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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16561-8.txt b/16561-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7ee4e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/16561-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encomium artis medicae, by Desiderius Erasmus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encomium artis medicae + +Author: Desiderius Erasmus + +Release Date: August 20, 2005 [EBook #16561] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Frank van Drogen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries + + + + + +[Illustration: +IMAGO·ERASMI·ROTERODA +MI·AB·ALBERTO·DVRERO·AD +VIVAM·EFFIGIEM·DELINIATA· + +"TÊN·KREITTÔ·TA·SYNGRAMMATA·DEIXEI" + +·MDXXVI· + +A/D] + + * * * * * + + + ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICÆ + + Desiderio Erasmo Roterodamo Autore. + + + + DE LOF DER GENEESKUNDE + van + Desiderius Erasmus. + + + * * * * * + +_Erasmus Roterodamus_ +_D. Henrico Afinio Lyrano_ + _insigni Medico_ + _S.D._ + +Nuper dum bibliothecam recenseo, doctissime Afini, venit in manus +oratio quaedam olim mihi nihil non experienti, in laudem artis medicae +declamata; continuo visum est orationem non optimam optimo dicare +medico, ut vel tui nominis lenocinio studiosorum centuriis commendetur. + +Erit hoc interim mei in te animi qualecunque documentum, dum dabitur +aliud nostra necessitudine dignius. + +Bene vale. + +Lovanii tertio Idus Martias Anno MDXVIII. + + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's Note: + +All sidenotes have been collected here to act as a table of contents. +Most repeat key words, names or phrases from the text. Those that +appear at the beginning of a paragraph, along with a few others that +function as explanatory notes, have also been kept in their original +places. + +A few Greek words have been transliterated, and will appear within +"double quotes." + +_Attentio._ +_Propositio._ +_Laudandi ratio per comparationem._ +_Dignitas et autoritas medicinae._ + _Inventio artis._ + _Torquet exemplum in suum commodum._ +_A difficultate._ + _Longum hyperbaton._ + _Divina res medicina._ + _Laus ab effectu._ + _Ars medicorum et mortuos excitare credita est._ + _Initium vitae medicis debetur._ + _Ab utilitate perpetua._ +_Senectam remoratur ars medicorum._ +_Totum hominem curat medicus._ + _Temperaturam corporis emendat medicus._ + _A simili._ + _Plato._ +_Principibus maxime necessarius medicus._ + _Ab exemplo._ + _Honos habitus medicinae._ + _Honora medicum._ +_A similibus._ +_Sanitatis custos medicus._ + _Exempla._ + _Christus non aegrotavit._ + _Confutatio._ + _Donum curationis._ +_Exemplum._ + _Detorquet._ +_Quibus culta medicina._ + _Moses._ + _Orpheus._ + _Homerus._ + _Moly._ + _Nepenthes._ + _Machaon._ + _Paeon._ + _Chiron._ +_Christus ipse medicus._ + _Paulus medicus._ + _Raphael._ +_A simili._ + Seleucides. +_A quaestu._ +_Confutatio._ + _Ex Aristophane._ + _Proverbium._ +_Epilogus._ ] + + * * * * * + + + DECLAMATIO ERASMI ROTERODAMI + IN LAUDEM ARTIS MEDICÆ. + + + [Sidenote: _Attentio._] + +Quo saepius est ars medicinae, meditatis et elaboratis orationibus, +hoc ex loco, apud plerosque vestrum praedicata, idque a viris singulari +facundia praeditis, auditores celeberrimi, hoc mihi sane minus est +fiduciae, me vel tantae rei, vel aurium vestrarum expectationi +satisfacturum. Neque enim rem prope divinam nostra facile assequetur +infantia, neque vulgaris oratio de re toties audita taedium possit +effugere. + + [Sidenote: _Propositio._] + +Verumtamen ne salutari maiorum instituto videar deesse, qui solenni +encomio juventutis animos ad huius praeclarae scientiae studium, +admirationem, amorem, excitandos, accendendos, inflammandosque +censuerunt, experiar et ipse pro mea virili (siquidem me dicentem +adjutabit vestra tum attentio, tum humanitas, favore candido prosequens, +quem ad hoc muneris vestra adegit autoritas) medicae facultatis +dignitatem, autoritatem, usum, necessitatem, non dicam explicare, quod +prorsus infiniti fuerit negotii, sed summatim modo perstringere, ac +veluti confertissimas locupletissimae cujuspiam reginae opes, per +transennam (ut aiunt) studiosorum exhibere conspectibus. + + [Sidenote: _Laudandi ratio per comparationem._] + +Cuius quidem ea vel praecipua laus est, primum quod nullis omnino +praeconiis indiget, ipsa abunde per se vel utilitate, vel necessitate +commendata mortalibus. Deinde quod toties iam a tam praeclaris ingeniis +praedicata, semper tamen novam laudum suarum materiam, ingeniis etiam +parum foecundis ex sese suppeditat, ut nihil necesse sit, eam vulgato +more invidiosis illis contentionibus, non sine caeterarum disciplinarum +contumelia depraedicare. Quin illud magis metuendum, ne domesticas +illius dotes, ne germanam ac nativam amplitudinem, ne majestatem humana +conditione maiorem, mortalis oratio non assequatur. Tantum abest, ut vel +aliena contumelia, vel asciticiis Rhetorum fucis, aut amplificationum +praestigiis sit attollenda. [Sidenote: "gnômê."] Mediocrium est +formarum, deformiorum comparatione, aut cultus lenociniis commendari; +res per se vereque praeclaras, satis est vel nudas oculis ostendisse. + + [Sidenote: _Dignitas et autoritas medicinae._] + +Iam primum enim (ut ad rem festinemus) reliquae artes quoniam nulla non +magnam aliquam vitae commoditatem attulit, summo quidem in pretio fuere. +Verum medicinae quondam tam admirabilis fuit humano generi inventio, tam +dulcis experientia, ut eius autores, aut plane pro diis habiti sint, +velut Apollo, et huius filius Aesculapius, imo (quod ait Plinius) +singula quosdam inventa deorum numero addiderunt, aut certe divinis +honoribus digni sint existimati, velut Asclepiades, quem Illyrici +numinis instar receptum Herculi in honoribus aequarunt. Non equidem +probo quod fecit antiquitas, affectum sane ac iudicium laudo, quippe +quae recte et senserit et declararit, docto fidoque medico nullum satis +dignum praemium persolvi posse. + + [Sidenote: _A difficultate._] + +Etenim si quis secum reputet, quam multiplex in corporibus humanis +diversitas, quanta ex aetatibus, sexu, regionibus, coelo, educatione, +studiis, usu varietas, quam infinita in tot milibus herbarum (ne +quid interim dicam de caeteris remediis) quae alibi aliae nascuntur, +discrimina. Tum quot sint morborum genera, quae trecenta nominatim +fuisse prodita scribit Plinius, exceptis generum partibus, quarum omnium +quam nullus sit numerus, facile perpendet, qui tantum norit, quot formas +in se febris vocabulum complectatur, ut ex uno caetera aestimentur; +exceptis his, qui quotidie novi accrescunt, neque secus accrescunt, +quam si de composito cum arte nostra bellum suscepisse videantur. +Exceptis venenorum plus mille periculis, quorum quot species sunt, +tot sunt mortis genera, totidem remediorum differentias flagitantia. +Exceptis casibus quotidianis lapsuum, ruinarum, ruptionum, adustionum, +luxationum, vulnerum, atque his consimilium, quae prope cum ipso +morborum agmine ex aequo certant. Denique qui cogitet, quanta sit +in corporum coelestium observatione difficultas, quae nisi cognoris, +saepenumero venenum erit, quod in remedium datur. Ne quid interim +commemorem saepe fallaces morborum notas, sive coloris habitum spectes, +sive lotii signa rimeris, sive pulsus harmoniam observes, velut hoc +agentibus malis, ut hostem medicum fallant et imponant. Tantum undique +sese offundit difficultatum, ut mihi difficile sit omnes vel oratione +prosequi. + +Sed ut dicere coeperam, has omnes rerum varietates studio persequi, +obscuritates ingenio assequi, difficultates industria pervincere, ac +penetratis terrae fibris, excussis undique totius naturae arcanis, ex +omnibus herbis, fruticibus, arboribus, animantibus, gemmis, ex ipsis +denique venenis, cunctis humanae vitae malis efficacia quaerere remedia, +atque horum opportunum usum ex tot autoribus, tot disciplinis, imo et ab +ipsis sideribus petere. Haec inquam, tam abdita rimari cura, tam ardua +viribus animi adipisci, tam multa memoria complecti, tam necessaria ad +salutem universi mortalium generis in commune proferre, nonne prorsus +homine maius ac plane divinum quiddam fuisse videtur? Absit invidia +verbis. Liceat id quod vero verius est ingenue praedicare. Non me jacto, +sed artem ipsam effero. Etenim si dare vitam proprium dei munus est, +certe datam tueri, jamque fugientem retinere, deo proximum fateamur +oportet. Quamquam ne prius quidem illud, quod nos soli deo proprium esse +volumus, medicorum arti detraxit antiquitas, ut credula, ita gratissima. +Nam Aesculapii quidem ope Tyndaridam, et post eum complures ab Orco +in lucem redisse credidit. Asclepiades hominem exanimatum, elatum, +comploratumque ab rogo domum vivum reduxisse legitur. Xanthus historicus +catulum leonis occisum, praeterea et hominem, quem Draco occiderat, +vitae redditum fuisse, posteris prodidit, herba quam halin nominant. Ad +haec Juba, in Africa quendam herba revocatum ad vitam, testis est. Neque +vero laboraverim, si sint apud quos haec fide careant. Certe (quod +agimus) admirationem artis tanto magis implent, quanto magis supra +fidem veri sunt, et immensum esse fateri cogunt id quod vero supersit. +Quamquam quantum ad eum attinet, qui vitae redditur, quid refert utrum +anima denuo in artus relictos divinitus reponatur, an penitus in corpore +sepulta, morbique victoris oppressa viribus, arte curaque medici +suscitetur atque eliciatur, iamque certo migratura retineatur? An non +pene paria sunt mortuum restituere, et mox moriturum servare? Atqui +permultos nominatim recenset Plinius libro historiae mundanae septimo, +qui iam elati partim in ipso rogo, partim post dies complusculos +revixerint. + +Miraculum est, quod paucis dedit casus. Et non magis mirandum, quod +quotidie multis largitur ars nostra? Etiamsi hanc deo Opt. Max. debemus, +cui nihil non debemus, ne quis haec a me putet arrogantius dicta quam +verius. Complurium morborum ea vis est, ut certa mors sint, nisi +praesens adsit medicus, veluti stupor is, qui mulieribus potissimum +solet accidere, veluti syncopis profunda, paralysis, apoplexia. Neque +desunt ulli vel seculo, vel genti sua in hanc rem exempla. Hic qui +mortem ingruentem arte sua depellit, qui vitam subito oppressam revocat, +nonne ceu numen quoddam dextrum ac propitium semper habendus est? Quot +censes homines ante diem sepultos fuisse priusquam medicorum solertia +morborum vires, et remediorum naturas deprehenderat? Quot hodie +mortalium milia vivunt, valentque, qui ne nati quidem essent, nisi eadem +haec ars, et tot nascendi discriminibus remedia, et obstetricandi +rationem reperisset? Adeo statim in ipso vitae limine, et pariens simul +et nascens salutarem medicorum opem miserabili voce implorat. Horum +arti vitam debet, et qui nondum vitam accepit, dum per eam prohibentur +abortus, dum mulieri seminis recipiendi retinendique vis confertur, dum +pariendi facultas datur. [Sidenote: "paroimia"] Quod si vere dictum est +illud Deus est juvare mortalem, profecto mea sententia aut nusquam locum +habebit illud nobile Graecorum adagium "anthrôpos anthrôpou daimonion", +aut in medico fido proboque locum habebit, qui non juvat modo verum +etiam servat. An non igitur ingratitudine ipsa videatur ingratior, ac +ipse prope vita indignus, qui medicinam alteram secundum deum, vitae +parentem, tutricem, servatricem, vindicem non amet, non honoret, non +suspiciat, non veneretur? Cuius praesidiis nunquam ulli non est opus. +Nam reliquis quidem artibus nec semper nec omnes egemus. Huius utilitate +mortalium omnis vita constat. Nam fac abesse morbos, fac omnibus +prosperam adesse valetudinem, tamen hanc qui poterimus tueri, nisi +medicus ciborum salutarium ac noxiorum discrimen, nisi totius victus, +quam Graeci diaetam vocant, rationem doceat? + + [Sidenote: _Senectam remoratur ars medicorum._] + +Grave mortalibus est onus senecta, quam non magis licet effugere quam +mortem ipsam. Atque ea medicorum opera multis contingit, tum serius, tum +multo etiam levior. Neque enim fabula est, quinta, quam vocant, essentia +senio depulso hominem velut abjecto exuvio rejuvenescere, cum extent +aliquot huius rei testes. + + [Sidenote: _Totum hominem curat medicus._] + +Neque vero corporis tantum, quae vilior hominis pars est, curam gerit, +imo totius hominis curam agit, etiamsi Theologus ab animo, medicus a +corpore sumat initium. Siquidem propter arctissimam amborum intet se +cognationem et copulam, ut animi vitia redundant in corpus, ita vicissim +corporis morbi animae vigorem aut impediunt, aut etiam extinguunt. +Quis aeque pertinax suasor abstinentiae, sobrietatis, moderandae irae, +fugiendae tristitiae, vitandae crapulae, amoris abjiciendi, temperandae +Veneris, atque medicus? Quis efficacius suadet aegroto, ut si vivere +velit, et salutarem experiri medici opem, prius animum a vitiorum +colluvie repurget? Idem quoties vel diaetetica ratione, vel ope +pharmaceutica bilem atram minuit, labantes cordis vires reficit, cerebri +spiritus fulcit, mentis organa purgat, ingenium emendat, memoriae +domicilium sarcit, totumque animi habitum commutat in melius, nonne per +exteriorem, ut vocant, hominem, et interiorem servat? Qui phreneticum, +lethargicum, maniacum, sideratum, lymphatum restituit, nonne totum +restituit hominem? Theologus efficit ut homines a vitiis resipiscant, at +medicus efficit, ut sit qui possit resipiscere. Frustra ille medicus sit +animae, si jam fugerit anima, cui paratur antidotus. Cum impium hominem +subito corripuit paralysis, apoplexia, aut alia quaedam praesentanea +pestis, quae vitam prius adimat, quam vacet de castiganda cogitare vita, +hunc qui restituit, alioquin infeliciter in suis sceleribus sepeliendum, +nonne quodammodo tum corpus, tum animum ab inferis revocat? In eum certe +locum reponit hominem, ut ei in manu jam sit, si velit, aeternam mortem +fugere. Quid suadebit lethargico Theologus, qui suadentem non audiat? +Quid movebit phreneticum, nisi medicus prius atram bilem repurgarit? + +Pietas caeteraeque virtutes, quibus Christiana constat felicitas, ab +animo potissimum pendent, haud infitior. Caeterum quoniam is corpori +illigatus, corporeis organis velit nolit utitur, fit ut bona pars bonae +mentis a corporis habitu pendeat. Permultos homines infelix corporis +temperatura, quam Graeci modo "krasin" modo "systêma" vocant, velut +invitos ac reclamantes, ad peccandum pertrahit, dum animus insessor +frustra moderatur habenas, frustra subdit calcaria, sed equum +ferocientem in praecipitium sequi cogitur. Animus videt, animus audit +sed si oculos occuparit glaucoma, si aurium meatus crassus humor +obsederit, frustra vim suam habet animus. Odit animus, irascitur animus, +at vitiosus humor mentis organa obsidens in causa est, ut oderis, quem +amore dignum judices, irasceris cui nolis irasci. Philosophiae summam in +hoc sitam esse fatetur Plato, si rationi pareant affectus, atque ad eam +rem praecipuus est adjutor medicus, hoc agens ut ea pars hominis vigeat +sapiatque, cuius arbitrio geruntur, quaecunque cum laude geruntur. +Si hominis vocabulo censentur indigni, qui pecudum ritu rapiuntur +cupiditatibus, huius nominis dignitatem bona ex parte debemus medicis. + + [Sidenote: _Principibus maxime necessarius medicus._] + +Id cum maximum sit in singulis ac privatis, quanto praeclarius est +beneficium, cum id praestatur in principe? Nulla fortuna magis est +obnoxia malis huiusmodi, quam felicissimorum regum. Quos autem rerum +tumultus ciet unius homunculi vitiatum cerebrum? Frustra reclament qui +sunt a consiliis, furis o princeps, ad te redi, ni medicus arte sua +neque volenti, neque sentienti suam mentem reddiderit. Si Caligulae +fidus adfuisset medicus, non usque ad pugionum ac venenorum scrinia in +perniciem humani generis insanisset. Atque ob eam sane causam publica +consuetudine receptum est apud omnes orbis nationes, ne princeps usquam +gentium agat absque medicis. Proinde cordati principes nulli unquam arti +plus honoris habuerunt, quam medicinae. Quandoquidem Erasistratus (ut +reliquos taceam) Aristotelis ex filia nepos, ob Antiochum regem sanatum, +centum talentis donatus est a Ptolemaeo huius filio. Quin et divinae +literae jubent medico suum haberi honorem, non tantum ob utilitatem, +verum etiam ob necessitatem, ut in caeteros benemeritos ingratitudo sit, +in medicum impietas, quippe qui tamquam beneficii divini adjutor, id +arte sua tuetur, quod optimum nobis et carissimum largitus est deus, +videlicet vitam. + + [Sidenote: _A similibus._] + +Parentibus nihil non debemus, quod per hos vitae munus accepisse +quodammodo videmur. Plus mea sententia debetur medico, cui toties +debemus, quod parentibus semel dumtaxat debemus, si tamen illis debemus. +Pietatem debemus ei, qui hostem a cervicibus depulit, et medico non +magis debemus, qui pro nobis servandis cum tot capitalibus vitae +hostibus quotidie depugnat? Reges ceu deos suspicimus, quia vitae +necisque jus habere creduntur, qui tamen ut possint occidere, certe +vitam non aliter dare possunt, nisi quatenus non eripiunt, quemadmodum +servare dicuntur latrones, si quem non jugulent, nec aliam tamen vitam +dare possunt, quam corporis. At quanto propius ad divinam benignitatem +accedit medici beneficium, hominem iam inferis destinatum arte, ingenio, +cura, fideque sua, velut ex ipsis mortis faucibus retrahentis? Aliis +in rebus profuisse sit officium, caeterum in certo corporis animique +periculo servasse, plus quam pietas est. Adde his quod quicquid in +homine magnum est, eruditio, virtus, naturae dotes, aut si quid aliud, +id omne medicorum arti acceptum feramus oportet, quatenus id servat, +sine quo ne reliqua quidem queant subsistere. Si omnia propter hominem, +et hominem ipsum servat medicus, nimirum omnium nomine gratia debetur +medico. + + [Sidenote: _Sanitatis custos medicus._] + +Si non vivit, qui vivit morbis obnoxius, et vitam salubrem aut reddit +aut tuetur medicus, an non convenit hunc ceu vitae parentem agnoscere? +Si res exoptanda est immortalitas, hanc medicorum industria, quoad +licet, meditatur, quae vitam in longum prorogat. Quid enim hic notissima +referam exempla, Pythagoram, Chrysippum, Platonem, Catonem censorium, +Antonium, Castorem, cumque his innumerabiles, quorum plerique medicinae +observatione, vitam ab omni morbo liberam neque fatiscente ingenii +vigore, neque concussa memoriae soliditate, neque fractis aut +labefactatis sensibus, ultra centesimum annum prorogarunt? An non +istuc est immortalitatis, quam speramus, hic iam nunc imaginem quandam +exhibere? Christus ipse immortalitatis autor ac vindex unicus corpus +assumpsit, mortale quidem illud, sed tamen nullis morbis obnoxium. +Crucem non horruit, morbos horruit. An non pulcherrimum fuerit, nos +principem nostrum in hoc quoque pro viribus imitari? Apostolos, quorum +nemo fere non multam vixit aetatem, caesos legimus, interfectos legimus, +aegrotasse non legimus. Quocunque pacto hoc illis contigit, certe +praestat idem ars medicorum, quod illis praestitit sua felicitas. Nec +enim audiendos arbitror, qui nobis non minus indocte, quam impudenter +solent illud objicere: Virtus in infirmitate perficitur, somniantes +Paulum gravi capitis dolori fuisse obnoxium, cum ille infirmitatem +vel animi tentationem, vel quod vero propius est, improborum hominum +molestam insectationem appellet. Atque idem ille Paulus, inter +apostolicas dotes, donum curationis recensuit. + +Iam auget et illud non levi argumento medicinae gloriam, quod et +Caesarearum legum majestas, et pontificiarum autoritas sese ultro +medicorum judicio submittit, velut in quaestionibus pubertatum, +partuum ac veneficiorum. Item in quaestionibus aliquot ad matrimonium +facientibus. O nova dignitas medicinae. Agitur de capite hominis, et +judicis sententia pendet ex medici praejudicio. Summi pontificis pietas, +si quid indulget, in nonnullis non aliter indulget, nisi medicorum +accedat calculus. Atque in decretis Romanus pontifex episcopum eum, qui +delatus fuerat tamquam foedo immanique morbo obnoxius, ex medicae rei +judicio censet aut amovendum episcopatu, aut suo loco restituendum. +Divus item Augustinus ex medicorum consilio fieri jubet, quod faciendum +est, etiamsi nolit aegrotus. Idem honorem medico debitum, hoc est artis +et industriae praemium, recte eripi scribit ab eo qui detinet, velut +ab injusto possessore et quod alienum est mala fide occupante. Quin ii +quoque, qui conceptis precaminibus, daemones impios e corporibus humanis +exigunt, non raro in consilium adhibent, velut in his morbis, qui +secretis rationibus quaedam sensuum organa spiritusque vitiant, et adeo +daemoniacam speciem imitantur, ut nisi a peritissimis medicis discerni +non queant, sive sunt crassiores aliqui daemones, ut fertur illorum +varia natura, qui medicam etiam opem sentiant, sive morbus adeo penitus +intimis animi recessibus insidet, ut a corpore videatur alienus. In +cuius rei fidem, dum ex innumeris mihi compertum exemplum refero, +quaeso ut me patienter audiatis. + + [Sidenote: _Exemplum._] + +Panaceum celeberrimi nominis medicum adolescens colui, is me teste +quendam restituit, nomine Phlyarium, patria Spoletanum, qui ex vermibus +in novum maniae genus inciderat, ita ut in morbo probe teutonice +loqueretur, quod (uti constabat) sanus nunquam potuerat. Quis imperitus +rei medicae non hunc daemoniacum vel dejerasset etiam? At is hominem +facili paratoque remedio menti reddidit. Redditus sibi, teutonice nec +loquebatur, nec intelligebat. Quod si quis hunc vere daemoniacum fuisse +contendat, ea sane res vel maxime medicorum illustrat artem, cui +compertum est et daemones impios parere, quemadmodum in restituenda +vita, ita et in exigendis spiritibus divinae virtutis tum ministrae, tum +aemulae. Neque vero deerant, qui factum hoc magicis artibus tribuebant, +quorum ego calumniam arti nostrae gloriae laudique verto, per quam ea +praestantur, quae vulgus hominum humanis viribus praestari posse non +credit. + + [Sidenote: _Quibus culta medicina._] + +Optimo igitur jure priscis seculis, cum nondum sordidi quaestus et +spurcae voluptates vitiassent omnia, medendi ars inter omnes una divinis +ac summatibus viris, opulentissimis regibus, clarissimis senatoribus +praecipue cordi fuit, nec alia mortalium generi gratior. Siquidem Moses +ille magnus, non alia ratione quam artis medicae, cibos suos distinxisse +creditur. Orpheus, Graecorum vetustissimus, de viribus herbarum nonnulla +prodidisse legitur. Homerus ipse, citra controversiam, unicus ingeniorum +fons, plurimus est et in herbarum commemoratione, et in laude medicorum. +Is et Moly nobis depinxit, herbarum omnium (teste Plinio) laudatissimam, +efficacem adversus veneficia, cuius inventionem Mercurio tribuit, hac +Ulyssem suum adversus Circes pocula praemuniens. Idem nepenthes indicat +in conviviis adhibendum, quod moerorem tristitiamque discutiat. Porro +Machaonem, Paeonem, Chironem, Podalirium, ut hac arte praestantes, +saepicule non sine honore commemorat, quorum arte non solum heroibus, +verum ipsis etiam diis subventum esse fingit, illud videlicet +subindicans, summis etiam principibus medicorum praesidiis opus esse, +atque horum vitam medicis in manu esse, qui in caeteros omnes jus vitae +ac necis habere videntur. Quid quod idem Poeta libro Iliados undecimo, +huius artis professionem longe pulcherrimo nobilitavit elogio, cum ait: +[Sidenote: "iatros gar anêr pollôn antaxios allôn"] Unum medicum pluris +habendum, quam caeterorum hominum permultos. Rursum alibi medicum ita +notat, ut dicat eum eruditum in omnibus, palam testans id quod res est, +hanc artem non una aut altera disciplina, sed omnium artium cognitione +circuloque, tum praeter exactum ingenium, multo etiam rerum usu +constare. Pythagoras ille Samius, cui divinitatem quandam tribuebat +antiquitas, de naturis herbarum nobile volumen reliquisse legitur. Atque +ut Platonem, Aristotelem, Theophrastum, Chrysippum, Catonem censorium, +Varronem praeteream, quibus studio fuit hanc artem suis vel studiis, vel +negotiis admiscere, Mithridatem Ponti regem, non perinde regnum, alioqui +locupletissimum, non tam unius et viginti linguarum miraculum, quam rei +medicae peritia nobilitavit, vereque magnum virum declaravit, qui artis +huius commentationes, et exemplaria, effectusque in arcanis reliquit, +ut autor est Plinius. Cuius et hodie nobile theriacae genus nomine +celebratur. Nunc fere regium habetur, aleam ludere, venari, nugas agere. +At olim populi Romani principibus nihil magis erat curae, quam ut ex +longinquo novis importandis herbis, rem medicam adjuvarent, neque populo +illi tum orbis domino aliud erat munus gratius. + + [Sidenote: _Christus ipse medicus._] + +Quid quod Christus ipse, disciplinarum omnium et autor et princeps, sese +non Iureconsultum, non Rhetorem, non Philosophum, sed Medicum professus +est, dum de se loquens negat opus esse medico iis, qui bene habeant, dum +Samaritanus vulneribus oleum ac vinum infundit, dum sputum terrae mixtum +illinit oculis caeci. Quid quod idem hac potissimum commendatione, cum +adhuc orbi esset ignotus, sese paulatim in animos atque affectus hominum +insinuavit, non auro, non imperiis, sed morborum remediis? Quod ille +nutu fecit, nempe deus, hoc medicus pro virili sua cura imitatur. Neque +deest his quoque divina vis, nimirum medendi viribus in hunc usum rebus +a deo inditis. Nec alio viatico magis instruxit Apostolos, mandans ut +hoc protinus officio sibi devincirent hospitem, medentes inquit, morbis +illorum, et ungentes oleo. Paulus ille magnus dum Timetheo suo modicum +vini praescribit usum, ad fulciendam stomachi imbecillitatem, nonne +palam medici partibus utitur? Sed quid hoc mirum in Apostolo, cum +Raphael angelus Tobiae caecitati medicans hinc nomen etiam invenerit +apud arcanarum rerum studiosos? O coelestem vereque sacram disciplinam, +cuius cognomento divinae illae mentes insigniuntur. + +Inter mortales alii alias artes vel discunt, vel profitentur, hanc unam +oportebat ab omnibus disci, quae nulli non est necessaria. Sed o heu +perversissima hominum judicia. + +Nemo nescire sustinet, quis nummus legitimus sit, quis adulterinus, ne +quid fallatur in re vilissima, nec scire studio est, quibus modis id +quod habet optimum tueatur. In numismate non credit alienis oculis, +in negotio vitae ac sanitatis, clausis quod dicitur oculis, sequitur +alienum judicium. Quod si totius artis absoluta cognitio non potest nisi +paucis contingere, qui totam vitam huic uni studio dedicarunt, certe +partem eam, quae ad tuendam valetudinem pertinet, non conveniebat +quemquam nescire. Etiam si bona pars difficultatis, non ab ipsa arte, +sed ab improborum medicorum vel inscitia, vel ambitione proficiscatur. + + [Sidenote: _A simili._] + +Semper apud efferas etiam ac barbaras nationes sanctum ac venerabile +fuit amicitiae nomen. Atque is egregius habetur amicus, qui se fortunae +utriusque comitem sociumque praebeat, quod vulgus amicorum velut +hirundines aestate, rebus secundis adsunt, rebus adversis, quemadmodum +illae ingruente bruma devolant. At quanto sincerior amicus medicus, qui +Seleucidum avium exemplo, quas narrant nusquam a Casii montis incolis +conspici, nisi cum illarum praesidio est opus, adversus vim locustarum +fruges vastantium, rebus integris ac laetis nusquam sese ingerit, in +periculis, in his casibus, in quibus uxor ac liberi saepe deserunt +hominem, velut in phrenesi, phthiriasi, in peste solus medicus +constanter adest, et adest non inutili officio, quemadmodum plerique +caeterorum, sed adest opitulaturus, adest pro capite periclitantis cum +morbo dimicans, nonnunquam suo quoque periculo. Et o plus quam ingratos, +qui talis amici officio servati, jam depulso periculo medicum odisse +possunt, ac non potius parentis vice colunt ac venerantur. Vulgarem +amicum, qui subinde salutat obvium, ad coenam rogant, qui latus claudit, +officio pensant, et talem amicum ubi desierint egere, aversantur? Et ob +hoc ipsum aversantur, quod intelligant illius officio nullam meritis +parem gratiam rependi posse. + +Quod si is optimus vir est, qui maxime prodest Reipublicae, ars haec +optimo cuique viro discenda est. + +[Siquidem inter munia profani magistratus non minima portio est, et +haud scio an praecipua, dare operam, ut corpora civium bene habeant. +Quid prodest depulisse hostem a moenibus, si pestilentia intus grassans, +plures tollit quam sublaturus erat gladius? Quid refert curasse ne cui +pereat census, si perit prospera corporis valetudo? Prisci qui bonorum +ordines digesserunt, primas tribuunt bonae valetudini. Quid enim prodest +incolumis possessio, nisi valet possessor? Proinde leges priscorum, cum +nondum quaestus et ambitio corrupisset omnia, potissimum huc spectabant, +ut corpora civium essent valida, robusta, beneque temperata. Ea +res partim pendet a nativitate, partim ab educatione, partim ab +exercitamentis, et victus ratione, nonnihil etiam ab aedificiorum modo. +Nimirum medici fungebantur officio, qui bene temperata corpora jungebant +matrimonio, qui nutrices adhibebant integrae valetudinis, qui balnea +publica, qui publica gymnasmata instituebant, qui ferebant leges +sumptuarias, qui mutatis aedificiis, qui siccatis paludibus pestilentiam +excludebant, qui in hoc vigilabant, ne quid esculentum aut poculentum +venderetur, quod laederet corporum incolumitatem. Et hodie principes +fere nihil ad se pertinere credunt, si pro vinis vendantur venena, si +tritico vitiato, si putribus piscibus tot morbi invehantur in publicum. + +Adeo nulla vitae pars est, quae citra medicinae praesidia recte possit +administrari.] + + [Sidenote: _A quaestu._] + +Iam vero si qui sint, qui rerum pretia malint utilitate quaestuque +metiri (licet haec ars divinior est, quam ut huiusmodi rationibus sit +aestimanda) ne hac quidem parte cuiquam aliarum cedit artium. Neque enim +ulla magis fuit frugifera, et ad rem subito parandam aeque praesentanea. +Erasistratus cuius ante memini, a rege Ptolemaeo, Critobolus ab +Alexandro magno, praemiis ingentibus ac vix credendis donati leguntur. +Quamquam quod tandem praemium non exiguum videatur, repensum servatori +capitis, pro cuius unius salute tot hominum millia depugnabant? Quid ego +nunc commemorem Cassios, Carpitanos, Aruncios, Albutios, quibus Romae +tum apud principem, tum apud populum immodicum quaestum fuisse refert +Plinius? Quanquam quid nos haec ex priscis aetatibus repetimus, quasi +non hodie cuique complures succurrant, quos haec ars ad Croesi opes +evexerit? + +Rhetorica aut Poetica non alit nisi insignem. Musicus ni praecellat, +esurit. Iureconsulto tenuis proventus est, ni sit eximius. Sola medicina +quomodocunque doctum alit ac tuetur. Innumeris disciplinis, infinita +rerum cognitione constat res medica, et tamen frequenter unum aut +alterum remedium alit idiotam. Tantum abest, ut haec ars sterilitatis +damnari possit. + +Adde quod caeterarum artium non ubique paratus est quaestus. Rhetor +frigebit apud Sarmatas, juris Caesarei peritus apud Britannos. Medicum +quoquo terrarum sese contulerit suus comitatur honos, suum sequitur +viaticum, ut in nullam disciplinam verius competat vulgatissimum illud +Graecorum proverbium, "to technion hê pasa gê trephei". + + [Sidenote: _Confutatio._] + +Sed hoc ipsum indignatur Plinius, aut certe apud hunc alii, quaestum +esse medicinae professionem. Maior est, fateor, haec facultas quam ut +quaestui lucroque serviat, sordidarum id est artium. Sed nimis ingratum +est, eam solam sua fraudare gratia, cui nulla par gratia rependitur. +Egregius medicus ceu numen quoddam, servat gratis, servat et invitos. +Sed impietas est, non agnoscere numinis beneficium. Nihil ille +moratur mercedem, tu tamen dignus qui legibus mulcteris ob insignem +ingratitudinem. + +Iam haudquaquam me fugit, hanc egregiam artem et olim apud veteres +audisse male, et hodie apud indoctos quosdam male audire. Catoni +non placuit, non quod rem damnaret, sed quod ambitiosam Graecorum +professionem non ferret homo mere Romanus. Isque tantum tribuit +experientiae, ut artem esse noluerit, sed idem universam Graecorum +philosophiam ex urbe pellendam censuit. Existimabat homo durus, ad +purgandum hominis corpus sufficere brassicam et crebros vomitus, et +tamen ille ipse medicorum hostis observatione medicinae, in extremam +usque senectutem robur infractum tutatus scribitur. + +Solis, inquiunt, medicis summa occidendi impunitas est. At hoc nomine +magis suspiciendi boni medici, quibus cum in manu sit, non solum +impune, verum etiam mercede occidere, tamen servare malunt. Quod possunt +facultatis est, quod nolunt probitatis. Decantatur iam passim inter +pocula temulentorum adagium, Qui medice vivit, misere vivit. Quasi vero +felicitas sit, distendi crapula, rumpi Venere, turgescere cervisia, +sepeliri somno. Sed istos Sycophantas quid opus est oratione refellere, +cum ipsi petulantiae suae satis magnas poenas dant arti, mox podagra +contorti, paralysi stupidi, desipiscentes ante tempus, caecutientes ante +senectutem, iamque prius vituperatae medicinae, exemplo Stesichori, +seram canunt palinodiam miseri. Et tamen his licet indignissimis, artis +bonitas non gravatur esse praesidio, quantum licet. Sunt qui, mutuato ex +vetere comoedia scommate, vocent medicos "skatophagous". Quasi vero non +isto nomine vel praecipue laudari mereantur, qui quo subveniant hominum +calamitatibus, ex illa sua sublimitate sese ad haec sordida dejiciant. +Quod si medicis tantum esset supercilii, quantum istis est procacitatis, +liceret passim impune mori. Verum habet hoc ars nostra cum bonis regibus +commune, ut bene faciat ac male audiat. + +Quod si maxime sunt, ut sunt in hoc ordine, qui se pro medicis gerunt, +cum nihil minus sint quam medici. Si sunt qui pro remediis venena +ministrant, si sunt qui ob quaestum et ambitionem aegrotis male +consulunt, quid iniquius est, quam hominum vitia in artis calumniam +detorquere? Sunt et inter sacerdotes adulteri, inter monachos homicidae +ac piratae, sed quid hoc ad religionem per se optimam? Nulla tam sancta +professio est, quae non alat sceleratos aliquot. Votis quidem omnibus +optandum, omnes principes eiusmodi esse, cuiusmodi decet esse, qui +censeantur hoc digni nomine. Nec tamen ideo damnandus est principatus, +quod nonnulli sub eo titulo praedones reique publicae hostes agant. +Optarim et ipse medicos omnes vere medicos esse, nec in his locum dari +Graecorum proverbio, "polloi boukentai pauroi de te gês arotêres". +Optarim ab omnibus eam praestari sanctimoniam, quam Hippocrates +sacramento verbis solennibus concepto a professoribus exigit. Neque +tamen huc non enitendum est nobis, si id a plerisque negligi +conspicimus. + +Sed quoniam huius argumenti tanta est ubertas, viri praestantissimi, ut +difficillimum sit in eo dicendi finem invenire, ne non praestem quod +initio sum pollicitus, tempestivum arbitror, universas eius laudes +summatim complecti. + + [Sidenote: _Epilogus._] + +Etenim si permultas res sola commendat antiquitas, hanc artem primam +omnium reperit necessitas. Si scientiam autores illustrant, huius +inventio semper diis attributa est. Si quid autoritatis addit honos, non +alia tam passim ac tam diu divinos honores meruit. Si magni fiunt, quae +summis viris probantur, haec summos reges, haec primates non solum +delectavit, verum etiam illustravit. Si difficilia quae sunt, ea sunt +et pulchra, nihil hac operosius, quae tot disciplinis, tantarum rerum +pervestigatione usuque constat. Si dignitate rem aestimamus, quid +excellentius, quam ad dei benignitatem proxime accedere? Si facultate, +quid potentius aut efficacius quam totum hominem certo exitio periturum +sibi posse restituere? Si necessitate, quid aeque necessarium atque id +sine quo nec vivere, nec nasci licet? Si virtute, quid honestius, quam +servare genus humanum? Si utilitate, nullius usus neque maior est, neque +latius patet. Si compendio, aut haec in primis frugifera sit oportet, +aut ingratissimi mortales. + +Vobis igitur magnopere gratulor, eximii viri, quibus contingit in hoc +pulcherrimo genere professionis excellere. + +Vos adhortor, optimi juvenes, hanc toto pectore complectimini, in hanc +nervis omnibus incumbite, quae vobis decus, gloriam, autoritatem, opes +est conciliatura, per quam vos vicissim amicis, patriae, atque adeo +mortalium generi non mediocrem utilitatem estis allaturi. + + + Dixi. + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's Errata: + +page 6n. + Laudandi ratio + _text reads_ Laudandiratio + +page 14 + propter arctissimam amborum inter se cognationem + _text reads_ intet se + +page 18n. + Honora medicum. + _text reads_ honara + +page 26n. + iatros gar anêr pollôn antaxios allôn + _spelling as in original_ + +page 30 + Timetheo suo + _spelling as in original_ + +pages 32 - 34 + [Siquidem inter ... administrari.] + _text bracketed in original_ + +page 34 + qui mutatis aedificiis + _text reads_ aedifiiciis ] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Encomium artis medicae, by Desiderius Erasmus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICAE *** + +***** This file should be named 16561-8.txt or 16561-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/5/6/16561/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Frank van Drogen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encomium artis medicae + +Author: Desiderius Erasmus + +Release Date: August 20, 2005 [EBook #16561] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Frank van Drogen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They have been marked +with <ins class = "correction" title = "like this">popups</ins>. +</div> +<br> +<hr> +<p align = "center"> +<img src = "images/erasmus_small.jpg" width = "355" height = "450" +alt = "Erasmus engraved by Dürer, 1526" +title = "Imago Erasmi Roterodami ab Alberto Durero +ad Vivam Effigiem Deliniata"> +</p> +<hr> +<br> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+2">ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICÆ</font><br> +<br> +<font size = "+1">DESIDERIO ERASMO ROTERODAMO AUTORE.</font><br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<font size = "+2">DE LOF DER GENEESKUNDE</font><br> +<br> +VAN<br> +<br> +<font size = "+1"><span class = "extended">DESIDERIUS +ERASMU</span>S.</font></p> +<br> +<hr> + +<p class = "inset1"> +Erasmus Roterodamus<br> +D. Henrico Afinio Lyrano</p> +<p class = "inset2"> +insigni Medico<br> + S. D.</p> + +<p>Nuper dum bibliothecam recenseo, doctissime Afini, venit in +manus oratio quaedam olim mihi nihil non experienti, in laudem +artis medicae declamata; continuo visum est orationem non optimam +optimo dicare medico, ut vel tui nominis lenocinio studiosorum +centuriis commendetur.</p> + +<p>Erit hoc interim mei in te animi qualecunque documentum, dum +dabitur aliud nostra necessitudine dignius.</p> + +<p>Bene vale.</p> + +<p>Lovanii tertio Idus Martias Anno MDXVIII.</p> +<hr> +<span class = "pagenum">4</span><br> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1">DECLAMATIO ERASMI ROTERODAMI<br> +IN LAUDEM ARTIS MEDICÆ.</font></p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "pictop"><img src = "images/q_top.png" alt = "capital Q" +title = "capital Q"></span> +<span class = "pictop"><img src = "images/q_middle.png" +alt = "capital Q"></span> +<span class = "picbottom"><img src = "images/q_bottom.png" +alt = "capital Q"></span> +<span class = "sidenote">Attentio.</span> +uo saepius est ars medicinae, meditatis et elaboratis +orationibus, hoc ex loco, apud plerosque vestrum +praedicata, idque a viris singulari facundia praeditis, +auditores celeberrimi, hoc mihi sane minus +est fiduciae, me vel tantae rei, vel aurium vestrarum +expectationi satisfacturum. Neque enim rem prope +divinam nostra facile assequetur infantia, neque vulgaris oratio +de re toties audita taedium possit effugere. +</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Propositio.</span> +Verumtamen ne salutari maiorum instituto videar deesse, qui +solenni encomio juventutis animos ad huius praeclarae scientiae +studium, admirationem, amorem, excitandos, accendendos, inflammandosque +censuerunt, experiar et ipse pro mea virili (siquidem me +dicentem adjutabit vestra tum attentio, tum humanitas, favore candido +prosequens, quem ad hoc muneris vestra adegit autoritas) +medicae facultatis dignitatem, autoritatem, usum, necessitatem, non +dicam explicare, quod prorsus infiniti fuerit negotii, sed summatim +modo perstringere, ac veluti confertissimas locupletissimae cujuspiam +reginae opes, per transennam (ut aiunt) studiosorum exhibere +conspectibus. +</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'Laudandiratio'">Laudandi ratio</ins> +per comparationem.</span> +Cuius quidem ea vel praecipua laus est, primum quod nullis +omnino praeconiis indiget, ipsa abunde per se vel utilitate, vel +necessitate commendata mortalibus. Deinde quod toties iam a tam +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +praeclaris ingeniis praedicata, semper tamen novam laudum suarum +materiam, ingeniis etiam parum foecundis ex sese suppeditat, ut +nihil necesse sit, eam vulgato more invidiosis illis contentionibus, +non sine caeterarum disciplinarum contumelia depraedicare. Quin +illud magis metuendum, ne domesticas illius dotes, ne germanam ac +nativam amplitudinem, ne majestatem humana conditione maiorem, +mortalis oratio non assequatur. Tantum abest, ut vel aliena contumelia, +vel asciticiis Rhetorum fucis, aut amplificationum praestigiis +sit attollenda. +<span class = "sidenote"><span class = "greek">gnômê.</span></span> +Mediocrium est formarum, deformiorum comparatione, +aut cultus lenociniis commendari; res per se vereque praeclaras, +satis est vel nudas oculis ostendisse. +</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Dignitas et autoritas medicinae.<br> +Inventio artis.</span> +Iam primum enim (ut ad rem festinemus) reliquae artes quoniam +nulla non magnam aliquam vitae commoditatem attulit, summo +quidem in pretio fuere. +Verum medicinae quondam tam admirabilis +fuit humano generi inventio, tam dulcis experientia, ut eius +autores, aut plane pro diis habiti sint, velut Apollo, et huius filius +Aesculapius, imo (quod ait Plinius) singula quosdam inventa +deorum numero addiderunt, aut certe divinis honoribus digni +sint existimati, velut Asclepiades, quem Illyrici numinis instar +receptum Herculi in honoribus aequarunt. +<span class = "sidenote">Torquet exemplum in suum commodum.</span> +Non equidem probo +quod fecit antiquitas, affectum sane ac iudicium laudo, quippe quae +recte et senserit et declararit, docto fidoque medico nullum satis +dignum praemium persolvi posse.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">A difficultate.</span> +Etenim si quis secum reputet, quam multiplex in corporibus +humanis diversitas, quanta ex aetatibus, sexu, regionibus, coelo, +educatione, studiis, usu varietas, quam infinita in tot milibus herbarum +(ne quid interim dicam de caeteris remediis) quae alibi +aliae nascuntur, discrimina. Tum quot sint morborum genera, quae +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +trecenta nominatim fuisse prodita scribit Plinius, exceptis generum +partibus, quarum omnium quam nullus sit numerus, facile perpendet, +qui tantum norit, quot formas in se febris vocabulum complectatur, +ut ex uno caetera aestimentur; exceptis his, qui quotidie novi accrescunt, +neque secus accrescunt, quam si de composito cum arte +nostra bellum suscepisse videantur. +<span class = "sidenote">Longum hyperbaton.</span> +Exceptis venenorum plus mille +periculis, quorum quot species sunt, tot sunt mortis genera, totidem +remediorum differentias flagitantia. Exceptis casibus quotidianis +lapsuum, ruinarum, ruptionum, adustionum, luxationum, vulnerum, +atque his consimilium, quae prope cum ipso morborum agmine +ex aequo certant. Denique qui cogitet, quanta sit in corporum +coelestium observatione difficultas, quae nisi cognoris, saepenumero +venenum erit, quod in remedium datur. Ne quid interim commemorem +saepe fallaces morborum notas, sive coloris habitum spectes, +sive lotii signa rimeris, sive pulsus harmoniam observes, velut hoc +agentibus malis, ut hostem medicum fallant et imponant. Tantum +undique sese offundit difficultatum, ut mihi difficile sit omnes +vel oratione prosequi.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Sed ut dicere coeperam, has omnes rerum varietates studio persequi, +obscuritates ingenio assequi, difficultates industria pervincere, +ac penetratis terrae fibris, excussis undique totius naturae arcanis, +ex omnibus herbis, fruticibus, arboribus, animantibus, gemmis, ex +ipsis denique venenis, cunctis humanae vitae malis efficacia quaerere +remedia, atque horum opportunum usum ex tot autoribus, tot disciplinis, +imo et ab ipsis sideribus petere. Haec inquam, tam abdita +rimari cura, tam ardua viribus animi adipisci, tam multa memoria +complecti, tam necessaria ad salutem universi mortalium generis in +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +commune proferre, +<span class = "sidenote">Divina res medicina.</span> +nonne prorsus homine maius ac plane divinum +quiddam fuisse videtur? Absit invidia verbis. Liceat id quod vero +verius est ingenue praedicare. Non me jacto, sed artem ipsam +effero. +<span class = "sidenote">Laus ab effectu.</span> +Etenim si dare vitam proprium dei munus est, certe datam +tueri, jamque fugientem retinere, deo proximum fateamur oportet. +Quamquam ne prius quidem illud, quod nos soli deo proprium esse +volumus, medicorum arti detraxit antiquitas, ut credula, ita gratissima. +<span class = "sidenote">Ars medicorum et mortuos excitare +credita est.</span> +Nam Aesculapii quidem ope Tyndaridam, et post eum complures +ab Orco in lucem redisse credidit. Asclepiades hominem exanimatum, +elatum, comploratumque ab rogo domum vivum reduxisse +legitur. Xanthus historicus catulum leonis occisum, praeterea et hominem, +quem Draco occiderat, vitae redditum fuisse, posteris prodidit, +herba quam halin nominant. Ad haec Juba, in Africa quendam +herba revocatum ad vitam, testis est. Neque vero laboraverim, si +sint apud quos haec fide careant. Certe (quod agimus) admirationem +artis tanto magis implent, quanto magis supra fidem veri sunt, et +immensum esse fateri cogunt id quod vero supersit. Quamquam +quantum ad eum attinet, qui vitae redditur, quid refert utrum anima +denuo in artus relictos divinitus reponatur, an penitus in corpore +sepulta, morbique victoris oppressa viribus, arte curaque medici +suscitetur atque eliciatur, iamque certo migratura retineatur? An +non pene paria sunt mortuum restituere, et mox moriturum servare? +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +Atqui permultos nominatim recenset Plinius libro historiae mundanae +septimo, qui iam elati partim in ipso rogo, partim post dies +complusculos revixerint.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Miraculum est, quod paucis dedit casus. Et non magis mirandum, +quod quotidie multis largitur ars nostra? Etiamsi hanc +deo Opt. Max. debemus, cui nihil non debemus, ne quis haec a +me putet arrogantius dicta quam verius. Complurium morborum +ea vis est, ut certa mors sint, nisi praesens adsit medicus, veluti +stupor is, qui mulieribus potissimum solet accidere, veluti syncopis +profunda, paralysis, apoplexia. Neque desunt ulli vel seculo, +vel genti sua in hanc rem exempla. Hic qui mortem ingruentem +arte sua depellit, qui vitam subito oppressam revocat, nonne +ceu numen quoddam dextrum ac propitium semper habendus est? +Quot censes homines ante diem sepultos fuisse priusquam medicorum +solertia morborum vires, et remediorum naturas deprehenderat? +<span class = "sidenote">Initium vitae medicis debetur.</span> +Quot hodie mortalium milia vivunt, valentque, qui ne nati +quidem essent, nisi eadem haec ars, et tot nascendi discriminibus +remedia, et obstetricandi rationem reperisset? Adeo statim in ipso +vitae limine, et pariens simul et nascens salutarem medicorum +opem miserabili voce implorat. Horum arti vitam debet, et qui +nondum vitam accepit, dum per eam prohibentur abortus, dum +mulieri seminis recipiendi retinendique vis confertur, dum pariendi +facultas datur. +<span class = "sidenote"><span class = "greek">paroimia</span></span> +Quod si vere dictum est illud Deus est juvare mortalem, +profecto mea sententia aut nusquam locum habebit illud nobile +Graecorum adagium <span class = "greek">anthrôpos +anthrôpou daimonion</span>, aut in medico +fido proboque locum habebit, qui non juvat modo verum etiam +servat. An non igitur ingratitudine ipsa videatur ingratior, ac ipse +prope vita indignus, qui medicinam alteram secundum deum, vitae +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +parentem, tutricem, servatricem, vindicem non amet, non honoret, +non suspiciat, non veneretur? +<span class = "sidenote">Ab utilitate perpetua.</span> +Cuius praesidiis nunquam ulli non +est opus. Nam reliquis quidem artibus nec semper nec omnes +egemus. Huius utilitate mortalium omnis vita constat. Nam fac +abesse morbos, fac omnibus prosperam adesse valetudinem, tamen +hanc qui poterimus tueri, nisi medicus ciborum salutarium ac +noxiorum discrimen, nisi totius victus, quam Graeci diaetam vocant, +rationem doceat?</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Senectam remoratur ars medicorum.</span> +Grave mortalibus est onus senecta, quam non magis licet effugere +quam mortem ipsam. Atque ea medicorum opera multis contingit, +tum serius, tum multo etiam levior. Neque enim fabula est, quinta, +quam vocant, essentia senio depulso hominem velut abjecto exuvio +rejuvenescere, cum extent aliquot huius rei testes.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Totum hominem curat medicus.</span> +Neque vero corporis tantum, quae vilior hominis pars est, curam +gerit, imo totius hominis curam agit, etiamsi Theologus ab animo, +medicus a corpore sumat initium. Siquidem propter arctissimam +amborum <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'intet'">inter</ins> +se cognationem et copulam, ut animi vitia redundant +in corpus, ita vicissim corporis morbi animae vigorem aut +impediunt, aut etiam extinguunt. Quis aeque pertinax suasor abstinentiae, +sobrietatis, moderandae irae, fugiendae tristitiae, vitandae +crapulae, amoris abjiciendi, temperandae Veneris, atque medicus? +Quis efficacius suadet aegroto, ut si vivere velit, et salutarem experiri +medici opem, prius animum a vitiorum colluvie repurget? +Idem quoties vel diaetetica ratione, vel ope pharmaceutica bilem +atram minuit, labantes cordis vires reficit, cerebri spiritus fulcit, +mentis organa purgat, ingenium emendat, memoriae domicilium +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +sarcit, totumque animi habitum commutat in melius, nonne per exteriorem, +ut vocant, hominem, et interiorem servat? Qui phreneticum, +lethargicum, maniacum, sideratum, lymphatum restituit, nonne +totum restituit hominem? Theologus efficit ut homines a vitiis resipiscant, +at medicus efficit, ut sit qui possit resipiscere. Frustra ille +medicus sit animae, si jam fugerit anima, cui paratur antidotus. +Cum impium hominem subito corripuit paralysis, apoplexia, aut +alia quaedam praesentanea pestis, quae vitam prius adimat, quam +vacet de castiganda cogitare vita, hunc qui restituit, alioquin infeliciter +in suis sceleribus sepeliendum, nonne quodammodo tum +corpus, tum animum ab inferis revocat? In eum certe locum reponit +hominem, ut ei in manu jam sit, si velit, aeternam mortem +fugere. Quid suadebit lethargico Theologus, qui suadentem non +audiat? Quid movebit phreneticum, nisi medicus prius atram bilem +repurgarit?</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Pietas caeteraeque virtutes, quibus Christiana constat felicitas, +ab animo potissimum pendent, haud infitior. Caeterum quoniam +is corpori illigatus, corporeis organis velit nolit utitur, fit ut bona +pars bonae mentis a corporis habitu pendeat. +<span class = "sidenote">Temperaturam corporis emendat medicus.</span> +Permultos homines infelix corporis temperatura, quam Graeci modo +<span class = "greek">krasin</span> +modo <span class = "greek">systêma</span> +vocant, velut invitos ac reclamantes, ad peccandum pertrahit, +dum animus insessor frustra moderatur habenas, frustra subdit +calcaria, sed equum ferocientem in praecipitium sequi cogitur. +<span class = "sidenote">A simili.</span> +Animus videt, animus audit sed si oculos occuparit glaucoma, si +aurium meatus crassus humor obsederit, frustra vim suam habet +animus. Odit animus, irascitur animus, at vitiosus humor mentis +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +organa obsidens in causa est, ut oderis, quem amore dignum +judices, irasceris cui nolis irasci. Philosophiae summam in hoc +sitam esse fatetur +<span class = "sidenote">Plato.</span> +Plato, si rationi pareant affectus, atque ad eam +rem praecipuus est adjutor medicus, hoc agens ut ea pars hominis +vigeat sapiatque, cuius arbitrio geruntur, quaecunque cum laude +geruntur. Si hominis vocabulo censentur indigni, qui pecudum +ritu rapiuntur cupiditatibus, huius nominis dignitatem bona ex parte +debemus medicis.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Principibus maxime necessarius medicus.</span> +Id cum maximum sit in singulis ac privatis, quanto praeclarius +est beneficium, cum id praestatur in principe? Nulla fortuna +magis est obnoxia malis huiusmodi, quam felicissimorum regum. +Quos autem rerum tumultus ciet unius homunculi vitiatum cerebrum? +Frustra reclament qui sunt a consiliis, furis o princeps, ad +te redi, ni medicus arte sua neque volenti, neque sentienti suam +mentem reddiderit. +<span class = "sidenote">Ab exemplo.</span> +Si Caligulae fidus adfuisset medicus, non usque +ad pugionum ac venenorum scrinia in perniciem humani generis +insanisset. Atque ob eam sane causam publica consuetudine receptum +est apud omnes orbis nationes, ne princeps usquam gentium +agat absque medicis. +<span class = "sidenote">Honos habitus medicinae.<br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'Honara'">Honora</ins> +medicum.</span> +Proinde cordati principes nulli unquam arti +plus honoris habuerunt, quam medicinae. +Quandoquidem Erasistratus +(ut reliquos taceam) Aristotelis ex filia nepos, ob Antiochum +regem sanatum, centum talentis donatus est a Ptolemaeo huius +filio. Quin et divinae literae jubent medico suum haberi honorem, +non tantum ob utilitatem, verum etiam ob necessitatem, ut in +caeteros benemeritos ingratitudo sit, in medicum impietas, quippe +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +qui tamquam beneficii divini adjutor, id arte sua tuetur, quod +optimum nobis et carissimum largitus est deus, videlicet vitam.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">A similibus.</span> +Parentibus nihil non debemus, quod per hos vitae munus accepisse +quodammodo videmur. Plus mea sententia debetur medico, cui +toties debemus, quod parentibus semel dumtaxat debemus, si tamen +illis debemus. Pietatem debemus ei, qui hostem a cervicibus +depulit, et medico non magis debemus, qui pro nobis servandis +cum tot capitalibus vitae hostibus quotidie depugnat? Reges ceu +deos suspicimus, quia vitae necisque jus habere creduntur, qui +tamen ut possint occidere, certe vitam non aliter dare possunt, +nisi quatenus non eripiunt, quemadmodum servare dicuntur latrones, +si quem non jugulent, nec aliam tamen vitam dare possunt, quam +corporis. At quanto propius ad divinam benignitatem accedit +medici beneficium, hominem iam inferis destinatum arte, ingenio, +cura, fideque sua, velut ex ipsis mortis faucibus retrahentis? Aliis +in rebus profuisse sit officium, caeterum in certo corporis animique +periculo servasse, plus quam pietas est. Adde his quod quicquid +in homine magnum est, eruditio, virtus, naturae dotes, aut si quid +aliud, id omne medicorum arti acceptum feramus oportet, quatenus +id servat, sine quo ne reliqua quidem queant subsistere. Si omnia +propter hominem, et hominem ipsum servat medicus, nimirum +omnium nomine gratia debetur medico.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Sanitatis custos medicus.</span> +Si non vivit, qui vivit morbis obnoxius, et vitam salubrem aut +reddit aut tuetur medicus, an non convenit hunc ceu vitae parentem +agnoscere? Si res exoptanda est immortalitas, hanc medicorum +industria, quoad licet, meditatur, quae vitam in longum prorogat. +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<span class = "sidenote">Exempla.</span> +Quid enim hic notissima referam exempla, Pythagoram, Chrysippum, +Platonem, Catonem censorium, Antonium, Castorem, cumque his +innumerabiles, quorum plerique medicinae observatione, vitam ab +omni morbo liberam neque fatiscente ingenii vigore, neque concussa +memoriae soliditate, neque fractis aut labefactatis sensibus, ultra +centesimum annum prorogarunt? An non istuc est immortalitatis, +quam speramus, hic iam nunc imaginem quandam exhibere? +<span class = "sidenote">Christus non aegrotavit.</span> +Christus +ipse immortalitatis autor ac vindex unicus corpus assumpsit, mortale +quidem illud, sed tamen nullis morbis obnoxium. Crucem non horruit, +morbos horruit. An non pulcherrimum fuerit, nos principem nostrum +in hoc quoque pro viribus imitari? Apostolos, quorum nemo +fere non multam vixit aetatem, caesos legimus, interfectos legimus, +aegrotasse non legimus. Quocunque pacto hoc illis contigit, certe +praestat idem ars medicorum, quod illis praestitit sua felicitas. +Nec enim audiendos arbitror, qui nobis non minus indocte, quam +impudenter solent illud objicere: +<span class = "sidenote">Confutatio.</span> +Virtus in infirmitate perficitur, +somniantes Paulum gravi capitis dolori fuisse obnoxium, cum ille +infirmitatem vel animi tentationem, vel quod vero propius est, +improborum hominum molestam insectationem appellet. +<span class = "sidenote">Donum curationis.</span> +Atque idem +ille Paulus, inter apostolicas dotes, donum curationis recensuit.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Iam auget et illud non levi argumento medicinae gloriam, quod +et Caesarearum legum majestas, et pontificiarum autoritas sese ultro +medicorum judicio submittit, velut in quaestionibus pubertatum, +partuum ac veneficiorum. Item in quaestionibus aliquot ad matrimonium +facientibus. O nova dignitas medicinae. Agitur de capite +hominis, et judicis sententia pendet ex medici praejudicio. Summi +pontificis pietas, si quid indulget, in nonnullis non aliter indulget, +nisi medicorum accedat calculus. Atque in decretis Romanus +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +pontifex episcopum eum, qui delatus fuerat tamquam foedo immanique +morbo obnoxius, ex medicae rei judicio censet aut amovendum +episcopatu, aut suo loco restituendum. Divus item Augustinus +ex medicorum consilio fieri jubet, quod faciendum est, etiamsi +nolit aegrotus. Idem honorem medico debitum, hoc est artis et +industriae praemium, recte eripi scribit ab eo qui detinet, velut +ab injusto possessore et quod alienum est mala fide occupante. +Quin ii quoque, qui conceptis precaminibus, daemones impios +e corporibus humanis exigunt, non raro in consilium adhibent, +velut in his morbis, qui secretis rationibus quaedam sensuum +organa spiritusque vitiant, et adeo daemoniacam speciem imitantur, +ut nisi a peritissimis medicis discerni non queant, sive sunt +crassiores aliqui daemones, ut fertur illorum varia natura, qui +medicam etiam opem sentiant, sive morbus adeo penitus intimis +animi recessibus insidet, ut a corpore videatur alienus. In cuius +rei fidem, dum ex innumeris mihi compertum exemplum refero, +quaeso ut me patienter audiatis.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Exemplum.</span> +Panaceum celeberrimi nominis medicum adolescens colui, is me +teste quendam restituit, nomine Phlyarium, patria Spoletanum, qui ex +vermibus in novum maniae genus inciderat, ita ut in morbo probe +teutonice loqueretur, quod (uti constabat) sanus nunquam potuerat. +Quis imperitus rei medicae non hunc daemoniacum vel dejerasset +etiam? At is hominem facili paratoque remedio menti reddidit. Redditus +sibi, teutonice nec loquebatur, nec intelligebat. +<span class = "sidenote">Detorquet.</span> +Quod si quis hunc +vere daemoniacum fuisse contendat, ea sane res vel maxime medicorum +illustrat artem, cui compertum est et daemones impios parere, +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +quemadmodum in restituenda vita, ita et in exigendis spiritibus +divinae virtutis tum ministrae, tum aemulae. Neque vero deerant, +qui factum hoc magicis artibus tribuebant, quorum ego calumniam +arti nostrae gloriae laudique verto, per quam ea praestantur, quae +vulgus hominum humanis viribus praestari posse non credit.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Quibus culta medicina.</span> +Optimo igitur jure priscis seculis, cum nondum sordidi quaestus +et spurcae voluptates vitiassent omnia, medendi ars inter omnes +una divinis ac summatibus viris, opulentissimis regibus, clarissimis +senatoribus praecipue cordi fuit, nec alia mortalium generi gratior. +<span class = "sidenote">Moses.<br> +Orpheus.</span> +Siquidem Moses ille magnus, non alia ratione quam artis medicae, +cibos suos distinxisse creditur. +Orpheus, Graecorum vetustissimus, +de viribus herbarum nonnulla prodidisse legitur. +<span class = "sidenote">Homerus.</span> +Homerus ipse, +citra controversiam, unicus ingeniorum fons, plurimus est et in +herbarum commemoratione, et in laude medicorum. +<span class = "sidenote">Moly.</span> +Is et Moly nobis +depinxit, herbarum omnium (teste Plinio) laudatissimam, efficacem +adversus veneficia, cuius inventionem Mercurio tribuit, hac Ulyssem +suum adversus Circes pocula praemuniens. +<span class = "sidenote">Nepenthes.</span> +Idem nepenthes indicat +in conviviis adhibendum, quod moerorem tristitiamque discutiat. +<span class = "sidenote">Machaon.<br> +Paeon.<br> +Chiron.</span> +Porro Machaonem, Paeonem, Chironem, Podalirium, ut hac arte +praestantes, saepicule non sine honore commemorat, quorum arte +non solum heroibus, verum ipsis etiam diis subventum esse fingit, +illud videlicet subindicans, summis etiam principibus medicorum +praesidiis opus esse, atque horum vitam medicis in manu esse, +qui in caeteros omnes jus vitae ac necis habere videntur. Quid +quod idem Poeta libro Iliados undecimo, huius artis professionem +longe pulcherrimo nobilitavit elogio, cum ait: +<span class = "sidenote"><span class = "greek"><ins class = "correction" +title = "spelling as in original">iatros</ins> gar anêr +pollôn antaxios allôn</span></span> +Unum medicum pluris habendum, quam caeterorum hominum permultos. Rursum +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +alibi medicum ita notat, ut dicat eum eruditum in omnibus, palam +testans id quod res est, hanc artem non una aut altera disciplina, +sed omnium artium cognitione circuloque, tum praeter exactum +ingenium, multo etiam rerum usu constare. Pythagoras ille Samius, +cui divinitatem quandam tribuebat antiquitas, de naturis herbarum +nobile volumen reliquisse legitur. Atque ut Platonem, Aristotelem, +Theophrastum, Chrysippum, Catonem censorium, Varronem praeteream, +quibus studio fuit hanc artem suis vel studiis, vel negotiis +admiscere, Mithridatem Ponti regem, non perinde regnum, alioqui +locupletissimum, non tam unius et viginti linguarum miraculum, +quam rei medicae peritia nobilitavit, vereque magnum virum declaravit, +qui artis huius commentationes, et exemplaria, effectusque in +arcanis reliquit, ut autor est Plinius. Cuius et hodie nobile theriacae +genus nomine celebratur. Nunc fere regium habetur, aleam ludere, +venari, nugas agere. At olim populi Romani principibus nihil +magis erat curae, quam ut ex longinquo novis importandis herbis, +rem medicam adjuvarent, neque populo illi tum orbis domino +aliud erat munus gratius.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Christus ipse medicus.</span> +Quid quod Christus ipse, disciplinarum omnium et autor et +princeps, sese non Iureconsultum, non Rhetorem, non Philosophum, +sed Medicum professus est, dum de se loquens negat opus esse +medico iis, qui bene habeant, dum Samaritanus vulneribus oleum +ac vinum infundit, dum sputum terrae mixtum illinit oculis caeci. +Quid quod idem hac potissimum commendatione, cum adhuc orbi +esset ignotus, sese paulatim in animos atque affectus hominum +insinuavit, non auro, non imperiis, sed morborum remediis? Quod +ille nutu fecit, nempe deus, hoc medicus pro virili sua cura imitatur. +Neque deest his quoque divina vis, nimirum medendi viribus +in hunc usum rebus a deo inditis. Nec alio viatico magis instruxit +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +Apostolos, mandans ut hoc protinus officio sibi devincirent hospitem, +medentes inquit, morbis illorum, et ungentes oleo. +<span class = "sidenote">Paulus medicus.</span> +Paulus ille magnus dum <ins class = "correction" +title = "spelling as in original">Timetheo</ins> suo modicum vini +praescribit usum, ad fulciendam stomachi imbecillitatem, +nonne palam medici partibus utitur? +<span class = "sidenote">Raphael.</span> +Sed quid hoc mirum in Apostolo, cum Raphael angelus +Tobiae caecitati medicans hinc nomen etiam invenerit apud arcanarum +rerum studiosos? O coelestem vereque sacram disciplinam, +cuius cognomento divinae illae mentes insigniuntur.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Inter mortales alii alias artes vel discunt, vel profitentur, hanc +unam oportebat ab omnibus disci, quae nulli non est necessaria. +Sed o heu perversissima hominum judicia.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Nemo nescire sustinet, quis nummus legitimus sit, quis adulterinus, +ne quid fallatur in re vilissima, nec scire studio est, quibus +modis id quod habet optimum tueatur. In numismate non credit +alienis oculis, in negotio vitae ac sanitatis, clausis quod dicitur +oculis, sequitur alienum judicium. Quod si totius artis absoluta +cognitio non potest nisi paucis contingere, qui totam vitam huic +uni studio dedicarunt, certe partem eam, quae ad tuendam valetudinem +pertinet, non conveniebat quemquam nescire. Etiam si +bona pars difficultatis, non ab ipsa arte, sed ab improborum medicorum +vel inscitia, vel ambitione proficiscatur.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">A simili.</span> +Semper apud efferas etiam ac barbaras nationes sanctum ac venerabile +fuit amicitiae nomen. Atque is egregius habetur amicus, qui +se fortunae utriusque comitem sociumque praebeat, quod vulgus +amicorum velut hirundines aestate, rebus secundis adsunt, rebus +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +adversis, quemadmodum illae ingruente bruma devolant. +<span class = "sidenote">Seleucides.</span> +At quanto +sincerior amicus medicus, qui Seleucidum avium exemplo, quas +narrant nusquam a Casii montis incolis conspici, nisi cum illarum +praesidio est opus, adversus vim locustarum fruges vastantium, +rebus integris ac laetis nusquam sese ingerit, in periculis, in his +casibus, in quibus uxor ac liberi saepe deserunt hominem, velut +in phrenesi, phthiriasi, in peste solus medicus constanter adest, +et adest non inutili officio, quemadmodum plerique caeterorum, +sed adest opitulaturus, adest pro capite periclitantis cum morbo +dimicans, nonnunquam suo quoque periculo. Et o plus quam ingratos, +qui talis amici officio servati, jam depulso periculo medicum +odisse possunt, ac non potius parentis vice colunt ac venerantur. +Vulgarem amicum, qui subinde salutat obvium, ad coenam rogant, +qui latus claudit, officio pensant, et talem amicum ubi desierint +egere, aversantur? Et ob hoc ipsum aversantur, quod intelligant +illius officio nullam meritis parem gratiam rependi posse.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Quod si is optimus vir est, qui maxime prodest Reipublicae, +ars haec optimo cuique viro discenda est.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +[Siquidem inter munia profani magistratus non minima portio +est, et haud scio an praecipua, dare operam, ut corpora civium +bene habeant. Quid prodest depulisse hostem a moenibus, si pestilentia +intus grassans, plures tollit quam sublaturus erat gladius? +Quid refert curasse ne cui pereat census, si perit prospera corporis +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +valetudo? Prisci qui bonorum ordines digesserunt, primas +tribuunt bonae valetudini. Quid enim prodest incolumis possessio, +nisi valet possessor? Proinde leges priscorum, cum nondum quaestus +et ambitio corrupisset omnia, potissimum huc spectabant, ut +corpora civium essent valida, robusta, beneque temperata. Ea res +partim pendet a nativitate, partim ab educatione, partim ab exercitamentis, +et victus ratione, nonnihil etiam ab aedificiorum modo. +Nimirum medici fungebantur officio, qui bene temperata corpora +jungebant matrimonio, qui nutrices adhibebant integrae valetudinis, +qui balnea publica, qui publica gymnasmata instituebant, qui +ferebant leges sumptuarias, qui mutatis <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'aedifiiciis'">aedificiis</ins>, qui siccatis +paludibus pestilentiam excludebant, qui in hoc vigilabant, ne quid +esculentum aut poculentum venderetur, quod laederet corporum +incolumitatem. Et hodie principes fere nihil ad se pertinere credunt, +si pro vinis vendantur venena, si tritico vitiato, si putribus piscibus +tot morbi invehantur in publicum.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Adeo nulla vitae pars est, quae citra medicinae praesidia recte +possit administrari.]</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">A quaestu.</span> +Iam vero si qui sint, qui rerum pretia malint utilitate quaestuque +metiri (licet haec ars divinior est, quam ut huiusmodi rationibus +sit aestimanda) ne hac quidem parte cuiquam aliarum cedit artium. +Neque enim ulla magis fuit frugifera, et ad rem subito parandam +aeque praesentanea. Erasistratus cuius ante memini, a rege Ptolemaeo, +Critobolus ab Alexandro magno, praemiis ingentibus ac vix +credendis donati leguntur. Quamquam quod tandem praemium non +exiguum videatur, repensum servatori capitis, pro cuius unius +salute tot hominum millia depugnabant? Quid ego nunc commemorem +Cassios, Carpitanos, Aruncios, Albutios, quibus Romae tum +apud principem, tum apud populum immodicum quaestum fuisse +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +refert Plinius? Quanquam quid nos haec ex priscis aetatibus repetimus, +quasi non hodie cuique complures succurrant, quos haec +ars ad Croesi opes evexerit?</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Rhetorica aut Poetica non alit nisi insignem. Musicus ni praecellat, +esurit. Iureconsulto tenuis proventus est, ni sit eximius. Sola +medicina quomodocunque doctum alit ac tuetur. Innumeris disciplinis, +infinita rerum cognitione constat res medica, et tamen frequenter +unum aut alterum remedium alit idiotam. Tantum abest, ut haec +ars sterilitatis damnari possit.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Adde quod caeterarum artium non ubique paratus est quaestus. +Rhetor frigebit apud Sarmatas, juris Caesarei peritus apud Britannos. +Medicum quoquo terrarum sese contulerit suus comitatur honos, +suum sequitur viaticum, ut in nullam disciplinam verius competat +vulgatissimum illud Graecorum proverbium, +<span class = "greek">to technion hê pasa gê trephei</span>.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Confutatio.</span> +Sed hoc ipsum indignatur Plinius, aut certe apud hunc alii, +quaestum esse medicinae professionem. Maior est, fateor, haec +facultas quam ut quaestui lucroque serviat, sordidarum id est artium. +Sed nimis ingratum est, eam solam sua fraudare gratia, cui nulla +par gratia rependitur. Egregius medicus ceu numen quoddam, servat +gratis, servat et invitos. Sed impietas est, non agnoscere numinis +beneficium. Nihil ille moratur mercedem, tu tamen dignus qui legibus +mulcteris ob insignem ingratitudinem.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Iam haudquaquam me fugit, hanc egregiam artem et olim apud +veteres audisse male, et hodie apud indoctos quosdam male audire. +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +Catoni non placuit, non quod rem damnaret, sed quod ambitiosam +Graecorum professionem non ferret homo mere Romanus. Isque +tantum tribuit experientiae, ut artem esse noluerit, sed idem +universam Graecorum philosophiam ex urbe pellendam censuit. +Existimabat homo durus, ad purgandum hominis corpus sufficere +brassicam et crebros vomitus, et tamen ille ipse medicorum hostis +observatione medicinae, in extremam usque senectutem robur infractum +tutatus scribitur.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Solis, inquiunt, medicis summa occidendi impunitas est. At hoc +nomine magis suspiciendi boni medici, quibus cum in manu sit, +non solum impune, verum etiam mercede occidere, tamen servare +malunt. Quod possunt facultatis est, quod nolunt probitatis. Decantatur +iam passim inter pocula temulentorum adagium, Qui medice +vivit, misere vivit. Quasi vero felicitas sit, distendi crapula, rumpi +Venere, turgescere cervisia, sepeliri somno. Sed istos Sycophantas +quid opus est oratione refellere, cum ipsi petulantiae suae satis +magnas poenas dant arti, mox podagra contorti, paralysi stupidi, +desipiscentes ante tempus, caecutientes ante senectutem, iamque +prius vituperatae medicinae, exemplo Stesichori, seram canunt +palinodiam miseri. Et tamen his licet indignissimis, artis bonitas +non gravatur esse praesidio, quantum licet. +<span class = "sidenote">Ex Aristophane.</span> +Sunt qui, mutuato ex vetere comoedia scommate, vocent medicos +<span class = "greek">skatophagous</span>. Quasi +vero non isto nomine vel praecipue laudari mereantur, qui quo +subveniant hominum calamitatibus, ex illa sua sublimitate sese ad +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +haec sordida dejiciant. Quod si medicis tantum esset supercilii, +quantum istis est procacitatis, liceret passim impune mori. Verum +habet hoc ars nostra cum bonis regibus commune, ut bene faciat +ac male audiat.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Quod si maxime sunt, ut sunt in hoc ordine, qui se pro medicis +gerunt, cum nihil minus sint quam medici. Si sunt qui pro remediis +venena ministrant, si sunt qui ob quaestum et ambitionem aegrotis +male consulunt, quid iniquius est, quam hominum vitia in artis +calumniam detorquere? Sunt et inter sacerdotes adulteri, inter +monachos homicidae ac piratae, sed quid hoc ad religionem per se +optimam? Nulla tam sancta professio est, quae non alat sceleratos +aliquot. Votis quidem omnibus optandum, omnes principes eiusmodi +esse, cuiusmodi decet esse, qui censeantur hoc digni nomine. Nec +tamen ideo damnandus est principatus, quod nonnulli sub eo titulo +praedones reique publicae hostes agant. Optarim et ipse medicos omnes +vere medicos esse, +<span class = "sidenote">Proverbium.</span> +nec in his locum dari Graecorum proverbio, +<span class = "greek">polloi boukentai pauroi de te gês arotêres</span>. +Optarim ab omnibus +eam praestari sanctimoniam, quam Hippocrates sacramento +verbis solennibus concepto a professoribus exigit. Neque tamen huc +non enitendum est nobis, si id a plerisque negligi conspicimus.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Sed quoniam huius argumenti tanta est ubertas, viri praestantissimi, +ut difficillimum sit in eo dicendi finem invenire, ne non praestem +quod initio sum pollicitus, tempestivum arbitror, universas eius +laudes summatim complecti.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +<span class = "sidenote">Epilogus.</span> +Etenim si permultas res sola commendat antiquitas, hanc artem +primam omnium reperit necessitas. Si scientiam autores illustrant, +huius inventio semper diis attributa est. Si quid autoritatis addit +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +honos, non alia tam passim ac tam diu divinos honores meruit. Si +magni fiunt, quae summis viris probantur, haec summos reges, +haec primates non solum delectavit, verum etiam illustravit. Si +difficilia quae sunt, ea sunt et pulchra, nihil hac operosius, quae +tot disciplinis, tantarum rerum pervestigatione usuque constat. Si +dignitate rem aestimamus, quid excellentius, quam ad dei benignitatem +proxime accedere? Si facultate, quid potentius aut efficacius +quam totum hominem certo exitio periturum sibi posse restituere? +Si necessitate, quid aeque necessarium atque id sine quo nec +vivere, nec nasci licet? Si virtute, quid honestius, quam servare +genus humanum? Si utilitate, nullius usus neque maior est, neque +latius patet. Si compendio, aut haec in primis frugifera sit oportet, +aut ingratissimi mortales.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Vobis igitur magnopere gratulor, eximii viri, quibus contingit in +hoc pulcherrimo genere professionis excellere.</p> + +<p class = "main"> +Vos adhortor, optimi juvenes, hanc toto pectore complectimini, +in hanc nervis omnibus incumbite, quae vobis decus, gloriam, +autoritatem, opes est conciliatura, per quam vos vicissim amicis, +patriae, atque adeo mortalium generi non mediocrem utilitatem +estis allaturi.</p> +<br> +<p class = "main" align = "center"> +Dixi.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Encomium artis medicae, by Desiderius Erasmus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICAE *** + +***** This file should be named 16561-h.htm or 16561-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/5/6/16561/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Frank van Drogen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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