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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The School of Recreation (1696 edition), by
+Robert Howlett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The School of Recreation (1696 edition)
+       Or a Guide to the Most Ingenious Exercises of Hunting,
+       Riding, Racing, Fireworks, Military Discipline, The Science
+       of Defence
+
+Author: Robert Howlett
+
+Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17727]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCHOOL OF RECREATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+SCHOOL
+
+OF
+
+Recreation:
+
+OR A
+
+GUIDE
+
+To the
+
+Most Ingenious Exercises
+
+OF
+
+Hunting.          Hawking.
+Riding.           Tennis.
+Racing.           Bowling.
+Fireworks.        Ringing.
+Military          Singing.
+  Discipline.     Cock-Fighting.
+The Science of    Fowling.
+  Defence.        Angling.
+
+By _R. H._
+
+_London_, Printed for _H. Rhodes_, at the _Star_, the Corner of _Bride
+Lane, Fleet-street_. 1696.
+
+
+
+
+_The School of Recreation._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_Printed for Henry Rodes near Bride lane in Fleet streete._
+
+
+
+
+The PREFACE TO THE READER.
+
+
+_Reader, in this small Book you will find such Variety of Recreations,
+that nothing of the nature ever appeared so like Accomplish'd in any one
+Volume, of what Largeness soever: For besides my own Experience in these
+acceptable and delightful Particulars, reduced under proper Heads, easy
+to be understood, and put in practice; I have taken the Opinions of
+those whose Ingenuity had led them to these Exercises in Particular or
+General, and are approved for the Performance of them in the exactest
+manner, whose judicious Approbations the more embolden'd me to a
+Publication of them: In which you will not only find Pleasure, and keep
+up a Healthful Constitution in moderately pursuing them, but in most or
+all of them find considerable Profit and Advantage, when you can spare
+leisure Hours from your Devotions, or to unbend your Cares after the
+tiresome Drudgery of weighty_ Temporal Matters; _Not that I think it is
+proper so eagerly to pursue them, as if you made them rather a_
+Business _than a_ Recreation; _for though in themselves they are
+harmless, yet a continual or insatiate Prosecution of any Thing, not
+only lessens the Pleasure, but may render it hurtful, if not to your
+self, yet in giving Offence to others, who will be apt to reflect upon
+such as seem to doat upon them, and wholly neglect their other Affairs._
+
+_We find the Taste of Honey is delicious and desirable, yet Nature
+over-burthened with too great a Quantity, Surfeits, and begets a
+loathing of it. Wherefore to Conclude, I commend them as they are,_ viz.
+_Suitable_ Recreations _for the_ Gentry _of_ England, _and others,
+wherein to please and delight themselves. And so not doubting this_ Work
+_will be accepted, as it was well meant to serve my_ Country-Men, _I
+take leave to subscribe myself, Kind Reader_,
+
+Your most humble
+and obliging Servant,
+
+_R. H._
+
+
+
+
+OF HUNTING.
+
+
+Hunting, being a Recreation that challenges the sublime Epithets of
+Royal, Artificial, Manly, and Warlike, for its Stateliness, Cunning, and
+Indurance, claims above all other Sports the Precedency; and therefore I
+was induced to place it at the Head to usher in the rest.
+
+But to come to the Purpose: The young Hunter, as yet raw in the true
+Knowledge of this Royal Sport, with what is meerly necessary and useful,
+without amusing him with superfluous Observations for his Instruction: I
+shall therefore observe throughout this Treatise this Method: 1. The
+several _Chases_ or Games which fall under the First Denomination,
+Hunting. 2. The genuine of Infallible Rules whereby we are to direct our
+selves, for the obtaining the true Pleasure in prosecuting the same, and
+the desired Effects of it.
+
+Know than; the Beasts of Venery or Forest, are, _viz._ The _Hart_,
+_Hinde_, _Hare_.
+
+As likewise the Wild Beasts, or Beasts of Chace are, _viz._ the _Buck_,
+_Doe_, _Fox_, _Marten_, _Roe_.
+
+The Beasts of Warren, are, _viz._ _Hares_, _Coneys_, _Roes_.
+
+_Note_, The _Hart_ and _Hind_ before spoken of, though they are of one
+kind, yet, because their Seasons are several, are esteemed distinct
+Beasts; and in the _Hart_ is included the _Stag_, and all red _Deer_ of
+Antlier.
+
+And because I reckon it the most necessary part of the Hunter to
+understand the Names, Degrees, Ages, and Seasons of the aforesaid
+different Beasts of Forest or Venery, Chase, and Warren, I therefore,
+present him with these following
+
+
+_Beasts of Forest_, &c.
+
+The _Hart_, the first year is called a _Hind-Calf_, 2 A _Knobber_, 3 A
+_Brock_ 4 A _Staggard_, 5 A _Stag_, 6 A _Hart_.
+
+The _Hind_ the first Year a _Calf_, 2 A _Hearse_, 3 A _Hind_.
+
+The _Hare_, the first Year a _Leveret_, 2 A _Hare_, 3 A great _Hare_.
+
+
+_Beasts of Chase._
+
+The _Buck_, The first Year is called a _Fawn_, 2 A _Pricket_, 3 A
+_Sorrel_, 4 A _Sore_, 5 A _Buck_ of the first Head, 6 A Great _Buck_.
+
+The _Doe_, the first Year a _Fawn_, 2 A _Teg_, 3 A _Doe_.
+
+The _Fox_, the first Year a _Cub_, 2 a _Fox_.
+
+The _Marten_, the first Year A _Cub_, 2 A _Marten_.
+
+The _Roe_ the first Year A _Kid_, 2 A _Gyrl_, 3 A _Hemuse_, 4 A
+_Roe-Buck_ of the first Head, 5 A Fair _Roe-Buck_.
+
+As for the Beasts of Warren, the _Hare_ being spoken of before, little
+or nothing is to be said. The _Coney_ is first A _Rabbet_, and then an
+Old _Coney_.
+
+Thus much for their Names, Degrees, and Ages: Now let us next observe
+their proper Seasons for Hunting.
+
+The _Hart_ or _Buck_, beginneth fifteen days after _Mid-Summer-Day_, and
+lasteth till _Holy-Rood-Day_.
+
+The _Fox_, from _Christmass_, and lasteth till the Annunciation of the
+Blessed _Virgin Mary_.
+
+The _Hind_ or _Doe_, from _Holy-Rood-Day_, till _Candlemas_.
+
+The _Roe-Buck_, from _Easter_, till _Michaelmas_.
+
+The _Roe_, from _Michaelmas_, till _Candlemas_.
+
+The _Hare_, from _Michaelmas_, to the end of _February_.
+
+Thus much I thought fit to speak briefly of the proper Names, Degrees,
+Ages, and Seasons of the several Chases which we Hunt: But having almost
+forgot some, I shall insert here, as intending to speak somewhat of
+them, and they are the _Badger_, _Otter_, and Wild _Goat_.
+
+As for the Terms of Art appropriated to Hunting. And now I bring you to
+the second thing I proposed, _viz._ the Rules and Measures we are to
+learn and observe in the aforementioned Sports or Chases; and in this we
+must begin with the Pursuers or Conquerors of these Chases, namely.
+
+
+_Of Hounds._
+
+There are several kinds of Hounds, endued with Qualities suitable to the
+Country where they are bred; and therefore consult his Country, and you
+will soon understand his Nature and Use: As for instance, the Western
+Countries of _England_, and Wood-land, Mountainous Countries, as also
+_Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_, breed the _slow-Hound_; a large great Dog,
+tall and heavy. _Worcestershire_, _Bedfordshire_, and many other well
+mixt Soyls, where the Champaign and Covert are equally large, produce
+the _Middle sized_ Dog, of a more nimble Composure than the
+fore-mentioned, and fitter for Chase. _Yorkshire_, _Cumberland_,
+_Northumberland_, and the North parts, breed the Light, Nimble, swift
+slender Dog. And our open Champaigns train up excellent Grey-Hounds,
+hugely admired for his Swiftness, Strength, and Sagacity. And lastly,
+the little _Beagle_ bred in all Countries, is of exceeding Cunning, and
+curious Scent in Hunting.
+
+For the Choice of Hounds we are to rely much on their Colours, and
+accordingly make our Election. The Best and most Beautiful of all for a
+general Kennel, is, the White Hound, with Black Ears, and a black spot
+at the setting on of the Tail, and is ever found to be both of good
+Scent, and good Condition, and will Hunt any Chase, but especially the
+_Hare_, _Stag_, _Buck Roe_, or _Otter_, not sticking at Woods or Waters.
+The next is the Black, the blacktann'd, or all Liver hew'd, or the milk
+White Hound, which is the true _Talbot_, is best for the string, or
+line, as delighting in Blood; the Largest is the comliest and best. The
+_Grizled_, usually shag-hair'd, are the best Verminers; and so fittest
+for the _Fox_, _Badger_, or other hot Scents; a couple of which let not
+your Kennel be without, as being exceeding good cunning Finders.
+
+For the Shape of your Hound, you must consult the Climate of his Breed,
+and the natural Composition of his Body; but by these following
+Characters you may know a good Hound. If you like a large, heavy, true
+_Talbot_ like Hound, see
+
+His Head be round and thick. Nose short and uprising. Nostrils wide and
+large. Ears larger and down-hanging. Upper lip-Flews lower than his
+Nether Chaps. Back strong and rising. Fillets thick and great. Thighs
+and Huckle-bones round. Hams streight. Tail long and rush grown. The
+Hair of his Belly hard and stiff. Legs big and lean. Foot like a
+_Fox's_, well clawed and round. Sole dry and hard. All these shew an
+able Hound.
+
+If you would choose a swift light Hound, the _Yorkshire_ one in the
+generality will please you; for that (as these have) he ought to have a
+slenderer Head, longer Nose, shallower Ears and Flews, broad Back, gaunt
+Belly, small Tail, long Joynts, round Foot; and in fine of a
+Gray-Hound-like Make.
+
+Thus much to direct the choice of Hounds; now something ought to be
+spoken of the Composition of Kennels, wherein I must appeal to the
+Affection of the Gentleman, the Lover of this Sport, and let him tell me
+the Reasons that induced him take pleasure in Hounds, whether it be he
+fancies Cunning in Hunting? Or Sweetness, Loudness, or Deepness of Cry?
+Or for the Training his Horses? Or for the Exercise of his Body only?
+
+If for Cunning Hunting; breed your Dogs from the slowest and largest of
+the forementioned Northern Hounds, and the swiftest and slenderest of
+the West Country, of both Kinds, approved to be not given to lie off, or
+look for Advantages, but staunch, fair, even running, and of perfect
+fine Scent. These will make a Horse gallop fast, and not run; being
+middle-siz'd, not too swift as to out-run, or too slow as to lose the
+Scent; are the best for the true Art and Use of Hunting.
+
+If for Sweetness of Cry; compound your Kennel of some large Dogs, of
+deep solemn Mouths, and swift in spending, as the _Base_ in the Consort;
+then twice so many roaring, loud ringing Mouths, as the _Counter-Tenor_:
+And lastly, some hollow plain sweet Mouths, as the _Mean_: So shall your
+Cry be perfect. Observe that this Composition be of the swiftest and
+largest deep Mouth'd Dog, the slowest and middle-siz'd, and the shortest
+Legged slender Dog. For these run even together.
+
+If for Loudness of Mouth, choose the Loud clanging (redoubling as it
+were) Mouth, and to this put the roaring, spending, and Whining Mouth,
+which will be loud, smart, and pleasant: Such are for the most part your
+_Shropshire_, and _Worcestershire_ Dogs.
+
+If (lastly) for deepness of cry, the largest dogs having the greatest
+Mouths, and deepest flews, are the best; such are your West-Country,
+_Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_ Dogs.
+
+But if you have your Kennel for Training Horses only; then compound your
+Kennel of the lightest, nimblest, and swiftest Dogs, such as your
+Northern Hounds are. For the strong and violent Exercises of their
+Horses, through the Natural Velocity of their Hounds, in the North
+parts, have render'd them famous for Truth and Swiftness above all other
+parts of _England_.
+
+Lastly, If for the Maintenance of your Health, by preventing Infirmities
+and Grossness of Humours, you compose your Kennel; consult first your
+own Ability for this Exercise; and if you think you are able to foot it
+away, then the Biggest and slowest Dogs you can get are best. But if
+you would pad it away through an Unability of footing it, than choose
+the slowest or middle-siz'd Hounds, of good Mouths and Noses, for loud
+Cry, and ready Scent.
+
+Thus far for the Composing a Kennel: I come now to the _Kennel it self_,
+of which I need say little, as indeed unnecessary, leaving that to the
+Discretion of the _Huntsman_; only I would have him observe, that it be
+built some pretty way distant from the Dwelling-House, in a warm dry
+Place, free from Vermine, and near some Pond or River of fresh Water;
+and so placed, that the Morning Sun may shine upon it. Be sure to keep
+it clean, and let them not want fresh Straw every day. Feed them early
+in the Morning at Sun-rising, and at Sun-set in the Evening. As for the
+Meat, I leave to the ingenious Huntsman to get when they come from
+Hunting; after you have fed them well, let them to their Kennel, and
+wash their Feet with Beer and Butter, or some such thing, and pick and
+search their Cleys, for Thorns, Stubs, or the like: If it is in
+_Winter_, let a Fire be made, and let them beak and stretch themselves
+for an hour or so at the fire, and suffer them to lick, pick, and trim
+themselves; hereby to prevent the _Diseases_ incident to them, upon
+sudden Cooling, as the _Mange_, _Itch_, _Fevers_, &c.
+
+But before I treat of the keeping your Hounds in Health by curing their
+Diseases, I must speak a Word or two of the way to _Breed good Whelps_,
+viz. Having a Hound and a Bratch of that general Goodness in Size,
+Voice, Speed, Scent, and Proportion you like, put them together to
+ingender in _January_, _February_, or _March_, as the properest Months
+for Hounds, Bitches, and Bratches to be Limed in; because of not _losing
+time_ to enter them. When you put them together, observe, as near as
+you can, if the _Moon_ be in _Aquarius_ or _Gemini_; because the Whelps
+will then never run Mad, and the Litter will be double as many Dogs, as
+Bitch-Whelps. When your Bitch is near her _Whelping_, separate her from
+the other Hounds, and make her a Kennel particularly by her self; and
+see her Kennell'd every Night, that she might be acquainted and
+delighted with it, and so not seek out unwholsom Places; for if you
+remove the Whelps after they are Whelp'd, the Bitch will carry them up
+and down till she come to their first Place of Littering; and that's
+very dangerous. Suffer not your Whelps to Suck above two Months, and
+then _Wean_ them.
+
+When your Whelps are brought up, _enter_ them not into Hunting till they
+are at least a Year and half old: That is, if whelpt in _March_, enter
+them _September_ come Twelve Month; if in _April_, in _October_ come
+Twelve Months after, _&c_.
+
+When you would _enter_ them, bring them abroad, with the most Staunch
+and best Hunting hounds; (all babling and flying Curs being left at
+home:) and a _Hare being the best entering Chase_, get a _Hare_ ready
+before, and putting her from her Form, view which way she takes, and
+then lay on your Hounds, giving them all the Advantages may be; if she
+is caught, do not suffer them to break her, but immediately taking her,
+strip off her Skin, and cutting her to pieces, give every part to your
+young Whelps; and that beget in them a Delight in Hunting.
+
+
+_Diseases incident to Dogs, and their Cures._
+
+_For Sick Dogs._ Take Sheeps-heads, Wooll and all, hack, and bruise them
+into pieces, make Pottage of it with Oatmeal, and _Penny-Royal_, and
+give it warm.
+
+_Lice and Fleas._ Boyl four or five handfuls of _Rue_, or _Herb of
+Grace_, in a Gallon of running Water, till a Pottle be consumed, strain
+it, and put two Ounces of _Staves-acre_ poudered, and bathe them with it
+warm.
+
+_Itch._ Take Oyl of _Flower-de-Lys_, Powder of _Brimstone_, and dry'd
+_Elicampane-Roots_, of each a like quantity, and _Bay-Salt_ powdered;
+mix these Powders with the Oyl, and warm it, anoint, scratch, and make
+it bleed, it will do well.
+
+_Tetter._ Take _Black Ink_, Juice of _Mint_ and _Vinegar_, of each
+alike, mix them altogether with Powder of _Brimstone_ to a Salve, and
+anoint it.
+
+_Worms._ Give your Hound _Brimstone_ and new _Milk_, it will kill them.
+
+_Gauling._ May _Butter_, yellow _Wax_ and unflackt _Lime_, made to a
+Salve, and Anoint therewith, is a present Remedy.
+
+_Mange._ Take two Handfuls of _Wild-Cresses_, of _Elicampane_, of the
+Leaves and Roots of _Roerb_ and _Sorrel_, the like quantity, and two
+Pound of the Roots of _Frodels_, Boyl them all well in Lye and Vinegar,
+strain it, and put therein two Pound of _Grey Soap_, and after 'tis
+melted, rub your Hound with it four or five days together.
+
+_For any Ear Disease._ Mix _Verjuice_ and _Chervile_ Water together, and
+drop into his Ears a spoonful or two, Morning and Evening.
+
+_Sore Eyes._ Chew a Leaf or two of _Ground Ivy_, and spit the Juice into
+his Eyes.
+
+_Surbaiting._ Wash his feet with _Beer_ and _Butter_, and bind young red
+_Nettles_ beaten to a Salve to his Soles.
+
+_Biting by Snake, Adder_, &c. Beat the Herb _Calaminth_ with
+_Turpentine_, and yellow _Wax_ to a Salve, and apply it. To expel the
+inward Poyson, give the said Herb in Milk.
+
+_Biting by a Mad Dog._ Wash the place with _Sea-Water_; or strong
+_Brine_, will Cure him. The quantity of a Hazel-Nut of _Mithridate_,
+dissolved in Sweet Wine, will prevent inward Infection.
+
+_Madness._ Lastly, If your Hound be Mad, which you will soon find by his
+separating himself from the rest, throwing his Head into the Wind,
+foaming and slavering at Mouth, snatching at every thing he meets, red
+fiery Eyes, stinking filthy Breath; then to Knock him in the Head, is a
+present Remedy, and you'l prevent infinite Dangers.
+
+And now I proceed to give some brief Instructions for Hunting the
+several Chases, _viz._ the _Time when?_ and the _Manner how?_
+
+Having your Kennel of Hounds in good order and plight, lead them forth,
+and to your Game; only take this Caution; do not forget to have in your
+Pack a couple of _Hounds_, called _Hunters in the High-wayes_, that will
+Scent upon hard Ground, where we cannot perceive Pricks or Impressions;
+and let a couple of _Old stench Hounds_ accompany you, by whose sure
+Scent, the too great Swiftness of the young and unexperienced Ones may
+be restrained and regulated.
+
+
+_Of Hart_ or _Stag Hunting._
+
+To understand the _Age_ of this our Game, it is known by several Marks,
+amongst which this is the most authentick: That if you take his view in
+the ground, and perceive he has a large Foot, a thick Heel, a deep
+Print, open Cleft and long space, then be assured he is Old; as the
+Contrary concludes him Young.
+
+To find him? Examine the following Annual, or Monethly.
+
+_November_, in Heaths among Furs, Shrubs, and Whines.
+
+_December_, in Forests among thick and strong Woods.
+
+_January_, in Corners of the Forests, Corn-fields, _Wheat_, _Rye_, &c.
+
+_February_ and _March_, amongst Young and thick Bushes.
+
+_April_ and _May_, in Coppices and Springs.
+
+_June_ and _July_, in Out-Woods and Purlieus nearest the Corn-fields.
+
+_September_ and _October_, after the first showers of Rain, they leave
+their Thickets, and go to Rut, during which time there is no certain
+place to find them in.
+
+When you have found him in any of these places, be careful to go up the
+Wind; and the best time to find him is before _Sun-rising_, when he goes
+to feed; then watch him to his Leir, and having lodged him, go and
+prepare; if he is not forced, he will not budge till Evening.
+Approaching his Lodging, cast off your _Finders_, who having Hunted him
+a Ring or two, cast in the rest; and being in full Cry and maine Chase,
+Comfort and Cheer them with Horn and Voice. Be sure to take notice of
+him by some _Mark_, and if your Dogs make _Default_, rate them off and
+bring them to the _Default_ back, and make them cast about till they
+have undertaken the first _Deer_; then cheer them to the utmost, and so
+continue till they have either set up or slain him. It is the Nature of
+a _Stag_, to seek for one of his kind, when he is Imbost or weary, and
+beating him up, ly down in his place; therefore have a watchful eye unto
+_Change_. As likewise by taking _Soil_ (i.e. Water) he will swim a River
+just in the middle down the Stream, covering himself all over, but his
+Nose, keeping the middle, least by touching any Boughs he leave a Scent
+for the _Hounds_; And by his Crossings and Doublings he will endeavour
+to baffle his Persuers: In these Cases have regard to your _Old Hounds_,
+as I said before. When he is Imbost or weary, may be known thus: By his
+Creeping into holes, and often lying down, or by his running stiff, high
+and lumpering, slavering and foaming at Mouth, shining and blackness of
+his Hair, and much Sweat; and thus much for _Stag_ or _Hart Hunting_. As
+for the _Buck_ I shall not speak any thing, for he that can Hunt a
+_Stag_ well, cannot fail Hunting a _Buck_ well. As likewise for the _Roe
+Hunting_, I refer you to what is spoken of the _Hart_ or _Stag_.
+
+
+_Of Hare Hunting._
+
+As for the _Time_, the most proper to begin this Game, note; That about
+the middle of _September_ is best, and to end towards the latter end of
+_February_, when surcease, and destroy not the young early Brood of
+_Leverets_; and this Season is most agreeable likewise to the nature of
+_Hounds_; moist and cool. Now for the _Place_ where to find her, you
+must examine and observe the Seasons of the Year; for in Summer or
+Spring time, you shall find them in Corn-fields and open places, not
+sitting in Bushes, for fear of Snakes, Adders, _&c_. In _Winter_ they
+love Tuffs of Thorns and Brambles, near Houses: In these places you must
+regard the _Oldness_ or _Newness_ of her _Form_ or _Seat_, to prevent
+Labour in Vain: If it be plain and smooth within, and the Pad before it
+flat and worn, and the Prickles so new and perceptible, that the Earth
+seems black, and fresh broken, then assure your self the Form is new,
+and from thence you may Hunt and recover the _Hare_; if the contrary, it
+is old, and if your _Hounds_ call upon it, rate them off. When the
+_Hare_ is started and on Foot, step in where you saw her pass, and
+hollow in your _Hounds_ till they have undertaken it, then go on with
+full Cry. Above all, be sure to observe her first Doubling, which must
+be your direction for all that day; for all her other after Doublings,
+will be like that. When she is thus reduced to the _slights_ and
+_shifts_ she makes by Doublings and Windings, give your Dogs _Time_ and
+_Place_ enough to cast about your Rings, for unwinding the same; and
+observe her _leaps_ and _skips_ before she squat, and beat curiously all
+likely places of Harbour: She is soon your Prey now.
+
+
+_Of Coney Catching._
+
+Their _Seasons_ are always, and the way of taking them thus: Set
+Pursenets on their Holes, and put in a _Ferret_ close muzzled, and she
+will boult them out into the Nets: Or blow on a sudden the Drone of a
+Bag-Pipe into the Burrows, and they will boult out: Or for want of
+either of these two, take Powder of _Orpiment_ and _Brimstone_, and
+boult them out with the Smother: But pray use this last seldom, unless
+you would destroy your Warren. But for this sport _Hays_ are to be
+preferred above all.
+
+
+_Of Fox-Hunting._
+
+_January_, _February_, and _March_, are the best Seasons for Hunting the
+_Fox_ above Ground, the Scent being then strong, and the coldest Weather
+for the _Hounds_, and best finding his Earthing. Cast off your sure
+Finders first, and as the _Drag_ mends, more; but not too many at once,
+because of the Variety of Chaces in Woods and Coverts. The Night before
+the Day of Hunting, when the _Fox_ goes to prey at Midnight, find his
+Earths, and stop them with Black Thorns and Earth. To find him draw your
+_Hounds_ about Groves, Thickets, and Bushes near Villages; Pigs and
+Poultry inviting him to such Places to Lurk in. They make their Earths
+in hard Clay, stony Grounds, and amongst Roots of Trees; and have but
+one Hole straight and long. He is usually taken with _Hounds_,
+_Grey-Hounds_, _Terriers_, _Nets_ and _Gins_.
+
+
+_Of Badger Hunting._
+
+This Creature has several Names, as _Gray Brock_, _Boreson_, or
+_Bauson_; and is hunted thus. First go seek the Earths and Burrows where
+he lieth, and in a clear Moon-shine Night, stop all the Holes but one or
+two, and in these fasten Sacks with drawing Strings; and being thus set,
+cast off your _Hounds_, and beat all the Groves, Hedges, and Tuffs
+within a mile or two about, and being alarm'd by the Dogs they will
+repair to their Burrows and Kennels, and running into the Bags, are
+taken.
+
+
+_Of the Martern or wild Cat._
+
+These two Chases are usually hunted in _England_, and are as great
+Infesters of Warrens, as the two last mentioned Vermine, but are not
+purposely to be sought after; unless the Huntsman see their place of
+Prey, and can go to it; and if the _Hound_ chance to cross them, sport
+may be had. But no Rule can be prescribed how to find or hunt them.
+
+
+_Of the Otter._
+
+This Creature useth to lye near Rivers in his Lodging, which he
+cunningly and artificially builds with Boughs, Twigs and Sticks. A great
+Devourer of Fish. It is a very sagacious and exquisitely Smelling
+Creature, and much Cunning and Craft is required to hunt him. But to
+take him, observe this in short. Being provided with _Otter-Spears_ to
+watch his Vents, and good _Otter-Hounds_, beat both sides of the River's
+Banks, and you'll soon find if there is any. If you find him, and
+perceive where he swims under Water, get to stand before him when he
+_Vents_, (_i.e._ takes breath) and endeavour to strike him with the
+Spear: If you miss him, follow him with your _Hound_, and if they are
+good for _Otter_, they will certainly beat every Tree root, _Bul-rush
+Bed_, or _Osier-Bed_, so that he cannot escape you.
+
+
+_Of the wild Goat._
+
+The _Wild-Goat_ is as big and as fleshy as a _Hart_, but not so
+long-legg'd. The best time for hunting them is, at _All-hallontide_; and
+having observed the Advantages of the Coasts, Rocks, and Places where
+the _Goats_ lie, set Nets and Toils towards the Rivers and Bottoms; for
+'tis not to be imagined, the Dogs can follow them down every place of
+the Mountains. Stand some on the tops of the Rocks, and as occasion
+offers throw down Stones; and place your Relays at the small Brooks or
+Waters, where the _Goat_ comes down; but let them not tarry, till the
+_Hounds_ come in, that were cast off.
+
+_Thus much for Hunting._
+
+
+
+
+_Of RIDING._
+
+
+Here we must first examine the Ends and Design of our proposing this Art
+to our selves, and accordingly lay down as briefly as may be the
+necessary Rules and Lessons are to be observed and learnt; and I take
+these to be the usual Perfections we aim at. _To ride well the great_
+Horse, _for the Wars or Service, and the_ Horse _for Pleasure_; of both
+which as concisely as I can, in their order.
+
+We must begin with _Taming a young Colt_. After you have kept him at
+home some time, and made him so Familiar with you, as to suffer
+_Combing_, _Currying_, _Handling_, and _Stroaking_ any part, 'tis high
+time then to offer him the Saddle, which you must lay in the _Manger_
+first, that by its smell, he may not be afraid of it, or the _Styrrups_
+Noise. Then gently saddling him (after his dressing) take a sweet
+_Watering Trench_, anointed with Honey and Salt, and place it in his
+Mouth so, that it may hang directly over his _Tush_; then lead him
+abroad in your hand, and Water him; and after he has stood an hour
+rein'd take off his Bridle and Saddle, and let him feed till Evening;
+then do as in the Morning; dress and Cloath him, having _Cherisht_, by
+the Voice delivered smoothly and gently; or by the Hand by gently
+stroaking and clapping him on the neck, or Buttock; or lastly by the
+_Rod_, by rubbing it on his Withers or Main.
+
+On the next day as before; and after that, put him on a strong
+_Musrole_, or sharp _Cavezan_, and _Martingale_; which is the best guide
+to a Horse for setting his head in due place, forming the Rein, and
+appearing Graceful and Comely; it Corrects the yerking out his Head, or
+Nose, and prevents his running away with his Rider. Observe therefore to
+place it right, that it be not buckled straight, but loose, and so low,
+that it rest on the tender Grizsle of his Nose, to make him the more
+sensible of his fault, and Correction; and so as you see you win his
+Head, bring him straighter by degrees; let him but gently feel it, till
+his Head be brought to its true perfection.
+
+Having observed this well, lead him forth into some soft or new Plowed
+Land, trot him about in your hand a good while: Then offer to Mount; if
+he refuse to suffer you, trot him again; then putting your foot into the
+_Styrrop_, mount half way; if he takes it impatient, correct him, and
+about again; if not, cherish him, and place your self a moment in the
+Saddle, dismount, cherish, and feed him with _Grass_, or _Bread_: All
+things being well, remount, even in the Saddle, keeping your Rod from
+his Eye; then let one lead him by the _Chaff-Halter_, and ever and a-non
+make him stand, and cherish him, till he will of his own accord go
+forward; then come home, alight gently, _dress and feed him well_. This
+Course in few dayes will bring him to Trot, by following some other
+Horse-man, stop him now and then gently, and forward; not forgetting
+seasonable _Cherishings_ and _Corrections_, by Voice, _Bridle_, _Rod_,
+_Spurs_.
+
+Being thus brought to some certainty of _Rein_, and _Trotting_
+forth-right, then to the treading _forth of the large Rings_. And here
+first examine your Horses Nature, before you choose your Ground, for, if
+his Nature be dull and sloathful, yet strong, then _New-Plow'd-Field_ is
+best; if _Active_, _Quick_ and _Fiery_, then _Sandy-ground_ is to be
+preferred; in the most proper of which mark out a large Ring, of a
+Hundred paces circumference. Walk about it on the right seven or eight
+times, then by a little straightning your right Rein, and laying your
+left leg calf to his side, make a half Circle within the Ring upon your
+right down to its Center; then by straightning a little your left Rein,
+and laying your right Leg Calf to his side, make a half Circle to your
+left hand, from the Center to the outmost Verge, and these you see
+contrary turned make a Roman _S_. Now to your first large Compass, walk
+him about on your left hand, as oft as before on the right, and change
+to your right within your Ring; then Trot him first on the right-hand,
+then on the left, as long as you judge fit, and as often Mornings and
+Evenings, as the Nature of your Horse shall require. In the same manner
+you may make him to _Gallop_ the same Rings, though you must not enter
+it all at once, but by degrees, first a Quarter, then a Half-quarter;
+and the Lightness and Cheerfulness of your Body, not the Spur, must
+induce him to it.
+
+The next Lesson is to _Stop Fair_, _Comely_, and without Danger. First
+see that the Ground be hard and firm, then having cherisht your Horse,
+bring him to a swift Trot, about Fifty Paces, and then straightly &
+suddenly draw in your Bridle hand; then ease a little your hand to make
+him give backward, and in so doing, give him liberty and cherish him;
+then drawing in your Bridle hand, make him retire, and go back; if he
+strike, ease your hand: if he refuse, let some by-stander put him back,
+that he may learn your intention and thus he may learn these two Lessons
+at once.
+
+_To Advance before_, when he stoppeth, is thus taught: When you stop
+your Horse, without easing your hand, lay close and hard to his sides
+both Calves of your Legs, and shaking your Rod cry, _Up_, _Up_; which he
+will understand by frequent Repetition, and Practice: This is a
+Gracefull, and Comely Motion, makes a Horse Agile, and Nimble, and ready
+to turn; and therefore be careful in it: That he take up his Legs Even
+together, and bending to his Body; not too high, for fear of his coming
+over; not sprawling, or pawing; or for his own pleasure; in these faults
+correct him with Spur and Rod.
+
+To _Yerk out behind_ is the next Lesson, thus learnt, Presently upon
+your making him stop give him a good brisk jerk near his Flank, which
+will make him soon understand you. When he does it, cherish him; and see
+he does it comely, for to yerk out his hinder Legs, till his Forelegs be
+above Ground, is not graceful; or one Leg yerk't farther out than the
+other; or one Leg out while the other is on the Ground; in this case a
+single Spur on the faulty side, is best. But to help him in Yerking,
+staying his Mouth on the Bridle, striking your Rod under his Belly, or
+Touching him on the Rump with it.
+
+To _Turn readily on both hands_, thus: Bring his large Rings narrower,
+and therein gently walk him, till acquainted. Then carry your
+Bridle-hand steady and straight, the outmost rather straighter than the
+inmost Rein, to look from, rather than to the Ring; trot him thus about,
+on one side and the other successively, as aforesaid. After some time
+stop, and make him advance twice or more, and retire in an even Line;
+then stop and cherish him. To it again, after the same manner, making
+him lap his outmost Leg above a foot over his Inner. And thus the _Terra
+a Terra_, _Incavalere & Chambletta_, are all taught together. Perfect
+your Horse in the large Ring, and the straight Ring is easily learnt.
+
+Your Horse being brought thus far to perfection, with the _Musrole_ and
+_Trench_, now let a gentle _Cavezan_ take their place; with a smooth
+Cannon-Bit in his Mouth, and a plain watering Chain, Cheek large, and
+the Kirble thick, round and big, loosely hanging on his nether Lip; and
+thus mount him, and perfect your Horse with the _Bit_ in all the
+aforesaid Lessons, as you did with the _Snaffle_; which indeed is the
+easier to be done of the two.
+
+To teach your Horse _To go a side_, as a necessary Motion for shunning a
+blow from an Enemy, is thus: Draw up your Bridle hand somewhat straight,
+and if you would have him go on the Right, lay your left Rein close to
+his Neck, and your left Calf likewise close to his side (as in the
+_Incavalere_ before) making him lap his left Leg over his Right; then
+turning your Rod backward jerking him on the left hinder Thigh gently,
+make him to bring to the right side his Hinder parts, and stand as at
+first in an even direct Line: Then make him remove his Fore parts more,
+that he may stand as it were Cross over the even Line, and then bring
+his hinder parts after, and stand in an even Line, again. And thus you
+must do, if you would have him go on the Left hand, using your
+Corrections and Cherishings on the right. Use it, and you may be sure of
+Perfection.
+
+For the _Carreere_, only take this: Let it not extend in length above
+six score yards, give your Horse warning before you start him by the
+Bridle hand, and running full speed, stop him suddenly, firm and close
+on his Buttock.
+
+For the _Horse of Pleasure_, these following Lessons are to be learnt.
+As first to _Bound aloft_, to do which: Trot him some sixteen yards,
+then stop, and make him twice advance; then straighten your Bridle-hand;
+then clap briskly both your Spurs even together to him, and he will
+rise, tho' it may at first amaze him; if he does it, cherish him, and
+repeat it often every day, till perfect.
+
+Next to _Corvet_ and _Capriole_ are Motions of the same nature, and in
+short are thus taught. Hollow the ground between two joyning Walls a
+Horses length, by the side of which put a strong smooth Post of the same
+length from the Wall, and fasten at the Wall an Iron Ring over against
+the Post: Thus done, ride into the hollow place, and fasten one of the
+_Cavezan_ Reins to the Post, and the other to the Ring; then cherish
+him, and by the help of the Calves of your Legs, make him advance two or
+three times; then pause, and Cherish him; make him advance again a dozen
+times more, and then rest; double your Advancings, and repeat them till
+it becomes habitual to him, to keep his Ground certain, advance of an
+_equal hight_ before and behind, and observe a _due Time_ with the
+motions of your Legs. The Inequality of his advancing his hinder Legs,
+is helpt by a Jerk on the Fillets by some body behind him with a Rod.
+
+
+
+
+_Of RACING._
+
+
+A Racer must have the _Finest Cleanest Shape_ possible, and above all,
+_Nimble_, _Quick_, and _Fiery_, _apt to Fly with the least Motion_; nor
+is a long Bodied contemptible, it assuring _Speed_, tho' it signifies
+_Weakness_ too. The _Arabian_, _Barbary_, or his Bastard, are esteemed
+the best for this Use, these excelling _Fennets_, tho' they are good
+too.
+
+Having furnished your self with a Horse thus qualified, you are to
+observe his right and due _Ordering_, before your designed _Racing_.
+_Bartholomew-tide_ is the most proper time to _take him from Grass_; the
+day before being Dry, Fair, and Pleasant: That Night let him stand
+conveniently, to empty his Body; the next day _Stable_ him, and feed him
+with _Wheat-straw_ that day, and no longer; lest you exceeding that
+time, it straighten his _Guts_, heat his _Liver_, and hurt his _Blood_;
+for want of _Straw_, Riding him Morning and Evening to Water, Airing, or
+other moderate Exercises will serve. Then feed him with good old sweet
+_Hay_, and according to the Season, and Temperature of his Body clothe
+him; for a _Smooth Coat_ shews _Cloth_ enough, and a _Rough Coat_ want
+of it. Observe likewise where you _Water_, your _Race-Horse_, that it be
+a Running _Water_, or clear _Spring_, far distant (a Mile or more) from
+the _Stable_, adjoyning to some _Level_; where after he has once well
+drank Gallop him, and so Water and Scope him till that he refuse to
+drink more, for that time; then Walk him gently Home (being an Hour on
+your way, or more) clothe, and stop him round with soft _Whisps_, and
+let him stand an Hour upon his _Bridle_, and after feed him with sweet
+sound _Oats_, throughly dryed either with _Age_, _Kilne_, or _Sun_; if
+he be low of flesh, or bad Stomacht, add a third part of clean Old
+_Beans_, or two parts of _Oats_, or Wash his _Oats_ in strong _Beer_ or
+_Ale_.
+
+For _Dressing_ take these Rules. _Dress_ your Horse twice a day, before
+you Water him, both Morning, and Evening, thus: _Curry_ him after he is
+uncloath'd, from his _Ear-tips_ to his _Tayle_, and his whole Body
+intirely (save his Legs under the Knees, and Cambrels) with an
+_Iron-Comb_; then Dust him, and Rub him with a Brush of _Bristles_ over
+again; Dust him again, and wetting your hand in clean Water, rub off all
+the loose Hairs, and so rub him dry as at first; then with a fine _Hair
+Cloth_ rub him all over; and lastly, with a fine Linnen Cloth; and then
+pick his Eyes, Nostrils, Sheath, Cods, Tuel, and Feet clean.
+
+The best Food for your _Racer_, is good, sweet, well dryed, sunned, and
+beaten _Oats_: Or else Bread made of one part Beans, and two parts
+_Wheat_ (_i.e._) two Bushels _Wheat_, to one of _Beans_, ground
+together: Boult through a fine Range half a Bushel of fine _Meal_, and
+bake that into two or three Loaves by it self, and with water and good
+store of _Barm_, knead up, and bake the rest in great Loaves, having
+sifted it through a _Meal-sieve_: (But to your finer, you would do well
+to put the whites of Twenty or thirty _Eggs_, and with the _Barm_ a
+little _Ale_, 'tis no matter how little water:) With the Courser feed
+him on his Resting days, on his Labouring days with the finer.
+
+The best time for feeding your _Runner_ on his Resting days is, after
+his Watering in the Morning, at One a Clock at Noon, after his watering
+in the Evening, and at nine or ten a Clock at nights: On his Days of
+Labour, two Hours after he is throughly Cold outwardly and inwardly, as
+before.
+
+As for the Proportion of Meat, I shall not confine your Love to a
+Quantity, only give him a little at once, as long as his Appetite is
+Good: When he begins to fumble and play with his Meat, hold your hand,
+shut up your Sack.
+
+As for his _Exercise_ it ought to be thrice a Week, as his bodily
+Condition requires; if he be foul, moderate Exercise will break his
+Grease; if clean, then as you judge best, taking heed of breaking his
+Mettle, or discouraging him, or laming his Limbs. Before you air him, to
+add to his Wind, it is requisite to give him a raw Egg broken in his
+Mouth: if your Horse be very fat, air him before Sun rising and after
+Sun-set; if lean, deprive him not of the least strength and Comfort of
+the Sun you can devise. To make him Sweat sometimes by coursing him in
+his Cloaths is necessary, if moderate; but without his Cloaths, let it
+be sharp and swift. See that he be empty before you course him; and it
+is wholesome to wash his Tongue and Nostrils with _Vinegar_; or _piss_
+in his Mouth, before you back him. And after his Exercise, cool him
+before you come home, house, litter and rub him well and dry; then
+cloath him, and give him after every Course a Scouring thus prepared.
+
+
+_For scouring a Race-Horse._
+
+Take 20 _Raisins_ of the _Sun_ stoned, 10 _Figs_ slit in the midst, boyl
+them till they be thick in a Pottle of fair Water, mix it with Powder of
+_Annis-seeds_, _Lycoras_, and _Sugar-candy_, till it come to a stiff
+Paste, make them into round Balls, roul them in Butter, and give him
+three or four of them the next morning after his Course, and ride him an
+hour after, and then set him up Warm. Or this may be preferred, being
+both a Purge and a Restorative, a Cleanser and a Comforter, thus
+prepared.
+
+Take three Ounces of _Annis-seeds_, six Drams of _Cummin-seeds_,
+one Dram and half of _Carthamus_, one Ounce and two Drams of
+_Fennugreek-seed_, one Ounce and half of _Brimstone_; Beat all these to
+a fine Powder, and searse them; then take a Pint and two Ounces of
+_Sallet-Oyl_, a Pint and half of _Honey_, and a Pottle of _White-Wine_;
+then with a sufficient Quantity of fine white Meal, knead and work all
+well into a stiff Paste; keep it in a clean Cloath, for use. When
+occasion requires, dissolve a Ball of it in a Pail of Water, and after
+Exercise give it him to drink in the Dark, that he may not see the
+Colour, and refuse it: If he does refuse, let Fasting force him to be of
+another mind.
+
+To conclude, these Instructions, I will give you 'em in short before you
+run, and then away as fast as you can.
+
+_Course not your Horse hard four or five days before your Match, lest
+you make his Limbs sore, and abate his Speed._
+
+_Muzzle him not (except a foul Feeder) above two or three Nights before
+the Race, and the Night before his bloody Courses._
+
+_Give him sharp, as well at gentle, Courses on the Race he is to run._
+
+_Shoe him a day before you run him._
+
+_Let him be empty on the Match Day._
+
+_Saddle him in the Stable, and fix to him the Girths and Pannel with
+Shoe-makers Wax._
+
+_Lead him with all Gentleness to his Course, and let him smell other
+Horses Dung to provoke him to stale_, &c.
+
+And Lastly, being come to the starting place, rub him well, uncloath
+him; then take his Back, and the Word given, with all Gentleness and
+Quietness possible, start and away; _And God speed you well_.
+
+
+
+
+School _of_ Recreation. _How to make Artificial Fire-works of all sorts,
+for Pleasure_, &c.
+
+
+Of Artificial Fire-works for Recreation, there are three general sorts,
+_viz._ Those that ascend or mount in the Air. Those that consume on the
+Earth: And such as burn on the Water. And these are again divided into
+three Particulars, _viz._ For the Air, the Sky-Rocket, the flying
+Saucisson, and Balloon: For the Earth, the Ground-Rocket, the fiery
+Lances, and the Saucissons descendent. For the Water-Globes or Balls,
+double Rockets, and single Rockets; and of these in their particular
+Orders, to make them, and such other Matters as may occur relating to
+Fire-works.
+
+But before I enter particularly on them, it will not be amiss to give
+the Unlearned Instructions for making his Moulds for Rockets, _&c._
+
+This Mould must be of a substantial piece of Wood, well season'd, and
+not subject to split or warp; and first the Caliber or Bore of it, being
+an Inch in Diameter; the Mould must be six Inches long, and Breech an
+Inch and half; the Broach that enters into the Choaking part, three
+Inches and a half long, and in Thickness a quarter of an Inch. The
+Rowler on which you wrap the Paper or Paste board, being three quarters
+of an Inch Diameter, and the Rammer somewhat less, that it may easily
+pass and re-pass, made hollow to receive the Broach; for the Cartoush
+Coffin must be filled with the Materials, the Broach being in.
+
+If the Bore be two Inches Diameter, the Rocket must be twelve Inches in
+Length: If an inch and a half in Bore, then nine Inches Long, and so
+proportionably to any other Diameter. The Cartoush or Case must be
+either strong Paper or fine Paste-board, choaked within an Inch and a
+quarter of the Top, rowled on the Rowler with a thin Paste, to keep the
+Doublings the higher together, that it may have the greater force and
+higher flight. Having thus far considered your Mould and Cartoush or
+Case, I proceed to the Composition and filling part, &c.
+
+
+_A_ Sky-Rocket, _how to make it_, &c.
+
+In the Composition of your filling Materials be very cautious that you
+exceed not the just Proportion, for which I shall give Directions to be
+a Standard in this case, _viz._ Having beat a Pound of Powder very fine,
+and sifted it through a Lawn Sieve that no whole Corns remain in it; do
+the like by two Ounces of Charcole; then sift them together, so that
+they may mix well, which done, fill a small Rocket with this Mixture,
+and if it break in Mounting before it come to the supposed height, or
+burns out too fierce, then is there too much Powder, and more fine
+sifted Charcole must be added; but if there be too much Charcole in the
+Composition, then upon tryal it will not ascend, or very little.
+
+Observe in charging your Rocket, at every quarter of an ounce of
+Ingredients or thereabouts, you ram it down very hard, forcing your
+Rammer with a wooden Mallet, or some weighty piece of Wood, but no Iron
+or Stone, for fear any Sparkles of Fire fly out and take your
+Combustible Matter; so fill it by degrees: If you design neither to
+place Stars, Quills, or small Rockets on its Head, you may put in about
+an Inch and a half of dry Powder for the Bounce, but if you are to place
+the fore-mention'd things on the Head of a great Rocket, you must close
+down the Paper or Paste-board very hard, and prick two or three holes
+with a Bodkin, that it may give fire to them when it Expires, placing a
+large Cartoush or Paste-board on the head of the Rocket, into which you
+must put the Stars or small Rockets, Paper-Serpents, or Quill-Serpents;
+of which I shall speak more hereafter.
+
+Note further, That if you would have your Rocket sparkle much, you must
+put some grosly bruised Salt peter into the Composition; but then it
+must not lie long before it be let off, for fear it give and damp the
+Powder. If you would have it leave a blue Stream, as it ascends, put
+fine beaten and sifted Sulphur into it, but of neither of these more
+than a third part of Charcole; and in this manner greater and lesser
+Rockets are made, but the lesser must have more Powder and less Charcole
+than the greater, by a fifth part in six.
+
+
+_Golden Rain, and Golden Hair._
+
+For Golden Rain, or streams of fire, that will, when at height, descend
+in the Air like Rain: Take large Goose-Quills, take only the hollow
+Quill as long as may be, fill it with beaten Powder and Charcole; as for
+the Air Rocket only add a little Powder of Sulphur. Being hard filled to
+a quarter of an Inch, stop that with wet Powder, called Wild-fire; place
+as many as you think convenient on the Head of a great Rocket, pasted on
+in a Rowl of Paper, so that it may not fall off till the Rocket bursts,
+there being a little dry Powder in it to force the end when the stream
+of fire ceases, at which time they taking, will appear like a shower of
+Fire of a golden Colour, spreading themselves in the Air, and then
+tending directly downwards. This is to be considered when you stand
+directly, or something near under them; but if you are at some distance,
+then they will appear to you like the Blazing Tail of a Comet or Golden
+Hair.
+
+
+_Silver Stars, How to make them._
+
+To make Stars that will expand in Flame, and appear like natural Stars
+in the Firmament for a time: Take half a Pound of Salt-peter, the like
+quantity of Brimstone, finely beaten together, sifted and mingled with
+a quarter of a Pound of Gunpowder so ordered: Then wrap up the
+Composition in Linnen Rags or fine Paper, to the quantity of a Walnut,
+bind them with small Thread, and prick holes in the Rag or Paper with a
+Bodkin, and place six or ten of them on the Head of a great Rocket, as
+you did the Quills, and when the Rocket expires, they take fire and
+spread into a Flame, hovering in the Air like Stars, and descend
+leisurely till the matter is spent that gives them light.
+
+
+_Red fiery Colour'd Stars, How to make them._
+
+Take in this Case half a Pound of Powder, and double the quantity of
+Salt-peter; as much fine flower of Brimstone as Powder, wet them with
+fair Water and Oyl of Petrolum till they will stick together like
+Pellets; then make them up somewhat less than the former, and rowl them
+in sifted dry Powder, then let them harden, by drying in the Sun or Air,
+and place them on a great Rocket, as you did the other Stars, and you
+will perceive them when the Rocket is at the height, fall, like Bodies
+or Globes of Fire, in the manner as if real Stars were shooting or
+falling from the Sky, for by reason of their wetness or density they
+cannot expand into Flame, which occasions them by the pressure of their
+weight to descend with greater Impetuosity till they waste and vanish
+into Air, _&c._
+
+
+_Another sort of Stars that give great Reports in the Air, as if Armies
+were fighting._
+
+Here you must observe to place six, seven, or eight small Rockets on the
+Head of a great one, filled only with dry Powder, but indifferently
+rammed, and on the ends of them holes being prick'd through, place any
+of the sorts of Stars, or a mixture, as your fancy leads you; and when
+the small Rockets go off like Thunder in the Air, the Stars will take
+fire, so that the Noise will seem to the Spectators as if it proceeded
+from them, because they will be seen on fire before the Sound of the
+Reports can be heard.
+
+
+_To make Paste-board Mortars for Balloons._
+
+These stately Prospects of Fire are to be carried into the Air by the
+force of Powder, by the help of Mortars; and therefore the making of the
+Mortars are in the first place to be considered.
+
+Take a Rowler of Wood, about 12 Inches Diameter, and three Foot and a
+half in Length, wet strong Paste-board, and rowl upon it as close as may
+be, glewing the Paste-board between each Rowling; then being about five
+Inches thick, bind over it strong pitch'd Rope, though indifferent
+small: Then choak the Breech of it, which must be beyond the length of
+the Rowler, with a strong Cord; pitch or glue it over that the Powder
+may not force its vent that way, and so when the Mortar is well dry'd,
+draw out the Rowler, and make it as even as can be; bore a Touch-hole
+two Inches from the Breech, that it may enter into the hollow of the
+Mortar, and set it by for use.
+
+
+_To make Balloons, the rarity of Fire-works._
+
+Take strong Paper, or Paste-board, rowl it on a 12 Inch Rowler, near as
+thick as 'tis long, then with a strong small Cord choke it at one end
+only, leaving a Port-fire, which is a place to put in a Quill of
+Wild-fire, that will last till being shot out of the Mortar it comes to
+its height; then next to that put on an Ounce and a half of loose
+Powder, and place in it as many small Rockets and Stars as it will hold;
+so choak up the other end quite. You may also put into it little quills
+of Wild-fire, then being closed up, only a Port-fire remaining, which
+made of a Quill of Wild-fire, as is said, or Stopple, to make which in
+the close of this Head I shall Instruct you, Charge the Mortar, being
+set Sloaping upwards with half a Pound of corn Powder, and it will by
+giving fire at the priming holes, send the Balloon up into the Air a
+prodigeous height, and when it comes to the dry Powder, that will break
+the Balloon; and then the Stars and Rockets in it taking fire, will
+scatter abroad in various curious Figures delightful to the Spectators;
+and as they are Cunningly placed, they will represent Crowns, Cyphers,
+Characters, Dates of the Year, _&c._
+
+
+_The Airy or flying Saucisson, How to make it._
+
+This curious Fire-work must be made in the Composition matter for
+filling mostly of corned Powder, putting before it when you fill the
+Cartoush or Case as much fine sifted Powder and Charcole as composed for
+the Rocket, will carry it to its height; leave a hole for the Port-fire
+in the choaking as big as a Goose-Quill will enter filling it with
+Dust-Powder and Charcole, and so close up the open end, by turning in
+the Paper or Paste-board corner-wise, either glewing or waxing it down.
+
+
+_Paste-board Guns to cast the Saucissons into the Air, How to make
+them._
+
+To make these kind of Guns, Take a Rowler, some what less than for the
+Balloon, Rowel on it your Paste-board, and cord it over with strong
+Packthread, making their Touch-holes at the bottom, because they must be
+placed upright on a Plank or Board in a Row fixed into the Plank or
+Board in holes cut proportionable to them, and lashed fast to Staples
+above and beneath with strong Cords, and being charged with a quarter of
+a Pound of Powder, fire by Match or otherways, given to the Touch-hole
+underneath the Plank, when the Saucisson is lightly put in with the Neck
+or Port-fire downward, so that it may touch the Powder; and this will
+serve for Use a considerable time.
+
+
+_Saucissons for the Earth or Water, To make them._
+
+Make your Cartoushes or Cases about 9 Inches long, and an Inch in the
+Diameter of the Calliber, by Rowling Paper or thin Paste-board on a
+woodden Rowler; choak the ends only, leaving at one end a passage to
+thrust in a Goose-Quill filled with Dust-Powder and Charcole well mixed,
+at a Port-fire, Glue them over, or use small Cord glued or pitched to
+strengthen the Case that it burst not unseasonably by the force of the
+Composition, with which you must fill them when you have choaked; only
+at the Port-fire end, the Composition being about 2 Inches, the same as
+the former, the rest corned Powder, having primed and fixed them on a
+Plank in a Row about a foot distance, lay a train of Stouple, and they
+will fire gradually, flying about on the Earth or the Water, according
+as you place them, giving reports like a Volley of Muskets.
+
+This Stouple is useful for Trains; and Port-fire is no more than
+Cotton-wool well dressed in water and Gun-powder dryed in the Sun, or in
+a clean Swept warm Oven, that it may come somewhat near Tinder, but more
+swift and fiercer in its fire when it has Taken.
+
+
+_Fire-Boxes, To make them._
+
+Take a great Cartoush or Case made, as for the Balloon, croud it full of
+small Rockets or Serpents, with the choaked part downward, prime them
+with Stouple or Wild-fire; fix it firm on a Pole, make a priming Hole in
+the side towards the lower end, and run in a Quill of fine beaten
+Powder, and they will fly out (the upper end being left open) one by one
+as swift as may, or if you scatter loose Powder they will fly out
+several together with a prodigeous Noise, and breaking, imitating a deal
+of Thunder.
+
+
+_Firey Lances, How to make them._
+
+These are usually for running on the Water making there a very pleasant
+Pass-time: Their cartoush or Cases are made like the small Rocket, with
+thin Paste-board glued and rowled up on a wooden Rowler about 9 Inches
+long: If you would have it carry a long fiery Tail on the Water, the
+Composition must be 2 Ounces of Charcole, half a Pound of Brimstone,
+half a Pound of Powder, and half a Pound of Salt-peter, or
+proportionable for so many as you make, bruised finely and Sifted; but
+if you would have it burn bright like a Torch, put only four Ounces of
+Powder to the fore-named quantity of Brimstone and Salt-peter, without
+any Charcole-dust, tying to each Line a Rod in the same nature as to
+the Sky-Rocket; but not of that largeness; and they will float about a
+long time, making a strange shew in a dark Night, their ends being so
+placed on a frame when you give fire, that they may leap out of them
+selves one, two, or three, at a time, or as you design them, by putting
+more or less Stouple for Port-fires; scatter a very small quantity of
+loose Powder underneath.
+
+
+_To make the appearance of Trees and Fountains of Fire._
+
+This is done by placing many little Rockets on the Head of a great one,
+by passing their slender Rods through its large Cartoush; and if they
+take fire whilst the Rocket is vigorously Ascending, they will spring up
+like Branches or fiery Trees; but if they go off just as the Rocket is
+spent, and Descending, they will appear like a Fountain of Fire.
+
+
+_Girondels or Fire-wheels, How to make them._
+
+Take a Wheel of light Wood, like the circle of a Spinning-wheel, on
+which the Band is placed; tie small Rockets round it in the nature of a
+Band, so fast that they cannot fly off, and so Head to Tail, that the
+first fired when it bursts may give fire to the next, whose force will
+carry the Wheel (which must be placed on a strong Pin in the Axeltree)
+round so fast that although but one Rocket go off at a time, it will
+seem all on fire, and so continue whilst all are gradually Spent; and
+this especially at the Angles of great Fire-works are very Ornamental.
+
+_Ground-Rockets, and the best way of Making Serpents._
+
+The Mould of the Ground-Rocket may be made in all particulars like that
+for the Sky-Rocket, but less in Length and Circumference, six, seven, or
+eight Inches being a warrantable Length; rowl on the Cartoush or Case to
+a moderate thickness; choak it at one end, fill it, the Broach being in
+as the Sky-rocket; with this composition.
+
+Put but an ounce of Charcole to a Pound of Powder, and about half an
+Ounce of Salt-peter; beat, mingle and sift them finely; put in about a
+quarter of an ounce between every Raming till it is full with in an Inch
+with corned Powder, Lightly Raming it, leaving only so much room as may
+choak it at that end, cutting then off what hangs over, and leaving it
+with a picked end; being thus finished, prime it with a little wet
+Powder, and lay it a drying till you dispose of it for your pass-time.
+
+The Serpent is a kind of a small Rocket; To make them therefore well,
+make a Case of strong white Paper, about six Inches and a half, the
+Rowler being about the thickness of a small Arrow, it must have a Head
+and a Broach proportionable, being Rowled up hard, past the Edg that
+turns over; choak it with a strong Pack-thread, and fill it with a
+Composition of six ounces of Powder to one of Charcole, both beaten
+finely, sifted and well mingled; put in a little and little at time in,
+and every time you put any in, Ram it down hard till within an Inch
+full; then put in corned Powder, press it down gently, and with the end
+of your Rammer force down the end that stands a little above; so that it
+may cover the Powder, and then Seal it down with Wax; prime with
+Dust-Powder, and a little Flower of Brimstone, and with your Match
+having a good Coal on it, give fire as you see occasion.
+
+
+_Fiery Globes or Comets, to make them._
+
+Take half a Pound of Powder, two onces of Brimstone, an ounce of
+Salt-peter, bruise these Grosly, and wet them; Aqua-Vitae and Oyl of
+Petrolum, that they may be moulded like a Paste, that so they may be
+made up into Balls, as big as ordinary Wash-Balls; then dry them very
+hard, and wrap them up in Cerecloaths made of Brimstone, Rosin, and
+Turpentine, in which make a little whole, and prime with Wild-fire: Put
+the Ball then into a Sling, and the Wild-fire being Touched, throw it up
+as high as you can into the Air, and when the body of the Ball fires, it
+will appear to the Beholders like a fiery Globe, with a Stream or Blaze,
+like as if a Comet or Blazing Star were Ascending or Descending,
+according to its height or Declination,
+
+
+_To try the goodness of Powder, that you may know its strength._
+
+Observe whether it be well dryed and corned, which you have taken notice
+of, and approved; lay a few Corns scattered on a sheet of white Paper,
+and fire them; when if they leave a black and sooty mark behind them,
+with a noisom smell, and sindg the Paper, then is that Powder gross and
+earthy, and will fail your Expectation, if you use it in your
+Fire-works: But if in the sprinkling and firing there appear few or no
+marks, or those of a clear bluish Colour, then it is airy and light,
+well made, full of fire, and fit for Service; half a Pound of it having
+more strength than a Pound of the other.
+
+And thus Reader, have I given you an Insight into the making Fire-works,
+_&c._ Such as are very pleasing, and now used on occasions in all
+Christian Countries, in making which, by a little you may soon be
+perfect.
+
+
+_St._ George _and the_ Dragon _fighting_ &c. _Also Mermaids, Whales_,
+&c.
+
+Form your Figures of Paste-board, Strengthen'd with Wicker, small Sticks
+within pasted to the Board to keep it hollow, tight, and bearing out;
+and place a hollow Trunk in the Body for a large Line to pass through,
+and likewise for a smaller to draw them too, and from each other, that
+they may the better seem in Combats, which must be fattened at the
+_Dragons_ Breast, and let one end of the Cord be tied, which must pass
+through the Body of St. _George_, turning about a Pully at the other
+end, and fastning it to his Back, and tye another at his Breast, which
+must pass through the Body of the _Dragon_, or a Trunk at his Back; and
+so returning about a Pully at that end, it must be drawn streight, and
+fastened to the _Dragons_ Tail; so that as you turn that Wheel, they
+will run furiously at each other, and as you please you may make them
+retreat and meet again, Soaping the Line to make them slip the easier;
+at the _Dragons_ Tail, in his Mouth and Eyes you must fix Serpents, or
+small Rockets, which being fired at their setting out, will cause a
+dreadful sight in a dark Night.
+
+Thus a Mermaid, or a Whale, may be made to float on the Water, but then
+the Figure must be fixed on a convenient piece of Board, with two fire
+Wheels fixed on an Axle, run through the poised part of the Body, by the
+force of which it moves in a swift Line in the Water; the Wheels must
+have little Rockets or Serpents tyed round them, as the Girondel before
+mentioned.
+
+
+_A Fire-Drake on a Line._
+
+Having made the Figure of Paste-board to the proper Form of a Dragon
+with Paste-board and Wicker, as has been taught before, make a hollow
+Trunk through the Body of it for a great Line to pass through, and
+fasten small Lines to draw it too and from you at the breast and Tail of
+the Drake; put into the Eyes, Mouth and Tail of it Rockets so fixed,
+that they cannot fly out, as you may put Wild-fire Rowled up hard and
+long in Paper: Then fire that in the Eyes and Mouth first, and draw it
+with Pullies from one end of the Line to the other; then that in the
+Tail, and draw it back, and it will seem as retreating from danger, with
+fire coming out of the Belly of it.
+
+
+_A Burning Castle and Dragon on the Water._
+
+Make the Dragon of Paste-board and Wicker, as before; The bottom of the
+Castle of Light Wood, and the work of Paste-board with Paper, Turrets
+and Battlements of a foot height, in the Portal of the Castle fasten a
+Line that it may come level with the Water and therefore some part of
+the Castle must be under Water; this Line must be fastened to the other
+side of the Water, or in the Water, if it be broad, and admit not the
+former on a Pole or Stake knocked down, and pass in a hollow Trunk
+through the Belly of a Dragon, that being in the Castle, may upon firing
+the Rockets, placed advantageously in the Tail, Eyes and Mouth, come out
+of the Castle and move on the Line; to meet which, you may at the other
+end of the Line, in the same manner, prepare a Neptune in a Chariot, or
+riding on a Sea-horse, with a burning Trident, or a Whale with a Rocket
+or Wild-fire in his Mouth; which if it ly low, by spouting out, will
+make the Water fly about, as if it spouted Fire and Water out of its
+Mouth; then by a Train fire, some little Paste-board Guns in the Castle,
+which if the Composition of the Train be made of Wild-fire, or Stouple,
+will go off by degrees, and coming to a Train of Brimstone, Rosin and
+Powder, make the whole frame expire in a terrible blaze.
+
+
+_A Wheel of Fire-works to run backwards and forwards on the Ground._
+
+Procure a pair of Wheels, being of Light Wood, like that of a Spinning
+Wheel, fasten them on an Axel-tree, and place Rockets round them, as
+bands are fastened round a Wheel, and so primed at Tail and Head, that
+when one Expires the other may take fire, half of them placed with their
+Heads and Tails the contrary way to the first: So that when the first
+are spent, and the Wheels have run on plain Ground a great way, the
+other firing will turn them again, and bring them to the place where
+they first set out.
+
+
+_A Fire that will burn in the Water, or Water-ball._
+
+Sow up a Case of Canvas, like that of a Foot-ball, but lesser, pitch or
+glue it over: Then take one Pound of Powder, eight ounces of Roch-alom,
+four ounces of live Sulphur, two ounces of Camphire, Linseed-oyl, and
+that of Petrolum, each an Ounce and half, an ounce of Oyl of Spike, with
+two ounces of Colophonium bruis'd and well mixed together, and stuff the
+Ball hard with it, with a Stick pitch or glue it over again, binding it
+with Marline on Pitch, on that leave two Vents or Port-fires, set it on
+fire, trundle it on the Water, and it will burn under it.
+
+
+
+
+_The exactest Military Discipline for the Exercise of_ Foot _and_ Horse,
+_as in Use at this day, at Home and Abroad, in all the Words of
+Command_, &c.
+
+
+To be well disciplin'd and train'd up in Military Affairs, has been the
+study and pride of all Warlike Nations, whereby they have acquired to
+themselves Fame and Riches, by being able to defend themselves against
+Invaders, and gain Conquests Abroad; but above all other, for many
+hundred Years past the _English_ have excelled in this, being much
+helped by their natural Courage. But since I only at this time intended
+to write to the Learner, to train him up in his Exercise, by which means
+his own Industry and Experience may lead him forth to greater matters. I
+shall not enumerate the many brave Men, who from mean Conditions have
+rais'd themselves by Arms, to the highest pitch of Honour and
+Preferment; but shew our Youth what they are to do and observe in their
+first Training, as to the Words of Command, to order their Arms in their
+various Postures with Dexterity. And first of Foot Exercise, I shall
+speak of the _Pike_, because it is the most Ancient, to Train which,
+many, who are now great Commanders, have taken it as an Honour.
+
+
+_The Exercise of the_ Pike_, by word of Command,_ &c.
+
+1. =Pikes take: Advance your Pikes.=
+
+To do this, as the first thing required, move in a direct Line with your
+_Pike_ upward, with your Left-hand near your Side, your Right-hand
+almost as high as you can reach, keeping your Left by a Depression, as
+low as you can, your Fingers being strait out; and so raise the _Pike_
+till the Butt-end come to your Hand, then place it between your Breast
+and Shoulder, keeping the Butt-end close, that it may be the more steady
+and upright.
+
+2. =To the Front.=
+
+To do this, put your Left-hand on your _Pike_, even with the Top of your
+Shoulder, keeping your Fingers strait, and bring your _Pike_ right
+before you with a swift Motion; drawing your Right-heel into your
+Left-instep, and so keep the _Pike_ strait.
+
+3. =Charge.=
+
+Here you must fall back with your Right-leg, placing the Heel of your
+Left foot against the middle of your Right, and bring down your _Pike_
+with a quick Motion, support it with your Left-Elbow, and charge Breast
+high; and upon yielding your Body forward, bend your Left-knee to fix
+your self firmer, holding the Butt end of your _Pike_ in the Palm of
+your Right-hand, your Left-Toe pointing in a Line with the Spear of the
+_Pike_, your Feet set at a moderate distance: Then bring it down
+somewhat beneath your Breast, be cautious of clattering, and when it is
+charged, close it to your Breast.
+
+4. =To the Right four times.=
+
+Here turn your Left-toe to the Right, then make your Left-heel come up
+to your Right-instep with a sudden Motion, Recovering your _Pike_ strait
+before you, and having turn'd, fall back with your Right-leg, and Charge
+as before.
+
+5. =To the Right about.=
+
+Now by turning your Left-toe, bring it to the Right about, bringing up
+your Right-heel; your _Pike_ being recovered, Charge with much
+swiftness.
+
+6. =As you were.=
+
+To do this, by turning to the _Left about_, bring up your Left toe; so
+bringing your _Pike_ recovered, observe that your Left hand be never
+higher than your Mouth, your Feet placed in order, and when turn'd, you
+must fall back with your Right-leg and Charge, bringing your _Pike_
+strait up without any clattering.
+
+7. =To the Left four times.=
+
+8. =To the Left about.=
+
+9. =As you were.=
+
+10. =Advance your Pike.=
+
+These must be done, as has been shewed in the Right, only making your
+Observation of Eight Left Motions, &c. And the better to do this, bring
+your Right-heel to your Left-instep; your _Pike_ being before you, fall
+out with your Right-foot, and so bring your _Pike_ to your Right-Thigh.
+
+11. =Shoulder your Pike.=
+
+Here extend your Fingers on the Left-hand, and lay it on the _Pike_
+level with your Shoulder; make your Right-heel come up even with your
+Left-instep, your _Pike_ right before you, fall back with your
+Right-leg, and as far as may be put back your Right-arm, keeping your
+_Pike_ about half a Foot from your Side, your Eye fixed on the Spear
+directly to the Rear, your _Pike_ sloped: Then forsake it with your
+Left-hand, and bring in your Right-leg, laying your _Pike_ on your
+Right-Shoulder, closing your Elbow to your Body, the Butt of your _Pike_
+being about half a Foot from the Ground, in the middle of the distance.
+
+12. =Charge to the Front.=
+
+In doing this, fall back with your Right-leg, keeping as much as may be
+your Arm back, and the Spear exactly to the Rear, sloaping the _Pike_ to
+the same height as Shouldering; then bring with your Left-hand the
+Butt-end backwards, turning the Head with your Right; so quit it with
+that Hand, then taking hold on the Butt-end, Charge Breast high, keeping
+the Palm of your Hand open against the Butt-end, your Left-Elbow under
+the _Pike_, and your Left-toe in Line with the Spear; and when you
+Charge it must be directly forward, your Left-heel being just against
+the middle of your Right.
+
+13. =Shoulder as you were.=
+
+Here raise your _Pike_ with both Hands, so quit it with the Right, and
+with the Left turn the Head backwards, the Spear even with the Rear; so
+with your Right-hand seize it again as high as you can reach with
+little straining, and stand with it from your Body aslope; bring up your
+Right-leg, and then forsake your _Pike_ with your Left-hand, and lay it
+on your Shoulder, ever keeping the Spear in a direct Point to the Rear,
+not crossing your Fellows.
+
+14. =Charge to the Right.=
+
+In this Case fall back with your Right-Arm and Leg, the Spear being kept
+in the Rear sloping at the height of Shouldering; then turn your
+Left-Toe to the Right, suffering the Right to fall behind the Left-foot;
+so that the middle of your Right-foot may be over against your
+Left-heel; then bring up your _Pike_ in this Action, and turn backwards
+the Butt-end by your Right-side; then pressing it in your Right palm,
+Charge.
+
+15. =Shoulder as you were.=
+
+Make your Left-toe come to the Left, and the middle of your Right-foot
+come also against your Left-heel, with your _Pike_ up; and then turn the
+Head to the Right, (that is) directly to the Rear, doing it at one
+Motion: So take hold of your _Pike_ with your Right-hand, and keep it
+sloped with both Hands a little distance from your Body; as in
+Shouldering, at what time bring up your Right-leg, and lay your _Pike_
+on your Shoulder.
+
+16. =Charge to the Right about.=
+
+In this Case give back with your Hand and Leg, then stand with your
+_Pike_ a little distant from your Side, and turning your Left-toe to the
+Right about, bring the Butt end of your _Pike_ to the Right-side,
+falling back with your Right-leg and Charge, keeping the Spear all the
+while to the Rear a Shouldering height; and when you are to Face to the
+Right about, level your _Pike_ and Charge.
+
+17. =As you were.=
+
+In this, turn your Left-toe to the Left about, advancing your Right-foot
+a moderate Step, that the middle of it may stand against your Left-heel;
+then with your Left-hand bring the Butt-end by your Left-side, taking
+notice the Spear be exactly with the Rear a Shouldering height; then lay
+on your Right-hand as high as you can easily reach, and stand with it in
+Form; after which, bring up your Right-leg, and Shoulder.
+
+18. =Charge to the Left.=
+
+Here fall back with your Left-arm and Leg, as in the former Chargings:
+Turn the Left-toe and the Butt-end of your _Pike_ with your Left-hand to
+the Right, after which, bring up your Left-leg, and Charge.
+
+19. =As you were.=
+
+Raise the Spear with both your Hands, turn the Left-toe to the Right,
+and so fall back with your Left-leg and Arm, keeping your _Pike_ from
+your Side, the Spear to the Rear; then bring up your Left-leg, and
+Shoulder.
+
+20. =Charge to the Left about.=
+
+Here fall with your Arm and Leg back, bringing the _Pike_ over your Head
+with both your Hands, the Spear directly to the Rear at a Shouldering
+height: Turn your Left-toe to the Left about, then bring up your
+Right-toe, that the middle may come with your Left-heel, and Charge.
+
+21. =Port.=
+
+Observe here, as in Charging in the Front; being wary that you sink not
+the Spear of your _Pike_, rest it between the Thumb and Fore-finger,
+keeping your Elbow close to your side.
+
+22. =Comport.=
+
+As far as may be bring your Left-hand backward, at the same time
+stretching out the Right, make thereupon a step forward with the
+Right-foot, grasping fast the _Pike_ as high as you can reach with the
+Right-hand, not tossing the Spear too high; then forsake it with your
+Left-hand, and bring back your Right-leg even with your Left; then close
+it to your Side, keeping the Spear the height of your Head.
+
+23. =Charge to the front.=
+
+Here extend your Right-arm, advancing at the same time your Right-leg,
+drawing back your Left-hand as far as may be; and bringing your _Pike_
+forward, give a step back with your Right-leg, and take hold of the Butt
+with your Right-hand; then Charge; and in all Chargings observe it be
+done Breast high.
+
+24. =Fire.=
+
+Herein face to the Right about, suffering the Spear of your _Pike_ to
+fall behind, you; after which, quit your Right-hand from the Butt-end,
+without any motion of the Left, and be cautious not to strike upon the
+Spear.
+
+25. =Charge as you were.=
+
+Here turn to the Left about, place the Butt-end in the Palm of your
+Right-hand, and Charge, the Spear being kept an even height.
+
+26. =Advance your Pike.=
+
+In this Exercise bring your Right-heel to your Left-Instep, your _Pike_
+directly before you to the Recovery; and so fall out with your
+Right-foot that it may come even with your Left, and so bring the _Pike_
+to your Right thigh.
+
+27. =Order your Pikes.=
+
+Raise your Left-hand, so that it may come even with the upper part of
+your Shoulder, place it on your _Pike_, stretching out your Fingers;
+then sinking your Left-hand, raise your Right; and then raise the
+_Pike_, that when the Butt-end your Right-hand may be against your Eye;
+keep the _Pike_ near your Head by clapping the Butt-end to the Latchet
+of your Shoe; and here all the Butt-ends of as many as are exercised
+must fall to the Ground at one and the same time.
+
+28. =Pikes to you Inside Order.=
+
+Place the Butt-end on the Inside your Right-foot to the middle, not
+moving your foot, but only your _Pike_.
+
+29. =Lay down your Pikes.=
+
+As many as exercise in this case, must step altogether with their
+Right-legs; stoop together with a very Quick Motion, and Lay their
+_Pikes_ down very strait with their Right-hands.
+
+30. =Quit your Pikes.=
+
+Fall back with your Left-leg, bringing it even with your Right: Then
+quit your _Pike_ absolutely, and rise up with a quick Motion.
+
+31. =Handle your Pikes.=
+
+Here you must step forward in a quick Motion with your Left-leg, and
+then as many as exercise must stoop together, and extend their
+Right-hands as far as they can reach, and then grasp the _Pike_.
+
+32. =Order you Pikes.=
+
+With your Right-hand raise the Pike, and step back with your Left Leg,
+with a swift Motion, clapping the Butt-end of the _Pike_ to facilitate
+the raising of it on the Inside of your Right-foot about the middle.
+
+33. =Pikes to your outside Order.=
+
+In this Exercise place the Butt-end of your _Pike_ on the out-side of
+your foot, not moving your Foot, but the _Pike_.
+
+34. =Advance your Pike.=
+
+This must be done, as the fore-going; and thus much for the Exercise of
+the _Pike_ in particular by it self, till I come to speak of its
+Exercise conjunctly with the _Musquet_, in the general Exercising a
+Company or Battalion.
+
+
+_The words of Command in the Exercise of the_ Musquet, _and how they are
+to be Observed and Performed_.
+
+When you enter on this Exercise, be sure to keep your Footing firm, your
+Feet at a moderate distance; that at all Times, and on all Occasions,
+you may retain your full Strength. Observe moreover to keep the Right
+heel firm, and set the Right foot steady, and then attend to the Words
+of Command, which you are summoned to do by this Expression of the
+Commander, viz. _Musketiers, have a Care of the Exercise, and carry your
+Arms well._ After which, the proper Words of Command follow in their
+Order.
+
+1. =Lay your Right-hand on your Musket.=
+
+Here the Lock being uppermost, turn the Barrel towards you, and
+extending your Fingers, lay your Right-hand directly behind the Lock; so
+close the Butt end to your Shoulder, suffering the _Musket_ to be in all
+parts of an equal height.
+
+2. =Poise your Musket.=
+
+In doing this, you must hold it with a hard Grasp, facing to the Right,
+and turning with a quick Motion on your Left-heel, your _Musket_ kept
+directly before you the height of it, between your Shoulders; your Right
+elbow on your Side, keeping your feet at a moderate distance, that when
+you turn about, your Left-toe may stand to the Front, and your Right-toe
+as you Face to the Left; let your Left-heel be against the middle of
+your Right-foot; and by such means you will be in a resting posture.
+
+3. =Rest your Musket.=
+
+Here slide your _Musket_ down to your Left-hand bearing your Arm as low
+as possible without stooping, and so receive your _Musket_ where the
+Scowrer enters into the Stock, touching with your hand no part of the
+Barrel, keeping it about half a Foot from your side sloping, your
+Right-hand, with your Fingers, extended being behind the Lock.
+
+4. =Cock your Musket.=
+
+Place the Right-Thumb and your Finger behind the Trigger, so clap your
+_Musket_ against your Thigh, and Cock; keeping it that it slip not your
+Thumb, now removed steady on the Head of the Cock.
+
+5. =Guard your Musket.=
+
+Bring it with a very swift Motion strait before you, to recover your
+Left-hand even with your mouth, about half a foot distance from it, not
+suffering your _Musket_ to sink, nor stooping your Body, observing in
+bringing up the _Musket_ before, which is a recovering, that the
+Right-heel be brought to the Left-Instep, your _Musket_ being
+perpendicular.
+
+6. =Present.=
+
+Here fall back with your Right-leg, that the middle of the Right foot
+may be against the Left-heel; cause the Butt-end to rise to your
+Shoulder, fixing it firm, and keep your Right elbow even with the height
+of the Piece, being in a readiness with the fourth Finger of your
+Right-hand to pull the Trigger, bowing the Left-knee keeping the Right
+firm and steady, and so level your _Musket_ Breast high.
+
+7. =Fire.=
+
+Keep here an exact Motion in drawing the Trigger, every one drawing at
+once, so that the whole Fire of a Company or Battalion may be as of one
+report: Keep your Body steady, and your _Musket_ hard against your
+Shoulder after you have fired, till the next Word of Command is given,
+_viz_.
+
+8. =Recover your Arms.=
+
+Here let the Butt-end sink in both your Hands, and bringing it strait
+before you, keep your right Hand under the Cock and the Left even with
+your Mouth.
+
+9. =Half bend your Musket.=
+
+Fall back with your Right-leg, and let the _Musket_ at once rest,
+placing the Right-thumb upon the Cock, and the Fingers of that hand
+behind the Trigger; then closing it to your Thigh, half bend the Cock,
+and keep it rested with your Fingers extended.
+
+10. =Clean the Pan.=
+
+Do this with the ball of your Thumb, pressed into the Pan, keeping your
+Fingers of the Right-hand behind the Lock.
+
+11. =Handle your Primer.=
+
+Take the little end between your Finger and Thumb, turning the other end
+to the back of your Hand, your Arm bearing backwards.
+
+12. =Prime.=
+
+Level your Piece, and strike your bruised Powder into the Pan half full,
+or some what more, keeping your Left-toe to the Front.
+
+13. =Shut your Pan.=
+
+This do by using your two first Fingers, casting back your Primer and
+bringing up your Right-heel to your Left-instep, your _Musket_ strait up
+before you, as in the recovery, with the Barrel towards you; do it with
+a quick Motion with the Thumb of your Right-hand on the top of the
+Steel, Levelling your Left with your Mouth.
+
+14. =Blow off the loose Corns.=
+
+Bring your Mouth within four Inches of the Pan, give a strong Blast
+without declining your Head, casting out your Arm, and suffering the
+_Musket_ to sink from its former Posture.
+
+15. =Cast about and Charge.=
+
+Advance your right Leg, turn the Barrel of your _Musket_ downwards,
+bring it to your Left-side a little backward, with your Left-hand, not
+touching the Barrel with your Fingers; place the Toes of your Right foot
+to the Front and the Right-heel against the middle of the Left-foot,
+ballancing your _Musket_ in the Left hand, the Muzzle to the proper
+Front, in an equal height, half a Foot from you, joining your Right-hand
+to the Muzzle, your Thumb extended to the side of the Barrel.
+
+16. =Handle your Charger.=
+
+Gripe fast your Bandilier or Charger, hold it even with the Muzzle of
+the _Musket_ underneath, about an Inch distant.
+
+17. =Open your Charger with your Teeth.=
+
+In this Case, bring it up to your Mouth without declining your Head,
+then bring your Charger within an Inch of your Muzzle, about an Inch
+from it, covering your Chargers Mouth with the ball of your Thumb.
+
+18. =Charge with Powder.=
+
+Pat the Powder into the Barrel with a quick Motion, and put the Charger
+underneath as before.
+
+19. =Draw forth your Scowrer.=
+
+In this let fall your Charger, and upon turning your Hand, draw forth
+your Scowrer at three Motions, holding it Level the height of your
+Forehead, with an extended Arm, as if you designed to dart it.
+
+20. =Shorten it to an Inch.=
+
+Turn the great end of your Scowrer towards you, sinking it till within
+an Inch of your Hand, rest it some what below your Right-breast, bearing
+forward a little.
+
+21. =Charge with Bullet.=
+
+Take the Bullet out of your Mouth with your Right-hand, put it into the
+Barrel with a swift Motion, holding the big end of your Scowrer near the
+Muzzle of your Musket.
+
+22. =Ram down Powder and Ball.=
+
+Grasp full with your Thumb and Fore-finger from the Muzzle, your Thumb
+on the Top of the Scowrer reserving a handful in your Hand.
+
+23. =Withdraw your Scowrer.=
+
+Your Hand, Thumb and Fore-finger turned towards the Muzzle, clear your
+Scowrer at three Motions, and hold it up even with your Forehead,
+extending your Arm as if you were about to dart it.
+
+24. =Shorten it to an Handful.=
+
+Turn the Butt-end of your Scowrer towards you; sink it till within an
+Inch of the End, letting it rest against your Body a little below your
+Right-breast, the Scowrer sloping.
+
+25. =Return your Scowrer.=
+
+Put it up in its proper place; grasp the Muzzle of your _Musket_ with
+your Right-hand, extending your Thumb upon the Scowrer, keep it half a
+foot distant from your Side.
+
+26. =Poise your Musket.=
+
+Here before you bring up your _Musket_ with your Left-hand, Grasp it
+under the Cock with your Right, falling with your Right-leg to your
+Left: Keep it Poised against your Nose, and when faced to the Front, let
+your Right-elbow rest upon your Body.
+
+27. =Shoulder your Musket.=
+
+In this do as has been taught in the like case before.
+
+28. =Order your Musket.=
+
+Sink a little your Right-hand, and take hold on the Stock on the top of
+the Scowrer with your Left-hand, then suffer that Hand to sink, and take
+hold on the Muzzle with the Right-hand, letting the Butt-end easily sink
+near the Ground; then let it after a little Pause come down: As many as
+Exercise grounding them together, then close to the Right-foot, and
+place the Butt-end about the middle of it, your Right-hand an Inch below
+the Muzzle, the Lock being outward.
+
+29. =Lay down your Musket.=
+
+Turning it with the Back upwards, step forwards with your Left-leg, so
+with your Right-hand place it on the Ground, that it may lye with the
+rest in a strait Line; This some call grounding a _Musket_.
+
+30. =Quit your Musket.=
+
+Here stand upright with a quick Motion, rising with a falling back of
+your Left-leg to your Right.
+
+31. =Handle your Musket.=
+
+With your Left-leg step forward, and lay your Right hand on the Muzzle.
+
+32. =Order your Musket.=
+
+Raise the Muzzle, and fall back with your Left-leg to your Right,
+turning the Lock outwards by the middle of your Foot.
+
+And thus much for the Exercise of the _Musket_ by it self, which may be
+much advantageous to young Trainers, who have occasion to be called or
+sent out upon Duty in the City or Country and Country Militia of the
+_Trained Bands_, or for any other who is desirous to be knowing in, and
+entering upon Military Affairs, from whence I shall proceed to the brief
+Exercise of the _Pike_ and _Musket_, jointly, as they are Exercised in
+Companies, Battalions, _&c._
+
+
+_The Exercise of_ Pike _and_ Musket _jointly._
+
+We now supposing the _Muskets_ shouldered, and the _Pikes_ advanced; the
+Word next is,
+
+
+1. =Musketiers, make ready.=
+
+Hereupon you must perform all the Postures and Motions together, till
+you stand Cock'd and guarded with your _Musket_ before you; and for the
+better Security your Thumb on the Cock; whereupon the _Pikes_ are to be
+recovered before the _Pike-men_: The Butt-ends in the Palms of their
+Hands, and the Spear upright on their Left hands to the height of their
+Mouths, when the Commander gives the Word
+
+=Charge.=
+
+Then the _Muskets_ and _Pikes_ must be brought at once, by turning the
+Left-toe that way the Charge is made, and the Left-heel against the
+middle of the Right-foot in every Charge, charging directly forward; not
+at the first Charging, closing the _Pikes_ to your Breasts; but in
+bringing down the _Pike_, charge a little way distant, and when they are
+brought down, then close them.
+
+The _Charge_ is, _To the Right_ four times; then to the _Right about_,
+and so, _As you were_.
+
+Then to the _Left Charge_ four times; then to the _Left about_, and so,
+_As you were_.
+
+Furthermore the _Pike-men_ must turn as the _Musketiers_, bearing up
+their Right-heels to their Left-insteps, their Arms being extended as
+they turn; so that they bring their _Muskets_ straight before them,
+carrying their Left-hands as high as their Mouths, bearing back their
+Arms; and when they Face, fall back with their Right-legs, not bringing
+down their Arms till the word _Charge_ is given; and then it must be
+done with a decent quick Motion, not suffering the _Pikes_ to clatter.
+
+After this, the Words of Command are, _viz._
+
+=Recover your Arms.=
+=Half bend your Muskets.=
+=Poise your Muskets.=
+=Shoulder your Muskets.=
+
+This Exercise is to be observ'd, as is before laid down in the Exercise
+of the _Musket_. The _Musketiers_ upon this, being at Shoulder; and the
+_Pikes_ that stood recovered falling out with their Right-legs,
+whereupon the _Pikes_ are brought to their Thighs in their Advance. Then
+the next is.
+
+=Poise your Muskets.=
+
+Upon this, the _Pike-men_ with their Left hands must grasp their _Pikes_
+over against their Shoulders, after which the Words are,
+
+=Order your Arms.=
+=Pikes, to your inside Order.=
+=Lay down your Arms.=
+=Quit your Arms.=
+=To the Right about.=
+=March.=
+
+You must observe these, as directed in the Exercise, only over and
+above, when you are clear of your Arms; you must disperse, and upon the
+beat of _Drum_, close hastily together with a Huzza, your Swords
+unsheathed, with their Points upwards. Then further observe the Words of
+Command, _viz._
+
+=Return your Swords.=
+=Handle your Arms.=
+=Order your Arms.=
+=Pikes, to your out-side Order.=
+=Advance.=
+
+In ordering your Arms, observe you make a little stop before you let the
+Butt-ends come to the Ground; so that each one may bear you company, and
+they may fall together at once; and after they are laid down, and
+quitted, you must stand up together so suddenly, as all your Risings may
+appear as it were but one Motion.
+
+When you March from your Arms, step Front and Rear at once, with the
+Left-feet Marching but a little distance.
+
+Then lay your Right-hand on your Sword, taking hold of your Scabbard
+with your Left; and then drawing, hold your Swords upright before you;
+after you have held them there a while, bring them down at one Motion,
+and when by Command your Swords are returned, stand upright to your
+Arms, facing to your proper Front; and if any thing is to be further
+known, consider the Exercise of the _Pike_ and _Musket_ distinctly, and
+you will be informed to your Satisfaction.
+
+
+_Of the Match-Lock._
+
+These Locks were formerly in more use than _Fire-Locks_, and at this day
+they are sometimes mixed among them; wherefore I shall speak somewhat
+relating to the Words of Command, that seem to differ from the
+_Fire-lock_, _viz._
+
+=1. Lay down your Match,=
+=2. Handle your Match,=
+=3. Blow your Match,=
+=4. Cock and try your Match,=
+=5. Return your Match.=
+
+All these chiefly consist in keeping your Match in order, with a good
+hard and well lighted Coal, fastning it on Command, advantageous in your
+Skrew, blowing the Coal, and so by pulling the Trigger, trying your Pan
+with false Flashes, laying it down at Command, and by the same order
+taking it up again; shortning it to the Pan, that it may give true Fire,
+and upon firing, to return it, and recover the Coal, if it be shattered
+by the force of the Powder. You must observe also to keep your Match
+dry, that on occasion you may not be disappointed.
+
+And this in brief is all materially relating to the _Match-Lock_; the
+other Postures of the _Musket_ are all ready described, being sufficient
+to direct the Exercise; yet seeing many lay much stress on the Beat of
+_Drum_, Take that a long with you, as it relates to Exercise, and so I
+shall take Leave of the foot, and make a visit to the Horse.
+
+
+_Exercise by Beat of Drum, relating to the Foot._
+
+There are usually observed in this, six Points, which are called Points
+of War, and are said to be semi-vocal; because by them the Soldiers
+understand what is to be done; and can distinguish their Duty and
+Exercise; and of these in their order.
+
+1. _The Call._ This is to Summon the Soldiers together to their Arms, or
+upon any other occasion, as to hear Proclamation, or receive Directions,
+_&c._ from the Officers, and are not without leave to Ramble, especially
+in time of War, beyond the hearing of it, under great Penalties.
+
+2. _The Troop._ When the Soldiers hear this, they must Advance their
+_Pikes_, Shoulder their _Muskets_, and close their Ranks and Files to
+order, following their Leaders or Commanders to the place of Rendezvous,
+Quarters, or elsewhere.
+
+3. _The March._ When you hear this, you must betake you to your open
+Orders in Ranks, Shoulder both _Musket_ and _Pike_; and so as the _Drum_
+beats, you March slower or quicker.
+
+4. _The Preparative._ Is to warn you to close your proportionable or due
+distance, when you are to prepare for Battle or Skirmish; and to see
+every thing be in order that may turn to advantage.
+
+5. _The Battle._ This is by some called the Charge, or Signal to Charge
+the Enemy, and is beat in the beginning of the Fight to animate the
+Soldiers Courage.
+
+6. _The Retreat._ This is beat when being over-powered, it is thought
+convenient to draw off and save a total Rout, or sometimes when an Enemy
+you suppose stronger than your self advances towards you to engage, but
+by Retreating you avoid him.
+
+There are two more things on the _Drum_, somewhat to our purpose, _viz._
+
+1. _The Tatto or Tapto._ This is used in a Rounds and Garisons, to give
+notice to the Soldiers and Inhabitants when they ought to repair to
+their Quarters and Houses.
+
+2. _Revalley._ Is to let them know when it is time to rise in the
+Morning, and attend on their Duty also. In Garisons, to let the People
+know when its safe to go abroad, the out Scouts being Relieved.
+
+
+_The Exercise of Horse in Troops or Squadrons_, &c.
+
+The Exercise of the Horse is various from that of the Foot, and
+therefore that I may not be wanting in what is necessary to the young
+Soldier in their Exercising in the County Troops, or those that may
+enter the present Service Abroad, I shall endeavour to give the Words of
+Command proper with their Explanation.
+
+And first, when Troop or Squadron is drawn out to Exercise, I suppose
+their _Carbines_ and _Pistols_ loaden, and the Corporals passing through
+the Ranks to see they are all ready, upon which, observe the chief
+Officer Commands Silence, and gives the following Words of Command,
+_viz._
+
+1. =Lay your Right Hands on your Swords.=
+2. =Draw your Swords.=
+3. =Put your Swords in your Bridle-hand.=
+4. =Lay your Hands on your Pistols.=
+5. =Hold up your Hands. Give Fire.=
+
+When you have fired, let not your Pistol-hand sink till the next Word of
+Command, _viz._
+
+6. =Return your Pistols.=
+
+And this you must observe in Firing to the Left and Right; Then,
+
+7. =Lay your Hands on your Carbines.=
+8. =Advance your Carbines.=
+9. =Cock your Carbines. Fire.=
+10. =Let fall your Carbines.=
+11. =Take your Swords from your Bridle-hands.=
+
+These must be done with a swift and exact Motion, all as near as may be
+doing it at one and the same time.
+
+If a Squadron of Horse is to Wheel to the Right, the Right-hand-man must
+not close to the Left, as has in ancient times been; for that many times
+disorders the Rank; but you must keep your Ground, suffering the Left to
+come about whilst you only turn your Horses Heads, observing your
+Left-hand-man.
+
+
+_To close the File._
+
+_The Right Wing file stand._
+
+1. =Close your files.=
+2. =To The Right.=
+3. =To the Left as you were.=
+4. =To the Left wing, and stand.=
+5. =To the Left by files close the Squadron.=
+6. =To the Right as you were.=
+7. =The Right and Left Wing Files stand.=
+8. =By half Ranks, close Files to the Right and Left.=
+
+And by closing Files you may cleave or divide the Squadron.
+
+_The Order of closing Ranks._
+
+1. =File-leader stand.=        }  {  Or open on the Front,
+2. =By ranks close the=        }  {  Or the first distances.
+   =Squadron to the Front.=    }  {
+3. =On the Front as=           }  {  And so be cautious in
+   =you were.=                 }  {  observing each Motion.
+
+_How doubling Ranks must be Ordered._
+
+1. =By half Files to the Right, double your Ranks to the Front.=
+2. =File-leaders, advance your Ranks, File-leaders, take your Ground.=
+
+And in this manner Command likewise to the Left, the Order being one and
+the same in the Words of Command. [Again,]
+
+3. =The first half Files stand.=
+4. =By half file-leaders on the Left-wing, double your Rank to the Front.=
+
+Now to reduce this, take the following Method;
+
+1. =Right-wing half Ranks, advance your Ranks.=
+2. =Half File-leader take your Ground.=
+3. =The first half File stand.=
+4. =By half File-leaders on the Right and Left-wings, double your
+   Ranks to the Front, Carocoling to the Right and Left. Then the last
+   half File stand, and the first half file by Carocol in the Right
+   and Left on the wings; then double our Ranks to the Rear.=
+
+Here observe the first File must open the half Rank to the Right and
+Left, the first half File by Carocol. Then
+
+=To the Right and Left double your Ranks to the Rear.=
+
+Here observe the last half File must open the half Rank to the Right and
+Left.
+
+As for the word _Carocol_, it signifies no more when you Wheel by it,
+than that it is made by the depth of the Flank of the Squadron, by which
+Order not the Files, but the Ranks make the Motion.
+
+There is an other Word which some may not well understand at the first
+setting out, which is called _Controversion_; and this in Wheeling is
+performed by the Front of the Squadron, so that whilst the Rank makes
+the Motion, the File remains.
+
+
+_Instructions for Wheeling, with the proper words of Command._
+
+When the Word is given, _viz._ _To the Right by Conversion_, understand
+that you must close your Right-leg to the Horse, your Knee touching that
+of your Right-hand-mans, and in like manner observe in the Word of
+Command to the Left; as when it is said, _Close to the Left_, then must
+the Leg be Closed.
+
+By half Ranks and Conversion, divide the Squadron into two _Troops_.
+
+If you would reduce the Squadron, the Word of Command is.
+
+_By Controversion_: The Squadron into one Troop, else the Left-wing
+advance by Conversion.
+
+When you Wheel by Carocol, observe the Word of Command as follows,
+
+_The Right-wing to the Left by Carocol, Face about to the Rear_: Or it
+may be done by half Ranks in this manner,
+
+By Quarter Ranks, and by Carocol, divide the Squadron into three Troops.
+
+Then if you would reduce them, order Quarter Ranks and Troops into
+Squadrons.
+
+If the Volt, Face or facing about be required, observe thus,
+
+_Face about to the Right: Face to the Right by Controversion; Face about
+by Carocol to the Right: Face about to the Left by half Files: Face
+about to the Right and Left._
+
+And thus much may serve for Wheeling.
+
+
+_The manner of Filing off._
+
+In this case observe, To File by Ranks on the Right-wing, from the
+Squadron,
+
+_File off by Ranks, on the Left-Wing, from the Squadron on
+the Right_,
+
+_File off by three Files from the Squadron, the Left-Wing_: And this is
+found the most Expedient way, though some have used to File off by
+Ranks.
+
+
+_In_ Hay, _what Order is to be considered in drawing up._
+
+Do this, by half Ranks to the Right: _To the Right and Left drawing in_
+Hay: _To the Front_. And if it requires to be reduced again, then
+proceed by Carocol, _viz._
+
+_To the Right and Left as you were._
+
+_By half Ranks, and by Carocol to the Right and Left._
+
+Then draw up in _Hay_ to the Rear.
+
+In Reduction the Command is;
+
+_To the Front as you were._
+
+_By half Ranks to the Right and Left, and draw up in_ Hay.
+
+Reduction by Carocol.
+
+_To the Right draw up in_ Hay.
+
+Reduction by Carocol.
+
+_To the Left as you were._
+
+
+_Of doublings._
+
+Doublings are very useful, especially in strengthening any Party, that
+needs Succour in the Battle; and is to be noted under these general
+Heads.
+
+1. Doubling of length, Front and Rear.
+2. Doubling of Depth, both Flanks.
+
+But in the particular, they are numbered six, that is to say, first of
+Ranks, when every Rank doubles into the odd, and if it so fall out, that
+the odd Ranks are to double, then must the Body Face to the Rear,
+without any Word of Command expected.
+
+3. Half Files.
+4. Bringers up.
+Here they are held to double when the Rear is doubled into the Front.
+5. In doubling the Rear observe it done, when the half Files double
+the Rear.
+6. Here take notice that doubling of half Ranks must be by one Rank
+doubling the other.
+
+
+
+
+_The Noble Science of Defence, in all its Useful Particulars, for
+Defending and Offending, with the Rapier or final Sword; after the
+exactest Method now in Use._
+
+
+This Science, if well understood, as to the fining and using it, is not
+only a noble Exercise, but of great importance to the saving our lives
+on emergent Occasions, if it extend not to Vain-glory and Presumption,
+by too much relying on our Skill, to carry us into quarrels, which we
+may reasonably, and without loss of Honour or Reputation avoid.
+Wherefore I have thought it convenient to lay down such Rules as may
+enable the learner to proceed in the Practice.
+
+The first thing to be considered in this Case, is, the Sword it self,
+understanding only in this the small Sword or Rapier, which is divided
+into two Parts, _viz._ The Hilt and the Blade.
+
+The Hilt is again divided into three Parts, _viz._ the Pommel or Ball at
+the far end, sometimes Round and sometimes Oval in Shape. This keeps the
+Hilt fast, by being well riveted, and by its poise makes the Sword well
+mounted, or light before the Hand. The next is that part on which you
+grasp your Hand, commonly called the Handle: and then the Shell, which
+is that part of the Hilt next the Blade, to preserve your Hand (if you
+are any thing weary in managing it) from a Thrust or Blow.
+
+The Blade is divided into two Parts only. The first next to the Hilt,
+being termed the strong Part or Fort. The other, which is the extream,
+is termed the Feeble, or they are otherways termed the Prime, and the
+Second. The strong Fort or Prime of the Blade, is measured from the
+Shell to the middle of the Blade, and being the strongest, is made use
+of in Parying, or to put by Thrusts or Blows. The Feeble, weak or second
+part, is accounted from the Middle to the Point, and is properly made
+use of in Offending or giving Thrusts or Blows; and thus much may serve
+for the Description of the Sword: Now I proceed to the Explanation of
+the Terms, fit to be known by a Practitioner.
+
+
+_A Guard._
+
+This is a proper Posture you must place your self in, for the better
+defending your self from the Thrusts or Blows of those you Fence with,
+or defend your self from.
+
+
+_To Parie._
+
+Observe that this is to put by a Blow or Thrust, that it may not touch
+you, but be cast off without hurt or danger.
+
+
+_Quart._
+
+Here you must hold the Nails of your Sword-hand upwards, with a steady
+Arm; and then it is said to be held in quart.
+
+
+_Terce._
+
+This is the contrary to the former, for the Nails of your Hand must be
+held downwards; and then the Sword is held in _Terce_.
+
+
+_Within the Sword._
+
+This is that part of your Body, (which having your Right-side towards
+your Adversary) is between your Sword and Left-breast.
+
+
+_Within the Sword._
+
+This is the part of the Body, that (when you hold your Sword towards
+your Left-side) is above it the breadth of your Body.
+
+
+_The Approach or Advance._
+
+This is done, when being out of your Adversaries reach, or at a pretty
+distance from him; you make your Approach or Advance towards him.
+
+
+_To Retire or Retreat._
+
+This is when you are within your Adversaries reach, that you get put of
+it by stepping or Jumping backwards; which you must observe to do on a
+strait Line.
+
+
+_Measure._
+
+This is only a distance between you and your Adversary, which must be
+cautiously and exactly observed when he is Thrusting at you; so that you
+may be without his measure or reach, and that taking the Advantage of
+this, it may be so, that when you Thrust your Thrusts may be home.
+
+
+_To break Measure._
+
+Observe here, just as your Adversary is Thrusting at you, at his full
+Elonge, he may come short of you, because you are, or escape out of his
+Measure, or reach, and so break his Measure, of which I shall say
+somewhat more hereafter.
+
+
+_To Elonge._
+
+This is to Streach forward your Right Arm and Leg, and keep a close
+Left-foot; and this you do when you give in a Thrust, and when you do
+it, you are said to make an Elonge.
+
+
+_Respost._
+
+This is when you give in a Thrust before you recover your Body,
+receiving a Thrust after your Adversary hath Paried your Sword. Then is
+it said to be a Thrust on the Respost or back of the Parade, which is
+the surest and safest you can give.
+
+
+_Feinting or Falsifying._
+
+This is a dodging or deceiving your Adversary, making him believe you
+give back in earnest, and make an offer to Thrust in one place when you
+really design to do it in another.
+
+
+_Beating._
+
+This is no other than striking the Feeble of your Adversaries Sword with
+the Edg and Fort of yours, either with your Right-hand only, or the help
+of your Left, joyned to the Blade, about a foot from the Hilt; and so
+you will cause the Beat to have the greater Spring or Force.
+
+
+_Battery._
+
+The difference from Beating in this, is only Striking with the Edg of
+the Feeble, upon the Edg of the Feeble of your Adversaries Sword, though
+Beating secures his Sword a great deal better than Battery.
+
+
+_Binding._
+
+This method is taken to secure your Adversaries Sword, with eight or ten
+Inches of yours upon five or six Inches of his.
+
+
+_Caveating or Disengaging._
+
+Here you must, if you can, flip your Adversaries Sword, when you
+perceive him about to bind or secure yours.
+
+
+_To take Time._
+
+In taking Time, you must observe never to Thrust, but when you see a
+fair Opportunity, or otherwise it is the Thrusting at your Adversary
+when he is making the Feint, or the flipping of him, when you perceive
+him about to Bind or Bear your Sword.
+
+
+_Counter Temps._
+
+This is when you Thrust without a good Opportunity, or when you Thrust,
+at the same time your Adversary do's the like.
+
+
+_Quarting on the Strait Line._
+
+This is done by carrying your Head and Shoulders very much back from
+your Adversaries Sword, and are giving in a Thrust within it, and that
+each of you at that time receive a Thrust.
+
+
+_Quarting of the strait Line, called de Quarting._
+
+Here you must Observe to throw in your Left-foot, and Body backwards off
+the strait Line, towards your Adversary, keeping your Right-foot firm.
+
+
+_Volting._
+
+This is a leaping by your Adversaries Left-side quite out of his reach
+or measure, which on many emergent occasions is very proper.
+
+These Terms a Practitioner must be knowing in before he proceeds to the
+other Lessons, or Adventures on sharp, especially in earnest; from
+whence I proceed to the next thing materially to be considered, which is
+the
+
+
+_Holding of the Sword._
+
+In doing this according to Art, and to the most advantage, Hold your
+Thumb on the broad side of the Handle, and your Fingers quite round it;
+hold it in this manner firm and fair; so that your Adversary, with the
+least sudden beat or twist, may not force it out of your hand, which the
+hazard in holding it loosely may occasion to your damage.
+
+
+_Of keeping a Guard._
+
+The Guards are in general but two; The one in _Quart_ and the other in
+_Terce_; but again the _Quart_ Guard is subdivided into two, _viz._ The
+_Quart_ with the strait Point, and the _Quart_ with the Point sloaping
+near to the Ground.
+
+The _Terce_ is so likewise divided, that is, the _Terce_ with the Point
+higher than the Hilt, and the _Terce_ with the Point lower than the
+Hilt. There is yet another Guard, that requires you to hold your Sword
+with both your Hands; and of these in their order.
+
+
+_Of the Quart Guard, with the strait Point._
+
+You have two ways with this Guard to defend your self, either by Parying
+or using Contraries to what your Adversary plays, as I shall more fully
+shew you when I come to discourse of the five Parades; however here
+observe in the strait Guard, which is most in use, to keep a thin Body,
+which is done by shewing your Right-side to your Adversary, managing
+your feet in a strait Line from him; so that for your Right he cannot
+see your Left-leg, yet set them not too wide, for that will make your
+Elong the shorter; nor too close, for that will hinder the firmness of
+standing; and let the Point of your Right foot be turned somewhat
+outwards from the strait Line, but the broad side of your Left must look
+towards your Adversary. You are also to sink with your Thighs your
+Left-knee, a little more bent than your Right, which may be done by your
+leaning somewhat back on your Left-thigh; when you present your Sword,
+you must hold it with your Nails upwards, as has been directed in
+_Quart_. The Hilt of your Sword must be as High as your Right-pap,
+keeping your Arm a little bent, for the better and easier pursuing your
+Adversary; or for the quicker giving in a Thrust: The Point must be
+towards your Adversaries Right-side, two or three Inches lower than the
+Hilt, your Left-hand held up as high as your Left-ear, about half a Foot
+from it, the Palm directly against your Adversaries Face, your Fingers
+pointing as it were towards him.
+
+
+_The Quart-guard, with the sloping Point._
+
+In this Guard you must stand much straiter than in the former, the Point
+of your Sword sloping within half a Foot of the Ground, your Hilt as low
+as your Wast, your Arm bended, and the Nails of your Sword-hand between
+_Terce_ and _Quart_; Here you are also to make use of your Left-hand,
+and therefore the more readily to do it, you must advance your Left
+Shoulder almost as far forward as your Right, keeping your Belly in as
+much as may be, so that it stand well, and your Breast out, your
+Left-hand as high as the side of your Head, though about half a Foot
+from it. This is a very open Guard, yet to those that know not how to
+pursue it, it is much Surprizing. And you may pursue this;
+
+First, by raising up or gathering your Adversaries Sword.
+
+Secondly, by striking at his Sword, and making half Thrusts at the Body,
+by which he will be doubtful when you intend to give in your Thrust, and
+finding an Opportunity give it home; and ever when you persue this
+Guard, let your Left-hand be in a readiness to Parie your Opponents
+Thrust, if he Thrust just as you are Thrusting, which is the main
+defence on this Guard.
+
+Thirdly you may give a stroak at his Left-hand; after you give a beat at
+his sword, and see if by so doing, you can force him to betake himself
+to another Guard.
+
+Fourthly, You may Volt, and in your so doing, give him the Thrust, which
+being clearly done, will mainly surprize him.
+
+
+_The-Terce-guard, with the Point higher than the Hilt._
+
+In this you must hold the Nails of your Sword-hand downwards, as in
+Terce, and your Hand lower than in the Quart-Guard, with a strait Point,
+presenting the Point of your Sword towards your Adversaries
+Left-shoulder; if he be a tall Man; but if Short, then to his Left-eye,
+keeping your Arm somewhat bent, for the better persuing: Lean therefore
+a little forward with your Body, and make use of your Left-hand for a
+Parade, holding it somewhat lower than in the former Guard. The rest of
+your Body being kept, as in the Quart-Guard, with the strait Point.
+
+This Guard may be pursued either with Striking, Binding, Volting, or
+Passing, for a Feint on this Guard will signifie little or nothing if
+your Adversary understand it; for as in no Guard, he is to answer
+Feints, least of all in this, the Right defence being to secure your
+self without your Sword, which is done by presenting your Sword to the
+Left-shoulder of your Adversary, or as said, his Eye, so that your Body
+be quite covered without your Sword.
+
+
+_The Terce-Guard, with the Point lower than the Hilt._
+
+Here you must in this bow your Head, holding up your Arm high, so that
+if you come to give a Thrust, your Head may be, as it were, under it,
+your Nails being in Quart till you make your Thrust, and then change
+them into Terce; your Feet must be kept at their due distance, and not
+as at a full Elong; your Sword must be presented towards your
+Adversaries Left-side, and you must make use of your Left-hand for the
+Parade, and it is to be pursued and defended, as the forgoing
+Terce-Guard, only in defending it, you must not make so much use of your
+Left-hand, but more of your Sword.
+
+
+_The Guard of Both Hands._
+
+This is a Guard, that I find not any proper Name for, though it is
+sometimes used as very necessary, how ever, as to the holding your Sword
+in this Guard, keep your Body exactly in the Posture of the Quart-Guard
+with the strait Point; but joyn your Left-hand to your Sword, about
+eight or ten Inches from the Hilt, the Blade being held between your
+formost Finger and Thumb, secure your self within your Sword, as soon as
+you present it, _viz._ Present the Point towards your Adversaries
+Right-thigh, with your Point sloping towards the Ground a little; for to
+pursue this Guard, you must endeavour to take away your Adversaries
+Left-hand by striking at it, and immediately after the stroak, proffer a
+Thrust at his Body, that he may be doubtful when you really intend to
+give in your Thrust; and indeed the pursuit is much like that of the
+Quart-Guard, with the sloping Point, and thus much for the Five sorts of
+Guards.
+
+
+_Of the several Parades._
+
+The Parades are generally Two, but are sub-divided as the Guard, and
+those two are the Parade in Quart, and the Parade in Terce, which are as
+is said, divided again into the Parade in Quart, with the Point a little
+higher than the Hilt. The Parade in Quart, with the Point sloping
+towards your Adversaries Right-thigh, and as though without it.
+
+2. The Parade in Terce, with the Point a little higher than the Hilt,
+and the Parade in Terce, with the Point sloping towards your Adversaries
+Thigh on the Left-side.
+
+There is yet an other Parade of some use, and used by many Fencing
+Masters, which may be properly termed Counter-Caveating Parade; by
+reason what ever Lesson your Adversary makes use of, or upon what side
+so ever he Thrusts, if you make use of this Parade, as you ought, you
+will undoubtedly meet with his Sword, and the easier cross his purpose,
+than by any of the former; and of these I shall give proper Directions,
+
+1. The Quart Parade, or the Parade within the Sword, is so called,
+because in putting by the Thrust, you do it on the inside your Sword, or
+on that side the Nails of your Hand are next.
+
+2. The next is called the Terce Parade, or the Parade without the Sword;
+for here, contrary to the former, you put by the Thrust upon that side
+which is without the Sword, and as the other is termed the Quart, for as
+much as it is within your Sword, or on that side your Nails look to; so
+this is called Terce because it is without your Sword, or on that side
+the back of your Hand is to. Observe a little more, _viz._ when you are
+to hold your Hand or Nails in Terce, that you hold your Nails quite
+downward; And now to Parie these Five several ways.
+
+You must do the first Parade in Quart, with the Point somewhat higher
+than the Hilt, _viz._ When you are standing to your Guard, if your
+Adversary offers to give a home Thrust on that side his Sword lieth,
+which I presume to be within your Sword, without disengaging and is the
+Simplest and plainest Thrust that can be given with the small Sword; yet
+frequently it surprizes a Man, I say, when so it is, that when you
+perceive your Adversary offer to give a home Thrust, which observe by
+keeping your Eye steady on the Hilt of his Sword; you must then
+immediately turn your Wrist with so small a Motion of the Arm, that it
+can scarcely be perceived, to your left-side; and by that means you may
+put by his Sword, with the Fort of yours upon the Left-side, keeping the
+Point of your Sword after the Parade towards his Right-shoulder; you may
+in putting by your Adversaries Sword use a little beat or Spring towards
+the Ground, by which you will more certainly disappoint him immediately
+bringing your Sword to its right posture again, and by, this way of
+Parying you may have the luck to Spring or Beat your Adversaries Sword
+out of his Hand.
+
+The second Parade in Quart is with the Point sloping towards your
+Adversaries Right-thigh, and as tho' without it, in this manner;
+
+When you perceive your Adversary is thrusting with your Sword, turn the
+Nails of your Sword-hand in Quart, with a full stretched Arm, and your
+Hand as high as your Face, and when you do this, slope your Point to the
+lowness of your Adversaries Thigh; and by that means, with the Fort of
+your Sword, on the Feeble of his, put by his Thrust, always observing to
+Parie with the Fort of your Sword, and not the Feeble, lest your
+Adversary having the stronger Arm, force upon you the Thrust in spite of
+all you can do.
+
+The first Parade in Terce, or without the sword, the Point a little
+higher than the Hilt, must be thus managed, _viz._ Perceiving your
+Adversary giving in the Thrust without your Sword; take notice
+immediately to turn your Wrist with some small motion of the Arm, as in
+the first Parie in Quart, till your Nails, be in Terce, and so Parie his
+Thrust, Remembring in this to keep the Point of your Sword, after you
+have Paried him towards your Adversaries Left-shoulder, as in the first
+Parade in Quart, you are to keep it towards his Right.
+
+This Parade is most effectually done with a Spring, to put by the Sword
+or gain an advantage of disarming your Adversary.
+
+The second Parade in Terce, is called that within the Sword bearing a
+sloping Point towards your Adversaries Thigh, and as though within it.
+This observe to do when you perceive your Adversary giving in his Thrust
+without, or below your Sword, as it were at your Arm-pit, immediately
+letting the Point of your Sword sink as low as his Thigh, turning your
+Nails quite round to your Right-side, until they are from you, keeping
+your Hand as high as your Head, and so put by the Thrust on your
+Right-side; and when you are Parading, let your Head be close as if it
+were under your Arm; and this preserves your Face from your Adversaries
+scattering or Counter-Temps Thrusts.
+
+Thus having shewn you the Defensive part, I shall now proceed to the
+Offensive, or how you may offend your Adversary when necessity requires
+it; but before I directly enter upon it, let me speak some thing of the
+Counter-caveating Parade; though some there are who refuse to use it,
+yet it is the safest of all.
+
+
+_The Counter caveating Parade_, &c.
+
+When you observe your Adversaries Thrust coming home within your Sword,
+then immediately slope your Point, and bring it up again with a quick
+Motion on the other side of your Adversaries, and Parie his Thrust
+without your Sword, that he intended, to give within your Sword, holding
+your Nails neither in Terce nor in Quart, but so hold them as when you
+presented your Sword; and observe further to do this, Parade with a
+Spring, and if you perceive he is about to give in his Thrust without
+your Sword, instantly slope your Point, and bring it up again with a
+quick Motion upon the inside of his Sword, and so Parie his Thrust, that
+was to be given without your Sword, within your Sword, and if you do
+this very quick you will rarely be hit with a home Thrust; and in this
+Parade there is great advantage, because by it all Feints, which in
+other Parades cannot be so well noted or shunned, are by this baffled
+and Confounded.
+
+
+Lessons Offensive. 1. _Of Approaching or Advancing._
+
+Observe here; (when you are standing to your Guard, and your Adversary
+without your measure, so that without Approaching you cannot reach him)
+that you lift your Right-foot about a Foot Forward, and presently let
+your Left-foot follow close by the Ground, your Left-knee a little
+bowed, taking notice at the end of every step, that your Feet be at the
+same equal distance as when you first presented your Sword, or if in any
+thing you vary, let it be in bringing them something nearer; and so
+your Elong will come as much nearer to your Adversary as you brought
+your Left-foot nearer to your Right: Always then remember to redouble
+this Step, or any other that is to be used on this Occasion till you
+think your Adversary is within your measure. This step must be always
+made on plain Ground, lest you Trip and fall, which is very dangerous;
+but if it be on rugged uneven Ground, there is another suitable to it,
+called the Double Step, after this manner;
+
+In the first place throw your Left-foot before your Right, (which may be
+done, by raising your Body a little on your Right-foot) about a Foot,
+then bring your Right-foot forward again, as far before your Left, as
+when you presented your Sword; these two Motions must be done
+immediately after the other, or else doing of this Step will appear
+ungraceful; and here you must keep a thin Body as possible, because the
+throwing your Left foot before your Right, lays your Body open, and so
+redouble this step, as the former, according to the distance you are
+from your Adversary, till you approach within his measure.
+
+
+Lesson 2. _Of Retiring._
+
+This may be done three ways, first with the single Step, the same way
+you approach with it, only whereas in approaching with the single Step
+you lift your Right-foot first, here you must lift your Left-foot first,
+and the rest observe, as in the Approach with the single Step.
+
+The second is, that with the double Step, and is done the same way as in
+the Advance, only in approaching you throw your Left-foot before Right,
+when in retiring you must throw your Right-foot backward behind your
+Left; and the rest is done as in Advancing with the double Step.
+
+The third is done by a sudden jump backwards on the strait Line, with
+both your Feet in the Air at once, but you must lift your Right-foot
+first, and after your jump is done, stand to your Guard again, unless
+you find occasion to redouble your jump to be farther out of reach.
+
+
+Lesson 3. _Of giving in the Thrust._
+
+To Thrust or make an Elong, observe (when you stand to your Guard, and
+your Adversary be within your Measure) that your Sword be as you please,
+either within or without your Adversaries Sword, and suppose within,
+then stretch out your Right-arm, and Step forward with your Right-foot
+as far as may be, keeping the Point strait forwards, and let the Motion
+of your Arm begin a thought before you move your Foot, so that the
+Thrust may be given home before your Adversary can hear your Foot touch
+the Ground; and when you are at your full stretch, keep your Left-hand
+stretched, and ever observe to keep a close Left-foot, which must be
+done by keeping your Left-heel and broad side of your Foot close to the
+Ground, without any drawing it after you, for keeping a close Foot is
+one of the chiefest things to be observed in this Science. When you give
+in your Thrust throw your Left-hand behind you, or so place it on your
+Left-side, that your Sword and both your Arms may make a strait Line
+from your Adversary. This must be when you design not to make use of
+your Left-hand for a Parade, but if you do, then in the very time of
+giving in your Thrust, throw your Left-arm forward as far as you can,
+without putting the rest of your Body into disorder, turning the Palm
+from you, by turning your Thumb down, and your little Fingers up, and so
+Parie your Adversaries Thrust, if you find he will Thrust, upon the same
+time you make your Thrust, always remembring when you Thrust within the
+Sword, to do it with your Nails in Quart or upwards, and Quart well your
+Hand and Shoulder; but when a Thrust is made without the Sword, then
+give it in with your Nails in Terce or downwards, and keep your Hilt
+much lower than your Point, and your Head as clear as may be from you
+Adversaries Sword.
+
+Take notice in all Lessons in which you do not first secure or bind your
+Adversaries Sword, that you are to Thrust close by the Feeble of his
+Sword, with the Fort of yours. But there is a difference when you first
+secure your Adversaries Sword, for after your securing or binding, you
+quit his Sword, and give a strait home Thrust, without touching it,
+after it is bound.
+
+In these Rules there is great advantage, as in the Quarting of your
+Hand, when you Thrust within, the Sword, preserves them from your
+Adversaries Counter-Temps Thrusts in the Face; so likewise does your
+Thrusting close by the Feeble of the Sword, and keeping your Hilt lower
+than the Point, when you Thrust without the Sword, as also the holding
+of your Head to the contrary side your Adversaries Sword is on, preserve
+you from Counter-Temps, ever observing as a general Rule; to keep your
+Head on the contrary side of your Adversaries Sword, on what side soever
+you Thrust, for this will frequently preserve your Face from being hit.
+
+
+Lesson 4. _Of Caveating or Disengaging._
+
+In this case, when your Sword is presented within your Adversaries
+Sword, and you would have it without (keeping your Nails in Quart) slope
+your Point so low that you may bring it up under the out-side of his.
+This must be done with the Wrist, and not any Motion of the Arm, because
+when you Disengage, if the Arm move, your body would be too much
+discovered; so that your Adversary would have an advantage to give in
+his Thrust, which he could not do if only your Wrist moved, and this
+must be done with a sudden Motion; and by this you may learn to slip
+your Adversaries Sword at pleasure.
+
+
+Lesson 5. _Feinting or Falsifying_
+
+Of these, there are several kinds, and the first retreat on is _the
+Ordinary single Feint_; When you are on your Guard, and within your
+Adversaries Sword, disengage and make your Feint without, which you must
+do with a beat of your Right-foot against the Ground, just as you
+disengage, and your Sword on the out-side of your Adversaries, and
+immediately after, if you perceive him answer your Feint, and offer to
+Parie, disengage again, and give him the Thrust within the Sword.
+
+
+Lesson 6. _The Double Feint._
+
+There is a difference between this and the single Feint; for in the
+single one you must make two Motions, _viz._ With the first you make
+your Feint, and with the next you give in your Thrust, unless you make
+your Feint on that side your Sword lyeth, which may be done without
+disengaging, and is the simplest of all others in all single Feints, it
+must be given in upon the side your Sword was before you made your
+Feint; But in the double Feint you are to make three Motions, and the
+Thrust (unless when you make your first Motion on that side your Sword
+was presented) is given in on the other side, and not on the side the
+Sword was just before you began to make your Feint; and to play this,
+there are two ways, _viz._ When you are within Measure, you must play it
+one way, and without Measure another way.
+
+As to the first, your Sword being presented within your Adversaries
+Sword, then disengage and make your first Motion without his Sword, to
+stand a Thought on it to try whether he will answer you, by offering to
+proceed to the Parade; if he do not answer, it is useless, but if he do,
+then presently make your second Motion within his Sword, and your third
+Motion without it, by giving the Thrust; both these Motions must be done
+with admirable quickness; at every Motion give a beat with your Foot,
+and disengage; turning your Nails in Quart.
+
+If you are without distance, make a Motion to see if he will answer your
+Feint, and if he do begin again, make your first Motion, as within
+distance, approaching at the same time, and so your second and third.
+
+There is a contrary to these, that is to be observed when your Adversary
+makes use of them against you, Then you must make use either of the
+Counter-caveating Parade, or keep your Sword Point immoveable towards
+his Face that opposes you, your Arm as much stretched out as possible;
+and when you do so you must recover your Body, by drawing your Right
+foot close to your Left, stand as it were on Tip-toe, and if for all
+this your Adversary give a home Thrust, then you must Counter-temps him
+in the Face, and Parie his Thrust with your Left-hand; or if you
+perceive him make variety of Feints, then upon every one of them make a
+half Thrust, which will oblige him to betake himself to the Parade, and
+so when you please you may take the pursuit, or when he makes variety of
+Feints, give a plain home Thrust, as smart as may be, and endeavour to
+defend your self from Counter-temps with your Left-hand, and to prevent
+them, it is always in this Case best when you give a Thrust, to use your
+Left-hand.
+
+
+Lesson 7. _The Single Feint at the Head._
+
+Being within distance you may present your Sword within or without your
+Opponents Sword, making a Feint or Motion at his Face, if your Sword be
+presented without, by a little stretching out your Right-Arm, your Nails
+in Quart, and when you make the Motion, give a little beat with your
+Right-foot, and if the Feint be answered, then immediately give in your
+Thrust at his Arm-pit your Head under your Sword-arm, your Left-hand
+held before you, with the Palm of it looking towards your Right-side,
+and that part of your Arm, from the Points of your Fingers to your
+Elbow, must stand in a manner strait upwards, which posture you must
+ever observe when you give in this Thrust, because in doing it, it
+defends you from the Thrust of your Adversary, if it be above, and
+without your Sword; and you may at the same time make a Motion at his
+Face.
+
+
+Lesson 8. _Of the double Feint at the Head._
+
+Being within distance, make your first Motion or Feint, as before, at
+the Face, your second Motion low without your Adversaries Sword, towards
+his belly; and with the third, give a Thrust without, and above his
+Sword, your Nails in Quart, marking every motion with your Head, Hands
+and Feet; and when you make your second Motion, hold your Hand as in the
+single Feint, and when you give in your Thrust above Sword, you must
+Quart your Head well, because you must give it in with your Nails in
+Quart; and by this means your Body will be kept secure within your
+Sword, when in Terce it would ly open, especially to Counter-temps.
+
+There is a Parying the contrary, either with the Counter-caveating
+Parade, or by answering every Motion, by what means you will fall to
+Parie your Adversaries with the first Parade in Terce.
+
+
+Lesson 9. _Containing the manner of the Feint at the Head on the True
+Parade._
+
+The contrary to the second Parade is this, and to do it you must make
+your Motion at your Adversaries Face, and if you imagine he intends to
+Parie you with the second Counter-caveating Parade, make round his
+Sword, as it were going a circle about it, and so give a Thrust at his
+Arm-pit, and with your Left-hand avoid Counter-temps, and being within
+distance, approach with your first Motion, and in so doing you Caveat
+his Sword and shun his Parade, or if your Adversary follows your Sword,
+you may make two or three circles till you find a fit time to let in
+your Thrust.
+
+
+Lesson 10. _Of the Low Feint._
+
+When you intend to proceed in this, you must have your Sword without
+your Adversaries and when it is so, make directly the Second Motion of
+the double Feint at the Head, and give in the Thrust above, and when you
+are without distance, make your approach with the Feint, or first
+Motion; and make in your Thrust with the second. And this may be Paryed,
+by answering every Motion, or using the Counter-caveating Parade.
+
+The contrary to it, is, when your Adversary is making his low Feint, to
+take time, and give in the Thrust above his Sword, your Nails in Quart.
+
+
+Lesson 11. _Of Battery._
+
+This is a kind of a Beat from whence it derives its name, and therefore
+when you play it you must present your Sword either without or within
+your Adversaries, if within, and he within your Measure, then keep your
+Sword half a Foot from his, and when you intend to play, Strike a small
+stroak on the Edg, and Feeble of your Sword on the Edg, and Feeble of
+his, and at the same Moment give a Beat with your Foot, which will
+surprize your Adversary, if not well skilled; if it does not, nor that
+he answers you by offering to Parie, give a strait home Thrust at his
+Right-Pap, as you give in a plain Thrust within the Sword, moving the
+Sword only with your Wrist, and thereby keeping your Body close. If your
+Adversary offers to answer your stroak, and go to the Parade, then your
+best way is to slip him, and give in a Thrust without, and above the
+Sword, or when you perceive him going to Parade, then suddenly slip and
+make a double Feint on the other side, and Thrust on that side you gave
+the Beat.
+
+In the contrary of this Parie, with the Counter-caveating Parade, or
+meet his stroak, and make a half Thrust, which will force him to the
+Parade; and so you may pursue.
+
+
+Lesson 12. _Of Volt Coupe._
+
+In this observe to present your Sword within your Adversaries, he being
+within your Measure; then make a Feint at the Face your Nails in Quart,
+and upon this give a Beat with your Foot, and carry your Hand well
+Quarted, and if by offering to Parie, he answers this, and that high,
+then Thrust at the Belly, your Nails in Terce, and keep your Left-hand
+as a Guard from Counter-temps; if by Parying low, you are disappointed
+of this advantage, then after you have made your Feint, instead of a
+Thrust in the Belly, slip his Parade, and give the Thrust without, and
+above the Sword; and when you are within distance approach with the
+first Motion: If your Sword be presented without your Adversaries, you
+must first then disengage.
+
+The contrary to this is either to Parie his Sword with the second Parade
+in Quart, or to take time and give your Thrust the way he was to give it
+in upon you, at the instant he makes his Motion at your Face, or you may
+pass without his Thrust.
+
+
+Lesson 13. _Of Binding your Adversaries Sword._
+
+This is the securest Play, and chiefest Mistery in the Art of Fencing,
+wherefore to do it after you have presented your Sword, either within or
+without your Adversaries, on a sudden over-lap six or seven Inches of
+his with eight or ten of yours; and this is sufficient to secure it;
+but this must be always done with the Edg of the Sword, whether you
+present it within or without, and immediately after you have bound it,
+give a Thrust strait home. In this case, always observing to keep a
+close Left-foot, also to give a Beat with your Foot, and to bind with a
+Spring, _viz._ Press your Sword almost to the Ground, but stay not with
+it, but immediately bring it up again and then give the Thrust; and this
+prevents Counter-temps, and the best Parade against it is, the Counter
+caveating Parade, and if your Adversary flips your Sword, you must
+endeavour to bind him within or without the Sword again. You may also
+put upon him the double or single Feint, or having bound your Sword
+without, you may give in your Thrust, as in playing the single Feint at
+the Head.
+
+
+Lesson 14. _Of the Flancanade._
+
+To do this, when you have presented within your Adversaries Sword,
+over-lap it with 12 Inches of yours, within eight of his, and give in
+the Thrust on his Right-flank, on the other side of the Sword, and
+beneath it your Nails side-ways, throwing forward your Left-hand and
+turning the Palm from you to keep off Counter-temps in the Belly, and in
+Thrusting let your Hilt be lower than the Point, which secures his
+Sword; and note when you lap over to do it with the flat, and not with
+the Edg as when you bind.
+
+And thus much may serve for an introduction to the learner in the
+Science of Defence, and therefore for other Lessons, not here set down,
+I refer him to a Master.
+
+
+
+
+_Of HAWKING._
+
+
+_Of Hawks there are two sorts._
+
+The Long-Winged Hawks.
+
+_Faulcon_ and _Tiercle-gentle_,
+_Gerfaulcon_ and _Jerkin_.
+_Saker_ and _Sakaret_.
+_Lanner_ and _Lanneret_.
+_Barbary Falcon._
+_Merlin_ and _Jack_.
+_Hobby_ and _Jack_.
+
+The Short Winged Hawks.
+
+_Eagle_ and _Iron_.
+_Goshawk_ and _Tiercle_.
+_Sparrow-Hawk_ and _Musket_.
+
+There are others too of inferiour sort, as,
+
+_Ring-Tail._
+_Raven_ and _Buzzard_.
+_Forked Kite._
+_Hen-driver_, &c.
+
+And as the Age of these _Hawks_ is, so we name them, as
+
+The first Year a _Soarage_.
+The second Year an _Intermewer_.
+The third Year a _White Hawk_.
+The fourth Year a _Hawk of the first Coat_.
+
+Thus much for their Names, now we come to speak of the Flights of these
+_Hawks_; which are these,
+
+The _Faulcon-Gentle_, for _Partridge_ or _Mallard_.
+_Gerfaulcon_, will fly at the _Herne_.
+_Saker_, at the _Crane_ or _Bittern_.
+_Lanner_, at the _Partridge_, _Pheasant_ or _Choofe_
+_Barbary Faulcon_, at the _Partridge_ only.
+_Merlin_ and _Hobby_, at the _Lark_, or any small Bird.
+_Goshawk_ and _Tiercle_, at the _Partridge_, or _Hare_.
+_Sparrow-Hawk_, at the _Partridge_ or _Black-Bird_.
+
+And the
+
+_Musket_, at the _Bush_.
+
+Your _Hawk_ watch, and keep from Sleep, continually carrying him upon
+your Fist, familiarly stroak him with a Wing of some Dead Fowl, or the
+like, and play with him; Accustom to gaze, and look in his Face with a
+Loving, Smiling, Gentle Countenance; and that will make him acquainted,
+and familiar with Men.
+
+Having made him familiar, the next thing is to _Bring him to the Lure_,
+(which the _Faulconer_ makes of Feathers and Leather, much like a Fowl,
+which he casts into the Air, and calls the _Hawk_ to) which is after
+this manner. Set your _Hawk_ on the Perch, unhood him and shew him some
+Meat within your Fist, call him by _Chirping_, _Whistling_, or the like,
+till he comes, then Feed him with it; if he comes not, let him Fast, and
+be sharp set: Short-winged _Hawks_ are properly said to be called, not
+_Lured_. Make him bold, and acquainted with Men, Dogs, and Horses, and
+let him be eager and sharp-set, before you shew him the _Lure_, knowing
+his _Luring_ Hours; and let both sides of the _Lure_, be garnished with
+warm and bloody Meat; let him likewise know your Voice well; so that
+being well acquainted with Voice, and _Lure_, the Hearing of the one, or
+sight of the other, makes him Obedient; which you must reward by
+Feeding, or punish by Fasting. But before _Luring_ (or any Flight) it
+is requisite to Bathe your _Hawk_ in some quiet and still shallow Brook,
+or for want of that in a Large Bason, shallow Tub, or the like, lest
+being at liberty, you lose your _Hawk_, (whose Nature requires such
+Bathing) and make him range. Now to make him know his _Lure_, is thus:
+Give your _Hawk_ to another, and having loosned in readiness his
+Hood-strings, and fastened a _Pullet_ to the _Lure_, go a little
+distance, cast it half the length of the string about your Head, still
+_Luring_ with your Voice, unhood your _Hawk_, and throw it a little way
+from him; if he stoop and seize, let his plum the _Pullet_, and feed on
+it upon the _Lure_: Then take him and Meat on your Fist, Hood him and
+give him the Tiring of the Wing, or Foot of the said _Pullet_.
+
+Having Manned and _Lured_ your _Hawk_ before you bring him to his
+Flight, one thing is to be observed and done, called in the _Faulconers
+Dialect_, _Enseaming_, which is to cleanse him from Fat, Grease, and
+Glut, know by his round Thighs, and full Meutings; and thus you may do
+it: In the Morning when you feed him, give him a bit or two of Hot-meat,
+and at Night very little or nothing. Then feed him Morning and Evening
+with a _Rook_, wash't twice till the Pinions be tender; then give a
+Casting of Feathers as his Nature will bear; and once in two or three
+dayes give him a Hens-neck well joynted and washt: Then a quick Train
+_Pigeon_ every Morning; and after by these and his own Exercise, he has
+broken and dissolved the Grease, give him three or four _Pellets_ of the
+Root of _Sallandine_, as big as a Garden Pease, steept in the Sirup of
+_Roses_; and you have done this part of your Duty.
+
+To Enter your _Hawks_, for _Partridge_ or Fowl, Lay an old Field
+_Partridge_ in a Hole, covered with something, and fasten to it a small
+_Creance_ (_i.e._ a Fine small long Line of strong and even-wound
+Packthread fastned to the _Hawks_ Leash when first Lured,) and
+uncoupling your ranging Spaniels, pluck off the Covering of the Train
+_Partridge_ and let it go, and the _Hawk_ after it; and as soon as he
+has slain it, reward him well with it. And thus to make him fly at Fowl,
+feed him well with the Train of the Fowl you would have; doing
+afterwards as above.
+
+The Fault of _Hawks_ differ according to their Nature and Make.
+Long-Winged _Hawks_ faults are thus helped. If he used to take stand,
+flying at the River, or in Champaign Fields, shun flying near Trees or
+Covert, or otherwise, let several Persons have Trains, and as he offers
+to stand, let him that's next cast out his Train, and he killing it
+reward him. And indeed you ought never to be without some live Bird or
+Fowl in your Bag, as _Pigeon_, _Duck_, _Mallard_, &c. If he be Froward
+and Coy; when he Kills, reward him not as usually, but slide some other
+Meat under him and let him take his pleasure on it; giving him some
+Feathers to make him scour and cast. If he be _Wild_, _look not inward_;
+but mind Check, (_i.e._ other Game, as Crows, &c. that fly cross him)
+then lure him back, and stooping to it, reward him presently.
+
+The faults of Short-winged _Hawks_ thus are helped. Sometimes the
+_Goshawk_ and _Sparrow-Hawks_, will neither kill, nor fly the Game to
+Mark, but will turn Tail to it: Then encourage your Dogs to Hunt, cast a
+Train _Partridge_ before your _Hawk_, make him seize it, and feed well
+upon it.
+
+If a Hawk take a Tree, and will not fly at all, feed him then upon quick
+Birds, and make him foot them, and in the plain Champaign Fields unhood
+him, and rising up and down awhile let one cast out a Field _Partridge_
+before him, let him fly at it, and footing it, feed on it. If they be
+too fond of a Man, that after a stroke or two will not fly, be seldom
+familiar with him, and reward him not as he comes so improperly:
+Otherwise reward him well.
+
+As for _Mewing_ of _Hawks_, the best time for Long-winged _Hawks_ is
+about the middle of _April_, and _March_ for the Short-winged _Hawks_.
+There are two kinds of _Mewings_. 1. _At the stock or stone_; so called
+from its being low upon the Ground, free from Noise, Vermin or ill Air.
+2. _At large_; so called from being in a high Room, with open Windows
+towards the _North_ or _North-East_. The former is accounted the best
+_Mewing_. The Faulconer, before he _Mews_ his _Hawks_, see if they have
+_Lice_, to Pepper and Scower them too. The best time to draw the Field
+_Hawk_ from the _Mew_, is in _June_, and he will be ready to fly in
+_August_; the _Hawks_ for the River in _August_, will be ready in
+_September_.
+
+
+_Cures for Hawks Diseases._
+
+The Faulconer ought diligently to observe the Complexions of his _Hawks
+Castings_ and _Mewtings_, to judge of their Maladies, an assured sign of
+knowing whether they are sick or distempered in this. Take your _Hawk_,
+turning up her Train, if you see her Tuel or Fundament swelleth, or
+looketh red; Or, if her Eyes or Ears be of a fiery Complexion, it is an
+infallible sign of her being not well and in good health; and then
+Scouring is necessary first; which is done by _Aloes Cicatrine_, about
+the quantity of a Pea wrapt up in her Meat; and this avoids Grease, and
+kills Worms too.
+
+_For the Cataract_: Take one Scruple of washt _Aloes_ finely beaten, and
+two Scruples of _Sugar-candy_, mix these together, and with a Quill blow
+it three or four times a day into your _Hawks_ Eye.
+
+_Pantus_ or _Asthma_: Pour the Oyl of sweet _Almonds_ into a Chickens
+Gut, well washt, and give it the _Hawk_: Or, scower him with
+_Sallandine_-Pellets, and Oyl of _Roses_, and then wash his meat in the
+Decoction of _Coltsfoot_.
+
+_Filanders_ or _Worms_: To prevent them, seeing your _Hawk_ low and
+poor, give her once a month a Clove of _Garlick_. To cure or kill them;
+take half a dozen Cloves of _Garlick_, boil them very tender in Milk,
+dry the Milk out of them; put them into a Spoonful of the best Oyl of
+_Olives_, and having steept them all Night, give them both to your
+_Hawk_, when she has cast, in the morning: feed him not till two hours
+after, and then with warm meat, and keep him warm all that day.
+
+_Lice_: Mail your _Hawk_ in some Woollen Cloth, put between his Head and
+Hood a little Wool, and take a Pipe of Tobacco, put the little end in at
+the Tream, blow the smoak, and the _Lice_ that escape killing, will
+creep into the Cloth: _Probatum_.
+
+_Formica_: Take a little of the Gall of a Bull, and beating it with
+_Aloes_, anoint the Beak of the _Hawk_, Morning and Evening,
+
+_Frounce_: Take the Powder of _Allume_, reduced to a Salve with strong
+Wine Vinegar, and wash her mouth with it; then take Juice of _Lolium_
+and _Raddish_, mixt with Salt, and anoint the Sore.
+
+_Apoplex_: Gather the Herb _Asterion_, wash your Hawks meat with the
+Juice thereof when you feed him.
+
+_Wounds_: Take the Juice of _English Tobacco_, or _Mouse-ears_, after
+you have sticht it up with a little Lint, bathe the place.
+
+
+
+
+_Of BOWLING._
+
+
+The first and greatest Cunning to be observed in _Bowling_, is the right
+chusing your Bowl, which must be suitable to the Grounds you design to
+run on, thus: For _close Alleys_, your best choice is the _Flat Bowl_:
+2. For _open Grounds_ of Advantage, the Round-byassed-bowl. 3. For
+_Green Swarths_, that are plain and level, the Bowl that is _Round as a
+Ball_.
+
+The next thing requires your Care is, the chusing out your Ground, and
+preventing the Windings, Hangings, and many turning Advantages of the
+same, whether it be in open wide places, as Bares & Bowling-greens, or
+in close Bowling-alleys.
+
+Lastly, Have your Judgment about you to observe and distinguish the
+Risings, Fallings and Advantages of the Places where you Bowl: Have your
+Wits about you to avoid being rookt of your Money: And have your
+Understanding about you, to know your best Time and Opportunity for this
+Recreation; and finally a studious Care of your Words and Passions, and
+then Bowl away, and you may deserve, _Well have you bowled indeed_.
+
+But methinks I cannot conclude here, without admiring how aptly a
+Bowling-green is by the Divine _Quarles_ characterized, in the following
+Verses, thus,
+
+    _Brave Pastime,_ Readers, _to consume that day,
+    Which without Pastime flies too swift away!
+    See how they labour, as if Day and Night
+    Were both too short to serve their loose Delight?
+    See how their curved Bodies wreath, and skrue
+    Such Antick Shapes as_ Proteus _never knew:
+    One rapps an Oath, another deals a Curse,
+    He never better bowl'd, this never worse;
+    One rubs his itchless Elbow, shrugs and laughs,
+    The t'other bends his Beetle-brows, and chafes;
+    Sometimes they whoop, sometimes the_ Stygian _cryes,
+    Send their black_ Santo's _to the blushing Skies:
+    Thus mingling Humours in a mad Confusion
+    They make bad premisses and worse Conclusion._
+
+Thus much for Bowling.
+
+
+
+
+_Of TENNIS._
+
+
+This Recreation is of the Same Date for its Antiquity of Invention with
+Bowling, and for the Violence of its Exercise to be preferred before it.
+This Sport indeed is of so universal an Acceptance, that Majesty it self
+is pleased to design it its Recommendation, by tracking its laborious
+steps; and Princes and Lords admire it too for the most proper
+Recreation, to suit with Innocence, and true Nobility. Here the Body is
+briskly exercised more than ordinary, and inured in Agility and
+Nimbleness; this renders the Limbs flexible and mettlesom, and adapts
+them for the most Vigorous Enterprize.
+
+_Tennis_ and _Baloon_ are sports which are play'd almost with the same
+Instruments; and therefore may be under one and the same Head: The first
+is a Pastime, used in close or open Courts, by striking a little Round
+Ball to and fro, either with the Palms of the hands (and then is called
+_Pila palmaria_ in Latin) or else a _Racket_, made for the purpose,
+round with Net or Cat-gut, with a Handle: The other a strong and moving
+Sport in the open Fields with a great Ball of a double leather filled
+with Wind, and so driven to and fro with the strength of a Mans Arm,
+armed in a Brace of Wood. And thus much shall suffice to speak of the
+_Baloon_ and _Tennis_; only let me desire you, let not this or any other
+Pastime disturb your Minds; divert you from the diligent and careful
+Prosecution of your lawful Business; or invite you to throw away your
+Time and Money too lavishly and idley; nor engage you in any Passion;
+that so you may not offend God, dislike your Neighbour, nor incomode
+your Self and Family in your Well-being and Felicity; and then you may
+recreate your self without Fear: And in this Recreation observe the
+ensuing Morality of
+
+    The =Tennis-Court=.
+
+    _When as the Hand at_ Tennis _Plays,
+        And Men to Gaming fall_,
+    Love _is the_ Court, Hope _is the_ House,
+        _And_ Favour _serves the_ Ball,
+
+    _This_ Ball _it self is due Desert,
+        The Line that measure shows
+    Is_ Reason _whereon_ Judgment _looks
+        Where Players win and lose._
+
+    _The_ Tutties _are Deceitful Shifts,
+        The_ Stoppers, Jealousy,
+    _Which hath Sir_ Argus _hundred Eyes,
+        Wherewith to watch and pry._
+
+    _The Fault whereon_ Fifteen is lost,
+        _Is Want of_ Wit _and_ Sense,
+    _And he that brings the_ Racket _in
+        Is_ Double Diligence.
+
+    _But now the_ Racket _is_ Free-will,
+        _Which makes the_ Ball _rebound,
+    And Noble_ Beauty _is the_ Choice,
+        _And of each Game the Ground._
+
+    _Then_ Racket _strikes the_ Ball _away,
+        And there is_ Over-sight,
+    _A_ Bandy _ho! the People cry,
+        And so the_ Ball _takes flight._
+
+    _Now at the length_ Good-liking _proves
+        Content to be their Gain:
+    Thus in the Tennis-Court,_ Love is
+        A Pleasure mixt with Pain.
+
+
+
+
+_Of RINGING._
+
+
+Whosoever would become an accurate Master of this excellent Art and
+Pleasure, and is very desirous to be esteemed an Elaborate and Ingenious
+Ringer, and be enrolled amongst that Honoured Society of =College
+Youths=; I must beg leave to instruct him before he enters the
+Bell-free, in these ensuing short Rules; which he must strictly observe,
+_viz._
+
+1. That as all _Musick_ consists in these six plain _Notes_, _La Sol Fa
+Mi Re Ut_; so in _Ringing_, a Peal of Bells is Tuned according to these
+Principles of Musick: For as each _Bell takes its Denomination from the
+Note it Sounds_, by its being flatter or deeper, as, _First_, or Treble,
+_second_, _third_, _fourth_, &c. as they are in number to _ten_ or
+_twelve_ Bells, the last being called the _Tenor_; So must they
+successively strike one after another both _Fore-stroke_ and
+_Back-stroke_, in a due Musical time or Equi-distance, to render their
+Harmony the more Pleasant, and to make the Young Practitioner the better
+informed to observe the _Life of Musick_, and indeed of true Ringing,
+_Time_; and therefore is called, _Round-ringing_.
+
+2. As in Musick, so in Ringing there are three _Concords_, so called
+from their Melodious Harmony and Agreement, which Principally are these;
+_Thirds_, _viz._ 1 3, 2 4, _&c._ _Fifths_ 1 5, 2 6, _&c._ _Eights_ 1 8,
+2 9, 3 10, _&c._ and these are the more pleasant according to the Number
+of Bells they are struck on, and as they are struck, whether separately
+or mutually. From hence _Changes_ are made, which is only a Changing
+place of one _Note_ with another, so variously, as Musick may be heard a
+thousand ways of Harmony; which being so obvious to common Observation,
+I shall not go about to demonstrate; for that if two may be varied two
+ways, surely by the Rule of _Multiplication_, a Man may easily learn how
+many times 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 Bells Notes may be varied; which will
+run almost _ad infinitum_.
+
+3. For the better observing the Ringing of _Changes_ or _Rounds_, these
+three things are to be noted.
+
+1. _The Raising true in Peal._
+
+2. _Ringing at a low Compass_; and
+
+3. _Ceasing in true Peal_; all which three are the most essential Parts
+to render a Practitioner _Excellent_.
+
+1. For _Raising a Peal of Bells true_, the modern and best Practice
+recommends the _swiftest and quickest possible_, every one taking
+Assistance to raise his Bell, as its going requires: the _lesser_ Bells
+as _Treble_, _&c._ being by main strength _held down_ in their first
+Sway (or pull) to get time for the striking of the rest of larger
+Compass; and so continued to be strong pulled till Frame-high, and then
+may be slackned: The bigger, as _Tenor_, &c. must be pincht or checkt
+overhead, that the Notes may be hard to strike roundly and hansomely.
+Observe that all the Notes strike round at one Pull: I do not mean the
+first; but 'tis according to the Bigness and Weightiness of your Bells:
+However in raising a Peal, do not let one Bell strike before the rest,
+or miss when the rest do; this is contrary to the Strict Rules of _true
+Ringing_: And this is called _Round-ringing_. Now if you design to raise
+a Peal of Bells for _Changes_, you ought to raise them to a Set-pull, as
+the most proper for commanding the Notes, and he who is not well skilled
+to manage his Bell at a Set-pull, will be apt to drop or overturn it, be
+in a Wood, and fruitlessly toil and moil himself. Therefore in
+practising the Setting of a Bell, cast your Eye about the other
+Bell-Ropes, during your managing your own, that you may accustom your
+self to manage it according to the _Change_.
+
+2. For _Ringing at a low Compass_, is thus observed: By keeping a due
+_punctum_ or beat of time, in the successive striking one after another
+of every Bell; the best Ringer being set to the _Treble_, that may guide
+and direct the rest of the Notes in their due Measure.
+
+3. _For Ceasing a Peal of Bells_; let them fall gradually from a set
+Peal, checking them only at Sally, till the low Compass renders it
+useless; and when so low, that for want of Compass, they can scarce
+strike at Back-stroak; then let the _Treble_-Ringer stamp, as a
+Signal, to notify, that the next time they come to strike at the
+Fore-stroke, to check them down, to hinder their striking the
+Back-stroke; yet Fore-stroke continued, till brought to a neat and
+graceful Chime, which may be the Finis to that Peal.
+
+Thus much in short, for _Raising_, _Round-ringing_, and _Ceasing a Peal_
+of Bells; I come next to lead you forth into that spacious Field of
+Variety of _Changes_, and present you with Instructions that may be
+meerly necessary, for the right Understanding the several kinds of them.
+
+Now in _Ringing Changes_, two of our best Senses, are to be employed,
+_viz._ The Ear, and the Eye: The Ear, hearing when to make a _Change_;
+and the Eye directing the Bell in making it: The Bells being the Object
+of the Former, and the Bell-ropes the Object of the Latter: And to
+render both the Eye and Ear Useful in Ringing _Changes_, these Five
+things are throughly to be Understood.
+
+_First_, Endeavour to distinguish the _Notes_ of a _Peal_ of _Bells_,
+one from another while Ringing.
+
+_Secondly_, Learn to apprehend the places of the _Notes_.
+
+_Thirdly_, Understand the Precedency of _Notes_.
+
+_Fourthly_, How to make a _Change_ in _Ringing_.
+
+_Fifthly_, and _Lastly_, How to Practice the four fore-going Notions, in
+General.
+
+1. _To know the Notes of a Peal of Bells asunder_ (which is easy in
+_Round-Ringing_) in _Changes_ is thus: Get the skill of Tuning them with
+your _Voice_, by imitating their Notes while _Ringing_. Or if you are
+acquainted, either by your self or Friend, with some _Singing-Master_,
+or one who has skill in _Singing_, get him to instruct you in the true
+Pitch of any _Note_, and aid your distinguishing them; otherwise you may
+be puzzled in this, to know which is _Treble_, which _Second_, &c. as in
+532641, _&c._
+
+2. To know the places of the _Notes_, is no way better to be apprehended
+than thus: The Practitioner ought to form an _Idea_ in his Head of the
+place of each _Note_, whether in a direct _Line_, or _Obliquely_; and
+representing them by a _Figure_ in his Mind, see (as it were) by the Eye
+of the Understanding, each stroke of the _Bell_, as the _Treble_, 1.
+_Second_ 2. _Third_ 3. _&c._ so that as the _Ear_ is to direct him, when
+to make the Change, so a right Apprehension of the _Motion_ and _Places_
+of the _Notes_, ought to be a means to guide his Ear.
+
+3. The Precedency of _Notes_, is of a very obvious Demonstration; thus:
+In Ringing _Changes_ the Fore and Back-stroke, successively following
+one another, are properly said to _Lye behind_ one another, according to
+their places of striking. Or in short, in 12345, the _Note_ that leads
+either at Fore or Back-stroke, is said to _Lye before_ the rest, and the
+last to be behind, As the 2 is said to lye behind the 1, so it lyeth
+before the 3, as the 3 lyeth behind 2, so it lyeth before the 4. And so
+of as many as are _Rung_.
+
+4. The manner of making a _Change_, is very common, and needs no
+particular, but general Rule; That it is made by moving one _Note_ into
+anothers place, Up and Down, as Occasion requires; but usually made by
+two _Notes_ standing one next the other, as hereafter may be observed.
+
+_Lastly_, In your Ringing _Changes_, these two things (in which consists
+the practick part of this Art) are to be rightly considered, _First_,
+Readily to know which two _Bells_ are to make the succeeding _Change_.
+And _Secondly_, to consider (if you are concerned in it) what _Bell_ you
+are to follow in making it. To understand which the more perfectly, you
+must imprint in your Memory, the Method of the _Changes_ prick'd in
+_Figures_, and to be expert likewise in setting them down divers ways,
+and making any _Figure_ a _Hunt_ at Pleasure; and thus without pausing
+or hesitating to consider the Course, you may throughly understand the
+Methods; the Four preceding Observations being first perfectly
+understood.
+
+There are two ways of _Ringing Changes_, viz. By _Walking_ them, as the
+Artists stile it; or by _Whole Pulls_ or _Half-pulls_: _Walking_ is,
+when in one _Change_ the _Bells_ go round, _Four_, _Six_, or _Eight_
+times; which is a most incomparable way to improve a Young Practitioner,
+by giving him time to consider, which two _Bells_ do make the next
+succeeding _Change_, and in making it, what _Bell_ each is to follow; so
+that by this means (by his Industry) he may be capable of Ringing at
+_Whole pulls_; which is, when the _Bells_ go round in a _Change_ at Fore
+and Back-stroke; and a New _Change_ is made every time they are pulled
+down at Sally: This was an Ancient Practice, but is now laid aside,
+since we have learnt a more advantageous way of hanging our _Bells_,
+that we can manage a _Bell_ with more ease at a _Set-pull_ than
+formerly: So that Ringing at _Half-Pulls_ is now the modern general
+Practice; that is, when one _Change_ is made at Fore-stroke, another at
+Back-stroke, _&c._
+
+He that Rings the slowest _Hunt_, ought to notify the _extream Changes_;
+which is, when the Leading _Bell_ is pulling down, that he might make
+the _Change_ next before the extreme, he ought to say, _Extreme_. By
+this means, betwixt the Warning and the Extreme there will be one
+compleat _Change_.
+
+
+_Of Changes_, &c.
+
+There are _two kinds of Changes_, viz. _Plain Changes_, and
+_Cross-peals_; which Terms do denote the _Nature_ of them; for as the
+first is stiled _Plain_, so are its methods easy; and as the second is
+called _Cross_, so are its Methods cross and intricate: The First have a
+general Method, in which all the Notes (except Three) have a direct
+_Hunting-Course_, moving gradually under each other, plainly and
+uniformly: _Plain_ are likewise termed _single Changes_, because there
+is but one single Change made in the striking all the Notes round,
+either at Fore or Back-stroke. But the Second is _various_, each _Peal_
+differing in its Course from all others; and in _Cross-peals as many
+changes may be made as the Notes will permit_. In short, as to
+_Plain-changes_, I shall not dilate on them here, it being so _plainly_
+understood by every one that lately have rung a _Bell_ in peal; all
+therefore I shall add is this, that any two Notes that strike next
+together may make a Change, which may be done either _single or double_,
+as you list. The _single_, by changing two Notes; and the _double_, by
+changing Four, _i.e._ Two to make one Change and two another; which is
+however called _One double Change_, and not two Changes; because tis
+made in striking the Notes of the _Bells_ once round.
+
+
+_Of Cross-peals._
+
+Or in these _Cross-peals_ we must Observe the _prime Movement_, which
+sets the whole Frame a going, and that is called the _Hunt_, which hath
+_one constant Uniform Motion throughout the Peal_, and different from
+that of the other Notes; and indeed by this the whole Course of the Peal
+is Steered. This keeps a continual motion through the other Notes,
+_i.e._ from leading, to strike behind, and from thence again to Lead;
+which is called one _compleat Course_.
+
+Some Peals upon _five Bells_ consist of single Courses, wherein are ten
+Changes, and twelve Courses make the Peal. Others upon five consist of
+double Courses, wherein are twenty Changes to every Course, and six
+Courses in the Peal.
+
+Upon _six Bells_ there are likewise _single_ and _double_ Courses,
+_viz._ Twelve Changes in every single Course, as in _Grandsire-bob_,
+_&c._ and Twenty-four Changes in every double Course, as in _College
+Bobs_, that being the first Change of every Course, wherein the _Hunt_
+leaves Leading: In short, judiciously observe the first Course of any
+_Cross-peal_, and you will soon see the general Method of the whole
+Peal: All Courses in Cross-Peals agreeing in these following three
+Respects. First, _In the Motion of the Hunt_. Secondly _In the motion of
+the rest of the Notes_: And Thirdly, _In making the Changes_. Which
+three things being well (to omit Instance of Demonstration) and
+narrowly observed, will be very helpful both in pricking and ringing
+Courses; the first and third for directing you in Pricking them, and the
+first and second in Ringing them.
+
+There is one Difficulty to be removed e're I can come to prick down
+those Peals I design to be the Subject of the Discourse of this
+_Epitome_, and that is, _How to make the first Changes at the beginning
+of each Peal_; I mean to make the _Second_, _Third_, _Fourth_, &c.
+_whole Hunts_; and this In short is thus directed: In any _Cross-peal_
+the _whole Hunt_ may move either up or down at the beginning; and the
+Motion of the _whole Hunt_, in the first Course of each of the following
+Peals will direct the first Motion of any _Cross-Hunt_, and by
+Consequence of making the first Changes in that Peal. Taking along with
+you this Observation.
+
+That whensoever the first Change of any Peal happens to be _single_, it
+must be made at the back-stroke, to prevent _cutting Compass_, and the
+like when a double Change happens first in a Peal of _Triples and
+doubles_: But when it happens, that the first Change is made at the
+Back-stroke, then Consequently the Bells at the end of the Peal will
+come round at a Fore-stroke Change.
+
+I shall omit speaking to any of the several Peals on _four or five
+Bells_; for that in my opinion little _Musick_ is heard, though much
+_Practical Observation_ is made, from them; and therefore shall begin
+with _Grandsire-bob_, as having mentioned it but just before in my
+general View I made of _Cross-peals_.
+
+
+_Grandsire Bob._
+
+_Bob_ Changes take their Name from this; _viz._ When the _Treble_ leads
+in the _Second_ and _Third_, and the _Fifth_ and _Sixth's_ places, then
+they are called _Bob-changes_. In Ringing which you are to observe these
+Rules, _viz._
+
+Whatsoever Bells you follow when you _Hunt up_, the same Bells in the
+same order you must follow in _Hunting down_; as in the Changes here
+prickt, where the _Treble_ hunting up _First_ follows _Second_, then
+_Fourth_, and then _Sixth_; when it comes behind, _First_ follows
+_Second_, in hunting down _Fourth_; and when hunting up follows _Sixth_
+in the same Order: The like may be observed in Ringing any other Bell,
+with this Difference betwixt the whole Hunt and the rest, _viz._ Every
+time the Whole hunt leaves the _Treble's_ place, and hunts up, it
+followeth different Bells, from what it did at its first hunting up.
+
+In the ensuing Peal here prickt are _Eighteen-score_ Changes, wanting
+one. It may be Rung with any _Hunts_, and begin the Changes _Triple_ and
+_Double_: You may make your extream at the first, second, or third
+_single Bob_; or the first, second, or third time, that the half and
+_Quarter-hunts_ dodge behind; the _single_ must be made behind in either
+of these.
+
+123456 | _bob._ | 134256 | 143265 | 126435
+------ | 156423 | 312465 | 142356 | ------
+214365 | 514632 | 321645 | ------ | 162345
+241635 | 541362 | 236154 | 124536 | 163254
+426153 | 453126 | 263514 | 125463 | ------
+462513 | 435216 | 625341 | ------ | 136524
+645231 | 342561 | 652431 | 152643 | 135642
+654321 | 324651 | 564213 | 156234 | ------
+563412 | 236415 | 546123 | ------ | 153462
+536142 | 263145 | 451632 | 165324 | _bob._
+351624 | 621354 | 415362 | 163542 | 135426
+315264 | 612345 | 143526 | ------ | ------
+132546 | 165243 | _bob._ | 136452 | 153246
+135264 | 162534 | 134562 | _bob._ | 152364
+312546 | 615243 | 315426 | 163425 | ------
+321456 | 651423 | 351246 | ------ | 125634
+234165 | 564132 | 532164 | 136245 | 126543
+243615 | 546312 | 523614 | 132654 | ------
+426351 | 453621 | 256341 | ------ | 162453
+462531 | 435261 | 265431 | 123564 | 164235
+645213 | 342516 | 624513 | 125346 | ------
+654123 | 324156 | 642153 | ------ | 146325
+561432 | 231465 | 461235 | 152436 | _bob._
+516342 | 213645 | 416325 | 154263 | 164352
+153624 | 126354 | 143652 | ------ | ------
+156342 | 123645 | _bob._ | 145623 | 146532
+513624 | 216354 | 134625 | _bob._ | _bob._
+531264 | 261534 | 316452 | 154632 | 164523
+352145 | 625143 | 361542 | ------ | ------
+325416 | 652413 | 635124 | 145362 | 146253
+234561 | 564231 | 653214 | _bob._ | 142635
+243651 | 546321 | 562341 | 154326 | ------
+426315 | 453612 | 526431 | ------ | 124365
+462135 | 435162 | 254613 | 145236 | ------
+641253 | 341526 | 245163 | 142563 | 123456
+614523 | 314256 | 421536 | ------ | ======
+165432 | 132465 | 412356 | 124653 |
+
+Thus much for the _Grandsire-bob_; I shall next collect what _London
+Peals_ I think most Harmonious, and agreeable, without troubling my self
+to go to _Oxford_, or _Nottingham_, or _Redding_, to enquire after their
+different Methods of Peals, as indeed needless; and my reason is this:
+Because I think the same Rules for _Peals_ that are suitable to our
+_London Genius_, may challenge likewise an Acceptance amongst other
+_Cities_; provided their _Steeples_ are furnished with as many, and as
+good _Bells_, and their _Belfree's_ with as ingenious and elaborate
+_Ringers_ as here in _London_.
+
+I shall begin then with _Peals upon six Bells,_ and herein in order,
+measure out the Delights on _Peals_ from _Six_ to _Eight Bells_, and
+setting out early, present you with
+
+
+_The Morning Exercise._
+
+_Doubles_ and _singles_. The whole _Hunt_ is the _Treble_, which Hunteth
+up into the _Second_, _Third_, and _Fourth_ places, lying twice in each;
+and then lyeth still in the _Sixth_ place, having dodged behind, and
+makes another, and then _Hunts_ down as it _Hunted_ up, and then leads
+four times. Observing the manner of its Pricking, and its Practice, may
+excuse any further defining it.
+
+123456 |
+------ | 265143 | 163425 | 125643 | 143256
+213465 | 265134 | ------ | 125634 | 134265
+213456 | 265143 | 165243 | ------ | 134256
+231465 | 261534 | 165234 | 124365 | ------
+231456 | 216543 | 156243 | 124356 | 136524
+234165 | 216534 | 156234 | 142365 | 136542
+234156 | 126543 | ------ | 142356 | _bob._
+243516 | 126534 | 154326 | ------ | 135624
+243561 | 162543 | 154362 | 146532 | 135642
+245316 | 162534 | _bob._ | 146523 | ------
+245361 | ------ | 153426 | _bob._ | 132465
+254631 | 164352 | 153462 | 145632 | 132456
+254613 | 164325 | ------ | 145623 | 123465
+256431 | _bob._ | 152643 | ------ | 123456
+256413 | 163452 | 152634 | 143265 | ------
+
+This will go a 120 _Changes_, and by making _Bobs_, 240, 360, 270.
+
+
+_A Cure for_ Melancholy.
+
+_Doubles_ and _Singles_.
+
+I should think it needless to explain the method of prick'd _Peals_, and
+give a large Definition of them, when their plain Demonstration might be
+sufficient; However, as the Old _Phrase_ is, _Because 'tis usual_,
+something shall be said of this too.
+
+The _Treble_ is the whole _Hunt_, as in the former, and leads four
+times, and lyeth behind as many, and twice in every other place; the two
+_Bells_ in the 3d. and 4th. places continue dodging, when the _Treble_
+moves out of the 4th. place, until it comes down there again, and then
+the two hindmost dodge, till the _Treble_ displaceth them; who maketh
+every double _Change_, except when it lieth behind, and then the double
+is on the four first, and on the four last when it leads. Every single
+(except when the _Treble_ lies there) is in the 5th. and 6th. places; or
+if possessed by the _Treble_, then in the 3d. and 4th. places: Every
+_Bell_ (except the _Treble_) lies four times in the Second place: But
+enough; a word is enough to the Wise. See it here Deciphered.
+
+123456 |
+------ | 452136 | 165432 | 126534 | 156432
+213465 | 452163 | ------ | 126543 | _bob._
+213456 | 451236 | 143652 | ------ | 165423
+231465 | 451263 | 143625 | 154263 | 165432
+231456 | 415236 | _bob._ | 154236 | ------
+234165 | 415263 | 134652 | 152463 | 132654
+234156 | 145236 | 134625 | 152436 | 132645
+243516 | 145263 | ------ | ------ | 136254
+245316 | 142536 | 162345 | 143526 | 136245
+243561 | 142563 | 162354 | 143562 | ------
+245361 | ------ | 163245 | _bob._ | 124365
+423561 | 156423 | 163254 | 134526 | 124356
+425361 | 156432 | ------ | 134562 | 123465
+423516 | _bob._ | 125634 | ------ | 123456
+425316 | 165423 | 125643 | 156423 | ------
+
+This will go _Six-score Changes_, but by making _bobs_, it will go 240,
+360, or 720. The _Bob_ is a double _Change_ at the leading of the
+_Treble_, in which the _Bell_ in the 4th. place lyeth still.
+
+
+London Nightingale.
+
+_Doubles_ and _Singles_.
+
+The Whole-hunt is the _Treble_, who lyeth four times before, and as many
+behind, and twice in every other place: The two hind _Bells_ continue
+dodging, when the _Treble_ moves down out of the _Fifth_ place, till he
+comes there again, the _Bell_ in the _Fourth_ place lying still all the
+while: When the two hind _Bells_ aforesaid leave dodging, then the two
+_First Bells_ take their dodging places, till dispossessed again, by the
+return of the said Hind _Bells_ to their dodging; and then they Cease.
+
+123456 |
+------ | 425316 | 162534 | 142365 | 164532
+213465 | 452136 | ------ | 124356 | _bob._
+213456 | 452163 | 153624 | 124365 | 165423
+231465 | 451236 | 153642 | ------ | 165432
+231456 | 451263 | _bob._ | 136245 | ------
+234165 | 415236 | 156324 | 136254 | 143652
+234156 | 415263 | 156342 | 163245 | 143625
+243516 | 145236 | ------ | 163254 | _bob._
+423516 | 145263 | 134562 | ------ | 146352
+243561 | 154236 | 134526 | 125634 | 146325
+243561 | 154263 | _bob._ | 125643 | ------
+423561 | ------ | 135462 | 152634 | 132465
+245361 | 126543 | 135426 | 152643 | 132456
+425361 | 126534 | ------ | ------ | 123465
+245316 | 162543 | 142356 | 164523 | 123456
+
+This will go 120, and by making _Bobs_, 240, 360, or 720.
+
+
+_College Bobs._
+
+In this _Bob_, when the _Treble_ leaves the two Hind _Bells_, they dodge
+till it comes there again, and till the _Treble_ gives way for the
+dodging again of the said two Hind _Bell_, the two _First Bells_ dodge,
+but after Cease dodging, when the two Hind _Bells_ dodge.
+
+123456 |
+------ | 243651 | 421635 | 152364 | 165324
+214365 | 426315 | 246153 | 135246 | _bob._
+124356 | 462135 | 241635 | 153246 | 156342
+213465 | 641253 | 426153 | ------ | ------
+231456 | 642135 | 462513 | 126543 | 132546
+324165 | 461253 |  _&c._ | 125634 | 135264
+321456 | 416235 | 165432 | ------ | ------
+234165 | 142653 | _bob._ | 164235 | 124365
+243615 | 412635 | 156423 | 162453 | 123456
+426351 | 146253 | ------ | ------ | ------
+246315 | 142635 | 143526 | 143652 |
+423651 | 416253 | _bob._ | _bob._ |
+246351 | 146235 | 134562 | 134625 |
+423615 | 412653 | ------ | ------ |
+
+
+_Another._
+
+Here, every _Bell_, when it comes to lead, makes a dodge before, then
+after one _Change_, it lyeth still; after it has made another dodge, it
+moves up into the 4th. place, where twice it lyeth still; and down
+again; except the _Treble_ happens to dodge with it in the 4th. place,
+then it hunts up behind. When the _Treble_ moves down out of the _3d_.
+place, the two _Bells_ in the _3d._ and _4th._ place continue there,
+till the _Treble_ comes up thither again, the two hind _Bells_ dodging
+in the mean time.
+
+123456 |
+------ | 265314 | 132564 | 135426 | 164352
+214365 | 625341 | 315246 | ------ | ------
+124356 | 263514 | 351426 | 153246 | 146532
+213465 | 236154 | 534162 | 152364 | _bob._
+231645 | 321645 | 351462 | ------ | 164523
+326145 | 236145 | 534126 | 125634 | ------
+231654 | 321654 |  _&c._ | 126543 | 146253
+326154 | 312564 | 153624 | ------ | 142635
+362415 | 135246 | _bob._ | 162453 | ------
+634251 | 315264 | 135642 | 164235 | 124365
+364215 | 132546 | ------ | ------ | 123456
+632451 | 135264 | 153462 | 146325 | ------
+623541 | 312546 | _bob._ | _bob._ |
+
+Both these _bobs_ will go _One Hundred_ and _Twenty Changes_, and by
+making of _bobs_, they will go, 240, 360, or 720. And thus with little
+Variation, there are other _bobs_ may be made after the same manner, and
+afford as Admirable Musick, as possibly can be made on _Bells_. I shall
+therefore hasten to finish this days Work, only first present you with
+this one more called,
+
+
+The City Delight:
+
+_Doubles and Singles._
+
+The whole _Hunt_ is the _Treble_, and lieth as before in the
+_Nightingale_: When the _Treble_ moves out of the _3d._ place, the
+_Singles_ are made in the _2d._ and _3d._ place, till the _Treble_
+repossesses his _3d._ place, and then behind, till it moves up again out
+of the _3d._ place. The two hind _Bells_ dodge, when the _Treble_ moves
+out of the _4th._ place, till he returns again; the _Bell_ in the _4th._
+place lying still all the while.
+
+123456 | 264351 | 154362 | 162534 | 143265
+------ | 265413 | _bob._ | 162543 | 143256
+213465 | 256413 | 153426 | 126534 | 134265
+213456 | 265143 | 153462 | 126543 | 134256
+231465 | 256143 | ------ | ------ | ------
+231456 | 251634 | 156234 | 124365 | 135642
+234165 | 251643 | 156243 | 124356 | 135624
+234156 | 215634 | 165234 | 142365 | _bob._
+243156 | 215643 | 165243 | 142356 | 136542
+234615 | 125634 | ------ | ------ | 136524
+243615 | 125643 | 164352 | 145623 | ------
+243615 | 152634 | 164325 | 145632 | 132465
+246351 | 152643 | _bob._ | _bob._ | 132456
+264351 | ------ | 163452 | 146523 | 123465
+246531 | 154326 | 163425 | 146532 | 123456
+                | ------ |
+
+This will go as many _Changes_ as the last mentioned, by making _Bobs_.
+And here I will shut up this days Peal upon Six _Bells_ with
+
+
+The Evening Delight.
+
+_Doubles_ and _Singles_.
+
+The Whole _Hunt_ is the _Treble_, and lyes as before specified, with
+this exception only: That it dodges in the _2d._ and _3d._ places, every
+time it _Hunts_ up, and down. Observe when _Treble_ goes to lead, and
+leaves of leading, the _Bells_ in the _3d._ and _4th_ places lye still,
+_&c._ Note the pricking this _Peal_.
+
+123456 |
+------ | 254163 | 164235 | 145326 | 156324
+213465 | 245163 | ------ | 154326 | _bob._
+231465 | 241536 | 162453 | ------ | 165342
+213645 | 214536 | 126453 | 153462 | 156342
+231645 | 241356 | _bob._ | 135462 | ------
+236154 | 214356 | 162435 | 153642 | 153624
+263154 | 124365 | 126435 | 135642 | 135624
+236514 | 142365 | ------ | ------ | 153264
+263514 | 124635 | 124653 | 136524 | 135264
+265314 | 142635 | 142653 | 163524 | ------
+256341 | ------ | 124563 | _bob._ | 132546
+265431 | 146253 | 142563 | 136542 | 123546
+256431 | 164235 | ------ | 163542 | 132456
+254613 | _bob._ | 145236 | ------ | 123456
+245163 | 146253 | 154236 | 165324 | ------
+
+This Peal will go 120 _Changes_, and by making _Bobs_, as many as above.
+
+Note that in all the foregoing Peals upon _Six Bells_, the _Bobs_ are
+double _Changes_, and made always at the leadings of the _Whole-Hunt_.
+He that Rings the _Half-Hunt_, may best call _Bob_ in all Peals.
+
+I come now to the _Changes_ upon Seven _Bells_, which though the seldom
+Practice of them might excuse my omitting them; yet, because I promised
+to say somewhat of them, I shall be as good as my Word, (the Character
+of an Honest man) and present you with a couple of Examples, and then
+proceed to _Peals_ upon _Eight_: But this I must crave leave to premise,
+That Variety of _Changes_ may be prick'd upon Seven _Bells_, as
+_Triples_, and _Doubles_, _Triples Doubles_, and _Single Doubles_, &c.
+and the same Methods may be prick'd upon _Seven_, as may be upon _Five_,
+the true difference of Proportion being observed; but to proceed.
+
+
+_Dodging Triples._
+
+_Triples_ and _Doubles_, and indeed all _Peals_ upon Six, may likewise
+go upon Seven _Bells_, thus,
+
+1234567 |
+------- |
+2143576 | 4523671 | 3514276
+2415367 | 5432761 | 3152467
+4251376 | 4523716 | 1325476
+4523167 | 5432176 | 1352746
+5432617 | 5341267 |
+
+Plain Triples.
+
+1234567 |
+------- |
+2143657 | 6745231 | 3517264
+2416375 | 7654321 | 3152746
+4261735 | 7563412 | 1325476
+4627153 | 5736142 |
+6472513 | 5371624 |
+
+In this all the Bells have a Hunting _Course_.
+
+_College Triples_, dodging before, and behind,
+
+1234567 |
+------- |
+2143576 | 2467315 | 4176235
+2415367 | 4276135 | 4712653
+4251376 | 2471653 | 7421635
+2453167 | 4217635 | 4726153
+4235617 | 4126753 | 7462513
+2436571 | 1462735 | 4765231
+4263751 | 1467253 |
+
+This Peal thus prick't, will go, 84 _Changes_, and the _Treble_ leading,
+and the _Half Hunt_ lying next it, and a parting _Change_ (which is a
+double on the four middlemost of the Six hind _Bells_) being made, it
+will go 420, and by making _Bobs_ 5040.
+
+Thus much shall suffice for _Peals_ upon Seven _Bells_, I proceed to
+_Changes_ upon _Eight_.
+
+
+_Peals of Eight Bells._
+
+Without amusing our selves with what Notes are most _Musical_, to _lye
+behind_, we will come to the matter of Fact; for those Methods of
+_Peals_ that are prick'd on _six_, may be the same upon _Eight_,
+Observing only, that _Triples_ and _Doubles_ upon _Six_, must be
+_Quadruples_, and _Triples_ upon _Eight_.
+
+
+The Imperial Bob.
+
+_Quadruples_ and _Triples_.
+
+The _Treble_ hath a dodging _Course_, the two first, and two last
+_Bells_ always dodge, till hindered by the _Treble_, the two next to
+these, lying still one _Change_, dodge the next, till the _Treble_
+hinders them too, Those in the 5th. and 6th. places dodge (the _Treble_
+being behind) and those in the 3d. and 4th. places likewise dodge (the
+_Treble_ being before) and so till hindered by the _Treble_.
+
+12345678 |
+-------- | 42361875 | 16847253 | 14283675
+21436587 | 24368157 | 16482735 | --------
+12346578 | 42631875 | -------- | 18645273
+21436587 | 24613857 | 18765432 | 18462537
+24136578 | 42168375 |  _bob._  | --------
+42315687 | 24618357 | 17864523 | 16587432
+24135678 | 42163857 | -------- |  _bob._
+42316587 | 41268357 | 16573824 | 15684732
+24361578 | 14623875 |  _bob._  | --------
+42635187 | 41263857 | 15678342 | 18753624
+24631578 | 14628375 | -------- |  _bob._
+42365187 | 14263857 | 17352648 | 17856342
+24635817 | 41628375 | 17536284 | --------
+42368571 | 14268357 | -------- | 15372846
+24365817 | 41623875 | 13274586 | 15738264
+42638571 | 46128357 | 13725468 | --------
+24365871 | 64213875 | -------- | 13254768
+42638517 | 46123857 | 12438765 | 13527486
+24635871 | 64218375 | 12347856 | --------
+42368517 | 46281357 | -------- | 12436587
+24638157 |  _&c._   | 14826357 | 12345678
+                                 --------
+
+By this method the Peal will go 224 Changes, and by making of _Bobs_ it
+will go 448, 672, 1344. The _Bob_ is a _Triple_ Change at the leading of
+the _Treble_, wherein the Bell in the _Fourth_ place lies still.
+
+The next that comes to our Observation, and answers to what we first
+hinted at in the beginning of this discourse of _Peals_ upon _Eight_
+Bells, I mean _Precedency in Title_, is the
+
+
+Bob Major.
+
+_Plain Quadruples_ and _Triples_.
+
+In this all the _Bells_ have a direct _Hunting Course_, until the
+_Treble_ leads, and then the six hindmost _Bells_ dodge.
+
+12345678 |
+-------- |
+21436587 | 86745231 | 35172846
+24163857 | 87654321 | 31527486
+42618375 | 78563412 | 13254768
+46281735 | 75836142 | 31527486
+64827153 | 57381624 |
+68472513 | 53718264 |
+
+By this method this will go 112. And by making _Bobs_, 224, 336, or 672.
+The _Bob_ is a _Triple Change_, as in the foregoing _Imperial_ is
+specified. By making two _Extreams_, it will go 1344, and with four
+_Extreams_, 2688.
+
+All Peals upon Six Bells, wherein half the Changes are _Triples_, will
+go upon _Eight_ according to the method before-going, thus; If it be a
+Peal upon Six consisting of 360, or 720 Changes, then there must be
+five _Hunts_ in the Ringing of it upon _Eight_, the _Treble_ being the
+first, 2 the Second, _&c._
+
+
+College Bob Major.
+
+_Quadruples_ and _Triples_.
+
+There is four ways of pricking these. The first hath single Dodging
+behind, and is thus Peal'd.
+
+The First.
+
+12345678 |
+-------- |
+21436587 | 56348271 | 78136524
+24163578 | 53684721 | 71863542
+42615387 | 35867412 | 17685324
+46251378 | 38576142 | 16758342
+64523187 | 83751624 |
+65432817 | 87315642 |
+
+The Second.
+
+This hath Single Dodging before and behind, thus prickt.
+
+12345678 |
+-------- |
+21436587 | 42358671 | 42173865
+24163578 | 24385761 | 41237856
+42615387 | 42837516 | 14328765
+24651378 | 24873156 | 13482756
+42563187 | 42781365 |
+24536817 | 24718356 |
+
+The Third.
+
+This hath double Dodging behind, thus Prickt.
+
+12345678
+-------- |
+21436587 | 63548271 | 78153624
+24135678 | 65384721 | 71856342
+42316587 | 56837412 | 17583624
+43261578 | 58673142 | 15786342
+34625187 | 85761324 |
+36452817 | 87216342 |
+
+The Fourth.
+
+This hath double Dodging before and behind both, thus.
+
+12345678
+-------- |
+21436587 | 42638571 | 42167358
+24135678 | 24368751 | 41263785
+42316587 | 42637815 | 14627358
+24361578 | 24367185 | 16423785
+42635187 | 42631758 |
+24365817 | 24613785 |
+
+These may be prick't several other ways, but that I Omit here for
+Brevities sake; The _Dodging_ is without Intermission, except an
+hinderence comes by the _Treble_; as likewise between two Bells, until
+_Treble_ parts the Fray. The _Bobs_ are _Triple Changes_, as the
+_Treble_ leads; in the _1st._ _2d._ and _6th._ the Bell in the _4th._
+place lies still at the _Bobs_, and in the _3d._ _4th._ and _5th._ that
+in the _2d._ place lies still.
+
+Each of these will go 112 Changes, and by making _Bobs_ 224, 336, or
+672.
+
+
+College Triples Dodging both before and behind.
+
+This Peal is the same for _Bobs_, as the _Bob Major_, and will go as
+many Changes by making _Bobs_, or otherwise, as any of the foregoing
+Four, and is thus Peal'd.
+
+12345678 |
+-------- |
+21436587 | 42568371 | 42157836
+24153678 | 24586731 | 41275863
+42513687 | 42587613 | 14725836
+24531678 | 24578163 | 17452863
+42536187 | 42571836 |
+24563817 | 24517863 |
+
+
+The Wild-Goose Chase
+
+_Triples._
+
+The Explanation shall follow the Peal; intending here to put an end to
+my _Epitome_ of the _Art of Ringing_, and therefore shall first present
+you with this Prick't thus.
+
+12345678 |          |
+-------- |          |
+21536784 | 37625481 | 15327684
+25163748 | 73265418 | 13572648
+52613784 | 72356148 | 31752684
+56231748 | 27531684 | 37125648
+65327184 | 25713648 | 73215684
+63572814 | 52173684 | 72351648
+36758241 | 51237648 |
+
+In this Change the 4th. Bell must first hunt up into the Sevenths place,
+and then the 4 and 8 always dodge behind throughout the Peal, unless
+when obstructed by the _Treble_. The Bell that moves up into the 6th.
+place, when the _Treble_ moves thence down, lies still there, till
+displaced by the _Treble_; during which time the two hind Bells dodge,
+and the _five first_ go a perfect _Hunting-course_: And when likewise
+the _Treble_ moveth out of the 5ths. place the five first Bells go a
+_Hunting-course_, till it comes down there again: By this method it will
+go 80 changes, and by _Bobs_ 160, 240, or 480. The _Bob_ is made as in
+the foregoing Changes.
+
+And here I thought to make an end of the _Art of Ringing_, but _Cynthius
+aurem vellit_, the young Practitioner, whose only Information is hereby
+aimed at, plucks me by the Sleeve, and tells me in the Ear, that tho'
+Peals upon six, as _Triples_ and _Doubles_, &c. make excellent Musick
+upon Eight _Bells_, 4 8, 6 8, 4 1, or 1 8 lying behind: Or, _Triples_
+and _Doubles_ upon the six middle Bells, the _Tenor_ lying behind; yet
+for him who is not arrived to such a perfection of Skill, as to Ring
+these compleat Peals, the most proper and easy for him are
+_Set-changes_, which are founded on these _Grounds_.
+
+First, _Placing the Bells Fifths_; thus the 4 must hunt up behind the 7,
+the 3 behind the 6, and the 2 behind the 5; or the one may Hunt down
+under the other, as the 5 under the 2, the 6 under 3, and 7 under 4: Or
+if you will, first let a _Single_, next a _Double_, and then a _Triple_
+Change be made on the middle _Bells_, all coming to the same effect; for
+then the Changes will lye _Fifths_ thus: 1 5, 2 6, 3 7, 4 8. In the Peal
+four _Concords_ are to be regarded, The first 1 5, the Second 2 6, the
+third 3 7, and the fourth 4 8.
+
+These four _Concords_ may go the Methods of any Changes upon four
+_Bells_; 1, 5 being taken for the _Treble_; 2, 6 for the _Second_; 3, 6
+for the _Third_; and 4, 8 for the _Fourth_; and the _Concords_ may
+Change places with one another, as you lift. In which this Observation
+is highly necessary, that the two Notes of every _Concord_ must
+constantly attend each other in their Motion; that is, whenever one of
+the two Notes moves, the other must follow it.
+
+Or Secondly, _Place the Bells Thirds_; thus: The 6 4 and 2 must hunt up,
+or else the 3 5 7 down; or otherwise on the middlemost _Bells_ let a
+_Triple_, _Double_ or _Single_ Change be made, are to one effect; and
+then the _Bells_ will lye _Thirds_ thus, 1 3. 5 7. 2 4. 6 8. Herein are
+four _Concords observable_; as in the former Peal, _viz._ 1 3. 5 7. 2 4.
+6 8. These _Concords_ may go the Methods of any Changes upon Four
+_Bells_, 1, 3 being taking for the _Treble_, 5, 7 for the Second; 2, 4
+for the Third; and 6, 8 for the Fourth; moving in the same manner; as
+before shewed.
+
+By these _Grounds_ Variety of excellent and Musical Changes are to be
+Rung; _any Concord may be made a Hunt_, and to move up and down at the
+beginning.
+
+In Ringing these _Set-changes_, the Note will lye sometimes _Fifths_,
+sometimes _Thirds_ and both, and then to _Clam_ them, is admirable
+Musick: Clamming is, when each _Concord_ strike together; which being
+done true the 8 will strike as but four _Bells_, and make a Melodious
+Harmony. You may _Clam_ two or three bouts, and then strike as many
+times Open, alternatively, one _Clam_ one Pull, and Open the next, &c.
+
+
+
+
+Vocal Musick: _Or, Plain and Easy Directions to Sing by Notes, wherein
+with a little Help, any one who is Musically given, may be perfected in
+a short time_.
+
+
+Musick, especially Vocal, has been of such high Esteem in all Ages, that
+it is accounted no less than a Divine Science producing such
+Concordance, and Harmony, that it cheereth and rejoyceth the Hearts of
+Men, and is delightful to every Creature. It is certainly an Addition to
+the joy in Heaven, where the Saints and Angels sing Halleluja's and
+Songs of Praises before the Throne of God. St. _Austin_ tells us, that
+it is the Gift of God to Men, as well as to Angels, and a Representation
+and Admonition of the sweet consent and Harmony which his Wisdom hath
+made in the Creation and Administration of the World. But not to
+Prologue on what everywhere so much commends it self, I shall Sum up
+what in that Nature is expedient in a few Verses, and so proceed to the
+Subject Matter, _viz._
+
+    _Nature, which is the vast Creations Soul,
+    That steady curious Agent in the whole,
+    The Art of Heaven, the Order of this Frame
+    Is only Musick in an other Name:
+    And as some King Conquering what was his own
+    Hath choice of various Titles to his Crown,
+    So Harmony on this Score now, that then,
+    Yet still is all that takes and governs Men:
+    Beauty is but Composure, and we find
+    Content is but the Concord of the Mind;
+    Friendship the Unison of well tun'd Hearts,
+    Honour the Chorus of the noblest Parts.
+    And all the Worlds good on which we can reflect
+    Is Musick to the Ear, or to the Intellect._
+
+There are to make up a Musical Harmony computed seven Notes; now in the
+easiest way expressed by the Seven letters of the Alphbet, _viz._ A. B.
+C. D. E. F. G. And If it so fall out, that a Voice or Musick gradually
+rise or fall more than Seven Notes; The subsequent 8th, 9th, or 10th,
+will in the same order proceed, bearing the like Relation each to the
+other, as the 1st. 2d. 3d, _&c._ to which they respectively are
+_Eights_. And so that from hence every Eighth Note, being in Nature
+alike, is called by the name of that to which it is in an Eighth;
+however above or below it; and for the better understanding the various
+Musical Compositions out of these Notes, Musicians have devised and make
+use of Lines and Characters, that as a Language they may be understood
+and Communicated by Book, for the Instruction of the unlearned: As in
+the following Introductory Example, you will perceive;
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+In this example, before I come nearer to particulars in general, observe
+first, that those Characters you observe at the beginning of the Lines,
+are termed Cliffs or Claves, Keys to open and signify what part or pitch
+of Voice, _viz._ the _Treble_, _Mean_, or _Basse_ properly the Notes
+belong to; as likewise on what Line or Space the Seven letters
+expressing the Notes is placed. And then again, the five Lines and
+Spaces between them are useful, as Steps or Gradations whereon the
+degrees of Sound are to be expressed, or the Notes ascending and
+descending: Then Thirdly, the Characters placed on the five Lines,
+express the Notes themselves, or stand for them; and their difference in
+form, signify their quality, whether they be longer or shorter.
+
+Your care must therefore be in this, and the Chapters following, to
+consider well in the first place, the _Gam-ut_, to learn the use of the
+Cliffs: Next to that, the Names of the Lines and Spaces, whereby you may
+readily know how to call a Note, as it stands on any of the Lines; and
+Thirdly, How you should Sing those Notes in right Tune, as well by
+degrees, as leaps; and last of all, to give each Note its due Quantity
+of Time.
+
+This in general, being observed, and seriously weighed; that you may
+take a prospect of your task, I from it proceed to the _Gam-ut_, so far
+as I think necessary to my present design, which is to let you
+understand by it the use of the Cliffs, with the order and distances of
+the Notes, as the Parts in a Body lye together.
+
+[Illustration: The Gamut or Scale of MUSIC]
+
+The consistence of this Scale is of Eleven Lines, with the Intermediate
+Spaces, and contains the places of all the Notes that are made use of
+Ordinarily in Vocal Musick. In the first Column you will find placed the
+Old Notes, being set down, that you may see what they are. And in the
+Second Column you are shewed which of the Seven letters properly belongs
+to each Line and Space. The Third Column contains the Cliffs, or signed
+Keys, demonstrating how many degrees of Notes they are one above
+another, which once Circumspectly observed and known, the other degrees
+of Distance are with more ease computed. And here
+
+Five of these Lines, with their Spaces, are usually sufficient for the
+pricking down any Tune, for which reason this Scale is divided into
+Three Parts or Staves, compassed in with Arched Lines; and of these the
+lowermost five are proper and belonging to the _Bass_, and are known by
+this mark [Symbol: Bass Clef] on the Line of _F_. usually, therefore
+called the _F. Fa-ut_ Cliff or Key; because it opens to us the letters
+standing on the other Lines and Spaces, as in the ensuing Chapter will
+appear. As for the uppermost five Lines, they contain the highest of the
+Notes, and so belong to the Treble or highest Part. The Key to which is
+marked in this manner, [Symbol: G clef] and sometimes _G S._ on the
+lower Line but one.
+
+The middle part or Tenor, usually takes in two of the upper Treble
+Lines; also two of the Bass Lines, that in the middle only being proper
+to it self, known by this mark placed on it, [Symbol: Tenor Clef mark]
+for the Cliff or Key, its place being properly in the middle Line,
+however it is many times placed on one or other of the other Lines; and
+note which ever the Cliff stands on, that Line is the place of _C._ and
+accordingly the other Lines are to be reckoned: Sometimes likewise we
+find the _Bass Cliff_ is removed to the middle Line, and upon such
+removal, that Line is _F, &c._ and tho' this manner of Shifting the
+_Cliff_ is troublesome, yet Custom and Practice having made the knowing
+of them necessary, you ought to be very well understanding in the manner
+of them, if you would be well skilled in Vocal or Instrumental Musick.
+
+
+_The Names of the Lines and Spaces._
+
+Having thus far plainly proceeded to Introduce the beginner or learner,
+I now lead a step further to the Names of the Lines and Spaces, which is
+a thing very Materal in the beginning of learning. For in the _Gam-ut_
+having seen how the Notes lye together in a Body, it will be proper to
+know how you must take them into parts according to the several Cliffs,
+which are three in number, three beginning usually, as most common with
+the uppermost. And in these your first care will be to learn the Names
+of the Lines and Spaces, which are opened to you by the Cliff or Key;
+and these are in number Seven, expressed in the Seven letters, _A. B. C.
+D. E. F. G._ which for a more perfect Sounds sake, and other reasons to
+be given, you must pronounce or call _La, B, Ce, D, Lae, Fa, G_. and this
+_Fa_ must be pronounced broad, _&c_.
+
+These and the like Names the Notes receive for two Reasons; the first
+is, because the Voice is best sent forth in expressing some Syllable; as
+likewise that this number of Notes might be known by as many distinct
+Names, as for their places in the Cliffs: See the Plate following.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+And it will be very necessary, that you should begin with and keep to
+one _Cliff_ at the first, as it pleases you to chuse, or as either of
+the three best agrees with your Voice for a high or low Pitch.
+
+Having gone through all the Rules, and being perfect in that, then it is
+fit you should proceed to the other. There is no need you should meddle
+or trouble your self with the _Tenor_ or _C Cliff_ because it keeps no
+certain place; you must observe however, before you go further, to be
+ready at naming the Lines and Spaces, so readily to tell, as soon as
+you look on them, what letter any Line or Space is called or named by.
+
+As for the rest, the _Cliff_ leads you to them, for beginning there, and
+Ascending, you will find the letters lying in Order, and in descending;
+it is only your naming them backwards.
+
+The dash Lines, which you perceive above and below, are added only when
+the Notes Ascend above the _Staff_, or descend below it.
+
+
+_Directions as to the Distances of one Note from another, as to Sound._
+
+In this case, the distances are not all equal, but that in the rising
+and falling of any Eight Notes, there are two lesser distances; and
+these are named _Semitones_, or the _Half Notes_, which must be well
+observed and known, in remarquing their places in the _Staff_ of Lines;
+and the better to have them in your Memory at all times take a rule from
+certain Rhimes that point at their places, _viz._
+
+    _In every octave there are half Notes two,
+    Which do to us their proper places shew;
+    One half Note you will find from_ B _to_ Ce,
+    _The other half one lyes twixt_ Fa _and_ Le.
+
+The _octave_ mentioned as an Eighth, and this Rule denotes the ordinary
+places where you are to Sing the Half Notes, when there are no Flats or
+Sharps placed or set in the Lines, _viz._ between _B_ and _Ce_, and
+twixt _Le_ and _Fa_; these Flats and Sharps you will find thus marked
+[Symbol: for Flat] [Symbol: for Sharp] and when the _Semitones_, or
+_Half Notes_ are shifted, they are known by them when they are found
+upon the Lines.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+Observe, that in these Staves or Lines, you find the Notes Gradually
+Ascending, of which the Pairs marked with Arches are half a Note
+distant.
+
+  +-------+ G.
+  |       |
+  +-------+ F.
+1 +-------+ E.
+  |       |
+2 +-------+ D.
+  |       |
+3 +-------+ C.
+4 +-------+ B.
+  |       |
+5 +-------+ A.
+  |       |
+6 +-------+ G.
+
+This Marginal Figure, shews to the Eye the distance of the Seven Notes
+one from another, the Letters Guiding or Directing to the Particulars,
+whereas you perceive _B_, _Ce_, and _La_, _Fa_, lying near unto the
+rest, so must their Sounds be nearer when you come to Tune your Voice in
+harmony, _&c._ and the better to express with your Voice, and so observe
+the difference between half and whole distances of Notes; Sing often
+over these six Mona-Syllables, _viz._ _One_, _Two_, _Three_, _Four_,
+_Five_, _Six_, distinctly, as is to be observed in the Tune of Six
+Bells; and when you have done it many times, Sing only _One_, _Two_,
+_Three_, _Four_, and there stop, repeating three four by them selves for
+they are _Semitones_ distant in Sound, and the rest are alone, or a
+whole Note distant each from the next; so that by a little Judicial
+Observation you will perceive the three and four Bells to be a lesser
+distant in Sound, than the other.
+
+The Figures or Number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, in the foregoing Marginal
+Figures, shew the several distances to the Eye of the Six Notes where
+_Le_ is the first, _D_ the Second, _&c._ and the third and fourth, are
+_Ce_, _B_, distant half a Note or Tune.
+
+
+_Directions for the Tuning of Notes, &c._
+
+The properest and most easy way for Tuning your Notes rightly, must be
+considered either in following the Voice of one skilled in Musick, or
+Singing, or some such Tuned Instrument, as is accomodated with Frets or
+Keys, which are the readiest and only ways as yet made use of by
+Practitioners. That of a Matter being most common, but where none of
+these can be had by the party desirous to Learn, I shall lay down the
+following Directions, which will very much Instruct one that hath a
+Musical Ear, especially such a one as has heard, and can Sing the Notes
+of the Six Bells, of which, I presume, there are few, whose Genius Leads
+them to the Science of Musick, are Ignorant.
+
+Let me put then, Supposing that you can Sing, _One_, _Two_, _Three_,
+_Four_, _Five_, _Six_, right; then shall I by the help of these Notes,
+proceed to set you further in the right, and lead you to all the rest.
+
+Consider well then, that beginning to Sing the first Note, let it stand
+on what Line or Space it will, you may Sing it with what Tune you think
+fit, either higher low, (as to the pitch of your Voice) but with this
+caution, that you reckon how many Notes you have above or below it, that
+your Voice in its pitch may be so managed as to reach them both without
+Squeaking or Grumbling, or any harsh or rough Indecency of Sound.
+
+For applying which six Notes, observe this first Example;
+
+Make your beginning with the first _Bar_, and with a high Voice Sing the
+_Six Notes_ you view on the _Staff_ divers times, calling them over by
+the Number, _viz._ _One_, _Two_, _Three_, _Four_, _Five_, _Six_, as in
+the foregoing Section; when that is done; Sing the same Notes by their
+Names, _viz._ _La_, _G_, _Fa_, _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, in the Tune of six Bells.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+2. In the Second and third _Bars_, you must Sing the two first Notes of
+the six by themselves, forward and backward: Repeat all six in the
+fourth _Bar_, and in the fifth and sixth _Bars_, let the two last Notes
+be repeated, _viz._ _D_, _Ce_, forward and backward, and these Notes are
+a whole Tone distant, and by often repeating these Notes in the second,
+third fourth and fifth _Bars_, you will be better capable to know and
+distinguish their distance from the Letter.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+In the Seventh _Bar_ repeat the last three often over after all the six.
+First, down, _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, &c. and then proceed
+backwards, as _Ce_, _D_, _Le_, _Ce_, _D_, _Le_, &c.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+Observe in this Eighth _Bar_ after all six often to repeat the four
+first, as, _La_, _G_, _Fa_, _Le_, and when you sing them particularly,
+observe the two Notes _Fa_, _Le_, by reason their distance is a
+_Semitone_; wherefore you must take notice in the Ninth _Bar_ to Sing
+them by themselves so many times as you can conveniently fix them in
+your Memory, as to their distance, for in this you will find it somewhat
+difficult to Sing the half Notes true in their proper places.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+Observe here in the tenth _Bar_ to Sing the four first Notes in their
+order downwards and upwards, and in the Eleventh _Bar_ you must first
+Sing the six Notes in their proper order: After this repeat the four
+last Notes, _viz._ _Fa_, _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, taking Notice to leave out the
+two first Notes, _viz._ _La_, _G_, continually observing to Mark the
+_Semitone_ between _Fa_, _Le_, which two Notes you must Sing by
+themselves in the Twelfth _Bar_.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+Take notice now further, that in the thirteenth _Bar_ you Sing _Fa_,
+_Le_, _D_, _Ce_, down and up, as you find them pricked, and observe
+especially the three last, _viz._ _Fa_, _Le_, _Fa_, for this reason,
+_viz._ that it is a common close or ending of Tunes.
+
+Also observe, if in any place you doubt you Sing right a repeated part
+of the six Notes, premised as are noted in the Eleventh and Thirteenth
+_Bars_: Let all the six Notes be Sung over again in order, and so
+proceed distinctly to try at the Parts themselves.
+
+The Second Example.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+You having now gone over the former Examples, must proceed by the same
+clue of Six Notes to descend three Gradations or Steps lower, _viz._ to
+_G._ which is to the Second Note of the first six, an _Octave_ or
+Eighth.
+
+First then, in the first _Bar_ you must begin with a high pitch in your
+Voice, and so having Sung, as in the former Examples, _La_, _G_, _Fa_,
+_Le_, _D_, _Ce_, leave out _La_, and only Sing the Five last: Then
+repeat only three in the Second Bar, _viz._ the three last _La_, _D_,
+_Ce_, calling them now not by those names, but by that of _One_, _Two_,
+_Three_, and though the names are altered, you must not alter the Tune
+or Tone.
+
+Having thus proceeded, observe in the third Bar to Sing the Six Notes
+from _Le_, to _G_, naming them as the Bells _One_, _Two_, _Three_,
+_Four_, _Five_, _Six_; In such a manner, that the three first of these
+be in Tune, the same with the three last of the former Six; after, as I
+said, you have Sung them as the Bells, _viz._ _One_, _Two_, _Three_,
+_Four_, _Five_, at least four or five times, then as often Sing them
+again by their proper Names, _viz._ _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, _B_, _La_, _G_.
+
+Observe again, that in the fourth Bar you Sing the four first Notes,
+_La_, _D_, _Ce_, _B_, about four times over; after that repeat _Ce_,
+_B_, by themselves taking good notice of their distance or differences,
+which is a _Semitone_ like to _Fa_, _Le_ above, _&c._
+
+Consider once more, as to this Example, as to the fifth Bar after all
+the six are Sung by you, repeat the last four, _viz._ _Ce_, _B_, _La_,
+_G_, do it often over, keeping them up in the same Tone they had in all
+six, by which means _Ce_ and _B_ will be distant half a Note, whereupon
+Sing them backward, _viz._ _G_, _La_, _B_, _Ce_, and at the end repeat
+_D Ce_, as you did _Le Fa_ at the thirteenth Bar before set down.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+Observe further now in these Six Bars, that when you have Sung all six
+in order, Sing the three first _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, and there stop; then
+proceed to Sing those three over again in the same Tune, nor calling
+them _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, but _Three_, _Four_, _Five_; do it several times,
+and so proceed to the Seventh Bar, adding two Notes above, and Sing them
+on the five Bells, _viz._ _One_, _Two_, _Three_, _Four_, _Five_, three
+or four times; then call them by their names, _viz._ _G_, _Fa_, _Le_,
+_D_, _Ce_, then proceed to the Eighth Bar, and add to the other five
+_D_, _La_, _G_, to make up an _Octave_, keeping in your Mind the
+distances, as you Sing them in the former Examples; and by this means
+you have the whole _Octave_ or Eight Notes from _G_ to _G_, which must
+be practised down and up, and when you are perfect in it, so as to Sing
+your distances true with the _Semi-tones_ in their right places, the
+following directions will lead you through the rest of the Notes to Sing
+any other _Octave_, beginning at any other Letter.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+Begin at _Le_ again in the Ninth Bar, and begin the six Notes, _viz._
+_Le_, _D_, _Ce_, _B_, _La_, _G_, in proper order, that done, repeat the
+two last Notes, _viz._ _La_, _G_, by themselves: so proceed to the tenth
+Bar, and Sing _La_, _G_, _Fa_, _Le_, _D_, _Ce_, so that _La_ and _G_,
+may be the same in Tune as you found them in the former Six; and if so
+be your Voice will not reach _Ce_, at the pitch you began the first Bar,
+then Sing as far as you can, or begin at _Le_, at the ninth Bar higher,
+Singing these three last Bars distinctly from the Foregoing.
+
+[Illustration: Music]
+
+In the Eleventh Bar you must Sing backward, your six last Notes, _viz._
+_Ce_, _D_, _Le_, _Fa_, _G_, _La_. rising from _Ce_, to _La_, so going
+one step Backward to _G_, rise to _Ce_, as in the foregoing fifth Bar,
+which is an _Octave_ to the lower _Ce_. And thus much may suffice for
+the Beginner to practice on, which, if well understood, will bring him
+in to Sing Notes in any Tune.
+
+
+
+
+_Of COCK-FIGHTING._
+
+
+Herein let us first observe the choice of a _Cock_ of the Game, directed
+by these four Characters following: That he be:
+
+1. Of a strong _Shape_, proud and upright, and for this the
+_Middle-sized_, neither too small or too large, is best, because most
+matchable, strong and nimble. His _Head_ small like a _Sparrow-Hawks_;
+his _Eye_ large and quick; _Back_ strong crook't at the setting on, and
+coloured as the Plume of his Feathers; the _Beam of his Leg_ very
+strong, and colour'd as his Plume; _Spurs_ long, rough, and sharp,
+hooking inward.
+
+2. Of a good _Colour_, and herein the Gray, Yellow, or Red Pyle, with a
+black Breast, are to be preferred; the Pyde rarely good, and the White
+and Dun never. A Scarlet Head is a demonstration of Courage, but a Pale
+and wan of Faintness.
+
+3. Of _Courage true_, which you shall observe by his proud, stately,
+upright landing and walking, and his frequent Crowing in his Pen.
+
+4. _Of a sharp and ready Heel_, which (in the Opinion of the best
+_Cock-masters_,) of high Estimation; a _Sharp-heel'd Cock, tho' somewhat
+false, is better_ (as dispatching his business soonest) _than a true
+Cock with a dull Heel_.
+
+For _Breeding_, the Best season is from the Moon's encrease in
+_February_, to her encrease in _March_. The _March_ Bird is best. And
+now first get a _perfect Cock, to a perfect Hen_, as the best Breeding,
+and see the _Hen_ be of an excellent Complexion (_i.e._) rightly plumed,
+as black, brown, speckt, grey, grissel, or yellowish; tufted on her
+Crown, large bodied, well poked, and having Weapons, are Demonstrations
+of Excellency and Courage. Observe further her Comportment, if Friendly
+to her Chickens, and revengeful of Injuries from other Hens.
+
+When the _Cock_ and _Hen-Chickens_, (going till now promiscuously one
+with another) begin to quarrel and peck each other, part them and
+separate their Walks: And the best for a Fighting Cock, are private and
+undisturbed Walks, as, _Wind-mills_, _Water-mills_, _Grange-houses_,
+_Park-lodges_, &c. and their _Feeding-place_ on soft Ground, or Boards;
+and have for his meet, _white Corn_, or _White-bread Tosts_, steept in
+Drink, or Urine, is good, both to Scower, and Cool them. And do not
+debilitate and debauch his Courage and Strength, by having too many
+_Hens_ to walk with; three _Hens_ are enough for one _Cock_.
+
+If before they be six Months Old, any of your _Chickens Crow_ clear and
+loud, and unseasonable, then to the Pot or Spit with them, they are
+Cowards; the true _Cock_ is long ere he gets his Voice, and when he has
+gotten it, keeps good and judicious Time in Crowing.
+
+Next observe your _Roosting Perch_, for this makes or marrs a _Cock_;
+for forming of which, consult the best _Cock-masters_ Feeding pens, and
+the Perches there, and accordingly proportion your own; take care that
+the Ground underneath the Perch be soft, for if it be rough and hard, in
+leaping down he will hurt his Feet, and make them Gouty and Knotty.
+
+For the _Dieting_, and _Ordering_ of your _Cock_ for Battle, observe
+these Rules. Let your _Cock_ be full two years Old, then in the latter
+end of _August_, take up and Pen him, (it being now _Cocking-time_ till
+the end of _May_) and see that he be sound, hard feather'd, and full
+summed.
+
+The first four days after Penning, Feed him with the Crumb of Old
+_Manchet_ cut into square bits, thrice a day, and with the Coldest, and
+Sweetest Spring-water that can be had. And after you think by this time
+he is throughly purged of his _Corn_, _Worms_, _Gravel_, and other
+course Feeding, take him in the Morning out of the Pen, and let him
+_Sparr_ with another _Cock_ some time to heat and chafe their Bodies,
+break Fat and Glut, and fit them for Purgation; first having covered
+their Spurs with Hots of Leather, to hinder their Wounding and drawing
+Blood of one another.
+
+After they have sufficiently _Sparred_, that they pant again, take them
+up, and remove their Hots, and prepare them for a Sweating Bout thus:
+Take _Butter_, and _Rosemary_, finely chopt, and _White-sugar-candy_,
+mixt together; and give them the quantity of a _Wallnut_; which will
+Scower, strengthen, and prolong Breath: Then having (purposely) deep
+_Straw Baskets_, fill them half way with _Straw_, put in your _Cock_,
+and cover him with _Straw_ to the top; lay the lid close, and let him
+stove till the Evening. At Five a Clock take him out, and lick his Head
+and Eyes with your Tongue, then Pen him, and fill his Trough with
+_Manchet_ and hot _Urine_.
+
+After this, take a Gallon of _Wheat_, and _Oatmeal-flower_, and with
+_Ale_, half a score _Whites_ of _Eggs_, and _Butter_, work it into a
+stiff _Past_; bake it into broad _Cakes_, and when four days Old, cut it
+into square Bits.
+
+The Second day after _Sparring_, bring your _Cock_ into a Green-close,
+and shew him in your Arms a _Dung-hill-cock_, then run from him, and
+allure him thus to follow, suffering him now and then to strike the
+_Dung-hill-Cock_, and so Chase him up and down for half an Hour, till he
+pants again; and thus Heated, carry him home, and scour him with half a
+Pound of _Fresh-butter_, beaten with the Leaves of the _Herb of Grace_,
+_Hysop_, and _Rosemary_, to the consistence of a _Salve_, and give him
+the quantity of a _Wallnut_; then _Stove_, and _Feed_ him as above. And
+thus for the first Fortnight, Spar or Chase him every other day.
+
+The second Fortnight, twice a Week will be enough to Chase or Spar your
+_Cock_: Observing that you Stove and Scour him, proportionable to his
+Heating.
+
+The third and last Fortnight (for six Weeks is long enough) feed him as
+before, but do not Spar him, but Chase him moderately twice, or thrice,
+as before; then roll his aforesaid scouring in _Brown-sugar-candy_, to
+prevent his being Sick; rest him four days, and then to the Pit.
+
+Now Gentlemen, Match your Cock carefully, or what you have hitherto
+done, is nothing. And here observe the Length, and Strength of Cocks.
+The Length is thus known: Gripe the Cock by the Waste, and make him
+shoot out his Legs, and in this Posture compare, _And have your Judgment
+about you_. The Strength is known by this Maxim, _The largest in the
+Garth, is the Strongest Cock_. The Dimension of the _Garth_ is thus
+known: Gripe the _Cock_ about from the joynts of your Thumb, to the
+Points of your great Finger, and you will find the Disadvantage, _The
+weak long Cock is the quickest easier Riser, and the short strong one,
+the surest Striker._
+
+Thus being well Matcht, accoutre him for the Pit. Clip his _Main_ off
+close to his Neck, from his head to his shoulders. Clip his Tail close
+to his Rump, the Redder it appears the better. His wings sloping, with
+sharp Points; scrape smooth, and sharpen his Spurs; leave no feathers on
+his Crown; then moisten his head with Spittle.
+
+The Battle done, search and suck your Cocks wounds, and wash them well
+with hot _Urine_, then give him a Roll of your best Scouring, and stove
+him for that Night. If he be swelled, the next morning, suck and bathe
+his Wounds again, and pounce them with the Powder of the Herb _Robert_,
+through a fine Bag; give him an handful of Bread in warm _Urine_, and
+stove him, till swelling be down. If he be hurt in his Eye, chew a
+little ground _Ivy_, and Spit the Juice in it; which is good for
+_Films_, _Haws_, _Warts_, &c. Or if he hath _veined_ himself in his
+fight, by narrow striking, or other cross blows, when you have found the
+hurt, bind the soft Down of Hair to it, will cure it.
+
+When you visit your wounded _Cocks_, a month or two after you have put
+them to their Walks, if you find about their heads any swollen Bunches,
+hard and blackish at one end, then there are unsound Cores undoubtedly
+in them; therefore open them, and with your Thumb crush them out, suck
+out the Corruption, and fill the holes with fresh Butter; and that will
+infallibly cure them.
+
+
+_Cures for Distempers incident to the Cock or Chick of the Game._
+
+For _Lice_, being most common, I begin with; proceeding from corrup
+Meat, and want of Bathing, _&c._ Take _Pepper_ beaten to Powder, mix it
+with warm Water, and wash them with it.
+
+For the _Roup_; a filthy swelling on the Rump, and very contagious to
+the whole body; the staring and turning back of the Feathers is its
+Symptom. Pull away the Feathers, open and thrust out the Core, and wash
+the Sore with Water and Salt, or Brine.
+
+For the _Pip_; visit the mouth, and examine what hinders your _Cocks_,
+_Hen_, or _Chicks_ feeding, and you'll find a white thin Scale on the
+Tip of the Tongue, which pull off with your Nail, and rubbing the Tongue
+with Salt, will cure it.
+
+For the _Flux_; proceeding from eating too moist Meat, give them
+Pease-Bran scalded, will stop it.
+
+For the _Stoppage of the Belly_, that they cannot mute; anoint their
+Vents, and give them either small bits of Bread or Corn, steep'd in
+_Urine_ of Man.
+
+And now I have one Word of Advice to him that is a Lover (or would be
+so) of this _Royal-Sport_: and then have done: _Come not to the Pit
+without Money in your Breeches, and a Judgment of Matches_; Done and
+Done is _Cock-Pit_ Law, and if you venture beyond your Pocket, you must
+look well to it, or you may lose an Eye by the Battle.
+
+
+
+
+_Of FOWLING._
+
+
+The _Ingenious Fowler_, like a Politick and sagacious Warrier, must
+first furnish and store himself with those several Stratagems and
+Engines, as suit with the diversities of _Occasion_, _i.e._ _Time_,
+_Place_, and _Game_; or else he cannot expect the _Conquest_.
+
+And first of _Nets_, which must be made of the best Pack-thread; and for
+taking great _Fowl_, the Meshes must be large, two Inches at least from
+point to point, the larger the better; (provided the _Fowl_ creep not
+through;) two Fathom deep, and six in length, is the best and most
+manageable Proportion; Verged with strong Cord on each side, and
+extended with long Poles at each end made on purpose. But for small
+_Water-fowl_, let your Nets be of the smallest and strongest
+Pack-thread, the Meshes so big, as for the great _Fowl_, about two or
+three foot deep: Line these on both sides with false Nets, every Mesh a
+foot and half Square. For the _Day-Net_, it must be made of fine
+Pack-thread, the Mesh an Inch square, three Fathom long, and one broad,
+and extended on Poles according to its Length, as aforesaid.
+
+_Birdlime_ is the next, and thus made. Pill the Bark of _Holly_ from the
+Tree at _Midsummer_, fill a Vessel, and put to it running Water; boil it
+over the Fire till the Grey and White Bark rise from the Green; take it
+off the Fire, drain the Water well away, and separate the Barks; and
+take the Green, lay it on some moist floor and close place, and cover it
+with Weeds; let it lye a fortnight, and in that time it will rot, and
+turn to a Filthy slimy Substance: Then put it into a Morter, beat it
+well; take it out and wash it at some running stream, till the Foulness
+is gone: Then put it in a close Earthen pot; let it stand Four or Five
+days, look to its Purging, and scum it: When clean, put it into another
+Earthen Pot, and keep it close for Use.
+
+Your _Setting-Dog_ must be Elected and Train'd thus: He must be of
+exquisite Scent, and love naturally to hunt Feathers. The land Spaniel
+is best, being of good nimble size, and Couragious mettle, which you may
+know by his Breed; being of a good Ranger, _&c._
+
+The first lesson is, to make him _Crouch and lie down_ close to the
+ground; its done by frequent laying him on the ground and crying _Lye
+close_; upon his doing well reward him with Bread; and on the contrary
+chastise him with Words, not Blows.
+
+Next, _To creep to you with his Body and Head close upon the Ground_ by
+saying, _Come nearer, Come nearer_, or the like Words; to understand
+and do it, entice him with shewing him Bread, or the like: Thrusting
+down any rising part of his Body or Head, and roughly threatning him; if
+he slight that, a good Jerk or two with a slash of Whip-cord will
+reclaim his Obstinacy. Repeat his Lessons, and encourage his well doing.
+And this you may exercise in the Fields as you walk, calling him from
+his busie Ranging to his Duty. And then teach him to follow you close at
+the heels in a Line or string, without straining.
+
+By this time he is a Year old, now (the season fit) into the Field, and
+let him range, [obediently.] If he wantonly babble or causelesly open,
+correct him by biting soundly the Roots of his Ears, or Lashing. Assoon
+as you find he approaches the Haunt of the _Partridge_, known by his
+Whining, and willing, but not daring, to open, speak and bid him, _Take
+heed_: If notwithstanding this he rush in and Spring the _Partridge_, or
+opens, and so they escape, correct him severely. Then cast him off to
+another Haunt of a _Covy_, and if he mends his Error, and you take any
+by drawing your Net over them swiftly, reward him with the Heads, Necks,
+and Pinions.
+
+As for the Water-Dog, the instructions above for the _Setter_ will
+serve; only to fetch and bring by losing a Glove, or the like; keep a
+Strict Subjection in him, and Observance to your Commands.
+
+The longest _Barrel is the best Fowling Piece_, Five and half, or six
+foot long, with an indifferent Bore, under an _Harquebuse_; and shooting
+with the Wind, and side-ways, or behind the Fowl, not in their Faces, is
+to be observed; having your Dog in Command not to stir till you have
+shot.
+
+_A Stalking-Horse_ for shelter, to avoid being seen by the shie Fowl, is
+an old Jade trained on purpose; but this being rare and troublesome,
+have recourse to Art, to take Canvas stuft and painted in the shape of a
+Horse grazing, and so light that you-may carry him on one hand (not too
+big:) Others do make them in the shape of _Ox_, _Cow_, for Variety; and
+_Stag_, _Trees_, &c.
+
+The _great Fowl_, or those who divide the Foot, reside by shallow Rivers
+sides, Brooks and Plashes of Water; and in low and boggy places, and
+sedgie, Marish, rotten Grounds. They also delight in the dry parts of
+drowned Fens, overgrown with long Reeds, Rushes and Sedges; as likewise
+in half Fens drowned Moors, hollow Vales or Downs, Heaths, _&c._ Where
+obscurely they may lurk under the Shelter of Hedges, Hills, Bushes,
+_&c._
+
+The lesser, or Web footed, _Fowl_, always haunt drowned Fens, as
+likewise the main streams of Rivers not subject to Freeze, the deeper
+and broader, the better; (tho' of these the _Wild-Goose_ and _Barnacle_,
+if they cannot sound the depth, and reach the Ouze, change their
+Residence for shallow places, and delight in Green Winter Corn,
+especially if the Lands ends have Water about them:) Small Fowl also
+frequent hugely little Brooks, Ponds, drowned Meadows, Pastures, Moors,
+Plashes, Meres, Loughs, and Lakes, stored with unfrequented Islands,
+Shrubs, _&c._
+
+
+_How to take all manner of Fowl or Birds._
+
+For taking the first (I mean the greater Fowl) with Nets, observe in
+general this: Come two hours before their feeding hours, Morning and
+Evening; and Spreading your Net on the Ground smooth and flat, stake the
+two lower ends firm, and let the upper ends be extended on the long
+Cord; of which the further end must be fastned to the Ground, three
+Fathoms from the Net, the Stake in a direct Line with the lower Verge of
+the Net; the other, ten or twelve fathom long, have in your hand at the
+aforsaid distance, and get some shelter of Art or Nature, to keep you
+from the curious and shy Eye of the Game; having your Net so ready that
+the least pull may do your work, strew'd over with Grass as it lies to
+hide it: A live _Hern_, or some other Fowl lately taken, according to
+what you seek for, will be very requisite for a Stale. And you will have
+sport from the Dawning, till the Sun is about an hour high; but no
+longer; and from Sun-set till Twilight; these being their feeding times.
+
+For the small (Water) Fowl. Observe the Evening is best before Sun-set.
+Stake down your Nets on each side the River half a foot within the
+Water, the lower part so plumb'd as to sink no further; the upper
+Slantwise shoaling against, but not touching by two foot, the water, and
+the Strings which bear up this upper side fastned to small yielding
+sticks prickt in the Bank, that as the Fowl strike may ply to the Nets
+to intangle them. And thus lay your Nets (as many as you please) about
+twelve score one from another, as the River or Brook will afford. And
+doubt not your success. To expedite it however, a Gun Fired three or
+four times in the Fens and Plashes, a good distance from your Nets, will
+affright and Post them to your Snares; and so do at the Rivers, when you
+lay in the Fens.
+
+Winter time is the most proper for taking all manner of Small Birds, as
+flocking then promiscuosly together, _Larks_, _Lennets_, _Chaffinches_,
+_Goldfinches_, _Yellow-Hammers_, &c. with this _Bird-lime_, Put to a
+quarter of a Pound of _Bird-lime_, an ounce of fresh _Lard_, or
+_Capons-grease_, and let it gently melt together over the Fire, but not
+Boyl; then take a quantity of _Wheat-ears_, as you think your use shall
+require, and cut the straw about a foot long besides the Ears, and from
+the Ear lime the straw six Inches; the warmer it is, the less
+discernible it will be. Then to the Field adjacent, carrying a bag of
+Chaff, and thresh'd Ears, scatter them twenty Yards wide, and stick the
+lim'd ears (declining downwards) here, and there; Then traverse the
+Fields, disturb their Haunts, and they will repair to your Snare, and
+pecking at the Ears, finding they stick to them, mount; and the Lim'd
+straws, lapping under their Wings, dead their flight, they cannot be
+disengaged, but fall and be taken they must. Do not go near them, till
+they rise of their own accord, and let not five or six entangled lead
+you to Spoil your Game, and incur the loss of Five or Six dozen.
+
+_Lime-Twigs_, is another Expedient for taking of great Fowl, being Rods
+that are long, small, strait, and pliable, the upper part apt to play to
+and fro; being besmeared with _Bird-lime_ warm. Thus to be used,
+Observe the Haunts of the Fowl, have a Stale, (a living Fowl of the same
+kind you would take) and cross pricking your Rods, one into, and
+another against the Wind sloping, a foot distant one from the other; pin
+down your Stale, some distance from them, tying some small string to
+him, to pull and make him flutter to allure the Fowl down. If any be
+caught, do not run presently upon them, their fluttering will encrease
+your Game. A well taught _Spaniel_ is not amiss to retake those that are
+entangled, and yet flutter away. Thus likewise for the Water; consult
+the Rivers depth, and let your Rods be proportionable; what is Lim'd of
+them being above the Water, and a _Mallard_, &c. as a Stale placed here
+and there, as aforesaid. You need not wait on them, but three times a
+day visit them, and see your Game; if you miss any Rods (therefore know
+their Number) some Fowl entangled is got away with it, into some Hole,
+_&c._ and here your _Spaniel_ will be serviceable to find him.
+
+For _Small-birds_, a _Lime-bush_ is best; thus, Cut down a great Bough
+of a _Birch_, or _Willow-tree_, trim it clean, and Lime it handsomely,
+within four Fingers of the bottom: Place this Bush so ordered, in some
+quick-set, or dead _Hedge_, in Spring time: In Harvest, or Summer, in
+_Groves_, _Bushes_, _Hedges_, _Fruit-trees_, _Flax_, and _Hemp_-Lands:
+In Winter, about _Houses_, _Hovells_, _Barns_, _Stacks_, &c. A _Bird-call_
+is here also necessary, or your own industrious skill in the Notes of
+several Birds.
+
+And because Gentlemen who have Fish-ponds, wonder they lose so many
+Fish, and are apt to Censure sometimes undeservedly their Neighbours,
+when it is the insatiable _Hern_, that is the true cause: I shall next
+lay down the best and most approved way of taking the great
+Fish-devouring _Hern_, whose Haunt having found, observe this Method to
+take him. Get three or four small _Roaches_, or _Dace_, take a strong
+Hook, (not too rank) with Wyre to it, and draw the Wyre just within the
+skin, from the side of the Gills, to the Tail of the said Fish, and he
+will live four or five days, (If dead the _Hern_ will not touch it.)
+Then have a strong Line, of a dark Green-silk, twisted with Wyre, about
+three Yards long, tie a round stone of a pound to it, and lay three or
+four such hooks, but not too deep in the Water, out of the _Herns_
+wading; and two or three Nights will answer your Expectation.
+
+
+_The several wayes of taking_ Pheasants.
+
+You must learn and understand the several Notes of a Natural
+_Pheasant-Call_, and how usefully to apply them. In the Morning just
+before or at _Sun-rising_, call them to feed, and so at _Sun-setting_:
+In the Fornoon, and Afternoon, your Note must be to Cluck them together
+to Brood, or to chide them for straggling, or to notify some danger at
+hand.
+
+Thus skilled in their Notes; and by the Darkness, Solitaryness, and
+strong undergrowth of the place assured of their Haunts, closely lodge
+yourself, and softly at first call; lest being near you, a loud Note
+affright them; and no Reply made, raise your Note gradually, to the
+highest; and if there be a _Pheasant_ in hearing, he will answer you, in
+as loud a Note. Be sure it be Tunable. As soon as you are answered,
+creep nearer to it; if far off, and a single Fowl, as you call, and
+approach, so will the _Pheasant_. Having gotten sight of her, on the
+Ground, or Perch, cease calling, and with all silence possible, spread
+your Net conveniently, between the _Pheasant_, and you, one end of the
+Net fastned to the Ground, and the other end, hold by a long Line in
+your hand, by which you may pull it together, if strained; then call
+again, and as you see the _Pheasant_ come under your Net, rise and shew
+your self, and affrighting her, she will mount, and so is taken. Thus if
+on the contrary you have divers Answers, from several _Corners_, of the
+_Coppice_, and you keep your place and not stir, they will come to your
+Call; and then having a pair of Nets, spread one on each side, and do as
+before. Your Nets, must be made of Green or Black double-twin'd Thread,
+the Mesh about an inch square, between Knot, and Knot, the whole Net
+about three Fathom long, and Seven foot broad, verged with strong small
+Cord on each side and ends, to lye hollow and compass-wise.
+
+The next way of taking _Pheasant-Powts_, is by Driving, thus. Having
+found the Haunt of an _Eye of Pheasants_, known by the _Barrenness_ of
+the Place, _Mutings_ and loose Feathers, then in the little Pads and
+Wayes, like Sheep tracks, they have made, place your Nets (taking the
+Wind with you) a-cross these Paths hollow, loose and circularly, the
+nether part fixt to the Ground, and the upper side hollow, _&c._ as
+aforesaid: Then to their Haunt, and there call them together, if
+feattered; then with a Driver, an Instrument like that of
+_Cloath-dressers_, rake gently the Bushes and Boughs about you, the
+_Powts_ will run, and stop and listen; then give another rake, and so
+you will drive them like sheep into your Nets: Observe in this
+_Secrecy_, _Time_ and _Leisure_, or you spoil your Sport; _Secrecy_ in
+concealing your self from being seen by them; and _Time_ and _Leisure_,
+by not being too hasty.
+
+Lastly for taking _Pheasants_ with the _Lime-Bush_, or Rods, order
+these, as I have before prescribed; your Rods about twelve inches long,
+and your Bush containing not above eight Twigs, with a pretty long
+Handle, sharpned to stick in the Ground, or Bushes, Shrubs, _&c._ and
+let it be planted as near the _Pheasants pearching Branch_, as may be.
+Place your Rods on the Ground, near the Bush; for when some are taken
+below by they Rods, they will scare up the others to get on the Bushes
+to seek what's become of their Fellows, and there become your Prey
+themselves.
+
+
+_For taking Partridge._
+
+You must first find the _Partridges_ Haunt. Which is mostly in standing
+Corn-Fields, where they breed; as likewise in Stubble after the Corn is
+cut, especially Wheat-stubble till it is trodden, and then they repair
+to Barley-stubble, if fresh; and the Furrows amongst the Clots, Brambles
+and long Grass, are sometimes their lurking places, for Twenty and
+upward in a Covy. In the Winter in up-land Meadows, in the dead Grass or
+Fog under Hedges, among Mole-hills; or under the Roots of Trees, &c.
+Various and uncertain are their Haunts. And tho' some by the Eye, by
+distinguishing their Colour from the Ground, others by the Ear, by
+hearing the Cock call earnestly the Hen, and the Hens answering, and
+chattering with Joy at meeting, do find _Partridge_; yet the best,
+easiest and safest way of finding them is (as you do the _Pheasant_) by
+the Call or Pipe: Notes seasonable, as before prescribed, and they will
+come near to you, and you may count their Numbers; and to your sport.
+
+Surround your Covy, prepare your Nets, and pricking a stick fast in the
+ground, tye the one end to it, and let your Nets fall as you walk
+briskly round without stopping, and cover the _Partridge_; then rush in
+upon them to frighten them, and as they rise they are taken.
+
+For taking them with _Bird-Lime_, thus: Call first near the _Haunt_; if
+answered, stick about your _Lime-straws_, a-cross in ranks at some
+distance from you; then call again, and as they approach you, they are
+intercepted by the Straws; and so your Prey. This way is used most
+successfully in Stubble-fields, from _August_ to _September_: And Rods
+in Woods, Pastures, _&c._ as for the _Pheasant_.
+
+The most pleasant way of taking Partridge is with a _Setting-Dog_, who
+having set them, use your Net; and by these Rules and Method, the
+_Rails_, _Quales_, _Moorpoots_, &c. are to be taken; and are for _Hawks_
+flight too. And here I must make an end of the most material part of
+_Fowling_.
+
+
+
+
+_Of FISHING._
+
+
+It has been the Method of this whole Treatise, to divide the several
+distinct Heads of each Recreation into three Parts, to render the
+Observations and Rules the more plain and easy, for the prosecuting the
+Recreation we treat of.
+
+1. _What_ it is we pursue.
+
+2. _Where_ and _When_ to find that we would delight our selves in.
+
+3. _With what_ proper _Mediums_ or Measures we may obtain the desired
+Effects of our endeavours therein.
+
+First then, _What_ we pursue is Fish, distinguish'd according to their
+sundry kinds by these following Names.
+
+The _Barbel_, _Bream_, _Bleak_, _Bulhead_, or _Millers-thumb_; _Chevin_,
+_Char_, _Chub_, _Carp_; _Dace_; _Dare_; _Ele_; _Flounder_; _Grayling_,
+_Gudgeon_, _Guiniad_; _Loach_; _Minnow_; _Pope_ or _Pike_, _Pearch_;
+_Rud_, _Roach_; _Sticklebag_ or _Bansticle_, _Salmon_, _Shad_, _Suant_;
+_Tench_, _Torcoth_, _Trout_, _Thwait_, and _Umber_. All these
+Alphabetically thus named are the different sorts of Fish, in taking
+which the Angler commonly exercises his Art. We come next, _Where_ to
+find them.
+
+1. To know the Haunts and Resorts of Fish, in which they are to be
+usually found, is the most Material thing the Angler ought to be
+instructed in, lest he vainly prepare _how to take_ them, and
+preposterously seek _where to find_ that he prepar'd for. To prevent
+which you are first to understand, That as the season of the Year is, so
+Fish change their places: In _Summer_, some keep near the top, others
+the bottom of the Waters. In _Winter_, all Fish in general resort to
+deep Waters. But more particularly,
+
+The _Barbel_, _Roach_, _Dace_, and _Ruff_, covet most _Sandy, Gravelly
+Ground_, the deepest part of the River, and the shadows of _Trees_.
+
+_Bream_, _Pike_, and _Chub_ delight in a _Clay_, and _Owzie Ground_: The
+_Bream_ chooseth the middle of the River, in a gentle, not too rapid
+Stream: The _Pike_ preferreth still Waters, full of _Fry_, and
+absconding himself amongst _Bull-rushes_, _Water-docks_, or under
+_Bushes_, that under these shelters he may more securely surprize and
+seize his Prey: The _Chub_ too chooses the same Ground, large Rivers and
+Streams, and is rarely destitute of some Tree to cover and shade him.
+
+_Carp_, _Tench_ and _Eel_, frequent foul muddy still Waters. The
+greatest _Eels_ lurk under stones, or Roots; the smallest ones are found
+in all sorts of Rivers or Soils: The _Carp_ is for the deepest stillest
+part of Pond or River, and so is the _Tench_, and both delight in green
+Weeds.
+
+_Pearch_ delighteth in gentle Streams of a reasonable Depth, not too
+shallow; close by a hollow Bank is their common Sanctuary.
+
+_Gudgeon_ covets Sandy, Gravelly, Gentle Streams, and smaller Rivers;
+not so much abounding in Brooks. He bites best in Spring, till they
+spawn, and a little after till _Wasp_ time.
+
+The _Salmon_ delights in large swift Rivers, which ebb and flow; and are
+there plentifully to be found: As likewise Rocky and Weedy Rivers. But
+in the latter end of the Year he is to be found high up in the Country,
+in swift and violent Cataracts, coming thither to spawn.
+
+The _Trout_ loves small swift purling Brooks or Rivers, that run upon
+Stones or Gravel, and in the swiftest deepest part of them, getteth
+behind some Stone-block and there feeds. He delights in a Point of a
+River where the Water comes Whirling like the Eddy, to catch what the
+Stream brings down, especially if he has the shade of a Tree: He hugely
+delights to lurk under some hollow Bank or Stone; seldom among Weeds.
+
+_Shad_, _Thwait_, _Plaice_, _Peel_, _Mullet_, _Suant_, and _Flownder_,
+covet chiefly to be in or near the Salt or Brackish Waters, which ebb
+and flow: The last, _viz._ the _Flownder_, have been taken in fresh
+Rivers, as coveting Sand and Gravel, deep gentle streams, near Banks,
+_&c._
+
+Lastly the _Umber_ affects Marly Clay Ground, clear and swift Streams,
+far from the Sea; the greatest Plenty of these Fish is found in
+_Darbyshire_ and _Staffordshire_.
+
+Thus much for the Haunts of Fish; I come next to know _When_ is the most
+_seasonable time_ to catch them; which before I speak to, let him that
+would become a compleat Angler, take this Rule. That he observe narrowly
+what Pond or River soever he Fisheth in, whether it be slimy, muddy,
+stony or gravelly, whether of a swift or slow Motion; as likewise that
+he know the Nature of each Fish, and what Baits are most proper for
+every kind: Not to let his Knowledge be circumscribed to one or two
+particular Rivers, whither he is invited to Angle and take his
+Observations by the Vicinity of his House; but to let his Knowledge be
+_general_, and consequently his Sport will be so too. His Ignorance
+otherwise will oblige him to be a Spectator in another River, when his
+Excellency is confined to that only experienced one in or near his own
+Parish or House. But to proceed,
+
+II. To understand the best _Time when_ to Angle in, We must first
+consider Affirmatively, when most _Seasonable_: Or, 2. Negatively, when
+_Unseasonable_.
+
+1. _Seasonable_ Angling is, when the Weather is calm, serene and clear;
+tho' the Cool cloudy Weather in Summer is to be preferred, provided the
+Wind blow not too boistrously, to hinder your easy Guiding your Tools;
+In the hottest Months the cooler the better.
+
+2. When a Violent shower hath disturbed the Water and mudded it, then
+with a Red Worm, Angle in the Stream at the Ground.
+
+3. A little before Fish spawn, when they repair to gravelly Fords to rub
+and loosen their full Bellies; they bite freely.
+
+4. From Sun-rising till eight of the Clock in the Morning, and from four
+in the Afternoon till night for _Carp_ and _Tench_. In _June_ and
+_July_, _Carps_ shew themselves on the very rim of the Water, then Fish
+with a Lob-worm, as you would with a Natural Fly. But be sure to keep
+out of sight.
+
+5. In _March_, _April_, and _September_, and all Winter, when the Air is
+clear, serene and warm. And after a shower of Rain, which hath only
+beaten the _Gnats_, and _Flies_ into the River, without muddying. The
+two first mentioned Months with _May_, and part of _June_, are most
+proper for the _Fly_; Nine in the Morning, and Three a Clock in the
+Afternoon, is the best time; as likewise, when the _Gnats_ play much in
+a warm Evening.
+
+6. In a _Cloudy_, and _Windy_ day, after a Moonshine clear Night, for
+the brightness of the Night (through fear) making them abstain from
+feeding, and the Gloominess of the Day emboldening and rendering them
+(through Hunger) sharp, and eager upon food, they bite then freely.
+
+7. Lastly, at the opening of _Milldams_ or _Sluces_, you will find
+_Trouts_, &c. come forth seeking food, brought down by the Water. We
+come next to demonstrate the time not proper, _i.e._
+
+2. _Unseasonable_ Angling, in short is, when the Earth is parched, and
+scorched with Vehement Heat, and Drought; benummed and frozen with
+Cold, Frost, and Snow; or refrigerated with Spring Hoar-Frosts; or
+blasted with the sharp, bitter, nipping, North, or East Winds: Or when
+blustring _Boreas_ disorders your well guiding your Tackling; or the
+_Sheep-shearers Washings_ glutted the Fish, and anticipated your Bait;
+when the withdrawing of your Sport, foretells a Storm, and advises you
+to some shelter; or Lastly, when the night proves Dark, and Cloudy, you
+need not trouble your self the next day, 'tis to no purpose, _&c._
+
+III. For providing _Stocks_, the best time is the Winter _Solstice_,
+when the Sap is in the Roots of Trees, and their Leaves gone. It is
+improper after _January_, the Sap then ascending into the Trunk, and
+expending it self over all the Branches. See that your Stocks be
+_Taper-grown_, and your Tops of the best _Ground-Hazle_, that can be
+had, smooth, slender, and strait, of an Ell long, pliant and bendings
+and yet of a strength, that a reasonable jerk cannot break it, but it
+will return to its first straightness; left otherwise you endanger your
+Line. Keep them two full years, before you use them; having preserved
+them from Worm-eating, or Rotting, by thrice a year rubbing, and
+chaffing them well with Butter (if sweet) or Linsed or Sallet-Oyl; and
+if Bored, Oyl poured into the Holes, and bathed four and twenty hours in
+it, and then thrown out again, will exceedingly preserve them.
+
+The line, to make it neat, handsom and strong, twist the Hair you make
+it of _even_, having seen if the Hair be of an equal bigness; then steep
+your Line in Water, to see if the Hairs shrink, if so, you must twist
+them over again. The Colour of the Hair is best of _Sorrel_, _White_
+and _Grey_; _Sorrel_ for muddy boggy Rivers, and the two last for clear
+Waters. Nor is the _Pale watery green_ contemptible, died thus: Take a
+pint of strong _Ale_, half a pound of _Soot_, a little of the Juice of
+_Walnut-Leaves_ and _Allum_; Boil these together in a Pipkin half an
+hour, take it off, and when 'tis cold, put in your Hair. In making your
+Line of Hair mix not Silk; but either all Hair, or all Silk; as likewise
+distinguish the Line for the Ground Angle, and that for the Fly-rod, the
+last must be stronger than the first; in that for the Artificial Fly,
+making the uppermost Link twenty Hairs long, less in the next, and so
+less till you come to the Fly. Lastly at each end of your Line make a
+Loop (called a _Bout_) the one larger, to fasten to, and take it from
+the top of your Rod, and the other Lesser to hang your Hook-line on.
+
+Your Hook must be long in the shank, something Round in compass, the
+point strait and even, and bending in the shank. Set on your Hook with
+strong small Silk, laying your Hair on the inside of the Hook.
+
+Your _Flote_ challenges divers ways of making. Some using _Muscovy_ Duck
+quills for still Waters. Others the best sound Cork without flaws or
+holes, bored through with a hot Iron, and a Quill of a fit proportion
+put into it; then pared into a pyramidal Form, or in the fashion of a
+small Pear, to what bigness you please, and ground smooth with
+Grindstone or Pumice; this is best for strong Streams.
+
+In fine, _To plum the Ground_, get a _Carbine_ Bullet bored through, and
+in a strong twist hanged on your _Hook_ or Rod. To sharpen your _Hook_,
+carry a little _Whetstone_. To carry your several utensils without
+incommoding your Tackle, have several _Partitions_ of Parchment. And in
+short the ingenious Angler will not be unprovided of his _Bob_ and
+_Palmer_; his Boxes of all sizes for his _Hooks_, _Corks_, _Silk_,
+_Thread_, _Flies_, _Lead_, &c. His _Linning_ and _Woollen Bait-bags_;
+His splinted _Osier light Pannier_; and lastly his _Landen Hook_, with a
+Screw at the end to screw it into the socket of a Pole, and stricken
+into the Fish, to draw it to Land: To which socket, a Hook to cut up the
+Weeds, and another to pull out Wood, may be fastned.
+
+_Baits_ are branched into three Kinds.
+
+First, the _Life-baits_, which are all kind of _Worms_, _Redworm_,
+_Maggot_, _Dors_, _Frogs_, _Bobb_, _Brown-flies_, _Grasshoppers_,
+_Hornets_, _Wasps_, _Bees_, _Snails_, small _Roaches_, _Bleak_,
+_Gudgeon_, or _Loaches_.
+
+Secondly, _Artificial living Baits_, of _Flies_ of all sorts and shapes,
+made about your Hooks with Silk and Feathers, at all times seasonable,
+especially in blustering Weather.
+
+Lastly, _dead Baits_, Pasts of all makings, Wasps dryed or undryed,
+clotted _Sheeps-blood_, _Cheese_, _Bramble-berries_, _Corn_, _Seed_,
+_Cherries_, &c. The two first good in _May_, _June_ and _July_, the two
+next, in _April_; and the last in the Fall of the Leaf.
+
+
+_Of Flies._
+
+Of _Natural_ flies there are innumerable, and therefore it cannot be
+expected I can particularize all; but some of their names I shall
+nominate, _viz._ The _Dun-Fly_, _Red-fly_, _May-Fly_; _Tawny-Fly_,
+_Moor-Fly_, _Shell-Fly_, _Flag-Fly_, _Vine-Fly_, _Cloudy_ or
+_Blackish-Fly_, _Canker-Flies_, _Bear-Flies_, _Caterpillars_, and
+thousands more, differing according to the Soils, Rivers or Plants.
+
+_Artificial Flies_, are made by the Ingenious Angler, according to Art,
+in shape, colour and proportion like the Natural Fly, of _Fur_, _Wool_,
+_Silk_, _Feathers_, &c. To delineate which I must confess my self not so
+accurate and skilful a Painter, nor can any Pen-drawing, illustrate
+their Various Colours so, as to direct their Artificial Counterfeit;
+Nature will help him in this by Observation, curiously Flourishing their
+several Orient and bright Colours, after which they take their names, as
+before said: And therefore to furnish your self with both Natural and
+Artificial Flies, repair in the Morning to the River, and with a Rod
+beat the Bushes that hang over the Water, and take your Choice.
+
+1. Observe to Angle with the Artificial Fly in Rivers disturbed somewhat
+by Rain, or in a Cloudy day, the Wind blowing gently: If the Wind be not
+so high, but you may well guide your Tackle, in plain Deeps is to be
+found the best Fish, and best Sport: If small Wind breeze, in swift
+streams is best Angling: Be sure to keep your Fly in perpetual slow
+Motion; and observe that the Weather suit the Colour of your Fly, as the
+light Colour'd in a Clear day, the Darkish in a dark, _&c._ As likewise
+according to the Waters Complexions, have your Fly suitable.
+
+2. Let your Line be twice as long as your Rod: Keep as far as you can
+from the Waterside, the Sun on your back; In casting your Fly, let that
+fall first; your Line not touching the Water.
+
+3. Have a nimble Eye, and active quick Hand to strike presently upon the
+rising of the Fish, lest finding his mistake he spew out the Hook.
+
+4. In slow Rivers cast your Fly cross them, let it sink a little, draw
+it back gently, without breaking or circling the Water; let the Fly
+float with the Current, and you will not fail of excellent Sport.
+
+5. Observe to let the Wings of your _Salmon-Flies_ to be one behind
+another, whether two or four, and they and the Tail long, and of the
+finest gaudiest Colours you can choose.
+
+_Lastly_, In clear Rivers a small Fly with slender Wings is best, and in
+muddied Rivers a Fly of a more than ordinary large Body.
+
+Thus much for Flies, I come next to that I called _Dead-Baits_, and
+shall begin with the several Ways of making Pastes.
+
+
+_Of Pastes._
+
+1. Beat in a Mortar the Leg of a Young _Coney_ (Vulgarly called the
+_Almond_) or of a Whelp or Catling, and a quantity of Virgins Wax and
+Sheeps suet, till they are incorporated, and temper them with clarified
+_Honey_ into Paste.
+
+2. _Sheeps-Blood_, _Cheese_, fine _Manchet_ and clarified _Honey_
+tempered as before.
+
+3. _Sheeps-Kidney-suit_, _Cheese_, fine _Flower_, with clarified _Honey_
+tempered.
+
+4. _Cherries_, _Sheeps-Blood_, _Saffron_ and fine _Manchet_ made into a
+Paste.
+
+5. Beat into a Paste; the fattest Old _Cheese_, the strongest _Rennet_
+can be got, fine _Wheat-flower_ and _Annis-seed_ Water: If for a _Chub_
+you make the Paste, put a little rasty _Bacon_,
+
+Lastly, _Mutton-Kidney-suit_, and _Turmerick_ reduced to a fine Powder,
+the fattest Old _Cheese_ and strongest _Rennet_, wrought to a Paste,
+adding _Turmerick_ till the Paste be of a curious Yellow; and is
+excellent for _Chevin_.
+
+Anoint your Bait with this Confection: Take the Oyl of _Aspray_,
+_Coculus India_, and _Assa-foetida_ beaten, and mix with it as much
+Life-Honey; then dissolve them in the Oyl of _Polypody_, and keep it in
+a close Glass for your use. And that your Paste may not wash off your
+Hook, beat Cotten-Wool or Flax into it.
+
+
+_Of keeping Baits._
+
+The _Red-Worm_, must be kept in a bag of Red Cloth, with a handful of
+chopt _Fennel_, mixt with half so much fresh, black and fertile Mould
+will scoure and preserve them: All other Worms, with the Leaves of Trees
+they are bred on, renewing them often in a day. Only the _Cad-bait_,
+_Bob_ and _Canker_, &c. must be kept in the same things you find them.
+
+The great _White Maggots_, keep them in Sheeps Tallow, or little bits of
+a beasts Liver; and to scour them, hang them warm in a bag of Blanketing
+with Sand.
+
+The _Frogs and Grasshoppers_, in wet Moss and long Grass, frequently
+moistned; and when used, the Legs of the first, and the Wings of the
+other must be cut close off.
+
+The _Flies_, use them as you take them. Only, the _Wasps_, _Hornets_ and
+_Humble-Bee_, must be dryed in an Oven, their heads dipt in Sheeps
+blood, and dryed again, may be kept in a Box for use.
+
+And now thus equipt let us walk to the Rivers side.
+
+To begin then with the _Barbel_. The best time for Angling for this Fish
+is at the latter end of _May_, _June_, _July_, and beginning of
+_August_, in his Haunts aforementioned; and the best Bait (omitting
+others) is the well scoured _Lob-worm _(being of a curious cleanly
+Palate as well as shape) or Cheese steept an hour or two in clarified
+Honey. He is a subtile Fish, extraordinary strong, and dogged to be
+dealt with, and therefore be sure to have your Rod and Line strong and
+long, or you may endanger to break it.
+
+For the _Breame_. The most seasonable time to Angle is from St. _James_
+tide till _Bartholomew_ tide. He spawneth in _June_ or beginning of
+_July_; is easily taken, as falling on his side after one or two gentle
+turns, and so drawn easily to Land. The best Bait for him (most
+delightful to him) is the _Red-Worm_ (found in Commons and Chalky
+Grounds after Rain) at the root of a great Dock, wrapt up in a round
+Clue. He loves also Paste, Flag-Worms, Wasps, Green-Flies, Butter-Flies
+and a Grass-hopper, without Legs.
+
+Bait your Ground the Night before with gross-ground Malt, boiled and
+strained, and then in the morning with the Red-Worm, bait your Hook, and
+plumbing your Ground within half an Inch, Fish.
+
+The _Bleak_, an eager Fish, is caught with all sorts of Worms bred on
+Trees or Herbs, also with _Flies_, _Cad-bait_, _Bobs_, _Paste_,
+_Sheeps-Blood_, _White Snails_, _Wasps_, _Gnats_, &c. In a warm clear
+day the small Fly at the rim of the Water is best; in a Cloudy day,
+_Gentles_ or _Cad_-baits two foot in the Water.
+
+The _Bull-head_ or _Millers-Thumb_, being Childrens recreation, I shall
+speak little of them, only being serviceable for Baits, I shall only say
+he is easily taken with a small Worm, being lazy and simple, and will
+swallow any thing; and the _Minnow_, _Loach_, and _Bansticle_ being of
+the same diet, I place here too.
+
+The _Chevin_, loveth all sorts of Worms, _Flies_, _Cheese_, _Grain_, and
+_Black Worms_, their Bellies being slit, that the White may be seen: And
+very much delighteth in the Pith of an Oxes back, the tough outward skin
+being carefully taken off, without breaking the inward tender skin. In
+the Morning early angle for _Chevins_, with a _Snail_; in the heat of
+the day, with some other Bait; in the afternoon with the Fly; the great
+_Moth_, with a great Head, yellow Body, and whitish Wings, usually found
+in Gardens, about the Evening: The larger the _Chevin_, the sooner
+taken; loving his Bait larger, and variety on a Hook.
+
+The _Char_ is a _Lancashire_ Fish, found in a _Mere_, called
+_Winander-Mere_ in that Country, the largest in _England_.
+
+For the _Chub_, called by some a _Chevin_, by others a _Villain_. Bait
+your Hook with a Grass-hopper, find the hole where he lies, accompanied
+in a hot-day, with twenty or more, floating almost on the very
+superficies of the Water; choose which you think best, and fairest, and
+drop your Hook some two foot before him, and he will bite at it
+greedily, and cannot break hold with his _Leather Mouth_; let him play
+and tire, lest you break your Line. If you cannot get a _Grass-hopper_,
+then any Worm, or Fly you will. In cold Weather, Fish for him near the
+bottom, and the _Humble-Bee_ is the best Bait. Some appropriate Baits
+according to the Month, but I shall Omit that; The _Chub_ (being best
+and in his Prime in the Winter) a Paste made of Cheese, and Turpentine,
+is the only Bait to take him.
+
+The _Carp_ is subtle, and full of Policy, will never bite in Cold
+Weather, but in Hot you cannot be too Early, or too Late. In _March_, he
+seldom refuseth the _Red-worm_, in _June_ the _Cad_ bait and the three
+next Months the _Grass-hopper_: Pastes that are sweet, of which I have
+spoken before, are very delightful to _Carps_: And especially, if you
+Bait your ground two or three dayes before you angle, with Pellets of
+course Paste, _Chickens-guts_, _Garbage_, &c. _Gentles_ anointed, and a
+Piece of _Scarlet_ dipt in _Honey_, put them on the Hook, is an approved
+way.
+
+The _Dace_, _Dare_, _Rudd_, and _Roach_, being much of a kind, and
+feeding, I shall put together, and are easily taken with small Worms,
+_Bobs_, _Cad-baits_, _Flies_, _Sheeps-Blood_, all sorts of Worms bred on
+Trees or Herbs, _Paste_, _Wasps_, _Gnats_, _Lipberries_, &c. The Heads
+of the _Wasps_, being dipt in Blood, is good for _Dace_, and _Dare_; as
+is likewise the _Ant Fly_.
+
+The _Eel_, takes great _Red-worms_, _Beef_, _Wasps_, _Guts_ of _Fowl_,
+or _Fish_, _Menows_, or small _Roaches_ are good Bait for Night Hooks;
+the Hooks being in the Mouth of the _Fish_. Now because this is very
+delightful to most, I shall prescribe three ways of taking them, as are
+most full of Pleasure. The first way is called; _Sniggling_, or
+_Broggling_ for _Eels_, thus: Take a strong Line and Hook baited with a
+_Lob_, or _Garden-Worm_, and observing where _Eels_ lurk in the day
+time, with a stick forked at the Top, gently put your Bait into the
+Hole, and if there be any _Eels_ there, you will not fail of a Bite, of
+as large as can be had, but pull not too hard lest you spoyl all. The
+second is called _Bobbing_, which is thus done: Take some large well
+scoured _Lobs_, and with a Needle, run some strong twisted Silk through
+them, from end to end, so many as are enough to wrap about a Board near
+a dozen times; tye them fast with the two ends of the Silk to hang in so
+many Hanks; then fasten all to a strong Cord, and a handful above the
+worms fasten a Plumbet of three quarters of a pound, and your Cord to a
+strong Pole, and in muddy Waters, you may Fish, and find the _Eels_ tug
+lustily, and when you think they have swallowed them, draw up your Line,
+and ashore with them. Lastly the _Eel-spear_ made with four teeth,
+jagged on both sides, stricken into the Mud, on the bottom of a River,
+and if you chance to strike where they lye, you infallibly take.
+
+There is likewise an assured way of taking _Eels_, thus done: Take some
+Bottles of Hay, mixt with green _Osiers_ of _Willows_, Bait them with
+Sheeps-Guts, or other Beasts Garbage, sink them down in the middle, to
+the bottom of your Pond or by the Bank sides, having fastned a Cord to
+the Bottles, that you may twitch them up at your pleasure, and all the
+best _Eels_ will resort to them.
+
+The _Flounder_, _Shad_, _Thwait_, _Suant_, and _Mullet_, are taken with
+_Red-Worms_ of all sorts, _Wasps_, and _Gentles_.
+
+For the _Grayling_, you must head your Hook upon the shank, with a
+slender and narrow plate of Lead, that the Bait (a large Grass-hopper)
+may the more easily come over it; and at the point put a _Cad-bait_, and
+keep the Bait in continual motion; not forgetting to pull off the
+Grass-hoppers Wings.
+
+The _Gudgeon_, takes the smallest Red-Worm, _Wasps_, _Gentles_, and
+_Cadbaits_. When you Fish for him, stir up the Sand or Gravel with a
+Pole, which will make them gather thither, and bite more eagerly.
+
+The _Guiniad_, I shall remit speaking to, only mentioning it in course,
+being no where found, but in a place called _Pemble-Mere_, in which
+place they abound, as the River _Dee_ does with _Salmon_.
+
+The _Pope_, or _Ruff_, is excellent for a young Angler, bites greedily,
+and quantities may be taken, by Baiting the Ground with fat Earth, and
+your Hook with small Red-Worms.
+
+The _Pike_, loveth all sorts of Baits (unless the Fly) _Gudgeon_,
+_Dace_, _Roaches_ and _Loaches_; and young _Frogs_ in Summer time, of
+which the yellowest is best.
+
+The _Pearch_, taketh all sorts of Earth-worms, especially the
+_Lob-worm_, and _Brandling_, well scowred, _Bobs_, _Oak-worms_, _Dors_,
+_Gentles_, _Cole-wort-worms_, _Wasps_, _Cad-baits_, and _Menow_, or a
+little _Frog_, the Hook being fastned through the skin of his Leg,
+towards the upper part of it. Be sure you give the _Pearch_ time enough
+to pouch his Bait, before you strike.
+
+The _Salmon_, is taken best with _Lob-worms_, scented with the Oyl of
+Ivy Berries, or the Oyl of _Polypody_, of the _Oak_ mixt with
+_Turpentine_: Or the well scowred Garden-worm, is an excellent Bait: The
+_Salmon_, bites best in _May_, _June_, and _July_, at three a Clock in
+the Afternoon, if the Water be clear, a little Wind stirring, especially
+near the Sea.
+
+The _Tench_, is a great lover of large Red worms first dipt in Tar. As
+also all sorts of Paste, made up with strong scented Oyls, or Tar, or a
+Paste made up of Brown Bread, and Honey. He will bite too at a _Cad-worm_,
+_Lob-worm_, _Flag-worm_, green _Gentle_, _Cadbait_, _Marsh-worm_,
+or soft boil'd _Bread-grain_, &c.
+
+The _Torcoth_, being before mentioned, I only let you know, that he is
+only found, in the Pool _Linperis_ in _Carnarvon-shire_; and leave you
+to the _Welchmens_ description, both of him and his Bait.
+
+The _Trout_, is fattest, and in his prime in _May_, and is caught with
+all sorts of Worms, especially _Brandlings_, commonly found in an Old
+_Dung-hill_, _Cow-dung_, _Hogs-dung_, or _Tanners-bark_: Also with
+Flies, Natural and Artificial, with young _Frogs_, _Menow_, _Marsh_,
+_Dock_, or _Flag-worms_; all sorts of _Cadbait_, _Dors_, _Bobs_,
+_Palmers_, _Gentles_, _Wasps_, _Hornets_, &c. and with the
+_Caterpillar_, used according to the Rule before prescribed for the
+_Grayling_. _Lastly_
+
+The _Umber_, is taken as the _Trout_, just now mentioned; And therefore
+now to your Sport: To assist your well effecting which, I have but this
+to add; Cast into your Haunts where you use to Fish, once in four or
+five days, soft boiled Corn (or oftner for Carp, and Tench) Also
+Garbage, Beasts Livers, chopt Worms, Grains steept in Blood, to attract
+them to the place; and to keep them together, throw in half a handful of
+Grains or ground Malt: But in a stream, cast it above your Hook, that
+floating towards you you may draw the Fish thither.
+
+
+_Sundry curious Baits for Fish._
+
+These grow on the Cuccow pints, or wak-Robin, and are found in dry
+ditches, overgrown with Brambles; they are about the bigness of Pease,
+and in _July_ and _August_, are of a lovely transparent Red, and are
+excellent baits for Roaches, and Chubs; and for the first, two will
+serve, but for the latter, you may put four or five at a time on the
+Hook.
+
+
+_Oat-Cakes with Cheese._
+
+Beat these together into a Paste, the Cheese being new, and stick them
+together, with a little Honey, letting the Paste Lye all Night in a wet
+Linnen Cloath, then fit it up in baits, and cover your Hook with it.
+
+
+_To keep Baits for the Pike, or Night-hooks._
+
+For this, take a small Roach, Dace, Loach, Minnow, Smelt, small Trout,
+or Pearch, cutting off the Finns on the back, or small Eels well scoured
+in Wheat-Bran, which will keep them better and longer, taking a way the
+slime and watery substance, that causes them to rot or decay the sooner.
+
+
+_Fishes Eyes._
+
+Take out the Eyes of such Fish as you catch, and put three or four of
+them on a Hook, and they will prove an excellent bait for most sorts of
+Fish.
+
+
+_Fat Bacon._
+
+Cut this in little small Long snips, and especially at Snap, it is
+exceeding good to take a Chub or Pike, from the latter end of _August_
+to the beginning of _April_.
+
+
+_The Pith of the Back-bone of a Sheep._
+
+Take out the Pith that runs through the Back-bone, and take off the
+Tough outward Skin, and leave the thin tender white Skin on, and bait
+with about half an Inch of it, and it takes a Chevin to admiration.
+
+
+_Grain, Wheat, Malt._
+
+Bruise either of these finely, fry them in Honey, make them up into
+Pasts with Oyl of Peter; and either in Winter or Summer they take Chub,
+Roach, Dace or Bleak.
+
+
+_How to bring Fish, if any in the Pond or River, to the place you
+desire._
+
+Boyl clean Barly in Water till it bursts, with Licorice, and a little
+Mummy; add some Honey and beat them together in a Mortar into a stiff
+Paste, and boyl about the quantity of a Wall-nut of this Paste with a
+quart of Barly till it grows Glutenous, and then lay it for a ground
+bait, and the Fish will flock about it from all parts.
+
+
+_To make worms for Baits come out of the Ground._
+
+Boyl an Ounce of Verdigrise in a quart of strong Vinegar, and Sprinkle a
+little in places where you suspect Worms are, and they will Crawl out of
+the Ground.
+
+
+_Another approved Bait._
+
+Take the Fat of a Heron, Mummy, and Galbanum; of each two drams, Scent
+them with a Grain of Musk, and make them up with two Ounces of
+_Aqua-vitae_, stir them over a gentle Fire in an Earthen Vessel till they
+become thick, and with this rub the Hook, and end of the Line, and the
+Scent of it will draw the Fish to it; you must also have at the same
+time a proper Bait on your Hook for such Fish as are in the place you
+Angle.
+
+
+_The Artificial Cod or Cad Bait._
+
+Make the Body of yellow Bees-wax, and head of black Dubin and black
+Silk, or you may make the Body of yellow washed Leather, Shamey or Buff,
+and the head all of black Silk, and this is an Incomparable bait for
+Trout, Salmon or Smelts, and those that are natural are most Excellent
+baits for Trout, Grayling, Salmons, Tench, Roach, Chub, Dace, Carp,
+Tench, Ruff, Bream and Bleak; but then you must Fish with it in clear
+Water only.
+
+
+_Rules and Considerations about Baits in general._
+
+Fish in general take all such baits freely, as nature at that season
+affords in or near the places where you Angle, for being used to them
+they are not afraid of any deceit, but take them as their common food.
+And for flies in this case, in a Morning or Evening, when you go to
+Angle beat the bushes about the Rivers or Ponds, and such Flies as you
+rouse there, Fish with, either Natural, or imitate them by Art; as also
+see what Worms or other Insects fit for baits stick on the Leaves,
+Grass, or are in the Water; and in this Observation you cannot miss of
+good Sport; and when you have struck gently the backway, draw a little,
+and be not too hasty to take up before the Fish has had her play and
+spent her strength lest she break your Tackle. If your Fish be large,
+you must use your Landing Net.
+
+
+_To take Fish in the Night with a Light._
+
+This is an Admirable way to supply you with a sudden Dish, _viz._ Take a
+Glass in the form of a Urinal very deep, put as much Clay in the bottom
+of it as will sink the Mouth of it within an Inch of the Water, floating
+on pieces of Cork, tied about the Neck to keep it steadily upright, then
+place a Candle in it, by sticking it in the Clay-socket, anointing the
+out side of the Glass with Oyl of Asper. This Light will shine a great
+way in a still Water, so that the Fish being amazed at so unusual a
+Sight, will come out of their holes about it, and be detained with the
+scent of the Oyl so long, that with a Hoop-net you may take great store
+of them.
+
+
+_Flies proper for every Month._
+
+_For February_, little red brow Palmer flies, the Plain Hackle, the
+Silver Hackle, the Gold Hackle, the great Dun, the great blew Dun, the
+dark brown.
+
+_For March_, the little whirling Dun, the early bright Brown, the
+whitish Dun, the Thorn-tree fly, the blue Dun, the little black Gnat,
+the little bright Brown.
+
+_For April_, the small bright Brown, the little dark brown, the great
+whirling Dun, the Violet Fly, the yellow Dun, the Horse-flesh-fly.
+
+_For May_, the Dun-cout, the Green-drake, the Stone-fly, the black May
+fly, the little yellow May Fly, the Gray-drake, the Camlet fly, the
+Turkey Fly, the yellow Palmer, the black-flat Fly, the light-brown, the
+little Dun, the white Gnat, the Peacock Fly, the Cow-Lady, the
+Cowturd-fly.
+
+_For June_, From the first to the 24th the Green Drake and Stone Fly,
+the Owl fly, the Barn fly, the purple Hackle, the purple Gold Hackle,
+the flesh Fly, the little flesh Fly, the Peacock fly, the Ant fly, the
+brown Gnat, the little black Gnat, the Green-Grasshopper, the Dun
+Grasshopper, the Brown Hackle.
+
+_For July_, The Badger fly, the Orange fly, the little white Dun, the
+Wasp fly, the Black Hackle, the Shell fly, the black brown Dun.
+
+_For August_. The late Ant fly, the Fern fly, the white Hackle, the
+Harry-long-Legs.
+
+_For September_. The Cammel brown fly, the late Badger fly.
+
+_For October_. The same Flies that were used in _March_.
+
+
+_The best time to Angle in._
+
+1. If in the hot Months, cloudy Weather is best, when a small Gale stirs
+the Water.
+
+2. When the Floods have carryed away the fish that sudden Showers
+Incumbered the Water withall, and the River and Pond retains its usual
+bounds, looking of a whitish Colour.
+
+3. When a violent Shower has troubled or muddied the River, or a little
+before the Fish spawn, at what time they come into the sandy Ground to
+loosen their Bellies.
+
+4. After Rains, when the Rivers keep their bounds, yet rise and run
+swiftly, for then they seek shelter in Creeks and little Rivulets
+running into the River.
+
+5. Fish for Carp and Tench early, that is, before Sun rise, till Eight
+in the Morning, and from four in the Afternoon till after Sun set. In
+_March_, the beginning of _April_, and the latter end of _September_ and
+all Winter, when there are no great Frosts, the Fish bite in the warm of
+the day, the wind being still; but in Summer Months, Morning and Evening
+is best.
+
+6. Fish rise best at the Fly, after the shower has muddied or Clouded
+the Waters, and Fish with Flies in generally _March_, _April_, _May_,
+and the beginning of _June_, is the best for Trout; you may Angle in a
+clear star light Night, for they are then roaving about for prey; he
+bites best in muddy water, and the best time of Fishing for him is from
+8 to 10 in the Morning, and from three till five in the Afternoon.
+
+7. The Salmon Fishery is best in _May_, _June_, _July_, and _August_,
+from three in the Afternoon till Sun set, and in the Morning as before.
+
+8. The Barble bites best early in the Morning, till Ten or Eleven in
+_May_, _June_, _July_, and the beginning of _August_.
+
+9. The Pearch and Ruff bites best all day in cool Cloudy Weather.
+
+10. The Carp and Tench bite early and late in the still parts of the
+River; _June_, _July_, and _August_; as likewise do the Chevin, whose
+chief bait is white Snails, and small Lamperies.
+
+11. The Breem bites from Sun rise till nine or ten in the Morning in
+muddy Water, especially the Wind blowing hard, for the most part;
+keeping in the Middle of the Pond or River in _May_, _June_, _July_, and
+_August_.
+
+12. Angle for the Pike in clear Water, when it is stirred by a gentle
+Gale in _July_, _August_, _September_, and _October_, and then he bites
+best about three in the Afternoon; but all the day in Winter, and in
+_April_, _May_, and the beginning of _June_, early in the Morning and
+late at Evening.
+
+13. The Roach and Dace bite all the day long at the Top of the Water at
+flies natural, and Artificial, also at Grass-hoppers, and all sorts of
+Worms, if the Water be shady.
+
+14. The Gudgeon bites best in _April_, till she has Spawned in _May_, or
+if the Weather be cold till Wasp time, and at the end of the year all
+day long, near to a gentle Stream. Observe when you Angle for her, to
+stir and rake the Ground, and the Bait will be taken the better.
+
+15. The Flounder in _April_ bites all day, _May_, _June_, and _July_,
+especially in swift Streams, yet he will bite, tho' not so freely in a
+still Deep.
+
+
+_Of Fish-ponds_.
+
+Grounds most fit and proper to be cast into a Pond, are those which are
+Marshy, or Boggy, or full of Springs, unfit for Grazing, or to be put to
+any profitable use besides. Of these the last, full of Springs, will
+yield the best Water; that which is Marshy will feed Fish; and what is
+Boggy is best for a Defence against Thieves.
+
+First draw by small Trenches all the Springs into one place, and so
+drain the rest of the Ground; then mark out the Head of your Pond, and
+make it the highest part of the ground in the Eye, tho' it be the lowest
+in a Level: Cut the Trench of your Floodgate so, that when the Water is
+let out, it may have a swift fall: On each side of which Trench drive in
+stakes of Oak, Ash or Elm six foot long, and six Inches square; place
+these in Rows near four foot distance, as broad and wide from the
+_Floodgate_ as you intend the Head of your Pond shall go: Dig it in as
+big and large a Compass as the Ground will permit; throw your Earth
+amongst the said stakes, and ram it down hard till you have covered the
+stakes: Drive in as many new ones next the first stakes, and ram more
+Earth above them, with stakes above stakes till the head-sides be of a
+convenient height: Taking care, that the inside of your Banks be smooth,
+even, hard and strong, that the Current of the Water, may not wear off
+the Earth.
+
+Having thus digged eight foot deep, that so it may carry six foot Water,
+pave the bottom and Banks of the Pond with Sods of _Flot-Grass_, laying
+them close together, pin them down with stakes and windings: This Grass
+is a great feeder of Fish, and grows naturally under Water. Stake to the
+bottom of one side of the Pond Bavens and Brush-Wood-Faggots, into which
+the Fish may cast their spawn. Lay Sods upon Sods, to nourish and breed
+Eels.
+
+The Pond being made, let in Water, and thus store it: Put Carp, Bream
+and Tench by themselves: Pike, Pearch, Eel, and Tench (the Fishes
+Physician) by themselves; for Food of the greater Fishes, put store of
+Roach, Dace, Loach and Menow; and Lastly to one Melter, put three
+Spawners, and in three Years the increase will be great, and in five
+Years with difficulty be destroyed.
+
+In 3 Years _Sue your Pond_; which you must continue to do, for the Roach
+will increase in such abundance, that eating up the sweet food, will
+make other Fish, as Carps, &c. be very lean: Therefore every Year view
+your Pond, and observe if any such Fry appears, thin them.
+
+
+_To make_ Carps _grow large_, &c.
+
+About _April_, when your Pond is low rake the sides where the Water is
+fallen with an Iron rake, sow _Hay-seeds_ there, rake it well; and at
+the end of Summer you shall have store of Grass: In _Winter_ the Water
+will over-top the Grass, and being Water enough for them, the Carps will
+resort to the sides, and feed briskly, and grow fat: Thus do every
+Summer, till you sue your Pond, and no River Carp can surpass them.
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The School of Recreation (1696 edition), by
+Robert Howlett
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SCHOOL OF RECREATION ***
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