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diff --git a/17722-h/17722-h.htm b/17722-h/17722-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a81b792 --- /dev/null +++ b/17722-h/17722-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5537 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<meta content="pg2html (binary v0.18c)" name="generator" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of + The Bay State Monthly, Volume III, No. 2, May, 1885, + by Various. +</title> +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + a,img { border: none; } + body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + p { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 100%; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; } + hr { width: 50%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + .foot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 85%; } + .poem { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; } + .poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; } + .poem p { margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; } + .poem p.i2 { margin-left: 1.5em; } + .poem p.i3 { margin-left: 2.0em; } + .poem p.i4 { margin-left: 2.5em; } + .poem p.i5 { margin-left: 3.0em; } + .poem p.i6 { margin-left: 3.5em; } + .poem p.i14 { margin-left: 7.5em; } + .quote { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; text-indent: 0em; font-size: 90%; } + .figure { margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps; } + .toc { margin-left: 15%; font-size: 80%; margin-bottom: 0em;} + center { padding: 0.8em;} + span.pagenum { position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; display: none;} + .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } + sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: .5em;} + table { border-spacing: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} +/*]]>*/ + // --> +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 2, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 2 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17722] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-076.jpg"><img src="images/ill-076.jpg" style="width:500px;" +alt="Sylvester Marsh" /></a> +<br /> +Sylvester Marsh +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>[65]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0001" id="h2H_4_0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> + THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. +</h1> +<h2> + <i>A Massachusetts Magazine.</i> +</h2> +<h3> +VOL. III. MAY, 1885. NO. II. +</h3> + +<hr /> +<h3>Contents</h3> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0002">SYLVESTER MARSH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0003">BARNABAS BRODT DAVID.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0004">THE BOSTON LATIN SCHOOL.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0005">THE WHITE AND FRANCONIA MOUNTAINS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0006">THE PAST AND FUTURE OF SILVER.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0007">RAMBLES AMONG MASSACHUSETTS HILLS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0008">ELIZABETH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0012">MEMORY'S PICTURES.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0013">EARLY ENGLISH POETRY.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0014">BOOK REVIEWS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0015">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></p> +<hr /> + + +<a name="h2H_4_0002" id="h2H_4_0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + SYLVESTER MARSH. +</h2> +<h4> + [THE PROJECTOR OF THE MOUNT WASHINGTON RAILROAD.] +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Charles Carleton Coffin.</span> +</h3> +<p> +There were few settlers in the Pemigewasset Valley when John Marsh of +East Haddam, Connecticut, at the close of the last century, with his +wife, Mehitable Percival Marsh, travelling up the valley of the +Merrimack, selected the town of Campton, New Hampshire, as their future +home. It was a humble home. Around them was the forest with its lofty +pines, gigantic oaks, and sturdy elms, to be leveled by the stalwart +blows of the vigorous young farmer. The first settlers of the region +endured many hardships—toiled early and late, but industry brought its +rewards. The forest disappeared; green fields appeared upon the broad +intervales and sunny hillsides. A troop of children came to gladden the +home. The ninth child of a family of eleven received the name of +Sylvester, born September 30, 1803. +</p> +<p> +The home was located among the foot-hills on the east bank of the +Pemigewasset; it looked out upon a wide expanse of meadow lands, and +upon mountains as delectable as those seen by the Christian pilgrim from +the palace Beautiful in Bunyan's matchless allegory. +</p> +<p> +It was a period ante-dating the employment of machinery. Advancement +was by brawn, rather than by brains. Three years before the birth of +Sylvester Marsh an Englishman, Arthur Scholfield, determined to make +America his home. He was a machinist. England was building up her system +of manufactures, starting out upon her great career as a manufacturing +nation determined to manufacture goods for the civilized world, and +especially for the United States. Parliament had enacted a law +prohibiting the carrying of machinist's tools out of Great Britain. +The young mechanic was compelled to leave his tools behind. He had +a retentive memory and active mind; he settled in Pittsfield, +Massachusetts, and set himself to work to construct a machine for the +carding of wool, which at that time was done wholly by hand. The +Pittsfield <i>Sun</i> of November 2, 1801, contained an advertisement +of the first carding machine constructed in the United States. Thus +it read: +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Arthur Scholfield respectfully informs the inhabitants of Pittsfield + and the neighboring towns that he has a carding machine, half a mile + west of the meeting-house, where they may have + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>[66]</span> + + their wool carded into rolls for twelve and a half cents per pound; + mixed, fifteen cents per pound. If they find the grease and pick the + grease in it will be ten cents per pound, and twelve and a half mixed." +</p> +<p> +The first broadcloth manufactured in the United States was by Scholfield +in 1804, the wool being carded in his machine and woven by hand. +</p> +<p> +In 1808 Scholfield manufactured thirteen yards of black broadcloth, +which was presented to James Madison, and from which his inaugural suit +was made. A few Merino sheep had been imported from France, and +Scholfield, obtaining the wool, and mixing it with the coarse wool of +the native sheep, produced what at that time was regarded as cloth of +superior fineness. The spinning was wholly by hand. +</p> +<p> +The time had come for a new departure in household economies. Up to 1809 +all spinning was done by women and girls. This same obscure county +paper, the Pittsfield <i>Sun</i>, of January 4, 1809, contained an +account of a meeting of the citizens of that town to take measures for +the advancement of manufactures. The following resolution was passed: +"Resolved that the introduction of spinning-jennies, as is practiced in +England, into private families is strongly recommended, since one person +can manage by hand the operation of a crank that turns twenty-four +spindles." +</p> +<p> +This was the beginning of spinning by machinery in this country. This +boy at play—or rather, working—on the hill-side farm of Campton, was +in his seventh year. Not till he was nine did the first wheeled vehicle +make its appearance in the Pemigewasset valley. Society was in a +primitive condition. The only opportunity for education was the district +school, two miles distant—where, during the cold and windy winter days, +with a fire roaring in the capacious fire-place, he acquired the +rudiments of education. A few academies had been established in the +State, but there were not many farmer's sons who could afford to pay, at +that period, even board and tuition, which in these days would be +regarded as but a pittance. +</p> +<p> +Very early in life this Campton boy learned that Pemigewassett valley, +though so beautiful, was but an insignificant part of the world. +Intuitively his expanding mind comprehended that the tides and currents +of progress were flowing in other directions, and in April, 1823, before +he had attained his majority, he bade farewell to his birthplace, made +his way to Boston—spending the first night at Concord, New Hampshire, +having made forty miles on foot; the second at Amoskeag, the third in +Boston, stopping at the grandest hotel of that period in the +city—Wildes', on Elm street, where the cost of living was one dollar +per day. He had but two dollars and a half, and his stay at the most +luxurious hotel in the city of thirty-five thousand inhabitants was +necessarily brief. He was a rugged young man, inured to hard labor, and +found employment on a farm in Newton, receiving twelve dollars a month. +In the fall he was once more in Campton. The succeeding summer found him +at work in a brick yard. In 1826 he was back in Boston, doing business +as a provision dealer in the newly-erected Quincy market. +</p> +<p> +But there was a larger sphere for this young man, just entering manhood, +than a stall in the market house. In common with multitudes of young men +and men in middle age he was turning his thoughts towards the boundless +West. Ohio was the bourne for emigrants at that period. Thousands of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>[67]</span> + + New Englanders were selecting their homes in the Western Reserve. At +Ashtabula the young man from Quincy market began the business of +supplying Boston and New York with beef and pork, making his shipments +via the Erie Canal. +</p> +<p> +But there was a farther West, and in the Winter of 1833-4 he proceeded +to Chicago, then a village of three hundred inhabitants, and began to +supply them, and the company of soldiers garrisoning Fort Dearborn, with +fresh beef; hanging up his slaughtered cattle upon a tree standing on +the site now occupied by the Court House. +</p> +<p> +This glance at the condition of society and the mechanic arts during the +boyhood of Sylvester Marsh, and this look at the struggling village of +Chicago when he was in manhood's prime, enables us to comprehend in some +slight degree the mighty trend of events during the life time of a +single individual; an advancement unparalleled through all the ages. +</p> +<p> +For eighteen years, the business begun under the spreading oak upon what +is now Court House square, in Chicago, was successfully conducted,—each +year assuming larger proportions. He was one of the founders of Chicago, +doing his full share in the promotion of every public enterprise. The +prominent business men with whom he associated were John H. Kuisie, +Baptiste Bounier, Deacon John Wright, Gurdon S. Hubbard, William H. +Brown, Dr. Kimberly, Henry Graves, the proprietor of the first Hotel, +the Mansion house, the first framed two-story building erected, Francis +Sherman, who arrived in Chicago the same year and became subsequent +builder of the Sherman House. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Marsh was the originator of meat packing in Chicago, and invented +many of the appliances used in the process—especially the employment of +steam. +</p> +<p> +In common with most of the business men of the country, he suffered loss +from the re-action of the speculative fever which swept over the country +during the third decade of the century; but the man whose boyhood had +been passed on the Campton hills was never cast down by commercial +disaster. His entire accumulations were swept away, leaving a legacy of +liability; but with undaunted bravery he began once more, and by +untiring energy not only paid the last dollar of liability, but +accumulated a substantial fortune—engaging in the grain business. +</p> +<p> +His active mind was ever alert to invent some method for the saving of +human muscle by the employment of the forces of nature. He invented the +dried-meal process, and "Marsh's Caloric Dried Meal" is still an article +of commerce. +</p> +<p> +While on a visit to his native state in 1852, he ascended Mount +Washington, accompanied by Rev. A.C. Thompson, pastor of the Eliot +Church, Roxbury, and while struggling up the steep ascent, the idea came +to him that a railroad to the summit was feasable and that it could be +made a profitable enterprise. He obtained a charter for such a road in +1858, but the breaking out of the war postponed action till 1866, when a +company was formed and the enterprise successfully inaugurated and +completed. +</p> +<p> +Leaving Chicago he returned to New England, settling in Littleton, New +Hampshire, in 1864; removing to Concord, New Hampshire, in 1879, where +the closing years of his life were passed. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Marsh was married, first, April 4, 1844, to Charlotte D. Bates, +daughter of James Bates of Munson, Massachusetts. The union was blessed +with three children, of whom but one, Mary E. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" name="page68"></a>[68]</span> + + Marsh, survives. She resides in New York. Mrs. Marsh died August 20, +1852, at the age of thirty-six years. She was a woman of the finest +mental qualities, highly educated, and very winning in her person and +manners. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Marsh married, second, March 23, 1855, Cornelia H. Hoyt, daughter of +Lumas T. Hoyt of St. Albans, Vermont. Three daughters of the five +children born of this marriage live and reside with their mother in +Concord, New Hampshire. Mr. Marsh died December 30, 1884, in Concord, +and was buried in Blossom Hill Cemetery. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Marsh was to the very last years of his life a public-spirited +citizen, entering heartily into any and every scheme which promised +advantage to his fellow man. His native State was especially dear to +him. He was very fond of his home and of his family. He was a devout +Christian, and scrupulous in every business transaction not to mislead +his friends by his own sanguine anticipations of success. His faith and +energy were such that men yielded respect and confidence to his grandest +projects; and capital was always forthcoming to perfect his ideas. +</p> +<p> +He had a wonderful memory for dates, events, and statistics, always +maintaining his interest in current events. Aside from the daily +newspapers, his favorite reading was history. The business, prosperity, +and future of this country was an interesting theme of conversation with +him. In business he not only possessed good judgment, wonderful energy, +and enthusiasm, but caution. +</p> +<p> +He was philosophical in his desire to acquire wealth, knowing its power +to further his plans, however comprehensive and far-reaching. Immense +wealth was never his aim. He was unselfish, thinking ever of others. He +had a strong sense of justice, and desired to do right—not to take +advantage of another. He was generous and large in his ideas. He was +benevolent, giving of his means in a quiet and unostentatious way. He +took a great interest in young men, helping them in their struggles, +with advice, encouragement, and pecuniary assistance. Students, +teachers, helpless women, colored boys and girls, in early life slaves, +came in for a share of his large-hearted bounty, as well as the Church +with its many charities and missions. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Marsh was a consistent Christian gentleman, for many years +identified with the Congregational denomination. He was a Free Mason; in +politics he was an anti-slavery Whig, and later a Republican. In private +life he was a kind, generous, and indulgent husband and father, +considerate of those dependent on him, relieving them of every care and +anxiety. +</p> +<p> +He was a typical New Englander, a founder of institutions, a promoter of +every enterprise beneficial to society. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name="page69"></a>[69]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + BARNABAS BRODT DAVID. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Rev. J.G. Davis, D.D.</span> +</h3> +<p> +In the early records of the French Protestant Church of New York City, +appears the name of John David, a Huguenot, an emigrant, who married +Elizabeth Whinehart. They settled in Albany, and had eleven children, of +whom only five attained majority. Peter David, the sixth child, born +March 11, 1764, married Elizabeth Caldwell, born May 24, 1764, the only +child of Joseph Caldwell, an officer in the British navy. They also +lived in Albany and had a large family of eleven children; Barnabas +Brodt David, born August 8, 1802, the subject of the following sketch, +was the ninth child and fifth son. On the death of his mother, which +occurred September 17, 1808, the family was widely scattered, and the +lad Barnabas found a home for the next five years with a family named +Truax, in Hamilton Village, New York. At the end of this period he was +taken into the family of an older brother, Noble Caldwell David, who +resided in Peterborough, New York. Of his previous opportunities of +instruction we are not informed, but during his stay of two years in +Peterborough he was permitted to attend school part of the time. The +death of Caldwell David's wife became the occasion of a third removal, +which brought him to Keene, New Hampshire, into the care of an older +sister, Mrs. David Holmes. The journey was made in the winter, in an +open sleigh, without robes, and being poorly clad, the hardship and +exposure were vividly remembered. He was interested in his studies, and +enjoyed the privileges of the schools in Keene, so far as they were open +to the children of the town. The question of an employment coming up for +decision, it was determined by his friends that the lad should go to +Boston and enter the shop of his eldest brother, John David, as an +apprentice to the art of whip making. At that time no machinery was +employed in the business, and the apprentice was taught every part of +the craft. +</p> +<p> +Before the termination of his apprenticeship, his brother John David, +was removed by death and an opportunity was presented of taking the +stock and tools and carrying on the business. He was ambitious and his +early experiences had made him self-reliant and courageous. The opening +was promising, but he had neither money nor credit. In this exigency a +partnership was formed with Mr. Samuel B. Melendy, who had some +knowledge of the craft. With the beginning of the year 1821, the firm of +Melendy and David raised a sign in Dock Square. The young men were +willing to labor and they determined by industry and economy to win +success. For a time the room, which they hired, served a two-fold use as +they worked and slept in the same apartment. They lived cheaply and the +work benches were cleared at night to furnish a place whereon to rest. +Having no one to endorse a note for the firm in Boston, they had +recourse to Mr. William Melendy, who had recently retired from business +in the city and returned to Amherst, New Hampshire. By the most direct +route, the distance from Boston must have been over forty-five miles, +but Mr. Melendy, starting in the early morning + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page70" name="page70"></a>[70]</span> + + on foot, reached his destination at night, and securing the signature of +his brother returned the next day. +</p> +<p> +Such pluck insured success. The business became profitable, the firm had +a reputation for promptitude, and were soon able to command capital. +Retaining the store in Dock Square as a salesroom, the young men adopted +a more comfortable style of living. They were unlike in their tastes and +temperaments, the staid, cautious and steadfast conservatism of the +older partner, making an admirable combination with the enterprising and +hopeful spirit of the younger. Mr. David was sagacious and ready to +employ every advantage that would enlarge the manufacture, or perfect +the workmanship, or promote the sale of whips; while his associate had a +practical oversight of the shop and materials which prevented any waste. +The demand for their goods increased rapidly, and with a view to larger +facilities for the manufacture, and diminished expenses, Mr. Melendy +came to Amherst and commenced work in the Manning Shop, so called, about +a mile south of the village, and a larger number of hands were employed. +In the course of three years, a salesman was placed in Boston, an agency +started in New York, and the business of manufacturing wholly transfered +to this town. There was an element of romance leavening these various +transactions, as in December on the twenty-second, 1825, Mr. Melendy was +married to Miss Eveline Boutelle of Amherst, and on the twenty-fifth of +the same month, Mr. David was married to Elizabeth Welch Melendy, a +sister of his partner. These were fortunate marriages. The parties were +not only happy in each other, but what is worthy special notice, a few +years later in 1831, very eligible houses were bought, one for each +family, at joint expense, which were occupied without interruption till +both couples had commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of their +marriage. During all this period, the property was held in common, and +the expenses of each family, however enlarged, were paid from the common +fund. +</p> +<p> +In 1830, stimulated by a desire to perfect his knowledge of the business +and secure any improvements in methods or machinery to be found in +England, Mr. David sailed for Liverpool. +</p> +<p> +As might be anticipated, in subordination to this main interest Mr. +David sought to enlarge his knowledge of English men and English +institutions. He became familiar with their commercial habits, visiting +public buildings and places of historical importance, so that fifty +years afterwards he could speak of parks, streets, and sections of the +city of London in which any recent event occured as if he had been an +eye witness. He was present at the opening of the Liverpool and +Manchester Railway when Lord Huskinson was killed, being crushed by the +wheels of the locomotive. At this time he saw the Duke of Wellington, +with other distinguished men, members of Parliament, and nobility. On +his return to America, he brought a machine for winding whip-stocks, the +first ever used in this country. The machine was subsequently +duplicated, and proved a valuable accession to the trade. He also +introduced some new materials, and enlarged the variety of fashions. In +other respects the manufacture was unchanged. The prosperity of the firm +had no serious checks; they had agencies for the sale of goods in +Boston, New York, New Orleans, and large orders came from other cities. +They bought materials for cash, so that when the commercial crash of +1837 carried disaster to multitudes, they + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>[71]</span> + + survived. "We did not fail," said Mr. David, "for we owed no one +anything, but we lost nearly all we had by the failure of others." The +result of this experiment was a contraction of the system of credits and +selling goods for cash or by guaranteed commissions. +</p> +<p> +For many years, the manufacture of whips was the most important business +in Amherst. It gave employment to several persons and furnished the +means of support to ten or twelve families. The purchases of ivory, +whalebone, and other raw material, were usually made from first hands +and in such quantities as often gave the firm control of the market; +while in the style and workmanship of their handmade whips, they had few +competitors. +</p> +<p> +With the enlargement of their resources, Messrs. Melendy & David became +interested in other enterprises. They held real estate and buildings. +They bought shares in the railways which were finding their location in +New Hampshire. Mr. David belonged to the Board of Directors that laid +out and constructed the Northern Railroad. Subsequently this property +was sold, and with the proceeds they joined in new undertakings at the +West, which subjected the firm to very serious losses. The business was +entrusted to others, and unforeseen difficulties arose, attended by +material disasters, which no precaution will certainly avert; and +failing in the support which was supposed sure, defeat ensued. But these +reverses were not without their uses, as subsequent events clearly +demonstrated. Accepting the conditions, which were most disheartening, +Mr. David and his partner addressed themselves to the work of securing +their creditors and restoring their fortunes. It was a long and weary +struggle, demanding persistent application, economy, and careful +management. They were subjected to painful imputations and occasional +rebuffs, but they also found sympathy, and at the end of nine years, +in which they sought no relief from the usual claims of social and +religious obligations, every debt was discharged and their real +estate freed from all incumbrance. The example was most commendable, +illustrating the sterling virtue and high determination of the men in +circumstances where weak minds would have faltered, and unconscientious +persons would have evaded payment. +</p> +<p> +Going back in this history to the period of their increasing business, +we shall find that a strong religious element controlled the lives of +both of these men. In the years from 1830 to 1836, which were so +memorable in large accessions to the Churches of New Hampshire, the +power of the gospel was manifested in Amherst, and these men with many +others were persuaded to act upon their religious convictions and avow +their faith in Christ. Mr. Melendy united with the Congregational Church +in 1832, and Mr. David and several of his workmen followed the example +in 1835; the character of all these men for integrity and steady habits +had been good, but from this date a higher standard of conduct +prevailed. A new direction was given to their thoughts, and the tone of +the establishment was elevated by superior motives. While resident in +Boston. Mr. David had been attentive to the vigorous doctrinal +discussion which divided the community sixty years ago. He had listened +approvingly to the preaching of Wayland and Beecher, then in the fulness +of their strength. He was persuaded that the doctrines to which these +divines gave such prominence were in harmony with the teachings of the +New Testament; accordingly, when Mr. David accepted + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>[72]</span> + + the Evangelical system of faith as the ground of his own hope of God's +favor, he acted intelligently. He acknowledged his dependence on the +grace of God in Christ Jesus. He recognized the sacredness of the +Christian calling. He became a student of the Scriptures, entered the +Sabbath School as a teacher, and assumed the responsibilities of +sustaining the ordinances of public and local religious worship. In +1846, he was elected deacon in the Congregational Church. He accepted +the office with some reluctance, being distrustful of himself, but his +counsel and service were of great value to the brotherhood. Intent on +improving himself in all the qualities of Christian manhood, he was +observant of the great movements of society, and deeply interested in +the new and enlarged applications of Chistianity. He followed the +operations of the American Board, as new fields opened to the +missionaries of the Cross; keeping informed as to the changing phases +of Evangelical effort in this and in foreign lands. In this particular +he manifested the same accuracy which marked his knowledge of current +affairs. He was familiar with the history of the United States and Great +Britain, and having a lively admiration of learned men, statesmen, +scholars, and divines, he was a reader of biographies. While emulating +the excellence which he admired, these stores of information were +employed to enliven conversation and to furnish material for public +discourses. In the gathering of the people, whether for secular or +religious purposes, he was often called upon to speak. His remarks were +received with attention, and had weight with his audience, because they +embodied the fruits of his study and reflection. +</p> +<p> +In the meetings of the Church for conference and prayer, he was often +very helpful. He had too much reverence for the place and object of the +assembly, to indulge in crude and repetitious utterances. He prepared +himself for the duty, by recalling the lessons of his own experience or +citing illustrations from the wide stores of his reading. His words were +well chosen, and his thoughts seldom common-place. In the exigencies of +the missionary cause, or on some occasion of special peril to the truth +he would bring forward an instance of signal deliverance from similar +trial, in the previous history of the Church, or in the lives of her +servants. There were those, who might speak with more fluency, or +employ a more impassioned manner, but no one spoke more to edification. +His prayers also were marked by the same evident thoughtfulness and +spirituality. He was not hasty to offer his desires before God. You +felt, in following his petitions, that he had a message, and his voice +would often be tremulous with emotion as he made supplication in behalf +of the sick or the sorrowful; as he prayed for the youth of the +congregation, or interceded in behalf of the Church and the country. +As an officer of the Church, he was considerate of the feelings and +wants of his brethren; visiting the sick, searching out the poor, and +practicing a generous hospitality. Ministers of all denominations were +welcome to his house, and among his chosen friends there were none held +in higher esteem than the ministers whom he loved for their works' sake. +</p> +<p> +Deacon David was averse to strife and controversy; the convictions which +he cherished had been matured by careful study, and he was ready to give +them expression on all suitable occasions; but he avoided personal +disputes, and the imputations that accompany heated + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page73" name="page73"></a>[73]</span> + + discussion. He knew that these controversies were unprofitable, and he +consequently sought "the things that make for peace." When differences +arose and bad feelings were likely to be stirred, he was happy if he +could remove or allay the cause of alienation. +</p> +<p> +As a citizen, Deacon David exhibited a hearty interest in the prosperity +of the town, and he did not shrink from the duties by which the +community is served. He wished to have good schools, well made roads, +and all public buildings convenient and in good repair. A modest man, +not seeking office for himself, and always ready to commend good service +when rendered by others, he did not decline when called to take office. +He accordingly acted as a select-man, representative to the Legislature, +member of the School Committee, in addition to special services when +some interest or enterprise affecting the community was given in charge +to a committee to act in behalf of the town. +</p> +<p> +Socially, his influence was constantly exerted in the promotion of +whatever would elevate and improve the aims and habits of his townsmen. +He was active in the movement for the establishment of a Library which +should be open to all; in the absence of an Academy, he favored the +introduction of a High School. +</p> +<p> +He constructed sidewalks, and along the streets, so far as he had +control, shade trees were planted by his direction. He was also careful +to maintain the amenities of life, prompt in meeting and reciprocating +all social obligations. Somewhat above the medium height, erect but +spare in figure, there was a mingling of dignity and sweetness in his +expression which won your confidence. The promptness and despatch, which +distinguished his methods of business, were manifest in the general +ordering of his affairs. The practical forecast, which, anticipates the +crowding of engagements, and maps out the work, was seen in the +distribution of his occupations. The materials were in readiness for +every workman's alloted task. Without formal designation, there was time +for study, or the performance of civil or social duty, in the busiest +season. It entered into his plans to maintain an order in his reading +and recreations. His farm, his buildings, tools, equipage, and the whole +estate, were kept in excellent condition. Without lavish expenditure, +his premises wore an air of neatness and thrift. He was uneasy if his +animals were exposed to ill treatment, and he tolerated no waste. With +such habits, it was pleasant to be associated with him in any service. +You had not to wait for him. He remembered his appointments. He was in +his seat in the sanctuary before the opening of the service. No special +message was required to secure his attendance at town meeting. The power +of his example was elevating and wholesome, and as we review his life +and deplore the loss of his presence and cooperation, it is interesting +to hear the frequent and hearty testimonials to his kindness, and +fairmindedness coming from men who were long in his employment; while +others gratefully acknowledge his friendly counsel and assistance in +their youthful days. +</p> +<p> +In politics, Deacon David was Whig and Republican; he believed in the +policy of protecting American manufactures, and, during the most active +period of his life, his opinions were in harmony with the sentiments of +Mr. Webster. With the dissolution of the Whig party, and the undeniable +intention on the part of the South to extend the area of slavery, he +became a staunch Republican. On the election of Lincoln he + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name="page74"></a>[74]</span> + + put forth his best endeavors to maintain the government, and when the +call was made for troops, he was among the foremost to pledge himself +and all that he had to sustain the imperilled cause of Liberty. He +encouraged his sons to enlist in the army and two of them entered the +military service of the country. +</p> +<p> +Deacon David had seven children, of whom five attained majority and +became heads of families; three of this number are now living, two sons +and a daughter; and there are fifteen grandchildren. He retired from +active business in 1875, but interested himself in the affairs of the +Church, and in the business of a son in Boston. But his health, never +very robust, became impaired with the advance in years, and he withdrew +more and more from public notice. His wife and children were constant +with their grateful ministrations, and, under the oversight of attentive +physicians, his life was prolonged beyond expectation. He retained his +mental powers in great activity until the end, his memory of recent, as +well as remote occurrences, serving him with unusual accuracy. He was +seldom depressed, and had none of the "melancholy damp of cold and dry," +of which Milton speaks, to weigh his spirits down. Being able to see +friends, he conversed with the animation and intelligence of one in +middle life. +</p> +<p> +The change came at length, and sustained by an unfaltering trust in the +Lord Jesus, whom he had publicly confessed for nearly half a century, he +fell asleep on the third of September, 1883. He had lived with his wife +fifty-seven years, and in the same house for fifty-two years. Soon after +his death, the Church adopted formal resolutions, setting forth the +grounds of their gratitude to God for his valuable life and services as +an officer, and expressing the sincere affection with which they +cherished his memory as a citizen and friend. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0004" id="h2H_4_0004"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE BOSTON LATIN SCHOOL. +</h2> +<p> +The one educational institution in this country which has the honor of +ante-dating Harvard College by a few years, and of thus being the very +oldest in the land, is the Boston Latin School. For two hundred and +fifty years it has been a part, and an important part, of the town and +city of Boston, influencing all its other institutions, social, +literary, moral, political, and religious, and largely giving to the +metropolis, directly or indirectly, its wide-spread fame as the "Athens +of America." +</p> +<p> +The establishment of this School has its origin in a vote of which the +following is a transcript: +</p> +<p> +"... 13th of the 2d moneth 1635 ... att a General meeting upon public +notice ... it was generally agreed upon, that our brother Philemon +Pormout shall be intreated to become scholemaster for the teaching and +nourtering of children with us." +</p> +<p> +At this time, Boston was a village of perhaps, fifteen hundred +inhabitants, and it was a hundred years later before it had reached as +many thousands. +</p> +<p> +The first school-house was on the north side of School street, close by +the burying-ground which had already received the mortal dust of several +of the early settlers. It was a century before King's Chapel was built, +but at the foot of School street, near the site of the Old South +meeting-house, was Governor Winthrop's imposing mansion; and nearly +opposite this, was the Blue Lion Tavern. +</p> +<p> +The foundation of this school was soon followed by several others. +Charlestown had a school in 1636, Salem and Ipswich in 1637, and the +Eliot school in Roxbury was established in 1645. The Latin school was +alone in Boston, however, for nearly fifty years, and it was wisely +cherished and nurtured by the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name="page75"></a>[75]</span> + + town. Mr. Pormout was paid a salary of sixty pounds a year, a sum +considered comportable to the talent employed, and the grave +responsibilities of the position. +</p> +<p> +The masters who succeeded to Mr. Pormout are, in their order: Rev. +Daniel Maude, Rev. John Woodbridge, Robert Woodmansie, Benjamin +Thompson, Ezekiel Cheever, Rev. Nathaniel Williams, and John Lovell, +whose rule continued for forty-two years, or until the Revolutionary +war. Among Lovell's pupils was Harrison Gray Otis. During the excitement +of the war, the school was closed for a short time, but was again opened +in June, 1776, under the rule of Mr. Samuel Hunt. He was in authority +for twenty-nine years and was then succeeded by William Bigelow of +Salem, who held the sceptre until 1813, when it passed to Benjamin +Apthorp Gould, and in 1828 to Frederick P. Leverett. The later masters +have been Charles K. Dilloway, who succeeded in 1831, Epes Sargent +Dixwell in 1836, Francis Gardner in 1851, Augustine W. Gay in 1876, and +in 1877 Moses Merrill, the present efficient master. Among these many +school teachers, some have been famous for their marked abilities. This +is especially true of Ezekiel Cheever, John Lovell, and Francis Gardner. +</p> +<p> +"Cheever and Lovell and Gardner, the Puritan, the Tory, and shall not we +say, in some fuller sense, the man—are they not characteristic figures? +One belongs to the century of Milton, one to the century of Johnson, one +to the century of Carlisle. One's eye is on the New Jerusalem; one's +soul is all wrapped up in Boston; one has caught sight of humanity. One +is of the century of faith, one of the century of common-sense, one of +the century of conscience. One leaches his boys the Christian doctrine, +one bids them keep the order of the school, one inspires them to do +their duty. The times they represent are great expanses in the sea of +time. One shallower, one deeper than the other; through them all sails +on the constant school with its monotonous routine, like the clattering +machine of a great ship which over many waters of different depths, +feeling now the deepness and now the shallowness under its keel, presses +along to some sea of the future which shall be better than them all."<a href="#note-1" name="noteref-1"><small>1</small></a> +</p> +<p> +The first school-house stood until 1748. Another was then erected on the +opposite side of School street, where the Parker House now stands. In +1812 a new building was erected here. The Latin school was moved in 1844 +to Bedford street, where it occupied the building recently torn down, +until 1881, when the magnificent structure on Warren Avenue became its +home. +</p> +<p> +A glance over the list of those who have graduated reveals the names +of John Hull, Benjamin Franklin and his four fellow-signers of the +Declaration of Independence, John Hancock, Sam Adams, Robert Treat +Paine, William Hooper; Presidents Leverett, Langdon, Everett and Eliot +of Harvard, and Pynchon of Trinity College; Governors James Bowdoin and +William Eustis; Lieutenant-Governors Cushing and Winthrop; James Lovell; +Adino Paddock, who planted the "Paddock Elms"; Judges Francis Dana, +Thomas Dawes, and Charles Jackson; Drs. John C. Warren, James Jackson +and Henry I. Bowditch; Professors William D. Peck, Henry W. Torrey, +Francis J. Child, Josiah P. Cooke, and William R. Dimmock; Mayors +Harrison G. Otis, Samuel A. Eliot and Frederick O. Prince; Honorables +Robert C. Winthrop, Charles Francis Adams, George S. Hillard, Charles +Sumner, William M. Evarts and Charles Devens; such writers as Ralph +Waldo Emerson and John Lothrop Motley, and divines as Right Rev. John B. +Fitzpatrick, Roman Catholic bishop of Boston, Right Rev. Theodore Dehon, +bishop of South Carolina, and Revs. Cotton Mather, Benjamin Colman, +Andrew Eliot, Joseph Tuckerman, William Jenks, Samuel Cooper Thacher, +Francis Parkman, N.L. Frothingham, William H. Furness, Alexander Young, +Frederick A. Farley, James Freeman Clarke, William Henry Channing, Henry +Ward Beecher, John F.W. Ware, Edward E. Hale and Phillips Brooks. +</p> +<a name="note-1"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>1</u> (<a href="#noteref-1">return</a>)<br /> +Rev. Phillips Brooks. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page76" name="page76"></a>[76]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0005" id="h2H_4_0005"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE WHITE AND FRANCONIA MOUNTAINS. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Fred Myron Colby.</span> +</h3> +<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-088.jpg"><img src="images/ill-088.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="WHITE MOUNTAIN RANGE FROM MILAN." /></a> +<br /> +WHITE MOUNTAIN RANGE FROM MILAN. +</div> +<p> +What would the world be without mountains? Geographically, one vast +monotony of unchanging surface; geologically, a desert waste. Mountains +are the rib-bones of the great skeleton of nature, and they hold +together the gorgeous outline of river, valley, lake, and savannah that +gives the earth all its varied beauty. Beautiful and grand as they are, +they are as useful as ornamental, and serve a momentous necessity in +mundane affairs. They are grand landmarks of the Almighty's power and +mercy and goodness, and historically occupy a <i>high</i> position in +the lives of nations. +</p> +<p> +The seers and saints of the old time speak of the strength of the hills +as if they were the special gifts of the Creator to his favored people +for their defence. The history of later nations has shown us that they +have found more in the strength of the hills than defences against the +attacks of outside enemies; that they have drawn from them a moral vigor +of character, a keenness and activity of intellect, and a love of +country, which has produced the most enduring and elevated patriotism. +And, indeed, we must bless God for mountains; those who live near them +are larger, better, nobler than the denizens + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page77" name="page77"></a>[77]</span> + + of the plains. "Flee to the mountains," cried the angel to Lot. Ah! +there was meaning in the command. Men stagnate upon the plain; they grow +indolent, sensual, mediocre there, and are only vivified as they seek +the great alphabet of nature, as they pulsate with her in her wondrous +heart-beats. It has been the mountain men who have ruled the world. +</p> +<p> +New Hampshire is a land of mountains. She is indeed throned among the +hills, and well deserves the title of the "Switzerland of America." Her +cloud-capped peaks, even in mid-summer, glisten with frosts and snows +of winter, and they stand watchful sentinels over the liberties of her +children. Our Alps are the White Mountains, and they hold no mean place +beside their rivals in the old world. Their lofty elevation, their +geological formation, the wild and romantic scenery in their vicinity, +and their legends of white and red men, all concur to render them +peculiarly interesting. +</p> +<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-089.jpg"><img src="images/ill-089.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="OWL'S HEAD AND MOOSILAUKE, WARREN, N.H." /></a> +<br /> +OWL'S HEAD AND MOOSILAUKE, WARREN, N.H. +</div> +<p> +The White Mountain range is located in Coos, Grafton, and Carroll +Counties, covering an area of about two thousand square miles, or nearly +a third of the northern section of the State. Four of the largest rivers +of New England receive tributaries from its streams, and one has its +principal source in this region. The peaks cluster in two groups, the +eastern or White Mountain group proper, and the Franconia group, +separated from each other by a tableland varying from ten to twenty +miles in breadth. These mountains differ from + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name="page78"></a>[78]</span> + + most others in being purely of a primitive origin. They are probably the +most ancient mountains in the world; not even the organic remains of the +transition period have ever been discovered near them; and they are +essentially of granitic formation. Underneath these coherent and +indurate ledges the most valuble ores exist, but coal and fossils are +searched for in vain. Many a change during the geological periods have +these granite mountains looked upon. They have seen fire and water +successively sweep over the surface of our globe. Devastating epochs +passed, continents sunk and rose, and mountains were piled on mountains +in the dread chaos, but these stood firm and undaunted, though scarred +and seamed by glaciers, and washed by the billows of a primeval sea, +presenting nearly the same contour that they do to-day. They are the +Methuselahs among mountains. +</p> +<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:275px;padding-right:0;margin-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-090.jpg"><img src="images/ill-090.jpg" style="width:250px;" +alt="'OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS.'" /></a> +<br /> +'OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS.' +</div> +<p> +The Indians generally called these mountains Agiocochook, though one +of the eastern tribes bestowed upon them the name of Waumbek Ketmetha, +which signifies White Mountains. A mythic obscurity shadows the whole +historical life of this region till the advent of the white men. The red +man held the mountains in reverence and awe. What Olympus and Ida were +to the ancient Greeks, what Ararat and Sinai were to the Jews, what +Popocatapetl and Orizaba were to the Aztecs, so were the summits of the +White Mountains to the simple natives of this section. An ancient +tradition prevailed among them that a deluge once overspread the land +and destroyed every human being but a + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>[79]</span> + + single powwow and his wife, who fled for safety to these elevated +regions, and thus preserved the race from extermination. Their fancy +peopled the mountains with invisible beings, who indicated their +presence and manifested their power by storms and tempests, which they +were believed to control with absolute authority. The savages, +therefore, never attempted to ascend the summits, deeming the +undertaking perilous, and success impossible. But, though thus +cherishing a superstitious respect for their utmost elevations, they +still frequented the environs and mountain defiles, and propogated many +marvelous stories of what they alleged could there be seen. Among other +things, they gave accounts of immense carbuncles seen far up the steep +and inaccessible sides, which shone in the darkness of night with the +most brilliant and dazzling splendor. +</p> + +<div style="clear:both;"><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:175px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-091a.jpg"><img src="images/ill-091a.jpg" style="width:175px;" +alt="PEABODY RIVER AND MOUNT WASHINGTON." /></a> +<br /> +PEABODY RIVER AND<br /> MOUNT WASHINGTON. +</div> +<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:175px;padding-right:0;margin-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-091b.jpg"><img src="images/ill-091b.jpg" style="width:175px;" +alt="THE BOURNE MONUMENT." /></a> +<br /> +THE BOURNE MONUMENT. +</div> +<p> +The first white men who visited these mountains, were Messrs. Neal, +Jocelyn, and Field, who explored the region carefully in the year 1632. +They were incited partly, no doubt, by curiosity, but more probably by +the hope of finding mineral treasure. They were disappointed in finding +gold, however, but they gave a glowing account of their adventures, and +of the extent and grandeur of the mountains, which they + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page80" name="page80"></a>[80]</span> + + called Crystal Hills. A few years later, Captain Richard Vines and +others were attracted there by the reports they heard. They remained +some time in their vicinity, but returned without anything more than a +knowledge of their romantic scenery and the fine facilities they +afforded for game. Since then, they have been frequented by hunters and +men of science, and within a number of years they have become one of the +most fashionable places of summer resort in the United States. +</p> + +<div style="clear:both;"><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-092.jpg"><img src="images/ill-092.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="FRANCONIA MOUNTAINS, FROM THORNTON." /></a> +<br /> +FRANCONIA MOUNTAINS, FROM THORNTON. +</div> +<p> +The White Mountain plateau is approached by travellers from four +directions, namely: from the east by the Grand Trunk, Eastern, and +Ogdensburg Railroads; from the south by Lake Winnipiseogee and the +Pemigewassett rivers; from the south-west by way of Connecticut River +and White Mountain Railroad at Littleton, and from the north by the +Grand Trunk at Northumberland. The approach is grand from all sides, and +the mountain combinations picturesque and beautiful. From five to six +thousand feet above the plain, these mountains rise presenting every +variety of mountain scenery, slopes, ravines, precipices, towering +cliffs, and overhanging summits. +</p> +<p> +To the south of the mountains and nestling among the foot hills, lies +Lake Winnipiseogee—"Pleasant Water in a High Place," or "The Smile of +the Great Spirit," as the aborigines termed it, with its surface broken +by hundreds of islands: one, they say, for every day of the calendar +year; and its shores the delight of artists in search of the +picturesque, as well as of the sojourner after pleasure. Its waters +smile eternally pleasant, and the visitor will not find the fountain of +perpetual youth of the swart old navigator a fable; for here he will +regain lost youth and strength in the contemplation of scenes as +beautiful as poets' dreams. O! Lake Winnipiseogee, we recall the sails +across thy bright waters with delight, and long to see thy rippling tide +once more murmuring beneath the keel of our boat. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page81" name="page81"></a>[81]</span> +</p> +<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:275px; margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-093.jpg"><img src="images/ill-093.jpg" style="width:250px;" +alt="GEORGIANA FALLS." /></a> +<br /> +GEORGIANA FALLS. +</div> +<p> +What haunts form a magic chain along the verdant shores of this +charming lake! The Wiers, Wolfborough, Alton Bay, Centre Harbor, each +a name that moves the heart to thrill it. A voyage across the lake will +be remembered a life-time. Says Edward Everett, commenting upon a sail +from Wiers up the lake: "I have been something of a traveller in my own +country, though far less than I could wish—and in Europe have seen all +that is most attractive, but my eye has yet to rest upon a lovelier +scene." A climb to the summit of Red Hill, at Centre Harbor, Starr +King's favorite haunt, well repays for the labor. The lake presents a +charming picture from its crest. Across its waters can be seen the domes +of Belknap and more distant Kearsage and Monadnock. In the east are +the Ossipee Mountains and bold Mount Chocorua. Toward the north is a +throng of lofty mountains overtopped on a clear day by distant Mount +Washington, which towers king-like over all his neighbors. In the west +one has a view of Squam Lake, with its many islands bordered by beaches +of white sand, the little village of Centre Harbor, Meredith, and that +popular lakeside resort, the Weirs. +</p> +<p> +At the Weirs, which is a way-station of the Boston and Montreal Road +on the borders of the lake, is a cottage city. Here in front of each +domicile is built the miniature wharf off which is moored the row boat +or yacht, dancing feather like on the waves. Lofty trees with dense +foliage grow to the water's edge, affording grateful shade. Within the +grove is an auditorium in one of nature's amphitheatres where the weary +people, assembled from their homes in the dusty city, listen to words of +eloquence or exhortation while fanned by lake breezes. On the sides of +the hill the veterans of the Grand Army have erected barracks, and there +they + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page82" name="page82"></a>[82]</span> + + annually assemble, build their camp fires, recount old scenes, fight +mimic battles, and close up their ranks thinned by time. The approach to +their camp is guarded by cannon, used to salute some honored comrade, +and overlooked by an observatory on which stands no sentinel. +</p> +<p> +We had made up our minds "to do" the White Mountains, Molly, Fritz and +I, the latter being an indefinite person, and we calculated on going +prepared. We had spent a fortnight reading Starr King's "White Hills," +studying handbooks and Hitchcock's Geology of New Hampshire, Then it +took us a week to do the packing. One bright summer day we started; +night found us at Plymouth on the banks of the Pemigewasset, at the very +gateway of the mountains. We slept at the Pemigewasset House, where we +were shown the room in which Hawthorne died twenty years ago, while on +an excursion for health with his friend Franklin Pierce. That will be +what Plymouth will be famous for one hundred years hence—the place +where Hawthorne died. "It is a pleasant place at which to die," said +Fritz, "but I had rather have been born there." +</p> +<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-094.jpg"><img src="images/ill-094.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="WHITE MOUNTAIN RANGE, FROM JEFFERSON." /></a> +<br /> +WHITE MOUNTAIN RANGE, FROM JEFFERSON. +</div> +<p> +Following up the valley by the river-road through the towns of Campton, +Thornton, and Woodstock, one sees himself surrounded on either hand by +towering mountains and the most exquisite rural scenery. Another road +following the Indian trail from Canada to the coast, over which the +weary feet of many a captive passed in the old time, driven ruthlessly +from their homes to the wilderness by their savage captors, passes +through Rumney and Wentworth to Warren summit, the lowest land in the +"divide" between the Connecticut and Merrimack valleys, yet a thousand +feet above the ocean. Moosilauke, the ancient Moosehillock, here stands +sentry, almost five thousand feet above the sea level. It is the western +outpost of the mountain region and deserves a visit. A good carriage +road leads from the station to Breezy Point House, at its base, where +buck-boards are chartered for the ascent. At first the road leads +through rocky pastures, thence into primeval woods in which the way +becomes more and more precipitous; + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page83" name="page83"></a>[83]</span> + + and as we go up the trees become dwarfed to bushes, until as one emerges +to the open space on the shoulder of the mountain a most impressive +scene breaks upon him. An immense gulf lies beneath him, while before +him towers the lofty summit. +</p> +<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-095.jpg"><img src="images/ill-095.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="ADAMS AND MADISON, FROM GLEN PATH." /></a> +<br /> +ADAMS AND MADISON, FROM GLEN PATH. +</div> +<p> +The morning or evening view from Moosilauke is grand in the extreme. The +valley of the Connecticut for many miles is in view, through which winds +the "long river" like a blue ribbon. Over in Vermont are the Green +Mountains, commanded by Mount Mansfield, while across the State and over +Lake Champlain one catches a glimpse of the distant Adirondacks. In the +south can be seen Ascutney and the mountains and lakes of central New +Hampshire, while a distant peak beyond Monadnock may be Mount Wachuset +in Massachusetts. To the eastward is massed an ocean of mountains, of +which Mounts Washington and Lafayette are monarchs. To the north lies +the Gardner range, and in the valley near at hand the sheltered +community incorporated by the name of Benton and overlooked by Mount +Kinsman. +</p> +<p> +As the sun sinks below the western mountains, one stands in brilliant +daylight, while the valleys below him are shrouded in the gloom of +night; when the sun has disappeared, darkness has come. One can well +spend a night on the summit if only to behold the glorious sunrise in +the morning. Before the dawn comes, one is on an island in an ocean of +foam. The sun springs gladly from behind the hills on the eastern +horizon, and scatters the early mists as by an enchanter's wand. As a +matter of course there is a Tip Top House on Moosilauke, and a genial +landlord. +</p> +<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-096a.jpg"><img src="images/ill-096a.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="CASTELLATER RIDGE OF MOUNT JEFFERSON." /></a> +<br /> +CASTELLATER RIDGE<br /> OF MOUNT JEFFERSON. +</div> +<p> +Owl's Head the traveller passes on the right as he leaves Warren summit. +Between + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page84" name="page84"></a>[84]</span> + + Owl's Head and Moosilauke there is a deep valley through which winds a +road leading from Warren to Benton and Dansville, affording a lonely but +pleasant route through the mountains. +</p> +<p> +"That road," said Molly, "looks as if it might be haunted by Claude +Duval and his ilk; I suppose there are robbers among the mountains." +</p> +<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px; margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-096b.jpg"><img src="images/ill-096b.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="RAVINE IN MOUNT ADAMS, FROM RANDOLPH HILL." /></a> +<br /> +RAVINE IN MOUNT ADAMS,<br /> FROM RANDOLPH HILL. +</div> +<p> +Fritz smiled. "We find them at the hotels now and then, and they wear +diamond studs generally," he said. "Our modern highwaymen do not haunt +lonesome defiles and cry 'Stand and Deliver.' That style is obsolete; +nor are there any romantic stories told of their dancing on the green +with the victims they have plundered. They are not gallant enough for +that." +</p> +<p> +"I don't care," declared Molly. "I like the modern way best; besides we +get our money's worth Why! any one of these views is worth, oh,—'ever +so much,' which includes hotel bills and all," laughed the cynical +Fritz. +</p> +<p> +At Wells River a very high bridge spans the Connecticut. Here the waters +of the tumbling Ammonoosuc, the wildest and most rapid stream in New +Hampshire, joins the Connecticut in its journey to the sea. The +highlands of Bath repay attention as we journey northward. Littleton is +a thriving village, which controls the business of this section, and +promises to be a northern metropolis. +</p> +<p> +A few miles from Littleton is Bethlehem, a regular mountain village, +with an altitude higher than that of any other village east of the +Mississippi. This is one of the most charming resorts in the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page85" name="page85"></a>[85]</span> + + White Mountain region. The long, main street of the town runs along the +side of Mount Agassiz, and its elevation is such as to banish hay fever +and all kindred complaints. +</p> +<p> +After we had dined, Fritz, Molly, and I, proceeded to investigate the +place by carriage. The day was warm, but Bethlehem has the luxury of +admirably-shaded streets; and although tropic heat may flood the outer +world, they lie temptingly cool beneath the great boughs; delightful +breezes sweeping from the mountains, so that a ride is always enjoyable. +There are regulation drives, and there are other drives, for one can +take a different route every day for a month, and each drive will seem +to surpass the other. In fact, the drives, walks, and woodland paths +about this village, rival those of Central Park in New York City. The +hotels of the village are palatial, and compare favorably with the best +in much older communities. Their accommodations are fully appreciated by +the army of health and pleasure seekers who annually visit them. +</p> +<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-097.jpg"><img src="images/ill-097.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="VIEW ACROSS THE SUMMIT OF THE RAVINE." /></a> +<br /> +VIEW ACROSS THE SUMMIT OF THE RAVINE. +</div> +<p> +This village has lately been directly connected with the outside world +by a narrow-gauge road, which runs parallel with the street and joins +the main line at Bethlehem Junction. In laying the track very little +attention was paid to the grade, and the train follows the undulating +surface. The train after leaving the junction seems fairly to climb to +the upper level. +</p> +<p> +Southerly from Bethlehem Junction a narrow-gauge railway extends into +the heart of the Franconia Notch, having its terminus at the celebrated +Profile House, which is a considerable village in itself. At the end of +the route the road skirts the shores of Echo Lake, a gem + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page86" name="page86"></a>[86]</span> + + of water surrounded by lofty mountains, a fit home for nymphs and +naiads. +</p> +<p> +"I should like to read 'Manfred' here," said Molly one morning (Byron +was one of her favorites) "It is just the place, mountains, forests and +all, and who knows—the wizzard." +</p> +<p> +"There is the Old Man of the Mountain; perhaps he would volunteer," +suggested Fritz. +</p> +<p> +"I thought it was a witch," observed the indefinite person. +</p> +<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-098.jpg"><img src="images/ill-098.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="SILVER CASCADE IN THE NOTCH." /></a> +<br /> +SILVER CASCADE IN THE NOTCH. +</div> +<p> +"Well, it matters not which it was," said Molly, seeing that we were +attempting to badger her. "Here is the hour and the scene." +</p> +<p> +"But the <i>man</i>, O, where is he?" cried Fritz. +</p> +<p> +"The truth is, we cannot appreciate Byron till we come here," pursued +Molly. "If we could only have a tempest now. Ah, I can imagine those +mountain Alps. How beautiful and grand it is. Within this wide domain +romance, science, and nature, murmur an eternal anthem, which wooes for +every soul that finds itself herein a new aspiration, and a realization +that, after all our study and care, we have appreciated creation so +lightly!" +</p> +<a name="image-0015"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;clear:left;"> +<a href="images/ill-099.jpg"><img src="images/ill-099.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="GIANT'S STAIRS, BARTLETT." /></a> +<br /> +GIANT'S STAIRS, BARTLETT. +</div> +<p> +That afternoon Molly had her wished-for tempest. The heat had been +sultry, but by five o'clock a heavy wind began to blow and huge billows +of clouds began to appear above the tops of the mountains. The sky grew +blacker every moment. By and by a mighty river of clouds began to pour +itself down over the peaks into the valley below; one by one each +haughty crest disappeared beneath the flood. In a few moments every +ravine was filled with rolling masses of clouds and the rain was falling +in sheets. We could trace its rapid flight over the space between the +hotel and the distant mountains. A gentleman who has been at the Profile +House for several summers said that he had never seen so grand a +storm-cloud as the one just described. When the storm was past and the +clouds began to melt away, it was natural enough that we should call to +mind the following passage from "Lucile:" +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page87" name="page87"></a>[87]</span> +</p> +<table summary="poem" border="0"><tr><td> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i14"> Meanwhile, </p> +<p class="i2"> The sun in his setting, sent up the last smile </p> +<p class="i2"> Of his power, to baffle the storm. And, behold </p> +<p class="i2"> O'er the mountains embattled, his armies, all gold, </p> +<p class="i2"> Rose and rested; while far up the dim airy crags, </p> +<p class="i2"> Its artillery silenced, its banners in rags, </p> +<p class="i2"> The rear of the tempest its sullen retreat </p> +<p class="i2"> Drew off slowly, receding in silence, to meet </p> +<p class="i2"> The powers of the night, which, now gathering afar, </p> +<p class="i2"> Had already sent forward one bright signal star. </p> +</div> +</div> +</td></tr></table> +<p> +A whole host of natural beauties and attractive scenes lie at hand near +this great mountain caravansary. Turn in any and all directions, at +every point a view greets the vision which rivals the touches of an +almost divine brush on Oriental canvas. Avenues lead through a perfect +labyrinth of forests in all directions, and many are the famous sights +to be seen. Profile Lake lies close by at the base of Cannon or Profile +Mountain and Mount Lafayette. From its shore can be seen that inspiring +curiosity known the world over as the "Old Man of the Mountain," about +which much good prose and passable poetry has been written. The profile +is produced by the peculiar combination of the surfaces and angles of +five huge granite blocks, and when viewed from one spot the resemblance +is perfect. Colossal as it is in its proportions, being seventy feet +from chin to forehead, the lines are softened by distance, and the +sphynx itself is not carved more justly. There it stands, calm, grand, +majestic, wearing from age to age the same undisturbed expression of +sovereign and hoary dignity—the guardian spirit of the region. No +wonder the simple red man, as he roamed these wilds, should pause as he +caught sight of this great stone face gazing off through the mountain +openings into the distant valley, and worship it as the countenance of +his Manitou. All are impressed with it, and its influence is magnetic. +</p> +<p> +To climb Mount Lafayette will be scarcely less interesting than the +ascent of Mount Washington, though it is more tedious, as it has to be +made wholly on foot. But the charming views from its sides and summit +will repay the labor of the tourist. A fine view of the Franconia +Mountains can be obtained from the summit of Bald Mountain, to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page88" name="page88"></a>[88]</span> + + the top of which a carriage road has been constructed. +</p> +<p> +Following down the outlet of Profile Lake, the headwaters of the +Pemigewasset, one may visit with profit and pleasure Walker's Falls, the +Basin, the Cascades, and the Flume. The Flume is one of those rifts in +the solid rock caused by some titanic force in ages long since. For many +years there hung suspended far up above the path a huge granite boulder. +In 1883 a sudden mountain storm caused a torrent to dash through the +chasm, and the boulder became a subject for history. It disappeared, +thus partially explaining how it was originally lodged in its former +resting place. A short distance below the Flume are the Georgiana Falls, +where the water descends for more than a hundred feet over a sheer +precipice. +</p> +<a name="image-0016"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-100.jpg"><img src="images/ill-100.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="WHITE MOUNTAINS, FROM THE GLEN." /></a> +<br /> +WHITE MOUNTAINS, FROM THE GLEN. +</div> +<p> +Franconia is a fairyland of wonderful fascination; and the weary of body +and mind, or the despondent and languid invalid, and no less the strong +and healthy, will find their physical faculties invigorated, and the +mind and soul elevated by a sojourn among the attractions of that lovely +town. It was with the deepest regret that we turned from those +delightful regions. Our time was not lost, for as we pant and struggle +in "life's ceaseless toil and endeavor," a thousand memories come to +cheer us from those sojourns in this romantic and magnificent mountain +land. +</p> +<p> +Again at Bethlehem Junction we follow the main thoroughfare through the +mountains to the great chain of hotels of world-wide fame known as the +Twin Mountain House, Fabyan's, and the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page89" name="page89"></a>[89]</span> + + Crawford House. Up the valley of the Ammonoosuc to the Twin Mountain +House, which takes its name from two prominent peaks of the Franconia +range, is a delightful ride. We are now in the midst of the mountain +region, the White Mountain plateau. Here nature, <i>en dishabille</i>, +with locks unkempt and loosened zone, reclines at Ease in her most +secret chamber, beyond the reach of intrusion, and neither thinking of, +nor caring for, the critical philosophy of the outside world; an +emerald-crowned Cleopatra, revelling in the midst of her great vassals. +</p> +<a name="image-0017"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-101.jpg"><img src="images/ill-101.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="SQUAM LAKE AND MOUNT CHOCORUA." /></a> +<br /> +SQUAM LAKE AND MOUNT CHOCORUA. +</div> +<p> +The Twin Mountain House, like Fabyan's and the Crawford House, is a +post-office. It is a hostelry, also, that is not surpassed in its +management, cuisine or in magnificence by any in the chain. +</p> +<p> +"It is good to be here," said Molly, lying back in her chair on the long +piazza, "while the wind blows fair, as in Indian myth blew the breeze +from the Land of Souls." +</p> +<p> +"Do you remember the other time we were here, Molly?" asked Fritz, "and +the beautiful moonlight evenings we enjoyed?" +</p> +<p> +"Oh, yes. How many nights we sat here or promenaded among the trees. It +was in September and the moon was full. As she arose over the eastern +hills and threw her light upon the valley beneath, I never saw her more +majestic. The soft, mellow radiance of the queen of night filled every +nook and crevice with light. The trees waved their branches, and +beckoned the woodland nymphs forth to a dance on the green. Surely, it +seems as if Shakespeare must have had just such evenings in his mind +when he wrote 'Midsummer Night's Dream.'" +</p> +<p> +"Ah, that was a 'Lover's Pilgrimage,'" observed Fritz, grimly, "now it +is a pilgrimage for—" +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page90" name="page90"></a>[90]</span> +</p> +<a name="image-0018"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-102.jpg"><img src="images/ill-102.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="MOUNT MADISON, IN GORHAM." /></a> +<br /> +MOUNT MADISON, IN GORHAM. +</div> +<p> +"What?" +</p> +<p> +"You interrupted me; we will call it an æsthetic pilgrimage." +</p> +<p> +What days those were we passed in the upland region. Fabyan's is +situated in the very heart of the White Hills and is the objective point +for all tourists. From the verandas of this spacious hotel, one obtains +an uninterrupted view of the whole Presidential Range, and can watch the +course of the train of cars as it creeps slowly up the precipitous sides +of Mount Washington. +</p> +<p> +Taking the train at Fabyan's, one glides rapidly up the steepest +practical grade to the Base station, where he leaves the ordinary +passenger coach and takes his seat in a car designed to be pushed up the +Mount Washington Railroad. After the warning whistle the train starts +slowly on its journey—the grandest sensation of the whole trip to the +ordinary traveller. The most magnificent scenery is soon spread before +the tourist. No other three miles of railway in the world affords such a +succession of wild and startling views as the passenger has on his +mountain ride on this iron line up the steep inclination of this mighty +summit of the great northern range. We get glimpses of the wide valley +below, the bold landscape ever changing, yet always filled with grand +and startling outlines. Up and up we go. We pass Gulf station, Naumbet +station, Jacob's Ladder, and the monument of stones which marks the spot +where, in 1855, Miss Lizzie Bourne of Maine died from exposure. At last +we are at the summit, in front of the hospitable looking Tip Top House. +We are standing at an altitude of over six thousand feet above the sea, +or to be exact, 6,293 feet, according to Professor Guyot, on the highest +point of land with one exception east of the Rocky Mountains. +</p> +<p> +"Isn't the thought inspiring," I remarked to my companions, "that we are +on the highest land for which our fathers fought a century ago?" +</p> +<p> +"And is it not the theme the <i>ultima</i> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page91" name="page91"></a>[91]</span> + + <i>thule</i> of grandeur in an artist's pilgrimage?" said Molly. "What a +prospect! The plains of Canada, the forests of Maine, the mountains of +New York, and I really believe the sea, if I mistake not that faint blue +line in the far distance over the billowy land! What a grand spectacle a +sunrise or a sunset would be, viewed from this height!" +</p> +<a name="image-0019"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-103a.jpg"><img src="images/ill-103a.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="MOUNT MORIAH, IN GORHAM." /></a> +<br /> +MOUNT MORIAH, IN GORHAM. +</div> +<p> +The next morning we saw the sun start from its bed in the Orient, +swathed in radiant clouds and vapors, and rise up behind the eastern +range of hills; we had never seen anything so beautiful and striking +before, and the scene is one which neither pen can describe nor pencil +portray. Our memory will not fail to cherish it as the choicest +revelation to be seen in a life time. +</p> +<a name="image-0020"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px;margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-103b.jpg"><img src="images/ill-103b.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="ECHO LAKE." /></a> +<br /> +ECHO LAKE. +</div> +<p> +"Do you know it was just one hundred years ago this very year, 1784, +Mount Washington received its name?" asked Fritz. "Well it was, and +eight years later Captain Eleazar Rossbrook penetrated into the heart of +the mountains and made a clearing where the Fabyan House now stands. His +son-in-law, Abel Crawford, the patriarch of the mountains, settled the +next season in the Notch, in the vicinity of Bemis station. Captain +Rossbrook built the first house for the reception of visitors in 1803. +Ethan Allen Crawford, son of Abel Crawford, took Captain Rossbrook's +house in 1817, and + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page92" name="page92"></a>[92]</span> + + two years later opened the first footpath to the summit of this +mountain, where he soon after built a stone cabin. There, I give all +that information to you <i>gratis</i>." +</p> +<p> +"Very kind of you, I am sure," said Molly, "but who will vouch for its +authenticity?" you used to be a terrible story-teller." +</p> +<p> +"Clio does not lie; this is history." +</p> +<p> +"You would have us believe the staid muse very modest," said Molly. But +I remember some one has said history is a great liar." +</p> +<p> +"A libel, a <i>positive</i> libel! Shall we believe nothing?" +</p> +<p> +"Only absolute truth. Do you believe in the Trojan war? Do you believe +that Marshal Ney said at Waterloo, 'Up guards and at them?'" +</p> +<p> +"Do you believe there is a Mt. Washington? Your iconoclasts would +destroy everything. There are White Mountain legends, of course, but +there is also White Mountain history, and the time is not so remote but +that the data can be relied upon." +</p> +<p> +"No one can argue with you, Fritz," answered Molly. "I accept your data +in this case. You are welcome to wear the wreath of victory." +</p> +<p> +A night spent at the White Mountain House, one of the old-fashioned +hostelries, cheery, hospitable, and with an excellent cuisine, cool, +airy chambers, where one is made to feel at home by the urbane landlord, +Mr. R.D. Rounsend, and we turned from this section. +</p> +<a name="image-0021"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px;margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-104.jpg"><img src="images/ill-104.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="LEDGES ON MOUNT HAYES, IN GORHAM." /></a> +<br /> +LEDGES ON MOUNT HAYES, IN GORHAM. +</div> +<p> +The Crawford House, four miles below Fabyan's, is one of the finest in +its plans of the mountain houses, its wide piazzas extending the entire +length of the buildings. It is magnificently situated upon a little +plateau, just north of the gate of the White Mountain, or Crawford +Notch. The Saco River has its source not far from the house, its +birthplace being a picturesque little lake. At the right hand Mount +Willard rears its shapely mass, from whose summit a glorious view can be +obtained. The ascent is easily accomplished by carriage, and the +prospect, though not so grand and wild as that from Mount Washington, +exceeds it in picturesque beauty. The whole valley of the Saco, river of +the oak and elm, lies spread before the vision. The grand outlines of +the gorge, the winding road through the whole extent, the leaping +cascades flashing in the sunshine, all appear before the eye as in a +picture. One feels like exclaiming with Cowper: +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page93" name="page93"></a>[93]</span> +</p> +<div class="poem" style="clear:both;"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Heavens! what a goodly prospect spreads around, </p> +<p class="i2"> Of hills, and dales, and woods, and lawns, and spires, </p> +<p class="i2"> And glittering towers and gilded streams, </p> +<p class="i2"> The stretching landscape into smoke till all decays." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<a name="image-0022"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-105.jpg"><img src="images/ill-105.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="GIANT'S GRAVE, NEAR CRAWFORD HOUSE." /></a> +<br /> +GIANT'S GRAVE, NEAR CRAWFORD HOUSE. +</div> +<p> +One of the beauties of the Notch is the Flume, a brook that goes leaping +through its curious zigzag channel of rock on the side of Mount Webster, +hastening on its way to join the deeper current of the Saco. Then here +is "Silver Cascade," which is above the Flume, a series of leaping, +dashing, turning waterfalls, descending now in a broad sheet of whitened +foam, then separating into several streams, and again narrowing to a +swift current through the rocky confined channel. The visitor will pause +by its whitened torrent, loth to depart from the scene. +</p> +<p> +The White Mountain Notch, after Mount Washington, is the great natural +feature of the range. For three miles the road follows the bottom of a +chasm between overhanging cliffs, in some places two thousand feet in +height, and at others not more than twenty-five feet apart. This is the +great thoroughfare of travel, from the northern towns on the Connecticut +to Conway and the Saco valley, and <i>vice versa</i>; and through it +pass the headwaters of the Saco, which afterwards broadens out into a +great river, and flows with rapid course through the loveliest of +valleys to the sea. Much of the natural wildness and grandeur of the +pass has been destroyed by laying the line of the Portland and +Ogdensburg Railroad, which has been graded through the ravine. Railroads +serve a great utilitarian purpose, but they have their defects; it seems +out of place to ride across Egypt or the Holy Land behind a locomotive; +a prancing steed or a camel with tinkling bells seems the most fitting +motive power. There is nothing sentimental about a railroad, but after +all who would care to return to the old methods of locomotion? +</p> +<p> +The Willey House, famous in story, stands upon the Notch road nestling +under the steep acclivity of Mount Willey, which rises some two thousand +feet behind the house. +</p> +<p> +"Why don't some of our authors use more of the historical material of +this region in story writing than they do?" asked Fritz. +</p> +<p> +"The material is so romantic that romance can add nothing to it," +answered Molly. "But you forget Hawthorne. His Ambitious Guest has +imparted a weird interest to the event. He makes a young man, travelling +through the Notch, partake of the hospitality of the family on the fatal +night. At the fireside + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page94" name="page94"></a>[94]</span> + + they fall to talking of their individual plans, the guest expressing +himself as desirious of achieving fame. It seemed a terrible thing to +him to die and to be forgotten, to leave no name behind and no monument +to mark his resting place. In the midst of the conversation the ruin +came, and the ambitious guest, flying with the family, found his burial +with the others. The story will live in Hawthorne long after the true +facts have been forgotten; or they will live because Hawthorne's +narrative will have conferred immortality upon them." +</p> +<p> +This memorable event happened on the night of Monday, the twenty-eighth +of August, 1826. A terrible storm of wind and rain prevailed, the +mountain branches of the Saco and the Ammonoosuc speedily overfilled +their rocky channels, and the steep sides of hills loosened by the rain +swept down upon the valleys, destroying many an ancient landmark. One of +these slides swept down toward the Willey House, then occupied by Samuel +Willey, his wife, and family. The frightened inmates, seeking safety by +flight from the impending ruin, were overwhelmed by the avalanche and +perished, while the house remained untouched. The bodies of two sons and +one daughter were never found; the rest of the Willey household lie +buried in a small cemetery enclosure near the mansion house of Willey +Farm at North Conway. +</p> +<p> +A most charming ride is that down the line of the Saco river to North +Conway, whether by rail or stage. The beauty and boldness of the scenery +on either side alternately enchants and awes. +</p> +<a name="image-0023"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-106.jpg"><img src="images/ill-106.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="VIEW FROM BRIDGE IN BERLIN." /></a> +<br /> +VIEW FROM BRIDGE IN BERLIN. +</div> +<p> +"It reminds me of Switzerland," said Fritz, who had travelled on the +continent, "only there are more rocks and + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page95" name="page95"></a>[95]</span> + + ledges visible. The lower Alps are clothed in green and the upper ones +in perennial snow. The Simplon Pass is not nearly so rugged as the +Notch. Only in the West among the Rockies is there anything to compare +with this. But below, a few miles, we have a view as pleasant as +Christian and Hopeful saw from the Delectable Mountains." +</p> +<p> +"And do we have to pass Doubting castle, as they did?" asked Molly. "I +don't think I should care for their experience with giants and +giantesses." +</p> +<a name="image-0024"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-107.jpg"><img src="images/ill-107.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="MOUNT CARTER, FROM GORHAM." /></a> +<br /> +MOUNT CARTER, FROM GORHAM. +</div> +<p> +"Here are castles and strongholds, but the giants, if there are any, are +as helpless as Giant Pope was, who could only sit in the sun and gnaw +his finger nails." +</p> +<p> +The towering cliffs on either side smile like the walls of a prison. We +felt a relief when once they were passed, and we found ourselves in the +broader valley below, stretching wide and green and beautiful in the +summer sunshine—the famous meadows of the Saco. All of the savage +aspects disappeared or were seen only at a distance. Glimpses were +caught now and then of charming vistas, with the waters of the Saco +gleaming brightly between the trees. No fairer valley can be found in +our land than that of the Saco; and as for skies and sunsets, stop at +North Conway and see what cannot be matched in Italy or the Orient. +</p> +<p> +That is what we did. A broad, level plain, five miles long by three +wide, is the site of the village, which is a quiet and picturesque rural +hamlet of the average size of country towns. Far in the north towers the +lofty Presidential Range, in full sight, the distance softening all +harsh and rugged outlines into beautiful curves and combinations, Mount +Washington wearing a snowy forehead often through the entire heated +term. The swelling summit of Mount Pequakett rises at the north-east of +the village, a lone sentinel, guarding the gateway of the mountains with +bold and unchanging brow. On the western side extends a long range of +rocky hills, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page96" name="page96"></a>[96]</span> + + with the single spire-like summit of Chocorua far beyond, piercing the +blue vault of heaven. +</p> +<p> +Sitting on the cheerful piazzas of any of the many hotels, one can +breath the mountain air as freely as if they sat under the tower of +Fabyan's or the French roof of the Twin Mountain House, but much of the +grandeur of course is missed. The mountains do not seem to frown down +upon you; they smile rather, and seem to beckon and wave as if desiring +to gain your closer acquaintance. To know the mountains you must visit +them, press their scarred rocky sides, feel their cool breezes on your +forehead, then you will love them, reverence them. And this privilege is +free to every one. Great railroads penetrate into the very heart of the +hilly region, and the cost of travel is reduced to such a minimum that +the poorest man can once in a while take his family for a pleasant +sojourn among the mountains. One can start from Boston in the morning, +take a dinner at the Pemigewasset House, Plymouth, and at night eat his +supper at Fabyan's. And even a short visit is so refreshing, so +invigorating to mind and body, that it repays when even the sight is not +a novel one. +</p> +<p> +Glorious, grand, old mountain, lifting thy brow among the eternal snows; +thou needst not the presence of Jove, nor the voice of a Homer to +consecrate thee; and although Greeks and Trojans have never battled at +thy base, still to us art thou dearer than Ida's wooded height where the +gods sat enthroned to witness that divinely-recorded combat. Thy hoary +peaks bear the names of chiefs and heroes who are not myths, and in the +hearts of the people they are an everlasting memory. +</p> +<a name="image-0025"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-108.jpg"><img src="images/ill-108.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="WHITE MOUNTAIN NOTCH." /></a> +<br /> +WHITE MOUNTAIN NOTCH. +</div> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page97" name="page97"></a>[97]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE PAST AND FUTURE OF SILVER. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By David M. Balfour.</span> +</h3> +<p> +Silver, next to iron and gold, is the most extensively diffused metal +upon our planet. It is found frequently in a natural state, though +never chemically pure, being invariably mixed with gold or copper, +or sometimes antimony, arsenic, bismuth, quick-silver, or iron. It is +distinguished by its whiteness, its brilliant lustre when polished, +its malleability, and its indifference to atmospheric oxygen. It is +remarkable for its beauty, and is ten times heavier than water. It does +not appear to have been in use before the deluge. Moses does not allude +to it before that event, but mentions only brass and iron; but in +Abraham's time it had become common, and traffic was carried on with it, +and its value was eight to one of gold. "He was rich in silver and gold, +and bought a sepulchre for his wife Sarah for four hundred shekels of +silver" ($250.) It was not coined, but circulated only in bars or +ingots, and was always weighed. Silver usually takes precedence in the +Scriptures, whenever the two metals are mentioned conjunctively. "Silver +and gold have I none," said Peter to the importunate beggar, "but such +as I have, I give unto thee." Silver is first mentioned in Genesis +xxiii: 15; but where it was first found is unknown to us. +</p> +<p> +Silver was extremely abundant in ancient times. "And Solomon made +silver to be in Jerusalem as stones." (I Kings x: 27.) "Cyrus heaped up +silver as the dust." (Zacariah ix: 3.) In the earliest times the Greeks +obtained silver from the Phoceans and Laurians. The chief mines were in +Siphnos, Thessaly, and Attica. In the latter country the silver mines +of Laurion furnished an abundant supply, and were generally regarded +as the chief source of the wealth of Athens. They ceased to be worked +in the second century of the Christian Era. At the period B.C. 500, +the relative value of silver to gold was eighteen to one. The Romans +obtained most of their silver from the very rich mines of Spain, which +had previously been worked by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, and +which, though abandoned for those of Mexico, are still not exhausted. +The most important use for silver, among the Greeks, was for money. +At Rome, on the contrary, silver was not coined until B.C. 260. +</p> +<p> +Silver, as regards its mines, is represented in every portion of our +planet. The richest silver mine in the world is Potosi; it is situated +on an elevation thirteen thousand feet above the level of the sea, in +a region of perpetual snow; it has always been worked in a very rude +manner, yet it has already produced $250,000,000, and shows no signs of +exhaustion. The annual product of the silver mines of South America, at +the present time, is estimated to be $22,000,000. Their total product, +to the present time, has amounted to $2,430,000,000. The silver mines +of Mexico were wrought long before Cortez revealed them to the eyes of +Europe, in 1513. Their annual product, at the present time, is estimated +to be $30,000,000. The total product, to the present time, has amounted +to $3,834,000,000. In 1850 Nevada was not reckoned among the +silver-producing countries of the world. In 1867 she could proudly point +to an annual product of $13,000,000; but it has declined to $6,000,000 + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page98" name="page98"></a>[98]</span> + + at the present time. The total product of silver in Nevada has amounted +to $340,000,000. The largest nugget of silver yet obtained was dug up in +Arizona, and weighed 43,200 ounces, valued at the same number of +dollars. The highest silver deposit in the world is on King Solomon's +mountain, in Colorado, fourteen thousand feet above the Pacific Ocean. +The annual product of the silver mines of North America is estimated to +be $76,480,000. Their total product has amounted to $4,783,000,000, more +than one-third of the entire product of the world from the earliest +times to the present day. The annual product of the silver mines of +America at the present time is estimated to be $98,480,000, and their +total product has amounted to $7,170,000,000, more than three-fifths of +the entire product of the world, from the earliest times to the present +day. The export of silver from the United States, since 1848, has +amounted to $413,292,757. The annual product of the mines of Europe at +the present time is estimated to be $15,000,000; and their total product +has amounted to $2,600,000,000. The annual product of the silver mines +of Asia (including Australia, New Zealand, and Oceanica), at the present +time is estimated to be $480,000; and their total product has amounted +to $1,685,000,000. India has often been represented as destitute of +silver, but we have statements from Sir Roderic Murchison that the Kulu +valley is so rich in silver ore that it could yield a large product for +future ages. The silver country of Vasours comprises the mountainous +regions between the Beas, Sainji and Parbutti rivers. The mines, though +previously worked, are now almost forgotten. The same is the case with +the Manikarn mines, hitherto known to be incalculably rich. The annual +product of the silver mines of Africa is estimated at the present time +to be $40,000; and their total product to the present time has amounted +to $389,000,000. +</p> +<p> +Silver, to the amount of $2,913,000,000, is estimated to have been +obtained from the mines of the earth from the earliest times to the +commencement of the Christian Era; from the date of the latter event +to the discovery of America $521,000,000 were obtained; thence to the +close of 1847, an addition of $6,025,000,000 was made; thence to the +close of 1884, there was added $2,344,000,000; making a grand total of +$11,803,000,000. The average loss by abrasion of coin is estimated by +Professor Bowen at one per cent. per annum; and the loss by consumption +in the arts, and fire, and shipwreck at $5,000,000 per annum. A cubic +inch of silver is worth, at 48 3-4d., or 97 1-2 cents per ounce, $9.75; +a cubic foot, $16.848; a cubic yard, $454,896. +</p> +<p> +Silver, to the amount of $900,000,000, is estimated to have been in +existence at the commencement of the Christian Era; at the period of the +discovery of America it had diminshed to $135,000,000; after the latter +event it gradually increased, and in 1600 it attained to $391,000,000; +in 1700, to $1,410,000,000; in 1800, to $3,622,000,000; in 1842, to +4,998,000,000; in 1853, to $4,945,000,000; and at the present the amount +of silver in existence is estimated to be $5,504,000,000; which, melted +into one mass, could be contained in a cube of seventy feet. Of the +amount of silver in existence $3,800,000,000 is estimated to be in coin +and bullion, $1,200,000,000 in watches, and the remainder in plate, +jewelry, and ornaments. Of the amount now in existence $4,722,000,000 +has been obtained from North America; $613,000,000 from South America; +$59,000,000 + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page99" name="page99"></a>[99]</span> + + from Europe; $50,000,000 from Asia (including Australia, New Zealand, +and Oceanica); and $60,000,000 from Africa. The amount of the precious +metals in existence is estimated to be $13,670,000,000. +</p> +<p> +Silver, so far as its annual product is concerned, has varied greatly +at different periods. At the commencement of the Christian Era it is +estimated to have been $4,200,000; at the period of the discovery of +America it had diminished to $150,000; after that event it gradually +increased, and in 1600 it attained to $9,000,000; in 1700, to +$18,000,000; in 1800, to $38,000,000; in 1848, to $47,000,000; in 1863, +to $63,000,000; and at the present time it is $114,000,000. +</p> +<p> +Silver, in performing the function of money, is of great antiquity. Asia +was a commercial country when Europe was a wilderness; and as the East +has not changed her habits since the remotest ages, silver alone is the +money of that continent, inhabited by more than one-half of the human +race, and among whom paper-money is unknown. The <i>drachma</i> was the +principal silver coin among the Greeks, containing sixty-six grains of +pure metal, worth about seventeen and a half cents. It furnished the +type of the Roman <i>denarius</i>, containing fifty-eight grains of pure +metal, worth about fifteen and a half cents. The silver <i>mark</i> was +imported into England from Denmark by Alfred in A.D. 870; the +<i>penny</i> was next issued in 1070; the <i>groat</i> in 1280; then +came the <i>shilling</i> in 1503; and the <i>crown</i> made its +appearance in 1607. The earliest silver coin issued in France was the +<i>livre</i>, which appeared in 800, of the value of eighty cents. It +steadily depreciated, until, in 1643, it was worth only sixty cents; it +then, fell rapidly, until the epoch of the Revolution, when its value +was only nineteen cents, and the <i>franc</i> took its place. The +<i>Henri</i> was issued in 1012; the <i>teston</i> appeared in 1499; and +the <i>couronne</i> followed in 1610. The first silver coin issued in +the American colonies was in 1652, by Massachusetts, in the shape of +<i>pine-tree shillings</i>; silver coins were also issued, at a later +period, by the colony of Maryland. Silver <i>half-dimes</i> were issued +by the United States in 1792; dimes appeared in 1793; and +<i>half-dollars</i> in 1794. +</p> +<p> +Silver, in regard to coinage, has exchanged places with gold since 1848. +Since 1726, to the present time, the silver coinage of the French mint +has amounted to 7,500,000,000 francs, of which 4,000,000,000 has been +issued since 1850; since 1664 the silver coinage of the Russian mint has +amounted to 488,000,000 roubles, of which 188,000,000 has been issued +since 1850; since 1792 the silver coinage of the United States mint has +amounted to $325,968,571, of which $352,741,869 has been issued since +1850; since 1603, the silver coinage of the British mint has amounted to +£40,000,000, of which £16,000,000 has been issued since 1850. The silver +coinage of the United States, within the last decade, has amounted to +$271,954,638. +</p> +<p> +Silver, since the commencement of the present century, has trebled its +annual product, but its price has declined but twenty-two per cent. The +causes of the depreciation of silver may be thus briefly stated: +</p> +<p> +1. The increased production of the metal; it having increased from +$47,000,000 in 1848 to $114,000,000 at the present time. +</p> +<p> +2. "Council Drafts," or bills drawn by Great Britain upon India, have +proved a most potent cause in the decline in the value of silver. The +materials which the Indian railways, or the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>[100]</span> + + Indian governments require, in order to conduct business, have to be +largely imported from England, and therefore, payments are largely +liquidated in these bills, which now average $60,000,000 per annum, +while formerly they did not average one-fifth of that sum. These bills +supersede silver, and the effect is the same as though the silver mines +had been equally increased. The export of silver to the East has +decreased from $80,000,000 in 1847 to $20,000,000 in 1884. +</p> +<p> +3. The demonetization of silver, which has taken place in various +countries. In 1865 Italy adopted unconvertible paper-money, its previous +metallic currency, nearly all silver, having been about $90,000,000, +Doubtless, nearly all this amount was thrown upon the markets of the +world. But this produced no appreciable effect upon the price of silver, +which remained as formerly (62 3-4d.) until 1872; after which it fell +rapidly, reaching its lowest point in 1876, when it stood at 46 3-4d. +During the same period $30,000,000 were also thrown upon the markets of +the world by Germany, and $10,000,000 more by the Scandinavian kingdoms. +These direct effects of the demonetization of silver down to 1876 did +not of themselves, produce any appreciable effect upon its price, as +undoubtedly its very low price in 1876 was greatly due to panic. In +resuming specie payments in 1879 the United States adopted a gold +standard; Italy resumed specie payments in gold on the twelfth day of +April, 1883; and in Europe, the previous annual absorption of silver in +the leading countries has entirely ceased. The Occident, led by England, +is abandoning silver as money, thereby reducing it to a mere metal; and +thus depriving it of the chief source of that value, which it has +possessed since the beginning of civilized society. Germany has +discarded silver, and adopted a single gold standard; so have the +Scandinavian kingdoms; and France has closed her mint, since 1877, +against silver, to avoid being deluged with the metal, discarded by her +neighbors. +</p> +<p> +Silver, owing to the lesser amount in existence, and its less convenient +portability, is fast being superseded by gold in monetary circles. Of +the amount of the precious metals in existence, $8,166,000,000 are +furnished by gold; and of their annual product $98,000,000 are furnished +by it. The ratio of silver to gold has risen from fifteen and one-half, +which it has maintained since 1700, to nineteen and one-half, at the +present time, and with a still rising tendency. Owing to the great loss +by abrasion of coin the amount of silver in existence has gained but +little within the last forty-two years, it having increased but nine per +cent, while that of gold has increased three hundred and thirteen +per-cent. The price of the precious metals follow the great +politico-economic law of supply and demand. Gold, owing to its great +demand for international exchanges, has maintained its present price for +the last one hundred and sixty years, while silver has declined +twenty-two per cent. within thirteen. The <i>prestige</i> enjoyed for +centuries, as the instrument and measure of commerce in all the +civilized and trading parts of the world, and its normal currency, has +been gradually lost since 1843, and will probably never be recovered by +silver. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>[101]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0007" id="h2H_4_0007"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + RAMBLES AMONG MASSACHUSETTS HILLS. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Atherton P. Mason, M.D.</span> +</h3> +<p> +In the old Bay State there is no elevation of surface that really +deserves the name of mountain, but yet some of the more lofty eminences +rejoice in this appellation which serves to distinguish them from their +lesser brethren, the hills. In this paper, however, let us start on the +assumption that all the elevated points in the State that are worthy of +having received a name, from Saddle Mountain downwards, are hills. This +uniformity of nomenclature surely will not detract from the almost +sublime grandeur of Greylock and Wachusett any more than it will enhance +the picturesque beauty of Sugar Loaf, or the Blue Hills of Milton. +</p> +<p> +There are three rather lofty and extensive ranges of hills crossing +Massachusetts. The most western of the three is the Taconic range, which +is upon the very border of the State. East of this, across a valley +several miles wide, is the Hoosac range, which occupies eastern +Berkshire and the territory between this almost Alpine county and the +winding Connecticut. Still east of this is the hilly belt of country +comprising eastern Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, and the +whole of Worcester County, to which range no particular name has been +given. The Hoosac and Taconic ranges may be considered as a portion of +the great Appalachian system of eastern North America, of which the +Green Mountains of Vermont are a continuation; while the third hilly +belt may be regarded as a side-show, so to speak, to the main exhibition +of nature's mighty upheavals. In this belt Wachusett is by far the +grandest elevation, and Worcester County may well be proud of the +majestic pile in her midst; but as it has been so recently described in +the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span>, nothing need be said of it in this paper. +</p> +<p> +Scenery, in order to be truly mountainous, must present to the +spectator's eye towering peaks, bristling crags and beetling cliffs, +overhanging deep ravines and foaming torrents. Such objects rivet the +attention and produce a feeling of deep awe and reverence as one gazes +upon them and endeavors to contemplate the mighty forces of nature that +gave them being. Taking the word in this sense it may truly be said that +the scenery of Berkshire County closely approximates to mountainous. In +other parts of the State the isolated hills generally present a rounded +outline, and with a few exceptions do not inspire those strong emotions +which one must necessarily experience while standing like a pigmy among +the piled-up, craggy hills of northern Berkshire. Here is found the most +lofty elevation in the State—Saddle Mountain—whose summit is three +thousand six hundred feet above tide water. Its name originated from the +alleged resemblance of its top to a saddle, and is certainly neither +poetical nor romantic. +</p> +<p> +This is true of the majority of the names of our hills, and Professor +Edward Hitchcock, in commenting on their uncouthness, concluded his +disapproval with a pun worth preserving, by saying, "Fortunately there +are some summits in the State yet unnamed. It is to be hoped that men of +taste will see to it that neither Tom, nor Toby, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>[102]</span> + + nor Bears, nor Rattlesnakes, nor Sugar Loaves shall be <i>Saddled</i> +upon them." The highest point of this great mass is appropriately named +Greylock on account of its hoary appearance in winter. As the cold +increases the line of frostwork creeps down the sides, producing +fantastic changes in the aspect of the hill. Saddle Mountain lies near +Williamstown and is between the Hoosac and Taconic ranges. It is +insulated, being almost entirely surrounded by valleys, and forms a very +imposing object in the scenery of that region. It consists essentially +of three distinct ridges, separated by two valleys, called respectively +the Hopper and the Bellows. Greylock is the middle ridge, and from its +lofty summit a grand view can be obtained, and it is much frequented by +sight-seers during the summer. To the west is seen the beautiful valley +in which nestles Williamstown, with its fine college grounds and +buildings, and beyond rises the slope of the Taconic range, stretching +from north to south in an almost continuous chain, while to the +north-west are the lofty hills beyond the Hudson. The thriving town of +North Adams lies in an adjacent valley to the east, and beyond is the +Hoosac range. Looking towards the north or south one sees ridge after +ridge, rising in constant succession, until the peaks vanish in the +distant horizon. It is indeed a sublime sight, and may well inspire +feelings of deepest reverence for the Power that controls those mighty +forces that produced these everlasting hills. +</p> +<p> +Though loth to leave this grand pinnacle, we must not tarry longer upon +Greylock. Let us now take a trip down the Housatonic valley, close +beside the Taconic range. This forms an almost continuous ridge across +the State, and its summit is nearly upon the line between our State and +New York. There are no peaks of consequence until we get south of +Pittsfield. The range is bold and precipitous on its western side, and +fine views may be obtained from almost any part of the ridge. The +highest point of the old stage road between Pittsfield and Albany +affords a good prospect, though a view from an old road between Hancock +and Lanesboro is perhaps more striking. On either side are the valleys +of the Hudson and Housatonic, the cities of Albany and Pittsfield, the +distant Catskills and the Hoosac range. A little south of Pittsfield is +a spur from the Taconic range, parting from it at Egremont. The various +portions have received different names—the northern being called Lenox +Mountain, the middle Stockbridge Mountain, and the southern Tom Ball. +The last named is the highest part of the spur, and is located in the +township of Alford. The view from Tom Ball is very fine. A perfect +panorama of hills, with handsome towns and villages nestling in the +valleys, is spread out before the eyes, while the southern horizon is +filled by the giant piles in the township of Mount Washington. +</p> +<p> +Going still further south we find just north-east of Great Barrington a +vast mass to which the ugly name of Beartown Mountain was applied by our +forefathers. Its altitude is nearly equal to that of the other great +hills of Berkshire, but being quite gradual in ascent, and much rounded, +does not impress the traveller as much as it might, and there are no +peaks from which a good view is obtainable. Just west of this is a hill +that deserves mention. It is called Monument Mountain, and was so named +because of a great pile of stones found at its southern extremity, and +supposed to have been placed there by the aborigines to commemorate some +important + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>[103]</span> + + event. This hill rises only about five hundred feet above the plain, but +its eastern side presents an imposing appearance, being an almost +perpendicular wall of quartz. From the top there is an excellent view. +Saddle Mountain can be seen, and portions of the Green Mountains, while +to the west the Catskills, blue and dim in the distance, appear through +a depression in the Taconic range. Near the highest part of the cliff a +pinnacle of quartz has been parted from the main mass, and forms a tower +fifty feet high, called Pulpit Rock. It was standing not long ago, but +the frost may have toppled it over ere this. +</p> +<p> +Before leaving this portion of Berkshire we must visit the township of +Mount Washington, near Sheffield. It consists wholly of an immense hill, +and the few inhabitants dwell in a valley that is two thousand feet +above tide water. This valley is bounded on the west by the Taconic +range, which a little farther south rises nearly one thousand feet above +the valley, and is there called Alender Mountain, and on the east by an +imposing peak, originally called Ball, or Bald, Mountain, but which +Professor Hitchcock named Mount Everett, in honor of Edward Everett, at +that time Governor of Massachusetts. Mount Washington is not as well +known as it should be. Comparatively few people in the State, outside of +Berkshire, are even aware that such a town exists. But it would be a +delightful place in which to spend a quiet summer. It is cool and +healthy, the air is clear and bracing, and the scenery simply superb. +The view from Mount Everett fully equals, if it does not surpass, that +from Greylock. In whatever direction the spectator looks a most glorious +display greets his eyes. Peak rises above peak on all sides, and the +blue surfaces of lakes and ponds in the vicinity greatly enhance the +beauty of the scene; while the charming valley through which winds the +Hoosatonic River stretches far to the north and south. +</p> +<p> +One more locality must be visited before leaving this Alpine county of +Berkshire, and that is Hoosac Mountain. Before the tunnel was completed +a stage ran from the east side over the mountain and down into North +Adams; so there is a good road all the way over. The walk is by no means +difficult, and one feels well repaid for his labor. The road runs quite +near the three main shafts that go down to the tunnel beneath. The woody +growth is scanty, and hence the view is unobscured the greater part of +the way. After reaching the summit the prospect towards the east is +especially beautiful. The surface slopes off towards the Connecticut and +is dotted with innumerable hills and ridges, among which winds the +romantic valley of the Deerfield River. This is but a meagre account of +the scenery of Berkshire, than which there is certainly none grander in +the State, though in beauty it is inferior to that of the Connecticut +valley. +</p> +<p> +In regard to geological formation it need only be remarked that the +Berkshire valleys are almost wholly composed of limestone, and the +supply for architectural and agricultural purposes being practically +unlimited, will prove a source of great wealth to that region for many +years to come. The hills, however, are all composed of quartz, gneiss, +talcose slate, or mica slate. +</p> +<p> +We will now visit the valley of the Connecticut, where is to be found +some of the boldest, and by all odds the most beautiful scenery in +Massachusetts. The broad and fertile plains through which the river +gently flows are, in themselves, charming, but when + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>[104]</span> + + we add to them the bordering hills, the scene is one of surpassing +loveliness. +</p> +<p> +Between Hadley and Easthampton, the river runs through a gorge in a +greenstone ridge nearly one thousand feet high. The portion of the ridge +east of the river is called Mount Holyoke, and the portion west of it +Mount Tom. This gorge is very interesting because of showing the amount +of erosion that can be performed by water in long periods of time. In +all probability the bed of the Connecticut was, in remote time, much +higher than it is at present, and the river itself much larger, and the +rich, alluvial plains that border it at the present day were once +beneath its broad waters. +</p> +<p> +At one point in the gorge a mass of greenstone projects some rods into +the river from the west side of Holyoke, having a perpendicular face +twenty to one hundred feet high. This mass exhibits a columnar structure +similar to that of the Giant's Causeway. The structure is not very +evident above the level of the river, but at low water, by rowing along +the face of this rock one can find the tops of regular columns reaching +nearly to the water's surface. On the opposite side of Holyoke, not far +from the road going to the summit, is another interesting example of +these greenstone columns. Professor Hitchcock named these respectively +Titan's Pier and Titan's Piazza; and any lover of geology is well repaid +for the labor spent in getting a view of them. +</p> +<p> +Holyoke, though two hundred feet lower than Tom, is more frequented by +visitors. The ascent is not very difficult, and the view from the summit +is both grand and beautiful. The river is of course the most attractive +feature in the landscape. Far to the north and south it stretches, like +a silver, sinuous thread, gradually becoming narrower until it is lost +in the distance. Owing to an optical illusion the river seems to ascend +in both directions, and at the points where it is lost to view, seems on +a level with the eye. It is one of the best examples of this species of +optical illusion to be found in this part of the country. +</p> +<p> +A half century ago the river between this gorge and a point about a +quarter of a mile north of it made a most magnificent curve, three miles +long; but during the flood in the spring of 1840 a straight channel was +cut across, and the water continuing to flow in the old bed as well as +the new, there existed for some years what may be called an island in +the river. +</p> +<p> +At least three educational institutions of importance can be seen from +the summit of Holyoke—Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, +Smith College in Northampton, and Amherst College. Of the towns seen +from here Northampton presents the most beautiful aspect. Its fine +public and private edifices and grand old elms show to great advantage. +One cannot tire of looking at the level plain stretching along on either +side of the river, its surface divided into rectangular plats, covered +in summer by the various luxuriant crops. The view to the south +includes, of course, the river, and also the pleasant village of South +Hadley with its Seminary. Springfield is not very plainly visible, but +the spires of Hartford, Connecticut, can be seen on a clear day. To the +south-west, and at one's very feet, is the wide gorge, with Tom rising +directly across, its top being nearly two hundred feet above the +position of the observer. To the north-west Greylock is seen shooting up +its head beyond the Hoosac. To the north-east Monadnock looms up in the +distance, while Wachusett lies low in + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>[105]</span> + + the eastern horizon. Close to the observer are Toby and Sugar Loaf, each +presenting rather peculiar and fantastic outlines. The view from Tom is +essentially the same as that from Holyoke, and embracing as it does a +radius of at least seventy-five miles in every direction, over the most +fertile and charming region in New England, is one of rare beauty. +</p> +<p> +The ridge forming Tom and Holyoke is, as has been said, composed of +greenstone. All the other hills of consequence about the valley of the +Connecticut are sandstone, and this is distinctively a sandstone region. +Of the other three hills to be spoken of, Toby and Sugar Loaf hold about +the same relation to each other as do Holyoke and Tom, the Connecticut +flowing between Toby on the east and Sugar Loaf on the west. The former +is nearly one thousand feet high, and lies in the northern part of +Sunderland village. It is of irregular shape, being indented by a number +of valleys, and is densely wooded, so that until within the last few +years it has not been a very desirable place from which to obtain a +view; but there are now accommodations for sight-seers, and some of the +obstructing forest having been removed, interesting views may now be +obtained from several parts of the hill. The view of the valley of the +Connecticut from the southern part of the highest ridge is perhaps even +finer than that from Holyoke. +</p> +<p> +Sugar Loaf, on the other side of the river, in South Deerfield, is one +of the most picturesque objects to be found in this region. It is an +isolated peak of red sandstone rising, on the riverside, by an almost +perpendicular cliff, to the height of five hundred feet. From the river +it looks wholly inaccessible, but on the opposite side is a very good +path, rather steep, to be sure, by which one can gain the summit with +comparative ease. Upon the top there is a house in which is a good +telescope that visitors can use for a small fee, and a very extensive +view may thus be obtained. But the most interesting feature of a visit +to this hill is to stand upon the brink of the precipice on the eastern +side, and look down to the river and green plain five hundred feet +below. One feels an almost irresistible desire to take a plunge into the +blue waters of the Connecticut. +</p> +<p> +This hill overlooks the place where one of the most inhuman atrocities +was perpetrated by the Indians, and a scene of carnage enacted that will +long be remembered by the people of New England. The Bloody Brook +massacre occurred in 1675 on a spot about a mile north-west of this +hill, and eighty young men, "the very flower of Essex County," while +engaged in transporting grain from Deerfield to Hadley, were suprised by +the Indians and murdered almost to a man. +</p> +<p> +A little north of Sugar Loaf is Deerfield Mountain, or, as it is often +called in that region by the original Indian name, Pocumtuck, which is +the last eminence to be visited in this locality. Its summit is about +seven hundred feet above the village of Old Deerfield, and the bold +sandstone brow overlooks the valley of the Deerfield River. This brow is +bare and level for quite a space upon its top, and is called Pocumtuck +Rock. It is a favorite place for picnic parties, and if there were a +good road to the summit it would be more extensively patronized. It is +certainly a most lovely spot in which to eat your evening meal, and gaze +down upon the waters of the Deerfield, glittering in the rays of the +setting sun; and as the sun descends towards the western hills, it is +delightful to watch the shadows creeping along the plain + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>[106]</span> + + below, until at last the brilliancy of the river is snuffed out, and the +shades of evening gather fast within the peaceful valley. An excellent +view of Old Deerfield, or Deerfield Street, as it is often called, is +also obtained from the Rock. But very few of the houses can be seen +owing to the magnificent elm trees that line either side of the street, +and form in summer a continuous arch of greenness above it; and beneath +the shade of these old patriarchs of nature nestle many a quaint +dwelling. There is much in Deerfield to interest the antiquarian, +historian, and lover of nature; and all admirers of art will take an +interest in it because it was the birthplace, and for many years the +residence, of George Fuller, the painter, who recently died in Boston. +Deerfield is one of the best places in which to pass the summer, but +is not so much frequented by visitors as it once was, as there are at +present no sufficient hotel accommodations. A hotel of considerable size +was burned there two years ago, and has not been rebuilt. +</p> +<p> +We depart from the hills of the Connecticut and Deerfield valleys with +perhaps greater reluctance than was experienced on leaving the Berkshire +hills, for the reason that the scenery in these valleys is toned down +and mellowed into a uniformity of beauty, which can be appreciated not +alone in a single locality, but as a whole. The river forms a centre +about which all these beauties are aggregated; while in Berkshire one is +impressed more by single and somewhat startling evidences of nature's +beauty and grandeur. +</p> +<p> +Between the Connecticut and the Atlantic coast are many beautiful +eminences, a few of which may be alluded to. Big Watatic and Little +Watatic are two prominent hills situated in Ashburnham on very high +land, but are densely wooded and little visited. In Fitchburg there +is a hill which, though inconsiderable in size, being only about three +hundred feet high, is worthy of mention. It is a rounded mass of solid +granite, and, though extensively quarried for many years, seems to have +suffered very little diminution in size. It is called Rollstone Hill, +and the name is said to have originated from an event that occurred over +two centuries ago. When, in 1676, the Indians sacked Lancaster, among +the captives carried off by them towards Canada was Mrs. Rowlandson, the +wife of the minister at Lancaster. It is claimed that the party encamped +during the second night of their march upon the top of this hill, which +was afterwards called Rowlandson hill, and since has degenerated into +Rollstone. This origin is uncertain, however. +</p> +<p> +This sketch would be incomplete without a brief mention of a few +of the eminences about Boston. The Blue Hills of Milton form the most +conspicuous range in the vicinity, reaching an altitude of over seven +hundred feet in the south-western part of Milton, and afford a fine view +of Boston and its suburbs, and the harbor. +</p> +<p> +Corey Hill, in Brookline, is easily accessible, and offers the best and +most complete view that could possibly be desired. One sees Brookline, +with its handsome residences and public buildings just below him; Beacon +street extends in a straight line towards the north-east, and leads the +eye to the Common and the State House. To the north, beyond the Charles, +lies the great university city of Massachusetts, with the tower of +Memorial Hall overtopping all other buildings, and to the south, and +near at hand, are the sparkling waters of Chestnut Hill reservoir. +</p> +<p> +We have spent but a brief time skipping over some of the principal +elevations in the State, and what has been said gives but an imperfect +picture of the reality; for views from elevated points do not, by any +manner of means, show one all that is interesting and beautiful in the +scenery of adjacent country. There are deep ravines, romantic gorges, +and wooded valleys that require individual inspection to obtain a true +idea of their picturesqueness. But this sketch, such as it is, is +offered to the readers of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span>, in the hope that it +may, to some slight degree, lead to a more complete recognition and +appreciation of the vast amount of natural beauty contained within the +limits of our beloved Bay State. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>[107]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0008" id="h2H_4_0008"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ELIZABETH.<a href="#note-2" name="noteref-2"><small>2</small></a> +</h2> +<h4> + A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Frances C. Sparhawk</span>, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." +</h3> +<a name="h2HCH0001" id="h2HCH0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XVII. +</h2> +<h3> + DESSERT. +</h3> +<p> +At dinner Elizabeth was between Sir Temple Dacre and Major Vaughan. +The former devoted himself especially to her. Opposite sat Katie, Lord +Bulchester on one hand, while on the other was placed the guest last +arrived, the one whose coming had been doubtful because it had not been +certain that he would reach the city in time to accept his invitation. +Lord Bulchester so far forgot his manners as to pay very little +attention to the pretty young lady who had been assigned to him; his +thoughts were all for Katie Archdale, his ears were for her, and his +eyes, except for the defiant glances which shot past her at Kenelm +Waldo, this last arrival, to whom had fallen the place on her other +hand. Katie's air of pensiveness as she took her seat seemed to her aunt +suitable and very becoming. But it was impossible to the girl's nature +not to enjoy the situation, and the smile that often lurked slyly in the +depths of her dimples and brought a light beneath the grave droop of her +eyelids made her only the handsomer. Her dress of white India muslin +was simple and beautiful; it heightened the effect of her gravity of +demeanor, and by making her seem even more youthful than she was, +softened any expression of enjoyment that flashed across her +pensiveness. Elizabeth in her brocade thought how little the girl needed +ornament. Edmonson, watching the high-bred air of the latter, her +attentiveness and tact where she used to be dreamy, her face full of +indications of strength and refinement, felt that in ten years, when +Katie's attractions had waned, Elizabeth would have an added charm of +presence, and an added power. He admired intellect, although he so +readily adapted himself to people with tastes, and pursuits differing +from intellectual, and secretly he had his ambitions. When he should +marry well, as he intended to do, the wealth thus gained would give him +the place to which his birth entitled him, and then he looked forward +to political eminence. Supposing, only supposing, that one day he +should be premier he mused, studying Elizabeth,—stranger things had +happened—what a help a wife like this would be to him; her pride, +her self-control, her graciousness, her wit would then come into play +excellently. She belonged to him by right, and——. Again there came +that ominous flash in his eyes as they turned furtively in another +direction, and the shadow that lurked in his heart leaped forward again +and clutched at its victim. Then Edmonson turned with a smile to Colonel +Pepperell beside him, and asked some further particulars about the +hostility of the Indian tribes. +</p> +<p> +Archdale, glancing at Elizabeth, saw that she looked extremely well. He +was grateful for her courage and her helpfulness, and he understood +better than she dreamed of his doing the distress that the present state +of affairs caused her. He liked her in a spirit of comradeship. She +seemed to him sensitive, yet he felt that in an emergency she would +prove as strong to act as to endure. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>[108]</span> + + In no case, he told himself, could he ever be in love with her; she was +too cold, too intellectual, she had not enough softness or sweetness to +charm him even if his fair cousin had never existed. But when there was +need of a woman with pride and resolution enough to deny strenuously the +force of a marriage ceremony that had never been intended, nobody could +answer the need better than Mistress Royal. And it really was not +necessary for that purpose that she should feel him such an ogre as he +believed she did. However, that was of no consequence. He brought +himself back forcibly from a gloomy study of possibilities. There was +enough for a man to do in this new world if love were denied him. He +began to talk to those next him about the war already going on at the +North. +</p> +<p> +"Young Archdale has caught the infection," said Pepperell, soon after to +his listener. "He will be in harness before we know it." Edmonson smiled +musingly. +</p> +<p> +"The very thing," he answered, "the very thing, Colonel Pepperell, for a +young man to do. If he go, I have no doubt I shall catch the fever, too, +being in the same house with him; Lord Bulchester may also, who knows? +there are three soldiers for you." +</p> +<p> +"For me, indeed!" echoed the Colonel with a laugh. "I should not refuse +you, though; I should be proud to pass you over to our commander, +whoever he may be." +</p> +<p> +Lord Bulchester at the moment looked as if his struggles for the coming +months were more likely to be personal than political. Katie had turned +to him with the kindest attention; her eyes looked into his with a shy +interest in the devotion that she found there. She was answering some +remark of his, more at length, it may be, than she need have done, but +with a most graceful amendment of an opinion doubtfully expressed, when +Waldo broke in with some question to her, and she finished in haste and +turned to him. Bulchester turned to him also, and in the eyes of the two +men as they met was war. Waldo had come back with the determination that +while there was life there should be hope. He had until this time +regarded Bulchester's marked attentions with the amusement that the +nobleman's unattractive exterior was likely to meet with in a rival. +Added to that was Waldo's conceit, which made him look through the large +end of the telescope in viewing others. But now he had heard Katie's +dallying—why hadn't she finished the fellow up quickly?—he had read +the determination in Bulchester's face, and had remembered his title. +Katie, meanwhile, with admirable unconsciousness, talked, now with one, +now with the other, giving most attention to Waldo, and yet making +Bulchester feel that if she had been assigned to him at dinner the +greater share would without effort from her have been his. +</p> +<p> +The dinner went on. Sir Temple Dacre's comments were so kind that they +could not be offensive. Most of them were made to Elizabeth. He admired +Madam Archdale, and thought that her son resembled her; he thought that +Colonel Pepperell had the air of a leader of men. "One born so," he +said. "He seems always to know what he means, that's it, and he doesn't +always tell you. On the whole, perhaps, the last is as great a point, +because men don't take ideas readily; they never half look at them; they +have too many crotchets of their own; or if not that, too much +thick-headedness. The only way to do is to send out the result of one's +conclusions in the form of an order, and say nothing about how it was +come at." +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>[109]</span> +</p> +<p> +"You are speaking only of military matters?" she asked. +</p> +<p> +"Well, no, of things in general." +</p> +<p> +"Then it wouldn't do in our part of the Colonies," she said. "I once +heard of a little boy who was called 'Whatfor Winship' because he was +perpetually asking the reasons of things. That is like us. We think a +great deal of an aristocracy, provided we can all be aristocrats. +Everybody is sure that he can decide any matter that comes up, and then +from a sense of fairness we put it to vote. That's the way we manage +here." +</p> +<p> +"Yes," answered Sir Temple, "we across the water know that you people +are deuced fond of managing—Beg pardon.—But let me tell you what +Walpole, our former minister, said one day when I dined with him. 'Going +to America, I understand?' he asked. I said I was. 'Well, I hope over +there they'll let you travel in the way it pleases you, it's more than +they did to our orders; there is such an ado if those people are not +handled with velvet gloves, and the thickest velvet we have, too. I +would like you to tell me if you can make out what it all means,' he +said." +</p> +<p> +"And so you're taking notes to see what sort of a set we are? One thing, +Sir Temple, you'll find us loyal to our mother, though she does domineer +sometimes. And tell Sir Robert that children old enough to contribute to +the support of the family, as we do, ought to be allowed to put in a +word now and then as to its management." +</p> +<p> +Sir Temple looked at her, not having an answer ready and little dreaming +that a generation later this truth that the beautiful lips had uttered +so simply, yet with a proud curve through their merriment, would be +forced upon the English ministry at the point of the bayonet. But he +lived to see it. Then he thought more than once of this day, of +Elizabeth, with her dignity and her brightness, who had seen into the +heart of one of the world's great struggles and had spoken the thought +that later the cannon of a nation thundered through the earth. Now, +however, he looked at her without a full idea of her meaning, thinking +her only clever, and ready, and a trifle wanting in respect toward the +powers that be, and that this lack came from her youth and should be +treated with indulgence. It was a woman's way of looking at things, he +said to himself, for he recognized sometimes the same spirit in Lady +Dacre. +</p> +<p> +"Florence seems well entertained," he said aloud, looking at his wife, +who was laughing at one of Edmonson's sallies. "That's a brilliant +fellow, Mistress Royal; he will make his mark in the world; it's a pity, +though, he hasn't a fortune to help him forward; he ought to be in +Parliament." +</p> +<p> +"So he thinks, perhaps," she answered, remembering something that he had +said to her one day on his first visit to the country, and understanding +more clearly than ever the use that she might have been in the world. +</p> +<p> +"Very possibly he does. He appreciates himself, that is certain. It's +half the battle to know one's own power; sometimes I think it's +three-quarters of it. Because, you see, when a man knows his strong +points he's always meeting others at his best, and as for his +worst,—why, I imagine Edmonson would rather keep those dark." Elizabeth +looked up inquiringly, but she said nothing, and Sir Temple added, "In +fact, most of us would; we don't expect that charity from men which we +find from Heaven." She did not answer, and he talked on, for theorizing +was a favorite amusement, but his wife always + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>[110]</span> + + snubbed him when he attempted it, and most men either showed weariness +or had theories of their own which they were in such haste to air that +his had only half a chance. Now, here was a young lady ready to listen, +and, since it was not because she was unable to talk well herself, her +listening was a compliment that he felt. +</p> +<p> +At first Elizabeth did listen. But her companion fairly launched, went +on excellently by himself, and involuntarily her eyes turned upon +Edmonson. He was very handsome; she wondered if it was his conversation +with Lady Dacre that gave him so much animation. Since circumstances had +roused Elizabeth from the dreamy state in which she used to indulge, she +had lost something of her belief in his intellectual superiority, for +the things that had once seemed so difficult as to be almost impossible +to her had suddenly become simple enough; now that, they being required +of her, she found herself doing them. That was the way with Elizabeth; +whatever she could do she thought easy; it was the things that she +believed lay beyond her for which she had the reverence. She was not +much used to praise; the little that occasionally fell to her surprised +and embarrassed her, so that she seemed to receive it coldly, or else +the thing itself appeared to her so trivial that doing it well was a +matter of course. She learned with remarkable quickness, for her mind +was in good working order and grasped strongly whatever it laid hold of. +A few months ago Edmonson's social accomplishments had seemed a marvel +to her. Already she was beginning to see that, after all, they did not +require a very high order of mind, though she was far from undervaluing +them or thinking it possible that she could ever have such power of +being agreeable. She was wondering that day as she watched him how much +better ambitions he had, and what life would bring him. She could not +understand him. +</p> +<p> +But in a few moments she was watching another face that had now a +stronger fascination for her than ever—Katie's. How lovely she looked. +Her demureness was giving way under the assaults that fate was making +upon it, and she was becoming more and more like her old self—with a +difference, however, toward Elizabeth, if toward no one else. It was +true, she had greeted her with effusive warmth, but even then Elizabeth +had felt the change and drawn back humbly in response to it. But if more +proof had been needed, it had been given. For, as they stood together a +moment before dinner, Katie said, "How much pleasure it must have given +you to meet these guests of Stephen's; no wonder they seem agreeable to +you; it may be that you owe so much to them." Elizabeth looked at her in +amazement. "You know," continued Katie, "that these are the people whose +romantic story Master Harwin related to us one memorable evening?" "No, +indeed, I never dreamed of it, Katie," she added, her voice trembling. +"Why are you like this? You know how it all came about; you know that—" +"Mistress Archdale," Waldo's voice broke in, and the young man came +forward to be welcomed by a touch of Katie's hand and a smile that gave +him some excuse for lingering at her side. Elizabeth, after responding +briefly to his greeting, turned away. Her heart was heavy. It made very +little difference about the Dacres, but she had lost Katie, that was a +great deal. Last night she had thought that she might find the girl's +resentment gone and her sense of justice, if not her affection, ruling +her. At least there + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>[111]</span> + + was this comfort, thought the watcher, she had not broken Katie's heart, +it had only been her own—that was better, after all, than breaking +anyone's else. Yet a sudden choking came into her throat, she found her +eyes grown dim, steadied her vision, heard a few words of what Sir +Temple was saying about English rule, assented by a monosyllable, and +went back to watching Katie, who seemed above sad fortunes as she sat so +unmistakably enjoying herself. She talked a little with Bulchester, and +smiled upon him until he beamed with delight; then leaving him full of a +secret conviction that she found him more congenial than the neighbor on +her other hand, she devoted herself to Waldo, whose fierce suspicions +had died out so that he was tranquilly enjoying his dinner, or +exchanging remarks with some other guest, secretly delighted with the +skill which Katie showed in making herself agreeable to bores. Her +bright brown hair would have gleamed in the sunlight without the +gold-dust it was powdered with. Her complexion, one of Titian's warm +blondes, was at its perfection; her eyes were grave enough for steady +expression, and at times for a touch of pathos; it was at the sudden +curving of her lips they filled with light, which was gone again +directly, making the beholder feel that the sunshine had flashed over +her face. As Elizabeth looked at her, and admired her, and felt her +heart still going out toward her and tried to find excuse for her +cruelty, the wish not to meet Katie's glance made her turn her eyes away +for a moment. They fell upon Archdale, who sat motionless, looking at +Katie. At that moment his mind, stung by jealousy, made one of those +maddened leaps against the slowness of the age that prophesied the +railroad and the telegraph by showing the necessity for them. The second +man who had been sent off to England the day that Archdale had told +Elizabeth of the misadventure of the first was clear in head and as +quick in movement as means of locomotion at that time permitted, but it +seemed to Archdale at that instant that the very sun had stood still in +the heavens to make the summer days run longer, and that the most +welcome certainty with such a messenger as had been chosen would come +too late. When he should be free, let rivals do their best; but +now——. He seemed to have lost himself and to be living in a dream of +the girl, as if her presence and her beauty and a sudden sense of +distance from her filled him with agony. Suddenly he stirred and his +eyes met Elizabeth's and fell. He turned away quickly and began to talk. +</p> +<p> +For the moment she had no power at all. She was pierced by a sharper +sense of her situation than had ever come to her before, and that had +been enough. She was one too many in the world. She must give place, and +she must not be long about it. A ringing was in her ears; a darkness was +around her. But she called back her forces with an effort; she must not +think until she should be alone. She turned back to Sir Temple, caught +his last words, and answered him in haste, beginning at random and going +on with a fluency which even he had not expected. +</p> +<p> +Colonel Pepperell, who was able to do more things at once than carry on +his dinner and a conversation with his neighbor, looked down hard at his +plate a moment and muttered under his breath, "Poor thing! Poor thing!" +</p> +<a name="h2HCH0002" id="h2HCH0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XVIII. +</h2> +<h3> + LANDMARKS. +</h3> +<p> +When the ladies had left the table and gone into the garden Elizabeth + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>[112]</span> + + moved restlessly from one to another. Before very long the gentlemen +joined them, when Edmonson, after a little engineering, a few moments of +detention here and there, came up to her as she was sauntering with +several others on the bank of the little river. He contrived to separate +her from the rest and walked with her a few steps behind them. His +vivacity had not deserted him, and she felt that it would be no effort +to talk to him, and that in listening she should be enough interested +not to forget herself. +</p> +<p> +"How beautiful it is here," she began. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, but I don't care much for landscape when I can get anything +better, and a woman who knows life and understands how to make herself +entertaining is a great deal better. Therefore, at present I have no +eyes for scenery." +</p> +<p> +"Well, what is it?" cried Elizabeth, with a smile that was a flash, +possibly of annoyance, rather than a gleam of pleasure. "As the saying +goes, what axe have you to grind, Master Edmonson? All this flattery +must be for some object. Can I do anything for you? If only I had +influence with the Grand Mogul, or any other high official, I would +speak to him for you with pleasure. You see your cause is already won, +so don't waste any more powder." And she turned to him with a little +laugh that was both bitter and defiant. It was a bad time to tell +Elizabeth Royal that she had powers of fascination. It was possible that +Edmonson understood her, for his observations, though not openly +expressed like Sir Temple Dacre's, were more pertinent. But this seemed +to him an opportunity not to be lost. "The voice that soothes the wounds +of vanity is always welcome," he mused. "I only meant that it pleased me +to talk with you," he answered. "I had no intention of gilding refined +gold. As you so frankly conclude I have an axe to grind, there is no +reason why I should hide the fact. But you can not grind it, else I +should come to you. I am equal to that. And he looked at her, first with +a cool audacity in his eyes, which he knew she would meet; and then as +he held her gaze with a sudden softening from which she turned away. +</p> +<p> +"Then, if I can not, why don't you ask some one who can, Colonel +Archdale, for instance? He likes to be obliging—that is, I take it for +granted he does." +</p> +<p> +"Perhaps I shall." They had left the water now and were following the +path up toward the house. There was a pause. "The air of this place does +not agree with you," he began abruptly, "You are much paler than when +you came." +</p> +<p> +"I am happy to say it is quite the contrary with you," she answered. +"Our sea breezes have given you the hue of health." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, that—and other things. You turn away from any reference to your +self, but you can never prevent my caring more for your welfare than for +anything else in the world." He was speaking softly in tones that were +deep with earnestness. There was no doubt that in some way she did +fascinate him. +</p> +<p> +She came to a halt and looked him full in the face without a blush, an +added pallor, or any sign of emotion. At that moment she felt herself +Archdale's wife, and felt, too, that Edmonson considered her so. +</p> +<p> +"You can't have any great objects in your life, then, if you fritter +away your interest on an idle acquaintance whom you will forget as soon +as you are out of her sight, and, if you'll pardon me, who will forget +you, except when something + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>[113]</span> + + calls up your name, or a reminiscence of you." Even Edmonson as he stood +staring at her drew his breath like one recovering from a shock. Then as +he looked her face changed and he saw tears on her lashes. She reached +out her hand toward him and raised her eyes to his with a pathetic +appeal. "I know it's the habit of gentlemen to make gallant speeches," +she said, "probably more in your own country than here; we are more +simple, and as for me, I'm ignorant, I know that very well. I am not as +quick as other people, I suppose, but I don't like this sort of thing, I +never shall. Somehow, it hurts me, it seems as if one despised me. Well, +never mind, it's not that, of course; you are in the habit of doing it, +because it's the fashion. But why won't you talk to me naturally, just +as other people do?" +</p> +<p> +Edmonson looked at her with absorbed attention. He was convinced. The +thing was incredible, but it was true. She was not feigning, she did not +understand him. Her blindness came from one of two causes, either she +was incapable of passion, or her heart was not yet aroused. For he +argued that if she had loved any one she must have read him. +</p> +<p> +"I will do as you ask me," he said simply, taking the only course that +was open to him unless he had wished to banish himself entirely. But as +he walked slowly on beside her again the evil look came into his +downcast eyes, and the shadow darted out in his thoughts terrible and +triumphant. +</p> +<p> +When they were near the house, and she was about to turn back again +toward the others, still enjoying the summer air, he said. "Will you +come with me into the hall? I want to ask you about something I noticed +there." This was only so far true that he had found the antlers which he +remembered hung there an excuse to stand face to face with her a few +moments longer, and to talk with her, and have her answers even about +these trivial things all to himself before the others came. It was of no +use to pretend to himself now that disappointed ambition was the cause +of his chagrin at losing Elizabeth; his feeling was not chagrin, it was +something like fury. He had never denied himself anything, he would not +deny himself now. As to this woman who the higher he found, and the more +he admired her, the more she eluded him, and with every unconscious +movement drew tighter the chain that bound him; he had a purpose +concerning her. He was not capable of deep or continued devotion, but +when he had an object in view nothing mattered to him but that. If he +gained it, doubtless something else would absorb him; if he +lost—blackness filled this blank, but here he had resolved not to lose. +</p> +<p> +As he stood in the hall with Elizabeth beside the open door and watched +her delicate face and perceived the readiness with which she answered +his questions in full, as if glad of so simple a subject, he said to +himself, "That fancy of hers for me was lighter than I thought. She has +not yet quaffed the nectar of love—not yet—not yet." He gave little +attention to her story of the shooting of the stag, Stephen's feat when +a boy of fourteen; she did not of course know as much of the history of +the Archdales as did the petted young beauty to whom he had been talking +before dinner, and she in the midst of her fluent account wondered in +her own mind where she had heard it all, and remembered that it had been +one of Katie's stories when they were at school together. +</p> +<p> +"You see how large a creature it + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>[114]</span> + + must have been," she finished, "the forehead hangs quite low, but I +can't touch the tip of the under branch of this antler." She made the +effort as she spoke, and reaching up on tiptoe, caught at the antler to +steady herself. It swung a little on one side, and she stood looking at +the hole torn in the tapestry by Stephen's gun on that day, when he had +gone into the woods in desperate mood. It had been covered, and no one +had noticed it, unless, possibly, the servants in dusting, but, if so, +they had not told of the accident, not wishing to run the risk of being +blamed for it. +</p> +<p> +"Did I do that?" asked Elizabeth. It seemed to her as if to have injured +an Archdale to the value of a pin would be intolerable. +</p> +<p> +"No indeed," said Edmonson. "I saw it just as you moved. The antler is +smooth here, see." And he made her pass her hand over the polished +surface above the tear. "Perhaps there is some roughness in the wall," +he added, "it may be a nail under the tapestry that somebody found out +before we came." +</p> +<p> +She reached up eagerly. +</p> +<p> +"No," she said, "something must have struck against it and caught it, +for so far from being rough here, it's hollow. I can put my finger into +it; it is one of the openings between the beams." They went on talking +while Elizabeth's finger was unconsciously tapping the wall through the +torn hanging. All at once she broke off in the midst of what she was +saying to cry, "Why, there certainly is something very strange here; it +is like the canvas of a picture. Touch it, and see if it does not feel +so to you." +</p> +<p> +Edmonson reached up his hand as she withdrew hers. His eyes seemed to +scintillate as he felt the surface of the canvas under his finger; his +face flushed deeply; it was with effort that he restrained a jubilant +cry, and his tones betrayed a triumph that he could not hide, while +excitement broke through his barriers of measured words. +</p> +<p> +"Really, we must look into this," he said. "This may be El Dorado +to—some of us. Let us wager, Mistress Royal, whom it most concerns, +you, or me." +</p> +<p> +"I suppose it's some old family portrait and belongs to the Colonel," +she answered. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, I suppose so," he said, waiving the question of the wager as she +had done. "Don't you propose to ask him?" +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth looked amazed, then flushed deeply as she realized her +imprudence in having spoken of the canvas. +</p> +<p> +"Certainly not," she answered. "I don't see how what Colonel Archdale +has on his walls concerns me." +</p> +<p> +"I should think a possible daughter-in-law would feel somewhat +differently." She winced, then answered coolly; "She ought not." +</p> +<p> +"Well, at least, <i>I</i> am curious. I own it. I must see what we have +unearthed here. Won't you ask the Colonel to show us his private +portrait gallery? He will do anything for you, I notice." +</p> +<p> +"Certainly not," she answered. +</p> +<p> +"Certainly he won't do everything for you, or certainly you will not ask +him—which?" insisted Edmonson. +</p> +<p> +"Both. I shall never test him, and I shall make no comments on what I +may find on his walls. Nor will you, Master Edmonson, for no gentleman +would." +</p> +<p> +"Do you object to my seeing it?" She looked at him wonderingly. +</p> +<p> +"Why should I, if it were open? But I will tell you what I do object to, +to my coming here and seeming to pry upon—the family. I wish it had +been somebody else instead of me who had found it, or that it had never +been found + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>[115]</span> + + at all. I beg you will spare me, Master Edmonson," And she looked at him +with the rare entreaty of a proud nature. +</p> +<p> +"Perhaps it's not a picture after all," he said. "You may be mistaken. +Don't you think so?" +</p> +<p> +"No," she answered. "I am not mistaken, but—." +</p> +<p> +"Don't fear that I shall speak one word," he cried as she hesitated. "I +would sooner lose my life than annoy you, to say nothing of losing my +amusement. If I can't see what is behind the hanging without doing that, +why, I'll not see it at all." +</p> +<p> +"Thank you," she said gratefully, dwelling only upon the first part of +his speech. "I was sure you would feel so." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, words and questions would be a clumsy way. I'll show you a +better." And while she looked at him wondering what he meant, he turned +from her and in an instant, bringing up a chair, had stepped upon it and +made with his penknife a line across what he judged would be the top of +the picture. Feeling along the length of this with his finger he cut a +perpendicular line from each end of it, so that the tapestry fell down +like the end of a broad ribbon, and showed that Elizabeth had not been +at fault in her supposition. He had stepped down from the chair, +replaced it, and returned to her side while she still stood in dumb +consternation. He was smiling. "There!" he said. The thing had been done +in a flash; he had scarcely glanced at the painting, until, as he spoke, +he fell back a step. Then he caught her arm. +</p> +<p> +"Look!" he cried hoarsely, "Look!" +</p> +<p> +But he need not have told her to look, she was doing it with eyes wide +open and lips parted and motionless. "I was right, you see. I had a +right to do this," he said. +</p> +<p> +She drew away from the grasp that he still laid on her arm in his +absorption. "Yes, I was right," he repeated. "Do you see?" +</p> +<p> +"No," she answered, "I understand nothing. Explain yourself. Or wait. It +is time now to call Colonel Archdale. You will explain to him this +liberty, and the meaning of this—this strange coincidence." +</p> +<p> +"Ah, ha!" he cried. "You see it? Everybody will see it; isn't it so? +Tell me," he insisted. +</p> +<p> +"I suppose so," she faltered, looking at his triumphant face and feeling +a presentiment that some evil was to fall upon the Archdale family. If +so she would have helped to bring it. +</p> +<p> +"Let us send for him," repeated Edmonson. "Or, no. Let us surprise them +all, give them an entertainment not planned by mine admirable host. +Come, let us go out into the garden, and when we return, here will be a +new face to greet us. That will be more as you wish it? I want it to be +as you wish." +</p> +<p> +"You have not considered me at all." +</p> +<p> +"The day will come when you will not say that," he answered, looking at +her fixedly, then turning away with abruptness. "We must name our new +friend," he added. "Suppose we call him Banquo's ghost? Banquo's ghost, +you remember, existed to only one person. Did you ever see him on the +stage? You must, some day in London. He rises up in solemn majesty from +a secret trap door, and overwhelms Mac—Well! here's the trap door." +And he touched the slashed tapestry with his finger. "Shall I tell you +why I call him so?" he went on, coming close to her as if about to +whisper some secret. +</p> +<p> +"No," she said, drawing back. "If you know any secrets belonging to this +family, I don't want to hear them. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>[116]</span> + + You will be obliged to apologize to the Colonel for defacing his wall, +and whatever explanation you have to give, will be given to him." +</p> +<p> +Edmonson watched her with a smile. +</p> +<p> +"Do you know," he said, "that you have an exaggerated conscience? But +you have the faculty of making it seem charming. As you please, then. I +will give my explanation to the Colonel as soon as he is ready for +it—as soon, and even before. Shall we go into the garden again until +somebody comes?" +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth did not answer immediately. She stopped on the threshold where +she had been standing and looked at the speaker with an expression he +could not read. She had thought well of this young man. Was it going to +be that she could no longer believe in him? She did not care so much for +that in itself, but it seemed as if all the world in which she had +moved, the ideal world founded on beauty and nobleness, even if, indeed, +one cornerstone of it were pain, had fallen to pieces about her. Among +so many ruins the ruin of another ideal would not be so very much, but +it would give more pain than was due to itself. As she looked up at him +Edmonson's face lost its exultation. "Perhaps I am mistaken; I ought to +hear before I judge," she thought. +</p> +<p> +"I would rather stay here," she said at last. "There are footsteps +now—it is Master Archdale." She thought as she spoke that the girlish +figure walking beside him was Katie's, but when the two came nearer she +saw that it was not his cousin to whom Stephen was talking so merrily, +but another of his mother's guests. Katie was in the distance with +Kenelm Waldo. Bulchester had disappeared for the moment—no, he was with +Madam Archdale. As these and others sauntered up to the hall, Edmonson +partially closing the opening by pushing the tapestry behind the +antlers, retreated, and occupied himself with an examination of these +long branches that like a personal weapon had divided the thick +underbrush of his way before him. It was not until most of the party +were in the hall, not until the Colonel had come in with Madam +Pepperell, that he suddenly went forward and drew down the cut tapestry, +and at the moment put himself into the same attitude with the man in the +picture, and in this attitude stood with his eyes glancing keenly from +one to another of the spectators. +</p> +<p> +There was a murmur, not rising to articulateness, which seemed to be +surprise at the sight of the portrait so unexpectedly disclosed. Then +followed a breathless hush. It was in the hush that Edmonson's eyes were +busiest. But that, too, was short. For, a cry of astonishment rose from +nearly every one in the hall. This, though coming from many throats, had +but one import. +</p> +<p> +"What a likeness! Perfect! Wonderful! How came it there? How came +<i>he</i> here? What does it mean?" +</p> +<p> +From Edmonson, standing motionless, the assembly looked toward Stephen, +and from him, plainly as much at a loss as themselves, they turned their +eyes where his were already fixed, upon the face of his father. But the +Colonel, pale and amazed, with a dark shadow fallen upon his face from +the door near by him—or perhaps from some door opening in his own +breast—seemed no more able than the others to read the riddle. Indeed, +he was the first to ask the explanation that all were seeking. +</p> +<p> +"When and how did you bring that picture here?" he said. "And whose +portrait is it?" For he had rejected the first suggestion of its being +Edmonson + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>[117]</span> + + himself. The dress belonged to an earlier period, and the face was that +of a man somewhat older; it could not be thought of as the portrait of +the young man standing beside it; it was simply a marvellous likeness. +</p> +<p> +"I found it here," returned Edmonson with a bow. "I have seen the copy +of it many times, this is the original painting by Lely. It came here—I +mean to the Colonies—by one of those mistakes that one member of a +family sometimes, perpetrates upon the others. How it ever got behind +this hanging it is out of my province to tell. I yield the field to +Colonel Archdale." +</p> +<p> +"I know nothing of it," said that gentleman. "The house was built when I +was a child. It was one of the preparations for my father's second +marriage. The tapestry is an heirloom; it is so old that I am always +afraid of its tearing, and it is never taken from the wall. My house is +at the disposal of my guests, to be sure, but none of them could have +destroyed anything else that I should have felt the injury to so +keenly." +</p> +<p> +"It was not willingly done," returned Edmonson, "it was by the impulse +of fate. As to the picture, it does not seem strange that we expect +Colonel Archdale to know whom his own family portraits represent." +</p> +<p> +"It may not seem strange, but it is not unprecedented to be ignorant," +answered his host. "My father must have known, but in obeying his +injunctions as to care of the tapestry I had no idea that I was keeping +anything but bare walls from view. Even these antlers are fastened to a +great nail in one of the beams. I remember it since I was a child. The +hanging was fitted over it, and I was glad when it was put to use in +this way." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, no doubt he could tell us about the portrait if we could only get +at him," returned Edmonson coming back to his subject. "But as to who +the gentleman is, and why you have flattered me so far as to be able to +discover any likeness between us, I owe you all an explanation. And +Colonel Archdale, another one besides, which I am most ready to make, +for having presumed to search out the painting when I found by accident +that there was one behind here. No time is so good as the present. Then, +too, I have aroused the curiosity of these ladies and gentlemen, and I +am afraid they will owe me a grudge if I don't gratify it by telling the +whole story." +</p> +<p> +"Indeed we shall," cried Katie Archdale. +</p> +<p> +Bulchester had entered behind the others unseen in the concentration of +attention upon the portrait and its exhibitor, and had spent his moment +of amazement in silence. He now glided up to Edmonson and said something +to him in an undertone too low to be caught by anyone else. The other +replied by a look of scorn, and a muttered something that sounded very +like, "You always were a fool." Then he stood silent, glancing first at +Stephen, and then at the Colonel. The young man faced him in haughty +defiance of his manner which made his words almost insulting. The elder +stood with his suavity a little disturbed, it is true; but no one except +Edmonson found fear in his face, or interpreted what he said as a desire +of postponement when he suggested that if there were anything +interesting to be heard they should wait until all the stragglers had +come up, and then adjourn to the drawing-room where they would be more +comfortable. +</p> +<p> +Edmonson bowed slightly in answer, smiled, thanked him, but observed +that it was most flattering to an orator to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>[118]</span> + + find his audience increase as he went on, and began: +</p> +<p> +"I am to tell you who this gentleman of the portrait is, and why I +resemble him." +</p> +<p> +All at once Stephen glanced at Elizabeth. He had found her in the hall +with Edmonson. Had she any hand in this unveiling of an ancestral face? +He thought of the possibility of shame that might follow—of shame, +because he remembered the talk of the two men in the woods and the old +butler's look at Edmonson that very morning. If this triumphant fellow +had any such thing to tell, did she already know it? Was she upon such +terms of intimacy with him as this? She stood apart, still near the +doorway where Edmonson had left her. None of the curiosity expressed +everywhere else was in her face. She seemed scarcely listening; she +looked as if she were far away and the people about her and the words +they were saying belonged to a different world. But it was not so, for +it was the consciousness that she was in the world about her and bound +to it that gave her the expression of struggle. Chains held her when she +wanted to be free. She was one too many here. Before her was Archdale's +face as he had looked at Katie, and between these two a stupid woman +whom she had no patience with, whom she hated—herself. And now there +might be coming an added pain that she had brought. She did not care +especially for Archdale's pain, except that it was of her bringing. +</p> +<p> +But Edmonson went on talking, and Stephen, like the others, forgot +everything in listening. He saw his father's brows contract, and knew +that he was biting his under lip hard, as he did when he was much +troubled. +</p> +<p> +Edmonson still went on with his story. He certainly made it interesting. +Stephen's secret uneasiness passed into surprise, distrust, conviction, +inward disturbance as he stood with his haughty air unchanged. +</p> +<a name="h2HCH0003" id="h2HCH0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XIX. +</h2> +<h3> + RANKLING ARROWS. +</h3> +<p> +Elizabeth was alone at last, that is, as much as a thought pursuing like +a personality lets one be alone. When she crossed her room in the +silence it was a relief to hear no voices, not to be obliged to answer +when she had not listened and was afraid lest she should not answer +rightly. Yet the events of the last few hours, the stray words as they +seemed to her that she had heard, the faces that had been before her +kept moving on before her now and repeating themselves faintly for a +little time, just as one whose head is throbbing with some continued +sound still hears it through all his pulses, even when he has gone out +of reach of the reality. She seemed to be driving home with Lady Dacre's +face full of tenderness opposite her. The sympathy had been almost too +much for Elizabeth, her eyes had not met the compassionate glances. Sir +Temple had conversed for three; he had been very kind, too, but the +kindness hurt her, for she knew they pitied her. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth had an humble way with her sometimes, and, as has been said, +her own achievements seemed to her worthless. She had nothing of that +blatant quality, vanity, which claims from others and by reason of its +arrogance gets to be called pride; but her dignity strove above +everything to be sufficient for itself. Such a spirit shrinks from +claiming the appreciation it hungers for, shrinks back into itself, and +passes for shyness, or humility, or anything but what it is, that +supreme pride that seeks from the world its highest, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>[119]</span> + + the allegiance of love, in return for its own love of what is true and +grand. Finding a denial in those it meets, it draws away in a silence +that to people who rate assertion as power seems tameness, for its +action is beyond them, like sights that need a telescope, or sounds out +of reach of the ear. Pride like this has two possibilities. It is a +Saint Christopher that will serve only the highest. That unfound, it +grows bitter, and shrinks more and more into itself, and withers into +hopelessness. But if it find the Highest and draw upon that love too +great for change or failure, then all things have a new proportion, for +grown up to the shelter of the eternities, human judgments dwindle, and +human slights, however they may scar, cannot destroy. +</p> +<p> +The person Elizabeth seemed to see most clearly was Archdale in that one +moment in which all his heart had been revealed. Yet it seemed to her +that it was not of him that she was thinking most but of Katie's pain +and anger. If she were to be separated from Stephen Archdale forever, +what wonder that she was grieved with the woman who had done it? For +Elizabeth knew that though Katie liked admiration, she loved Stephen. +Elizabeth herself saw that he was superior, not only in appearance, but +in mind, to any of the suitors with whom she confessed that in event of +the worst it was possible that the girl might console herself. +</p> +<p> +But Elizabeth was by no means so far above thoughts of herself that any +other woman's suffering was bringing to her face the look that came upon +it as her pride and her fear forced her away from the belief she had +determined to hold, into a horror lest all she dreaded was true, lest +she was really the wife of the man who at the very lightest disliked +her. She could not blame him for that, and it would not have been the +worst thing, since she cared nothing about him; she had not fotgotten +his look of scorn on that day of the wedding, it came back to her often; +but what of that, she asked herself, since she returned it? But to-night +there was more than this; to-night his heart had been shown, and +Elizabeth had seen how she stood for misery to him, seen, too, another +danger which she had never thought of before. This possibility, remote +enough, would not be put out of sight now. It might happen that if there +were proved to have been no marriage between herself and Stephen +Archdale, the certainty of this would come too late to save Katie for +him. Elizabeth turned wild at the sense of her own helplessness. "I am +one too many in the world," she thought; she could not have spoken, all +her will was concentrating into action. Night had overswept her; she +forgot everything in her thought for the beings whom she saw were +covered by the same cloud. She was to be always an ugly obstacle to the +happiness of Katie and of a man she pitied. Whichever way she turned it +seemed that there was no other chance for her. She would not go through +the world one too many. On coming into the room she had put back the +curtains for more air and had blown out the candles. She did not light +them again; all that she was going to do she could see well enough to do +by the stars and the long summer twilight. She sat down in the armchair +beside her table, drew her dressing-case toward her, and opening it, +unlocked one compartment with a tiny key found in another. The package +so carefully locked away here was something that Mrs. Eveleigh in one of +her nervous moods had given her to keep, lest some accident should +happen. To be sure, she had given it under promise that no one should +know + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>[120]</span> + + of it, for she had used it for only a little while for her complexion, +she explained to Elizabeth, and might never want it again. But, on the +other hand, she might. It had been a good deal of trouble to buy it; she +did not want to run another gauntlet of questions. So the powder had +lain in Elizabeth's dressing-case, unremembered even, until to-night. +Now she took it out with a firm hand; there was no sign of shrinking or +fear about her, not because she was incapable of it, for she had her +terrors, though she showed them less than some women. But she was a +soldier in the midst of battle whose only object is to dislodge the +enemy; what it will cost is not counted. She waited a moment, then +opened the paper so steadily that she spilled none of the powder in the +dimness. She had no last words to say, nothing to leave; it would be +understood. She spread out the paper a little more, still firmly, still +so absorbed in the thought of escape as to have taken no account of the +way. Then she bent her face over it and slowly drew nearer. Suddenly she +raised her head; it seemed as if a voice had called her, a voice so +clear, so still, so full of power that she waited submissive and +wondering. In another moment she came to herself, the brave self that +suffering had thrust away usurping its place by a wicked will. She drew +a long breath as if waking from a horrible dream, and sat quiet for a +while, her hands clenched and brought together. She shivered in the +summer air. Suddenly she rose, took up the paper, and going to the +window, tossed it out, scattering its contents. "It shall never tempt +any one like this again," she said aloud. +</p> +<p> +Then slipping down to the floor, she leaned her arms upon the windowsill +and buried her face in them. +</p> +<p> +"God, forgive me," she cried. "It was Thy cross that I was casting off. +But my life is in Thy guidance. I will take all the pain from Thy hand. +Forgive me. Help me against my wicked pride. And in return for the +misery I have brought, give me something good that I may do, some little +favor. And yet—Thy will be done," she added brokenly, then trembled +lest that Will should refuse the one request which seemed to promise any +relief; trembled, but did not retract. "I will wait, I will trust," she +said, and looked into the depths beyond the stars with no fear that her +prayer would fall back into itself like a sound which, finding no home, +returns weary, and robbed of its meaning and strength. She knew that the +something which fell upon her was forgiveness too deep for words and an +assurance of guidance. For the telephone is not new but as old as +humanity and with a call in every man's consciousness. It summons him at +times to leave what he is doing and listen. And when in some depth of +need he sends a message, then, because no other ear than his may catch +the answer given, is there for that reason none? The soul is like +science; it cannot break through its boundaries and burst in upon the +unknowable that surrounds its little realm of knowledge, but wherever it +presses against these barriers they recede without being destroyed, and +the adventurer, still in his own domain, brings back new treasures to +the old life. The source of power is, we know, forever beyond us, but in +going out toward that we enter the realm of power and are charged with +it. +</p> +<p> +In the stillness that had fallen upon her Elizabeth rose softly, and +made her preparations for the night. +</p> +<p> +Archdale came down early the next morning. He stood a few moments in the +hall waiting for the appearance of the person he had come to meet. As + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>[121]</span> + + he looked out into the garden, a picture seemed to rise before him, one +that was not within his horizon at present. He seemed to be looking out +into a garden as he had been that morning when, with his mother, Sir +Temple and Lady Dacre, he had paid a visit to Madam Pepperell. Looking +into this garden absently he had seen Elizabeth. Unaware of visitors in +the house, she was going on with her occupation of gathering roses. +Archdale the day before, wondering about her complicity with Edmonson's +scheme had had this vision of her come between him and any belief in +this. It came again that next morning as he was waiting to see Edmonson +alone, and imagined his mind full only of what he had learned from him +the day before. He remembered the expression of her face; he had never +seen it gentle like this. She had been standing only a few rods distant +with scarcely so much as her profile turned toward him. A cluster was in +her left hand; in her right a stem just broken off, holding a rose and +several buds. She was perfectly still, seeming to have forgotten to +move, to be lost in reverie. She saw him no more than her roses; she was +alone with her thoughts. There was a strength and a sadness in the +delicate outline, especially in the mouth, which he had not seen before, +perhaps, because he had never studied her profile. As he had thought of +this expression while he had stood before the uncovered portrait, he had +said to himself that certainly she had not been willingly concerned in +helping forward another's misfortune. While he sat watching her he had +been inclined to go to her, obeying his impulse rather than his +judgment, which told him that even if he were in any way the cause of +her sorrow, he could do nothing to help her. But Lady Dacre had spoken +to him at the moment, and before he could answer her he had seen a +servant go up to Elizabeth, and had perceived that she was coming into +the house. +</p> +<p> +This morning also it was Lady Dacre's voice that broke in upon him. She +was hurrying through the hall with eyes on the open door. +</p> +<p> +"Good morning," she said. "Has Madam Archdale gone into the garden yet? +I told her I should be there first this morning, and now she has stolen +a march upon me." Archdale was startled. Yes, his mother was in the +garden, he saw her now. Was the other only a vision? "Will you follow, +Temple?" cried her ladyship. Her husband, who had been coming down +stairs as his wife spoke, greeted Archdale hastily and accepted her +invitation, for some one else stood in the hall, having entered it, his +observer supposed, from the library, for he had not seen him on the +stairs. This other one was coming forward to his host when Sir Temple +passed, and in another moment he stood face to face with Archdale. +</p> +<p> +"Good morning," he said with a bow. His expression had changed from the +sneer it had worn as he stood in the shadow covertly watching Archdale's +face. "Friends, is it not?" he added, and he smiled and held out his +hand tentatively. His host hesitated in the least, then took it. He had +been obliged to remind himself first that instinct was not an autocrat +of one's manners. Edmonson perceived the hesitation, slight as it was, +and the shadow in his heart sprang up and darkened his face for a +moment. Then he gave a short laugh, and turned toward the sunshine. +"That's right," he said; "let us part on good terms; it's luck, not I, +that you find against you." +</p> +<p> +"It was about this very thing that I was waiting here to speak to you +this + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>[122]</span> + + morning," returned Stephen. "I was going to beg you to remain until we +can look into things a little; you, and my father, and I, you +understand? It can be done more conveniently here than anywhere +else,—and I trust I need not assure you that you are welcome. Of +course, I don't pretend to like the turn of affairs." +</p> +<p> +"Not necessary," interposed the other, the covert impertinence under his +frank smile making Archdale flush, and return haughtily: +</p> +<p> +"I was merely going to say that we must accept with the best grace +possible the consequences of things that happened so long before our +day." +</p> +<p> +"This philosophy is delightful on your lips. As for myself, I shall not +find that acceptance of the situation makes any demand for philosophical +endurance." +</p> +<p> +He tossed his head a little as he ended in amusement at having finished +his opponent at the same time as his speech. +</p> +<p> +"Perhaps that is well," returned Archdale quietly. "Then it is settled +that you stay a few days longer with us?" he added. +</p> +<p> +"Thank you. I shall be happy to do so. When you need me, I am at your +service; for you will find that I have proofs enough to be satisfactory. +I have not considered that my unsupported word would be taken as +sufficient guarantee in a case like this, where, you know, incredulity +is so desirable." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, Master Edmonson, I confess, where incredulity is so desirable. +Well, then, after breakfast I shall be obliged to trouble you." +</p> +<p> +"Thank you," answered Edmonson, marching off immediately. "I think Lady +Dacre is in need of my services. She is struggling with a rose that has +climbed up out of her reach, and her husband has disappeared altogether; +he is probably assisting Madam Archdale. These husbands are not in the +right place, you see." With which Parthian arrow he disappeared, and was +soon filling Lady Dacre's hands with her coveted treasures. +</p> +<p> +Archdale watched him a few moments noticing his easy movements and his +air of assurance. +</p> +<p> +"Impudent fellow," he muttered, setting his teeth, "to speak to an +Archdale in that style. I can't believe him. I shall have Allston +examine his proofs; he has a hawk's eye for flaws. But there's the +likeness. Yes, his story may be true; but the man has the making of a +knave in him, if the work is not done already." +</p> +<p> +It was almost dinner time. Elizabeth had been out sailing with Madam +Archdale, Colonel Pepperell, and Sir Temple, and Lady Dacre. They were +in the Colonel's boat; and Madam Pepperell, who had been detained, had +sent her young guest to represent her. But Edmonson had gone off with +his host to Colonel Archdale's, and Bulchester had mysteriously +disappeared soon afterward. Elizabeth suspected that he had gone to pay +a visit to Katie and had found her so fascinating that he could not tear +himself from her society, or that he had wandered off somewhere by +himself to dwell upon her perfections. "Poor simpleton!" she said to +herself in the revulsion from her fears of the night before. At all +events, the result was the same; there were only three at Seascape to +accept the Colonel's invitation to go sailing. +</p> +<p> +It was always a refreshment to Elizabeth to be with Sir Temple and Lady +Dacre; that morning it was even better than being alone; they were the +only ones purely spectators in the drama of struggle and suffering going +on under + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>[123]</span> + + the courtesies that were its scenic accompaniments. When they talked and +jested it was out of happy hearts, at least so far as the things about +them were concerned, and for this reason the strain was taken from her +in their presence. She had only to be gay enough, and there was no need +of watching her words lest they should be misconstrued. If she had been +asked why anything that she said or did was liable to be misconstrued, +she could not have told. This was her feeling, but she did not see her +way; no flash of the electric storm that the blackness foreboded had yet +shown her where she stood; but the elemental conditions affected her. +</p> +<p> +The boat on its return had landed Madam Archdale and her guests on the +pebbly beach at Seascape, not far from the house. They had said farewell +and sauntered up the path toward it and disappeared. The boat was about +putting out again when a man came running up to the Colonel, and begged +him to wait to speak with the Captain of a schooner standing out about +half a mile. The Captain had come ashore on purpose to see him and was a +little way down the beach now hurrying toward him. The business was +urgent. +</p> +<p> +"Go back without me," the Colonel said. "I may be kept here for some +time." But Elizabeth had had enough of sailing for that day; she was +already on shore and said that she would rather walk home. As Pepperell +left her with an apology she walked on a few rods, and stopped to speak +to a fisherman cleaning his boat. She had seen him at the house and had +heard that he had lost his child the week before. As she turned from him +she went on slowly until she came to where a boulder towered over her +head and seemed to bar her progress except along the shore. She knew the +zigzag way that wound about its base and led her into the straight path +again which would take her across the grounds of Seascape and bring her +into the road not far from Colonel Pepperell's home. But before she had +time to enter this way, voices on the other side of the boulder startled +her. Her first thought was that Lady Dacre and her husband had come +back. But she perceived that the tones were Bulchester's. She stood +still an instant, wishing that she could reach the road without being +obliged to talk to him or any one, she felt so little like it. But there +was no hope of that. There was a rough seat cut in the stone on the +other side; the views landward and seaward were delightful; the great +elm near by shaded the place, and Bulchester had probably ensconced +himself there with somebody else. She must go by, and if they even +joined her, it was no matter. She made a movement forward, when +Edrnonson's voice with a ring that she had never heard in it came to her +ears. Yet it was not his tones, but his words, that made her cower and +stand motionless with startled eyes and parted lips, until, slowly, as +wonder grew into disgust, her face crimsoned from brow to throat and +drooped, as if to hide from itself. Was this the way that men spoke of +women, with sneers, with scoffing? In all her innocent life she had +never looked even through bars at the world that such expressions +revealed, dimly enough to her veiled in her simplicity. +</p> +<p> +The Puritan spirit of her country, that although it sometimes put bands +on the freeman, chained the brute in human nature in his dungeon, lest +his breath in the land should breed death, had been in such accord with +her own fair womanhood that she had not realized that all the world was +not as safe as her own home, as safe, though not as happy. Yet the sneer +that Edmonson had + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>[124]</span> + + spoken seemed to him so slight, so much a matter of course, that it was +forgotten as soon as uttered; it was merely his way of looking at a +world unknown to his listener. She did not know of what woman it was +that he had dared to speak with such contempt; probably of some one she +had never seen. It was not at the stranger alone; it was through her at +all women that the mire of suspicion had been thrown. +</p> +<p> +She could not go forward now, and while she stood trying to grow calm +through her indignation and seeing that she must go home by the other +road, which would take her quite a distance out of her way, scraps of +the conversation that fell upon her ears found lodgment in her mind. The +two seemed to be talking of some man now. Then all at once she heard +Bulchester say: +</p> +<p> +"It's the oddity that takes you;"—she had lost what went before—"that +will soon wear off. But I'm glad enough you're not as wise as I, to +prefer the other. What makes you so sure, though, that he has secured +your—?" In some movement she lost the last word and the answer, unless +it were merely a significant exclamation of belief. "You wouldn't stand +upon the chances of change though," resumed Bulchester, "I know you well +enough. But, according to you, there's the insuperable obstacle." +</p> +<p> +Edmonson laughed contemptuously. +</p> +<p> +"Insuperable?" he answered. "Stray shots have taken off more superfluous +kings and men than the world knows of. And just now, with this prospect +of war before the country, something is sure to happen,—to happen, +Bulchester; luck has a passion for me, and after all her caprices, she +is coming to—." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth lost the rest of the sentence. She was already on her way home +by the other road, treading softly while on the beach, lest the pebbles +should betray her footsteps. When she was well out of hearing she +stopped a moment to take breath. She stood looking out upon the expanse +of ocean before her as if her sight could reach to the unknown world +beyond it. +</p> +<p> +"Last night," she said, "I thought the worst had come to me. I was +wrong." +</p> +<h4> +[TO BE CONTINUED.] +</h4> + +<a name="note-2"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>2</u> (<a href="#noteref-2">return</a>)<br /> +Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk. +</p> + +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0012" id="h2H_4_0012"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + MEMORY'S PICTURES. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Charles Carleton Coffin</span>, 1846. +</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> It is a pleasure to throw back the door, </p> +<p class="i5"> And view the relics of departed hours; </p> +<p class="i2"> To brush the cobwebs from the ancient lore, </p> +<p class="i5"> And turn again the book of withered flowers. </p> +<p class="i2"> Within the dusty chambers of the past, </p> +<p class="i5"> Old pictures hang upon the crumbling walls; </p> +<p class="i2"> Dim shadowy forms are in the twilight cast, </p> +<p class="i5"> And many a dance is whirling through the halls. </p> +<p class="i2"> There are bright fires blazing on the hearth, </p> +<p class="i5"> The merry shout falls on the ear again; </p> +<p class="i2"> And little footsteps patter down the path, </p> +<p class="i5"> Just like the coming of the summer rain. </p> +<p class="i2"> I hear the music of the rippling rill, </p> +<p class="i5"> The dews of morn are sprinkled on my cheek; </p> +<p class="i2"> While down the valley and upon the hill </p> +<p class="i5"> The laughing echoes play their hide-and-seek. </p> +<p class="i2"> I roam the meadow where the violets grow, </p> +<p class="i5"> I watch the shadows o'er the mountain creep; </p> +<p class="i2"> I bathe my feet where sparkling fountains flow, </p> +<p class="i5"> Or bow my head on moss-grown rocks to sleep. </p> +<p class="i2"> I hear the bell ring out the passing hour, </p> +<p class="i5"> I hear its music o 'er the valleys flung; </p> +<p class="i2"> O, what a preacher is that time-worn tower, </p> +<p class="i5"> Reading great sermons with its iron tongue! </p> +<p class="i2"> The old church clock, forever swinging slow, </p> +<p class="i5"> With moving hands at morning and at even, </p> +<p class="i2"> Points to the sleepers in the yard below, </p> +<p class="i5"> Then lifts them upward to the distant heaven. </p> +<p class="i2"> How will such memories o' er the spirit stray, </p> +<p class="i5"> Of hopes and joys, of sorrows and of tears; </p> +<p class="i2"> They are the tomb-stones time will ne'er decay, </p> +<p class="i5"> Although the moss will gather with the years. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>[125]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0013" id="h2H_4_0013"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + EARLY ENGLISH POETRY. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Professor Edwin H. Sanborn, LL.D.</span> +</h3> +<p> +Our Saxon ancestors when they conquered England, were rude, barbarous, +and cruel. The gods of their worship were bloodthirsty and revengeful. +Odin, their chief divinity, in his celestial hall drank ale from the +skulls of his enemies. In the year 596, the Monk Augustine, or Austin, +was sent by Pope Gregory to attempt their conversion to Christianity. He +and his associates were so successful that on one occasion ten thousand +converts were baptized in one day. Of course their conversion was +external and nominal. They still clung to their old superstitions and +customs. But with the new religion came new ideas. +</p> +<p> +Manuscripts were circulated; monasteries and schools were founded, and +learning was somewhat diffused. The Saxon language is marked by three +several epochs: +</p> +<p> +1st. From the irruption of the Saxons into Britain, A.D. 449, to the +invasion of the Danes, including a period of 330 years. +</p> +<p> +2d. The Danish-Saxon period, continuing to the Norman conquest, A.D. +1066. +</p> +<p> +3d. The Norman-Saxon era, running down to the close of Henry II's reign. +Of the first period, but a single specimen remains, and that a quotation +by King Alfred; of the 2d period, numerous specimens both in verse and +prose are extant; with the last period, the annals of English poetry +commence. +</p> +<p> +The three dialects of these three literary epochs illustrate fully the +changes which the old Saxon tongue underwent during the five centuries +of its growth into the modern English. +</p> +<p> +Learning was chiefly confined to the church, during the dark ages; of +course, the great lights of Saxon England were prelates, except Alfred, +and most of them wrote in Latin. +</p> +<p> +The venerable Bede (born 673, died 735), as he is styled, who wrote +in the eighth century, was a profoundly learned man for those times. +His writings embrace all topics then included in the knowledge of the +schools or the Church. His works were published at Cologne, in 1612, +in eight folio volumes. Another of the ornaments of this century was +Alcuin, librarian and pupil of Egbert, Archbishop of York. He enjoyed +a European reputation; was invited to France, by Charlemangne, to +superintend his own studies; and was thought by some to have been the +founder of the University of Paris. He was contemporary with Bede, was +acquainted with the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, languages and composed +treatises on music, logic, rhetoric, astronomy and grammar; besides +lives of saints, commentaries on the Bible, homiles, epistles and +verses. +</p> +<p> +From the age of these authors learning declined till Alfred appeared. +"At my accession to the throne," he remarks, "all knowledge and learning +were extinguished in the Englsh nation, insomuch, that there were very +few to the south of the Humber who understood the common prayers of the +Church, or were capable of translating a single sentence of Latin into +English; but to the north of the Thames, I cannot recollect so much as +one who could do this." King Alfred was an eminent lover and promotor of +learning. His works in the Saxon tongue, both original and translated, +were numerous and valuable. His glory + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>[126]</span> + + as a scholar is not eclipsed by his fame as a legislator. In both +respects he has no peer in England's line of Kings. He is reputed to +have been the founder of the University of Oxford, as well as the +originator of the "Trial by Jury." He died A.D. 900 or 901. +</p> +<p> +John Scot, or Johannes Scotus Engena, flourished during Alfred's reign, +was a lecturer at Oxford, and the founder or chief prompter of +scholastic divinity. The earliest specimen of the Anglo-Saxon language +extant is the Lord's prayer, translated from the Greek by Ealdfride, +Bishop of Sindisfarne, or Holy Island, about the year 700: +</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> "Urin</td><td> Fader </td><td> thic </td><td> arth</td><td> in heofnas; </td></tr> +<tr><td> Our </td><td> father</td><td> which</td><td> art </td><td> in heaven; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> sic </td><td>gehalgud </td><td>thin </td><td>noma; </td></tr> +<tr><td> be </td><td>hallowed </td><td>thy </td><td>name; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> to cymeth </td><td>thin </td><td>ryc; </td></tr> +<tr><td> to come </td><td>thy </td><td>kingdom: </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> sic </td><td>thin </td><td>willa </td><td>sue </td><td>is in heofnas </td><td>& </td><td>in eorthe; </td></tr> +<tr><td> be </td><td>thy </td><td>will </td><td>so </td><td>is in heaven </td><td>and </td><td>in earth; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> urin </td><td>hlaf </td><td>ofirwistlic </td><td>sel </td><td>us to daig; </td></tr> +<tr><td> our </td><td>loaf </td><td>super-excellent </td><td>give </td><td>us to day; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> and forgefe </td><td>us scylda </td><td>urna; </td></tr> +<tr><td> and forgive </td><td>us debts </td><td>ours; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> sue </td><td>we forgefan </td><td>scyldgum </td><td>urum; </td></tr> +<tr><td> so </td><td>we forgiven </td><td>debts of </td><td>ours; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> and no </td><td>inlead </td><td>usig </td><td>in </td><td>custnung; </td></tr> +<tr><td> and not </td><td>lead </td><td>us </td><td>into </td><td>temptation; </td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" summary="Translation grouped by line and phrase"> +<tr><td> ah </td><td>gefrig </td><td>usich </td><td>from ifle. </td></tr> +<tr><td> but </td><td>free </td><td>us each </td><td>from evil. </td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p> +The new Danish irruptions again arrested the progress of learning, and +ignorance and misery, as is usual, followed in the train of war. Alfred +had restored learning and promoted the arts of peace. But his successors +failed to sustain the institutions he planted. He is said to have shone +with the lustre of the brightest day of summer amidst the gloom of a +long, dark, and stormy, winter. Before the Norman conquest the +Anglo-Saxon tongue fell into disrepute; and French teachers and French +manners were affected by the high-born. +</p> +<p> +During the reign of Edward, the Confessor, it ceased to be cultivated; +and after the Conqueror, it became more barbarous and vulgar, as it was +then the sign of servility, and the badge of an enslaved race. +</p> +<p> +As early as the year 652, the Anglo-Saxons were accustomed to send their +youth to French monasteries to be educated. In succeeding centuries the +court and nobility were intimately allied to the magnates of France; and +the adoption of French manners was deemed an accomplishment. The +conquerors commanded the laws to be administered in French. Children at +school were forbidden to read their native language, and the English +name became a term of reproach. An old writer in the eleventh century +says: "Children in scole, agenst the usage and manir of all other +nations, beeth compelled for to leve hire own langage, and for to +construe his lessons and thynges in Frenche, and so they haveth sethe +Normans came first into England." The Saxon was spoken by the peasants, +in the country, yet not without an intermixture of French; the courtly +language was French with some vestiges of the vernacular Saxon. +</p> +<p> +The Conqueror's army was composed of the flower of the Norman nobility. +They brought with them the taste, the arts, and the refinements, they +had acquired in France. European schools and scholars had been greatly +benefitted by studying Latin versions of Greek philosophers from the +Arabic. Many learned men of the laity also became teachers, and the +Church no longer enjoyed a monopoly of letters. They travelled into +Spain to attend the Arabic schools. +</p> +<p> +It is a remarkable fact that Greek learning should have travelled +through Bagdad to reach Europe. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>[127]</span> +</p> +<p> +The Arabs were as fond of letters as of war. In the eighth century, when +they overran the Asiatic provinces, they found many Greek books which +they read with eagerness. They translated such as best pleased them into +Arabic. Greek poetry they rejected because it was polytheistic. Of Greek +history they made no use, because it recorded events prior to the advent +of their prophet. The politics of Greece and its eloquence were not +congenial to their despotic notions, and so they passed them by. Grecian +ethics were suspended by the Koran, hence Plato was overlooked. +Mathematics, metaphysics, logic, and medicine, accorded with their +tastes. Hence they translated and studied Aristotle, Galen, and +Hippocrates, and illustrated them with voluminous commentaries. These +works stimulated native authors to write new treatises. The Arabs, +therefore, became distinguished for their skill in logic, medicine, +mathematics, and kindred studies. They founded universities during the +eighth century in the cities of Spain and Africa. Charlemagne commanded +their books to be translated into Latin; thus Aristotle entered Europe +through Asia by the double door of the Arabic and Latin tongues, and, by +long prescription, still holds his place in European schools. +</p> +<p> +Charlemagne founded the universities of Bononia, Pavia, Paris, and +Osnaburg, in Hanover. These became centres for propagating the new +sciences. The Normans, too, shared in the general progress of learning, +and carried with them their attainments into England. The wild +imagination of the Saracens kindled a love of romantic fiction, wherever +their influence was felt. The crusades made the Europeans intimately +acquainted with the literature of the Arabs. Says Marton, who maintains +that romantic fiction originated in Arabia, in his "History of English +Poetry," "Amid the gloom of superstition, in an age of the grossest +ignorance and credulity, a taste for the wonders of oriental fiction was +introduced by the Arabians into Europe, many countries of which were +already seasoned to a reception of its extravagancies by means of the +poetry of the Gothic scalds, who, perhaps, originally derived their +ideas from the same fruitful region of invention. +</p> +<p> +"These fictions coinciding with the reigning manners, and perpetually +kept up and improved in the tales of troubadours and minstrels, seem to +have centred about the eleventh century in the ideal histories of Turpin +and Geoffrey of Monmouth, which record the suppositious achievements of +Charlemagne and King Arthur, where they formed the groundwork of that +species of narrative called romance. And from these beginnings or +causes, afterwards enlarged and enriched by kindred fancies fetched from +the crusades, that singular and capricious mode of imagination arose, +which at length composed the marvellous machineries of the more sublime +Italian poets, and of their disciple Spenser." The theory which traces +romantic fiction to the Arabs is but partially true. The entire +literature of that age was monstrous, full of the most absurd and +extravagant fancies. History was fabulous; poetry mendacious and +philosophy erroneous. Theology abounded in pious frauds. Monks and +minstrels vied with each other in the invention of lying legends to +adorn the lives of heroes and saints. All classes of the community +shared in the general delusion, and the supernatural seemed more +credible than the natural. In tracing the progress of learning, in +England, I propose, during the remainder of the present paper to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>[128]</span> + + discuss one inconsiderable yet <i>important</i> element of modern +civilization, which is often entirely overlooked. I refer to "Lyric +Poetry." +</p> +<p> +The lyre is one of the oldest of musical instruments. Its invention is +ascribed to a god. Its Saxon name is harp. It was the favorite +instrument of the ancient Hebrews, as well as of the Greeks. The Saxons, +Britons and Danes regarded it with veneration, and protected by legal +enactments those who played upon it. Their persons were esteemed +inviolable and secured from injuries by heavy penalities. By the laws of +Wales, slaves were forbidden to practice upon it; and no creditor could +seize the harp of his debtor. That minstrels were a privileged class is +manifested from king Alfred's penetrating the Danish camp (878) +disguised as a harper. Sixty years after a Danish king visited King +Athelstan's camp in the same disguise. It was also said of Aldhelm, one +of the leading scholars of the eighth century: "He was an excellent +harper, a most eloquent Saxon and Latin poet, a most expert chanter, or +a singer, a doctor egregius, and admirably versed in scriptures and +liberal sciences." The minstrel was a regular and stated officer of the +Anglo-Saxon kings. Poetry is always the earliest form of literature; +song the earliest form of poetry. The Muse adapts her lessons to the +nation's infancy and adds the charm of melody to verse. No nation is +destitute of lyric poetry. Even the North American Indians have their +war songs, though their individual worship of their gods has prevented +the creation of any national poetry for associated worship. The +Scandinavians have but one term for the poet and the singer. The +Northern <i>scald</i> invented and recited his own songs and epics. In +other countries the poet and minstrel performed separate duties. "The +Minstrels," says Bishop Percy, "were an order of men in the Middle Ages +who subsisted by the arts of poetry and music, and sang to the harp +verses composed by themselves and others. They appear to have +accompanied their songs with mimicry and action. They are called in +Latin of the day <i>histriones</i>, <i>Mimi</i> and <i>Scurræ</i>. Such arts +rendered them exceedingly popular in this and in neighboring countries, +where no high scene of festivity was esteemed complete that was not set +off with the exercise of their talents; and where so long as the spirit +of chivalry existed, they were protected and caressed, because their +songs tended to do honor to the ruling passion of the times, and to +encourage and foment a martial spirit." +</p> +<p> +They were the legitimate successors of the bards and scalds of early +times whose art was considered divine and their songs worthy of regal +patronage. They were the historians, genealogists, poets, and musicians, +of the land. The word minstrel is derived from the Latin +<i>minister</i>, a servant, because they were classed among the King's +attendants. An earlier Saxon name for this class of performers was +"Gleeman," in rude English, a Jogeler or Jocular; Latin, "Joculator." +The word "glee" is from the Saxon "gligg," meaning music; and the +meaning now attached to that word shows how intimately associated were +pleasure and music in the national mind. The harp was the most ancient +of Saxon musical instruments. It continued in use for a thousand years. +It was well known in the time of Chaucer. His <i>Frere</i> could play +upon it and sing to it; the merry "wife of Bath" had frequently danced +to it in her youth. It was an ordinary accompaniment of revels and +tavern festivals. It continued in use till the reign of Elizabeth. In + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>[129]</span> + + Dr. Percy's "Reliques of ancient English poetry" he speaks of the +minstrels as an order of men in the Middle Ages, highly honored, +retained and pensioned by kings, lavishly rewarded by nobles, and kindly +entertained by the common people.<a href="#note-3" name="noteref-3"><small>3</small></a> Ritson in his "Ancient Songs" +admits that such an "order" of singers existed in France, but never in +England; that individuals wandered up and down the country chanting +romances and singing songs or ballads to the harp or fiddle; but that +they never enjoyed the respect of the high born or received favors from +them. The church evidently looked upon them with disfavor, as the +enemies of sobriety and the promoters of revelry and mirth. In the +sixteenth century they lost all credit and were classed, in penal +enactments, with "rogues and vagabonds." One reason of the decline of +minstrelsy was the introduction of printing and the advance of learning: +that which might afford amusement and pleasure when sung to the harp, +lost its point and spirit when read in retirement from the printed page. +Their composition would not bear criticism. Besides, the market had +become overstocked with these musical wares; as the religious houses had +with homilies and saintly legends. The consideration bestowed on the +early minstrels "enticed into their ranks idle vagabonds," according to +the act of Edward I, who went about the country under color of +minstrelsy; men who cared more about the supper than the song; who for +base lucre divorced the arts of writing and reciting and stole other +men's thunder. Their social degeneracy may be traced in the dictionary. +The chanter of the "gests" of kings, <i>gesta ducum regumque</i>, +dwindled into a gesticulator, a jester: the honored jogelar of Provence, +into a mountebank; the jockie, a doggrel ballad-monger. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Beggars they are by one consent, </p> +<p class="i2"> And rogues by act of Parliament. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +What a fall was there from their former high estate and reverence. The +earliest minstrels of the Norman courts, doubtless, came from France, +where their rank was almost regal. +</p> +<p> +Froissart, describing a Christmas festival given by Comte de Foix in the +fourteenth century, says: +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "There were many Mynstrels as well of hys own as of strangers, and + eache of them dyd their devoyres in their facalties. The same day + the Earl of Foix gave to Hauralds and Minstrelles the sum of 500 + franks, and gave to the Duke of Tonrayns Mynstreles gouns of cloth + of gold furred with ermyne valued at 200 franks." +</p> +<p> +The courts of kings swarmed with these merry singers in the Dark Ages, +and such sums were expended upon them, that they often drained the royal +treasuries. In William's army there was a brave warrior named Taillefer, +who was as renowned for minstrelsy as for arms. Like Tyrtæus and Alemon, +in Sparta, he inspired his comrades with courage by his martial strains, +and actually led the van in the fight against the English, chanting the +praises of Charlemagne, and Roland. Richard Cœur de Lion was a +distinguished patron of minstrels as well as "the mirror of chivalry." +He was sought out in his prison in Austria by a faithful harper who made +himself known by singing a French song under the window of the castle in +which the king was confined. Blondel was the harper's name. The French +song translated reads thus: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Your beauty, lady fair, </p> +<p class="i4"> None views without delight; </p> +<p class="i2"> But still so cold an air </p> +<p class="i4"> No passion can excite. </p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>[130]</span> + +<p class="i2"> Yet still I patient see </p> +<p class="i2"> While all are shun'd like me. </p> +<p class="i2"> No nymph my heart can wound </p> +<p class="i4"> If favor she divide, </p> +<p class="i2"> And smiles on all around </p> +<p class="i4"> Unwilling to decide; </p> +<p class="i2"> I'd rather hatred bear, </p> +<p class="i2"> Than love with others share." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +Edward I had a harper in his train, in his crusade to the Holy Land, who +stood by his side in battle. +</p> +<p> +That same king in his conquest of Wales is said to have murdered all the +bards that fell into his hands lest they should rouse the nation again +to arms. Gray's poem, "The Bard," was written upon that theme. I will +quote a few lines: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Dear lost companions of my tuneful art, </p> +<p class="i4"> Dear as the light that visits these eyes, </p> +<p class="i2"> Dear as the ruddy drops that warm my heart, </p> +<p class="i4"> Ye died amidst your dying country's cries— </p> +<p class="i2"> No more I weep. They do not sleep. </p> +<p class="i4"> On yonder cliffs a griesly band, </p> +<p class="i2"> I see them sit; they linger yet, </p> +<p class="i4"> Avengers of their native land." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +That the minstrel was a privileged character in England down to the +reign of Elizabeth is proved by history, by frequent allusions to them +in the current literature of the times, and by the large body of songs, +ballads, and metrical romances, still extant which are ascribed to them. +They were essential to the complete education of a knight as tutors: for +no accomplishment was more valued in the days of chivalry than the +playing of the harp and the composition of songs in honor of the fair. +Before the origin of printing they acted as publishers of the works of +more renowned poets by public recitations of their works. The period of +their greatest celebrity was about the middle of the fifteenth century. +The minstrel chose his own subject and so long as he discoursed to +warriors of heroes and enchanters, and to gay knights of true love and +fair ladies, he would not want patient and gratified listeners. +</p> +<p> +The great sources of Gothic romance are a British History of Arthur and +his wizzard, Merlin, by Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford, translated into +Latin by Geoffrey of Monmouth; the history of Charlemagne and his twelve +peers, forged by Turpin, a monk of the eighth century; the History of +Troy, in two Latin works, which passed under the names of Dares Phrygius +and Dictys Cretensis; and the History of Alexander the Great, originally +written in Persic and translated into Greek by Simeon Seth, A.D. 1070, +and again turned into Latin by Giraldus Cambrensis about the year 1200. +These four works with variations, additions, and dilutions, formed the +staple of romantic fiction in verse in the Dark Ages. +</p> +<p> +The minor songs and ballads which were called forth by passing events +were usually amorous, sportive, gay, and often gross, yet suited to a +rude age. +</p> +<p> +Ellis in his specimens of the early English poets has given us sketches +of one hundred and sixty-one writers of songs from the year 1230 to +1650, after a careful search through this whole period for literary +gems. The first edition of his work consisted almost entirely of love +songs and sonnets; the revised edition has greater variety; but our +circle of ideas is so enlarged, our habits are so different from those +of by-gone centuries, that we look over this rare collection of old +poems, rather to learn the manners of the people, than to enjoy the +diction of their songs. We cannot doubt that this species of poetry +excited an important influence when it was the staple of popular +education and amusement. +</p> +<p> +A maxim is current among us which has been successively ascribed to many +great thinkers, which shows the value usually set on compositions of +this kind. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>[131]</span> + + It is this: "Let me make the songs of a people and I care not who makes +their laws." +</p> +<p> +A ballad is a story in verse whose incidents awaken the sympathies and +excite the passions of those who listen. The song is designed to express +deep emotion, joy or sorrow, hope or fear and appeals directly to the +feelings. Here, often, the singing is more than the sentiment; the tones +of the chanter are often more touching than the thoughts of the Emperor. +A national ode must have a national element in it; it must reflect the +passions that burn in the people's breasts. Local topics, too, may call +forth a general interest when they describe trials or triumphs which all +may share. Says Carlyle: "In a peasant's death-bed there may be the +fifth act of a tragedy. In the ballad which details the adventures and +the fate of a partisan warrior or a love-lorn knight,—the foray of a +border chieftain or the lawless bravery of a forrester; a Douglass, or a +Robin Hood,—there may be the materials of a rich romance. Whatever be +the subject of the song, high or low, sacred or secular, there is this +peculiarity about it, it expresses essentially the popular spirit, the +common sentiment, which the rudest breast may feel, yet which is not +beneath the most cultivated. It is peculiarly the birth of the popular +affections. It celebrates some event which the universal heart clings +to, which, for joy or sorrow, awaken the memories of every mind." Hence +we learn the history of a nation's heart from their songs as we learn +their martial history from their armor. +</p> +<p> +The oldest song, set to music, which is now known is the following: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i3"> "Summer is y-comen in, </p> +<p class="i4"> Loude sing cuckoo: </p> +<p class="i2"> Groweth seed, </p> +<p class="i2"> And bloweth mead, </p> +<p class="i2"> And springeth the wood now; </p> +<p class="i4"> Sing Cuckoo! </p> +<p class="i4"> Ewe bleateth after lamb, </p> +<p class="i6"> Lowth after calf cow; </p> +<p class="i2"> Bullock starteth, </p> +<p class="i4"> Buck resteth </p> +<p class="i6"> Merry sing cuckoo! </p> +<p class="i6"> Cuckoo, Cuckoo! </p> +<p class="i4"> Well sings thou cuckoo! </p> +<p class="i4"> Ne swick thou never now." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +The old ballads seem to have no paternity. They spring up like flowers, +spontaneously. Most of them are of unknown date and unknown authorship. +The structure, language, and spelling of many have been so modified, by +successive reciters, that their original form is now lost. We have a +short summary of King Arthur's history, the great hero of romance, in a +comparatively modern ballad. I will quote it: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Of Brutus' blood, in Brittane born, </p> +<p class="i4"> King Arthur I am to name: </p> +<p class="i2"> Through Christendome and Heathynesse </p> +<p class="i4"> Well known is my worthy fame. </p> +<p class="i2"> In Jesus Christ I doe beleeve; </p> +<p class="i4"> I am a Christyan born: </p> +<p class="i2"> The Father, Sone and Holy Gost </p> +<p class="i4"> One God I doe adore. </p> +<p class="i2"> In the four hundreed nintieth yeere </p> +<p class="i4"> Over Brittaine I did rayne, </p> +<p class="i2"> After my Savior Christ his byrth: </p> +<p class="i4"> What time I did maintaine. </p> +<p class="i2"> The fellowshippe of the table round </p> +<p class="i4"> Soe famous in those days; </p> +<p class="i2"> Whereatt a hundred noble Knights </p> +<p class="i4"> And thirty sat alwayes; </p> +<p class="i2"> Who for their deeds and martiall feates, </p> +<p class="i4"> As bookes dou yet record, </p> +<p class="i2"> Amongst all other nations </p> +<p class="i4"> Wer feared through the world. </p> +<p class="i2"> And in the castle of Tayntagill, </p> +<p class="i4"> King Uther me begate </p> +<p class="i2"> Of Agyana, a bewtyous ladye, </p> +<p class="i4"> And come of hie estate. </p> +<p class="i2"> And when I was fifteen yeer old, </p> +<p class="i4"> Then was I crowned Kinge; </p> +<p class="i2"> All Brittaine that was att an uprore </p> +<p class="i4"> I did to quiett bring </p> +<p class="i2"> And drove the Saxons from the realme, </p> +<p class="i4"> Who had oppressed this land; </p> +<p class="i2"> All Scotland then throughe manly feates </p> +<p class="i4"> I conquered with my hand. </p> +<p class="i2"> Ireland, Denmarke, Norway, </p> +<p class="i4"> These countryes won I all </p> +<p class="i2"> Iseland, Getheland and Swothland; </p> +<p class="i4"> And mad their kings my thrall </p> +<p class="i2"> I conquered all Galya, </p> +<p class="i4"> That now is called France; </p> +<p class="i2"> And slew the hardye Froll in Field </p> +<p class="i4"> My honor to advance, </p> +<p class="i2"> And the ugly gyant Dynabus </p> +<p class="i4"> Soe terrible to vewe, </p> +<p class="i2"> That in Saint Barnard's Mount did lye, </p> +<p class="i4"> By force of armes, I slew; </p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>[132]</span> + +<p class="i2"> And Lucyus, the emperor of Rome </p> +<p class="i4"> I brought to deadly wracke; </p> +<p class="i2"> And a thousand more of noble knightes </p> +<p class="i4"> For feare did turn their backe; </p> +<p class="i2"> Five kings of "Haynims" I did kill </p> +<p class="i4"> Amidst that bloody strife; </p> +<p class="i2"> Besides the Grecian emperor </p> +<p class="i4"> Who also lost his liffe. </p> +<p class="i2"> Whose carcasse I did send to Rome </p> +<p class="i4"> Cladd pourlye on a beete; </p> +<p class="i2"> And afterward I past Mount Joye </p> +<p class="i4"> The next approaching yeer. </p> +<p class="i2"> Then I came to Rome where I was mett </p> +<p class="i4"> Right as a conquerer </p> +<p class="i2"> And by all the cardinalls solempnelye </p> +<p class="i4"> I was crowned an emperor. </p> +<p class="i2"> One winter there I mad abode; </p> +<p class="i4"> Then word to mee was brought </p> +<p class="i2"> Howe Mordred had oppressed the crown; </p> +<p class="i4"> What treason he had wrought. </p> +<p class="i2"> Att home in Brittaine with my queene: </p> +<p class="i4"> Therefore I came with speed </p> +<p class="i2"> To Brittaine back with all my power </p> +<p class="i4"> To quitt that traterous deede. </p> +<p class="i2"> And soon at Sandwich I arrivde </p> +<p class="i4"> Where Mordred me withstoode. </p> +<p class="i2"> But yett at last I landed there </p> +<p class="i4"> With effusion of much blood. </p> +<p class="i2"> Thence chased I Mordred away </p> +<p class="i4"> Who fledd to London right, </p> +<p class="i2"> From London to Winchester, and </p> +<p class="i4"> To Comeballe took his flight. </p> +<p class="i2"> And stile I him pursued with speed </p> +<p class="i4"> Tile at the last wee mett: </p> +<p class="i2"> Uhevby an appointed day of fight </p> +<p class="i4"> Was there agreed and sett </p> +<p class="i2"> Where we did fight of mortal life </p> +<p class="i4"> Eche other to deprive, </p> +<p class="i2"> Tile of a hundred thousand men </p> +<p class="i4"> Scarce one was left alive. </p> +<p class="i2"> There all the noble chevalrye </p> +<p class="i4"> Of Brittaine took their end </p> +<p class="i2"> Oh see how fickle is their state </p> +<p class="i4"> That doe on feates depend. </p> +<p class="i2"> There all the traiterous men were slaine </p> +<p class="i4"> Not one escapte away </p> +<p class="i2"> And there dyed all my vallyant knights </p> +<p class="i4"> Alas! that woful day! </p> +<p class="i2"> Two and twenty yeere I ware the crown </p> +<p class="i4"> In honor and grete fame; </p> +<p class="i2"> And thus by deth<a href="#note-4" name="noteref-4"><small>4</small></a> suddenlye </p> +<p class="i4"> Deprived of the same. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +Some distinguished English critics, like Warton and Dr. Warburton, +maintain that the materials as well as the taste for romantic fiction +were derived almost exclusively from the Arabians. They assume therefore +that the traditions, fables and mode of thought in Northern Asia from +whence the Scandinavians and Germans are supposed to have originated, +were identical with those which the secluded people of Arabia afterwards +incorporated into their literature. It is more natural to assume that +there is always a similarity in the mythologies, as in the manners, +religion, and armor of rude ages and races. Respect for woman was a +characteristic of the northern nations of Europe, and not of the +Mohammedans. This is an all pervading element in romantic and chivalric +fiction. The Northmen believed in giants and dwarfs; in wizzards and +fairies; in necromancy and enchantments; as well as the Oriental +natives. It is reasonable, therefore, to assume that the immense tide of +song which inundated Europe from the eleventh to the sixteenth century, +under the form of metrical romances, ballads, and songs, was made up of +confluent streams from classical, Oriental, and Gothic mythologies. The +Troubadours of Province (from Provincia, by way of eminence), the +legitimate successors of the Latin citharcedi, the British bards, the +northern scalds, the Saxon gleemen, and English harpers, all contributed +in turn to form English minstrelsy and French romance. The Latin tongue +ceased to be spoken in France about the ninth century. The new language +used in its stead was a mixture of bad Latin and the language of the +Franks. As their speech was a medley, so was their poetry. As the songs +of chivalry were the most popular compositions in the new or Romance +language, they were called Romans, or Romants. They appeared about the +eleventh century. The stories of Arthur and his round table are +doubtless of British origin. It is evident that the Northmen had the +elements of chivalry in them long before that institution became famous, +as is shown by the story of Regner Lodbrog, the celebrated warrior and +sea king, who landed in Denmark about the year 800. A Swedish Prince + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>[133]</span> + + had intrusted his beautiful daughter to the care of one of his nobles +who cruelly detained her in his castle under pretence of making her his +wife. The King made proclamation that whoever would rescue her should +have her in marriage. Regner alone achieved her rescue. The name of the +traitorous man was Orme, which in the Islandic tongue means a serpent, +hence the story that the maiden was guarded by a dragon, which her bold +deliverer slew. The history of Richard I. is full of such romantic +adventures. Shakespeare, in his play of King John, alludes to an exploit +of Richard in slaying a lion, whence the epithet "Cœur de Lion," which +is given in no history. He says: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Needs must you lay your heart at his dispose </p> +<p class="i2"> Against whose furie and unmatched force, </p> +<p class="i2"> The aweless lion could not wage the fight </p> +<p class="i2"> Nor keep his princely heart from Richard's hand: </p> +<p class="i2"> He that perforce robs lions of their hearts </p> +<p class="i2"> May easily winne a woman's." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +This allusion is fully explained in the old romance of Richard Cœur de +Lion. The King travelling as "a palmer in Almaye," from the Holy Land, +was seized as a spy and imprisoned. Being challenged to a trial of +pugilism by the King's son, he slew him. The King to avenge his son's +death let in a hungry lion upon the royal prisoner. The King's daughter, +who loved the captive, sent him forty ells of white silk "kerchers" to +bind about him as a defence against the lion's teeth and claws. The +romance thus proceeds: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> The kever-chefes he toke on hand, </p> +<p class="i2"> And aboute his arme he wonde; </p> +<p class="i2"> And thought in that ylke while </p> +<p class="i2"> To slee the lyon with some gyle </p> +<p class="i2"> And syngle in a kyrtyle he strode </p> +<p class="i2"> And abode the lyon fyers and wode, </p> +<p class="i2"> With that came the jaylere, </p> +<p class="i2"> And other men that with him were </p> +<p class="i2"> And the lyon them amonge; </p> +<p class="i2"> His pawes were stiffe and stronge. </p> +<p class="i2"> His chamber dore they undone </p> +<p class="i2"> And the lyon to them is gone </p> +<p class="i2"> Rycharde aayd Helpe Lord Jesu! </p> +<p class="i2"> The lyon made to him venu, </p> +<p class="i2"> And wolde him have alle to rente: </p> +<p class="i2"> Kynge Rycharde beside hym glente </p> +<p class="i2"> The lyon on the breste hym spurned </p> +<p class="i2"> That about he turned, </p> +<p class="i2"> The lyon was hongry and megre, </p> +<p class="i2"> And bette his tail to be egre; </p> +<p class="i2"> He loked about as he were madde, </p> +<p class="i2"> He cryd lowde and yaned wyde. </p> +<p class="i2"> Kynge Richarde bethought him that tyde </p> +<p class="i2"> What hym was beste, and to him sterte </p> +<p class="i2"> In at the thide his hand he gerte, </p> +<p class="i2"> And rente out the beste with his hond </p> +<p class="i2"> Lounge and all that he there fonde. </p> +<p class="i2"> The lyon fell deed on the grounde </p> +<p class="i2"> Rycharde felt no wem ne wounde. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +On such fictitious incidents in the romances of past ages, Shakespeare +undoubtedly built many of his dramas. The story of Shylock in the +Merchant of Venice is found in an old English ballad. I will quote a few +stanzas to indicate the identity of Shylock and "Germutus, the Jew of +Venice." +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> The bloudie Jew now ready is </p> +<p class="i4"> With whetted blade in hand </p> +<p class="i2"> To spoyle the bloud of innocent, </p> +<p class="i4"> By forfeit of his bond, </p> +<p class="i2"> And as he was about to strike </p> +<p class="i4"> In him the deadly blow; </p> +<p class="i2"> Stay, quoth the judge, thy crueltie </p> +<p class="i4"> I charge thee to do so. </p> +<p class="i2"> Sith needs thou wilt thy forfeit have </p> +<p class="i4"> Which is of flesh a pound; </p> +<p class="i2"> See that thou shed no drop of bloud </p> +<p class="i4"> Nor yet the man confound </p> +<p class="i2"> For if thou do, like murderer </p> +<p class="i4"> Thou here shall hanged be; </p> +<p class="i2"> Likewise of flesh see that thou cut </p> +<p class="i4"> No more than longs to thee; </p> +<p class="i2"> For if thou take either more or lesse </p> +<p class="i4"> To the value of a mite </p> +<p class="i2"> Thou shall be hanged presently </p> +<p class="i4"> As is both law and right. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +It is reasonable to suppose the miser thereupon departed cursing the law +and leaving the merchant alive. +</p> +<p> +There is, also, a famous ballad called "King Leir and His Daughters," +which embodies the story of Shakespeare's tragedy of <i>Lear</i>. It +commences thus: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> So on a time it pleased the king </p> +<p class="i4"> A question thus to move, </p> +<p class="i2"> Which of his daughters to his grace </p> +<p class="i4"> Could show the dearest love; </p> +<p class="i2"> For to my age you bring content, </p> +<p class="i4"> Quoth he, then let me hear, </p> +<p class="i2"> Which of you three in plighted troth </p> +<p class="i4"> The kindest will appear. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>[134]</span> +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> To whom the eldest thus began; </p> +<p class="i4"> Dear father, mind, quoth she </p> +<p class="i2"> Before your face to do you good, </p> +<p class="i4"> My blood shall render'd be: </p> +<p class="i2"> And for your sake, my bleeding heart </p> +<p class="i4"> Shall here be cut in twain </p> +<p class="i2"> Ere that I see your reverend age </p> +<p class="i4"> The smallest grief sustain. </p> +<p class="i2"> And so wilt I the second said; </p> +<p class="i4"> Dear father for your sake </p> +<p class="i2"> The worst of all extremities </p> +<p class="i4"> I'll gently undertake. </p> +<p class="i2"> And serve your highness night and day </p> +<p class="i4"> With diligence and love; </p> +<p class="i2"> That sweet content and quietness </p> +<p class="i4"> Discomforts may remove. </p> +<p class="i2"> In doing so you glad my soul </p> +<p class="i4"> The aged king replied: </p> +<p class="i2"> But what sayst thou my youngest girl </p> +<p class="i4"> How is thy love ally'd? </p> +<p class="i2"> My love quoth young Cordelia then </p> +<p class="i4"> Which to your grace I owe </p> +<p class="i2"> Shall be the duty of a child </p> +<p class="i4"> And that is all I'll show. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +This honest pledge the King despised and banished Cordelia. The ballad +accords with the drama in the catastrophe. Both have the same moral and +the same characters. The ballad is doubtless the earlier form of the +story. Possibly the minstrel and dramatist may have borrowed from a +common source. Good thoughts, good tales and noble deeds, like well-worn +coins, sometimes lose their date and must be estimated by weight. Ballad +poetry is written in various measures and with diverse feet. The rhythm +is easy and flows along trippingly from the tongue with such regular +emphasis and cadence as to lead instinctively to a sort of sing-song in +the recital of it. Ballads are more frequently written in common metre +lines of eight and six syllables alternating. Such is the famous ballad +of "Chevy Chace,"<a href="#note-5" name="noteref-5"><small>5</small></a> which has been growing in popular esteem for more +than three hundred years. Ben Jonson used to say he would rather have +been the author of it than of all his works. Sir Philip Sidney, in his +discourse on poetry, says of it: "I never heard the old song of Percy +and Douglass that I found not my heart more moved than with a trumpet." +Addison wrote an elaborate review of it in the seventieth and +seventy-fourth numbers of the <i>Spectator</i>. He there demonstrates +that this old ballad has all the elements in it of the loftiest existing +epic. The moral is the same as that of the Iliad: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "God save the king and bless the land </p> +<p class="i4"> In plenty, joy and peace </p> +<p class="i2"> And grant henceforth that foul debate </p> +<p class="i4"> Twixt noblemen may cease." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +Addison, in Number 85 of the <i>Spectator</i>, also commends that +beautiful and touching ballad denominated "The Children in the Wood." He +observes, "This song is a plain, simple copy of nature, destitute of the +helps and ornaments of art. The tale of it is a pretty, tragical story +and pleases for no other reason than because it is a copy of nature." It +is known to every child as a nursery song or a pleasant story. A stanza +or two will reveal its pathos and rhythm. The children had been +committed by their dying parents to their uncle: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> The parents being dead and gone </p> +<p class="i4"> The children home he takes, </p> +<p class="i2"> And brings them straite unto his house </p> +<p class="i4"> Where much of them he makes. </p> +<p class="i2"> He had kept these pretty babes </p> +<p class="i4"> A twelve month and a daye </p> +<p class="i2"> But for their wealth he did desire </p> +<p class="i4"> To make them both away </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +An assassin is hired to kill them; he leaves them in a deep forest: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> These pretty babes with hand in hand </p> +<p class="i4"> Went wandering up and downe; </p> +<p class="i2"> But never more could see the man </p> +<p class="i4"> Approaching from the town: </p> +<p class="i2"> Their pretty lippes with black-berries </p> +<p class="i4"> Were all besmeared and dyed </p> +<p class="i2"> And when they saw the darksome night </p> +<p class="i4"> They sat them down and cried. </p> +<p class="i2"> Thus wandered these poor innocents </p> +<p class="i4"> Till death did end their grief, </p> +<p class="i2"> In one another's armes they dyed </p> +<p class="i4"> As wanting due relief; </p> +<p class="i2"> No burial this pretty pair </p> +<p class="i4"> Of any man receives </p> +<p class="i2"> Till robin red-breast piously </p> +<p class="i4"> Did cover them with leaves. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>[135]</span> +</p> +<p> +There is a famous story book written by Richard Johnson in the reign of +Elizabeth, entitled, "The Seven Champions of Christendom."<a href="#note-6" name="noteref-6"><small>6</small></a> +</p> +<p> +The popular English ballad of "St. George and the Dragon," is founded on +one of the narratives of this book, and the story in the book on a still +older ballad, or legend, styled "Sir Bevis of Hampton." This, too, +resembles very much Ovid's account of the slaughter of the dragon by +Cadmus. In the legend of Sir Bevis the fight is thus described: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Whan the dragon that foule is </p> +<p class="i2"> Had a sight of Sir Bevis, </p> +<p class="i2"> He cast yo a loud cry </p> +<p class="i2"> As it had thondered in the sky, </p> +<p class="i2"> He turned his belly toward the sun </p> +<p class="i2"> It was greater than any tonne; </p> +<p class="i2"> His scales was brighter than the glas, </p> +<p class="i2"> And harder they were than any bras </p> +<p class="i2"> Betwene his sholder and his tayle </p> +<p class="i2"> Was 40 fote without fayle, </p> +<p class="i2"> He woltered out of his denne, </p> +<p class="i2"> And Bevis pricked his stede then, </p> +<p class="i2"> And to him a spere he thraste </p> +<p class="i2"> That all to shivers he it braste. </p> +<p class="i2"> The dragon then gan Bevis assayle </p> +<p class="i2"> And smote Syr Bevis with his tayle </p> +<p class="i2"> Then down went horse and man </p> +<p class="i2"> And two rybbes of Bevis brused than." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +Suffice it to say the knight at last conquered and the monster was +slain. The same story is repeated in the ballad of "St. George and the +Dragon," with variations. There a fair lady is rescued: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "For, with his lance that was so strong, </p> +<p class="i4"> As he came gaping in his face, </p> +<p class="i2"> In at his mouth, he thrust along, </p> +<p class="i4"> For he could pierce no other place; </p> +<p class="i2"> And thus within the lady's view </p> +<p class="i2"> This mighty dragon straight he slew." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +The martial achievements of this patron saint of the "Knights of the +Garter" are considered apocryphal, and, in 1792, it required an octavo +volume by Rev. J. Milner to prove his existence at all. Emerson says he +was a notorious thief and procured his prelatic honors by fraud. +</p> +<p> +The English history is to a considerable extent embodied in the national +songs. Opinions, prejudices, and superstitions, however, are oftener +embodied in them than facts. This species of literature has been very +potent for good or ill in revolutionary times. Kings and parties have +been both marred and made by them. The martial spirit, in all ages, has +been kindled by lyrics; national victories have been celebrated by them; +and by them individual prowess has been immortalized. +</p> +<p> +The English people were famous for their convivialty and periodical +festivals such as May Day, New Years, sowing-time, sheep-shearing, +harvest home, corresponding to our Thanksgiving and Christmas. All these +occasions were enlivened with songs and tales. The Christmas carol and +story are famous in England's annals. Scott says: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "All hail'd with uncontroll'd delight </p> +<p class="i2"> And general voice the happy night, </p> +<p class="i2"> That to the cottage as the crown, </p> +<p class="i2"> Brought tidings of salvation down. </p> +<p class="i2"> 'Twas Christmas broached the mightiest ale </p> +<p class="i2"> 'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale; </p> +<p class="i2"> A Christmas gambol oft could cheer </p> +<p class="i2"> The poor man's heart through half the year." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<a name="note-3"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>3</u> (<a href="#noteref-3">return</a>)<br /> +Ritson and Bishop Percy speak of different ages: one +describing the rise and the other the decline of minstrelsy. +</p> +<a name="note-4"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>4</u> (<a href="#noteref-4">return</a>)<br /> +The song makes Arthur record his own death. +</p> +<a name="note-5"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>5</u> (<a href="#noteref-5">return</a>)<br /> +7th vol. Child's British Poets. +</p> +<a name="note-6"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>6</u> (<a href="#noteref-6">return</a>)<br /> +Childs British Poets, I: 139 and 149. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>[136]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0014" id="h2H_4_0014"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + BOOK REVIEWS. +</h2> +<p> +ORIENTAL RELIGIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO UNIVERSAL RELIGION. By +<span class="sc">Samuel Johnson</span>, with an introduction by <span class="sc">O.B. +Frothingham</span>. <i>Persia</i>, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885. +</p> +<p> +This is the third volume of the series, and was not quite completed at +the time of Mr. Johnson's death in 1882. The other volumes, on +<i>India</i> and <i>China</i>, created much interest in the world of +religious and ethnical study, a prominent London publisher and +literateur saying to a friend of the present writer that nothing more +would need to be written of China for the next quarter of a century. Max +Muller testified to the high value of Mr. Johnson's work. +</p> +<p> +In the study of the various religions, the author finds in each some +peculiar manifestation of the universal religious sentiment. In Southern +Asia he clearly sees nature almost absorbing the individual and hence a +pantheistic vagueness and vastness in which man does not realize a +complete sense of personality. But in the North and West the same +Tudo-European race comes to a self-conscious individuality and there is +the "evolution and worship of personal will." Mr. Johnson's first +chapter on "Symbolism" brings out this epoch of will development as +illustrated by the Persians,—the human soul impressing itself upon the +material world—and finding outside itself natural emblems to express +its religious life. "Symbolism is mediation between inward and outward, +person and performance, man and his environment." "Work is the image man +makes of himself on the world in and through nature." Mr. Johnson finds +the personal element becoming supreme in these people of Northern and +Western Asia. +</p> +<p> +Perhaps there has never been so philosophical and satisfactory a +treatment of the Fire-Symbol, which, however, our author says is not +peculiar to the religion of Persian Zoroaster, as we find in Mr. +Johnson's chapter under that head. As light, heat, cosmic vital energy, +astronomical centre, as all producing and all sustaining force, the sun +and the other burning and brilliant objects lighted therefrom, furnish +very much of the symbolism of all religions. "The Sun of Rightousness" +is a favorite figure with Jew and Christian. It is doubtless as +incorrect to characterize the Persians as "fire worshipers" as it would +be to say that Christians, who use the same symbol, give their worship +to the symbol rather than the Being symbolized. Still our author finds +this emblem a very important one in the religion of the followers of +Zoroaster and thinks he detects a progress in thought and civilization +marked by the coming of the people to give religious regard to the sun +and heavenly bodies, instead of fire kindled by human hands—a new +stability of being corresponding with the passage of early people's art +of nomadic or shepherd life into agriculture with its fixed abodes and +domestic associations. +</p> +<p> +The two deities of the Zend Avesta, Ormuzd and Ahriman, the good and the +evil in perpetual conflict, could not have been conceived of in Southern +Asia where the human will is kept under, and where self-consciousness is +so moderately developed. This battle is in the Avestan faith and morals +largely in the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>[137]</span> + + human breast, and is the same that Paul is conscious of in the combat he +describes between himself and sin that was in him. The Avestan +<i>Morals</i> are brought out by Mr. Johnson in their original and +exceeding purity. +</p> +<p> +But the larger sweep of Mr. Johnson's purpose carries him into an +exhaustive and most interesting consideration of Persian influence upon +the Hebrew faith and thought—through the conquests of Cyrus and +Alexander—and through Maurchæism and Gnosticism—down to Christendom. +</p> +<p> +Mahometanism is, in our author's mind, the culmination of the religion +of personal will, and he devotes many glowing and instructive pages to +bringing out the meaning and heart of the religion of Islam, especially +in its later and in its more spiritual developments. The final object of +the volume is to show the relation of the religion of personal will to +universal religion. +</p> +<p> +Of course our author has not been foolish and unfair enough to portray +the perversions and lapses of this particular type of Oriental faith and +ethics; but his aim has been to set forth its essential principles and +to show how they spring from the universal root. +</p> +<p> +The study of comparative religions, and hence of the universal religion, +is one of the characteristics and glories of our time. Once every people +despised, as a religious duty, every nation and every religion but its +own, and sword and fagot were employed, as under divine command, to +exterminate all strange manifestations of religious sentiment. Now the +advance guard of civilization is giving itself to devout and thankful +study of all the religions under the sure impression that they will +prove to be one in origin and essence: and so a sweeter human sympathy +and a more complete unity are beginning to be realized among men. +</p> +<p> +No man has in most respects been better fitted for this study than was +the lamented author of these books. Mr. Johnson was almost or quite "a +religious genius," with an enthusiasm of faith in the invisible and the +idea, which few men have ever shown; and his devoutness was equalled by +his catholicity. His religious lyrics enrich our Christian psalmody, +while his published discourses, mingling philosophical light with fervor +of a transcendent faith in God and man, rank among the grandest +utterances from the American pulpit and platform. No American can afford +to miss the power and influence of such a mind; and no student of +religion should fail to have in his possession Johnson's <i>Persia</i>. +</p> +<h3> +<span class="sc">S.C. Beane.</span> +</h3> +<hr /> +<p> +"THE OVERSHADOWING POWER OF GOD. A synopsis of a new philosophy +concerning the nature of the soul of man, its union with the animal +soul, and its gradual creation through successive acts of overshadowing +and the insertion of shoots, to its perfection in Jesus the Christ; with +illustrations of the inner meaning of the Bible, from the Hebrew roots; +offering to the afflicted soul the way of freedom from inharmony and +disease. By <span class="sc">Horace Bowen, M.D.</span>; transcribed in verse by +Sheridan Wait, with chart and illustrations by M.W. Fairchild. Vineland, +N.J. New Life Publishing Co., 1883." +</p> +<p> +This book of Dr. Bowen's opens into a field of thought that has +heretofore mostly escaped the survey of theologians and philosophers: +classes that are supposed to be in pursuit of essential truth concerning +both God and man. Its leading aim seems to be to present a reliable clew +to those truths by an unusual interpretation of the Scriptures as a +revelation of creative order. The author stands with a comparatively +small class of ardent explorers + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>[138]</span> + + who have come to see "the light of the world" under a new radiance; a +radiance that actually gives it the breadth and power of its claim. +</p> +<p> +Dr. Bowen's personal career in coming to this light, as related in the +preface, is full of interest; and this preface is impressively wrought +with the system of creative law that he aims to outline, and that the +verse of Mr. Wait labors to elaborate. This author is firmly loyal to +the sacred Scriptures as divine revelation, and, as such, he aims to +show that, in their inmost sense, they systematically unfold the +creative process, which consists of divine operations in the human soul +by which, through varied series of growth, it becomes fully conjoined +to, and illuminated with creative life—the light and life of Jesus, the +Christ. The process from Adamic to Christ states of soul, Dr. Bowen +finds was effected through successive births by "the overshadowing power +of God;" so the immaculate conception of the virgin, that gave "the +highest" full embodiment in Jesus Christ was simply a revelation of the +ultimation of creative power in outward realms; as such, "was the +completion of the plan for the creation of man, through a serial +gradation of over-shadowings, or the sowing of seed and the insertion of +shoots"—this "individual case being but the universal method of God in +creation." +</p> +<p> +Dr. Bowen goes on to show the relation and bearing of this ultimate +order of creative life in the human form to the mental and physical +conditions of man, and holds it to be the saving term to our human +nature, in all respects. +</p> +<p> +The body of the book, consisting of nearly five hundred pages of "verse" +by Mr. Wait, is an ingenious elaboration of the principles and forms of +this order, especially as it is found held in the Hebraic Roots, +throughout the incomparable system of divine revelation. But, +indisputably, the treatise would have been far more forcible and +impressive if it had been dressed with the direct and vigorous style +shown by the author in his preface. Not the least in significance in +this remarkable publication is a pocketed chart by Miss Fairchild. But +the whole must be perused and pondered in order to give proper +impressions of its real value. To the mind of the writer of this brief +notice, the book will greatly aid the struggling thought of this +manifestly transitional era, in that it points so distinctly to the +oncoming theological science that is to effect a complete revolution in +prevailing conceptions of creative order. +</p> +<h3> +W.H.K. +</h3> +<hr /> +<p> +PHILOSOPHIÆ QUESTOR: or Days in Concord. By <span class="sc">Julia R. Anagnos</span>. +Boston: D. Lothrop and Company. +</p> +<p> +This is a little book—only sixty pages—but it is entirely unique in +its plan and style. Its purpose is to give an outline sketch of two +seasons of the School of Philosophy. To secure this purpose, the author +has taken as "a sort of half heroine the shadowy figure of a young +girl;" and, as seen to her, the proceedings of the school are sketched. +Most of the persons and places have fictitious names; Mr. Alcott is +called "Venerablis;" Concord, "Harmony;" the school, "the Acadame." Mr. +Emerson retains his real name; the girl, who observes and writes, is +"Eudoxia." +</p> +<p> +One who opens the book will be apt to read it through, not as much for +its real value as for its quaint style and sometimes beautiful +expressions. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>[139]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0015" id="h2H_4_0015"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + EDITOR'S TABLE. +</h2> +<p> +Of all the nearly two-score states together forming the American Union, +no one surpasses the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the extent and +variety of her historical resources. Two hundred and sixty-five years +ago the Mayflower and her companion craft sighted the rock-bound coast +of New England as they sailed into Massachusetts Bay. That event marks +the beginning of a history which, to us of the present generation, +stands unequalled in the richness of its coloring. While the history of +the Colonial period is cold and unpoetic in many of its aspects, it also +contains an element of romance not to be overlooked. Truly, it is not +the romance of ancient Rome, nor of the castle-bordered Rhine, nor of +Merrie Old England; it is a romance growing out of a life in a new +world; a life attended—almost made up, even, of conflicts with a +strange race of savage people, and conflicts with hunger, cold, and +sometimes famine. The events of this early Colonial life, tragic as they +often are, carry with them an interest which is almost enchanting. +</p> +<p> +When, as children, we read those tales from the old school reading book, +or heard them recited as we sat at grandfather's knee, what pictures +impressed themselves on our eager minds! The log meeting-house, and +before it the stacked muskets and pacing sentinel; the dusky savage +faces hiding behind every tree; the midnight assault: the lurid fire, +and the brandished tomahawk—these are pictures that have sometimes come +with startling vividness to our youthful imaginations. And then our +fancies have seen the so-called witches of Salem, the sudden arrest, the +hurrying to the jail and perhaps to the gallows. +</p> +<p> +To the older mind, these realities of the past have a deep and +ever-growing interest. The later periods of the Colony, the period of +the Revolution and the period immediately following, are increasingly +fertile in materials for the historian, the essayist, and the novelist. +To bring out into clearer light, to present in forms adapted to the mass +of readers, and to arouse a more lively interest in this history, +especially the romantic element of it, is one leading aim and intent of +this magazine. There are in existence various magazines devoted to New +England history, and which are of great value to the student and the +antiquary. The <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> is not only this, it is a magazine for +the people; and throughout this State, and no less in many +others,—offsprings of this old Commonwealth,—it has received and +awaits a still more generous reception. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The custom of observing the anniversaries of the incorporation of towns +and cities in New England has become well established. In Massachusetts +there are a very few towns which have reached so important an epoch in +their history, as the quarter millennial of their corporate existence. +Several have celebrated their bi-centennials, while hardly a year passes +without the observance of one or more centennial anniversaries. +</p> +<p> +The custom is strongly to be commended, for it serves an important +historical purpose. It is especially true in New England that every +town, no matter how small, has an important place in the general +history, and the perpetuity of this history, it hardly needs to be said, +is a matter of great importance to this and succeeding generations. This +is being done most effectually by means of these publicly-observed +anniversaries. An event of this kind draws together the residents of the +town, and many others who are connected with its history by their early +life or ancestry. The occasion calls forth an historical address +prepared by some native of the town, who has attained distinction in +professional or public life—and what New England town cannot boast of +its distinguished son—and, at the same time, arrangements are made for +a published history of the town. These historical sketches are of great +value and, collectively, they contain the true history of the people. +The humble historian of the little town down on the Cape or up among the +hills of Berkshire, may not be a Prescott, a Motley or a Bancroft, but, +in his smaller sphere, he is performing a service no less valuable than +that of the historian of nations. In many of these local histories are +to be found events of highly-romantic interest, while some of them have +been the starting point of real romances stronger than fiction. But +their chief value is in their faithful portrayal of the lives of those +earlier generations whose relations with our lives are so well worthy of +study. That there is at present a much more general interest in this +kind of history than there was fifty, or even twenty years ago, is +evident; and as the towns of this State successively arrive at their +important anniversaries, the written history of Massachusetts will grow +more and more complete. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>[140]</span> +</p> +<p> +The annual meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society took place in +the society's room, April 9, the Honorable Robert C. Winthrop in the +chair. +</p> +<p> +It was greatly regretted that Mr. Winthrop felt compelled to decline +serving as President for a longer term, and a tribute to his +distinguished services in this office was offered in the remarks of Mr. +Saltonstall. Mr. Winthrop's reply was most appropriate; and in it he +spoke of the distinguished men who had honored the membership of the +society within the term of his presidency extending over the last +forty-five years. +</p> +<p> +The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, +Rev. G.E. Ellis, D.D.; Vice Presidents, Charles Deane, LL.D., Francis +Parkman, LL.D.; Recording Secretary, Rev. Edward J. Young, A.M.; +Corresponding Secretary, Justin Winsor, A.B.; Treasurer, Charles E. +Smith, Esq.; Librarian, Honorable Samuel A. Green, M.D.; Cabinet-keeper, +Fitch Edward Oliver, M.D.; Executive Committee of the Council, William +W. Greenough, A.B., Honorable Samuel C. Cobb, Abbott Lawrence, A.M., +Abner C. Goodell, A.M., Honorable Mellen Chamberlain, I.L.B. +</p> +<p> +The one hundred and tenth anniversary of the battle of Lexington was +fittingly observed in that town on the 19th of April. The citizens, with +many visitors, united in celebrating that memorable event, the very +thought of which must ever stir the soul of every patriotic American. At +the exercises in the evening at the Lexington Town Hall, Governor +Robinson delivered a brief oration. The closing words are as follows: +</p> +<p> +"The story of eloquence is breathed in the associations of the spot. You +feel the inspirations that come out of the place and you know full well +in your heart the depth of the lesson it teaches. Now, has it failed in +these recent years? When the call came again to the men of Lexington to +stand for the welfare of the Union there were no laggards. So shall it +be that the people reading the story of the past will bring up all to +that standard which was set so high. Slavery of the human form may not +now be tolerated. Despotism may not triumph. The shackles may have +fallen from men's bodies. But still, forms of bondage control the +actions of thinking men, and so the battle is before the men who love +their liberty and appreciate it. And so, as of old, they shall find the +God above leading them on, and when the great victory of all is +accomplished, when man treats his brother man in perfect equality—not +in theory, but in truth—it will certainly be in recognition of God's +leadership of his people, and then the grand Te Deum should be chanted +that should make the welkin ring with rejoicing." +</p> +<p> +Among the few towns in Massachusetts which were founded so long as two +hundred and fifty years ago, the town of Newbury is one. On the tenth +day of June next, its quarter-millennial anniversary will be celebrated. +The occasion will be one of great interest. The address will be given by +President Bartlett of Dartmouth College. John G. Whittier, who is +descended from the old Greenleaf family of Newbury, is expected to +furnish a poem, and George Lunt, who read the ode at the celebration +fifty years ago, will provide one for this occasion. It is regretted +that James Russell Lowell, who is a lineal descendant from a noted +Newbury family, cannot take part in the exercises. But the gathering +will be a notable one, and there will be no lack of historical +reminiscences. +</p> +<p> +The one-hundredth anniversary of the incorporation of the town of Heath, +Franklin. County, Massachusetts, is to be observed on the nineteenth of +August next. Previous to 1785, Heath was a part of Charlemont. The town +is rich in historic events and is the birthplace of many men and women +of note. +</p> +<p> +At the centennial celebration, addresses will be delivered by Rev. C.E. +Dickinson of Marietta, Ohio, and John H. Thompson, Esq., of Chicago, +Illinois; and a poem will be given by Mrs. C.W. McCoy of Columbus, +Georgia. +</p> +<p> +The town has chosen the following committee to have charge of the +arrangements: O. Maxwell, Chairman; William S. Gleason, William M. +Maxwell, Charles D. Benson; Charles B. Cutler, Corresponding Secretary. +</p> +<hr /> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 2, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17722-h.htm or 17722-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17722/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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