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diff --git a/16561-8.txt b/16561-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7ee4e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/16561-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encomium artis medicae, by Desiderius Erasmus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Encomium artis medicae + +Author: Desiderius Erasmus + +Release Date: August 20, 2005 [EBook #16561] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Frank van Drogen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries + + + + + +[Illustration: +IMAGO·ERASMI·ROTERODA +MI·AB·ALBERTO·DVRERO·AD +VIVAM·EFFIGIEM·DELINIATA· + +"TÊN·KREITTÔ·TA·SYNGRAMMATA·DEIXEI" + +·MDXXVI· + +A/D] + + * * * * * + + + ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICÆ + + Desiderio Erasmo Roterodamo Autore. + + + + DE LOF DER GENEESKUNDE + van + Desiderius Erasmus. + + + * * * * * + +_Erasmus Roterodamus_ +_D. Henrico Afinio Lyrano_ + _insigni Medico_ + _S.D._ + +Nuper dum bibliothecam recenseo, doctissime Afini, venit in manus +oratio quaedam olim mihi nihil non experienti, in laudem artis medicae +declamata; continuo visum est orationem non optimam optimo dicare +medico, ut vel tui nominis lenocinio studiosorum centuriis commendetur. + +Erit hoc interim mei in te animi qualecunque documentum, dum dabitur +aliud nostra necessitudine dignius. + +Bene vale. + +Lovanii tertio Idus Martias Anno MDXVIII. + + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's Note: + +All sidenotes have been collected here to act as a table of contents. +Most repeat key words, names or phrases from the text. Those that +appear at the beginning of a paragraph, along with a few others that +function as explanatory notes, have also been kept in their original +places. + +A few Greek words have been transliterated, and will appear within +"double quotes." + +_Attentio._ +_Propositio._ +_Laudandi ratio per comparationem._ +_Dignitas et autoritas medicinae._ + _Inventio artis._ + _Torquet exemplum in suum commodum._ +_A difficultate._ + _Longum hyperbaton._ + _Divina res medicina._ + _Laus ab effectu._ + _Ars medicorum et mortuos excitare credita est._ + _Initium vitae medicis debetur._ + _Ab utilitate perpetua._ +_Senectam remoratur ars medicorum._ +_Totum hominem curat medicus._ + _Temperaturam corporis emendat medicus._ + _A simili._ + _Plato._ +_Principibus maxime necessarius medicus._ + _Ab exemplo._ + _Honos habitus medicinae._ + _Honora medicum._ +_A similibus._ +_Sanitatis custos medicus._ + _Exempla._ + _Christus non aegrotavit._ + _Confutatio._ + _Donum curationis._ +_Exemplum._ + _Detorquet._ +_Quibus culta medicina._ + _Moses._ + _Orpheus._ + _Homerus._ + _Moly._ + _Nepenthes._ + _Machaon._ + _Paeon._ + _Chiron._ +_Christus ipse medicus._ + _Paulus medicus._ + _Raphael._ +_A simili._ + Seleucides. +_A quaestu._ +_Confutatio._ + _Ex Aristophane._ + _Proverbium._ +_Epilogus._ ] + + * * * * * + + + DECLAMATIO ERASMI ROTERODAMI + IN LAUDEM ARTIS MEDICÆ. + + + [Sidenote: _Attentio._] + +Quo saepius est ars medicinae, meditatis et elaboratis orationibus, +hoc ex loco, apud plerosque vestrum praedicata, idque a viris singulari +facundia praeditis, auditores celeberrimi, hoc mihi sane minus est +fiduciae, me vel tantae rei, vel aurium vestrarum expectationi +satisfacturum. Neque enim rem prope divinam nostra facile assequetur +infantia, neque vulgaris oratio de re toties audita taedium possit +effugere. + + [Sidenote: _Propositio._] + +Verumtamen ne salutari maiorum instituto videar deesse, qui solenni +encomio juventutis animos ad huius praeclarae scientiae studium, +admirationem, amorem, excitandos, accendendos, inflammandosque +censuerunt, experiar et ipse pro mea virili (siquidem me dicentem +adjutabit vestra tum attentio, tum humanitas, favore candido prosequens, +quem ad hoc muneris vestra adegit autoritas) medicae facultatis +dignitatem, autoritatem, usum, necessitatem, non dicam explicare, quod +prorsus infiniti fuerit negotii, sed summatim modo perstringere, ac +veluti confertissimas locupletissimae cujuspiam reginae opes, per +transennam (ut aiunt) studiosorum exhibere conspectibus. + + [Sidenote: _Laudandi ratio per comparationem._] + +Cuius quidem ea vel praecipua laus est, primum quod nullis omnino +praeconiis indiget, ipsa abunde per se vel utilitate, vel necessitate +commendata mortalibus. Deinde quod toties iam a tam praeclaris ingeniis +praedicata, semper tamen novam laudum suarum materiam, ingeniis etiam +parum foecundis ex sese suppeditat, ut nihil necesse sit, eam vulgato +more invidiosis illis contentionibus, non sine caeterarum disciplinarum +contumelia depraedicare. Quin illud magis metuendum, ne domesticas +illius dotes, ne germanam ac nativam amplitudinem, ne majestatem humana +conditione maiorem, mortalis oratio non assequatur. Tantum abest, ut vel +aliena contumelia, vel asciticiis Rhetorum fucis, aut amplificationum +praestigiis sit attollenda. [Sidenote: "gnômê."] Mediocrium est +formarum, deformiorum comparatione, aut cultus lenociniis commendari; +res per se vereque praeclaras, satis est vel nudas oculis ostendisse. + + [Sidenote: _Dignitas et autoritas medicinae._] + +Iam primum enim (ut ad rem festinemus) reliquae artes quoniam nulla non +magnam aliquam vitae commoditatem attulit, summo quidem in pretio fuere. +Verum medicinae quondam tam admirabilis fuit humano generi inventio, tam +dulcis experientia, ut eius autores, aut plane pro diis habiti sint, +velut Apollo, et huius filius Aesculapius, imo (quod ait Plinius) +singula quosdam inventa deorum numero addiderunt, aut certe divinis +honoribus digni sint existimati, velut Asclepiades, quem Illyrici +numinis instar receptum Herculi in honoribus aequarunt. Non equidem +probo quod fecit antiquitas, affectum sane ac iudicium laudo, quippe +quae recte et senserit et declararit, docto fidoque medico nullum satis +dignum praemium persolvi posse. + + [Sidenote: _A difficultate._] + +Etenim si quis secum reputet, quam multiplex in corporibus humanis +diversitas, quanta ex aetatibus, sexu, regionibus, coelo, educatione, +studiis, usu varietas, quam infinita in tot milibus herbarum (ne +quid interim dicam de caeteris remediis) quae alibi aliae nascuntur, +discrimina. Tum quot sint morborum genera, quae trecenta nominatim +fuisse prodita scribit Plinius, exceptis generum partibus, quarum omnium +quam nullus sit numerus, facile perpendet, qui tantum norit, quot formas +in se febris vocabulum complectatur, ut ex uno caetera aestimentur; +exceptis his, qui quotidie novi accrescunt, neque secus accrescunt, +quam si de composito cum arte nostra bellum suscepisse videantur. +Exceptis venenorum plus mille periculis, quorum quot species sunt, +tot sunt mortis genera, totidem remediorum differentias flagitantia. +Exceptis casibus quotidianis lapsuum, ruinarum, ruptionum, adustionum, +luxationum, vulnerum, atque his consimilium, quae prope cum ipso +morborum agmine ex aequo certant. Denique qui cogitet, quanta sit +in corporum coelestium observatione difficultas, quae nisi cognoris, +saepenumero venenum erit, quod in remedium datur. Ne quid interim +commemorem saepe fallaces morborum notas, sive coloris habitum spectes, +sive lotii signa rimeris, sive pulsus harmoniam observes, velut hoc +agentibus malis, ut hostem medicum fallant et imponant. Tantum undique +sese offundit difficultatum, ut mihi difficile sit omnes vel oratione +prosequi. + +Sed ut dicere coeperam, has omnes rerum varietates studio persequi, +obscuritates ingenio assequi, difficultates industria pervincere, ac +penetratis terrae fibris, excussis undique totius naturae arcanis, ex +omnibus herbis, fruticibus, arboribus, animantibus, gemmis, ex ipsis +denique venenis, cunctis humanae vitae malis efficacia quaerere remedia, +atque horum opportunum usum ex tot autoribus, tot disciplinis, imo et ab +ipsis sideribus petere. Haec inquam, tam abdita rimari cura, tam ardua +viribus animi adipisci, tam multa memoria complecti, tam necessaria ad +salutem universi mortalium generis in commune proferre, nonne prorsus +homine maius ac plane divinum quiddam fuisse videtur? Absit invidia +verbis. Liceat id quod vero verius est ingenue praedicare. Non me jacto, +sed artem ipsam effero. Etenim si dare vitam proprium dei munus est, +certe datam tueri, jamque fugientem retinere, deo proximum fateamur +oportet. Quamquam ne prius quidem illud, quod nos soli deo proprium esse +volumus, medicorum arti detraxit antiquitas, ut credula, ita gratissima. +Nam Aesculapii quidem ope Tyndaridam, et post eum complures ab Orco +in lucem redisse credidit. Asclepiades hominem exanimatum, elatum, +comploratumque ab rogo domum vivum reduxisse legitur. Xanthus historicus +catulum leonis occisum, praeterea et hominem, quem Draco occiderat, +vitae redditum fuisse, posteris prodidit, herba quam halin nominant. Ad +haec Juba, in Africa quendam herba revocatum ad vitam, testis est. Neque +vero laboraverim, si sint apud quos haec fide careant. Certe (quod +agimus) admirationem artis tanto magis implent, quanto magis supra +fidem veri sunt, et immensum esse fateri cogunt id quod vero supersit. +Quamquam quantum ad eum attinet, qui vitae redditur, quid refert utrum +anima denuo in artus relictos divinitus reponatur, an penitus in corpore +sepulta, morbique victoris oppressa viribus, arte curaque medici +suscitetur atque eliciatur, iamque certo migratura retineatur? An non +pene paria sunt mortuum restituere, et mox moriturum servare? Atqui +permultos nominatim recenset Plinius libro historiae mundanae septimo, +qui iam elati partim in ipso rogo, partim post dies complusculos +revixerint. + +Miraculum est, quod paucis dedit casus. Et non magis mirandum, quod +quotidie multis largitur ars nostra? Etiamsi hanc deo Opt. Max. debemus, +cui nihil non debemus, ne quis haec a me putet arrogantius dicta quam +verius. Complurium morborum ea vis est, ut certa mors sint, nisi +praesens adsit medicus, veluti stupor is, qui mulieribus potissimum +solet accidere, veluti syncopis profunda, paralysis, apoplexia. Neque +desunt ulli vel seculo, vel genti sua in hanc rem exempla. Hic qui +mortem ingruentem arte sua depellit, qui vitam subito oppressam revocat, +nonne ceu numen quoddam dextrum ac propitium semper habendus est? Quot +censes homines ante diem sepultos fuisse priusquam medicorum solertia +morborum vires, et remediorum naturas deprehenderat? Quot hodie +mortalium milia vivunt, valentque, qui ne nati quidem essent, nisi eadem +haec ars, et tot nascendi discriminibus remedia, et obstetricandi +rationem reperisset? Adeo statim in ipso vitae limine, et pariens simul +et nascens salutarem medicorum opem miserabili voce implorat. Horum +arti vitam debet, et qui nondum vitam accepit, dum per eam prohibentur +abortus, dum mulieri seminis recipiendi retinendique vis confertur, dum +pariendi facultas datur. [Sidenote: "paroimia"] Quod si vere dictum est +illud Deus est juvare mortalem, profecto mea sententia aut nusquam locum +habebit illud nobile Graecorum adagium "anthrôpos anthrôpou daimonion", +aut in medico fido proboque locum habebit, qui non juvat modo verum +etiam servat. An non igitur ingratitudine ipsa videatur ingratior, ac +ipse prope vita indignus, qui medicinam alteram secundum deum, vitae +parentem, tutricem, servatricem, vindicem non amet, non honoret, non +suspiciat, non veneretur? Cuius praesidiis nunquam ulli non est opus. +Nam reliquis quidem artibus nec semper nec omnes egemus. Huius utilitate +mortalium omnis vita constat. Nam fac abesse morbos, fac omnibus +prosperam adesse valetudinem, tamen hanc qui poterimus tueri, nisi +medicus ciborum salutarium ac noxiorum discrimen, nisi totius victus, +quam Graeci diaetam vocant, rationem doceat? + + [Sidenote: _Senectam remoratur ars medicorum._] + +Grave mortalibus est onus senecta, quam non magis licet effugere quam +mortem ipsam. Atque ea medicorum opera multis contingit, tum serius, tum +multo etiam levior. Neque enim fabula est, quinta, quam vocant, essentia +senio depulso hominem velut abjecto exuvio rejuvenescere, cum extent +aliquot huius rei testes. + + [Sidenote: _Totum hominem curat medicus._] + +Neque vero corporis tantum, quae vilior hominis pars est, curam gerit, +imo totius hominis curam agit, etiamsi Theologus ab animo, medicus a +corpore sumat initium. Siquidem propter arctissimam amborum intet se +cognationem et copulam, ut animi vitia redundant in corpus, ita vicissim +corporis morbi animae vigorem aut impediunt, aut etiam extinguunt. +Quis aeque pertinax suasor abstinentiae, sobrietatis, moderandae irae, +fugiendae tristitiae, vitandae crapulae, amoris abjiciendi, temperandae +Veneris, atque medicus? Quis efficacius suadet aegroto, ut si vivere +velit, et salutarem experiri medici opem, prius animum a vitiorum +colluvie repurget? Idem quoties vel diaetetica ratione, vel ope +pharmaceutica bilem atram minuit, labantes cordis vires reficit, cerebri +spiritus fulcit, mentis organa purgat, ingenium emendat, memoriae +domicilium sarcit, totumque animi habitum commutat in melius, nonne per +exteriorem, ut vocant, hominem, et interiorem servat? Qui phreneticum, +lethargicum, maniacum, sideratum, lymphatum restituit, nonne totum +restituit hominem? Theologus efficit ut homines a vitiis resipiscant, at +medicus efficit, ut sit qui possit resipiscere. Frustra ille medicus sit +animae, si jam fugerit anima, cui paratur antidotus. Cum impium hominem +subito corripuit paralysis, apoplexia, aut alia quaedam praesentanea +pestis, quae vitam prius adimat, quam vacet de castiganda cogitare vita, +hunc qui restituit, alioquin infeliciter in suis sceleribus sepeliendum, +nonne quodammodo tum corpus, tum animum ab inferis revocat? In eum certe +locum reponit hominem, ut ei in manu jam sit, si velit, aeternam mortem +fugere. Quid suadebit lethargico Theologus, qui suadentem non audiat? +Quid movebit phreneticum, nisi medicus prius atram bilem repurgarit? + +Pietas caeteraeque virtutes, quibus Christiana constat felicitas, ab +animo potissimum pendent, haud infitior. Caeterum quoniam is corpori +illigatus, corporeis organis velit nolit utitur, fit ut bona pars bonae +mentis a corporis habitu pendeat. Permultos homines infelix corporis +temperatura, quam Graeci modo "krasin" modo "systêma" vocant, velut +invitos ac reclamantes, ad peccandum pertrahit, dum animus insessor +frustra moderatur habenas, frustra subdit calcaria, sed equum +ferocientem in praecipitium sequi cogitur. Animus videt, animus audit +sed si oculos occuparit glaucoma, si aurium meatus crassus humor +obsederit, frustra vim suam habet animus. Odit animus, irascitur animus, +at vitiosus humor mentis organa obsidens in causa est, ut oderis, quem +amore dignum judices, irasceris cui nolis irasci. Philosophiae summam in +hoc sitam esse fatetur Plato, si rationi pareant affectus, atque ad eam +rem praecipuus est adjutor medicus, hoc agens ut ea pars hominis vigeat +sapiatque, cuius arbitrio geruntur, quaecunque cum laude geruntur. +Si hominis vocabulo censentur indigni, qui pecudum ritu rapiuntur +cupiditatibus, huius nominis dignitatem bona ex parte debemus medicis. + + [Sidenote: _Principibus maxime necessarius medicus._] + +Id cum maximum sit in singulis ac privatis, quanto praeclarius est +beneficium, cum id praestatur in principe? Nulla fortuna magis est +obnoxia malis huiusmodi, quam felicissimorum regum. Quos autem rerum +tumultus ciet unius homunculi vitiatum cerebrum? Frustra reclament qui +sunt a consiliis, furis o princeps, ad te redi, ni medicus arte sua +neque volenti, neque sentienti suam mentem reddiderit. Si Caligulae +fidus adfuisset medicus, non usque ad pugionum ac venenorum scrinia in +perniciem humani generis insanisset. Atque ob eam sane causam publica +consuetudine receptum est apud omnes orbis nationes, ne princeps usquam +gentium agat absque medicis. Proinde cordati principes nulli unquam arti +plus honoris habuerunt, quam medicinae. Quandoquidem Erasistratus (ut +reliquos taceam) Aristotelis ex filia nepos, ob Antiochum regem sanatum, +centum talentis donatus est a Ptolemaeo huius filio. Quin et divinae +literae jubent medico suum haberi honorem, non tantum ob utilitatem, +verum etiam ob necessitatem, ut in caeteros benemeritos ingratitudo sit, +in medicum impietas, quippe qui tamquam beneficii divini adjutor, id +arte sua tuetur, quod optimum nobis et carissimum largitus est deus, +videlicet vitam. + + [Sidenote: _A similibus._] + +Parentibus nihil non debemus, quod per hos vitae munus accepisse +quodammodo videmur. Plus mea sententia debetur medico, cui toties +debemus, quod parentibus semel dumtaxat debemus, si tamen illis debemus. +Pietatem debemus ei, qui hostem a cervicibus depulit, et medico non +magis debemus, qui pro nobis servandis cum tot capitalibus vitae +hostibus quotidie depugnat? Reges ceu deos suspicimus, quia vitae +necisque jus habere creduntur, qui tamen ut possint occidere, certe +vitam non aliter dare possunt, nisi quatenus non eripiunt, quemadmodum +servare dicuntur latrones, si quem non jugulent, nec aliam tamen vitam +dare possunt, quam corporis. At quanto propius ad divinam benignitatem +accedit medici beneficium, hominem iam inferis destinatum arte, ingenio, +cura, fideque sua, velut ex ipsis mortis faucibus retrahentis? Aliis +in rebus profuisse sit officium, caeterum in certo corporis animique +periculo servasse, plus quam pietas est. Adde his quod quicquid in +homine magnum est, eruditio, virtus, naturae dotes, aut si quid aliud, +id omne medicorum arti acceptum feramus oportet, quatenus id servat, +sine quo ne reliqua quidem queant subsistere. Si omnia propter hominem, +et hominem ipsum servat medicus, nimirum omnium nomine gratia debetur +medico. + + [Sidenote: _Sanitatis custos medicus._] + +Si non vivit, qui vivit morbis obnoxius, et vitam salubrem aut reddit +aut tuetur medicus, an non convenit hunc ceu vitae parentem agnoscere? +Si res exoptanda est immortalitas, hanc medicorum industria, quoad +licet, meditatur, quae vitam in longum prorogat. Quid enim hic notissima +referam exempla, Pythagoram, Chrysippum, Platonem, Catonem censorium, +Antonium, Castorem, cumque his innumerabiles, quorum plerique medicinae +observatione, vitam ab omni morbo liberam neque fatiscente ingenii +vigore, neque concussa memoriae soliditate, neque fractis aut +labefactatis sensibus, ultra centesimum annum prorogarunt? An non +istuc est immortalitatis, quam speramus, hic iam nunc imaginem quandam +exhibere? Christus ipse immortalitatis autor ac vindex unicus corpus +assumpsit, mortale quidem illud, sed tamen nullis morbis obnoxium. +Crucem non horruit, morbos horruit. An non pulcherrimum fuerit, nos +principem nostrum in hoc quoque pro viribus imitari? Apostolos, quorum +nemo fere non multam vixit aetatem, caesos legimus, interfectos legimus, +aegrotasse non legimus. Quocunque pacto hoc illis contigit, certe +praestat idem ars medicorum, quod illis praestitit sua felicitas. Nec +enim audiendos arbitror, qui nobis non minus indocte, quam impudenter +solent illud objicere: Virtus in infirmitate perficitur, somniantes +Paulum gravi capitis dolori fuisse obnoxium, cum ille infirmitatem +vel animi tentationem, vel quod vero propius est, improborum hominum +molestam insectationem appellet. Atque idem ille Paulus, inter +apostolicas dotes, donum curationis recensuit. + +Iam auget et illud non levi argumento medicinae gloriam, quod et +Caesarearum legum majestas, et pontificiarum autoritas sese ultro +medicorum judicio submittit, velut in quaestionibus pubertatum, +partuum ac veneficiorum. Item in quaestionibus aliquot ad matrimonium +facientibus. O nova dignitas medicinae. Agitur de capite hominis, et +judicis sententia pendet ex medici praejudicio. Summi pontificis pietas, +si quid indulget, in nonnullis non aliter indulget, nisi medicorum +accedat calculus. Atque in decretis Romanus pontifex episcopum eum, qui +delatus fuerat tamquam foedo immanique morbo obnoxius, ex medicae rei +judicio censet aut amovendum episcopatu, aut suo loco restituendum. +Divus item Augustinus ex medicorum consilio fieri jubet, quod faciendum +est, etiamsi nolit aegrotus. Idem honorem medico debitum, hoc est artis +et industriae praemium, recte eripi scribit ab eo qui detinet, velut +ab injusto possessore et quod alienum est mala fide occupante. Quin ii +quoque, qui conceptis precaminibus, daemones impios e corporibus humanis +exigunt, non raro in consilium adhibent, velut in his morbis, qui +secretis rationibus quaedam sensuum organa spiritusque vitiant, et adeo +daemoniacam speciem imitantur, ut nisi a peritissimis medicis discerni +non queant, sive sunt crassiores aliqui daemones, ut fertur illorum +varia natura, qui medicam etiam opem sentiant, sive morbus adeo penitus +intimis animi recessibus insidet, ut a corpore videatur alienus. In +cuius rei fidem, dum ex innumeris mihi compertum exemplum refero, +quaeso ut me patienter audiatis. + + [Sidenote: _Exemplum._] + +Panaceum celeberrimi nominis medicum adolescens colui, is me teste +quendam restituit, nomine Phlyarium, patria Spoletanum, qui ex vermibus +in novum maniae genus inciderat, ita ut in morbo probe teutonice +loqueretur, quod (uti constabat) sanus nunquam potuerat. Quis imperitus +rei medicae non hunc daemoniacum vel dejerasset etiam? At is hominem +facili paratoque remedio menti reddidit. Redditus sibi, teutonice nec +loquebatur, nec intelligebat. Quod si quis hunc vere daemoniacum fuisse +contendat, ea sane res vel maxime medicorum illustrat artem, cui +compertum est et daemones impios parere, quemadmodum in restituenda +vita, ita et in exigendis spiritibus divinae virtutis tum ministrae, tum +aemulae. Neque vero deerant, qui factum hoc magicis artibus tribuebant, +quorum ego calumniam arti nostrae gloriae laudique verto, per quam ea +praestantur, quae vulgus hominum humanis viribus praestari posse non +credit. + + [Sidenote: _Quibus culta medicina._] + +Optimo igitur jure priscis seculis, cum nondum sordidi quaestus et +spurcae voluptates vitiassent omnia, medendi ars inter omnes una divinis +ac summatibus viris, opulentissimis regibus, clarissimis senatoribus +praecipue cordi fuit, nec alia mortalium generi gratior. Siquidem Moses +ille magnus, non alia ratione quam artis medicae, cibos suos distinxisse +creditur. Orpheus, Graecorum vetustissimus, de viribus herbarum nonnulla +prodidisse legitur. Homerus ipse, citra controversiam, unicus ingeniorum +fons, plurimus est et in herbarum commemoratione, et in laude medicorum. +Is et Moly nobis depinxit, herbarum omnium (teste Plinio) laudatissimam, +efficacem adversus veneficia, cuius inventionem Mercurio tribuit, hac +Ulyssem suum adversus Circes pocula praemuniens. Idem nepenthes indicat +in conviviis adhibendum, quod moerorem tristitiamque discutiat. Porro +Machaonem, Paeonem, Chironem, Podalirium, ut hac arte praestantes, +saepicule non sine honore commemorat, quorum arte non solum heroibus, +verum ipsis etiam diis subventum esse fingit, illud videlicet +subindicans, summis etiam principibus medicorum praesidiis opus esse, +atque horum vitam medicis in manu esse, qui in caeteros omnes jus vitae +ac necis habere videntur. Quid quod idem Poeta libro Iliados undecimo, +huius artis professionem longe pulcherrimo nobilitavit elogio, cum ait: +[Sidenote: "iatros gar anêr pollôn antaxios allôn"] Unum medicum pluris +habendum, quam caeterorum hominum permultos. Rursum alibi medicum ita +notat, ut dicat eum eruditum in omnibus, palam testans id quod res est, +hanc artem non una aut altera disciplina, sed omnium artium cognitione +circuloque, tum praeter exactum ingenium, multo etiam rerum usu +constare. Pythagoras ille Samius, cui divinitatem quandam tribuebat +antiquitas, de naturis herbarum nobile volumen reliquisse legitur. Atque +ut Platonem, Aristotelem, Theophrastum, Chrysippum, Catonem censorium, +Varronem praeteream, quibus studio fuit hanc artem suis vel studiis, vel +negotiis admiscere, Mithridatem Ponti regem, non perinde regnum, alioqui +locupletissimum, non tam unius et viginti linguarum miraculum, quam rei +medicae peritia nobilitavit, vereque magnum virum declaravit, qui artis +huius commentationes, et exemplaria, effectusque in arcanis reliquit, +ut autor est Plinius. Cuius et hodie nobile theriacae genus nomine +celebratur. Nunc fere regium habetur, aleam ludere, venari, nugas agere. +At olim populi Romani principibus nihil magis erat curae, quam ut ex +longinquo novis importandis herbis, rem medicam adjuvarent, neque populo +illi tum orbis domino aliud erat munus gratius. + + [Sidenote: _Christus ipse medicus._] + +Quid quod Christus ipse, disciplinarum omnium et autor et princeps, sese +non Iureconsultum, non Rhetorem, non Philosophum, sed Medicum professus +est, dum de se loquens negat opus esse medico iis, qui bene habeant, dum +Samaritanus vulneribus oleum ac vinum infundit, dum sputum terrae mixtum +illinit oculis caeci. Quid quod idem hac potissimum commendatione, cum +adhuc orbi esset ignotus, sese paulatim in animos atque affectus hominum +insinuavit, non auro, non imperiis, sed morborum remediis? Quod ille +nutu fecit, nempe deus, hoc medicus pro virili sua cura imitatur. Neque +deest his quoque divina vis, nimirum medendi viribus in hunc usum rebus +a deo inditis. Nec alio viatico magis instruxit Apostolos, mandans ut +hoc protinus officio sibi devincirent hospitem, medentes inquit, morbis +illorum, et ungentes oleo. Paulus ille magnus dum Timetheo suo modicum +vini praescribit usum, ad fulciendam stomachi imbecillitatem, nonne +palam medici partibus utitur? Sed quid hoc mirum in Apostolo, cum +Raphael angelus Tobiae caecitati medicans hinc nomen etiam invenerit +apud arcanarum rerum studiosos? O coelestem vereque sacram disciplinam, +cuius cognomento divinae illae mentes insigniuntur. + +Inter mortales alii alias artes vel discunt, vel profitentur, hanc unam +oportebat ab omnibus disci, quae nulli non est necessaria. Sed o heu +perversissima hominum judicia. + +Nemo nescire sustinet, quis nummus legitimus sit, quis adulterinus, ne +quid fallatur in re vilissima, nec scire studio est, quibus modis id +quod habet optimum tueatur. In numismate non credit alienis oculis, +in negotio vitae ac sanitatis, clausis quod dicitur oculis, sequitur +alienum judicium. Quod si totius artis absoluta cognitio non potest nisi +paucis contingere, qui totam vitam huic uni studio dedicarunt, certe +partem eam, quae ad tuendam valetudinem pertinet, non conveniebat +quemquam nescire. Etiam si bona pars difficultatis, non ab ipsa arte, +sed ab improborum medicorum vel inscitia, vel ambitione proficiscatur. + + [Sidenote: _A simili._] + +Semper apud efferas etiam ac barbaras nationes sanctum ac venerabile +fuit amicitiae nomen. Atque is egregius habetur amicus, qui se fortunae +utriusque comitem sociumque praebeat, quod vulgus amicorum velut +hirundines aestate, rebus secundis adsunt, rebus adversis, quemadmodum +illae ingruente bruma devolant. At quanto sincerior amicus medicus, qui +Seleucidum avium exemplo, quas narrant nusquam a Casii montis incolis +conspici, nisi cum illarum praesidio est opus, adversus vim locustarum +fruges vastantium, rebus integris ac laetis nusquam sese ingerit, in +periculis, in his casibus, in quibus uxor ac liberi saepe deserunt +hominem, velut in phrenesi, phthiriasi, in peste solus medicus +constanter adest, et adest non inutili officio, quemadmodum plerique +caeterorum, sed adest opitulaturus, adest pro capite periclitantis cum +morbo dimicans, nonnunquam suo quoque periculo. Et o plus quam ingratos, +qui talis amici officio servati, jam depulso periculo medicum odisse +possunt, ac non potius parentis vice colunt ac venerantur. Vulgarem +amicum, qui subinde salutat obvium, ad coenam rogant, qui latus claudit, +officio pensant, et talem amicum ubi desierint egere, aversantur? Et ob +hoc ipsum aversantur, quod intelligant illius officio nullam meritis +parem gratiam rependi posse. + +Quod si is optimus vir est, qui maxime prodest Reipublicae, ars haec +optimo cuique viro discenda est. + +[Siquidem inter munia profani magistratus non minima portio est, et +haud scio an praecipua, dare operam, ut corpora civium bene habeant. +Quid prodest depulisse hostem a moenibus, si pestilentia intus grassans, +plures tollit quam sublaturus erat gladius? Quid refert curasse ne cui +pereat census, si perit prospera corporis valetudo? Prisci qui bonorum +ordines digesserunt, primas tribuunt bonae valetudini. Quid enim prodest +incolumis possessio, nisi valet possessor? Proinde leges priscorum, cum +nondum quaestus et ambitio corrupisset omnia, potissimum huc spectabant, +ut corpora civium essent valida, robusta, beneque temperata. Ea +res partim pendet a nativitate, partim ab educatione, partim ab +exercitamentis, et victus ratione, nonnihil etiam ab aedificiorum modo. +Nimirum medici fungebantur officio, qui bene temperata corpora jungebant +matrimonio, qui nutrices adhibebant integrae valetudinis, qui balnea +publica, qui publica gymnasmata instituebant, qui ferebant leges +sumptuarias, qui mutatis aedificiis, qui siccatis paludibus pestilentiam +excludebant, qui in hoc vigilabant, ne quid esculentum aut poculentum +venderetur, quod laederet corporum incolumitatem. Et hodie principes +fere nihil ad se pertinere credunt, si pro vinis vendantur venena, si +tritico vitiato, si putribus piscibus tot morbi invehantur in publicum. + +Adeo nulla vitae pars est, quae citra medicinae praesidia recte possit +administrari.] + + [Sidenote: _A quaestu._] + +Iam vero si qui sint, qui rerum pretia malint utilitate quaestuque +metiri (licet haec ars divinior est, quam ut huiusmodi rationibus sit +aestimanda) ne hac quidem parte cuiquam aliarum cedit artium. Neque enim +ulla magis fuit frugifera, et ad rem subito parandam aeque praesentanea. +Erasistratus cuius ante memini, a rege Ptolemaeo, Critobolus ab +Alexandro magno, praemiis ingentibus ac vix credendis donati leguntur. +Quamquam quod tandem praemium non exiguum videatur, repensum servatori +capitis, pro cuius unius salute tot hominum millia depugnabant? Quid ego +nunc commemorem Cassios, Carpitanos, Aruncios, Albutios, quibus Romae +tum apud principem, tum apud populum immodicum quaestum fuisse refert +Plinius? Quanquam quid nos haec ex priscis aetatibus repetimus, quasi +non hodie cuique complures succurrant, quos haec ars ad Croesi opes +evexerit? + +Rhetorica aut Poetica non alit nisi insignem. Musicus ni praecellat, +esurit. Iureconsulto tenuis proventus est, ni sit eximius. Sola medicina +quomodocunque doctum alit ac tuetur. Innumeris disciplinis, infinita +rerum cognitione constat res medica, et tamen frequenter unum aut +alterum remedium alit idiotam. Tantum abest, ut haec ars sterilitatis +damnari possit. + +Adde quod caeterarum artium non ubique paratus est quaestus. Rhetor +frigebit apud Sarmatas, juris Caesarei peritus apud Britannos. Medicum +quoquo terrarum sese contulerit suus comitatur honos, suum sequitur +viaticum, ut in nullam disciplinam verius competat vulgatissimum illud +Graecorum proverbium, "to technion hê pasa gê trephei". + + [Sidenote: _Confutatio._] + +Sed hoc ipsum indignatur Plinius, aut certe apud hunc alii, quaestum +esse medicinae professionem. Maior est, fateor, haec facultas quam ut +quaestui lucroque serviat, sordidarum id est artium. Sed nimis ingratum +est, eam solam sua fraudare gratia, cui nulla par gratia rependitur. +Egregius medicus ceu numen quoddam, servat gratis, servat et invitos. +Sed impietas est, non agnoscere numinis beneficium. Nihil ille +moratur mercedem, tu tamen dignus qui legibus mulcteris ob insignem +ingratitudinem. + +Iam haudquaquam me fugit, hanc egregiam artem et olim apud veteres +audisse male, et hodie apud indoctos quosdam male audire. Catoni +non placuit, non quod rem damnaret, sed quod ambitiosam Graecorum +professionem non ferret homo mere Romanus. Isque tantum tribuit +experientiae, ut artem esse noluerit, sed idem universam Graecorum +philosophiam ex urbe pellendam censuit. Existimabat homo durus, ad +purgandum hominis corpus sufficere brassicam et crebros vomitus, et +tamen ille ipse medicorum hostis observatione medicinae, in extremam +usque senectutem robur infractum tutatus scribitur. + +Solis, inquiunt, medicis summa occidendi impunitas est. At hoc nomine +magis suspiciendi boni medici, quibus cum in manu sit, non solum +impune, verum etiam mercede occidere, tamen servare malunt. Quod possunt +facultatis est, quod nolunt probitatis. Decantatur iam passim inter +pocula temulentorum adagium, Qui medice vivit, misere vivit. Quasi vero +felicitas sit, distendi crapula, rumpi Venere, turgescere cervisia, +sepeliri somno. Sed istos Sycophantas quid opus est oratione refellere, +cum ipsi petulantiae suae satis magnas poenas dant arti, mox podagra +contorti, paralysi stupidi, desipiscentes ante tempus, caecutientes ante +senectutem, iamque prius vituperatae medicinae, exemplo Stesichori, +seram canunt palinodiam miseri. Et tamen his licet indignissimis, artis +bonitas non gravatur esse praesidio, quantum licet. Sunt qui, mutuato ex +vetere comoedia scommate, vocent medicos "skatophagous". Quasi vero non +isto nomine vel praecipue laudari mereantur, qui quo subveniant hominum +calamitatibus, ex illa sua sublimitate sese ad haec sordida dejiciant. +Quod si medicis tantum esset supercilii, quantum istis est procacitatis, +liceret passim impune mori. Verum habet hoc ars nostra cum bonis regibus +commune, ut bene faciat ac male audiat. + +Quod si maxime sunt, ut sunt in hoc ordine, qui se pro medicis gerunt, +cum nihil minus sint quam medici. Si sunt qui pro remediis venena +ministrant, si sunt qui ob quaestum et ambitionem aegrotis male +consulunt, quid iniquius est, quam hominum vitia in artis calumniam +detorquere? Sunt et inter sacerdotes adulteri, inter monachos homicidae +ac piratae, sed quid hoc ad religionem per se optimam? Nulla tam sancta +professio est, quae non alat sceleratos aliquot. Votis quidem omnibus +optandum, omnes principes eiusmodi esse, cuiusmodi decet esse, qui +censeantur hoc digni nomine. Nec tamen ideo damnandus est principatus, +quod nonnulli sub eo titulo praedones reique publicae hostes agant. +Optarim et ipse medicos omnes vere medicos esse, nec in his locum dari +Graecorum proverbio, "polloi boukentai pauroi de te gês arotêres". +Optarim ab omnibus eam praestari sanctimoniam, quam Hippocrates +sacramento verbis solennibus concepto a professoribus exigit. Neque +tamen huc non enitendum est nobis, si id a plerisque negligi +conspicimus. + +Sed quoniam huius argumenti tanta est ubertas, viri praestantissimi, ut +difficillimum sit in eo dicendi finem invenire, ne non praestem quod +initio sum pollicitus, tempestivum arbitror, universas eius laudes +summatim complecti. + + [Sidenote: _Epilogus._] + +Etenim si permultas res sola commendat antiquitas, hanc artem primam +omnium reperit necessitas. Si scientiam autores illustrant, huius +inventio semper diis attributa est. Si quid autoritatis addit honos, non +alia tam passim ac tam diu divinos honores meruit. Si magni fiunt, quae +summis viris probantur, haec summos reges, haec primates non solum +delectavit, verum etiam illustravit. Si difficilia quae sunt, ea sunt +et pulchra, nihil hac operosius, quae tot disciplinis, tantarum rerum +pervestigatione usuque constat. Si dignitate rem aestimamus, quid +excellentius, quam ad dei benignitatem proxime accedere? Si facultate, +quid potentius aut efficacius quam totum hominem certo exitio periturum +sibi posse restituere? Si necessitate, quid aeque necessarium atque id +sine quo nec vivere, nec nasci licet? Si virtute, quid honestius, quam +servare genus humanum? Si utilitate, nullius usus neque maior est, neque +latius patet. Si compendio, aut haec in primis frugifera sit oportet, +aut ingratissimi mortales. + +Vobis igitur magnopere gratulor, eximii viri, quibus contingit in hoc +pulcherrimo genere professionis excellere. + +Vos adhortor, optimi juvenes, hanc toto pectore complectimini, in hanc +nervis omnibus incumbite, quae vobis decus, gloriam, autoritatem, opes +est conciliatura, per quam vos vicissim amicis, patriae, atque adeo +mortalium generi non mediocrem utilitatem estis allaturi. + + + Dixi. + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's Errata: + +page 6n. + Laudandi ratio + _text reads_ Laudandiratio + +page 14 + propter arctissimam amborum inter se cognationem + _text reads_ intet se + +page 18n. + Honora medicum. + _text reads_ honara + +page 26n. + iatros gar anêr pollôn antaxios allôn + _spelling as in original_ + +page 30 + Timetheo suo + _spelling as in original_ + +pages 32 - 34 + [Siquidem inter ... administrari.] + _text bracketed in original_ + +page 34 + qui mutatis aedificiis + _text reads_ aedifiiciis ] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Encomium artis medicae, by Desiderius Erasmus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCOMIUM ARTIS MEDICAE *** + +***** This file should be named 16561-8.txt or 16561-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/5/6/16561/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Frank van Drogen and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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