrose discovered its foundations, six feet below
+the pavement, and this site is now marked by an inscription. It is all
+now laid out as a pleasant garden, and a goodly number of people may
+be seen there daily feeding the tame pigeons.
+
+I have shown already (see _Mediaeval London_, p. 8) that the Folkmote
+was held on a large green, east of the cathedral. There were three
+such meetings yearly, to which the citizens were summoned by the
+ringing of the great cathedral bell. When the first Cross was erected
+on the ground there is no record to show. We may take for granted that
+there was first a pulpit of wood. Not only were sermons preached, but
+proclamations and State announcements were delivered from it, also
+Papal bulls, excommunications, and the public penance of notorious
+offenders. In the quaint language of Carlyle, Paul's Cross was "a kind
+of _Times_ newspaper of the day." On important occasions, the Lord
+Mayor and Aldermen came in state. Sometimes even the King came with
+his retinue, and a covered seat was placed for them against the
+cathedral wall, which may be noticed in our engraving. If there was an
+important meeting, and the weather was unfavourable, the meeting was
+adjourned to the "Shrowdes," that is, to the crypt, which, as we have
+already seen, was now converted into the Church of St. Faith.
+
+The Cross was damaged by lightning in 1382, and was rebuilt by Bishop
+Kempe (1448-1489). It had stone steps, the pulpit was of strong oak,
+and it was roofed in with lead. This was the building which was
+standing as we closed our account of the cathedral at the beginning of
+the Tudor dynasty. We shall see more of it hereafter in our historical
+memorials.
+
+On the north side of the Cathedral Nave was the Bishop's residence,
+with a private door leading into the cathedral. Of the appearance of
+the west front of the cathedral we cannot speak with certainty, as it
+disappeared to make way for Inigo Jones's porch, to which we shall
+come hereafter. But there were, as usual, three entries, of which the
+middle had a fine brazen door-post, and there are two towers to be
+noted. That on the north was part of the Bishop's Palace; that on the
+south was commonly known as Lollards' Tower. It was the place for
+imprisoning heretics, and there are ugly stories about it. For
+example, a man named Hunne, who had been found in possession of some
+Wycliffite tracts, was confined here by Bonner, and was presently
+found hanged. It was said that he had committed suicide. But it was
+declared that the appearances rendered this theory impossible, and
+Bonner was generally believed to have incited murder; so much was this
+believed, in fact, that he was hated by the citizens from that time.
+
+On the south side of the church were St. Paul's Brewhouse and
+Bakehouse, and also a house which, in 1570, was handed over to the
+Doctors of Civil Law as a "Commons House." These civilians and
+canonists had previously been lodged at "a mean house in Paternoster
+Row." South of the nave was the Church of St. Gregory-by-Paul's
+adjoining the wall up to the West Front. Between that and the South
+Transept was a curious cloister of two stories, running round three
+sides of a square, and in the middle of this square was the Chapter
+House. It was built in 1332, and was very small--only thirty-two feet
+six inches in internal diameter. The remains of it have been carefully
+preserved on the ground, and are visible to the passers-by. The
+Deanery I have mentioned, but we shall have more about it hereafter.
+The open space before the West Front was claimed by the citizens,
+as well as the east side; not, like that, for a folkmote, but for
+military parade. The arms were kept in the adjoining Baynard's Castle.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In old times the name Ludgate Hill was given to that part
+which ran up from the Fleet to the City Gate. Inside the Gate the
+street was called "Bowyer Row," from the trade carried on in it. But
+it was also frequently called "Paul's." Ludgate was pulled down in
+1760, and then Ludgate Hill became the name of the whole street.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE INTERIOR OF OLD ST. PAUL'S.
+
+
+    _Fine_ coup d'oeil _on entering the Nave_--"_Paul's Walk_"--
+    _Monuments in Nave_--_Sir John Montacute_--_Bishop Kempe_--_Sir
+    John Beauchamp, wrongly called afterwards Duke Humphrey's_--_The
+    Choir_--_Shrine of St. Erkenwald_--_Nowell_--_Braybrooke_--_two
+    Kings_--_many Bishops_--_Elizabethan Worthies._
+
+
+The aspect of the Nave, on entering the western door, must have been
+magnificent. There were twelve bays to the nave, then the four mighty
+pillars supporting the tower, then the screen closing in the choir.
+The nave was known as "Paul's Walk," and not too favourably known,
+either, under this title. Of this more hereafter. At the second bay in
+the North Aisle was the meeting-place of Convocation, closed in as a
+chamber. Here, too, was the Font, by which was the Monument of Sir
+John Montacute. He was the son of the first Earl of Salisbury, and it
+was his mother of whom the fictitious story about the establishment of
+the Order of the Garter by Edward III. was told. John de Montacute's
+father was buried in the Church of the Whitefriars. The son was
+baptized in St. Paul's, and directed in his will, "If I die in London
+I desire that my body may be buried in St. Paul's, near to the font
+wherein I was baptized."
+
+At the sixth bay came "the Little North Door," and it was answerable,
+as till lately was a similar door at St. Alban's Abbey, for much of
+the desecration of the church which went on. There was a notice on it
+that anybody bringing in burden or basket must pay a penny into the
+box at hand. Between the columns of the tenth bay was the Chantry of
+Bishop Kempe (1450-1489). It was the finest in the cathedral, built by
+Royal licence. He did much for the beautifying of the cathedral, and
+rebuilt Paul's Cross, as we have said already. He seems to have kept
+clear of the fierce struggles of the Wars of the Roses, for he saw
+rival kings in succession ostentatiously worshipping in St. Paul's,
+and did not lose the friendship of any of them. So far as one can
+judge, he honestly felt that he was not called upon to become a
+partisan of any, and this fact was recognised.
+
+It was Edward IV. who gave him licence to erect his chantry. "For
+the singular reverence which he bore to God and to the blessed and
+glorious Virgin Mary, as also to the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and
+to St. Erkenwald and Ethelbert, those devout confessors, he granted
+license to Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London, for the founding of a
+chantry of one priest, who should be the Bishop of London's confessor
+in this cathedral, for the time being, to celebrate divine service
+daily at the altar of the Holy Trinity in the body thereof, towards
+the north side, for the good estate of the said King and Queen
+Elizabeth, his Consort; as also of the said Bishop, during their
+lives in this world, and for the health of their souls after their
+departures hence, and moreover for the souls of the said King's
+progenitors; the parents and benefactors of the said bishop and all
+the faithful deceased; and to unite it to the office of confessor in
+this church for ever, and likewise to grant thereunto one messuage,
+one dovehouse, 140 acres of land, six acres of meadow, with eight
+acres of wood, called _Grays_, and 10_s._ rent with the appurtenances,
+lying in _Great Clacton_ in the county of _Essex_; as also another
+messuage, twenty acres of land, two acres of meadow and two acres of
+wood, with the appurtenances in the same town, and two acres of land
+lying in _Chigwell_, together with the advowson of the Church of
+Chigwell, in the same county."
+
+The next monument has a very strange and quaint interest. It was
+nearly opposite Kempe's, in the eleventh bay on the south side, that
+of Sir John Beauchamp, of Powick, in Worcestershire (son of Guy, Earl
+of Warwick), who died in 1374. He settled, out of some tenements in
+Aldermanbury, for the payment of 10 marks a year for a priest to
+celebrate at his altar, and 50_s._ a year for the special keeping of
+the anniversary of his death, December 3rd. There was a very fine
+image of the B.V.M. beside this tomb. Barnet, Bishop of Bath and
+Wells, gave a water mill, ninety acres of arable and pasture, and
+eight acres of wood, all lying at Navestock, in Essex, to the Dean and
+Chapter for the saying of certain prayers and a _de profundis_ beside
+this image for the souls of the faithful; and there were constant
+oblations here. John Westyard, citizen and vintner, founded another
+altar at the same place for a chantry priest to say masses for the
+soul of Thomas Stowe, sometime Dean of St. Paul's, and for those of
+his parents and benefactors. In after years a strange mistake befell
+this tomb, one wonders why. It became popularly known as the tomb of
+Duke Humphrey, of whom we have more to say hereafter, who was buried
+not here but at St. Albans.
+
+Entering within the choir, the first monument--a marble altar
+tomb--was that of Thomas Ewer, or Evere, who was Dean for twelve
+years, and died in 1400. In a straight line with it, before the steps
+of the high altar, lay Robert Fitzhugh, Bishop 1431-1436, who, as the
+learned Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, was sent as an
+English delegate to the Council of Basel. Whilst he was there he was
+elected to the See of London, and consecrated at Foligno. He was an
+earnest labourer for the betterment of the poor clergy in his diocese.
+Immediately behind the high altar screen was the magnificent shrine of
+St. Erkenwald, and beside it the tomb of Dean Nowell, both of which
+are described hereafter (see pp. 24, 51). East of this again, at
+the entrance to the Lady Chapel, was the beautiful brass of Robert
+Braybrooke, Bishop 1381-1405. His was a troublous time, the time of
+the evil government of Richard II. The Bishop exerted himself with all
+his might to bring about righteous government, and to draw the king
+away from evil counsellors. But he also persuaded the citizens to keep
+the peace when they would have run into riot, and was all his life
+held in honour. He was fierce against the Lollards, hardly to be
+wondered at, as they were constantly affixing papers against current
+doctrines and doings on the doors of the cathedral. It was this
+bishop who rebuked the citizens for their neglect of the Feast of the
+Conversion of St. Paul, their patron saint, and he made arrangements
+for special services, which from that time were carefully observed.
+He also gave directions for more devout observance of St. Erkenwald's
+Day, and set aside money from the See for the feeding of 15,000 poor
+people on that day in St. Paul's Churchyard. Robert Preston, a grocer,
+left a rich sapphire to the shrine, to be used for rubbing the eyes of
+persons who were threatened with blindness, and Braybrooke gave orders
+that the clergy should appear on all these high festivals in their
+copes, that nothing might be lacking to do them honour. He offered
+no opposition to the deposition of King Richard II.: it was clearly
+inevitable. Braybrooke was a vigorous reformer of abuses, and
+denounced the profanation of the church by traffickers, shooting at
+birds inside, and playing at ball.
+
+Alongside the Lady Chapel, on the north side, was the chapel of St.
+George. We will now pass from it back by the north aisle. By the
+pillar north of the altar screen was the tomb of Sir Thomas Heneage.
+He was Vice-Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth, and all his life was much
+trusted by her in matters of foreign diplomacy, though he sometimes
+got into trouble by taking too much on himself. His daughter Elizabeth
+was ancestress of the Earls of Winchelsea. He died in 1595.
+
+Opposite this, at the North Wall, was the tomb of Ralph Hengham (d.
+1311). Like so many great lawyers of old time he was in Holy Orders,
+Chancellor of the Diocese of Exeter, and also Chief Justice of the
+King's Bench. He was sent to the Tower for falsifying a document,
+which he is said to have done in order to reduce a fine imposed on
+a poor man from 13_s._ 4_d._ to 6_s._ 8_d._, and was himself fined
+heavily; the money being applied to building a clock tower in Palace
+Yard, opposite the door of Westminster Hall. Two judges, on being
+urged to tamper with records for beneficent purposes, are said to
+have declared that they did not mean to build clock towers! He
+was afterwards restored to office. He did good work in his day in
+compiling a Digest of the law.
+
+SIR SIMON BURLEY, K.G., tutor and adviser of Richard II., beheaded on
+the charge of having corrupted the King's Court, 1388.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHAPTER HOUSE AND CLOISTER, _After W. Hollar_.]
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, OR PAUL'S WALK. _After W. Hollar_.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: THE ROSE WINDOW. _From the drawing by E.B. Ferrey in
+the Trophy Room, St. Paul's Cathedral._]
+
+[Illustration: GROUND PLAN OF OLD ST. PAUL'S. _After W. Hollar._
+_The dotted line shews the position of Wren's Cathedral._]
+
+[Illustration: THE SHRINE OF ST. ERKENWALD. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: TOMBS OF SEBBA AND ETHELRED. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+
+St. Paul's, as we see, was rich in tombs of mediaeval bishops; as to
+Royalty it could not be named as compared with Westminster Abbey, for
+the City was not a royal residence except in very rare cases. But here
+we come to two tombs of Kings. Sebba was buried in the North Aisle in
+695. He had been King of the East Saxons, but being afflicted with
+grievous sickness he became a monk. His tomb remained until the Great
+Fire, as did that of Ethelred the Unready, next to it. On the arches
+above were tablets containing the following inscriptions:--
+
+"Hic jacet Sebba Rex Orientalium Saxonum; qui conversus fuit ad fidem
+per Erkenwaldum Londonensem Episcopum, anno Christi DCLXXVII. Vir
+multum Deo devotus, actibus religiosis, crebris precibus & piis
+elemosynarum fructibus plurimum intentus; vitam privatam & Monasticam
+cunctis Regni divitiis & honoribus praeferens: Qui cum regnasset annos
+XXX. habitum religiosum accepit per benedictionem Waltheri Londinensis
+Antistitis, qui praefato Erkenwaldo successit. De quo Venerabilis Beda
+in historia gentis Anglorum."[1]
+
+"Hic jacet Ethelredus Anglorum Rex, filius Edgari Regis; cui in die
+consecrationis his, post impositam Coronam, fertur S. Dunstanus
+Archiepiscopus dira praedixisse his verbis: Quoniam aspirasti ad regnum
+per mortem fratris tui, in cujus sanguinem conspiraverunt Angli, cum
+ignominiosa matre tua; non deficiet gladius de domo tua, saeviens in te
+omnibus diebus vitae tuae; interficiens de semine tuo quousque Regnum
+tuum transferatur in Regnum alienum, cujus ritum et linguam Gens cui
+praesides non novit; nec expiabitur nisi longa vindicta peccatum tuum,
+& peccatum matris tuae, & peccatum virorum qui interfuere consilio
+illius nequam: Quae sicut a viro sancto praedicta evenerunt; nam
+Ethelredus variis praeliis per Suanum Danorum Regem filiumque suum
+Canutum fatigatus et fugatus, ac tandem Londoni arcta obsidione
+conclusus, misere diem obiit Anno Dominicae Incarnationis MXVII.
+postquam annis XXXVI. in magna tribulatione regnasset."[2]
+
+Certainly in this latter terrible epitaph, it cannot be said that the
+maxim _de mortuis_ was observed. But it speaks the truth.
+
+Of a much later date is a royal monument, not indeed of a king, but of
+the son and father of kings, namely, John of Gaunt. He died in 1399,
+and his tomb in St. Paul's was as magnificent as those of his
+father in the Confessor's Chapel at Westminster, and of his son at
+Canterbury. It was indeed a Chantry founded by Henry IV. to the memory
+of his father and mother, Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster. She was
+Gaunt's first wife (d. 1369), and bore him not only Henry IV., but
+Philippa, who became wife of the King of Portugal, and Elizabeth, wife
+of John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon. It was through Blanche that Gaunt
+got his dukedom of Lancaster. She died of plague in 1369, during his
+absence in the French Wars, and was buried here. Before his return
+to England he had married (in 1371) Constance, daughter of Pedro
+the Cruel, and hereby laid claim to the crown of Castile, as the
+inscription on his monument recorded. Their daughter married Henry,
+Prince of the Asturias, afterwards King of Castile. Constance died in
+1394, and was also buried in St. Paul's, though her effigy was not on
+the tomb. In January, 1396, he married Catharine Swynford, who had
+already borne him children, afterwards legitimised. One of them was
+the great Cardinal Beaufort; another, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset,
+was the grandfather of Margaret Tudor, mother of Henry VII. Gaunt's
+third wife (d. 1403) is buried at Lincoln. The long inscription on the
+monument closed with the words, "Illustrissimus hic princeps Johannes
+cognomento Plantagenet, Rex Castilliae et Legionis, Dux Lancastriae,
+Comes Richmondiae, Leicestriae, Lincolniae et Derbiae, locum tenens
+Aquitaniae, magnus Seneschallus Angliae, obiit anno XXII. regni regis
+Ricardi secundi, annoque Domini MCCCXCIX."
+
+Close by John of Gaunt, between the pillars of the 6th bay of the
+Choir, was the tomb of WILLIAM HERBERT (1501-1569), first Earl of
+Pembroke of the second creation, a harum-scarum youth, who settled
+down into a clever politician, and was high in favour with Henry
+VIII., who made him an executor of his will, and nominated him one of
+the Council of twelve for Edward VI. He went through the reign of Mary
+not without suspicion of disloyalty, but was allowed to hold his
+place at Court, and in the reign of Queen Elizabeth he was accused
+of favouring the Queen of Scots, though here also he overcame the
+suspicions, and did not lose his place. He married Anne, the sister of
+Queen Catherine Parr, and they were both buried in St. Paul's.
+
+JOHN OF CHISHULL, who filled the see from 1274-1280, and was Edward
+III.'s Chancellor, held a great number of valuable posts together.
+This may have produced the mental incapacity into which he fell.
+Archbishop Peckham had to appoint a commission to manage the diocese.
+He was buried against the wall of the North Aisle, not far from John
+of Gaunt.
+
+ROGER NIGER, bishop from 1228 to 1241, was buried under the fifth
+bay of the Choir, between it and the North Aisle. There were three
+inscriptions on his tomb, the first on the aisle side:
+
+  "Ecclesiae quondam Praesul praesentis, in anno
+  M bis C quater X jacet hic Rogerus humatus:
+  Hujus erat manibus Domino locus iste dicatus:
+  Christe, suis precibus veniam des; tolle reatus."
+
+Then we have a short biography in laudatory terms, and below that a
+record which one may translate as it stands: "It came to pass while
+this Bishop Roger stood mitred [infulatus] before the high altar,
+ready to begin the Divine mysteries, there came on such a dense cloud
+that men could scarcely discern one another; and presently a
+fearful clap of thunder followed, and such a blaze of lightning and
+intolerable smell, that all who stood by fled hastily, expecting
+nothing less than death. The Bishop and one deacon only bravely
+remained, and when the air was at length purified the Bishop completed
+the service." We shall have more about this storm hereafter.
+
+SIR JOHN MASON (1503-1566), the son of a cowherd at Abingdon, and
+afterwards a great benefactor to that town. His mother was a sister to
+the Abbot of Abingdon, and through this relationship he was educated
+at Oxford, became a Fellow of All Souls', took orders, and, in
+consequence of the skill which he displayed in diplomacy and
+international law, received rich Church preferments, among them the
+Deanery of Winchester. At the accession of Queen Mary he had to
+relinquish this, but as he had been faithful to her, she showed him
+much favour, and gave him some secular offices. On the accession of
+Elizabeth, he returned to his Deanery, and was all his life one of
+the most trusted of the Queen's councillors, especially in foreign
+matters.
+
+DR. WILLIAM AUBREY was appointed Vicar-General of Canterbury by
+Archbishop Grindal, and was esteemed a great lawyer in his time. He
+was the grandfather of the famous antiquary (d. 1595).
+
+Crossing the Choir, and beginning from the west, we will now proceed
+eastward along the South Aisle of the Choir. First, we come to two
+famous Deans, Donne and Colet, the account of whom belongs to a
+subsequent page. In fact, the greater number of monuments in this
+aisle are of later date than the others, but it will be more
+convenient to take them here, excepting those which are connected with
+the subsequent history. The wall monument of WILLIAM HEWIT (arms, a
+fesse engrailed between three owls) had a recumbent figure of him in a
+layman's gown. He died in 1599.
+
+SIR WILLIAM COKAYNE (d. 1626) was a very rich Lord Mayor; high in the
+confidence of James I., who constantly consulted him on business. He
+was a munificent contributor to good works. It was said of him that
+"his spreading boughs gave shelter to some of the goodliest families
+in England." From his daughters descended the Earls of Nottingham,
+Pomfret, Holderness, Mulgrave, and Dover; the Duke of Ancaster, and
+the Viscounts Fanshawe.
+
+JOHN NEWCOURT, Dean of Auckland, Canon of St. Paul's, Doctor of Law
+(d. 1485).
+
+The handsome brass of ROGER BRABAZON, Canon of St. Paul's (d. 1498),
+had a figure in a cope. At the foot was the scroll, "Nunc Christe,
+te petimus, miserere quaesumus: Qui venisti redimere perditos, noli
+damnare redemptos."
+
+Passing into the south side of the Lady Chapel, we come to two
+more mediaeval Bishops of London: HENRY WENGHAM (1259-1262). He was
+Chancellor to Henry III. Close to him was EUSTACE FAUCONBRIDGE, a
+Royal Justiciary, and afterwards High Treasurer, and Bishop of London,
+1221-1228.
+
+WILLIAM RYTHYN, LL.D., was Rector of St. Faith's and Minor Canon of
+the Cathedral (d. 1400).
+
+RICHARD LYCHFIELD, Archdeacon both of Middlesex and of Bath, Canon
+Residentiary of St. Paul's (d. 1496).
+
+The tomb of SIR NICHOLAS BACON (1509-1579), Queen Elizabeth's famous
+minister, and father of the great philosopher, had his recumbent
+figure, and those of his two wives, Jane, daughter of William Fernley,
+and Ann, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke. The latter was the mother of
+Francis. The Latin inscription on the tomb was most laudatory, and
+reads as if it came from the same pen that wrote the dedication of the
+_Advancement of Learning_.
+
+Another of the Elizabethan worthies is SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM (d.
+April 6th, 1590). The monument to him was placed on the wall, with a
+long Latin biographical inscription and twenty lines of English verse.
+
+Two other wall tablets in the same chapel commemorated other heroes
+of that period. SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, who died of his wound at Arnhem,
+October 15th, 1586, was buried in St. Paul's, with signs of public
+grief almost unparalleled. "It was accounted sin for months afterwards
+for any gentleman to appear in London streets in gay apparel." The
+tablet to him was of wood, and bore the following inscription:--
+
+  "England, Netherlands, the Heavens and the Arts,
+  The Soldiers, and the World, have made six parts
+  Of noble Sidney; for none will suppose
+  That a small heap of stones can Sidney enclose.
+  His body hath England, for she it bred,
+  Netherlands his blood, in her defence shed,
+  The Heavens have his soul, the Arts have his fame,
+  All soldiers the grief, the World his good name."
+
+Close to this, on the same pillar, was a tablet to SIR THOMAS
+BASKERVILLE, who had also done good service as a brave soldier,
+according to the account given in fourteen lines of verse, which, it
+must be said, are a great deal more musical than Sidney's.
+
+SIR CHRISTOPHER HATTON (1540-1591) had a finer monument than any of
+the other Elizabethan celebrities. Whether he deserved it is another
+matter. He was clever and handsome, and got into special favour with
+the Queen by his graceful dancing. He even wrote her amorous letters.
+The part he took in procuring the condemnation of the Queen of Scots
+is well known.
+
+At the extreme end of St. Dunstan's Chapel we come to another Mediaeval
+worthy.
+
+HENRY DE LACY, EARL OF LINCOLN (1249-1311), "the closest councillor of
+Edward I." (Bishop Stubbs), was somewhat doubtful in his loyalty to
+Edward II., being divided between his grateful memory of the father
+and his disgust at the conduct of the son. His house was on the site
+of Lincoln's Inn, which owes its name to him. He was a munificent
+contributor to the "new work" of St. Paul's, and was buried in St.
+Dunstan's Chapel, on the south side of the Lady Chapel.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: "Here lieth Sebba, King of the East Saxons, who was
+converted to the faith by Erkenwald, Bishop of London, in the year of
+Christ 677. A man much devoted to God, greatly occupied in religious
+acts, frequent prayers, and pious fruits of almsgiving, preferring
+a private and monastic life to all the riches and honours of the
+kingdom, who, when he had reigned 30 years, received the religious
+habit at the hands of Walther, Bishop of London, who succeeded the
+aforesaid Erkenwald, of whom the Venerable Bede makes mention in his
+History of the English People."]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Here lieth Ethelred, King of the English, son of
+King Edgar, to whom, on the day of his hallowing, St. Dunstan, the
+archbishop, after placing the crown upon him, is said to have foretold
+terrible things in these words: Forasmuch as thou hast aspired to the
+Kingdom through the death of thy brother, against whom the English
+have conspired along with thy wretched mother, the sword shall not
+depart from thy house, raging against thee all the days of thy life,
+destroying thy seed until the day when thy Kingdom shall be conveyed
+to another Kingdom whose customs and language the race over whom
+thou rulest knoweth not; nor shall there be expiation save by
+long-continued penalty of the sin of thyself, of thy mother, and of
+those men who took part in that shameful deed. Which things came to
+pass even as that holy man foretold; for Ethelred being worn out and
+put to flight in many battles by Sweyn, King of the Danes, and his son
+Cnut, and at last, closely besieged in London, died miserably in the
+year of the Incarnation 1017, after a reign of 36 years of great
+tribulation."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+HISTORICAL MEMORIES TO THE ACCESSION OF THE TUDORS.
+
+
+    _The First Cathedral_--_Mellitus and his Troubles_--_Erkenwald_
+    --_Theodred_ "_the Good_"--_William the Norman, his Epitaph_
+    --_The Second Cathedral_--_Lanfranc and Anselm hold Councils in
+    it_--_Bishop Foliot and Dean Diceto_--_FitzOsbert_--_King John's
+    Evil Reign, his Vassalage_--_Henry III.'s Weak and Mischievous
+    Reign_--_The Cardinal Legate in St. Paul's_--_Bishop Roger_ "_the
+    Black_"--_The three Edwards, Importance of the Cathedral in their
+    Times_--_Alderman Sely's Irregularity_--_Wyclif at St. Paul's_
+    --_Time of the Wars of the Roses_--_Marriage of Prince Arthur._
+
+
+I have already said that the buildings of the ancient cathedral, with
+a special exception to be considered hereafter, were completed before
+the great ecclesiastical changes of the sixteenth century.
+
+Our next subject will be some history of the events which the
+cathedral witnessed from time to time during its existence, and for
+this we have to go back to the very beginning, to the first simple
+building, whatever it was, in which the first bishop, Mellitus, began
+his ministry. He founded the church in 604, and he had troubled times.
+The sons of his patron, King Sebert, relapsed into paganism, indeed
+they had never forsaken it, though so long as their father lived they
+had abstained from heathen rites. One day, entering the church, they
+saw the bishop celebrating the Sacrament, and said, "Give us some of
+that white bread which you gave our father." Mellitus replied that
+they could not receive it before they were baptized; whereupon they
+furiously exclaimed that he should not stay among them. In terror he
+fled abroad, as did Justus from Rochester, and as Laurence would have
+done from Canterbury, had he not received a Divine warning. Kent soon
+returned to the faith which it had abandoned; but Essex for a while
+remained heathen, and when Mellitus wished to return they refused him,
+and he succeeded Laurence at Canterbury. Other bishops ministered to
+the Christians as well as they could; but the authority of the See and
+the services of the cathedral were restored by Erkenwald, one of the
+noblest of English prelates, son of Offa, King of East Anglia. He
+founded the two great monasteries of Chertsey and Barking, ruled the
+first himself, and set his sister Ethelburga over the other. In 675 he
+was taken from his abbey and consecrated fourth Bishop of London by
+Archbishop Theodore, and held the See until 693. He was a man, by
+universal consent, of saintly life and vast energy. He left his mark
+by strengthening the city wall and building the gate, which is called
+after him Bishopsgate. Close by is the church which bears the name of
+his sister, St. Ethelburga. He converted King Sebba to the faith; but
+it was probably because of his beneficent deeds to the Londoners
+that he was second only to Becket in the popular estimate, all over
+southern England. There were pilgrimages from the country around to
+his shrine in the cathedral, special services on his day, and special
+hymns. In fact, as in the case of St. Edward, there were two days
+dedicated to him, that of his death, April 30, and that of his
+translation, November 14, and these days were classed in London among
+the high festivals. His costly shrine was at the back of the screen
+behind the high altar. The inscription upon it, besides enumerating
+the good deeds we have named, said that he added largely to the
+noble buildings of the cathedral, greatly enriched its revenues, and
+obtained for it many privileges from kings. His name, so far as its
+etymology is concerned, found its repetition in _Archibald_, Bishop of
+London, 1856-1868, the founder of the "Bishop of London's Fund."
+
+Another bishop of these early times was Theodred, who was named "the
+Good." We cannot give the exact dates of his episcopate, further than
+that he was in the See in the middle of the tenth century, as is shown
+by some charters that he witnessed. There is a pathetic story told of
+him that on his way from London to join King Athelstan in the north he
+came to St. Edmund's Bury, and found some men who were charged with
+robbing the shrine of St. Edmund, and were detected by the Saint's
+miraculous interference. The bishop ordered them to be hanged; but the
+uncanonical act weighed so heavily on his conscience that he performed
+a lifelong penance, and as an expiation reared a splendid shrine over
+the saint's body. And further, he persuaded the King to decree, in a
+Witanagemote, that no one younger than fifteen should be put to death
+for theft. The bishop was buried in the crypt of St. Paul's, and the
+story was often told at his tomb, which was much frequented by the
+citizens, of his error and his life-long sorrow.
+
+Another bishop who had been placed in the See by Edward the Confessor,
+who, it will be remembered, greatly favoured Normans, to the
+indignation of the English people, was known as "William the Norman,"
+and, unpopular as the appointment may have been, it did the English
+good service. For when the Norman Conquest came the Londoners, for a
+while, were in fierce antagonism, and it might have gone hard with
+them. But Bishop William was known to the Conqueror, and had, in fact,
+been his chaplain, and it was by his intercession that he not only
+made friends with them, but gave them the charter still to be seen at
+the Guildhall. His monument was in the nave, towards the west end, and
+told that he was "vir sapientia et vitae sanctitate clarus." He was
+bishop for twenty years, and died in 1075. The following tribute on
+the stone is worth preserving:--
+
+  "Haec tibi, clare Pater, posuerunt marmora cives,
+  Praemia non meritis aequiparanda tuis:
+  Namque sibi populus te Londoniensis amicum
+  Sensit, et huic urbi non leve presidium:
+  Reddita Libertas, duce te, donataque multis,
+  Te duce, res fuerat publica muneribus.
+  Divitias, genus, et formam brevis opprimat hora,
+  Haec tua sed pietas et benefacta manent."[1]
+
+To his shrine also an annual pilgrimage was made, and Lord Mayor
+Barkham, on renewing the above inscription A.D. 1622, puts in a word
+for himself:
+
+  "This being by Barkham's thankful mind renewed,
+  Call it the monument of gratitude."
+
+We pass on to the time of the "second church," the Old St. Paul's
+which is the subject of this monograph.
+
+The importance of London had been growing without interruption ever
+since its restoration by King Alfred, and it had risen to its position
+as the capital city. This largely showed itself when Archbishop
+Lanfranc, in 1075, held a great council in St. Paul's, "the first full
+Ecclesiastical Parliament of England," Dean Milman calls it. Up to
+that time, secular and Church matters had been settled in the same
+assembly, but this meeting, held with the King's sanction, and
+simultaneously with the Witan, or Parliament, established distinct
+courts for the trial of ecclesiastical causes. It decreed that no
+bishop or archdeacon should sit in the shiremote or hundred-mote, and
+that no layman should try causes pertaining to the cure of souls.
+The same council removed some episcopal sees from villages to towns,
+Selsey to Chichester, Elmham first to Thetford, then to Norwich,
+Sherburn to Old Sarum, Dorchester-on-Thame to Lincoln.
+
+Another council of the great men met in St. Paul's in the course of
+the dispute between Henry I. and Anselm about the investitures, but it
+ended in a deadlock, and a fresh appeal to the Pope.
+
+In the fierce struggle between Henry II. and Archbishop Becket,
+Gilbert Foliot, Bishop of London, while apparently quite honest in his
+desire to uphold the rights of the Church, also remained in favour
+with the King, and hoped to bring about peace. Becket regarded Foliot
+as his bitter enemy, and, whilst the latter was engaged in the most
+solemn service in St. Paul's (on St. Paul's Day, 1167), an emissary
+from the Archbishop, who was then in self-imposed exile abroad, came
+up to the altar, thrust a sentence of excommunication into his hands,
+and exclaimed aloud, "Know all men that Gilbert, Bishop of London,
+is excommunicated by Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury." When Becket
+returned to England, December 1st, 1170, after a hollow reconciliation
+with the King, he was asked to remove his sentence of excommunication
+on Foliot and the Bishops of Salisbury and York, who had, as he held,
+usurped his authority. He refused, unless they made acknowledgment
+of their errors. The sequel we know. The King's hasty exclamation on
+hearing of this brought about the Archbishop's murder on the 29th
+of the same month. During the excommunication, Foliot seems to have
+behaved wisely and well. He refused to accept it as valid, but
+stayed away from the cathedral to avoid giving offence to sensitive
+consciences. After Becket's murder, he declared his innocence of
+any share in it, and the Bishop of Nevers removed the sentence of
+excommunication.
+
+It was at this period that the Deanery was occupied by the first
+man of letters it had yet possessed, Ralph de Diceto. His name is
+a puzzle; no one has as yet ascertained the place from which it is
+taken. Very probably he was of foreign birth. When Belmeis was made
+Bishop of London in 1152, Diceto succeeded him as Archdeacon of
+Middlesex. His learning was great, and his chronicles (which have been
+edited by Bishop Stubbs) are of great historical value. In the Becket
+quarrel Diceto was loyal to Foliot, but he also remained friendly with
+Becket. In 1180, he became Dean of St. Paul's. Here he displayed great
+and most valuable energy; made a survey of the capitular property
+(printed by the Camden Society under the editorship of Archdeacon
+Hale), collected many books, which he presented to the Chapter,
+built a Deanery House, and established a "fratery," or guild for the
+ministration to the spiritual and bodily wants of the sick and poor.
+He died in 1202. He wrote against the strict views concerning the
+celibacy of the clergy promulgated by Pope Gregory VII., and declared
+that the doctrine and the actual practice made a great scandal to
+the laity. Dean Milman suspects that he was much moved herein by the
+condition of his own Chapter.
+
+In 1191, whilst King Richard I. was in Palestine, his brother John
+summoned a council to St. Paul's to denounce William de Longchamp,
+Bishop of Ely, to whom Richard had entrusted the affairs of
+government, of high crimes and misdemeanours. The result was that
+Longchamp had to escape across sea. At length the King returned, but
+the Londoners were deeply disaffected. William FitzOsbert, popularly
+known as "Longbeard," poured forth impassioned harangues from Paul's
+Cross against the oppression of the poor, and the cathedral was
+invaded by rioters. Fifty-two thousand persons bound themselves to
+follow him, but Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, met the citizens in
+the cathedral, and by his mild and persuasive eloquence persuaded them
+to preserve the peace. FitzOsbert, finding himself deserted, clove the
+head of the man sent to arrest him, and shut himself up in the church
+of St. Mary-le-Bow. His followers kept aloof, and a three-days' siege
+was ended by the church being set on fire. On his attempt to escape he
+was severely wounded by the son of the man he had killed, was dragged
+away, and burned alive. But his memory was long cherished by the poor.
+Paul's Cross was silent for many years from that time.
+
+In 1213, a great meeting of bishops, abbots, and barons met at St.
+Paul's to consider the misgovernment and illegal acts of King John.
+Archbishop Langton laid before the assembly the charter of Henry I.,
+and commented on its provisions. The result was an oath, taken with
+acclamation, that they would, if necessary, die for their liberties.
+And this led up to Magna Charta. But it was a scene as ignominious as
+the first surrender before Pandulf, when Pope Innocent accepted the
+homage of King John as the price of supporting him against his barons,
+and the wretched King, before the altar of St. Paul, ceded his kingdom
+as a fief of the Holy See. The Archbishop of Canterbury protested both
+privately and publicly against it.
+
+Henry III. succeeded, at the age of ten years, to a crown which his
+father had degraded. The Pope addressed him as "Vassallus Noster," and
+sent his legates, one after another, to maintain his authority. It was
+in St. Paul's Cathedral that this authority was most conspicuously
+asserted. Before the high altar these legates took their seat, issued
+canons of doctrine and discipline, and assessed the tribute which
+clergy and laity were to pay to the liege lord enthroned at the
+Vatican. But the indignation of the nation had been waxing hotter and
+hotter ever since King John's shameful surrender. Nevertheless, in the
+first days of the boy King's reign, the Papal pretensions did good
+service. The barons, in wrath at John's falseness, had invited the
+intervention of France, and the Dauphin was now in power. In St.
+Paul's Cathedral, half England swore allegiance to him. The Papal
+legate, Gualo, by his indignant remonstrance, awoke in them the sense
+of shame, and the evil was averted. Then another council was held in
+the same cathedral, and the King ratified the Great Charter.
+
+Henry III. grew to manhood, and gave himself up to the management of
+foreign favourites, and in 1237, instigated by these, who were led by
+Peter de la Roche, Bishop of Winchester, he invited Pope Gregory
+IX. to send a Legate (Cardinal Otho "the White") to arrange certain
+matters concerning English benefices, as well as some fresh tribute.
+They called it "promoting reforms." Their object was to support him in
+filling all the rich preferments with the Poitevins and Gascons whom
+he was bringing over in swarms. The Cardinal took his lofty seat
+before the altar of S. Paul's, and the King bowed before him "until
+his head almost touched his knees." The Cardinal "lifted up his voice
+like a trumpet" and preached the first sermon of which we have any
+report in St. Paul's. His text was Rev. iv. 6, and he interpreted "the
+living creatures" as the bishops who surrounded his legatine throne,
+whose eyes were to be everywhere and on all sides. The chroniclers
+tell how a terrific storm burst over the cathedral at this moment, to
+the terror of the whole congregation, including the Legate, and lasted
+for fifteen days. It did much harm to the building. The bishop, Roger
+Niger, exerted himself strenuously in repairing this. Edmund Rich, the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, indignantly protested against the intrusion
+of foreign authority, and was joined by Walter de Cantelupe, the
+saintly Bishop of Worcester, but for a long time they were powerless.
+Besides direct taxation, wealth raised from the appropriation of
+rich canonries was drained away from church and state into the Papal
+treasury. The Legate remained for four years in power. The Archbishop,
+in despair, retired abroad, and died as a simple monk at Pontigny. The
+Bishop of London, Roger Niger, was so called from his dark complexion,
+and people whimsically noted his being confronted with the Cardinal
+Otto Albus. Bishop Roger, before his episcopate, was Archdeacon of
+Rochester, a very wise and energetic administrator. He was now on the
+side of Rich, bent on defending his clergy from being over-ridden by
+the foreigners. He exerted himself as bishop not only to repair the
+mischief done by the storm, but to enlarge and beautify the still
+unfinished structure. Fourteen years later King Henry was offering
+devotion at the shrine of Rich, for he had been canonised, and that
+on the strength of his having resisted the King's criminal folly in
+betraying the rights of his people; for by this time the nation was
+aroused. The Londoners rose and burned the houses of the foreigners.
+Bishop Roger, though he, of course, declared against the scenes of
+violence, let it be seen that he was determined, by constitutional
+methods, to defend his clergy from being plundered. On his death,
+in 1241, there was a long vacancy, the King wanting one man and
+the canons determined on another, and they carried their man, Fulk
+Bassett, though he was not consecrated for three years. Pope Innocent
+IV., in 1246, sent a demand of one-third of their income from the
+resident clergy, and half from non-resident. Bishop Fulk indignantly
+called a council at St. Paul's, which declared a refusal, and even the
+King supported him. The remonstrance ended significantly with a call
+for a General Council. But he was presently engaged in a more serious
+quarrel. The King forced the monks of Canterbury, on the death of
+Edmund Rich, to elect the queen's uncle, Boniface of Savoy, to the
+primacy. He came and at once began to enrich himself, went "on
+visitation" through the country demanding money. The Dean of St.
+Paul's, Henry of Cornhill, shut the door in his face, Bishop Fulk
+approving. The old Prior of the Monastery of St. Bartholomew,
+Smithfield, protested, and the Archbishop, who travelled with a
+cuirass under his pontifical robe, knocked him down with his fist.[2]
+Two canons, whom he forced into St. Paul's chapter, were killed by the
+indignant populace. The same year (1259) brave Bishop Fulk died of the
+plague. For years the unholy exactions went on, and again and again
+one has records of meetings in St. Paul's to resist them.
+
+When Simon de Montfort rose up against the evil rule of Henry III. the
+Londoners met in folkmote, summoned by the great bell of St. Paul's,
+and declared themselves on the side of the great patriot. They are
+said to have tried to sink the queen's barge when she was escaping
+from London to join the King at Windsor.
+
+King Edward I. demanded a moiety of the clerical incomes for his war
+with Scotland. The Dean of St. Paul's (Montfort) rose to protest
+against the exaction, and fell dead as he was speaking. Two years
+later, the King more imperiously demanded it, and Archbishop
+Winchelsey wrote to the Bishop of London (Gravesend) commanding him to
+summon the whole of the London clergy to St. Paul's to protest, and to
+publish the famous Bull, "clericis laicos," of Pope Boniface VIII.,
+which forbade any emperor, king, or prince to tax the clergy without
+express leave of the Pope. Any layman who exacted, or any cleric who
+paid, was at once excommunicate. Boniface, who had been pope two
+years, put forward far more arrogant pretensions than Gregory or
+Innocent had done, but times were changed. The Kings of England and
+France were at once in opposition. The latter (Philip IV.) was more
+cautious than his English neighbour, and in the uncompromising
+struggle between king and pope, the latter died of grief at defeat,
+and his successor was compelled, besides making other concessions, to
+remove the papal residence from Rome to Avignon, where it continued
+for seventy years, the popes being French nominees. King Edward, with
+some trouble, got his money, but promised to repay it when the war was
+over, and the clergy succeeded in wresting some additional privileges
+from him, which they afterwards used to advantage.
+
+We pass over the unhappy reign of Edward II., only noting that the
+Bishop of Exeter, Stapylton, who was ruling for him in London, was
+dragged out of St. Paul's, where he had taken sanctuary, and beheaded
+in Cheapside. He was the founder of Exeter College, Oxford.
+
+The exile of the popes to Avignon, so far from diminishing their
+rapacity, increased it, if possible, and Green shows that the immense
+outlay on their grand palace there caused the passing of the Statute
+of Provisors in 1350, for the purpose of stopping the incessant
+draining away of English wealth to the papacy. During that
+"seventy years' captivity," as it was called, Italy and Rome were
+revolutionised, and when at length the popes returned to their ancient
+city (1376) the great "papal schism" began, which did so much to bring
+on the Reformation. It arose out of the Roman people's determination
+to have an Italian pope, and the struggle of the French cardinals to
+keep the dignity for Frenchmen. The momentous results of that fierce
+conflict only concern us here indirectly. We simply note now that the
+year following the return to Rome saw John Wyclif brought to account
+at St. Paul's.
+
+But before following that history, it will not be out of place to
+take another survey of our cathedral during these years, apart
+from fightings and controversies. St. Paul's had been most closely
+connected with the continually growing prosperity of the city.
+The Lord Mayor was constantly worshipping there in state with his
+officers. On the 29th of October each year (the morrow of SS. Simon
+and Jude) he took his oath of office at the Court of Exchequer, dined
+in public, and, with the aldermen, proceeded from the church of St.
+Thomas Acons (where the Mercers' Chapel now is) to the cathedral.
+There a requiem was said for Bishop William, as already described,[3]
+then they went on to the tomb of Thomas Becket's parents, and the
+requiem was again said. This done they returned by Cheapside to the
+Church of St. Thomas Acons, where each man offered a penny. On All
+Saints' Day (three days later) they went to St. Paul's again for
+Vespers, and again at Christmas, on the Epiphany, and on Candlemas Day
+(Purification). On Whitsun Monday they met at St. Peter's, Cornhill,
+and on this occasion the City clergy all joined the procession, and
+again they assembled in the cathedral nave, while the _Veni Creator
+Spiritus_ was sung antiphonally, and a chorister, robed as an angel,
+waved incense from the rood screen above.[4] Next day the same
+ceremony was repeated, but this time it was "the common folk" who
+joined in the procession, which returned by Newgate, and finished
+at the Church of St. Michael le Querne.[5] And once more they went
+through the ceremony, the "common folk of Essex" this time assisting.
+There could not be fuller proof of the sense of religious duty in
+civil and commercial life. The history of the City Guilds is full of
+the same interweaving of the life of the people with the duties of
+religion. There is an amusing incident recorded of one of these
+Pentecostal functions. On Whitsun Monday, 1382, John Sely, Alderman of
+Walbrook, wore a cloak without a lining. It ought to have been lined
+with green taffeta. There was a meeting of the Council about this, and
+they gave sentence that the mayor and aldermen should dine with the
+offender at his cost on the following Thursday, and that he should
+line his cloak. "And so it was done."
+
+At one of these Whitsun festivals (it was in 1327) another procession
+was held, no doubt to the delight of many spectators. A roguish baker
+had a hole made in his table with a door to it, which could be opened
+and shut at pleasure. When his customers brought dough to be baked he
+had a confederate under the table who craftily withdrew great pieces.
+He and some other roguish bakers were tried at the Guildhall, and
+ordered to be set in the pillory, in Cheapside, with lumps of dough
+round their necks, and there to remain till vespers at St. Paul's were
+ended.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF JOHN OF GAUNT AND BLANCHE OF LANCASTER.
+_After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF BISHOP ROGER NIGER. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF SIR JOHN BEAUCHAMP, POPULARLY KNOWN AS DUKE
+HUMPHREY'S. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: BRASS OF BISHOP BRAYBROOKE.]
+
+[Illustration: BRASS OF JOHN MOLINS.]
+
+[Illustration: BRASS OF RALPH DE HENGHAM.]
+
+[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST. FAITH IN THE CRYPT OF ST. PAUL'S. _After
+W. Hollar._]
+
+
+We return to the religious history, in which we left off with the name
+of Wyclif. The Norman despotism of the Crown was crumbling away, so
+was the Latin despotism of the Church. On both sides there was evident
+change at hand, and Wiclif gave form to the new movement. He was born
+about 1324, educated at Oxford, where he won high distinction, not
+only by his learning, but by his holiness of life. The unparalleled
+ravages of the plague known as the "black death," not only in England
+but on the Continent, affected him so deeply that he was possessed by
+the absolute conviction that the wrath of God was upon the land for
+the sins of the nation at large, and especially of the Church, and he
+began his work as a preacher against the abuses. His first assault was
+upon the Mendicant Friars, whom he held up, as did his contemporary,
+Chaucer, to the scorn of the world. Then he passed on to the luxury
+in which some of the prelates were living, and to their overweening
+influence in the Councils of State. Edward III., after a reign of
+great splendour, had sunk into dotage. John of Gaunt had been striving
+for mastery against the Black Prince, but the latter was dying, July,
+1376, and Gaunt was now supreme. He hated good William of Wykeham, who
+had possessed enormous influence with the old king, and he was bent
+generally on curbing the power of the higher clergy. At this juncture
+Wyclif was summoned to appear at St. Paul's to answer for certain
+opinions which he had uttered. It is not clear what these opinions
+were, further than that they were mainly against clerical powers and
+assumptions; questions of doctrine had not yet shaped themselves. He
+appeared before the tribunal, but not alone. Gaunt stood by his side.
+And here, for a while, the position of parties becomes somewhat
+complicated. Gaunt was at this moment very unpopular. The Black Prince
+was the favourite hero of the multitude, an unworthy one indeed, as
+Dean Kitchin has abundantly shown, but he had won great victories, and
+had been handsome and gracious in manners. He was now at the point of
+death, and Gaunt was believed to be aiming at the succession, to the
+exclusion of the Black Prince's son, and was associated in the popular
+mind with the King's mistress, Alice Ferrers, as taking every sort of
+mean and wicked advantage of the old man's dotage. Added to this the
+Londoners were on the side of their Bishop (Courtenay) in defence,
+as they held, of the rights of the City. So on the day of Wyclif's
+appearance the cathedral and streets surrounding it were crowded, to
+such an extent indeed that Wyclif had much trouble in getting through,
+and when Gaunt was seen, accompanied by his large body of retainers, a
+wild tumult ensued; the mob attacked Gaunt's noble mansion, the Savoy
+Palace, and had not Courtenay intervened, would have burnt it down.
+The Black Prince's widow was at her palace at Kennington, with her
+son, the future Richard II., and her great influence was able to
+pacify the rioters.
+
+Soon came an overwhelming change. The succession of the Black Prince's
+son was secured, and then public opinion was directed to the other
+question, Wyclif's denunciation of the Papal abuses. Relieved from
+Gaunt's partisanship, he sprang at once into unbounded popularity. His
+learning, his piety of life, were fully recognised, and the Londoners
+were now on his side. He had preached at the very beginning of the
+new reign that a great amount of treasure, in the hands of the Pope's
+agent, ought not to pass out of England. Archbishop Sudbury summoned
+him not to St. Paul's, but to Lambeth. But the favour with which he
+was now regarded was so manifest that he was allowed to depart from
+the assembly a free man, only with an injunction to keep silence "lest
+he should mislead the ignorant." He went back to Lutterworth, where he
+occupied himself in preaching and translating the Bible. He died in
+1384. A wonderful impetus was, however, given to the spread of his
+opinions by the schism in the Papacy which was filling Europe with
+horrified amazement.
+
+From that time till the accession of the Tudors, two subjects are
+prominent in English history: the spread of Lollardism, _i.e._, the
+Wycliffite doctrines, and the Wars of the Roses. Both topics have some
+place in the history of Old St. Paul's.
+
+Richard II. on his accession came in great pomp hither, and never
+again alive. But his body was shown in the cathedral by his victorious
+successor, Henry IV., who had a few days before buried his father,
+John of Gaunt, there, who died at Ely House, Holborn, February 3rd,
+1399, and whose tomb was one of the finest in the cathedral, as
+sumptuous as those of his father, Edward III., at Westminster, and his
+son, Henry IV., at Canterbury.
+
+Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of Henry IV., was
+appointed guardian of his infant nephew, Henry VI., on his father's
+death; but partly though the intrigues and squabbles of the royal
+family, partly by his own mismanagement, he lost the confidence of the
+nation. His wife, Jacqueline, had been persuaded by a sorcerer that
+her husband would be king, and she joined him in acts of witchcraft
+in order to bring this about. She was condemned (October, 1441) to do
+penance by walking three successive days in a white sheet and carrying
+a lighted taper, starting each day from St. Paul's and visiting
+certain churches. Her husband, says the chronicler Grafton, "took all
+patiently and said little." Still retaining some power in the Council,
+he lived until 1447, when he died and was buried at St. Albans. He was
+an unprincipled man, but a generous patron of letters and a persecutor
+of Lollards; and hence, in after years, he got the name of "the good
+Duke Humphrey," which was hardly a greater delusion than that which
+afterwards identified the tomb of Sir John Beauchamp in St. Paul's as
+Duke Humphrey's. But the strange error was accepted, and the aisle in
+which the said tomb lay was commonly known as "Duke Humphrey's Walk,"
+and it was a favourite resort of insolvent debtors and beggars, who
+loitered about it dinnerless and in hope of alms. And thus arose
+the phrase of "Dining with Duke Humphrey," _i.e._, going without; a
+phrase, it will be seen, founded on a strange blunder. The real grave
+is on the south side of the shrine of St. Alban's.
+
+Richard, Duke of York, swore fealty in most express terms to Henry VI.
+at St. Paul's in March, 1452. He had been suspected of aiming at
+the crown. But the government grew so unpopular, partly through the
+disasters in France, partly through the King's incapacity, that York
+levied an army and demanded "reformation of the Government." And on
+May 23rd, 1455, was fought the battle of St. Albans, the first of
+twelve pitched battles, the first blood spilt in a fierce contest
+which lasted for thirty years, and almost destroyed the ancient
+nobility of England. York himself was killed at Wakefield, December
+23rd, 1460. On the following 3rd of March his son was proclaimed
+King Edward IV. in London, and on the 29th (Palm Sunday) he defeated
+Henry's Queen Margaret at Towton, the bloodiest battle ever fought on
+English ground. A complicated struggle followed, during which there
+was much changing of sides. Once King Henry, who had been imprisoned
+in the Tower, was brought out by the Earl of Warwick, who had changed
+sides, and conducted to St. Paul's in state. But the Londoners showed
+that they had no sympathy; they were on the Yorkist side in the
+interest of strong government. Hall the chronicler makes an amusing
+remark on Warwick's parading of King Henry in the streets. "It no more
+moved the Londoners," he says, "than the fire painted on the wall
+warmed the old woman." That is worthy of Sam Weller. In May, 1470,
+Henry died in the Tower, and his corpse was exhibited in St. Paul's.
+It was alleged that as it lay there blood flowed from the nose as
+Richard Crookback entered, witnessing that he was the murderer.
+Richard afterwards came again to offer his devotions after the death
+of his brother, Edward IV., and all the while he was planning the
+murder of his young nephews.
+
+Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., married Catharine of
+Aragon in St. Paul's, November 14th, 1501. He died five months later,
+at the age of 15. The chroniclers are profuse in their descriptions of
+the decorations of the cathedral and city on that occasion. The body
+of Henry VII. lay in state at St. Paul's before it was buried in
+Westminster Abbey.
+
+This brings us to a new epoch altogether in our history. The stirring
+events now to be noted do not so much concern the material fabric of
+the cathedral as in the past, but they were of the most momentous
+interest, and St. Paul's took more part in them than did any other
+cathedral.
+
+[Footnote 1:
+
+  "This humble tomb our citizens placed here
+  Unequal to thy merits, father dear;
+  For London's people know how wisely thou
+  Didst guide their fate, and gladly feel it now.
+  Under thy guidance freedom was restored,
+  And noble gifts through thee on us were poured.
+  Riches and earthly honours cease to be,
+  But thy good deeds abide in memory."]
+
+[Footnote 2: See _Mediaeval London_, p. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Page 25.]
+
+[Footnote 4: There was a special order in the first year of Edward VI.
+that instead of this censing a sermon should be preached.]
+
+[Footnote 5: It stood where the Peel statue now is, at the top of
+Cheapside.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HISTORICAL MEMORIES OF THE TUDOR PERIOD.
+
+
+    _Good Dean Colet_--_Accession of Henry VIII._--_Papal Favour_
+    --_Cardinal Wolsey at St. Paul's_--_Bishop Fisher's Preaching at
+    Paul's Cross_--_Fall of Wolsey_--_Alienation of the King from the
+    Pope_--_The English Bible in the Cathedral_--_Edward VI._
+    --_Ridley's Strong Protest against the Images_--_Progress of the
+    Reformed Doctrines_--_Somerset's Evil Deeds_--_Destruction of the
+    Cloisters_--_Re-establishment of the Roman Mass under Mary_
+    --_Cardinal Pole at St. Paul's_--_The Lord Mayor's Proclamation_
+    --_Alienation of the Nation from Romanism_--_Death of Mary and
+    Accession of Elizabeth_--_The Reformed Liturgy Restored_--_Growth
+    of Puritanism_--_Destruction of the Steeple by Lightning_
+    --_Continued Irreverence_--_Retrospect, the Tudor Monuments._
+
+
+It seems fitting that we should open the chapter of a new era in the
+history of St. Paul's with the name of its most famous Dean, a great,
+wise, good man. His name was John Colet. He was born in London, in
+the year 1466, within three months of his famous friend, Erasmus. His
+father, Sir Henry Colet, was twice Lord Mayor, one of the richest
+members of the Mercers' Company. John, who was his eldest son, had ten
+brothers and eleven sisters, all by the same mother, who outlived
+the last of them. The young man was presented to livings (it was no
+unusual thing then) before he took Orders, and gave himself to
+study, both mathematical and classical, and in his zeal for learning
+travelled much abroad, where he saw much of ecclesiastical life,
+which startled him greatly. Returning, at length, to England, he was
+ordained at Christmas, 1497, went to Oxford, and began to lecture with
+great power on the Epistle to the Romans. It must be remembered that
+this was the epoch when the fall of Constantinople had driven the
+Greek scholars westward, the epoch of the revival of "the new
+learning" in Europe, the discrediting of the old scholastic philosophy
+which was now worn out and ready to vanish away. Colet stands before
+us then as the representative of the new learning in England, and as
+keen to reform the abuses in the Church which were terrifying all
+earnest and thoughtful men. He carried on his lectures with such
+energy that his lecture-room was crowded, the most distinguished
+tutors there being among his audience. And one day there came the
+great Erasmus, who had heard of him, and from the day of their first
+meeting they were fast friends for life. In 1504, Henry VII. made
+Colet Dean of St. Paul's, and he showed at once that he had lost none
+of his zeal. He carried on his lectures in the cathedral and preached
+constantly, and another warm friend made now was Sir Thomas More,
+who earnestly helped him in his strenuous endeavours to improve the
+cathedral statutes, to reform abuses, and to increase the preaching
+power. He was a rich man, and in 1509 he employed much of his
+wealth--about L40,000 present value--in the foundation of St. Paul's
+School. He wrote some simple precepts for the guidance of masters and
+scholars, and drew up prayers and an English version of the Creed. He
+appointed William Lilly first master, and called on Linacre to write
+a Latin grammar. The school became famous; it was burnt down in the
+Fire, rebuilt in 1670, and removed to Hammersmith in 1884. It is not
+to be wondered at that many of the churchmen of the day regarded Colet
+as a most dangerous innovator. Complaints were made to Archbishop
+Warham that he was favouring the Lollards, which was absolutely
+untrue. He would in all probability, had he lived, have been found
+on the same side as More and Fisher, that is, intensely desirous to
+preserve the Church and its doctrines, but to cleanse it from the foul
+scandals, the sloth, greed, immorality, which were patent to all
+the world. There was a meeting of Convocation in February, 1512, to
+consider how to extirpate the Lollard heresy which was reviving.
+Warham appointed Colet to preach the sermon, which he did with
+wonderful energy, denouncing the simony, the self-indulgence, and the
+ignorance of the bishops and clergy. The Lollards were there in great
+numbers, attentive, silent listeners. He was as plain and honest with
+the King himself, who, recognising his goodness of purpose, made him
+a Royal Chaplain. In 1514, he went with Erasmus on pilgrimage to
+Becket's tomb and ridiculed the accounts which the vergers gave of the
+healing power of the relics. When Wolsey was installed as Cardinal,
+Colet preached, and warned him against worldly ambition. And all
+through his time at St. Paul's the aged Bishop Fitzhugh was in active
+hostility to him. He died September 16th, 1519, and, although he had
+requested that only his name should be inscribed on his grave, the
+Mercers' Company erected a handsome tomb, for which Lilly wrote a long
+inscription. Lilly and Linacre were both buried near him.
+
+It will be seen, I think, at once that Colet is a great representative
+of the thoughtful and earnest men of his time, one of the greatest
+precursors of the Reformers, or rather, in full sense, a great
+reformer himself. We have now to take up the course of secular events.
+In 1514, Pope Leo X. sent young King Henry VIII. a "sword and cap of
+maintenance" as a special honour, and he, "in robe of purple, satin,
+and gold in chequer, and jewelled collar," came to the Bishop's
+palace, and from thence there was a grand procession of
+gorgeously-arrayed nobles and clerics round the church, with joyous
+hymns.
+
+Four years later came Wolsey, and sang High Mass to celebrate eternal
+peace between England, France, and Spain. The King's beautiful
+sister, Mary, was betrothed at the same time to Louis XII., who was
+fifty-three years old, while she was sixteen. Within three months he
+died, and she married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and became
+grandmother of Lady Jane Grey. Again one comes on a full description
+of the gorgeous ceremonial. A year later, the accession of Charles V.
+was announced by the Heralds in St. Paul's, and Wolsey pronounced a
+benediction. The great Cardinal was now in full hopes of the papal
+tiara; the same year he came in state (May 12th, 1521) with the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, Warham, to hear Bishop Fisher denounce
+Luther at Paul's Cross, with accompanying appropriate ceremonies. An
+account on a broad-sheet in the British Museum tells how Wolsey came
+with the most part of the bishops of the realm, "where he was received
+with procession and censed by Mr. Richard Pace, Dean of the said
+church." Pace was a native of Winchester, who had won the favour of
+two successive bishops of that See, and been educated by them. One of
+them sent him to the Continent to complete his course. He took Orders
+in 1510, and his evident ability induced Wolsey to employ him in more
+than one delicate and difficult case of foreign diplomacy, and also
+brought him to the favourable notice of the King, who, after many
+other preferments, made him Dean of St. Paul's on the death of Colet.
+He was held to be the very ablest of diplomatists, was a friend of
+Erasmus, and followed Colet in favouring "the new learning." It was he
+and Sir T. More who persuaded the King to found Greek professorships
+at Oxford and Cambridge.
+
+But to return to the ceremony at St. Paul's. "After the Dean had duly
+censed him, the Cardinal, while four doctors bore a canopy of gold
+over him, went to the high altar, where he made his obligation; which
+done, he went, as before, to the Cross in the churchyard, where was a
+scaffold set up. On this he seated himself under his cloth of estate,
+his two crosses on each side of him; on his right hand, sitting on the
+place where he set his feet, the Pope's ambassador, and next him the
+Archbishop of Canterbury; on his left hand, the Emperor's ambassador,
+and next him the Bishop of Durham (Rusthall); and all the other
+bishops, with other noble prelates, sat on two forms out right forth,
+and then the Bishop of Rochester made a sermon by the consenting of
+the whole clergy of England, by the commandment of the Pope, against
+one _Martinus Eleutherus_ and all his works, because he erred sore,
+and spake against the Holy Faith; and denounced them accursed which
+kept any of his books; and there were many burned in the said
+churchyard of his said books during the sermon. Which ended, my Lord
+Cardinal went home to dinner with all the other prelates."
+
+The Bishop of Rochester was, of course, Fisher. He was both learned
+and pious. Burnet says he strongly disliked Wolsey, because of the
+latter's notoriously immoral life. Fisher, though in his unflinching
+conservatism he regarded the proceedings of Luther with hostility,
+was anxious, as were More and Erasmus and Colet, for reformation on
+Catholic lines. He, like them, favoured the new learning, and even
+declared that the Continental reformers had brought much light to
+bear upon religion. But he opposed the King's divorce, and refused to
+acknowledge his supremacy over the Church, and was beheaded on Tower
+Hill, June 22nd, 1535. There was no act of Henry which more thoroughly
+excited popular horror.
+
+When Charles V. came to England, in 1522, Wolsey again said Mass at
+St. Paul's, with twenty bishops to cense him. It was on this occasion
+that he changed the meeting-place of Convocation from St. Paul's to
+Westminster, that it might be near his own house. Skelton, the poet,
+who hated Wolsey, thereupon wrote the following distich:--
+
+  "Gentle Paul, lay down thy sword,
+  For Peter, of Westminster, hath shaven thy beard."
+
+In 1524, Francis I. was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia,
+whereupon the sympathy of England for his successful rival was shown
+by a huge bonfire in front of St. Paul's, and the distribution of many
+hogsheads of claret. On the Sunday following, Wolsey sang Mass, and
+the King and Queen, with both Houses of Parliament, were present. Once
+more (Shrove Tuesday, 1527) the great Cardinal came in dignity; it was
+to denounce the translation of the Bible and to condemn the Lutherans.
+Certain "heretics" were marched through the cathedral in penitential
+dresses, and carrying faggots, which they threw into the fire by the
+great rood at the north door, in which Testaments and Lutheran tracts
+were also burned. On this occasion, also, Fisher preached the sermon.
+A few years later (1530), there was a similar holocaust, at which the
+Bishop (Stokesley) presided.
+
+But now came an event of momentous importance. Wolsey fell into
+disgrace with the King, and, after some preliminary attacks, was
+charged with high treason. From trial on this charge he was delivered
+by death (November 28th, 1530). But he had brought the clergy
+unwittingly into trouble. The law of _Praemunire_ forbade a man to
+accept the office of papal legate in England, or the clergy to
+recognise him. Wolsey had obtained a patent under the Great Seal to
+exercise legatine authority, and for fifteen years no objection had
+been taken. When he was indicted for the infringement of the law,
+he refused to plead royal permission, fearing to incur yet greater
+displeasure of the King. So judgment went by default. And now the
+clergy were likewise impeached. They met in St. Paul's Chapter House,
+and in their terror offered L100,000 fine, under the advice of the
+Bishop. The King refused to accept this unless they recognised him
+as "supreme head of the Church." Three days' discussion of this
+proposition followed, then, on the proposal of Archbishop Warham, they
+agreed to the following:--"of which Church and clergy we acknowledge
+his Majesty to be the chief protector, the only supreme lord, and,
+as far as the law of Christ will allow, the supreme head." Such a
+compromise meant nothing, for it did not attempt to define what
+the law of Christ on the subject was. But it was evident that the
+Reformation had begun in earnest. Though nineteen Anabaptists were
+condemned in St. Paul's to be burned, and on fourteen of them the
+sentence was carried out, Paul's Cross echoed with renunciation of the
+Pope's authority. The miraculous rood of Bexley, in Kent, having been
+exposed as a fraud there, was brought up to Paul's Cross, February,
+1538, and the mechanism having been shown to the indignant audience,
+it was committed to the flames.
+
+A more significant indication of the coming change was witnessed in
+1541. In May of the previous year, King Henry issued a proclamation
+that every parish in England should provide itself with a copy of the
+English Bible by All-hallow-tide next, under a penalty of 40_s._ He
+explains that the object is that "the power, wisdom, and goodness of
+God may be perceived hereby," but the people are not to expound it,
+nor to read it while Mass is going on, but are to "read it meekly,
+humbly, and reverently for their instruction, edification, and
+amendment." Accordingly, Bishop Bonner had six of these great Bibles
+chained to pillars in different parts of St. Paul's, as well as an
+"advertisement" fixed at the same places, "admonishing all that came
+thither to read that they should lay aside vain-glory, hypocrisy, and
+all other corrupt affections, and bring with them discretion, good
+intention, charity, reverence, and a quiet behaviour, for the
+edification of their own souls; but not to draw multitudes about them,
+nor to make exposition of what they read, nor to read aloud in time of
+divine service, nor enter into disputes concerning it."
+
+There was no mistake as to the eagerness of the people to take
+advantage of the opportunity. They assembled in crowds to hear such as
+could read, and even, so says Burnet, sent their children to school
+that they might carry them with them and hear them read.
+
+It is not to be wondered at that Bonner soon found that his
+Advertisement was powerless to check what he dreaded. Not only did
+expounders dwell upon such words as "Drink ye all of it," but they
+compared the clergy to the Scribes and Pharisees, and identified them
+with the generation of vipers, and with priests of Baal. Accordingly,
+he put forth a fresh advertisement, in which he said that "diverse,
+wilful, and unlearned persons, contrary to all good order and honest
+behaviour, have read the Scriptures especially and chiefly at the time
+of divine service in this right honourable Catholic church, yea, in
+the time of the sermon and declaration of the Word of God, in such
+sort as was both to the evil and lewd example of the rest of the
+multitude, and also to the high dishonour of the Word of God, over and
+beside the great disturbance and unquietness of the people repairing
+hither for honest purposes." And he declares that if this friendly
+admonition be not attended to he will have the Bibles removed, but
+that he shall do so very unwillingly, seeing that he "will be, by
+God's grace, right glad that the Scripture and Word of God should be
+well known."
+
+There is a painful story in "Foxe's Martyrs," that one John Porter was
+thrown into Newgate by Bonner for thus "expounding," and that he died
+there of the ill-treatment he received.
+
+In the short reign of Edward VI., great destruction was wrought in the
+structure and ornamentation of St. Paul's, and no thanks are due to
+the "Protector" that the mischief was not greater. There was no sign
+for a month or two. Edward ascended the throne on January 28, 1547,
+and just two months later the French king, Francis I., died. On that
+occasion, Cranmer, attended by eight bishops, sang a Requiem Mass in
+Latin at St. Paul's, and Gardiner preached a funeral sermon before the
+Lord Mayor and Aldermen, eulogising this persecutor of the Reformed
+Faith. But now came unmistakable signs of change. Ridley, then Master
+of Pembroke College, Cambridge, soon to be Bishop of London, preached
+a somewhat violent sermon at Paul's Cross against the adoration of
+saints, the use of holy water, and the reverence done to pictures and
+images. We may note that on the day of the King's Coronation, amid all
+the splendid pageantry and decorations, a cable was fastened to the
+top of St. Paul's steeple, the other end attached to an anchor by the
+Deanery door, and a sailor descended "swift as an arrow from the bow."
+
+It was in September following that the order from the Council
+commanded the destruction of images in churches and the discontinuance
+of all processions. The Bishop, Bonner, protested against the
+alterations and was sent to the Fleet for contumacy, made submission,
+and was released after eight days, during which the alterations were
+made. The images were all pulled down, as were the rood, the crucifix,
+and its attendants, St. Mary and St. John.
+
+The "Grey Friars Chronicle"[1] (published by the Camden Society),
+describes all this, and takes care to note that two of the men engaged
+in the sacrilegious work were killed. The almsboxes shared the general
+confiscation, and doubtless not only the services of the church, but
+the poor who came for food, suffered thereby.
+
+Protector Somerset had wide ideas. He aspired to build himself a
+magnificent palace and to attach a park to it along the banks of the
+Thames. The palace was on the site of the present Somerset House; the
+park was to extend from it to St. Paul's. The cloister and chapel in
+Pardon Churchyard were destroyed, and five hundred tons of bones were
+carted away to Finsbury Fields (it is said there were more than a
+thousand cartloads) and piled up into a mound, which got the name of
+the "Bone Hill," and this has come in our day to "Bunhill." On this
+hill three windmills were erected. The mound has long since been
+trodden down, and the windmills are gone, but the name "Windmill
+Street" remains. The chapter house and the small cloister round it, of
+which we have already spoken, were also destroyed, and the materials
+were used for the new Somerset House. Within the last few years the
+bases of parts of this cloister have been uncovered under the skilful
+supervision of Mr. Penrose, and may be seen on the south side of the
+present cathedral.
+
+As our subject is only the cathedral itself, we pass by the
+controversies and changes in creed and practice which the reign of
+Edward VI. witnessed. The Protector Somerset fell the victim of his
+own inordinate covetousness, and died on the scaffold, January 22nd,
+1552, to the great satisfaction of the "Grey Friar" chronicler. But
+the Reformation went on; Bonner was imprisoned all through the reign,
+Ridley was made Bishop of London (1550), and the sacrament was
+administered according to the Reformed use. Rood-loft, altars,
+crucifixes, images, all disappeared. The Dean, William May, gave
+orders for the removal of the organ, but they were not carried out. It
+pealed out the _Te Deum_ on the accession of Mary, July 6th, 1553. The
+nation certainly rejoiced at this change. Not merely the rapacity of
+the ruling powers at court had alienated public sympathy, but the
+people at large at this time resented the loss of their ancient
+worship, and had not as yet learned the greater spirituality and
+reality of the Reformed service. We may note that in the exuberance of
+popular delight in London whilst the cathedral bells were ringing, a
+Dutchman went to the very top of the lofty steeple, waved a flag, and
+kindled a blaze of torches.
+
+But a fierce contest was inevitable. Paul's Cross for a little while
+gave forth most conflicting views. Before the year was out the mass
+was re-established in St. Paul's. On St. Catharine's Day there were
+splendid processions and stately ceremonial, with special thought of
+the Queen's mother, Catharine of Aragon. In a word, it was in St.
+Paul's Cathedral that the recovery of Roman Catholicism was specially
+manifested in England. William May was deprived of the Deanery, he
+being a hearty supporter of the Reformed doctrines, and Feckenham
+succeeded him, but in 1556 was made Abbot of Westminster. He was so
+holy and kindly a man that he won great respect, though he was an
+uncompromising Papist. He is said to have so exerted himself with
+Queen Mary to procure the liberation of her sister Elizabeth as to
+offend the Queen, and it is further said (Fuller) that Elizabeth
+on her accession sent for him and offered him the Archbishopric of
+Canterbury if he would conform to the Reformed Faith. He refused, and
+was deprived, and went into retirement, and at St. Paul's May was
+restored to the Deanery.
+
+At the time of his deprivation, as I have said, St. Paul's at once
+furnished proof of the restoration of the Roman faith. The great rood
+was set up with stately ceremonial, in preparation for the visit of
+the Queen and her husband, Philip of Spain, they having been married
+at Winchester, July 29th, 1554. On their state visit to St. Paul's,
+September 30th following, the greatest congregation that had ever
+yet assembled there was gathered to see them. But as great, so says
+Machyn[2], assembled again on the first Sunday in Advent to receive
+Cardinal Pole as Papal Legate. Three days before, on the Feast of St.
+Andrew, he had absolved England at Westminster Hall, and received it
+back to Communion. Now, having landed at Baynard's Castle Wharf, he
+was conducted by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, Lord Chancellor and
+Bishops, all in splendid procession, followed by a retinue of nobles
+and knights, with the legate's cross carried before him, King Philip
+and Queen Mary walking by his side on the right hand and the left.
+Gardiner preached at Paul's Cross, the first part penitent, the latter
+exultant, and ending with the words, "Verily this is the great day of
+the Lord."
+
+Of one passage in the history of this time we can speak with
+unqualified approval. On August 5th, 1554, the Lord Mayor (White)
+issued the following Proclamation:--
+
+    "Forasmuch as the material temples or churches of God were first
+    ordained and instituted and made in all places for the lawful and
+    devout assembly of the people there to lift up their hearts and to
+    laud and praise Almighty God and to hear His Divine Service and
+    most holy Word and Gospel sincerely said, sung, and taught, and
+    not to be used as market places or other profane places, or common
+    thoroughfares with carriage of things; and that now of late years
+    many of the inhabitants of this City of London, and other people
+    repairing to the same, have and yet do commonly use and accustom
+    themselves very unseemly and unreverently; the more is the pity to
+    make the common carriage of great vessels full of ale and beer,
+    great baskets full of bread, fish, fruit, and such other things,
+    fardels [bundles] of stuff and other gross wares through the
+    Cathedral Church of St. Paul within the said City of London, and
+    some in leading of horses, mules, or other beasts through the same
+    unreverently, to the great dishonour and displeasure of Almighty
+    God, and the great grief also and offence of all good and
+    well-disposed persons. Be it therefore for remedy and reformation
+    thereof ordained, enacted, and established by the Lord Mayor,
+    Aldermen, and Commons in this present Common Council assembled
+    and by the authority of the same, according to the privileges and
+    customs of this ancient city that no manner of person or persons,
+    either free of the said city or foreign, of what estate,
+    condition, or degree soever he or they be, do at any time from
+    henceforth carry, or convey, or cause to be conveyed or carried
+    through the said Cathedral Church of St. Paul any manner of great
+    vessel or vessels, basket or baskets, with bread, ale, beer,
+    flesh, fruit, fish, fardells of stuff, wood billets, faggots,
+    mule, horse, or other beasts, or any other like thing or things,
+    upon pain of forfeiture and losing for every such his or their
+    offence iii_s._ iiij_d._, and for the second like offence vi_s._
+    viij_d._, and for the third offence x_s._, and for every other
+    offence after such third time to forfeit and lose like sum, and
+    to suffer imprisonment by the space of two whole days and nights
+    without bail or mainprise. The one moiety of all which pains and
+    penalties shall be to the use of the poor called Christ's Hospital
+    within Newgate for the time being, and the other moiety thereof
+    shall be to the use of him or them that will sue for the same in
+    any Court of Record within same City by bill, original plaint,
+    or information, to be commenced and sued in the name of the
+    chamberlains of the said city for the time being, wherein none
+    essoyne [exemption] or wages of law for the defendants shall be
+    admitted or allowed.
+
+    "God save the King and Queen."
+
+(Guildhall Records.)
+
+
+We have had the grand ceremonial at the Reconciliation to Rome.
+Another procession--oh! the pity of it--was held on St. Paul's Day,
+1550, of 160 priests, with Bishop Bonner at the head, singing their
+thanksgiving that the Queen was about to become a mother, and on the
+following April 30th, came the report that a prince was born. Again
+the bells rang out, and solemn _Te Deum_ was sung! Machyn tells of the
+disappointment which followed, and expresses his hope for the future,
+hope not to be fulfilled.
+
+What was it turned the tide of religious opinion? The answer admits of
+no doubt. John Rogers, the proto-martyr of the English Reformation,
+was a prebendary of St. Paul's, a man of saintly life. He had given
+much help to Tyndale, the translator of the Bible, had brought the MS.
+to England, and published it. He was sentenced to be burned only three
+days after the reception of Pole, and died with dauntless courage,
+even his wife and children encouraging him. In the following October,
+his Bishop and patron, Ridley, also died the same fiery death. Machyn
+records, with apparent callousness, the burnings which went on in
+Smithfield day after day, along with trifling incidents and stately
+ceremonials at St. Paul's. He does not realise that these things were
+horrifying the English people, and turning their hearts steadfastly
+to the persecuted faith. The greater number of the martyr fires took
+place in London, and St. Paul's was the place of trial. On the 13th of
+November, 1558, the Queen issued a brief to Bonner, giving him command
+to burn heretics without mercy, and four days later she died, as, on
+the same day, did Cardinal Pole.
+
+The heart of England was alienated from a religion which had resorted
+to such brutalities, and the doctrines of the Reformation were
+everywhere received. Queen Elizabeth, however, would not be
+incautious. There was no immediate interference with the Marian
+ceremonial. There was a solemn Requiem Mass sung at St. Paul's after
+the death of Henry II. of France, July, 1559, but by this time the
+restored images had again been removed. One day, when she came to St.
+Paul's, Dean Nowell placed in her pew a prayer-book richly illuminated
+with German scriptural engravings. She was very angry, and demanded to
+know who had placed "this idolatrous book" on her cushion. The poor
+Dean explained, and her Majesty was satisfied, but "prayed God to give
+him more wisdom for the future." She expressed her satisfaction that
+the pictures were German and not English. Some years later the same
+Dean offended her in the opposite direction. It was on Ash Wednesday,
+1572; he was preaching before her, and denounced certain "Popish
+superstitions," among them the use of the sign of the Cross. Her
+Majesty called out to him sternly to "stick to his text." The next day
+he sent her a humble apology.
+
+Paul's Cross was silent for some months; when at length it was again
+occupied the Reformed faith was reasserted. Bonner was sent to the
+Tower, and the English Communion service was again in use. In the
+following August, the Queen's Commissioners held a Visitation in St.
+Paul's, at which all who refused to conform with it were pronounced
+contumacious and deprived. The rood was again turned out, as were the
+images, and now it was with the approval of the people at large. In
+many places there was much violence displayed in the destruction,
+but not in St. Paul's. All was done there without tumult, and with
+discrimination. On December 17th, 1559, Parker was consecrated
+Archbishop at Lambeth, and four days later he consecrated Grindal
+Bishop of London. Bonner was sent to the Marshalsea Prison, which
+Strype declares was done to screen him from the popular detestation.
+He was well fed and housed there, and had "much enjoyment of his
+garden and orchards," until his death in 1569.
+
+Grindal had been warmly attached to Ridley, and still loved his memory
+dearly. Moreover, he had himself been an exile for his opinions. He
+was not, therefore, likely to look favourably upon the old ceremonial,
+even in its modified form of stately solemnity and grace, such as
+Tallis and Merbecke would have preserved to it. And his Dean, Nowell,
+had the same distrust. Had they favoured it, in all probability the
+moderate and beautiful rendering of the Liturgy, as it is heard in the
+cathedral in our day, would not only have won the affections of the
+people at large, but would have arrested the strong tide of Puritanism
+and iconoclasm which was now rising. In Convocation, the Puritans
+nearly carried the removal of all organs from churches. They lost it
+by a majority of one, and Dean Nowell was in the minority.
+
+Whilst the controversy was at its fiercest, on the 3rd of June, 1561,
+a violent thunderstorm burst over London. The Church of St. Martin's,
+Ludgate, was struck by lightning, and great masses of stones came down
+upon the pavement. Whilst people were looking dismayed at this,
+the steeple of St. Paul's was discovered to be on fire. The timber
+framework had got ablaze, the lead which covered it poured down like
+lava upon the roof, the very bells melted. For four hours the whole
+cathedral was in danger, but happily, with the exception of the
+roof of the nave, the church was saved. As soon as the flames were
+extinguished, Pilkington, whose works are published by the Parker
+Society, furiously declared that it was all owing to the retention of
+Popery, and the other side, with equal vigour, attributed the disaster
+to the desecration by the Puritans.[3]
+
+The steeple was never rebuilt, but the nave roof was begun without
+loss of time. Queen Elizabeth sent letters to the Lord Mayor,
+commanding him to take immediate steps, gave him 1000 marks from her
+own purse, and warrants for 1000 loads of timber from her woods. L7000
+were raised at once by the clergy and laymen of London, "very frankly,
+lovingly, and willingly," says the Guildhall record. Before a month
+had elapsed a temporary roof was made, and in five years the lead roof
+was complete.
+
+The victory over the Armada, in 1588, sent all England wild with
+delight. The Queen came in State to offer thanks at St. Paul's,
+attended by all the nobility, and after the sermon dined with the
+Bishop in his palace.
+
+But the signs of irreverence and neglect are continually before us.
+We have already given extracts from sermons denouncing it. It was
+now that the raising of money by Government lotteries began, for the
+purpose of repairing the harbours, and a great shed was set up at the
+west door of St. Paul's for the drawing (1569). In 1605, four of the
+Gunpowder conspirators were hanged in front of the west door, and in
+the following May, Garnet, the Jesuit priest, shared the same fate on
+the same spot.
+
+Let us before closing this chapter take note of the monuments of four
+Deans not mentioned in our last survey. They are Thomas Wynterbourne
+(Dean 1471-1478), William Worsley (1479-1499), a fine brass. William
+May we have already spoken of, Dean under Edward VI., deprived by
+Mary, restored by Elizabeth, elected Archbishop of York, but died
+the same day, August 8th, 1560. There were twelve Latin lines on his
+grave. His successor, Alexander Nowell, who died in 1601 at the age of
+ninety, was a zealous promoter of the Reformation. There was a fine
+monument to him, a bust in fur robe, and very long Latin inscriptions
+in prose and verse.
+
+Before coming to the last chapter in the history of the great
+cathedral, a chapter of decay, of zealous attempts at restoration, of
+profanation, of one more attempt to restore, and of total destruction,
+it becomes necessary to take one more retrospect.
+
+[Footnote 1: The Grey Friars Monastery was on the site of Christ's
+Hospital, this year removed. The Chronicler was one of the expelled
+monks, and, naturally enough, was shocked at the whole business.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Robert Machyn was an upholsterer of Queenhithe, whose
+business, however, was chiefly in the way of funerals. He kept a
+diary, which is much used by Strype in his _Annals_, but has been
+reprinted in full by the Camden Society. It is very amusing, very
+illiterate, and full of gossip. He was a hot partisan of the Roman
+faith, and so never loses the opportunity of a fling at the Reformers.
+He died of the plague in 1563.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Milman's _Annals of St. Paul's_, pp. 280-1.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE CLERGY AND THE SERVICES.
+
+    _St. Paul's a Cathedral of the_ "_Old Foundation_"--_The Dean_
+    --_The Canons_--_The Prebends_--_Residentiaries_--_Treasurer_
+    --_Chancellor_--_Archdeacons_--_Minor Canons_--_Chantries_
+    --_Obits_--_Music in Old St. Paul's_--_Tallis_--_Redford_--_Byrd_
+    --_Morley_--_Dramatic Performances_--_The Boy Bishop_--_The Gift
+    of the Buck and Doe._
+
+
+We have recorded the building of the Cathedral and some of the
+principal national events of which it was the scene. But it is also
+necessary, if our conception of its history is to aim at completeness,
+to consider the character of its services, of its officers, of its
+everyday life.
+
+We speak of St. Paul's as "a Cathedral of the Old Foundation," and
+of Canterbury and Winchester as of "the New Foundation." What is
+the difference? The two last named, along with seven others, had
+monasteries attached to them. Of such monasteries the Bishop was the
+Abbot, and the cathedral was immediately ruled by his subordinate, who
+was the Prior. Other monasteries also had Priors, namely, those which
+were attached to greater ones. Thus the "Alien" houses belonged to
+great monasteries at a distance, some of them even across the sea, in
+Normandy. These houses became very unpopular, as being colonies of
+foreigners whose interests were not those of England, and they were
+abolished in the reign of Henry V. When Henry VIII. went further
+and dissolved the monasteries altogether, it became needful to
+reconstitute those cathedrals which were administered by monks. St.
+Paul's not being such, remained on the old foundation; Winchester, of
+which the Bishop was Abbot of the Monastery of St. Swithun, was placed
+under a Dean and Canons, as was the great Monastery of Christchurch,
+Canterbury. The last Prior of Winchester became the first Dean. It is
+clear, therefore, that the Dean of Winchester stands on a somewhat
+different historical footing from the Dean of St. Paul's, and it
+becomes necessary to say something about the latter.
+
+The word Dean belongs to the ancient Roman law, _Decanus_, lit. one
+who has authority over ten, as a centurion was one who had authority
+over a hundred. The Deans seem originally to have been especially
+concerned with the management of funerals. Presently the name became
+adopted to Christian use, and was applied in monasteries to those who
+had charge of the discipline of every ten monks. When the Abbot was
+absent the senior Dean undertook the government; and thus it was that
+in cathedral churches which were monastic it gradually became the
+custom to have one who acted as Dean, and this system was gradually
+adopted in secular cathedrals, like St. Paul's. In monasteries,
+however, the Dean was so far subordinate to the Prior that he had
+charge of the music and ritual, while the Prior had a general
+superintendence.
+
+The clergy of St. Paul's then were seculars. There were thirty of
+them, called Canons, as being entered on the list ([Greek: kanon]) of
+ecclesiastics serving the church. Each man was entitled to a portion
+of the income of the cathedral, and therefore was a "Prebendary," the
+name being derived from the daily rations (praebenda) served out to
+soldiers. There were thirty Canons or Prebendaries attached to St.
+Paul's, and these with the Bishop and Dean formed the Great Chapter.
+To them in theory belonged the right of electing the Bishop; but it
+was only theory, as it is still. The real nominator was the Pope or
+the King, whichever happened at the crisis to be in the ascendant.
+
+In early days the Bishop was the ruling power inside the cathedral. At
+its first foundation, as we have seen, it was the Bishops who exerted
+themselves to raise the money for the building. But as time went on
+the Bishops, finding their hands full of affairs of state, stood aside
+in great measure, retired to their pleasant home at Fulham, and left
+to the Dean greater power. And thus it was that, as we have already
+told, Dean Ralph de Diceto built the Deanery. And thus gradually the
+Dean became practical ruler of the cathedral--the Bishop had no voice
+in affairs of the Chapter, except on appeal. And it is a curious fact
+that the Canons attempted to exclude the Dean from the managing body,
+as having no Prebend. He could expel from the choir, and punish the
+contumacious, but they contended that he had no power to touch the
+revenues. It was because of this that Bishop Sudbury (1370), in order
+to prevent the scandal of the Dean being excluded when the Chapter
+were discussing business, attached a prebendal stall to the Deanery,
+and thereby enabled him to preside, without possibility of cavil, at
+all meetings of the Chapter.
+
+As the Canons, or at any rate many of them, had other churches, they
+had each his deputy, who said the service in the Cathedral. Each
+Prebendary had his own manor, and there were other manors which
+belonged to the common stock, and supplied the means of carrying on
+the services and paying the humbler officials. The Canons, it will be
+remembered, were secular, not monks; but they had a common "College,"
+with a refectory, kitchen, brewhouse, bakehouse, and mill. Archdeacon
+Hale computed that the manors comprised in all about 24,000 acres,
+three-eighths of which were managed by the cathedral body, and the
+rest let to tenants, who had protecting rights of their own. In
+addition to these were the estates attached to the Deanery.
+
+But with the changes which Time is always bringing, it came to pass
+that some of the Canons, who held other benefices (and the number
+increased as the years went on), preferred to live on their prebendal
+manors, or in their parishes; to follow, in short, the Bishop's
+example of non-attendance at the cathedral. And thus the services
+devolved on a few men who stayed on and were styled Residentiaries.
+These clerics not only had their keep at the common College, which
+increased in comfort and luxury, but also came in for large incomes
+from oblations, obits, and other privileges. At first it seemed
+irksome to be tied down to residence, but as time went on this became
+a privilege eagerly sought after; and thus grew up, what continues
+still, a chapter within the chapter, and the management of the
+cathedral fell into the hands of the Residentiaries.
+
+[Illustration: A PONTIFICAL MASS. 'Ad te levavi animam meam.' _From a
+Missal of the Fifteenth Century. British Museum_, 19897.]
+
+The Treasurer was a canon of very great importance; the tithes of four
+churches came to him. He was entrusted with the duty of providing the
+lighting of the cathedral, and had charge of the relics, the books,
+the sacred vessels, crosses, curtains, and palls. The Sacrist had
+to superintend the tolling of the bells, to see that the church was
+opened at the appointed times, that it was kept clean, and that
+reverence was maintained at times of service. Under him were four
+Vergers (wand-bearers), who enforced the Sacrist's rules, and took
+care that bad characters were not harboured in the church, and that
+burden-bearers were kept out. We have seen that these duties fell
+largely into abeyance at certain times. Every Michaelmas Day the
+Verger appeared before the Dean to give up his wand, and to receive it
+back if his character was satisfactory. The Verger was bound to be a
+bachelor, because, said the statute, "having a wife is a troublesome
+and disturbing affair, and husbands are apt to study the wishes of
+their wives or their mistresses, and no man can serve two masters."
+
+The Chancellor kept charge of the correspondence of the Chapter, and
+also superintended the schools belonging to the cathedral.
+
+The Archdeacons of London, Middlesex, and Colchester had their own
+stalls in the cathedral, but had no voice in the Chapter.
+
+The Minor Canons, twelve in number, formed a separate college, founded
+in the time of Richard II. They were, of course, under the authority
+of the cathedral, though they had independent estates of their own.
+
+The Scriptorium of St. Paul's was an important department, and was
+well managed. Much of the work produced in it perished in the fire;
+but there are some of its manuscripts still happily preserved, notably
+the _Majora Statuta_ of the cathedral, in the Library there, and a
+magnificent folio of Diceto's History, now in Lambeth Library.
+
+Incidental notice has been taken in the preceding pages of Chantries
+in St. Paul's, but we have to speak more fully of these, for they
+formed a very large source of income, especially to the Residentiary
+Canons. These Chantries were founded for saying masses for the souls
+of the departed, even to the end of the world. St. Paul's was almost
+beyond measure rich in them. The oldest was founded in the reign of
+Henry II., after which time they multiplied so fast that it would
+be impossible to enumerate them all here. There is a return of them
+(quoted at length by Dugdale), which was made by order of King Edward
+VI. Take the description of the second of them as he gives it. "The
+next was ordained by Richard, surnamed Nigell [Fitzneal], Bishop of
+London in King Richard I.'s time, who having built two altars in this
+cathedral, the one dedicated to St. Thomas the Martyr, and the other
+to St. Dionis, assigned eight marks yearly rent, to be received out
+of the church of Cestreheart, for the maintaining of two priests
+celebrating every day thereat; viz., one for the good estate of the
+King of England and Bishop of London for the time being; as also for
+all the congregation of this church, and the faithful parishioners
+belonging thereto, and the other for the souls of the Kings of England
+and Bishops of London, and all the faithful deceased: which grant was
+confirmed by the Chapter." This is a fair specimen; they go on page
+after page in Dugdale's folio. William de Sanctae Mariae ecclesia (he
+was Dean 1241-1243) leaves 120 marks for bread and beer yearly to
+a priest who shall celebrate for his soul and for the souls of his
+predecessors, successors, parents, and benefactors. Sometimes special
+altars are named at which the Mass is to be said, "St. Chad, St.
+Nicholas, St. Ethelbert the King, St. Radegund, St. James, the twelve
+Apostles, St. John the Evangelist, St. John Baptist, St. Erkenwald,
+St. Sylvester, St. Michael, St. Katharine." I take them as they
+come in the successive testaments. The following passage is worth
+quoting:--"In 19 Ed. II. Roger de Waltham, a Canon of this church,
+enfeoft the Dean and Chapter of certain messuages and shops lying
+within the city of London, for the support of two priests to pray
+perpetually for his soul, and for the souls of his parents and
+benefactors, within the chapel of St. John the Baptist in the south
+part of this cathedral; as also for the soul of Antony Beck, Patriarch
+of Jerusalem, and Bishop of Durham. And further directed that out
+of the revenue of these messuages, &c., there should be a yearly
+allowance to the said Dean and Chapter, to keep solemn processions in
+this church on the several days of the invention and exaltation of the
+Holy Cross, as also of St. John Baptist; wearing their copes at those
+times in such sort as they used on all the great festivals; and
+likewise out of his high devotion to the service of God, and that it
+should be the more venerably performed therein, he gave divers costly
+vestments thereto, some whereof were set with precious stones,
+expressly directing that in all masses wherein himself by particular
+name was to be commended, as also at his anniversary, and in those
+festivals of the Holy Cross, St. John Baptist, and St. Laurence the
+Deacon, they should be used. And, moreover, out of his abundant piety
+he founded a certain Oratory on the south side of the Choir in this
+cathedral, towards the upper end thereof, to the honour of God, our
+Lady, St. Laurence, and All Saints, and adorned it with the images
+of our blessed Saviour, St. John Baptist, St. Laurence, and St. Mary
+Magdalene; so likewise with the pictures of the celestial Hierarchy,
+the joys of the blessed Virgin, and others, both in the roof about
+the altar, and other places within and without; in which Oratory the
+chantry before mentioned was placed, and the said anniversary to be
+kept. And, lastly, in the south wall, opposite to the said Oratory,
+erected a glorious tabernacle, which contained the image of the
+said blessed Virgin, sitting as it were in childbed; as also of our
+Saviour, in swaddling clothes, lying between the ox and the ass, and
+St. Joseph at her feet; above which was another image of her, standing
+with the child in her arms. And on the beam, thwarting from the upper
+end of the Oratory to the before-specified childbed, placed the
+crowned images of our Saviour and his mother sitting in one
+tabernacle; as also the images of St. Katharine and St. Margaret,
+virgins and martyrs; neither was there any part of the said Oratory,
+or roof thereof, but he caused it to be beautified with comely
+pictures and images, to the end that the memory of our blessed Saviour
+and His saints, especially of the glorious Virgin, His mother, might
+be always the more famous: in which Oratory he designed that his
+sepulture should be."
+
+[Illustration: JOHN FISHER, BISHOP OF ROCHESTER. _After Holbein_.
+_British Museum_.]
+
+[Illustration: ST. MATTHEW. _View of a Mediaeval Scriptorium. _From a
+MS. of a Book of Prayers. 15th Century._ _British Museum, Slo. 2468._]
+
+[Illustration: A REQUIEM MASS. _From a MS. of a Book of Prayers, 15th
+Century._ _British Museum, Slo. 2468._]
+
+[Illustration: SINGING THE PLACEBO. _From a MS. of Hours of the
+Virgin, &c. Fifteenth Century. British Museum, Harl. 2971._]
+
+[Illustration: SEALS OF THE DEAN AND CHAPTER. _From Casts in the
+Library of St. Paul's Cathedral._]
+
+[Illustration: ORGAN AND TRUMPETS. _From a Collection of Miniatures
+from Choral Service Books. Fourteenth Century. British Museum,
+29902._]
+
+
+Bishop Richard of Gravesend (d. at Fulham, 1306) made his will at his
+Manor House of Haringay, in 1302. It is written with his own hand, and
+the opening words are: "Imprimis, Tibi, o pie Redemptor, et potens
+Salvator animarum, Domine Jesu Christe, animam meam commendo; Tibi
+etiam, o summe Sacerdos et vere Pontifex animarum, commendo universam
+plebem Londonensis civitatis et diocaesis; obsecrans te, per medicinam
+vulnerum tuorum, qui in cruce pependisti, ut mihi et ipsis, concessa
+perfecta venia peccatorum, concedas nos ad tuam misericordiam
+pervenire, et frui beatitudine, tuis electis perenniter repromissa."
+After which he goes on to direct that he shall be buried close to his
+predecessor, Henry de Sandwiche, whom he calls his special benefactor,
+and that the marble covering his grave shall not rise higher than
+the pavement; that out of his personal estate, consisting of books,
+household goods, corn and cattle, which together is valued at 2000
+marks, 140_l_. shall be given to the poor, 100 marks to the new fabric
+of the cathedral, and that lands of the value of 10_l_. a year shall
+be bought for the founding of a chantry here for his soul, and for the
+keeping of his anniversary.
+
+In the Inventory of his goods we have interesting information about
+values: wheat is reckoned at 4_s_. the quarter, peas at 2_s_. 6_d._,
+and oats at 2_s._ Bulls are worth 7_s._ 4_d._ each, kine 6_s._, fat
+muttons 1_s._, ewes 8_d._, capons 2_d._, cocks and hens 1_d._ His
+nephew, Stephen, who succeeded him thirteen years later, allows only
+100 marks for the expenses of his funeral, quoting St. Augustine that
+funeral parade may be a certain comfort to the living, but is of no
+advantage to the dead. He disposes of 140_l._ to the poor tenants on
+his manors. Bishop Michael Northburgh (d. 1362) left the rents of
+certain houses which he had built at Fulham for a chantry priest, who
+was to be appointed by the Bishop of London. He also desired to be
+buried on the same day he died, with his face exposed to view, outside
+the west door of the cathedral. His endowment of the chantry being
+judged to be insufficient, one of the nominated chantry priests gave a
+further endowment for it. This Bishop Northburgh left 2000_l._ for
+the completion of the house of the Carthusians (Charter House) in
+co-operation with Sir Walter Manny. He also left 1000 marks to be put
+into a chest in the Cathedral Treasury, out of which any poor layman
+might, for a sufficient pledge, borrow 10_l._, the Dean and principal
+Canons 20_l._ upon the like pledge; the Bishop 40_l._; other noblemen
+or citizens 20_l._ for the term of a year. If at the year's end the
+money was not repaid, the preacher at Paul's Cross was to notify the
+fact, and to announce that the pledge would be sold within fourteen
+days if it were not redeemed, and any surplus from the sale would be
+handed to the borrower, or his executors. If there were no executors
+then the money was to go back to the chest, and be spent for the
+health of his soul. There were three keys to the chest, one was kept
+by the Dean, another by the oldest Canon-resident, and the third by a
+Warden appointed by the Chapter.
+
+One keeps on finding benefactions of this sort. In 1370 one John
+Hiltoft's executors handed over some money which the Chapter employed
+in repairing some ruined houses; but they took care to establish a
+chantry of one chaplain to celebrate Divine service daily in St.
+Dunstan's Chapel for the soul of the said John.
+
+We have already made mention of the chantry which Henry IV. founded
+to the memory of his father and mother. Bishop Braybrooke on that
+occasion gave a piece of ground, part of his palace, 36 feet by 19
+feet, for the habitation of the priests attached to this chantry. And
+King Henry, we are told, "gave to the Dean and Chapter, and their
+successors, for ever, divers messuages and lands, lying within
+the City of London, for the anniversary of the said John, Duke of
+Lancaster, his father, on the 4th day of February, and of Blanch,
+his mother, on the 12th day of September yearly in this church, with
+Placebo and Dirige, nine Antiphons, nine Psalms, and nine Lessons, in
+the exequies of either of them; as also Mass of Requiem, with note, on
+the morrow to be performed at the high altar for ever; and moreover to
+distribute unto the said Dean and Chapter these several sums, viz.,
+to the Dean, as often as he shall be present, three shillings and
+fourpence; to the principal canons, twenty pence (to the sum of 16_s._
+8_d._); to the petty canons, ten shillings; to the chaplains, twenty
+shillings; to the vicars, four shillings and eightpence; to the
+choristers, two shillings and sixpence; to the vergers, twelvepence;
+to the bell-ringers, fourpence; to the keeper of the lamps about
+the tomb of the said duke and duchess, at each of their said
+anniversaries, sixpence; to the Mayor of London for the time being, in
+respect of his presence at the said anniversaries, three shillings and
+fourpence; to the Bishop of London, for the rent of the house where
+the said chantry priests did reside, ten shillings; and for to find
+eight great tapers to burn about that tomb on the day of the said
+anniversaries, at the exequies, and mass on the morrow, and likewise
+at the processions, masses, and vespers on every great festival, and
+upon Sundays at the procession, mass, and second vespers for ever. And
+lastly, to provide for those priests belonging to that chapel on the
+north part of the said tomb, a certain chalice, missal, and portvoise
+[Breviary] according to the Ordinale Sarum; as also vestments, bread,
+wine, wax, and glasses, and other ornaments and necessaries for the
+same, and repairs of their mansion." A few years later another chantry
+was founded at the same altar for the soul of Henry IV. himself.
+
+As years went on, the provision for all these Chantries being found
+inadequate to maintain them, some were united together, and thus, at
+their dissolution in the first year of Edward VI., it was found that
+there were only thirty-five, to which belonged fifty-four priests.
+
+In addition to the Chantries were the _Obits_ held by the Dean and
+Canons, particular anniversaries of deaths. They varied in value
+according to the donors' endowment from 4_l._ to 10_s._ Dugdale gives
+a long list of them.
+
+This cathedral was wonderfully rich in plate and jewels, so much so
+that, as Dugdale says, the very inventory would fill a volume. To take
+only one illustration: King John of France when he was brought here by
+the Black Prince "gave an oblation of twelve nobles at the shrine of
+St. Erkenwald, the same at that of the Annunciation, twenty-six floren
+nobles at the Crucifix by the north door, four basins of gold at the
+high altar; and, at the hearing of Mass, after the Offertory, gave to
+the Dean then officiating, five floren nobles, which the said Dean
+and John Lyllington (the weekly petty canon), his assistant, had. All
+which being performed, he gave, moreover, in the chapter-house, fifty
+floren nobles to be distributed amongst the officers of the church."
+
+With regard to the character of the services before the Reformation,
+we have but few data to go upon. In 1414 Bishop Richard Clifford, with
+the consent of the Dean and Chapter, ordained that from the first day
+of December following, the use of Sarum should be observed. Up to that
+time there had been a special "Usus Sancti Pauli."
+
+There was an organ in the church, or rather, to use the old phrase, a
+"pair of organs," for the instrument had a plural name like "a pair of
+bellows." Organs were in use in the church at any rate in the fourth
+century, and were introduced into England by Archbishop Theodore. In
+old times there was no official organist; the duty was taken by the
+master of the choristers or one of the gentlemen of the choir. In
+churches of the regular foundation a monk played.
+
+English Church music, in its proper sense, began with the Reformation.
+In the Roman Church, the great genius of Palestrina had produced
+nothing less than a revolution as regards the ancient Plain Song; and
+with the English Liturgy we associate the honoured names of Tallis,
+Merbecke, Byrd, Farrant in the early days, and a splendid list of
+successors right down to our time, wherein is still no falling off.
+Tallis is supposed by Rimbault to have been a pupil of Mulliner, the
+organist of St. Paul's, but there is no evidence to support this. It
+must be confessed that his service in the Dorian mode, which heads the
+collection in Boyce's Cathedral Music, and which is indeed the first
+harmonised setting of the Canticles ever composed for the English
+Liturgy, is very dull, but his harmony of the Litany and of the
+Versicles after the Creed, has never been equalled for beauty. His
+Canon tune, to which we sing Ken's Evening Hymn, is also unsurpassed,
+and his anthem, "If ye love Me," is one of wonderful sweetness and
+devout feeling. John Redford was his contemporary, and was organist
+of St. Paul's, 1530-1540. His anthem, "Rejoice in the Lord," is as
+impressive and stately as Tallis's that I have just named. It is
+frequently sung at St. Paul's still. William Byrd was senior chorister
+of St. Paul's in 1554. I hold his service in D minor to be the finest
+which had as yet been set to the Reformed Liturgy--the Nicene Creed
+in particular is of marvellous beauty. Tallis had not attempted
+"expression" in his setting of the Canticles. The meaning seems to
+breathe all through Byrd's harmonies. I did not know until I read Sir
+George Grove's article upon him, that Byrd secretly remained a Roman
+Catholic, but I long ago made up my mind, on my own judgment, that his
+most pathetic anthem, "Bow thine ear," was a wail over the iconoclasm
+in St. Paul's. He died in extreme old age in 1623. Morley was another
+organist of St. Paul's, the author of a fine setting of the Burial
+Service. Paul Hentzner, who visited St. Paul's in 1598, says in his
+_Itinerary_, "It has a very fine organ, which at evensong, accompanied
+with other instruments, makes excellent music."
+
+Concerning the dramatic performances which went on in the cathedral at
+certain times, there is nothing peculiar to St. Paul's that I know
+of to mention. These performances were originally intended for
+instruction, pictorial representations of scenes from the Bible and
+Church History, but often degenerating into coarse buffoonery and
+horseplay. The "Boy Bishop" was for many generations an established
+institution. One ceremony there was, peculiar to St. Paul's, namely,
+"The Offering of a Buck and Doe." Sir William le Baud in 1328 made a
+yearly grant to the Dean and Canons of a doe to be presented on the
+Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul, and of a fat buck to be offered
+at the midsummer commemoration of the same Apostle.
+
+These were to be offered at the high altar by Sir William and his
+descendants, and afterwards to be distributed among the Canons
+resident. This gift was in acknowledgment of a grant which they had
+made him of twenty-two acres of land adjoining his park in Essex.
+There was a grand ceremonial on each occasion, the Canons wore their
+best vestments and garlands of flowers, and there was a procession
+round the church, with the horns of the buck carried on a spear, and
+a great noise of horn-blowers. Camden describes it all, as an
+eye-witness. This festivity came to an end in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth.
+
+[Illustration: BISHOP AND CANONS IN THE CHURCH OF ST. GREGORY-BY-ST.
+PAUL. _From a MS. of Lydgate's Life of St. Edmund. British Museum,
+Harl. 2278._]
+
+Our illustration, showing the costume of the clergy of St. Paul's, is
+taken from a MS. of Lydgate's _Life of St. Edmund_, written in the
+fifteenth century, and decorated with many miniatures. It represents
+the coffin of St. Edmund temporarily deposited in the church of St.
+Gregory-by-St. Paul's (having been brought up from Bury for safety
+during an incursion of the Danes), and an attempt by the Bishop and
+Canons to secure so precious a relic for the cathedral. Here is
+Lydgate's metrical version of the story, telling how the attempt was
+frustrated by the Saint himself.
+
+  He cam to Londene toward eve late,
+  At whos komyng blynde men kauhte syht.
+  And whan he was entred Crepylgate
+  They that were lame be grace they goon upryht,
+  Thouhtful peeple were maad glad and lyht;
+  And ther a woman contrauct al hir lyve,
+  Crying for helpe, was maad hool as blyve.
+
+  Thre yeer the martir heeld ther resydence,
+  Tyl Ayllewyn be revelacion
+  Took off the Bysshop upon a day licence
+  To leede Kyng Edmund ageyn to Bury town.
+  But by a maner symulacion
+  The bysshop granteth, and under that gan werche
+  Hym to translate into Powlys cherche;
+
+  Upon a day took with hym clerkis thre,
+  Entreth the cherche off seyn Gregory,
+  In purpose fully, yiff it wolde be,
+  To karye the martir fro thenys prevyly.
+  But whan the bysshop was therto most besy
+  With the body to Poulis forto gon,
+  Yt stood as fyx as a gret hill off ston.
+
+  Multitude ther myhte noon avayle,
+  Al be they dyde ther fforce and besy peyne;
+  For but in ydel they spent ther travayle.
+  The peple lefte, the bysshop gan dysdeyne:
+  Drauht off corde nor off no myhty chayne
+  Halp lyte or nouht--this myracle is no fable--
+  For lik a mount it stood ylyche stable.
+
+  Wherupon the bysshop gan mervaylle,
+  Fully diffraudyd off his entencion.
+  And whan ther power and fforce gan to faylle,
+  Ayllewyn kam neer with humble affeccion,
+  Meekly knelyng sayde his orysoun:
+  The kyng requeryng lowly for Crystes sake
+  His owyn contre he sholde not forsake.
+
+  With this praier Ayllewyn aroos,
+  Gan ley to hand: fond no resistence,
+  Took the chest wher the kyng lay cloos,
+  Leffte hym up withoute violence.
+  The bysshop thanne with dreed and reverence
+  Conveyed hym forth with processioun,
+  Till he was passid the subarbis off the toun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE STUARTS TILL THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
+CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+    _Fresh signs of Decay and Neglect_--_Visit of James I._--_Bishop
+    Earle's Account of Paul's Walk_--_Laud's Letter to the Citizens_
+    --_Sir Paul Pindar's Munificence_--_The Rebellion_--_Monuments
+    of the Stuart Period:_ _Carey_, _Donne_, _Stokesley_, _Ravis_,
+    _King_, _Vandyke_--_Attempts at Restoration:_ _Inigo Jones_,
+    _Wren_--_The Great Fire:_ _Accounts of Pepys and Evelyn_,
+    _Eye-witnesses_--_Sancroft's desire to Restore the Old Cathedral
+    found quite impossible_--_Final Decision to Build a New One._
+
+
+We saw how, in the reign of Elizabeth, a great calamity befell the
+cathedral in the falling of the spire, and through this the great
+injury to the roof, and further how the Queen, as well as the
+citizens, endeavoured to repair the damage. The spire was not rebuilt,
+but the roof was renewed. But fifty years later it was discovered that
+the work had been fraudulently done, and the church was falling to
+pieces. James I. came with much ceremony, in consequence of the
+importunities which he received, to survey the cathedral,[1] and in
+consequence of what he saw he appointed a commission to consider what
+steps should be taken. At the head of it was the Lord Mayor, and
+amongst the names is that of "Inigo Jones, Esquire, Surveyor to his
+Majesty's Works." This remarkable man, though he was born in the
+parish of St. Bartholomew the Less, Smithfield, was educated in Italy,
+through the generosity of Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF DR. DONNE. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: PREACHING AT PAUL'S CROSS BEFORE JAMES I. _From a
+painting by H. Farley. Collection of the Society of Antiquaries._]
+
+[Illustration: OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE THAMES. _After W. Hollar._]
+
+[Illustration: WEST FRONT AFTER THE FIRE. _From a drawing in the
+Library of St. Paul's Cathedral._]
+
+
+He now took the lead in the restoration of St. Paul's. It must be
+acknowledged that after the first outburst of zeal following the
+fire of 1561, St. Paul's was much neglected for many long years. The
+authorities were lukewarm, the services were dead and unattractive,
+and all manner of irreverence was seen there daily. Bishop Earle's
+_Microcosmography_ (1628) often gets quoted, but his description
+of "Paule's Walke" ought to find place here. I take it from a
+contemporary MS. copy. Paul's Walk was the whole nave of the
+cathedral:--"Paule's Walke is the lande's epitomy, or you may call it,
+the lesser Ile [Aisle] of Greate Brittayne. It is more than this,
+the whole woorlde's map, which you may here discerne in its perfect
+motion, justling and turning. It is an heape of stones and men, with
+a vast confusion of languages, and were the steeple not sanctified,
+nothing liker Babell. The noyse of it is like that of bees, an humming
+buzze mixed with walking tongues, and feet. It is a kind of still
+rore, or loude whisper. It is the greate exchange of all discourse,
+and noe business whatsoever but it is here stirring and on foote. It
+is the Synode of all pates politicke, jointed and layed together
+in most serious postures; and they are not halfe soe busy at the
+Parliament. It is the anticke of tayles to tayles, and backes to
+backes, and for vizzards you neede goe noe further than faces. Tis
+the market of young lecturers, which you may cheapen at all rates and
+sizes. It is the generall mint of famous lyes, which are here (like
+the legendes of Popery) first coyned, and stamped in the church. All
+inventions are emptied here, and not few pockettes. The best signe of
+a temple in it, is that it is the thieves' sanctuary, whoe rob here
+more safely in a crowde than in a wildernesse, whilst every searcher
+is a bush to hide them in. It is the other expence of a day after
+playes and the taverne ... and men have still some othes left to
+swear here.... The visitants are all men without exception, but the
+principall inhabitants are stale knights and captains out of servis,
+men with long rapiers and breeches, who after all turne merchant here,
+and trafficke for news. Some make it a preface to dinner and travell
+for a stomache, but thriftier men make it their ordinary, and boarde
+here very cheape. Of all such places it is least troubled with
+hobgoblins, for if a ghost would walk here he could not." Of "the
+singing men" he draws a most unfavourable picture, accuses them of
+drunkenness and shameful looseness of life; says that they are
+earnest in evil deeds and that their work in the cathedral is their
+recreation. Bishop Pilkington also speaks of the profanity and
+worldliness of the daily frequenters. The carrying merchandise into
+the building seems to have been the custom in many of the cathedrals,
+and so it is not wonderful that the building went to ruin. The Bishop
+of London, Laud, sent round exhortations to the City Companies to
+contribute to the restoration. Here is his letter to the Barber
+Surgeons, dated January 30th, 1632:--
+
+"To the right worshipful my very worthy friends the Master Wardens and
+Assistants of the Company of Barber Surgeons, London, these:
+
+    "_Salus in Christo._ After my very hearty commendations you cannot
+    but take notice of his Majesty's most honest and pious intention
+    for the repair of the decay of Saint Paul's Church here in London,
+    being the mother church of this City and Diocese, and the great
+    Cathedral of this Kingdom. A great dishonour it is, not only to
+    this City, but to the whole state to see that ancient and goodly
+    pile of building so decayed as it is, but it will be a far greater
+    if care should not be taken to prevent the fall of it into ruin.
+    And it would be no less disgrace to religion, happily established
+    in this kingdom, if it should have so little power over the minds
+    of men as not to prevail with them to keep those eminent places of
+    God's service in due and decent repair, which their forefathers
+    built in times, by their own confession, not so full of the
+    knowledge of God's truth as this present age is. I am not ignorant
+    how many worthy works have been done of late in and about this
+    City towards the building and repairing of churches, which makes
+    me hope that every man's purse will open to this great and
+    necessary work (according to God's blessing upon him), so much
+    tending to the service of God and the honour of this nation. The
+    general body of this City have done very worthily in their bounty
+    already, also the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Sheriffs severally,
+    for their own persons. These are, therefore, according to their
+    examples, heartily to pray and desire you, the Master Warden and
+    other assistants of the worthy Company of Barber Surgeons to
+    contribute out of your public stock to the work aforesaid, what
+    you out of your charity and devotion shall think fit, and to pay
+    the sum resolved on by you into the Chamber of London at or before
+    our Lady Day next, praying you that I may receive by any servant
+    of your Company a note what the sum is which you resolve to give.
+    And for this charity of yours, whatever it shall prove to be, I
+    shall not only give you hearty thanks, but be as ready to serve
+    you, and every of you, as you are to serve God and His Church. So,
+    not doubting of your love and forwarding to this great work, I
+    leave you to the grace of God, and shall so rest,
+
+  "Your very loving Friend,
+  "GUL: LONDON."
+
+
+The Court considered this letter on the 9th of April following, and
+agreed to pay L10 down, and the same sum each year for the next nine
+years.
+
+We must not omit one munificent donor who came forward now: Sir Paul
+Pindar, who had made a large fortune as a Turkey merchant, and had
+been sent by King James as Ambassador to Constantinople, gave over
+L10,000 to the restoration of the cathedral. He died in 1650, and his
+beautifully picturesque house remained in Bishopsgate Street (it had
+been turned, like Crosby Hall, into a tavern) until 1890, when it was
+pulled down. Some of the most striking portions of its architecture
+are preserved in the Kensington Museum.
+
+That the alterations and additions of Inigo Jones, under King James,
+were altogether incongruous with the old building everybody will
+admit. But there are excuses to be made. He knew very little about
+Gothic architecture. The only example now remaining of his attempts in
+this style is the Chapel of Lincoln's Inn. St. Katharine Cree in the
+City has been attributed to him, but with little probability. And if
+he had essayed to work in Gothic at St. Paul's, it would not have been
+in accordance with precedent. Nearly all our great cathedrals display
+endless varieties of style, because it was the universal practice of
+our forefathers to work in the style current in their own time. We
+rejoice to see Norman and Perpendicular under one roof, though they
+represent periods 400 years apart. In the case before us Gothic
+architecture had died out for the time being. Not only our Reformers,
+who did not require aisles for processions nor rich choirs, but
+the Jesuits also, who had sprung suddenly into mighty power on the
+Continent, repudiated mediaeval art, and strove to adapt the classical
+reaction in Europe to their own tenets. Nearly all the Jesuit churches
+abroad are classical.
+
+It was, no doubt, fortunate that Inigo Jones confined his work at St.
+Paul's to some very poor additions to the transepts, and to a portico,
+very magnificent in its way, at the west end. He would have destroyed,
+doubtless, much of the noble nave in time; but his work was abruptly
+brought to an end by the outbreak of the Civil War. The work had
+languished for some years, under the continuance of causes which I
+have already adduced. But Laud, as Bishop of London, had displayed
+most praiseworthy zeal, and King Charles had supported him generously.
+When the troubles began, the funds ceased. In 1640 there had been
+contributions amounting to L10,000. In 1641 they fell to less than
+L2000; in 1643 to L15. In 1642 Paul's Cross had been pulled down,
+and in the following March Parliament seized on the revenues of the
+cathedral.
+
+With the Rebellion the history of the cathedral may be said to be a
+blank. It would have been troublesome and expensive to pull it down,
+so it was left to decay; the revenues were seized for military uses,
+and the sacred vessels sold. There is a doubtful tradition that
+Cromwell tried to sell the building to the Jews for a stately
+synagogue. Inigo Jones's portico was let out for shops, the nave was
+turned into cavalry barracks. An order, quoted by Sir Henry Ellis,
+of which there is a copy in the British Museum, came out in 1651
+prohibiting the soldiers from playing at ninepins from nine p.m. till
+six a.m., as the noise disturbs the residents in the neighbourhood,
+and they are also forbidden to disturb the peaceable passers by. At
+the Church of St. Gregory by St. Paul, towards the latter part of
+Cromwell's life, it is said that the liturgy of the Church was
+regularly used, through the influence of his daughter, Elizabeth
+Claypole, and not only so, but that he used sometimes to attend it
+under the same auspices.
+
+Once more before the catastrophe let us pause and see what monuments
+had been erected in the Cathedral since the Stuarts mounted the
+throne. Dean VALENTINE CAREY was also Bishop of Exeter, d. 1626, a
+High Churchman, He "imprudently commended the soul of a dead person to
+the mercies of God, which he was forced to retract." There was a brass
+to him with mitre and his arms, but no figure.
+
+Then we come to a monument which has a very great and unique interest,
+that of Dr. John Donne, who was Dean from 1621 to 1631. It is hardly
+needful to say that his life is the first in the beautiful set of
+biographies by his friend, Izaak Walton. But it seems only right to
+quote Walton's account of this monument. The Dean knew that he was
+dying, and his friends expressed their desire to know his wishes. He
+sent for a carver to make for him in wood the figure of an urn, giving
+him directions for the compass and height of it, and to bring with
+it a board, of the just height of his body. "These being got, then
+without delay a choice painter was got to be in readiness to draw his
+picture, which was taken as followeth:--Several charcoal fires being
+first made in his large study, he brought with him into that place his
+winding-sheet in his hand, and, having put off all his clothes, had
+this sheet put on him, and so tied with knots at his head and feet,
+and his hands so placed as dead bodies are usually fitted to be
+shrouded and put into their coffin or grave. Upon this urn he thus
+stood, with his eyes shut, and with so much of the sheet turned aside
+as might show his lean, pale, and death-like face, which was purposely
+turned towards the East, from whence he expected the second coming of
+his and our Saviour Jesus." In this posture he was drawn at his just
+height; and when the picture was fully finished, he caused it to be
+set by his bedside, where it continued, and became his hourly object
+till his death, and was then given to his dearest friend and executor,
+Dr. Henry King, then chief Residentiary of St. Paul's, who caused
+him to be thus carved in one entire piece of white marble, as it now
+stands in that church; and, by Dr. Donne's own appointment, these
+words were affixed to it as an epitaph:--
+
+  JOHANNES DONNE
+  Sac. Theol. Profess.
+  Post varia studia, quibus ab annis
+  Tenerrimis fideliter, nec infeliciter
+  incubuit;
+  Instinctu et impulsu Spiritus Sancti, monitu
+  et hortatu
+  Regis Jacobi, ordines sacros amplexus
+  Anno sui Jesu, MDCXIV. et suae aetatis XLII
+  Decanatu hujus ecclesiae indutus,
+  XXVII. Novembris, MDCXXI.
+  Exutus morte ultimo die Martii MDCXXXI.
+  Hic, licet in occiduo cinere, aspicit eum
+  Cujus nomen est oriens.
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Below is the inscription, as it appears in the
+Illustration.]
+
+  IOHANNI DONNE
+  SAC: THEOL: PROFESS:
+  POST VARIA STVDIA QVIBVS
+  AB ANNIS TENERIBVS FIDELI
+  TER NEC INF[OE]LICITER INCVBUIT
+  INSTINCTV ET IMPVLSV SPIR SCTI:
+  MONITV ET HORTATV REGIS IACOBI
+  ORDINES SACROS AMPLEXVS
+  ANNO SVI IESV 1614 ET SVE AETAT 42
+  DECANATVS RVTVS ECCLES: INDVTVS
+  27 deg. NOVEMB. 1621.
+  EXVTVS MORTE VLTIMO DIE
+  MARTII A 1631.
+  HIC IACET IN OCCIDVO CINERE
+  ASPICIT EVM
+  CVIVS NOMEN EST ORIENS.
+
+
+The unique interest attaching to this monument is in the fact that it
+was saved from the ruins of the old cathedral and now adorns the wall
+of the south choir aisle.
+
+There are three more Bishops of this later period.
+
+JOHN STOKESLEY (1530-1539) distinguished himself by his zeal in
+burning Bibles, and using all his influence on the side of Henry VIII.
+on the divorce, by his burning of heretics, and by his desire to burn
+Latimer. Froude tells the whole story with vivid pen. Stokesley was
+buried in St. George's Chapel in the N.E. corner of the cathedral. He
+was the last of the pre-Reformation bishops buried in St. Paul's.
+
+THOMAS RAVIS (1607-1610) was buried in the N. Aisle, with simply
+a plain grave-stone telling that he was born at Malden in Surrey,
+educated at Westminster and Oxford, Dean of Christ Church and Bishop
+of Gloucester. But a most vigorous epitaph of him was written by his
+friend and successor at Christ Church, Bishop Corbet, namely, a poem
+in which extolling his virtues and his piety, he declares that it is
+better to keep silence over his grave, considering the profanation
+which is daily going on in the cathedral, the "hardy ruffians,
+bankrupts, vicious youths," who daily go up and down Paul's Walk,
+swearing, cheating, and slandering. And he sums up thus:--
+
+  "And wisely do thy grieved friends forbear
+  Bubbles and alabaster boys to rear
+  On thy religious dust, for men did know
+  Thy life, which such illusions cannot show."
+
+JOHN KING (1611-1621) was the last bishop buried in Old St. Paul's.
+
+Some of the greatest English painters are buried in the present
+cathedral. In Old St. Paul's rested the bones of Van Dyck, who may
+almost be called the founder of English portrait painting, though he
+was a foreigner by birth, and only an adopted Englishman. He was born
+in Antwerp in 1599, became a pupil of Rubens, and, by general consent,
+surpassed him in portrait painting. In this branch of art he is
+probably unrivalled. He took up his residence in England in 1632, and
+was knighted by Charles I. He died at a house which that King had
+given him at Blackfriars, December 9th, 1641, and was buried close by
+John of Gaunt.
+
+We must not omit mention of John Tomkins, Organist of the Cathedral.
+He died in 1638. His epitaph says that he was the most celebrated
+organist of his time. He succeeded Orlando Gibbons at King's College,
+Cambridge, in 1606, and came to St. Paul's in 1619. His compositions,
+though good, are not numerous, but he is said to have been a wonderful
+executant.
+
+But we must now approach the final scenes of Old St. Paul's. At the
+Restoration, Sheldon was made Bishop of London, and two years later,
+on his translation to Canterbury, was succeeded by Humphrey Henchman,
+a highly respectable man, who owed his elevation to his loyalty to the
+Stuarts during the Commonwealth. He took no part in public affairs,
+but was a liberal contributor to the funds of the cathedral. The Dean,
+John Barwick, was a good musician, and restored the choir of the
+cathedral to decent and orderly condition. But it was soon found that
+the building was in an insecure, indeed dangerous condition, and it
+became a pressing duty to put it in safe order. Inigo Jones had died
+in 1652, and the Dean, Sancroft, who had succeeded Barwick in 1664,
+called on Dr. Christopher Wren to survey the cathedral and report upon
+it.
+
+This famous man was the son of the Rector of East Knoyle, in Wilts,
+and was born in 1632. His father had some skill in architecture, for
+he put a new roof to his church, and he taught his son to draw, an art
+in which he displayed extraordinary skill and taste. He was sent
+to Westminster School, and, under the famous Busby, became a good
+scholar. Then he went to Wadham College, Oxford, the Master of which,
+Wilkins, aftewards (sic) Bishop of Chester, was a great master of
+science. Wren took advantage of his opportunities, and became so
+well known for his acquirements in mathematics and his successful
+experiments in natural science that he was elected to a Fellowship at
+All Souls'. A few years later he was appointed to the Professorship of
+Astronomy at Gresham College, and his brilliant reputation made his
+rooms a meeting-place of the men who subsequently founded the Royal
+Society. A fresh preferment, that to the Chair of Savilian Professor
+of Astronomy at Oxford, did not hinder him from pursuing a fresh line.
+His father, as we have said, taught him to draw, his mathematical
+skill guided his judgment in construction, and these two acquirements
+turned him more and more towards architecture, though even now he was
+held second only to Newton as a philosopher. His first appearance
+as an architect was his acceptance of the post of Surveyor of King
+Charles II.'s public works. This was in 1661. He lost no time in
+starting in his new profession, for in 1663 he designed the chapel of
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, which his uncle Matthew gave, and the
+Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. This, then, brings him down to the
+survey of St. Paul's above named. It was carefully made, and presented
+in May, 1666. How he designed to rebuild some portions which were
+decayed, to introduce more light, to cut off the corners of the cross
+and erect a central dome--all this boots not now to tell. The plans
+were drawn, and estimates were ordered on Monday, August 27th, 1666.
+
+But before another week had passed an effectual end was put for many a
+day to all plans for the "repair of the cathedral." Pepys begins his
+diary of September 2nd with the following words:--"Lord's Day.--Some
+of our maids sitting up late last night to get things ready against
+our feast to-day, Jane calls us up about three in the morning to tell
+us of a great fire they saw in the City; so I rose and slipped on my
+night-gown and went to her window, and thought it to be on the back
+of Mark Lane at the farthest." He thought this was far enough off and
+went to bed again. But next day he realises that it is all a terrible
+business, and so he goes on to tell how he walked about the streets
+and in some places burned his shoes; went on the river, where the
+hot fiery flakes pursued him; went to the King and gave advice and
+received instructions; met the Lord Mayor who seemed out of his
+senses. So he goes on with his well-known description until September
+7th, when he was "Up by five o'clock, and blessed be God! find all
+well, and by water to Paul's Wharf. Walked thence and saw all the town
+burned, and a miserable sight of Paul's Church, with all the roof
+fallen, and the body of the choir fallen into St. Faith's; Paul's
+School also, Ludgate, and Fleet Street."
+
+Evelyn's note of the disaster is written in a higher key. "September
+3rd ... I went and saw the whole south part of the City burning from
+Cheapeside to the Thames, and all along Cornehill (for it likewise
+kindl'd back against the wind as well as forward), Tower Streete,
+Fen-church Streete, Gracious Streete, and so along to Bainard's
+Castle, and was now taking hold of St. Paule's Church, to which the
+scaffolds contributed exceedingly. The conflagration was so universal,
+and the people so astonish'd, that from the beginning, I know not by
+what despondency or fate, they hardly stirr'd to quench it, so that
+there was nothing heard or seene but crying out and lamentation,
+running about like distracted creatures, without at all attempting to
+save even their goods--such a strange consternation there was upon
+them, so as it burned both in breadth and length, the churches, public
+halls, Exchange, hospitals, monuments, and ornaments, leaping after
+a prodigious manner from house to house and streete to streete, at
+greate distances one from the other; for the heate, with a long set of
+faire and warme weather, had even ignited the aire and prepar'd the
+materials to conceive the fire, which devoured after an incredible
+manner, houses, furniture, and everything. Here we saw the Thames
+cover'd with goods floating, all the barges and boates laden with what
+some had time and courage to save, as, on the other, the carts, &c.,
+carrying out to the fields, which for many miles were strew'd with
+moveables of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people
+and what goods they could get away. Oh, the miserable and calamitous
+spectacle, such as haply the world had not seene the like since the
+foundation of it, nor be outdone till the universal conflagration of
+it. All the skie was of a fiery aspect, like the top of a burning
+oven, and the light seene above forty miles round about for many
+nights. God grant mine eyes may never behold the like, who now saw
+above 10,000 houses all in one flame; the noise and crackling and
+thunder of the impetuous flames, the shreiking (sic) of women and
+children, the hurry of people, the fall of Towers, Houses, and
+Churches, was like an hideous storme, and the aire all about so hot
+and inflam'd that, at the last, one was not able to approach it, so
+that they were forc'd to stand still and let the flames burn on, which
+they did for neere two miles in length and one in bredth. The clowds
+also of smoke were dismall, and reach'd, upon computation, neer
+fifty-six miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone burning, a
+resemblance of Sodom or the last day. It forcibly call'd to my mind
+that passage--_non enim hic habemus stabilem civitatem:_ the ruines
+resembling the picture of Troy--London was, but is no more! Thus I
+returned home.
+
+"September 7th.--I went this morning on foote from White-hall as far
+as London Bridge, thro' the late Fleete-streete, Ludgate Hill, by
+St. Paules, Cheapeside, Exchange, Bishopsgate, Aldersgate, and on
+to Moorefields, thence thro' Cornehill, &c., with extraordinary
+difficulty, clambering over heaps of yet smoking rubbish, and
+frequently mistaking where I was....
+
+"At my returne I was infinitely concern'd to find that goodly Church
+St. Paules now a sad ruine, and that beautifull portico (for structure
+comparable to any in Europe, as not long before repair'd by the late
+King) now rent in pieces, flakes of vast stone split asunder, and
+nothing now remaining intire but the inscription in the architrave,
+shewing by whom it was built, which had not one letter of it defac'd.
+It was astonishing to see what immense stones the heate had in
+a manner calcin'd, so that all the ornaments, columns, freezes,
+capitals, and projectures of massie Portland-stone flew off, even to
+the very roofe, where a sheet of lead covering a great space (no less
+than six akers by measure) was totally mealted; the ruines of the
+vaulted roofe falling broke into St. Faith's, which being fill'd with
+the magazines of bookes belonging to the Stationers, and carried
+thither for safety, they were all consum'd, burning for a weeke
+following. It is also observable that the lead over the altar at the
+East end was untouch'd, and among the divers monuments, the body of
+one Bishop remain'd intire. Thus lay in ashes that most venerable
+Church, one of the most antient pieces of early piety in the Christian
+world."
+
+Sancroft, who was Dean at the time of the fire, and who afterwards
+became Archbishop, was anxious to restore the cathedral on the old
+lines. Henchman was Bishop, but he left the matter for the Dean to
+deal with, though he not only rebuilt the Bishop's Palace at his own
+expense but contributed munificently to the new building. Sancroft
+preached within the ruined building before the King on October 10th,
+1667, from the text, "His compassions fail not," and the sermon is
+really eloquent. The congregation was gathered at the west end, which
+had been hastily fitted up. The east end was absolute ruin.
+
+Wren had already declared that it was impossible to restore the old
+building, and in the following April, Sancroft wrote to him that he
+had been right in so judging. "Our work at the west end," he wrote,
+"has fallen about our ears." Two pillars had come down with a crash,
+and the rest was so unsafe that men were afraid to go near, even to
+pull it down. He added, "You are so absolutely necessary to us that
+we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without you." This settled the
+question.
+
+There is a little difficulty with regard to the drawing, preserved
+in the library of the cathedral, of the West Front after the Fire.
+Evelyn, as we have seen, seems to describe it as far more ruinous than
+the picture before us shows. Perhaps the artist filled up some of the
+details from his memory, for the drawing hardly looks so desolate a
+ruin as Evelyn implies. The gable of the nave roof is striking
+enough, and evidently exactly according to fact; and the tower of St.
+Gregory's preserves its external form, though it is inwardly
+consumed, as is the whole nave. I am inclined to judge that this is
+substantially the appearance of the porch after the west end had
+been fitted up for worship as Sancroft described. However, Wren had
+condemned the structure as unsafe, and the Dean had acquiesced, and
+the new cathedral was resolved upon.
+
+There was delay, which was inevitable. Not only was the whole city
+paralysed with the awful extent of the ruin, but there were questions
+which had to be referred to Parliament, as to the method of raising
+the funds. Happily the whole voice of the people was of one accord in
+recognising that it was a paramount duty for the nation to build a
+splendid cathedral, worthy of England and of her capital city. It
+was not until November 1673 that the announcement was made of the
+determination of the King and his Parliament to rebuild St. Paul's.
+The history of that rebuilding belongs to New St. Paul's. The King
+wanted to employ a French architect, Claude Perrault, who had built
+the new front of the Louvre, but this was objected to. Then Denham,
+whose life may be read in Johnson's Poets, and who wrote one poem
+which may still be met with, _Cooper's Hill_, was appointed the King's
+Surveyor, with Wren for his "Coadjutor." Denham held the title to his
+death, but had nothing to do with the work. He died next year, and
+Wren then held unquestioned possession. His account of the old
+building, the principal features of which have been borrowed in the
+foregoing paper, is given in his son's book entitled _Parentalia_.
+Our plan shows a change which Wren made as to the orientation. In all
+probability this arose out of his scrupulous care as to the nature of
+the foundation. The clearing away was most difficult. Parts had to
+be blown up with gunpowder. It is said that when he was giving
+instructions to the builders on clearing away the ruins, he called on
+a workman to bring a great flat stone, which he might use as a centre
+in marking out on the ground the circle of the dome. The man took out
+of the rubbish the first large stone that came to hand, which was a
+piece of gravestone, and, when it was laid down, it was found to have
+on it the single word "RESURGAM." He took this, and there was no
+superstition in such an idea, as a promise from God.
+
+[Illustration: St Paul's in Flames. _W. Hollar fecit. A deg. 1666._]
+
+[Footnote 1: There is a very amusing little book by one Henry Farley,
+written in 1621, on the subject of this visit. In one paper he
+personates the Cathedral, and expresses his rejoicing, "I have had
+more sweeping, brushing, and cleaning, than in forty years before.
+My workmen looke like him they call Muldsacke after sweeping of a
+chimney." An oil painting by Farley in the collection of the Society
+of Antiquaries, which we reproduce by permission, shows the houses
+built against the cathedral, and blackening it with wreaths of smoke,
+to which attention is drawn by this legend across the picture:--
+
+  Viewe, O King, howe my wall creepers
+  Have made mee work for chimney sweepers."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+Alfred, King
+Altars
+Anabaptists
+Archdeacons
+Architecture of Old St. Paul's
+Arthur, Prince of Wales
+Athelstan
+Augustine
+Aulus Plautius
+Ave Maria Lane
+
+Barber Surgeons
+Barkham, Lord Mayor
+Baud, Sir William le
+Baynard's Castle
+Beaufort, Cardinal
+Becket, Archbishop
+Becket, Gilbert
+Bible, The, in St. Paul's
+Bishops of London:--
+  Mellitus;
+  Maurice;
+  Belmeis;
+  Basset;
+  Segrave;
+  Baldock;
+  Kempe;
+  Bonner;
+  Erkenwald;
+  Fitzhugh;
+  Braybrooke;
+  John of Chishull;
+  Roger Niger;
+  Wengham;
+  Fauconbridge;
+  Theodred;
+  William the Norman;
+  Foliot;
+  Montfort;
+  Gravesend;
+  Courtenay;
+  Ridley;
+  Grindal;
+  Sudbury;
+  Fitzneal;
+  Henry de Sandwiche;
+  Northburgh;
+  Clifford;
+  Laud;
+  Stokesley;
+  Sheldon;
+  Henchman;
+  Cranmer;
+  Ravis;
+  King.
+Bishop's Palace, The
+Black Death, The
+Black Friars, The
+Black Prince, The
+Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster
+Blois, Henry de, Bishop of Winchester
+Bodleian Library, The
+Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury
+Boniface VIII, Pope
+Bonner, Bishop
+Bowyer Row
+Boy Bishop, The
+Brandon, Charles
+Buck and Doe, The Offering of a
+Bunhill Fields
+Burnet, Bishop
+Busby, Dr.
+Byrd, William
+
+Camden, the Antiquary
+Canons, The
+Cantelupe, Walter de, Bishop of Worcester
+Catharine of Aragon
+Cathedral of the Old Foundation, St. Paul's a
+Ceremonies
+Chancellor, The
+Chapter, The
+Chantries
+Charles I.
+Charles II.
+Charles V.
+Chaucer
+Cheapside
+Christ's Hospital
+Churchyard, The
+Civil War
+Claypole, Elizabeth
+Clergy, The
+Cnut
+Colet, Dean
+College of Minor Canons, The
+Constance of Castile
+Convocation
+Creed Lane
+Cromwell, Oliver
+Crosby Hall
+
+Dance of Death, The
+Dean, The
+Dean and Chapter
+Deans of St. Paul's:--
+  More;
+  Stowe;
+  Ewer;
+  Nowell;
+  Ralph de Diceto;
+  Henry of Cornhill;
+  Pace;
+  May;
+  Wynterbourne;
+  Worsley;
+  Carey;
+  Barwick;
+  Sancroft;
+  Donne;
+  Colet.
+Deanery
+Denham, Sir John
+Diana, Temple of
+Doctors Commons
+Dominicans
+Donne, Dr.
+Dramatic Performances
+Dugdale
+Duke Humphrey's Walk
+
+Earle's _Microcosmography_
+Edward the Confessor
+Edward I.
+Edward II.
+Edward III.
+Edward IV.
+Edward VI.
+Elizabeth, Queen
+Erasmus
+Erkenwald
+Ethelbert
+Ethelburga
+Ethelred, Tomb of
+Evelyn's Account of the Fire
+
+Farrant, Richard
+Feasts
+Ferrers, Alice
+Finsbury Fields
+Fire, The Great
+Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
+Fleet River, The
+Folkmote, The
+Foster Lane
+Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_
+Francis I.
+Fuller, Thomas
+
+Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester
+Garnet, the Jesuit
+Grafton, the Chronicler
+Gregory the Great
+Gregory VII.
+Gregory IX.
+Grey, Lady Jane
+Grey Friars, The
+Gualo
+
+Henry I.
+Henry II.
+Henry III.
+Henry IV.
+Henry V.
+Henry VI.
+Henry VII.
+Henry VIII.
+Henry II. of France
+Hentzner, Paul
+Herbert, William, third Earl of Pembroke
+Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury
+Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
+Hunne, Richard, the Wycliffite
+
+Innocent III.
+Innocent IV.
+
+Jacqueline, Duchess of Gloucester
+James I.
+John, King
+John, King of France
+John of Gaunt
+Jones, Inigo
+Justus of Rochester
+
+Kilwardby, Archbishop
+King, Dr. Henry
+
+Lanfranc, Archbishop
+Langton, Archbishop
+Laud, Archbishop
+Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury
+Leo X.
+Lilly, William
+Linacre, Thomas
+Lincoln's Inn Chapel
+Lollards, The
+Longchamp, William de
+Longman's _Three Cathedrals_
+Lucius, King
+Ludgate Hill
+Luther
+Lydgate
+
+Machyn, Robert
+Magna Charta
+Margaret Tudor
+Mary, Princess, Duchess of Suffolk
+Mary, Queen
+Mellitus
+Merbecke
+Mercers' Company, The
+Milman, Dean
+Monuments:--
+  Sir John Montacute;
+  Bishop Kempe;
+  Sir John Beauchamp;
+  Bishop Barnet;
+  John Westyard;
+  Thomas Ewer;
+  Robert Fitzhugh;
+  Dean Nowell;
+  Bishop Braybrooke;
+  Robert Preston;
+  Sir Thomas Heneage;
+  Ralph Hengham;
+  Sir Simon Burley;
+  Sebba;
+  Ethelred;
+  John of Gaunt;
+  William Herbert;
+  John of Chishull;
+  Roger Niger;
+  Sir John Mason;
+  William Aubrey;
+  William Hewit;
+  Dr. Donne;
+  Dean Colet;
+  Sir William Cokayne;
+  John Newcourt;
+  Roger Brabazon;
+  Henry Wengham;
+  Eustace Fauconbridge;
+  William Rythyn;
+  Richard Lychfield;
+  Sir Nicholas Bacon;
+  Sir Francis Walsingham;
+  Sir Philip Sidney;
+  Sir Thomas Baskerville;
+  Sir Christopher Hatton;
+  Henry de Lacy;
+  Dean Wynterbourne;
+  Dean Worsley;
+  Dean May;
+  Dean Nowell;
+  Bishop Fitzneal;
+  Roger de Waltham;
+  Bishop Gravesend;
+  Dean Carey;
+  Bishop Stokesley;
+  Bishop Ravis;
+  Bishop King.
+More, Sir Thomas
+Mulliner, Thomas
+Music
+
+_Obits_
+Offa
+Old Change
+Old St. Paul's:--
+  Founded by Lanfranc;
+  Architecture and building;
+  Dimensions;
+  Injured by fire in 1135;
+  Images destroyed;
+  Destroyed by the Great Fire;
+  The Spire;
+  The High Altar;
+  The Rose Window;
+  The Cathedral Wall;
+  The Churchyard;
+  The Cloister;
+  The Library;
+  Paul's Cross;
+  The Crypt;
+  College of Minor Canons;
+  The Bishop's House;
+  The Deanery;
+  The Brewhouse and Bakehouse;
+  The Chapter House;
+  The West Front;
+  The Lollards' Tower;
+  The Nave;
+  The Font;
+  Monuments;
+  Doors;
+  The South Transept;
+  The Lady Chapel;
+  Inigo Jones' Portico;
+  The Scriptorium;
+  Altars;
+  St. Dunstan's Chapel;
+  St. George's Chapel.
+Organ, The
+Otho, Cardinal
+
+Papal Legates
+Pardon Churchyard, The
+_Parentalia_, Wren's
+Paris, Matthew
+Parr, Catherine
+Parr, Anne
+Paternoster Row
+Paul's Chain
+Paul's Cross
+Paul's Walk
+Pepys' account of the Fire
+Philip IV. of France
+Philip IV. of Spain
+Pickerill, Richard
+Pilkington, Bishop of Durham
+Popes, Pretensions of the
+Pindar, Sir Paul
+Pole, Cardinal
+Porter, John
+Prebendaries
+Precincts, The
+
+Redford, John
+Reformation
+Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury
+Richard, Duke of York
+Richard II.
+Richard III.
+Rogers, John
+Roman Churches
+Romans in London
+Rusthall, Bishop of Durham
+
+Sacrist, The
+Sancroft, Archbishop
+St. Alban's Abbey
+St. Albans, Battle of
+St. Edmund
+St. Ethelburga
+St. Faith's Church
+St. Gregory-by-St. Paul
+St. Katharine Cree
+St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill
+St. Mary-le-Bow
+St. Michael Querne
+St. Osyth, Monastery of
+St, Paul's Cathedral, the Anglo-Saxon Church
+  The second Cathedral, _see_ 'Old St. Paul's.'
+St. Paul's School
+St. Peter's, Cornhill
+St. Thomas Acons
+Sebba
+Sebert
+Services
+Skelton
+Simon de Montfort
+Somerset, The Protector
+Spurriers' Lane
+Stapylton, Bishop of Exeter
+Statute of Provisors
+Stephen, King
+Sudbury, Archbishop
+Sweyn
+Swynford, Catherine
+
+Tallis, Thomas
+Tomkins, John
+Treasurer, The
+_Three Cathedrals_, Longman's
+
+Van Dyck
+Verger, The
+
+Wakefield, The Battle of
+Walton, Izaak
+Warham, Archbishop
+Warwick, The Earl of
+White, Lord Mayor
+White Friars, Church of the
+Whitsun Festivals
+Wilkins, Bishop
+William I.
+Winchelsey, Archbishop
+Wolsey, Cardinal
+Wren, Sir Christopher
+Wyclif, John
+Wykeham, William of
+Wyngaerde's drawing of London
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Old St. Paul's Cathedral, by William Benham
+
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