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diff --git a/18480.txt b/18480.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acf5325 --- /dev/null +++ b/18480.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2703 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Bolougne-Sur-Mer, by Reverend William Canon Fleming + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bolougne-Sur-Mer + St. Patrick's Native Town + +Author: Reverend William Canon Fleming + +Release Date: June 1, 2006 [EBook #18480] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOLOUGNE-SUR-MER *** + + + + +Produced by Michael Gray (Lost_Gamer@comcast.net) + + + + +[Frontispiece: Picture of Boulogne-sur-Mer] +BOULOGNE-SUR-MER +The cross marks the ruins of the fortifications built around Caligula's +Tower by Henry VIII., King of England. + + + +BOULOGNE-SUR-MER: + +_ST. PATRICK'S NATIVE TOWN_ + +BY THE + +REV. WILLIAM CANON FLEMING, +RECTOR OF ST. MARY'S, MOORFIELDS, LONDON + +R. & T. WASHBOURNE +1 2 & 4 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. +BENZIGER BROS.: NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, AND CHICAGO. +1907. + +Nihil Obstat. + GULIRLMUS CANONICUS GILDEA, D.D., M.R. + +Imprimatur. + FRANCISCUS, + _Archiepiscopus Westmonasteriensis_. + + + +THIS HISTORY OF ST. PATRICK'S NATIVE TOWN +IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO THE +RIGHT REVEREND PATRICK FENTON +BISHOP OF AMYCLA +AND +BISHOP AUXILIARY OF WESTMINSTER. + + + +PREFACE. + +THE numerous bewildering and contradictory theories to be met with in +books, pamphlets, and reviews concerning St. Patrick's native country +are calculated to provoke a spirit of weary incredulity and impatience. +However, when presenting this book to the public, we may quote the late +Canon O'Hanlon's plea for adventurous writers who still endeavour to +solve the problem: "The question of St. Patrick's country," writes the +distinguished author of the "Lives of the Irish Saints," "has an +interest for all candid investigators far beyond the claim of rival +nations for the honour it should confer. It has been debated, indeed, +with considerable learning and earnestness both by Irish and foreign +writers; yet, as Ireland does not prefer any serious claim to the +distinction, of which she might well feel proud, so can Irishmen afford +to be impartial in prosecuting such an enquiry" (St. Patrick, March +17th). + +From a patriotic point of view it might be urged that, although +innumerable books and pamphlets have been written on our subject, not +one too many has seen the light, inasmuch as each of them has served in +a greater or lesser degree to keep the memory of our great Apostle ever +fresh in our minds. + +We are deeply indebted to the Rev. Professor Leilleux, who is +at present engaged in writing a "History of the Diocese of +Boulogne-sur-Mer," and to the Abbe Massot, chaplain to the Little +Sisters of the Poor in that town, for having clearly proved to us that +ancient Bononia was called "Bonauen," and Caligula's tower--Turris +Ordinis--was called "Nemtor" by the Gaulish Celts. These discoveries go +far to show that the Apostle of Ireland was a native of ancient Bononia, +now called Boulogne-sur-Mer. + +Colgan, who published his "Trias Thaumaturga" in 1647, assures us in +his fifth Appendix, chapter i., that there was an old tradition in +Armorica that St. Patrick was a native of that province; and the same +author adds that several Irish writers adhered to that opinion. This +book, therefore, does not seek to formulate a new theory; its only +object is to gather together many of the records which tend to prove +that St. Patrick was born in Armorican Britain. + +Our most grateful thanks are also due to the Very Rev. Canon Gildea, +D.D., M.R., who has kindly read through this book for the "Nil obstat"; +and to the courteous Curator of the Library and Museum at Boulogne for +permitting us to make a sketch of Caligula's famous tower and +lighthouse, which was called Turris Ordinis or Turris Ardens by the +Romans, and Nemtor or Nemthur by the Armorican Britons. + + WILLIAM CANON FLEMING. + +ST. MARY'S, MOORFIELDS, + LONDON, E.C. + + + +CONTENTS. +St. Patrick's Parentage +The Different Birthplaces assigned to St. Patrick +Bonaven Taberniae was well known to the Irish Scots +History of the Town Bonaven, or Bononia +St. Patrick made Captive by Niall of the Nine Hostages +St. Patrick after his Captivity returns to (Gaul) his Native Country +St. Fiacc's Nemthur was situated in the Suburbs of Boulogne +St. Fiacc describes St. Patrick's Flight from Ireland to Armorica +The Scholiast practically admits St. Patrick's Birth in Armorica +The "Trepartite Life" falls into the Same Error +All that the Second and Third "Lives" testify +The Fourth "Life" +The Sixth "Life of St. Patrick," by Jocelin +The Fifth "Life," by Probus, proves that St. Patrick was born in +Bononia +St. Patrick's Flight to Marmoutier described by Probus +Britain in Gaul St. Patrick's Native Country +Britanniae in the Plural not appropriated to Great Britain +St. Patrick calls Coroticus, a British Prince, "Fellow Citizen" +Summary +The Site of the Villula where St. Patrick was born + + + +ST. PATRICK'S PARENTAGE + +ABOUT the middle of the fourth century a noble decurion named +Calphurnius espoused Conchessa, the niece of St. Martin of Tours. +Heaven blessed their union with several children, the youngest of whom +was a boy, who received at his baptism the name of Succath, which in +the Gaelic tongue signifies "valiant." + +Jocelin is responsible for the statement that the parents of the future +Apostle of Ireland took, by mutual consent, the vow of celibacy after +St. Patrick's birth, and that Calphurnius, like St. Gregory of Nyssa, +St. Hilary, and St. Germanus, who were all married men, "closed his +days in the priesthood" (chap, ii., p. 2). "There were thousands of +priests and Bishops," as Dr. Dollinger observes, "who had sons before +their ordination" ("History of the Church," vol. ii., p. 23, note). + +There are others, however, like Father Bullen Morris, who are of +opinion that St. Patrick's declaration in the "Confession" that his +father was "a deacon" is a mistake on the part of the copyist for +"decurion," and, as a proof of this contention, they point to the words +made use of by the Saint in his Epistle to Coroticus, which is +admittedly genuine: "I am of noble blood, for my father was a decurion. +I have bartered my nobility--for which I feel neither shame nor +sorrow--for the sake of others." It is difficult to reconcile this +statement with the assurance given in the "Confession" that his father +was a humble deacon. "It is inconceivable," as Father Bullen Morris +argues, "that the Saint, sprung from a noble family, should base his +claim to nobility on the fact that his father, Calphurnius, was a +deacon. On the other hand, the theory that Calphurnius was a Roman +officer fits in with both statements of the Saint" ("St. Patrick, +Apostle of Ireland," p. 285, Appendix). + +The same author gives another reason for calling in question this part +of the text of the "Confession" in the "Book of Armagh." A scribe made +an addition to the genealogy of St. Patrick as recorded in the Book, +writing on the margin "Son of Odisseus"; and these words are actually +introduced into the text by Dr. Whitley Stokes, in his edition of the +"Confession," without either note or comment. It is easy to imagine, +therefore, that ancient Celtic writers, with their passion for +genealogies, should tamper with the ancestors of St. Patrick. +Nicholson, a distinguished Irish scholar, was, of opinion that the +addition "a deacon" was mere guesswork on the part of the copyist, and +wrote "incertus liber hic"--"the book is here unreliable" ("St. +Patrick, Apostle of Ireland," Appendix, pp. 286--288). + +Moreover, if the word "a deacon" in the "Book of Armagh" is the true +reading, it must surely be a matter for surprise that St. Patrick, who +sternly enforced the law of celibacy in Ireland as part of the +discipline of the Catholic Church, should describe himself as the son +of a deacon without either comment or explanation, and more especially +when we remember that the Council of Elvira, A.D. 305, and the Council +of Aries, A.D. 314, had enforced the laws of celibacy--"The severe +discipline of the Councils of Elvira and Aries," writes Alzog, +"obtained the force of law and became general throughout the Western +Church" ("Universal Church History," vol. i., chap, iv., pp. 280, 281). +The practice of clerical celibacy, therefore, existed in the Western +Church probably before Calphurnius was born, and certainly before he +was old enough to get married. + +Calphurnius was admittedly a decurion, or Roman officer. Now Pope +Innocent I., in his Letter to Exuperius, Bishop of Toulouse, in the +year 405, in answer to a number of questions submitted to him by the +Bishop, stated that there was an impediment to the ordination of men +who had served in the army on account of the loose morality prevalent +in the camp. As the Pope was simply laying down the rules of discipline +already existing in the Church, Calphurnius, being a Roman officer, +could not have been ordained without the removal of the impediment. All +this tends at least to prove that we should read "decurion" for +"deacon" in the "Confession." + +According to the "Book of Sligo," St. Patrick was born on Wednesday +(373), baptized on Wednesday, and died on Wednesday, March 17th, A.D. +493. + + +THE DIFFERENT BIRTHPLACES ASSIGNED TO ST. PATRICK + +BARONIUS and Matthew of Westminster declare that St. Patrick was born +in Ireland, but scarcely any writer of the present day ventures to +express that view. O'Sullivan, Keating, Lanigan, and many French +writers contend that he was a native of Armoric Gaul, or Britain in +France. Welshmen are strongly of opinion that Ross Vale, Pembrokeshire, +was the honoured place; whilst Canon Sylvester Malone attributed the +glory to Burrium, Monmouthshire, a town situated, as Camden narrates, +near the spot where the River Brydhin empties itself into the Usk. The +Scholiast, Colgan, and Archbishop Healy seem to have no doubt as to the +Saint's birth at Dumbarton. Ware believes that a town that once stood +almost under the shadow of the crag possessed a stronger claim; Usher +and the Aberdeen Breviary are equally positive that Kilpatrick was the +town. Cardinal Moran, on the other hand, has convinced himself that St. +Patrick first saw the light of day at a place that once stood near the +present town of Hamilton, just where the river Avon discharges itself +into the Clyde. Some English writers have strongly advocated the claims +of a Roman town named Bannaventa that once stood near the present site +of Davantry, Northamptonshire. Professor Bury, in his "Life of St. +Patrick," had the doubtful honour of inventing a new birthplace for the +Saint; he tells us that St. Patrick was born at a Bannaventa, "which +was probably situated in the regions of the Lower Severn." + +ST. PATRICK WAS NOT BORN IN WALES. + +The belief that St. Patrick was born in Ross Vale, Pembrokeshire, is +founded principally on the supposed acceptance of that view by Camden, +and on an old tradition to the effect that St. Patrick, having +completed his missionary labours in Ireland, founded a monastery at +Menevia and died there. + +As the authority of the learned Camden carries with it great weight, it +will here be not out of place to quote his own declaration, which is as +follows: "Beyond Ross Vale is a spacious promontory called by Ptolemy +Octopitarum, by the Britons Pebidiog and Kantev-Dewi, and by the +English St. David's land. . . . It was the retiring place and nursery +of several Saints, for Calphurnius, a British priest--_as some have +written, I know not hew truly_--begot there St. Patrick, the Apostle of +Ireland" ("Britannia," vol. ii., p. 32). The same author, in another +place, gives expression to his own views on the subject, to which, +indeed, he does not seem to have devoted very serious study. "St. +Patrick," he writes, "was a Briton born in Clydesdale, and related to +St. Martin, Bishop of Tours, and he was a disciple of St. Germanus" +("Britannia," vol. ii., p. 326). + +The Ross Vale theory has, in truth, as little in its favour as the old, +but groundless, tradition that St. Patrick founded a monastery and +ended his days at Menevia. This is plainly contradicted by the Saint's +assertion that after he had landed as a missionary in Ireland he never +once left, and ended his days in the land of his adoption. "Though I +could have wished to leave them" (the Irish), writes the Saint in his +"Confession," "and had been desirous of going to Britain, as if to my +own country and parents, and not that alone, but even to Gaul to visit +my brethren, and see the face of the Lord's Saints. But I am bound in +the spirit, and He who witnesseth all will account me guilty if I do +it, and I fear to lose the labour which I have begun; and not I, but +the Lord Christ, who commanded me to come and remain with them for the +rest of my life, if the Lord prolongs it, and keeps me from all sin +before Him." This statement, which was made by St. Patrick just before +his death, when he wrote the "Confession," could never have been +volunteered if he had once left the country where the Lord had +commanded him to remain for the rest of his life. + +THE SCOTCH THEORIES ON THIS SUBJECT. + +The Scholiast and Colgan, who identify the Crag of Dumbarton with the +Nemthur of the Saint's nativity, are faced by the unanswerable +difficulty that though Nemthur may be the name of a tower, or may be +the name of the district in which the tower stood, it cannot be the +name of a town. The Saint in his "Confession" states that his father +hailed from the suburban district of a town called Bonaven Tabernise, +where he possessed a country seat, from which he (the Saint) was +carried off into captivity. Bonaven, therefore, is rightly regarded as +St. Patrick's native town. St. Fiacc simply states that St. Patrick was +born at Nemthur, but he does not assart that Nemthur was a town, +otherwise he would be at variance with his Patron, who plainly gives us +to understand that he was born at Bonaven Tabernise, The only way of +reconciling this apparent conflict of evidence is to assume that St. +Fiacc is giving the name either of the tower or the district in which +St. Patrick was born, while the Saint is giving the name of the town of +which he was a native, but not the name of the district which was +honoured by his birth. + +Dr. Lanigan, however, objects "that no sensible writer, wishing to +inform his readers where the Saint was born, would say that he came +into the world in a tower" ("Eccl. Hist.," vol. i., p. 101). + +Nemthur may indeed be a corruption of Neustria, as Dr. Lanigan +suggests; but it must not be forgotten that districts not unfrequently +derive their names from famous monuments that either stand or have +stood in their midst. We have an illustration of this in the very +locality where many believe that St. Patrick was born. The high level +on the north-eastern cliff's of Boulogne is called even at the present +time "Tour d'Ordre," deriving its name from Caligula's tower, which the +Romans called Turris Ordinis, and the Gaulish Celts called Nemtor, +which once stood on the lofty plateau, but is no longer in existence. + +Ware's theory, in his own words, is this: "I must dissent from the +Scholiast that Nemthur and Alcuid were the same place; though it must +be granted that they stood near each other, as appears from a passage +of Jocelin: 'there was a promontory hanging over the town of Empthor, a +certain fortification, the ruins of which are yet visible,' and a +little later: 'this celebrated place, seated in the valley of the +Clyde, is, in the language of the country, called "Dunbreaton," that +is, the Fort of the Britons'" (Ware, vol. i., p. 6). + +Relying also on Jocelin's statement that Tabernise signified a "Field +of Tents"--"Tabernaculorum Campus"--and on his unwarranted assertion +that the habitation of Calphurnius was "not far from the Irish Sea," +Usher pointed out Kilpatrick, a town situated between Dumbarton and the +city of Glasgow, as St. Patrick's native town. + +Jocelin's "Life of St. Patrick," as Canon O'Hanlon has said, is +"incomparably the worst" of the Latin lives of the Saint, and yet it is +on this untrustworthy foundation, and on the contradictions of the +Scholiast, that Usher and Ware rest their respective theories. Usher +discovered a Roman camp at Kilpatrick, and found that the town was "not +far from the Irish Sea," and it is upon this weak hypothesis that the +Kilpatrick theory rests. + +The Aberdeen Breviary coincides with Usher, and the lesson referring to +St. Patrick is as follows: "St. Patrick, the Apostle of Ireland, was +born of Calphurnius, a man of illustrious Celtic descent, and of +Conchessa, a native of Gaul and a sister of St. Martin, Bishop of +Tours. He was conceived with many miraculous signs at Dumbarton Castle, +but was born and reared at Kilpatrick in Scotland, near the Castle." + +But if the Aberdeen Breviary asserts that St. Patrick was born at +Kilpatrick, the Continental Breviaries, as Colgan freely admits, are +equally positive that he was a native of Armoric Gaul. + +Cardinal Moran, in an article contributed to the _Dublin Review_ in the +spring of 1880, insisted rightly that the solution of the difficulty is +to be found in the word Bonaven. Bon, or Ban, he tells us, is a Celtic +word which signifies the mouth of a river, and Avon is the river +itself. From this, he argues that the Saint was born at a town which +once stood on the present site of Hamilton, which is situated at the +mouth of the Avon, just where that river discharges itself into the +Clyde. The same argument would apply with equal force to a town +situated at the mouth of the River Aven on the French coast, which +flows into the harbour of Concarneu in Brittany. + +Anyone who accepts the authority of Probus, who asserts that Bonaven +Tabernise "was not far from the Western sea," or of the Scholiast, who +is the author of the Dumbarton theory, will see a grave objection to +accepting the Cardinal's solution of the problem: Hamilton is about +fifty miles distant from Dumbarton, and far away from the Atlantic +Ocean. + +None of the authors mentioned make any attempt to reconcile the two +contradictory statements of the Scholiast: (1) that St. Patrick was +born at Dumbarton, and (2) that he was captured in Armorica. They have +failed to notice that, if the Saint was captured in Armorica, he could +not have been born at Dumbarton, because he assures us in his +"Confession" that he was captured at his father's home. Even according +to the admissions of the Scholiast, therefore, Bonaven Tabernise, St. +Patrick's home, was situated in Armorica. Usher, Ware, and Cardinal +Moran, while contending that the Apostle of Ireland was born in North +Britain, refuse to accept the Scholiast's statement that he was a +native of Dumbarton. + +ST. PATRICK WAS NOT BORN IN GREAT BRITAIN. + +Ignoring altogether both the Scotch and Welsh theories as to the +birthplace of St. Patrick, Professor Bury, in his Life of the Saint, +holds that Ireland's Apostle was born in a village named Bannaventa; +not, however, Bannaventa now known as Daventry in Northamptonshire, +seeing that that town would be too far "from the Western sea," but +another Bannaventa somewhere on the sea coast, and "perhaps in the +region of the Severn" (chap, ii., p. 17, and Appendix, 323). + +The whole of Professor Bury's new theory rests on a very faint +similarity between Bonaven or Bannaven--the name which the Saint gives +to the town of his birth--and Bannaventa; and on an entirely gratuitous +assumption that there must have been a town named Bannaventa "in the +regions of the lower Severn." + +Professor Bury is recognised as a very able historian by the literary +world; his Appendix alone to the "Life of St. Patrick" affords ample +proof of his learning and genius. Nevertheless, he occasionally +indulges in some obiter dicta without historical proof, and at times +lays himself open to the charge of want of historical accuracy. For +instance, he ascribes the origin of the Papal power to a decree of the +Emperor Valintinian III., issued in A.D. 445 at the instance of Pope +Leo, which is supposed to have conferred "on the Bishop of Rome sovran +authority in the Western provinces which were under the imperial sway." +Before that period, he tells us, "the Roman See was recognised by +imperial decrees of Valintinian I. and Gratian as a Court to which the +clergy might appeal from the decisions of Provincial Councils in any +part of the Western portion of the Empire"; that "the answers to such +were called Decretals"; that there were no Decretals before those of +Damasus (366, 384); "that those who consulted the Roman Pontiff were +not bound in any way to accept his ruling"; and that when Pope Zosimus +endeavoured to enforce his Decretals "he was smitten on one cheek by +the Synods of Africa; he was smitten on the other by the Gallic Bishops +at the Council of Turin." "By tact and adroitness," Pope Leo induced +the Emperor Valintinian III. to issue an edict which established the +Papal power over the Western provinces of the Roman Empire. The +Professor explains how Ireland, on account of its geographical +position, was drawn into the Roman Confederation; and it is on that +account that he admits the genuineness of the decree of a Synod held by +St. Patrick, to the effect that in cases of ecclesiastical +difficulties, which the Irish Bishops could not solve themselves, the +Sovereign Pontiff should be asked to give a decision ("Life of St. +Patrick," pp. 59--66). + +The Professor's perversion of ecclesiastical history is a blot on his +otherwise excellent "Life of St. Patrick." How can he reconcile these +statements with St. Clement's Epistle to the Corinthians, which +Eusebius admits to be genuine, or with Pope Stephen's exercise of +pontifical authority in the case of St. Cyprian and the question of +validity of baptism conferred by heretics; or with the celebrated +declaration of St. Irenaeus on the authority of the Church of Rome, +which is as follows: "It is a matter of necessity that every Church +should agree with this Church on account of its pre-eminent authority, +that is, the faithful of all nations"? ("Irenseus contra Hereses," vol. +L, lib. iii., cap. iii., sect. 2, translated by Rev. A. Roberts, +Edinburgh, 1868). Now St. Clement lived in Apostolic times, St. Cyprian +from 200 to 258, and St. Irenaeus flourished between A.D. 150 to 202, +while the Roman Emperors were persecuting the Church. Leaving the +well-defined path of history, the Professor indulges in speculations +which will seem to most people to be without warrant. + +St. Patrick's home, he tells us, was in "a village named Bannaventa, +but we cannot with any certainty identify its locality. The only +Bannaventa that we know lays near Daventry; but this position does not +agree with an ancient indication that the village of Calphurnius was +close to the Western sea. As the two elements of the name Bannaventa +were probably not uncommon in British geographical nomenclature, it is +not rash to suppose that there were other small places so called +besides the only Bannaventa that happens to appear in Roman +geographical sources, and we may be inclined to look for the Bannaventa +of Calphurnius in South-Western Britain, perhaps in the regions of the +lower Severn. The village must have been in the neighbourhood of a town +in possession of a municipal council of decurions" (chap, ii., pp. 16, +17). + +The Professor quietly assumes without proof that Bonaven and Bannaventa +are one and the same; that "vicus" is used in its secondary meaning of +"a village," and not in its primary signification, "a district or +quarter of a town," in the "Confession"; and while admitting that there +was no other town in Britain named Bannaventa except Bannaventa in +Northampton, as far as can be gathered from "Roman sources of +information," and passing over the fact that Camden's "Britannia," +which gives the history of every old town in the kingdom, and Horsley's +"Britannia Romana," which performs the same task, make no mention of +any other Bannaventa, whilst old maps and itineraries are equally +silent, the Professor seemingly rests satisfied with his own mere +conjecture, that there may have been another Bannaventa, which was +probably situated in the regions of the lower Severn. Surely a +speculation of this kind may well be called unwarranted. + +ST. PATRICK WAS A NATIVE OF ARMORIC GAUL. + +Colgan, when he published his "Trias Thaumaturga" in 1647, admitted +that there was "A constant tradition amongst the inhabitants of that +country that St. Patrick was a native of Armorican Britain, which +tradition several Irishmen endorse," (In Britannia Armorica regione +Gallise natum esse vetus est traditio incolarum istius terrae cui +nonulli suffragantur Hiberni.) (Appendix 5, p. 2.) + +Don Philip O'Sullivan, who published "Patriciana Decas" in 1621, +strongly upheld this view. Attempts, however, have more recently been +made to prove that St. Patrick was a native of Scotland, but there +undoubtedly existed a tradition in favour of the belief that St. +Patrick came from Gaul to Ireland, and this view is firmly held by +Keating and Lanigan, two of our ablest Irish historians. + +St. Patrick narrates in his "Confession" that he was born in the +suburbs of a town called Bonaven, where there was a Roman encampment, +and that, when a youth in his fifteenth year, he was taken prisoner by +the Irish Scots, "the nation to whom he showed tender forgiveness." The +very year of his capture corresponds with the raid of Niall of the Nine +Hostages into Armorica. As the Irish Scots invaded that country just +when St. Patrick had attained his fifteenth year, and as the Saint +declared that he had been taken prisoner by men of the nation which he +had converted, it is more than probable that he was taken prisoner +during that raid. + +As Bononia, or Boulogne-sur-Mer, was called Bonauen by the Gaulish +Celts, and as the "v" and "u" are convertible in Gaelic, the Bonauen of +the Gaulish Celts and the Bonaven of St. Patrick's "Confession" may +well be one and the same place. Indeed, there are arguments which seem +to place their identity beyond reasonable doubt. + +St. Fiacc declares that the Apostle of Ireland was born at Nemthur. +Now, Nemtor was the name given by the Gaulish Celts to Caligula's tower +in the suburbs, and close to the City of Bononia, or Boulogne. St. +Fiacc, therefore, gives the name of the district--for the district +about Nemthur was named after the prominent landmark in its midst, and +St. Patrick the name of the town in the suburbs of which he was born. + +According to the Celtic legend, Calphurnius was a Roman officer in +charge of the tower, and was slain on the occasion when his son Patrick +was made prisoner by the Irish Scots. + +A close examination, however, of the "Confession" and of the old Latin +lives of the Saint, will, it seems to us, securely determine which of +the four theories--the Scotch, the Welsh, the English, or the French-- +concerning St. Patrick's native country, carried with it the greatest +amount of probability. + + + +BONAVEN TABERNIAE WAS WELL KNOWN TO THE IRISH SCOTS. + +THIS will appear evident from a close study of the "Confession": "Ego +Patritius, peccator, rustissimus et minimus omnium fidelium, et +contemptabilissimus apud plurimos, patrem habui Calphurnium diaconum, +filium quondam Potiti, presbyteri, qui fuit vico Bonaven Taberniae, +villulam enim prope habuit ubi ego in capturam dedi. Annorum tune eram +fere XVI." + +"I, Patrick, a sinner, the most uncultured and humblest of all the +Faithful, and, in the eyes of many, the most contemptible, had for +father Calphurnius, a deacon, and the son of Potitus, a priest, who +hailed from the suburbs of Bonaven, where the encampment stood, for he +possessed a little country seat close by, from whence I was taken +captive when I had almost attained my sixteenth year." + +The primary meaning of "vicus" is a district, or a quarter of a city, +and "villula" signifies "a little country seat" (Smith's "Latin and +English Dictionary"). The district of the city of Bonaven alluded to +was evidently suburban, because the house in which Calphurnius and his +family dwelt was a "little country seat," which was, nevertheless, +close to ("prope") the town. + +The Saint must have had some special reason for writing the name of his +native town in Gaelic, while the rest of the "Confession" is written in +Latin. There was a very important town in Armorican Britain at the +time, which was called Bononia by the Romans, and Bonauen by the +Gaulish Celts (Hersart de la Villemarque Celtic Legend, pp. 3, 4). In +the days of Julius Caesar its harbour was called Portus Ictius +("Dictionnaire Archeologique et Historique du Pas de Calais"). + +O'Donovan, who translated the "Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the +Four Masters," assures us in a note, under the year 405, that Niall of +the Nine Hostages was assassinated by the banished Prince Eochaidh at +Muir N'Icht, which the translator identifies as Bononia, or Boulogne- +sur-Mer. Keating, on the other hand, narrates that King Niall received +his mortal wound on the banks of the Loire. It is easy to reconcile the +apparent difference between the two accounts, if we assume that the +wounded Monarch was carried in a dying state to join the fleet which +lay at anchor in the fine bay which then formed the outer harbour of +Boulogne, and that he had at least the consolation of dying on board +his own ship. + +Muir N'Icht, or Portus Ictius, then possessed the finest harbour in +northern Gaul. From the days of Julius Caesar, Portus Ictius, or the +harbour of Boulogne, was the port from which the Roman troops sailed to +Britain, and the harbour to which they steered on their return. On top +of Caligula's tower there was a lighthouse for the guidance of vessels +at sea. The very fact that King Niall made use of this harbour when he +raided Armorica in the twenty-seventh year of his reign, makes it +likely that he sailed into the same harbour when first invading that +country in the ninth year of his reign. The sons of the soldiers who +took part in the second raid were still alive; and the memories of both +expeditions were still fresh in the minds of the brave Irish Scots when +St. Patrick wrote his "Confession." + +The records of both expeditions were undoubtedly read at the annual +Feast of Tara, when the Kings, nobles and learned were accustomed to +meet annually and examine the National records (Keating, pp. 337--388). + +The triumphant march of devastation made by the Irish Monarch in the +ninth year of his reign, when he led his troops "from the walls of +Antoninus to the shores of Kent"; the successful raid into Armorica +which commenced with the capture of the Roman encampment at Haute +Ville, Boulogne, and ended in the plundering of the surrounding +country, must have been the burden of many a warlike song whenever the +Irish minstrels chanted the glorious triumphs of King Niall's +invincible troops. It is, therefore, but natural to suppose every man, +woman, and child in Ireland had often heard the name of Bonaven, where +the soldiers of King Niall stormed the encampment, and where the +ever-conquering Monarch expired. + +St. Patrick, who, according to the "Scholiast," the Fifth and +Tripartite Lives, and Heating's "History" (p. 312), was captured in +Armorica, and who, according to Hersart de la Villemarque and Dr. +Lanigan, was taken captive at Boulogne, was well aware that every +Irishman would know the town to which he was referring when he declared +in his "Confession" that his father, Calphurnius, and consequently he +himself, hailed from the suburban district of Bonaven Taberniae, or +Bononia, where the Roman encampment stood. + + + +HISTORY OF THE TOWN BONAVEN, OR BONONIA. + +THE ancient records of Bononia, or Boulogne-sur-Mer, date back to about +half a century before Christ--to the time when Julius Caesar, +anticipating Napoleon the Great, stood on the north-eastern cliffs of +that town gazing through the Channel mist on the dim outline of that +Britain which he had resolved to subjugate. + +At that period two headlands stretched out into the sea for a distance +of three miles--one on the northeastern side of the town, near to what +is now known as Fort la Cresche; and the other from Cape Alpreck, about +three miles lower down on the south-western coast. These headlands, +stretching out into the sea, so encircled a bay as to form it into an +outward haven. + +The inner harbour of Boulogne was approached by a narrow channel +dividing the north-eastern from the south-western cliffs; and the +waters of the bay, flowing through it and uniting with the River Liane +in covering the present site of the lower town, rushed onwards as far +as the valley of Tintelleries and the vale of St. Martin. + +Facing the site of the present town there was an island called Elna, +and on it was built the ancient town of Gessoriac, which was connected +with the mainland by a bridge. Realising the future importance of the +place both for naval and military purposes, Caesar commissioned Pedius, +a native of Bononia, in Italy, to lay out a town on the declivity of +the Grande Rue, leading to Haute Ville, as the upper town and the hill +leading to it are called at the present day. (Bertrand's "History of +Boulogne-sur-Mer," pp. 17, 18. "Walkernaer's Geography," vol. i., p. +454). + +The walls of the present fortifications of Haute Ville, built in the +thirteenth century, rest on the ancient foundations of the old Roman +encampment. This fact was proved at the time when a tunnelling was made +for the railway from Boulogne to Calais under Haute Ville +("Dictionnaire Historique et Archeologique du Pas de Calais," vol. i, +p. 22). The circuit of the present fortifications, about 700 yards +square, present to-day the appearance pf the old Roman encampment. "The +camp of a Roman legion," writes Gibbon, "presented all the appearance +of a fortified city. As soon as the place was marked out, the pioneers +carefully levelled the ground and removed every impediment that might +interrupt its perfect regularity. It forms an exact quadrangle, and we +might calculate that a square of 700 yards was sufficient for the +encampment of 20,000 Romans, though a similar number of our troops +would expose to an enemy a front of more than treble its extent. In the +midst of the camp the pretorium, or general's quarters, rose above the +others; the cavalry, the infantry, and the auxiliaries occupied their +respective stations; the streets were broad and straight, and a vacant +of 200 feet was left on all sides between the tents and the ramparts. +The rampart itself was usually twelve feet high, and defended by a +ditch twelve feet in depth, as well as in breadth. This important +labour was performed by the legionaries themselves, to whom the use of +the spade and the pick-axe was no less familiar than the sword and the +pilum" ("Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," vol. i., p. 27.) This +gives a faithful description of the Roman encampment (Castra Stativa) +at Boulogne, which is described by St. Patrick as Bonaven Tabernise, or +Bononia, where the Roman encampment was pitched. Bononia, according to +Bertrand's "History of Boulogne," was regarded by the Romans as their +"principal dockyard" in Northern Gaul; and Suetonius, in his "Lives of +the Twelve Caesars," describes it "as the port from which the Roman +legions successively departed for Britain" (p. 283, note). + +Many err in supposing that Gessoriac and Bononia were one and the same +town, originally called Gessoriac, and later, that is to say during the +reign of Constantine the Great, known as Bononia. It is true, however, +that during that Emperor's reign Gessoriac also came to be called +Bononia. + +It is well to observe that the Morini, or inhabitants of the coast in +the neighbourhood of Boulogne, were converted to Christianity by St. +Firmin about the close of the second century; and that St. Fusian built +a chapel on the banks of the River Liane, which flows through Boulogne, +in the year 275. + +St. Patrick, in his "Confession," represents himself and the fellow- +citizens of his youth as Christians who had not observed the +Commandments of God, and who had not been obedient to their priests. At +that time the Northern Britons were pagans; St. Ninian, who flourished +about the year 400, was the first missioner who preached the Gospel to +the Dalraida and Southern Picts. They could not, therefore, have been +described in the year 388, when St. Patrick was made captive, as +Christians who had ceased to practise their religion. "I knew not the +real God," writes St. Patrick, "and I was brought captive to Ireland +with many thousand men, as we deserved, for we had forgotten God and +had not kept His Commandments, and were disobedient to our priests, who +admonished us for our salvation. And the Lord brought down upon us the +anger of His Spirit, and scattered us amongst many nations, even to the +ends of the earth, where now my humble self may be witnessed among +strangers" ("Confession"). + + + +ST. PATRICK MADE CAPTIVE BY NIALL OF THE NINE HOSTAGES. + +GIBBON narrates that about the middle of the fourth century the "sea +coast of Gaul and Britain were exposed to the depredations of the +Saxons" (vol. i., P- 739); and Bertrand, in his "History of Boulogne," +admits that the city was plundered by the Saxons in the year 371, but +that the invaders spared Caligula's tower and lighthouse on account of +its usefulness for their safe navigation. The silence of local history +concerning two raids made by the Irish Scots into Armorica in the years +388 and 402 is not surprising, seeing that French writers admit that +there is practically no history of Armorica or more than a century +after the Saxon raid in the year 371. Gibbon, however, in his history +of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," narrates that "the +hostile tribes of the North, who detested the pride and power of the +King of the World, suspended their domestic feuds, and the barbarians +of the land and sea, the Picts, the Scots, and the Saxons, spread +themselves with rapid and irresistible fury from the walls of Antoninus +to the shores of Kent" (vol. i., p. 744). Keating supplements this +information by describing the two raids made by the Irish Scots into +Armorica; the first of which took place in the year 388, and the second +in 402, or about that time. This Irish historian is considered by +Professor Stokes to be a most trustworthy authority. "Keating," writes +the Professor, "had access to the Munster Documents, which are now +lost. He gives a long account of the Irish invasions of England and +France exactly corresponding to the statements of the Roman historian, +Amianus Marcellinus, and to the 'Annals of the Four Masters'" ("Ireland +and the Celtic Church," p. 38, note). + +Of the raids of King Niall into Armorica the first is the more +interesting, for it proves, first, that St. Patrick was born in the +year 373, and, next, that he was captured neither in North Britain, nor +Wales, but in Armorican Britain. + +To escape from these conclusions, Doctor Lanigan, who held that St. +Patrick was born in the year 387, writes as follows: "I find in Keating +but one expedition of Niall to the coast of Gaul, during which he says, +in another place, that St. Patrick with two hundred of the noblest +youth were brought away. . . . This event occurred in the latter end of +Niall Naoigiallach's reign, and not as early as the ninth year of it. +. . . We have no authority," continues Lanigan, "for his having visited +Gaul at any time until the period already given, and which is clearly +marked in Irish history. Our Saint's captivity may be assigned to 403, +and to a time not long prior to King Niall's death. Thus the date of +his birth and captivity, considering the circumstances now mentioned, +help to confirm each other, and, combined with his age at consecration, +authorizes his birth in 387" ("Eccl. Hist, of Ireland," vol. i., pp. +137, 138). + +Contrary to what Dr. Lanigan has just stated, a close study of +Keating's "History" will prove that King Niall made two raids into +Armorica, the first in the ninth and the second in the twenty-seventh +year of his reign, and the account of the two expeditions is clear and +unmistakable. "There is an old manuscript in vellum, exceedingly +curious, entitled 'The Life of St. Patrick,' which treats likewise of +the lives of Muchuda Albain and other Saints, from which I," writes +Keating, "shall transcribe a citation that relates to St. Patrick. + +"Patrick was a Briton born and descended from religious parents," and +in the same place is the following remark: "The Irish Scots, under +Niall the King, wasted and destroyed many provinces in Britain in +opposition to the power of the Romans. They attempted to possess +themselves of the northern part of Britain, and, at length, having +driven out the old inhabitants, these Irish seized upon the country and +settled in it." The same author (of the manuscript) upon this occasion +remarks that from henceforth Great Britain was divided into three +kingdoms, that were distinguished by the names of Scotia, Anglia, and +Britia. + +This ancient writer likewise asserts that when Niall, the hero of the +Nine Hostages, undertook the expedition for settling the tribe of the +Dailraida in Scotland, the Irish fleet sailed to the place where St. +Patrick resided; "At this time the fleet out of Ireland plundered the +country in which St. Patrick then lived, and, according to the custom +of the Irish, many captives were carried away from thence, among whom +was St. Patrick, in the sixteenth year of his age, and his two sisters, +Lupida and Darerca; and St. Patrick was led captive into Ireland in the +_ninth_ year of the reign of Niall, King of Ireland, who was the mighty +monarch of the kingdom for seven-and-twenty years, and brought away +spoils out of England, Britain, and France." + +"By this expression it is supposed," continues Keating, "that Niall of +the Nine Hostages waged war against Britain or Wales, and perhaps made +a conquest of the country; _and it is more than probable_ that, when +the Irish Prince had finished his design upon the kingdom of Wales, he +carried his arms in a fleet to France and invaded the country at the +time called Armorica, but now Little Brittany, and from thence he led +St. Patrick and his two sisters into captivity. + +"And this I am rather induced to believe, because the mother of St. +Patrick was sister of St. Martin, the Bishop of Tours in France; and _I +have read in an ancient Irish manuscript, whose authority I cannot +dispute, that St. Patrick and his two sisters were brought captive into +Ireland from Armorica, or Brittany_, in the kingdom of France. It is +evident likewise that when Niall, the King of Ireland, had succeeded +with the Britons, he despatched a formidable fleet to plunder the coast +of France, and succeeded; and that he carried away numbers of captives +with him into captivity, one of which, it is reasonable to suppose, was +the young Patrick, who was afterwards distinguished by the name of the +Irish Saint. + +"Niall, encouraged by the number of his captives and the success of his +arms in France, _resolved upon another expedition_, and accordingly +raised a grand army of his Irish subjects for that purpose, and sent a +commission to the General of the Dalraida in Scotland to follow him +with his choicest troops and assist him in the invasion. Niall having +prepared a sufficient number of transports and a full supply of +provisions, weighed anchor with his victorious Irish, and _steering his +course directly to France_, had the advantage of a prosperous wind, and +in a few days landed upon the coast. He immediately set himself to +spoil and ravage the country near the river Loire. Here it was that the +General of the Dalraida found him, and both armies being joined, they +committed dreadful hostilities, which obliged the inhabitants to fly +and leave the country to the mercy of the invaders. + +"The commanding officer of the Dalraida in this expedition was Gabhran, +the son of Dombanguirt, who brought over with him Eochaidh, the son of +Ena Cinsalach, King of Leinster. This young Prince had been formerly +banished into Scotland by Niall, but resolving to be revenged when +opportunity offered, he desired to be admitted as a volunteer in the +service, and was by that means transported into France. The King of +Ireland being informed of his arrival, would on no account permit him +to visit him, nor suffer him in his presence. But Eochaidh soon found +an opportunity to execute his design; for one day, perceiving the King +sitting on the banks of the Loire, he hid himself secretly in an +opposite grove on the other side, and shot Niall through the body with +an arrow; the wound was mortal, and he died instantly" ("General +History of Ireland," pp. 311--313). According to O'Donovan's +translation of "Muir N'Icht," Niall lived long enough to reach his +fleet at Boulogne, where he expired. + +Notwithstanding, then, Lanigan's positive assertion, it is quite +evident from Keating's history that King Niall twice invaded Armorica; +first, after he had devastated the Island of Britain in the ninth year +of his reign, when St. Patrick was captured, and again in the twenty- +seventh year of his reign, when he sailed directly from Ireland to Gaul +and expired at Boulogne. + +The events may be briefly stated as follows: Niall succeeded Criomthan +in the year 376. In the ninth year of his reign, or A.D. 385, he +prepared an expedition against the Picts, who were harassing the Scots +settlers in North Britain. Having completed his task, he overran +England, and finished his raid by crossing over to Armorica, before +returning triumphant to Ireland with St. Patrick amongst his captives. + +Now St. Patrick, who was born in the year 373, passed his thirteenth +and fourteenth years while King Niall was chastising the Picts in +Scotland and ravaging Britain; but he had reached his fifteenth year in +the year 388, when the Irish fleet sailed from Armorica to Ireland. The +words of the Saint in his Epistle to Coroticus: "Have I not tender +mercy towards the nation which formerly took me captive," place the +Saint's capture by the Irish Scots beyond doubt, whilst they confirm +Keating's declaration that King Niall captured St. Patrick in his first +raid to Armorica. + +The capture of the Saint in Armorica is confirmed by the Scholiast, by +the Tripartite Life, and by Probus. St. Patrick, as we have already +seen, was captured while residing at his father's "villula" in the +suburban district of Bonaven Tabernise, or Bononia, where the Roman +encampment stood. This account harmonises with the "Celtic Legend," +which narrates that at that period, "when Bononia was invaded by the +Irish pirates, a mutiny broke out among the soldiers in the encampment, +which rendered the city an easy prey to the invaders. Calphurnius, the +Roman officer defending Caligula's tower, was slain, and his son +Patrick was carried into captivity" ("La Legende Celtique per le +Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarque," p. 8). + +According to the "Book of Sligo," as has been seen already, the Apostle +of Ireland first saw the light of day on Wednesday, April 5th; not on +Wednesday, April 5th, 372, as Usher imagined, for, as Ware points out, +April 5th did not fall on Wednesday, 372, but on Wednesday, 373. There +is overwhelming evidence to prove that St. Patrick died in the year +493, having attained the 120th year of his age. Usher, Ware, the +Tripartite Life, the "Vita Secunda," the "Vita Quarta," the "Leabhar +Braec," the "Annals of the Four Masters," the "Annals of Innisfail," +the "Book of Howth," the "Annals of Tigernasch," the "Chronicon +Scotorum," the "Annals of Boyle," Marianus Scotus, Nennius, Geraldus +Cambrensis, Florence of Worcester, and Roger of Wendover all maintain +this. The year of the Saint's birth may, therefore, be accurately +obtained by subtracting 120 from 493, the date of his death. This +process will show that St. Patrick was born in 373, and captured in the +very year of King Niall's raid into Armorica, 388, when the Saint had +attained his fifteenth year. + +The great age of the Saint at the time of his death, although +marvellous, is not incredible. In Chambers' "Book of Days," quoted by. +Father Bullen Morris, instances are given of 2,003 centenarians, 17 of +whom lived 150 years. Father Montalto, a Jesuit, who was born in 1689, +was present at the Church of the Gensu at Rome in the 125th year of his +age, when Pius VII. re-established the Society of Jesus. In 1881 the +photograph of Gabriel Salivar was sent to the Vatican as the oldest +inhabitant of the world. It was proved on convincing evidence that he +had reached 150 years. Thomas Parr, as is well known, attained the age +of 152 years and nine months before he bade adieu to the world. + + + +ST. PATRICK AFTER HIS CAPTIVITY RETURNS TO (GAUL) HIS NATIVE COUNTRY. + +"AND on a certain night I heard in sleep a voice saying to me: 'Thou +fasteth well; fasting thou shalt return to thy own native country'" +(patria). "And again, after a little, I heard a response, saying to me: +'Behold thy ship is ready'" (St. Patrick's "Confession"). + +St. Fiacc suggests, Probus asserts, and Professor Bury admits that St. +Patrick, after his captivity, fled to Gaul, and not to Great Britain. +Gaul, therefore, and not the Island of Britain, was St. Patrick's +native land. + +If either Northern or Southern Britain were St. Patrick's native +country, it seems incredible that the-Saint should be required to +travel a distance of 200 Roman miles, from the North-East to the West +of Ireland, in order to embark for Britain, when Lough Larne is but 30 +nautical miles from Scotland,, and not more than 15 miles from Mount +Slemish, and while Belfast and Strangford Loughs were within easy +distance of the place of his captivity, and more suitable for +embarkation than any seaport in the West of Ireland if North Britain +were his destination. + +A voyage from the west coast of Ireland to the Clyde would take the +Saint a very unnecessary journey of 200 miles by land to the port of +embarkation, and from thence an equally unnecessary voyage by sea, from +the west around the northern coast of Ireland, past North Antrim--the +county from which he started,--in order to reach Dumbarton, Kilpatrick, +or Hamilton on the Clyde. + +There are some indications which suggest that St. Patrick, when +returning to his native country, sailed from Killala Bay. Although +Killala is only 130 miles distant from Mount Slemish, as the crow +flies, the Saint would have had to travel around Slieve Gallion, and +make a circuit around the mountains of Tyrone, which stood directly +across the path of a direct route. Lough Erne, in the County of +Fermanagh, and Lough Gill, in the County of Sligo, and the inland flow +of Killala Bay would add to the obstacles to be encountered, sufficient +when all taken together to account for the 53 miles difference between +130, as the crow flies, and 183 English or 200 Roman miles which had to +be travelled before he joined his ship. + +Moreover, the woods of Foclut were situated within five miles of +Killala, and St. Patrick in his "Confession" speaks in familiar terms +of the inhabitants who dwell in the neighbourhood of the woods, whose +voices sounded familiar to his ears when far away in Gaul. + +This, indeed, would suggest that the Saint had made acquaintance with +them during his flight, for he distinctly states when alluding to the +place of his embarkation: "I had never been there, nor did I know any +one that lived there" ("Confession"). His acquaintance with the +inhabitants of Foclut must have been made after he had journeyed there, +and previous to his embarkation. + +Readers of the "Confession" will remember how touchingly he described +the cordial manner in which he was welcomed by his relatives, who, to +use the Saint's own words, "received me as a son, and besought me that +then at least, after I had undergone so many tribulations, I should +never depart from them again. Then in the middle of the night, a man +who seemed to come from Ireland, whose name was Victoricus, the bearer +of innumerable letters, one of which he handed to me; and I read the +beginning of the letter, entitled 'The Voice of the Irish.' As I was +reading the beginning of the letter, I thought that I heard in my mind +the voices who dwelt near the woods of Foclut, which is near the +Western sea, and they cried out: 'We entreat thee, O holy youth, to +come and walk still with us.' My heart was deeply touched; I could read +no more; and I awoke" ("Confession"). + +Being then in his thirtieth year when he had this vision, St. Patrick +could not be called a youth. He was a youth, however, at the time when +he escaped from his first captivity, and became acquainted with the +inhabitants of Foclut, who appealed to him in the vision as the youth +they had formerly known. They, consequently, besought him to come and +abide with them as he had done formerly, for this is the obvious +meaning of the words "We entreat thee, O holy youth, to come and walk +still with us." + +It is probable, therefore, that St. Patrick sailed back from Killala +Bay, the nearest port to the woods of Foclut. It may readily be +surmised that if the saintly youth, so full of holy zeal, had to remain +for a few weeks, or even a few days, whilst the ship was completing its +cargo, he would have time to make friendly acquaintance with the +inhabitants near the woods, who doubtless received the friendless +stranger with kind hospitality. + +This gives a simple solution of the difficulty proposed by Professor +Bury, who, relying on St. Patrick's friendly acquaintance with the +inhabitants of Foclut, states that Croagh Patrick, which is not far +from Foclut, and not Mount Slemish, was the scene of the Saint's +captivity. + +If the ship's cargo consisted chiefly of Irish wolfhounds, so greatly +appreciated in Gaul, as Professor Bury suggests (p. 30), it would take +more than "a day or two" to collect a sufficient number for +exportation. There is nothing stated in the "Confession" to limit the +time that St. Patrick had to wait before the ship, sailed away from +port. + +Moreover, in the solitude of Mount Slemish, absorbed in prayer and in +guarding his flock, the saintly shepherd had no opportunity of making +any acquaintance whilst in slavery. "After I had come to Ireland I was +daily attending sheep, and I frequently prayed during the day, and the +love of God and His faith and fear increased in me more and more, and +the spirit was stirred; so that in a single day I have said as many as +a hundred prayers, and in the night nearly the same, so that I remained +in the woods and on the mountain. Even before the dawn I was roused to +prayer in snow, in ice and rain, and I felt no injury from it, nor was +there any want of energy in me, as I see now, because the spirit was +then fervent in me." These certainly are not the words of a youth who +was in the habit of journeying from Croagh Patrick to Foclut to make +the acquaintance of the inhabitants. It is, on the contrary, easy to +imagine what a powerful effect a Saint, so stirred by the Spirit of God +as his words express, would have on all with whom he came in contact +after he had been freed from his duties as a shepherd. St. Patrick's +history of himself suggests at least that his acquaintance with others, +except those of his master's household, must have been made after his +escape from captivity. + +Professor Bury, however, is the latest convert to the opinion that St. +Patrick fled to Gaul, and not to the Island of Britain, after his +escape from captivity in Ireland. The Professor narrates that +considerable regions in Gaul were a desolate wilderness, according to +contemporary rhetorical and poetical evidence, from A.D. 408 to 416, +and, therefore, it might be argued, Gaul suits the narrative of St. +Patrick in his "Confession." He and his companions reached land three +days (_post triduum_) after they left the coast of Ireland, so that our +choice lies between Britain and Gaul. The data do not suit Britain. We +cannot imagine what inland part of Britain they could have wished to +reach which would necessitate a journey of twenty-eight days _per +desertum_. Suppose the crew disembarked on the south coast of Britain, +and that the southern regions had been recently ravaged by the Saxons, +yet a journey of a few days would have brought them to Londinium, or +any other place they could have desired to reach from a south port. +Moreover, if they had landed in Britain, Patrick, when he once escaped +from their company, could have reached his home in a few days, whereas +he did not return for a few years. His own words exclude Britain. +Having mentioned his final escape from the traders, he proceeds: +"iterum post paucos annos in Britanniis eram cum parentibus meis." I +believe that "post paucos annos" has been interpreted by some in this +sense: "a few years after my capture." But this is an unnatural +explanation. The words naturally refer to what immediately precedes, +namely, his escape. The only thing that can be alleged in favour of +Britain is the intimation in the dream that he would "quickly come to +his native land" (_cito iturus ad patriam tuam_). "This, of course," +continues the Professor, "represented his expectations at the time of +his escape. But the very fact that he fails to say that the promise was +literally fulfilled, and glides over the intervening years in silence, +strongly suggests that his expectation was not realised" (Appendix C, +pp. 339--340). + +Professor Bury, being a Protestant, treats the Divine admonition given +to the Saint as a dream; not as the voice of God speaking to His +servant, but as an ardent desire on the Saint's part which met with +disappointment. Catholics, on the contrary, fully believe that God's +promise was fulfilled, and that St. Patrick did actually return to his +own native country, which the Professor very satisfactorily proves was +Gaul and not Britain. The Armorican theory of St. Patrick's birthplace +affords a very natural and easy explanation of the difficulty which the +Saint's return to Gaul from captivity must present to all who try to +prove that he was a native of Great Britain. + + + +ST. FIACC'S NEMTHUR WAS SITUATED IN THE SUBURBS OF BOULOGNE. + +I. +Natus est Patritius Nemturri +Ut refertur in narrationibus, +Juvenis (fuit) sex annorem decem +Quando ductus est sub vinculis. + +II. + +Succat ejus notnen in Tribubus dictum, +Quis ejus Pater sit notum, +Filius (fuit) Calpurnii, filii Otidi, +Nepos deaconi Odissi. + +III. + +Fuit sex annis in servitate, +Excis hominum (Gentilium) non vescebat, +Fuit ei nomen adoptivum Cothriagh +Quatuor Tribubus quia inserviit. + +IV. + +Dixit Victor(ei) servo +Milchonis, Iret trans fluctus. +Posuit suos pedes supra saxum, +Manet exinde ejus vestigia. + +[Picture: CALIGULA'S TOWER, CALLED NEMTOR BY THE MARINI.] + +V. + +Profectus est trans Alpes omnes, +Trans Maria, fuit faelix expedition +Et remansit apud Germanum +In australi parte australis Lethaniae. + +The following beautiful free translation of these verses is taken, with +kind permission, from Monsignor Edward Watson, M.A.'s, translation of +St. Fiacc's ode: + +I. + +"At Nemthur, as our minstrels own, +Heaven's radiance first on Patrick smiled, +But fifteen summers scarce had thrown +A halo round the holy child, +When captured by an Irish band +He took their Isle for fatherland. +Succat by Christian birth his name, +Heir to a noble father's fame. +Calphurnius' son, of Potit's race, +And deacon Odis' kin and grace, +Six years of bondage he must bear +With faithful fast from heathen fare. +And Cothriagh now his name and due, +Who holding high allegiance true, +Yet served four little lords of earth +(God's servant he of forefold worth) +Till Victor bade him Milchu's slave +To fly across the freeman's wave. +He fled, but first upon the rocky shore +His footprint set a seal for evermore. + +II. + +Then far away beyond the seas, +In happy flight o'er many a land, +O'er many a mountain on he flees +To face Lethania's southern strand, +Nor rested long upon the road +Until he gained Germain's abode." + +St. Fiacc states that the Apostle of Ireland was born at Nemthur-- +Nemthur, as all commentators agree, is not the name of a town, but of a +tower. "Neam-thur Hebernica vox est quse coelestem, sive altam turrim +denotat." "Neamthur is an Irish word which denotes a heavenly, or a +high tower" (Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores Veteres, Tom i., p. 96-- +O'Conor). + +Assuming that St. Patrick was born in the suburbs, and close to the +town of Bononia, or Banaven, as it has already been proved from his +"Confession," St. Fiacc's declaration that his Patron was born at +Nemthur admits of a very lucid explanation. Nemthur was situated in the +suburbs and close to the town of Bonaven. St. Fiacc gives the name of +the district, but St. Patrick gives the name of the town near which he +was born. + +Singularly enough Caligula's famous tower on the sea coast of Boulogne +was called Turris Ordinis by the Romans, but Nemtor by the Gauls, as +Hersart de la Villemarque clearly proves in his "Celtic Legend" (p. +213), and the tower itself has given its name to the locality where it +once stood, which is called even at the present time Tour d'Ordre--the +French translation of "Turris Ordinis." + +The history of this tower, on account of its close connection with the +history of St. Patrick, cannot fail to be interesting. Caligula, or +Caius Caesar, who died A.D. 41, meditated a descent upon Britain, and +with that object marshalled his troops at Bononia. Fearful, however, of +the dangers and fatigues of a long campaign in that inhospitable +island, and full of childish vanity, he determined at length, as +Suetonius humorously observes, "to make war in earnest; he drew up his +army on the shore of the ocean, with his ballistse and other engines of +war, and, while no one could imagine what he intended to do, on a +sudden commanded them to gather up sea shells and fill their helmets +and the folds of their dresses with them, calling them 'the spoils of +the ocean due to the Capitol and the Palatium.' As a monument of his +success, he raised a lofty tower, upon which, as at Pharos, he ordered +lights to be burnt in the night time for the guidance of ships at sea" +("Lives of the Twelve Caesars," Caligula, p. 283). + +"It seems generally agreed," writes Forester, the translator of +Suetonius' Lives, "that the point of the coast which was signalised by +this ridiculous bravado of Caligula, somewhat redeemed by the erection +of a high house, was Itium, afterwards called Gessoriacum and Bononia +(Boulogne), a town belonging to the Gaulish tribe of the Morini" (note, +p. 283). + +For many centuries this tower called Turris Ordens, Turris Ardens, or +Turris Ordinis by the Romans, and Neamthur by the Gauls, spread its +light over land and sea on the north-eastern cliffs of Boulogne. + +A description of the tower is given in the "Memoirs of the Academy of +Inscription," quoted by Bertrand in his "History of Boulogne," as +follows: "The form of this monument, one of the most striking erected +by the Romans, was octagon. It was entirely abolished about a hundred +years ago, but, fortunately, a drawing of it, made when the lighthouse +was still perfect, is still in existence, and has been exhibited to the +Academy by the learned Father Lequien, a Dominican monk, native of +Boulogne. Each of its sides, according to Bucherius, measured 24 to 25 +feet, so that its circumference was about 200, and its diameter 66 +feet. It contained twelve entablatures, or species of galleries, on the +outside, including that on the ground floor. Each gallery projected a +foot and a half further than the one above it, and consequently their +size diminished with each succeeding gallery. On the top fires were +lighted to serve as a beacon to vessels at sea. A solid foundation was +formed, not only under the lighthouse, but for some distance beyond the +external walls. It was constructed of stones and bricks in the +following manner: first were seen three layers of stones, found on the +coast, of iron grey colour, then two layers of yellow stone of a softer +nature, and upon these two rows of hard red bricks, two inches thick, +and a foot and a half long, and a little more than a foot broad" +("Bertrand's History of Boulogne," pp. 13, 14). + +"Caligula's tower was built on the north-eastern cliffs, about half a +mile from the sea, but within the suburbs of Boulogne. The constant +encroachment of the tide had reduced that distance to 400 feet in 1544, +when Boulogne was captured, and fortifications built around the tower +by the English troops. Still, however, the merciless waves rushed +onward to the coast, undermining the cliffs more and more, until at +length, on July 29th, 1644, Caligula's tower fell headlong with a crash +into the sea. + +"Passengers from Folkestone to Boulogne gaze with reverence or +curiosity on the Calvary on the northeastern cliffs, which fishermen +salute with uncovered heads when sailing out to reap the harvest of the +sea. Close to the Calvary there is a mass of ruins overhanging the +cliff, which is all that remains of the fortifications built round +Caligula's tower by the English conquerors. The tower itself once stood +over the site occupied by the Hotel du Pavillion et des Bains de Mer, +opposite the place for sea bathing" ("Bertrand's History of Boulogne," +pp. 15, 16). + +"The Celtic Legend," published by Hersart de la Villemarque in 1864, +clearly shows how the history of Bononia and of its celebrated tower is +connected with his--St. Patrick's--life. One of the legends is entitled +"St. Patrick," and commences as follows: "On the shore of the channel +separating England from France, near the famous place from which Caesar +embarked for the Isles of Britain, a fortified enclosure was erected +overlooking and protecting the coast and territory which formed part of +the possession of the Morini Gauls. This important strategic point was +called in Latin, Tabernia, or the 'Field of Tents' (Le Champs du +Pavilion), because the Roman army had pitched their tents there. About +a mile distant, a group of buildings formed a fairly-sized village, +which at first was called by the Gauls Gessoriac, _then Bonauen +Armorik_, and afterwards named Bononia Oceasensis by the Roman Gauls, +and finally Boulogne-sur-Mer by the French. + +"A light-house, or Nemtor, as it was called in the Celtic language, +kept watch during the night over the camp, village, and sea, preserving +the Gaulish frontier from piratical incursions. + +"At the foot of the light-house stood the residence of a Roman officer +named Calphurnius, who had the supervision of the fire in the tower, +amongst the more costly and ornamented houses than the others, where +the free-and-easy life and customs of the Romans found a last refuge. +He lived there attended by domestic and military servants. He had +fought under the Imperial flag and attained the rank of a Decurion (p. +354). . . . + +"Forgetfulness of God, disobedience to His laws, which are also the +best laws of human society, led to the ruin both of the colony of +Bononia and of St. Patrick's family. One day a mutiny, from which the +servants of Calphurnius could not have kept aloof, broke out amongst +the soldiers in the camp, just at the time when pirates, who had come +from different parts of the Irish coast and formed themselves into a +fleet so as to plunder the towns on the sea coast of Gaul with greater +security, took advantage of the dissensions amongst the inhabitants of +Boulogne and besieged the town. Fine furniture, carpets, and valuable +garments, vessels of gold and silver, arms and instruments of every +kind, everything that they could seize in the houses, in the town, in +the camp, in the rural dwellings close by, in the stables, in the ox +stalls, in the sheep pens: horses, cows, pigs, cattle and sheep were +carried off and placed on board the ships. Those who attempted any +resistance were put to death, whilst others, undergoing the fate of +domestic animals, were sold into slavery. Amongst the defenders of the +colony who perished were Calphurnius, his wife, and many of his +household. St. Patrick was numbered amongst the captives. The corsairs, +having set sail, landed him in Ireland, where they sold him to a small +chieftain in Ulster named Milcho" ("La Legende Celtique," par le +Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarque, Membre de 1'Institut Paris, 1864, +Librarie Academique. Dedier et Cie., Librarie Editeurs, 35 Quai des +Augustines). + +There is a constant tradition that St. Patrick was a native of +Boulogne, and that tradition is expressed in the Celtic Legend just +quoted. Even the present "Guide Book" of that town (Merridew's, 1905) +volunteers the following information, which, although erroneous as to +dates, is interesting as referring to St. Patrick's connection with the +city: "About the year 249 St. Patrick arrived in Morinia, and for some +time resided at Boulogne" (p. 10). Feather Malbrancq, in his "History +of the Morini," quotes the "Chronicon Morinense," "The Life of St. +Arnulphus," and "The Catalogue of the Bishops of that See" to prove St. +Patrick's connection with the town. Although it is certain that St. +Patrick never presided over that See, the fact of his being numbered +amongst the Bishops admits of an easy explanation if he was a native of +that town. + + + +ST. FIACC DESCRIBES ST. PATRICK'S FLIGHT FROM IRELAND TO ARMORICA. + +ST. FIACC poetically describes St. Patrick's flight to his-own native +country in the fifth stanza of his hymn: + +"Then far away beyond the seas, +In happy flight o'er many a land, +O'er many a mountain on he flees +To fair Lethania's Southern strand, +Nor rested long upon the road +Until he gained Germain's abode." + +It is evident from this that St. Patrick fled direct to Lethania after +his escape from captivity in Ireland, having received the angel's +promise that he should return to his native land. O'Conor testifies +that the Irish called not only Armorica, Lethania, but all Western Gaul +as far as the Diocese of Auxerre. ("Lethaniam appellabant Hiberni non +modo Armoricam sed et occidentalem Galliam usque ad diocesim +Antisiodorensem") ("Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores Veteres Tom," L, p. +91, note). + + + +THE SCHOLIAST PRACTICALLY ADMITS ST. PATRICK'S BIRTH IN ARMORICA. + +THE Scholiast, who annotated St. Fiacc's "Metrical Life of St. +Patrick," flourished in the eleventh century, according to Professor +Bury. The scholia of the Scholiast, however, should be received with +great caution, as Lanigan points out: "The scholia of the Scholiast," +he remarks, "are not the composition of one person. For instance, in +scholion 5, the Letha mentioned in the hymn is properly explained by +Armorica, or the maritime tract on the North-West of Gaul; while in +scholion n it is interpreted of Latium, in Italy. In scholion 9 we read +that on a certain occasion St. Patrick said, 'Dar mo dhe broth,' which +is explained, 'God is able to do this if He choose'; and yet +immediately after it is added that 'Dar mo dhe broth' was a sort of +asseveration familiar to St. Patrick, signifying 'By my God, Judge, or +judgment.' On the whole, it is evident that the scholia, as we have +them at present, are a compilation of observations, some more, some +less ancient, extracted from various writers" ("Eccl. Hist, of +Ireland," vol. L, c. iii., p. 81). + +The scholion (i) on St. Fiacc's opening words: "Natus est Patritius +Nemturri"--"St. Patrick was born at Nemthur"--is as follows: "Nemthur +is a city in the Northern parts of Britain, viz. Alcluid (nempe +Alcluida)." By comparing this scholion with the scholion given later on +(c. iii.), it will be seen that the same pen has not written both +scholia. The scholion referred to is this: "The cause of St. Patrick's +captivity was this: His father, Calphurnius, and his mother, Conchessa, +and his five sisters, Lupita, Tigris, Liemania, and Darerca, Cinnena +was the name of the fifth, and his brother deacon, Senanus, all +together travelled from Britain Alcluid southwards over the Sea of +Ictium to Armorican Lethania, or Britannia Lethania, both on business +and because a certain relative of theirs dwelt there, and the mother of +the above-named children, namely Conchessa, was of the Franks, and a +near relative of St. Martin. At that time, however, seven sons of +Fachmad, King of the Britons, broke loose from Britain and plundered +Armorican Britain in the territory of Letha, where St. Patrick happened +to be living with his family. They slew Calphurnius there, and carried +off St. Patrick and his sister Lupita captives to Ireland. They sold +Lupita 'in Connallia Murthemnensi' [a territory in Ulster], and Patrick +in the northern parts of the territory of the Dal-aradia." + +The contradictory nature of the accounts given by the Scholiast as to +St. Patrick's supposed birth in Alcluid, or Dumbarton, and his capture +in Armorica will be seen by comparing them with the statement made by +the Saint himself in his "Confession": "I, Patrick, a sinner and the +most uncultured and humblest of all the faithful, had a father named +Calphurnius, a deacon, the son of Potitus, a priest, who hailed from +the suburban district of Bonaven Taberniae, for he possessed a little +country seat close by from whence I was led captive." This statement of +the Saint disproves the assertion of the Scholiast that Calphurnius and +his family were on a friendly visit to Armorica when all the calamities +befell them, for the Saint distinctly states that his father hailed +from Bonaven Taberniae, and that he himself was actually residing at +his father's little country seat in the suburbs of that town at the +time when he was forced into captivity. + +It is evident, therefore, from the Scholiast that Bonaven Tabernise was +situated in Armorican Britain; and from St. Patrick's "Confession," +that the town from which he was led captive was his own native town. +The Apostle of Ireland could not, therefore, as the Scholiast suggests, +have been born at Alcluid, or Dumbarton. It is curious to observe how +unconsciously the Scholiast connects Calphurnius and his family with +Boulogne. Calphurnius and his family are made to sail from Dumbarton, +over the Sea of Itius or Ictius, to Armorica. Hersart de la Villemarque +has already identified Bonaven under its various names as Bononia or +Boulogne. It was called Itius or Ictius by Caesar, Bononia by the +Romans, and Bonauen Armorik by the Gaulish Celts. The Scholiast, +therefore, when he directs the course of Calphurnius and his family +across the Sea of Ictius, seems to be steering their ship directly to +Boulogne. + +Nemthur cannot possibly be the name of the town near which St. Patrick +was born, simply because the Saint gives the name of Bonaven, or +Bononia, as the city of his birth. St. Fiacc does not name Nemthur as a +town; he simply tells us that St. Patrick was born at Nemthur, which, +as has been proved, was both the name of the Caligula's tower and of +the district in which that tower stood in the suburbs of Bonaven. The +Scholiast is the first to call Nemthur a town, and evidently puts it +down as the ancient name of Alcluid, or Dumbarton. This is the obvious +meaning of the scholion: "Nemthur est civitas in septentrional! +Britanni nempe Alcluida." Nemthur is a city in northern Britain, namely +Alcluid. The "nempe Alcluida" looks very much like an interpolation, +and if an interpolation, the statement of the Scholiast that Nemthur is +a city in northern Britain, without the addition "nempe Alcluida," +might easily refer to Northern Britain in Gaul where, however, Nemthur +was not the name of a city, but the name both of a tower and of the +district of the city where St. Patrick was born. + +Neither the Scholiast, nor those who have adopted his views as to the +Saint's birth at Dumbarton, have ever answered Lanigan's challenge, who +boldly states that the name Nemthur is not to be found in Nennius's +"List of British Towns," which Usher himself had illustrated, nor in +any of the old "Itineraries," or in Ricardus Corinensis, or in Camden, +or Horsley &c. (vol. i, b. 3, p. 91). + +The learned Cardinal Moran, in the March of the _Dublin Review_, 1880, +endeavoured to take up the gauntlet and answer Lanigan's challenge by +quoting one of Taliessin's poems from the "Black Book of Carmarthen," +which represents a Welsh hero sailing away with an army to Scotland and +recovering his lost inheritance in a battle fought and won at Nevthur +in Clydesdale. + +Besides the fact that no small stretch of imagination is required to +believe that Nevthur and Nemthur are one and the same, nearly all the +poems attributed to Taliessin are regarded as spurious by learned +critics, as Chamber's "Encyclopaedia," under the heading Welsh +Literature, evidently points out. + +"Mr. Nash, the author of 'Taliessin and the Bards and Druids of Wales,' +enables us to form an independent judgment on this point, for he +translates some fifty of the poems, and we find that, instead of their +exhibiting an antique Welsh character, they abound in allusions to +mediaeval theology, and frequently employ mediaeval Latin terms. It is +certainly unfortunate for the reputation of the 'Chief of Bards' that +the specimens of his poems, which are considered genuine, possess +exceedingly small merit. The life of this famous but over-rated genius +is, of course, enveloped in legend." Lanigan's challenge, therefore, +still remains unanswered, and a town mamed Nemthur is not to be found +in any ancient history, geography, or map. The error, therefore, of the +Scholiast consisted in stating that Alcluid and Nemthur were identical, +but his statement that St. Patrick was captured in Armorica is +historically true. + + + +THE "TREPARTITE LIFE" FALLS INTO THE SAME ERROR. + +THE following account is given in the "Trepartite Life" concerning St. +Patrick's native town, and the country from which he was taken +captive:-- + +"Patrick, then, was of the Britons of Alcluid by origin. Calphurn was +his father's name. He was a noble priest. Potit was his grandfather's +name, whose title was a deacon. Conceis was his mother's name. She was +of the Franks, and a sister to St. Martin. In Nemthur, moreover, was +the man Patrick born. . . . + +"The cause of Patrick's coming to Erin was as follows: 'The seven sons +of Fachmad, namely--the seven sons of the King of Britain--were on a +naval expedition, and they went to plunder Armoric Letha; and a number +of Britons of Strath-Cluaidh were on a visit with their kinsmen--the +Britons of Armoric Letha--and Calphurn, son of Potit, Patrick's father, +and her mother Conceis, daughter of Ocbas of the Gauls, that is of the +Franks, were killed in the slaughter in Armorica. Patrick and his two +sisters, viz. Lupait and Tigris, were taken prisoners, moreover, in +that slaughter. The seven sons of Fachmad went afterwards to sea, +having with them Patrick and his two sisters in captivity. The way they +went was around Erin, northwards, until they landed in the north, and +they sold Patrick to Miluic, son of Baun, that is, the King of +Dal-Araidhe. + +"They sold his two sisters in Conaille Muirthemne. And they did not +know this. Four persons, truly, that purchased him. One of them was +Miluic. It was from this that he received the name Cothriage, for the +reasons that he served four masters. He had, indeed, four names" (W. M. +Hennessey's Translation of the "Trepartite Life"). + +The author of the "Trepartite Life" repeats the contradictory +statements of the Scholiast, namely, that St. Patrick was born at +Dumbarton and captured in Armorica, and it stands refuted by St. +Patrick himsel in his "Confession," who declares that his father hailed +from Bonaven, where the Roman encampment stood, and that he himself was +captured whilst residing at his father's villula, or country seat, +close by the town. Just as we are bound to credit St. Patrick's +"Confession;" the statements of the Scholiast, and of the author of the +"Trepartite Life," that he was simply on a visit to his relatives in +Armorica when captured, must be discredited. + +Ignoring the fact that the author of the "Tripartite Life" and Probus +tell the same tale, the Archbishop of Tuam, in his excellent "Life of +St. Patrick," states "that the Scholiast on St. Fiacc whilst expressly +declaring that Nemthur, St. Patrick's birthplace, was in North Britain, +namely, Ail Cluade, adds that young Patrick, with his parents, brother +and sisters, went from the Britons of Ail Cluade over the Ictian Sea, +southwards, to visit his relatives in Armorica, and that it was from +Latevian Armorica that Patrick was carried off captive to Ireland. The +Scholiast here confounds the Armoric Britons of the Clyde with the +Armoric Britons of Gaul, or Letavia, who had no existence then at so +early a date. No doubt they were kindred Britons, but the name +Britannia and Britons were not at that time given to Armorica of Gaul" +(Appendix i., p. 585). + +Nothing is here said by His Grace about Probus or the "Tripartite +Life," who agree with the Scholiast that the Saint was captured in +Armorica. When treating of Britannia in Gaul, it will be proved from +the "Sacred Histories of Sulpicius Severus" that Armorica was called +Britannia when the Council of Ariminium was held in the year 359. It is +evident, however, that the author of the "Tripartite Life" was firmly +convinced that St. Patrick was captured in Armorica, from the +description he gives of the flight of his captors: "The seven sons of +Fachmad went afterwards on the sea, having with them Patrick and his +two sisters in captivity. The way they went was northward around Erin, +until they landed in the north, and they sold Patrick to Miluic." + +From this narrative it is evident that the captives were carried by the +fleet northwards around Erin until they arrived in the neighbourhood of +Lough Larne, Antrim, where St. Patrick was sold as a slave. The captors +afterwards sailed southwards and sold St. Patrick's sisters at Louth. +They must, therefore, as Father Bullen Morris surmises, have sailed +around the western coast of Erin after sailing away from Armorica. It +is clear, as the same writer does not fail to observe, that such a +course cannot fit in with the Dumbarton theory: "A voyage northwards +from the mouth of the Clyde would take the Irish fleet to the North +Pole" ("Ireland and St. Patrick," p. 26). + +The Scholiast and the author of the "Tripartite Life" are of opinion +that St. Patrick was made captive by the seven sons of Fachmad, King of +Britain, who are represented as making a raid into Armorica. Jocelin +declares that the capture was made by pirates. The Second, Third, and +Fourth "Lives" are unanimous in stating that the Saint was captured by +the Irish Scots. St. Patrick's own words in the Epistle to Coroticus, +"Have I not tender mercy on that nation which formerly took me +captive?" leave no doubt as to his capture by the Irish Scots. Colgan +endeavours to harmonise both accounts by suggesting that the sons of +Fachmad were British exiles in Ireland, who fought under the standard +of King Niall when he invaded Armorica, and that they may have been the +actual captors of the Saint. + + + +ALL THAT THE SECOND AND THIRD "LIVES" TESTIFY. + +As the Second and Third "Lives of St. Patrick" are practically and +almost verbally identical up to the end of Section XL, the same +translation up to that point will suffice for both. + +"Patrick was born at Nemthur. He had a sister named Lupita, whose +relics are preserved at Armagh. Patrick was born in the Field of Tents. +It was called Campus Tabernaculorum because the Roman army, at some +time or other, pitched their tents there during the cold winter season. + +"IV.--The boy, however, was reared at Nemthur. . . . + +"XI.--This was the cause of his exile and arrival in Ireland: An army +of Irish Scots embarked, as usual, in their ships, and forming a large +fleet sailed over to Britain, and brought back from thence many +captives and carried them to Ireland, the captives numbering altogether +one hundred of both sexes. Patrick was, as he himself testifies, in his +sixteenth year at that time." + +The following addition is given in the Third "Life": "Patrick, who was +also called Suchet, was sprung from the British nation, and his country +and the place where he was born was situated not far from the sea. His +father's name was 'Calburnius,' the son of a venerable man named +Potitus; but his mother, Conches by name, was the daughter of +Dechusius. Both parents of this holy man were devoted to religion." + +Controversially speaking, neither of these two "Lives" are of any +value. Nemthur is not identified with Dumbarton, and it is not clearly +stated whether the Irish fleet raided the island of Britain or +Armorican Britain, or whether St. Patrick was descended from the Island +or Armorican Britons. A recent writer lays much stress on the fact that +the British word Tabern is used to denote a tent field in the Second, +Third, and Fourth "Lives," but the argument does not carry with it much +weight, for according to Camden the British and Gaulish Celts spoke the +same language, so that it is just as favourable to Armorica as to the +island of Britain (" Britannia," vol. i., p. 11). + + + +THE FOURTH "LIFE." + +"SOME say that St. Patrick was of Jewish origin. After Our Lord had +died on the Cross for the sins of the human race, a Roman army, +avenging His Passion, laid Judea waste, and the captive Jews were +dispersed amongst all the nations of the earth. Some of their number +settled down among the Armorican Britons, and it is stated that it was +from them that St. Patrick traced his origin." This may be gathered +from the book of Epistles composed by himself, "on account of our sins, +and because we had neither observed the precepts of the Lord nor obeyed +His Commandments, we are dispersed to the uttermost ends of the earth." + +"But, however, it is more credible and more certain that he speaks of +that dispersion into which the Britons were driven by the Romans, in +order that they might become possessed of the land near the Tuscan Sea +which is called Armorica. After that dispersion, therefore, his parents +went straight to Strath Clyde. There St. Patrick was conceived and +born, his father being 'Kalburnius,' and his mother Conchessa, as he +testifies in the book of his Epistles: 'I am Patrick, the son of +Kalburnius, and Conchessa is my mother.' St. Patrick was, therefore, +born in a town called Nemthur, which signifies a heavenly tower. This +town was situated in Campo Tabernise, which is called the Field of +Tents because, at one time, the Roman army pitched their tents there. +In the British tongue Campus Tabern is the same as Campus +Tabernaculorum. + +"XV.--But the first cause of his coming to Ireland, and the sequence of +events which hurried him there, are not to be passed over in silence. +By the divine providence of God, it so happened that in his tender +years he should be led to that nation, so that in his youth he should +learn the language of the people, whose apostle he was afterwards +destined to become. At that period Irish fleets were accustomed to sail +over to Britain for the sake of plunder, and to bring back to Ireland +whomsoever they made prisoners. It chanced, therefore, that the +venerated youth, with his sister, named Lupita, should be taken +captives amongst others. Some have written that the Saint at the time +was but seven years of age. It seems to me, however, more credible what +he himself states: 'When I fell into captivity I was sixteen years of +age.' He was taken to Ireland and sold in the northern regions to four +brothers, whom he served with a simple and devout heart. On that +account he was called Cothraigh. But he had four names, for he received +the name of Suchet at baptism; he was called Magonius by Germanus, +Bishop; lastly, when he was elevated to the Episcopal dignity, he +received his fourth name, Patrick." + +It is suggestive how the Armorican tradition seems to manifest itself, +either directly or indirectly, in nearly all the "Lives" of the Saint +which are considered the best; in St. Fiacc's, in the annotations of +the Scholiast, in the "Tripartite Life," in the Fourth "Life," and in +the Fifth by Probus. In the Fourth "Life" it is stated that both +parents of the Saint were Armorican Britons, and that St. Patrick, +except for the accident of his place of birth, was an Armorican Briton. +The author of the Fourth "Life," moreover, calls Calphurnius and +Conchessa Armorican Britons, which serves to demonstrate that Armorica, +even in the early years of St. Patrick, fell under the name of +Britannia, and that its inhabitants were called Britons. + +In this "Life" is to be found the mistake of the Scholiast, and of the +other "Lives" who have adopted his suggestion, that Nemthur was the +name of a town, and not of a tower or district, as may be gathered from +the history of the tower itself. + +The Second, Third, and Fourth "Lives" of the Saint, however, "are +filled with fables," according to Canon O'Hanlon. "Their acts seem to +have been either borrowed from one another, or are copies of versions +taken from the same source" ("Lives of the Irish Saints," March 17th). + + + +THE SIXTH "LIFE OF ST. PATRICK" BY JOCELIN. + +"THERE was a man named Calphurnius, the son of Potitus, a presbyter, by +nation a Briton, living in the village Taburnia (that is the Field of +Tents), near the town of Empthor, and his habitation was nigh unto the +Irish Sea. This man married a French damsel named Concuessa, niece of +the blessed Martin, Archbishop of Tours, and the damsel was elegant in +her form and in her manners, for, having been brought from France with +her elder sister into the northern parts of Britain, they were sold at +the command of her father. Calphurnius being pleased with her manners, +charmed with her attentions, and attracted by her beauty, very much +loved her, and from the state of serving maid in his household, raised +her to be his companion in wedlock. And her sister, having been +delivered unto another man, lived in the aforementioned town of +Empthor. + +"And Calphurnius and his wife were just before God, walking without +offence in the justifications of the Lord, and they were eminent in +their birth, and in their faith, and in their hope, and in their +religion. And though in their outward habit and abiding they seemed to +serve under the yoke of Babylon, yet did they in their acts and in +their conversation show themselves citizens of Jerusalem. Therefore out +of the earth of their flesh, being freed from the tares of sin and from +the noxious weeds of vice by the ploughshare of evangelic and apostolic +learning, and being fruitful in the growth of all virtues, did they, as +the best and richest fruit, bring forth a son, whom, when he had at the +font put off the old man, they caused to be named Patritius, as being +the future father and patron of many nations; of whom, even at his +baptism, the God that is Three in One was pleased by the sign of a +threefold miracle to declare how pure a vessel of election should he +prove, and how devoted a worshipper of the Holy Trinity. But after a +little while, this happy birth being completed, they vowed themselves +by mutual consent unto chastity, and with a holy end rested in the +Lord. But Calphurnius-first served God a long time in the deaconship, +and at length closed his days in the priesthood. . . ." + +Chapter XII.--"As, according to the testimony of Holy Writ, the +furnace tries the gold, so did the hour of trial draw near to Patrick +that he might the more provedly receive the crown of life. For when the +illustrious boy had perlustrated three lustres, already attaining his +sixteenth year, he was, with many of his-fellow-countrymen, seized by +the pirates who were ravaging the borders, and was made captive and +carried into Ireland, and was there sold as a slave to a certain pagan +prince named Milcho, who reigned in the Northern parts of the island, +even at the same age when Joseph is recorded to have been sold in +Egypt. . . ." + +Chapter XVII.--"And St. Patrick, guided by his angelic guide, came to +the sea, and he there found a ship that was to carry him to Britain, +and a crew of heathens, who were in the ship, freely received him, and +hoisting their sails with a favourable wind, after three days they made +land. And, being come out of the ship, they found a region deserted and +inhabited by none, and they began to travel over the whole country for +the space of twenty-eight days; and for want of food in that fearful +and wild solitude were they perishing of hunger" (Jocelin's "Life of +St. Patrick," translated by E. L. Swift). + +Jocelin's "Life of St. Patrick" deserves the harsh sentence pronounced +upon it by Canon O'Hanlon: "It is incomparably the worst" of all the +Latin "Lives" of the Saint. Jocelin represents Conchessa, St. Patrick's +saintly mother, as a niece of St. Martin of Tours, and, almost in the +same breath, suggests that either St. Martin's brother, or his brother- +in-law, sold Conchessa and her elder sister to Calphurnius, a Briton of +Clydesdale, as slaves. Although Conchessa was sold as a slave "at the +command of her father," she is said to have succeeded in captivating +and marrying her master Calphurnius. + +Whilst Ware and Usher sneer at Jocelin's statement that Calphurnius and +Conchessa took the vow of celibacy and devoted themselves to a +religious life immediately after St. Patrick's birth, they eagerly +adopt Jocelin's statement that the Apostle of Ireland was born at +"Empthor," and that the home of The Sixth "Life," Calphurnius was "not +far from the Irish Sea," although this untrustworthy author stands +alone among the ancient writers in making this assertion. + +Although Jocelin is responsible for the statement that St. Patrick fled +to the island of Britain after his escape from captivity in Ireland, +the subsequent three days' voyage by sea and twenty-eight days' journey +by land before reaching his home are fatal to Jocelin's contention, as +Professor Bury clearly demonstrates. + +Ware's Empthor was near Dumbarton; Colgan's, Dumbarton itself; Usher +and the "Aberdeen Breviary" identify it as Kilpatrick; Cardinal Moran +rests sure that it is Hamilton, at the mouth of the Avon in Scotland; +but St. Patrick's ship, chartered by Heaven to carry him to his "own +native land," could, if any of the places named were St. Patrick's +native town, have borne him directly almost to his destination, and +saved part at least of the three days' journey by sea and the whole of +the twenty-eight days' journey by wilderness before joining his +relatives. + + + +THE FIFTH "LIFE," BY PROBUS, PROVES THAT ST. PATRICK WAS BORN IN +BONONIA. + +THE Fifth "Life," written by Probus, an Irish monk, who died at Meyence +in the year 859, is regarded as the best of the old Latin "Lives" of +St. Patrick; it is considered to be an amended edition of the "Book of +Armagh," written by Muirchu Macc-Mactheni, so truly that the blank left +by the missing folio in that famous book can be filled in by copying +the "History of Probus." (Canon O'Hanlon's "Lives of the Irish Saints," +March 17th.) + +The "Life of St. Patrick," by Probus, commences as follows:-- + +"Cap. I.--St. Patrick, who was also called Suchet, was a Briton by +nationality. . . . He was born in Britain [in Britanniis], being the +son of Calphurnius, a deacon, who was the son of Potitus, a priest, and +his mother was named Conchessa, in a district within the region of +Bannaue Tiburniae, not far from the Western Sea, which district, as we +have discovered beyond doubt, was situated in the province of Nentria, +where the giants are said to have formerly dwelt." + +"XII.--When he was in his own country with his father Calphurnius and +his mother Conchessa, in their own seaside city [city Arimuric] there +was a great outbreak of hostilities in these parts. The sons of King +Rithmit, coming from Britain, laid Arimuric and the surrounding country +waste. They massacred Calphurnius and his wife Conchessa; but their +children, Patrick and his brother Ruchti, together with their sister +Mila, they took captives to Ireland. They sold Patrick to Prince +Milcho, but his brother Ruchti and his sister Mila to another Prince." + +Colgan, in his annotations, substitutes Neutria for Nentria (4), and +Armorica for Arimuric, Caesar testifies that all the towus on the sea +coast of Armorica were called Armoricse (Britannia, vol i. p. 13). "In +his own city Armuric" has therefore been rendered "in his own seaside +city." + +When Probus wrote his history there was no province in existence called +either Nentria or Neutria; but there was a province called Neustria, +which embraced Armorica or the northern sea coast of Gaul, where St. +Patrick was residing in his own native country (in patria) with his +parents, when he was made captive. It follows, likewise, that St. +Patrick's native town, "Bannaue Tiburnise," according to Probus, was +the seaside city in Armorica referred to. The Bannaue Tiburniae of +Probus and the Bonaven Taberniae of St. Patrick are evidently one and +the same as Bononia, where the Romans were encamped, which, as it has +already been proved, was called Bonauen Armorik by the Gaulish Celts. + +If any other proof were needed, the description of the province given +by Probus as the country formerly inhabited by giants can leave no +doubt on the subject. + +Sammes, in his "Antiquities of Ancient Britain," published in 1676, +narrates that the Scythians, or Cymri, were called the offspring of +Magog by Josephus. Pouring out in mighty hordes from Scythia, they +sacked Rome and plundered the Temple of Apollo in Greece. Some of them +settled down in Sarmatia, Germany, and Northern Gaul, generally +adopting the name of the lands in which they settled. Strabo is quoted +as saying "that the very youths (of the Cymri) were half a foot taller +than the tallest men," and Manlius for declaring "that the Cymri were a +race so exceedingly tall that other nations seemed nothing in their +eyes." The same authority narrates that "when one of the Cymri stood in +the ranks he seemed of the same proportion as the others, but when he +stepped out a few paces, and came near to the Romans, they all began to +be amazed at the sight." On that account the Roman soldiers, as Caesar +admits, were filled with consternation at the giants they were called +upon to encounter when he marched against their leader, Ariovistus. The +Cymri were also remarkable for their exceeding swiftness. Csesar +witnessed that they "could lay their hands on the manes of horses and +keep pace with them in the race." Tully testifies that it was "their +joy and delight to die on the battlefield, and that nothing so +tormented them as to die idly in their beds." "No wonder," says Sammes, +"that they conquered many nations; distressed the Romans themselves, +and were a constant thorn in the side of the Gauls" ("Antiquities of +Ancient Britain," cap. 2). + +Dr. Smith, in his "History of France," narrates that the Cymri +"acquired permanent possession of an extensive territory north of the +Loire, including the peninsula of Armorica" (p. 13). Bononia, or +Boulogne, St. Patrick's native town, was, therefore, situated in Belgic +Gaul during the days of Julius Caesar; but, later on, when the +descendants of the Cymri, the Belgic Gauls, were almost annihilated in +their fierce contests with the Romans, the same province came to be +called Armorica. Sulpicius Severus, as we shall see presently, named +the same country Britannia at the time of the Council of Ariminium in +the year 359--just fourteen years before St. Patrick was born. + +In the year 597 Armorica, or Britannia, became absorbed in the province +of Neustria, when the kingdom of the Franks was sub-divided into three +separate kingdoms, as Dr. Smith relates: "Sigebert became King of +Austrasia (in the Prankish tongue, Oster-rike), or the kingdom of the +Eastern Franks; Chilperic was recognised as King Neustria (Ne-oster- +rike), the land of the Western Franks. The limits of the two kingdoms +are somewhat uncertain; but the river Meuse and the Forest of Ardennes +may be taken generally as the line of demarcation. Austrasia extended +from the Meuse to the Rhine; Neustria extended from the Meuse to the +ocean. Gouthran ruled over the division of Gaul which now acquired the +name of Burgundy" ("History of France," p. 42). + +Neustria, extending from the Meuse to the ocean, necessarily embraced +the whole province of Britannia, or Armorica. That province still +retained the name of Neustria when Probus, in the tenth century, wrote +the "History of St. Patrick." + +The change of the name Armorica to Britannia, and from Britannia to +Neustria, together with the fact that the name Britannia, or Brittany, +as applied to that particular province in Gaul was forgotten for +centuries before any of the old Latin "Lives" of St. Patrick, except +the first, were written, must have induced some old biographers of the +Saint to interpret the name Britain, mentioned in the "Lives" and in +the "Confession," as referring only to the Island of Britain, + +With the exception of Probus, who had travelled abroad, the old +biographers of St. Patrick, on account of their very limited sources of +information, had very little knowledge of the histories of foreign +countries, and it is not surprising to find them erroneously supposing +that St. Patrick was born in Great Britain, because he mentioned in his +"Confession" that he was born in Britain, and had relatives among the +Britons. + +St. Patrick, according to Probus, was one of the Gaulish Britons, being +born at Bonaven, or Boulogne-sur-Mer. Although the Saint, according to +Canon O'Hanlon, was a little man, he was descended from a race of +giants--the bold Cymri, or Celts. That fact established a relationship +of race between the Saint and the nation which he converted. + +Camden and Keating narrate that King Milesius and his bold Scots, who +successfully invaded Ireland, were descended from the Cymri; and it is +remarkable that a fierce battle was fought between the Irish Scots and +the Tautha de Danans at Mount Slemish, not far from Tralee, in Kerry, +which is identical in name with Mount Slemish, in Antrim--the scene of +the Saint's captivity ("Britannia," vol. ii., p. 123; "History of +Ireland," vol. i., p. 123). + +Eochaid O'Flin, a poet quoted by Keating, has left a record of this +historical battle: + +"The stout Gadalians first the courage try +At Sliabh-mis, and rout the enemy: +Where heroes pierced with many a deadly wound, +Choked in their blood, lay gasping on the ground: +Heroes whose brave exploits may justly claim +Triumphant laurels and immortal fame." + +Scota, the relict of King Milesius and mother of Heber and Heremon, +Kings of Ireland, was slain while fighting in this battle, and buried +in the valley at the foot of Mount Sleabh-mis, which after her +interment was called Glean Scoithin, or the Valley of Scota. From her +the Irish Scots derived their name. The same old bard has sung a +lamentation over her grave:-- + +"Beneath, the vale its bosom doth display, +With meadows green, with flowers profusely gay, +Where Scota lies, unfortunately slain, +And with her royal tomb gives honour to the plain. +Mixed with the first the fair virago fought, +Sustained the toil of arms and danger sought: +From her the fruitful valley hath the name +O Glean Scoith, and we may trust to fame." + + + +ST. PATRICK'S FLIGHT TO MARMOUTIER, DESCRIBED BY PROBUS. + +IN the XIVth section of the "Vita Quinta" Probus narrates St. Patrick's +arrival in Brotgalum, then his journey to Trajectus, from whence he +hastened to Marmoutier to join St. Martin, Bishop of Tours, with whom +he remained for four years. Colgan, in his annotations (14), identifies +Brotgalum as Burdigalum, or Bordeaux. So, too, does Professor Bury, who +tells us that Brodgal was the Irish for Bordeaux, and that "Bordeaux +was a regular port for travellers from Ireland to South Gaul" ("Life of +St. Patrick," Appendix, p. 341). + +Trajectus, according to the old maps, was situated on the river +Dordogne, about sixty miles from Tours. From Trajectus St. Patrick had +to walk a distance of about two hundred miles through a desert before +reaching Tours. + +"A glance at the map of ancient Gaul," writes Father Bullen Morris, +"will show that in St. Patrick's time a great part of the country +between Trajectus and Tours well deserved the name of a desert. The +network of rivers, tributaries of the Loire, and now known as La +Vienne, La Claire, La Gartempe, &c., must have exposed the country to +periodical inundations in those days. So from Tours in the north to +Limonum, Alerea, and Legora in the south, east and west, we find some +5,000 square miles, which, as far as the ancient map is concerned, give +no signs of possession by man. Travellers entangled amidst these rivers +and morasses must have advanced very slowly, and thus it appears that +both places and time fit in with St. Patrick's narrative. Nature has +changed her face along the line of St. Patrick's journey, and there is +little now to remind us of its primeval desolation, save that the +rivers still preserve some of their old habits, and now and then +combine with the inundations of the giant Loire in setting man at +defiance. + +"Time, however, with its alternative gifts and ravages, has left +untouched the traditions regarding St. Patrick's journey. There is +something more than antiquarian interest in the feelings of the +Christian traveller who visits the spot on the banks of the Loire, +where immemorial tradition and an ancient monument mark the place at +which the Saint crossed the river on his way to Marmoutier. At about +twenty miles from Tours the railway between that city and Angers stops +at the station of St. Patrice; the commune is also named after the +Saint, and, as we shall see, there is historical evidence that it has +been thus designated for at least nine hundred years." + +"The first witness whose evidence we shall take on the subject of the +Saint's arrival at St. Patrice is one which many believe to have +survived since his time, but on this point the reader must form his own +opinion. Above the station, on the side of the hill which rises from +the banks of the Loire, we find the famous tree which bears 'the +flowers of St. Patrice.' For ages past it has been an object of +religious veneration with the people of Touraine, and now in our time +it is particularly interesting to find that this devotion was shared by +that eminent servant of God, Leon Dupont, the Thaumaturgus of Tours. +Monsignor C. Chevalier, President of the Archaeological Society, has +published a very full account of the tree and of the traditions +connected with it, the subtance of which we subjoin, together with the +result of personal investigations made on the spot in August, 1881. At +this season the tree was covered with foliage so luxuriant, from the +ground upwards, that it was impossible to distinguish the stem, and in +every respect it presented the appearance of a tree in its prime, +without a sign of decay. It belongs to the botanical class Prunus +Spinosa, or blackthorn, and it was covered with berries at the time of +our visit. These, however, were the evidence of a second efflorescence +in the spring. The celebrity of the tree arises from the fact that +every year at Christmas time it is seen covered with flowers, and the +tradition at St. Patrice, handed down from father to son, affirms that +for fifteen hundred years this phenomenon has been repeated at the same +sacred season. It matters not how intense the cold of any particular +winter; while the ground beneath and the country around lie covered in +their white shroud, the "flowers of St. Patrice" unfold their blossoms +and bid defiance to the fierce north winds which sweep the valley of +the Loire." + +The next witness is the old parish church, dedicated to St. Patrick, +which stands about thirty yards from the tree. Its old charters and +records show that it dates back from the beginning of the tenth +century. One old charter, bearing the date of 1035, contains a deed of +gift of some lands adjoining the church of St. Patrick. The church +stood on the Roman road between Anjou and Tours. "Thus," concludes +Father Bullen Morris, "ancient records and immemorial traditions +complete our story, and set St. Patrick on the high road to St. Martin +at Marmoutier" ("Ireland and St. Patrick," pp. 35--40). + + + +BRITAIN IN GAUL ST. PATRICK'S NATIVE COUNTRY. + +UNLESS it can be proved that there was a province called Britain in +Gaul, and another Britain quite distinct from the Island of Britain, it +would be useless to argue that St. Patrick was a native of Gaul. The +Saint represents himself as a native of Britain; and even Probus, who +is credited with believing that St. Patrick was a native of Armoric +Gaul, distinctly states that the Saint was born in Britain (natus in +Britanniis). It is, however, not difficult to prove that there was a +province in Gaul called Britain (Britannia) even before the birth of +St. Patrick. + +Strabo, in his "Description of Europe," narrates in the Fourth Book +that about 220 years before Christ, Publius Cornelius Scipio, the +father of Scipio Africanus, consulted the Roman deputies at Marseilles +about the cities of Gaul named Britannia, Narbonne, and Corbillo. +Sanson identifies Britannia with the present town of Abbeville on the +Somme. Dionysius, the author of "Perigesis," who wrote in the early +part of the first century, mentions the Britanni as settled on the +south of the Rhine, near the coast of Flanders. + +Pliny, in his "Natural History," when recounting the various tribes on +the coast of Gaul, mentions the Morini and Oramfaci as inhabiting the +district of Boulogne, and places the Britanni between the last-named +tribe and Amiens. (Pliny, lib. i., cap. xxxi.; Carte's "General History +of England," vol i., p. 5). + +"The Britanni on the Continent extended themselves farther along the +coast than when first known to the Romans, and the branch of that tribe +mentioned by Dionysius as settled on the coast of Flanders, and the +Britons of Picardy mentioned by Pliny, were of the same nation and +contiguous to each other. Dionysius further adds that they spread +themselves farther south, even to the mouth of the Loire, and to the +extremity of Armorica, which several writers say was called Britain +long before it came into general use (Carte, p. 6). + +"Sulpicius Severus, in his "Sacred Histories," gives an account of the +Bishops summoned by the Emperor Constantius in the year 359 to the +Council of Ariminium n Italy. Four hundred Bishops from Italy, Africa, +Spain, and Gaul answered the summons, and the Emperor gave an order +that all the Bishops were to be boarded and lodged, whilst the Council +lasted, at the expense of the treasury. Whereupon Sulpicius, writing +with pride of the action taken by the Bishops of the three provinces, +Gallia, Aquitania, and Britannia, makes use of the following words: +"Sed id nostris, id est. Aquitanis, Gallis, et Britannis, idecens +visum; repudiatis fiscalibus propries sumptibus vivere maluerunt. Tres +autem ex Britannia inopia proprii, publico usi sunt, cum oblatum a +ceteris collationem respuissent; sanctius putantes, fescum gravare, +quam singulos" (Lib. ji,, p. 401). + +"The proposal seemed shameful to us, Aquitanians, Gauls, and Britons, +who, rejecting the offer of help from the treasury, preferred to live +at our own expense. Three, however, of the Bishops from Britannia, +possessing no means of their own, refused to accept the maintenance +offered by their brethren, deeming it a holier thing to burden the +treasury than to accept aid from individuals" (Lib. ii., p. 401). + +If any doubt exists as to the Britannia referred to, it is solved in +the same book, p. 431. Sulpicius Severusi an Aquitanian by birth, +speaks of the trial, condemnation and punishment of the Priscillian +heretics by the secular Court at Treves in the year 389. Prisciallanus +and his followers, Felicissimus, Armenianus, and a woman named +Euchrosia were condemned to death and beheaded, but Instantias and +Liberianus were banished to the Island of Sylena, "quas ultra +Britanniarn sita est" (which is situated beyond Britain). Although it +is not precisely known where the Island of Sylena was situated, except +that it was somewhere beyond Britain, the Britain referred to surely +must be Britain in Gaul, for it is incredible that the Gauls should +possess a penal settlement in the North of Scotland, where Sylena must +have been situated, if the words "beyond Britain" refer to the Island +of Britain. + +It is evident that if Sulpicius, who was born in 360--thirteen years +before St. Patrick--could speak of Armorica as Britannia, and the +Armorican Bishops as Britons, when he wrote his "Sacred Histories," it +cannot be a matter of surprise that St. Patrick, if born in Armorica at +a later period, should speak of himself as a Briton, and say that he +had relatives among the Britons. + +Armorica was called Britannia by Sulpicius Severus, but Sidonius +Apollinarus, who flourished some time after, called the same country +Armorica. It was not, however, unusual, as Carte points out, for the +same people and the same country to be called by different names; for +example, the Armorici and the Morini were one and the same people, +whose names had the same signification--dwellers on the sea coast. +(Carte, p. 16; Whitaker's "Genuine History of the Briton," pp. 216-- +219.) + +As the historians just quoted are not concerned with the history of St. +Patrick, but are simply tracing the origin and history of the Britons, +their testimony is impartial. + +Even Camden admits that Dionysius places the Britons on the maritime +coast of Gaul, and renders his verses into English:-- + +"Near the great pillars of the farthest land, +The old Iberians, haughty souls, command +Along the continent, where northern seas +Roll their vast tides, and in cold billows rise: +Where British nations in long tracts appear +And fair-haired Germans ever famed in war." + +The early existence of the Britons in Armorica did not depend on the +settlement of the veteran Britons, who, having served under Constantino +the Great, were rewarded by a gift of the vacant lands in Armorica, as +William of Malmesbury narrates in his "History of the Kings"; or on the +still larger settlement of Britons who fought for the usurper Maximus, +which Ninius mentions, in the mysterious reference which embraced the +whole country "from the Great St. Bernard in Piedmont to Cantavic in +Picardy, and from Picardy to the western coast of France." The latter +settlement took place between the years 383 and 388. The British +refugees, who fled in terror from the Picts, Scots, and Saxons, may +indeed have added to the numbers of Britons in Gaul from time +immemorial, but they certainly were not the first to give the name +Britannia to that country. + + + +BRITANNIAE IN THE PLURAL NOT APPROPRIATED TO GREAT BRITAIN. + +IT has been often urged, without any solid reason, that the plural +Britannise used for Britain in the "Confession" can only refer to Great +Britain, because that country was sub-divided by the Romans into five +distinct provinces. The reason given cannot be convincing, because +Catullus, who died in the year 54, used the plural for Britain before +the Roman sub-divisions were made, when he wrote, "Nunc timent Galliae, +timent Britanniae"--Caesar, "the Gauls and the Britons fear." The +plural was used by St. Patrick when writing the "Confession" nearly one +hundred years after the Romans with their divisions had left the +country. It was used by Probus, who undoubtedly referred to Armoric +Britain when writing about St. Patrick's native country, for he tells +us in the plural that the Saint was born in Britain (natus in +Britanniis). The plural was, therefore, used both for Britain in Gaul +and for the Island of Britain. + +The word Britannia occurs three times in the "Confession." In the "Book +of Armagh" the name appears always in the plural, whilst in the +Bollandist's copy of the "Confession" the name is printed once in the +singular and twice in the plural. St. Jerome uses the singular always +when referring to Britannia; and St. Bede, in his "History," uses the +plural and singular indiscriminately. Whenever Britannia is mentioned, +the context alone can guide us in distinguishing which Britain is +meant. ("Ireland and St. Patrick," by the Rev. Bullen Morris, pp. 24, +25). + +St. Patrick also mentions Gaul in the plural ("Gallias"), for although +the whole country was subdivided into three separate nationalities--the +Gauls, the Aquitanians, and the Britons--as Sulpicius Severus had +already mentioned, the three provinces were called Gallise, or the +Gauls, by the Romans. Galliae in the plural, therefore, either meant +the whole country or any one of its sub-divisions, and the context +alone could determine which province was meant. + +Having these facts in mind, it is easy to interpret the words of St. +Patrick: "Though I should have wished to leave them, and had been ready +and very desirous of going to Britain [Britanniis], as if to my own +country and parents; and not that alone, but to go even to Gaul +(Gallias) to visit my brethren, and to see the face of the Lord's +Saints, and God knows how ardently I wished it but I was bound in the +Spirit, and He Who witnesseth will account me guilty if I do so--and I +fear to lose the results of the labour which I have begun. And not I, +but the Lord Jesus Christ, Who commanded me to come and remain with +them for the rest of my life--if the Lord so will it, and keeps me from +every evil way, that I should not sin before Him" ("Confession"). + +St. Patrick's relatives resided in the Gaulish province of Britain, and +the disciples of St. Martin--"the Lord's Saints"--lived at Marmoutier +in the province of Gaul. St. Patrick's natural desire was first to +visit his relatives in Armorican Britain, and next to renew his +friendship with the followers of St. Martin at Marmoutier, but God had +decreed that he should spend all the rest of his days in the land of +his adoption. + +Gaul was not only the name of the whole country, which embraced three +provinces--Gallia, Aquitania, and Britannia--it was also the name of +one of the provinces. As Gaul in its widest sense was a different +country from the Island of Britain, so the province of Gaul was quite +distinct from the province of Armoric Britain. The Gauls, Aquitanians, +and Britons, all possessing, as Csesar testifies, separate governments +and different nationalities, regarded one another as distinct races. +Thus Sulpicius Severus represents a Gaul as addressing some Aquitanians +as follows: "When I think of myself as a Gaul about to address +Aquitanians, I fear lest my uncultured speech should offend your too +refined ears"--"Sed dum cogito me hominem Gallum inter Aquitanos verba +facturum, vereor ne offendat nimium urbanas aures sermo rusticior" +(Dialogue 20). + + + +ST. PATRICK CALLS COROTICUS, A BRITISH PRINCE, "FELLOW CITIZEN." + +IT is objected again that St. Patrick called the followers of +Coroticus, who were Britons, his fellow citizens, and that, therefore, +the Saint and the island Britons are of the same nationality. + +The objection is founded on St. Patrick's "Epistle to Coroticus," in +which the following words occur: "I have vowed to my God to teach this +people, although I should be despised by them, to whom I have written +with my own hand to be given to the soldiers to be forwarded to +Coroticus. I do not say to my fellow citizens, nor to the fellow +citizens of the pious Romans, but to the fellow citizens of the devil, +through their evil deeds and hostile practices." + +As the Romans had abandoned Britain long before the letter to Coroticus +was written, it is somewhat difficult to understand the precise meaning +of the words just quoted: "I do not say to my fellow citizens, or to +the fellow citizens of the pious Romans," unless some of the soldiers +of Coroticus were, like St. Patrick, Roman freemen. The word "citizen" +in the Roman sense was as wide as the extent of the Roman Empire. + +Although the soldiers of Coroticus are also called "fellow citizens of +the pious Romans," no one would surely dream of saying that the +soldiers of Coroticus and the pious Roman were actually of the same +nationality. St. Patrick could, therefore, call the soldiers of +Coroticus in the same sense his "fellow citizens," without implying +that he was of the same race. If, however, the soldiers of Coroticus +were Roman freemen, they would be fellow citizens of St. Patrick and +fellow citizens of the Romans, although of different nationalities. The +indignant protest made by the Saint in the same letter, that "free-born +Christian men are sold and enslaved amongst the wicked, abandoned, and +apostate Picts," greatly favours our interpretation of "fellow +citizens." + +It must, however, be acknowledged that there is a considerable amount +of obscurity about the meaning of the words, which are so confidently +interpreted as signifying that the Apostle of Ireland was a native of +Great Britain. But the words as they stand cannot be fairly assumed to +prove that St. Patrick was a "fellow countryman" of the soldiers of +Coroticus, unless they prove with equal force that the Romans were of +the same nationality as the soldiers of Coroticus. The quotation proves +too much and, therefore, it proves nothing. + + + +SUMMARY. + +HAVING given the different theories concerning the native country of +St. Patrick, and having faithfully quoted all that the Seven old Latin +"Lives" of the Saint have narrated on this subject, and given our +reasons for accepting the Armoric theory as the most reasonable +solution of the problem, it will be advisable to give a brief summary +of the arguments brought forward to prove that St. Patrick was an +Armorican Britain, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer. + +Boulogne-sur-Mer, or ancient Bononia, was called by the same name, +"Bonaven," as the town in which St. Patrick implies that he was born. +Boulogne possessed a Roman encampment, and it was, therefore, Bonaven +Taberniae, mentioned in the "Confession." + +Caligula's tower, on the north-eastern cliffs, in the town and within +the suburbs, was called "Turris Ordinis" by the Romans, but "Nemtor" by +the Gaulish Celts, as Hersart de la Villemarque states in his "Celtic +Legend." + +It is certain that Niall of the Nine Hostages made use of the Port of +Boulogne when he invaded Armorica in the twenty-seventh year of his +reign, and that he died at that port after his assassination. + +It is probable that Niall sailed to Boulogne when invading Armorica on +the first occasion, for he was carrying his arms into the same country, +of which Boulogne was the principal port, and the only one used by the +Romans when invading England. + +The return of Niall from his first expedition into-Armorica with +captives, including St. Patrick, on board in the year 388, corresponds +precisely with the fifteenth year of St. Patrick, who was born in the +year 373. This fact is not only testified by Keating, but by Hersart de +la Villemarque in his "Celtic Legend," who narrates that Calphurnius, +St. Patrick's father, was a Roman officer in charge of Nemtor, near +which his family resided in a Roman villa, and that Calphurnius was +slain, and St. Patrick made captive by a hostile fleet that came from +Ireland. + +As Nemtor was not only the name of the tower, but the district of the +tower, and situated within the suburbs of Bonaven, St. Fiacc's account +of his patron's birthplace, which simply gives the name of the +district, and St. Patrick's statement that his home was in the suburban +district of Bonaven, harmonise together. + +The Scholiast and the author of the Trepartite "Life," by admitting +that the Saint was captured in Armorica, annul their assertion that he +was born in Scotland, because St. Patrick distinctly states that his +family hailed from Bonaven Tabernise, or Boulogne, and that he was +captured while residing at his father's villula. The Scholiast and +Tripartite "Life" consequently admit that Bonaven Taberniae was +situated in Armorica. + +The impression that Bononia, or Boulogne, was St. Patrick's native town +is confirmed by Probus; he narrates all the misfortune that overtook +Calphurnius and his family whilst they were quietly living in their own +native country (in patria), and in their own seaside city in Armorica. + +Armorica was then included in the Province of Neustria, one of the sub- +divided kingdoms of the Franks, and it was on that account that Probus +states that St. Patrick was born in Neustria. + +Ware, Usher, and Cardinal Moran, who cling to the Scotch theory of St. +Patrick's birth, all contradict the Scholiast, who asserts that St. +Patrick was born in Dumbarton; whilst those who hold fast to the +Dumbarton theory make frantic efforts to convert the Crag into a +heavenly tower. + +St. Patrick, after the vision, in which he was told that he should +return to his own native country, sailed to Gaul and not to the Island +of Britain. + +It had been proved on the authority of Sulpicius Severus, who was born +in the year 360, that Armorica was called Britannia, and the Armoricans +were called Britons when the Council of Ariminium was held in the year +359--fourteen years before the birth of St. Patrick. The Saint, when +writing his "Confession" in 493, when the province had even a stronger +claim to the name, could emphatically say, if he was born in Armorica, +that he was a Briton and had relatives amongst the Britons. + + + +THE SITE OF THE VILLULA WHERE ST. PATRICK WAS BORN. + +FRENCH archeologists point out the "Hotel du Pavillion et des Bains de +Mer," facing the sea-bathing place at Boulogne, as occupying the site +from which Caligula's tower, Nemthur, once lifted its head into the +heavens and shed its light over land and sea. On the frowning cliff +which casts its shadow over the hotel there is a mass of hard brick +ruins--the last remnants of the fortifications built round Nemtor when +Boulogne was captured by the British troops in 1544. + +Calphurnius's villula was evidently situated somewhere on the plateau, +called Tour d'Ordre, between the tower and the town, for St. Patrick, +in his "Confession," assured us that his father's home was near to +("prope") Bonaven, a statement which he would not make if the villula +stood on the sea-coast beyond the tower. It is, therefore, certain that +the site of the villula still exists somewhere not far inland from the +ruins alluded to. + +[Picture: THE PRESENT FORTIFICATIONS AND SITE OF THE ROMAN ENCAMPMENT +AT BOULOGNE.] + +Although Nemtor was undermined by the sea and fell into the waves in +1649, a picture of the tower as it once stood in all its glory is still +to be seen in the museum of Boulogne, and the curator very kindly +permitted the writer of this little history to get the drawing copied, +so that the sons of St. Patrick might be permitted to view Nemtor, +which Calphurnius lost his life in defending, and which gave a name to +the district in which St. Patrick was born. + +If this brief history of St. Patrick's native town has succeeded in +identifying ancient Bononia, now Boulogne-sur-Mer, as St. Patrick's +birthplace, then the whole plateau of Tour d'Ordre, on the north- +eastern cliffs of Boulogne, where the villula of Calphurnius once +stood, will become sacred in the eyes of the spiritual sons of St. +Patrick throughout the wide world. + +--- + +PRINTED BY ST. 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