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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fighting France
+
+Author: Stephane Lauzanne
+
+Contributor: James M. Beck
+
+Translator: John L. B. Williams
+
+Release Date: June 1, 2006 [EBook #18483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGHTING FRANCE
+
+BY
+
+STEPHANE LAUZANNE
+LIEUTENANT IN THE FRENCH ARMY, CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR
+EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE "MATIN,"
+MEMBER OF THE FRENCH MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES
+
+WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES M. BECK, LL.D.
+LATE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+TRANSLATED BY
+JOHN L. B. WILLIAMS, A.M.
+SOMETIME FELLOW OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+NEW YORK
+LONDON
+
+1918
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1918, by
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+MY CHIEFS
+MY COMRADES
+MY MEN
+WHO ARE FIGHTING FOR THE GREAT CAUSE
+OF LIBERTY AND CIVILIZATION
+
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+To be Editor-in-Chief of one of the greatest newspapers in the world
+at twenty-seven years of age is a distinction, which has been enjoyed
+by few other men, if any, in the whole history of journalism. There
+may have been exceptional instances, where young men by virtue of
+proprietary and inherited rights, have nominally, or even actually,
+succeeded to the editorial control of a great metropolitan newspaper.
+But in the case of M. Stephane Lauzanne, his assumption of duty in
+1901 as Editor-in-Chief of the Paris _Matin_ was wholly the result of
+exceptional achievement in journalism. Merit and ability, and not
+merely friendly influences, gave him this position of unique power,
+for the _Matin_ has a circulation in France of nearly two million
+copies a day, and its Editor-in-Chief thereby exerts a power which it
+would be difficult to over-estimate.
+
+M. Lauzanne was born in 1874 and is a graduate of the Faculty of Law
+of Paris. Believing that journalism opened to him a wider avenue of
+usefulness than the legal profession, he preferred--as the event
+showed most wisely--to follow a journalistic career. In this choice he
+may have been guided by the fact that he was the nephew of the most
+famous foreign correspondent in the history of journalism. I refer to
+M. de Blowitz, who was for many years the Paris correspondent of the
+London _Times_, and as such a very notable representative of the
+Fourth Estate. No one ever more fully illustrated the truth of the
+words which Thackeray, in Pendennis, puts into the mouth of his George
+Warrington, when he and Arthur Pendennis stand in Fleet Street and
+hear the rumble of the engines in the press-room. He likened the
+foreign correspondents of these newspapers to the ambassadors of a
+great State; and no one more fully justifies the analogy than M. de
+Blowitz, for it is profitable to recall that when in 1875 the military
+party of Germany secretly planned to strike down France, when the
+stricken gladiator was slowly but courageously struggling to its
+feet, it was de Blowitz, who in an article in the London _Times_ let
+the light of day into the brutal and iniquitous scheme, and by mere
+publicity defeated for the time being this conspiracy against the
+honor of France and the peace of the world. Unfortunately the _coup_
+of the Prussian military clique was only postponed. Our generation was
+destined to sustain the unprecedented horrors of a base attempt to
+destroy France, that very glorious asset of all civilization.
+
+De Blowitz took great interest in his brilliant nephew and at his
+suggestion Lauzanne became the London correspondent of the _Matin_ in
+1898, when he was only twenty-four years of age. This brought him into
+direct communication with the London _Times_ which then as now
+exchanged cable news with the _Matin_, and it was the duty of the
+young journalist to take the cable news of the "Thunderer" and
+transmit such portions as would particularly interest France to the
+_Matin_, with such special comment as suggested itself. How well he
+did this work, requiring as it did the most accurate judgment and the
+nicest discrimination, was shown when he was made Editor-in-Chief of
+the _Matin_ in 1901.
+
+His tenure of office was destined to be short for, when the world war
+broke out, M. Lauzanne, as a First Lieutenant of the French Army,
+joined the colors in the first days of mobilization and surrendered
+the pen for the sword. His career as editor had been long enough,
+however, for him to impress upon the minds of the French public the
+imminency of the Prussian Peril. As to this he had no illusions and
+his powerful editorials had done much to combat the spirit of
+pacificism, which at that time was weakening the preparations of
+France for the inevitable conflict.
+
+The obligation of universal service required him to exchange his
+position of great power and usefulness for a lesser position, but this
+spirit of common service in the ranks means much for France or for any
+nation. The democracy of the French Army could not be questioned, when
+the powerful Editor of the _Matin_ became merely a lieutenant in the
+Territorial Infantry. As such, he served in the battle of the Marne
+and later before Verdun, and thus could say of the two most heroic
+chapters in French history, as AEneas said of the Siege of Troy, "Much
+of which I saw, and part of which I was."
+
+Having fulfilled the obligation of universal service in the ranks, it
+is not strange that in 1916 he was recalled to serve the French
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For a time he rendered great service in
+Switzerland, where from the beginning of the war an acute but
+ever-lessening controversy has raged between the pro-German and the
+pro-Ally interests.
+
+He was then chosen for a much more important mission. In October,
+1916, he came to the United States as head of the "Official Bureau of
+French Information," and here he has remained until the present hour.
+As such, he has been an unofficial ambassador of France. His position
+has been not unlike that of Franklin at Passy in the period that
+preceded the formal recognition by France of the United States and the
+Treaty of Alliance of 1778. As with Franklin, his weapon has been the
+pen and the printing press, and the unfailing tact with which he has
+carried on his mission is not unworthy of comparison with that of
+Franklin. No one who has been privileged to meet and know M. Lauzanne
+can fail to be impressed with his fine urbanity, his _savoir faire_
+and his perfect tact. Without any attempt at propaganda, he has
+greatly impressed American public opinion by his contributions to our
+press and his many public addresses. In none of them has he ever made
+a false step or uttered a tactless note. His words have always been
+those of a sane moderation and the influence that he has wielded has
+been that of truth. Apart from the vigor and calm persuasiveness of
+his utterances, his winning personality has made a deep impression
+upon all Americans who have been privileged to come in contact with
+him. The highest praise that can be accorded to him is that he has
+been a true representative of his own noble, generous and chivalrous
+nation. Its sweetness and power have been exemplified by his charming
+personality.
+
+Although he has taken a forceful part in possibly the greatest
+intellectual controversy that has ever raged among men, he has from
+first to last been the gentleman and it has been his quiet dignity and
+gentleness that has added force to all that he has written and
+uttered, especially at the time when America was the greatest neutral
+forum of public opinion.
+
+If "good wine needs no bush and a good play needs no epilogue," then a
+good book needs no prologue. Therefore I shall not refer to the
+simplicity and charm, with which M. Lauzanne has told the story with
+which this book deals. The reader will judge that for himself; and
+unless the writer of this foreword is much mistaken, that judgment
+will be wholly favorable. There have been many war books--a very
+deluge of literature in which thinking men have been hopelessly
+submerged--but most books of wartime reminiscences do not ring true.
+There is too obvious an attempt to be dramatic and sensational. This
+book avoids this error and its author has contented himself with
+telling in a simple and convincing manner something of the part which
+he was called upon to play.
+
+I venture to predict that all good Americans who read this book will
+become the friends, through the printed pages, of this gifted and
+brilliant writer, and if it were possible for such Americans to
+increase their love and admiration for France, then this book would
+deepen the profound regard in which America holds its ancient ally.
+
+                                        JAMES M. BECK.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+I
+
+WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+The declaration of war and the French mobilization--The
+invasion and the tragic days of Paris in August and
+September, 1914: personal reminiscences--The premeditated
+cruelties of Germany: new documents--The German organized
+spying system in France                                             1
+
+II
+
+HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+France fighting with her men, her women and her children--The
+men show that they know how to suffer: episodes of the Marne
+and of Verdun--The women encourage the men to fight and to
+suffer: some illustrations--Sacred Union of all Frenchmen
+against the enemy--all, without any distinction of class or
+religion, die smiling--Letters of soldiers--The organization
+in the rear: the work in the factories                             51
+
+III
+
+FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE
+
+Despite her sufferings, France is able to pay 20 billions of
+dollars, for the war, in three years--French commerce and
+French work during the war--France is helping her allies from
+a military standpoint and financially--The saving of Serbia        94
+
+IV
+
+THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE
+
+Restitution: Alsace-Lorraine--Restoration: The devastated and
+looted territories. Guarantees: The Society of Nations            138
+
+APPENDICES
+
+APPENDIX I.--HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE                     179
+
+APPENDIX II.--HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR                     183
+
+APPENDIX III.--HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR                         196
+
+APPENDIX IV.--HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY        200
+
+APPENDIX V.--HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE                    206
+
+APPENDIX VI.--HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE                 229
+
+
+
+
+FIGHTING FRANCE
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+
+Had you been in Paris late in the afternoon of Monday, August third,
+nineteen fourteen, you might have seen a slight man, whose reddish
+face was adorned with a thick white mustache, walk out of the German
+Embassy, which was situated on the Rue de Lille near the Boulevard St.
+Germain. Along the boulevard and across the Pont de la Concorde he
+walked in a manner calculated to attract attention. He approached the
+animated and peevish groups of citizens that had formed a little
+before for the purpose of discussing the imminent war as if he wanted
+them to notice him. You would have said that he was trying to be
+recognized and to take part in the discussions.
+
+But no one paid any attention to him.
+
+Finally he came to the Quai d'Orsay, opened the Gate of the Ministry
+of Foreign Affairs, and said to the attendant who hastened to open the
+door for him:
+
+"Announce the German Ambassador to the Prime Minister."
+
+He was Baron de Schoen, Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary of his Germanic Majesty, William the Second. For two
+days he had wandered through the most crowded streets and avenues in
+Paris, hoping for some injury, some insult, some overt act which would
+have permitted him to say that Germany in his person had been
+provoked, insulted by France. But there had been no violence, the
+insult had not been offered, the overt act had not occurred. Then,
+tired of this method, de Schoen took the initiative and presented a
+declaration of war from his government.
+
+The declaration, as history will record, was expressed in these terms:
+
+     The German administrative and military authorities have
+     established a certain number of flagrantly hostile acts
+     committed on German territory by French military aviators.
+     Several of these have openly violated the neutrality of
+     Belgium by flying over the territory of that country; one
+     has attempted to destroy buildings near Wesel; others have
+     been seen in the district of the Eifel, one has thrown bombs
+     on the railway near Carlsruhe and Nuremberg.
+
+     I am instructed and I have the honor to inform your
+     Excellency, that in the presence of these acts of aggression
+     the German Empire considers itself in a state of war with
+     France in consequence of the acts of the latter Power.
+
+     At the same time I have the honor to bring to the knowledge
+     of your Excellency that the German authorities will detain
+     French mercantile vessels in German ports, but they will
+     release them if, within forty-eight hours, they are assured
+     of complete reciprocity.
+
+     My diplomatic mission having thus come to an end, it only
+     remains for me to request your Excellency to be good enough
+     to furnish me with my passports, and to take the steps you
+     consider suitable to assure my return to Germany, with the
+     staff of the Embassy, as well as with the staff of the
+     Bavarian Legation and of the French Consulate General in
+     Paris.
+
+     Be good enough, M. le President, to receive the assurances
+     of my deepest respect.
+
+                                        (Signed) DE SCHOEN.
+
+Immediately M. Rene Viviani, the French Premier and Minister of
+Foreign Affairs, protested against the statements of this
+extraordinary declaration. No French aviator had flown over Belgium;
+no French aviator had come near Wesel; no French aviator had flown in
+the direction of Eifel; nor had hurled bombs on the railroad near
+Carlsruhe or Nuremberg. And less than two years later a German, Dr.
+Schwalbe, the Burgomaster of Nuremberg, confirmed M. Viviani's
+indignant denial of the German accusations:
+
+"It is false," wrote Dr. Schwalbe in the _Deutsche Medizinische
+Wochenschrift_, "that French aviators dropped bombs on the railway at
+Nuremberg. The general of the third Bavarian army corps, which was
+stationed in the vicinity, assured me that he knew nothing of the
+attempt except from the newspapers...."
+
+But a blow had just been struck that announced the rising of the
+curtain on the most frightful tragedy the universe has ever known.
+This announcement was contained in the brief, plain words of the
+declaration of war.
+
+De Schoen left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he had been
+courteously received for many years, and made his way out. He was
+escorted by M. Philippe Berthelot, who was at the time _directeur
+politique_ at the Quai d'Orsay. As he was going out of the door, de
+Schoen pointed to the city, which, with its trees, its houses, and its
+monuments, could be seen clearly on the other side of the Seine.
+
+"Poor Paris," he exclaimed, "what will happen to her?"
+
+At the same time he offered his hand to M. Berthelot, but the latter
+contented himself with a silent bow, as if he had neither seen the
+proffered hand nor heard the question.
+
+It was a quarter before seven o'clock in the evening. From that time
+on France has been at war with Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.
+
+How many times the French people had thought of that mobilization
+during the last twenty years, in proportion as Germany grew more
+aggressive, more brutal and more insulting! Personally I had often
+looked at the little red ticket fastened to my military card, on which
+were written these brief words:
+
+     In time of mobilization, Lieutenant Lauzanne (Stephane) will
+     report on the second day of mobilization to the railroad
+     station nearest his home and there entrain immediately for
+     Alencon.
+
+And each time I looked at the little red card, I felt a bit
+anxious.... Mobilization! The railroad station! The first train! What
+a mob of people, what an overturning of everything, what a lot of
+disorder there would be! Well, there had been neither disorder nor
+disturbance nor a mob, for everything had taken place in a manner that
+was marvelously simple and calm.
+
+Monday, August third, at sunrise I had gone to the Gare des Invalides.
+There was no mob, there was no crowd. Some policemen were walking in
+solitary state along the sidewalk, which was deserted. The station
+master, to whom I presented my card, told me, in the most
+extraordinarily calm voice in the world, as if he had been doing the
+same thing every morning:
+
+"Track number 5. Your train leaves at 6.27."
+
+And the train left at 6.27, like any good little train that is on
+time. It had left quietly; it was almost empty. It had followed the
+Seine, and I had seen Paris lighted up by the peaceable morning glow,
+Paris which was still asleep. And I had rubbed my eyes, asking myself
+if I wasn't dreaming, if I wasn't asleep. Were we really at war? My
+eyes were seeing nothing of it, but my memory kept recalling the fact.
+It recalled the unforgettable scenes of those last days--that scene
+especially, at four o'clock in the evening on the first of August,
+when the crowd along the boulevard had suddenly seen the mobilization
+orders posted in the window of a newspaper office. A shout burst
+forth, a shout I shall hear until my last moment, which made me
+tremble from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet. It was a
+shout that seemed to come from the very bowels of the earth, the shout
+of a people who, for years, had waited for that moment.
+
+Then the "Marseillaise"! Then a short, imperious demand:
+
+"The flags! We want the flags!"
+
+And flags burst forth from all quarters of Paris, decorated in the
+twinkling of an eye as if it were a fete day. Yes, all that had really
+happened. All that had taken place. We were really at war.
+
+Little by little the train filled up. It stopped at every station, and
+at every station men got aboard. They came in gayly and confidently,
+bidding farewell to the women who had accompanied them and who stayed
+behind the gate to do their weeping. Everybody was mixed in together
+in the compartments without any distinctions of rank, station, class
+or anything else. At Argentan I saw some rough Norman farmers enter
+the coaches, talking with the same good natured calmness as if they
+were going away on a business trip. One expression was repeated again
+and again:
+
+"If we've got to go, we've got to go."
+
+One farmer said:
+
+"They are looking after our good. I shall fight until I fall."
+
+The spirit of the whole French people spoke from these mouths. You
+felt the firm purpose of the nation come out of the very earth.
+
+The country side presented an unwonted appearance. I remember vividly
+the view the broad plains of Beauce offered. They looked as if they
+were dead or fallen into a lethargy. Their life had come to an abrupt
+end on Saturday, the first of August, at four o'clock in the
+afternoon. We saw mounds of grain that had been cut and was still
+scattered on the ground, with the scythe glistening nearby. We saw
+pitchforks resting alongside the hay they had just finished tossing.
+We saw sheaves lying on the ground with no one to take them away. The
+very villages were deserted; not a human being appeared in them. You
+would have said that this train that was passing through in the wake
+of hundreds of other trains had blotted out all the inhabitants of the
+region.
+
+We detrained at Alencon, arriving there about mid-day. Alencon is a
+tiny Norman village that is habitually calm and peaceful, but on that
+day it was crowded with people. An enormous wave, the wave of the men
+who were mobilizing, rushed through the main street of the little town
+in the direction of the two barracks. I went with the current. My
+captain, whom I found in the middle of a part of the barracks, had not
+even had time to put on his uniform. He explained the situation to me
+with military brevity:
+
+"It's very simple.... It's now three o'clock in the afternoon. The day
+after tomorrow, at six o'clock in the morning, we entrain for Paris.
+We have one day to clothe, equip and arm our company."
+
+It is no small matter to clothe, equip and arm two hundred and fifty
+men in twenty-four hours. You have to find in the enormous pile, which
+is in a corner of a shed, two hundred and fifty coats, pairs of
+trousers and hats which will fit two hundred and fifty entirely
+separate and distinct chests, legs and heads. You have to find five
+hundred pairs of shoes for two hundred and fifty pairs of feet. You
+have to arrange the men in rank according to their heights, form the
+sections and the squads. You have to have soup prepared and transport
+provisions. You have to go and get rifles and cartridges. You have to
+get funds advanced for the company accounts from the very beginning of
+the campaign. You have to get your duties organized, make up accounts
+and prepare statements. You have to breathe the breath of life into
+the little machine which is going to take its place in the big
+machine.
+
+And there was not a person there to help us to do this--not a line
+officer, not a second lieutenant. The captain had to act on his own,
+to think on his own, to decide everything on his own. He had to do
+all by himself the work that yesterday twenty-five department store
+heads, twenty-five shoe makers and twenty-five certified public
+accountants would have had a hard time doing.
+
+He did it! Every captain in the French Army did it. And the next
+morning at six o'clock our little machine was ready to go and take its
+place in the operations of the big machine. The following day, at six
+o'clock, we entrained again; but no longer was it the confused and
+disorganized crowd that it had been the evening before. It was a
+company with arms and leaders; a company which had already made the
+acquaintance of discipline. That was proved by the silence reigning
+everywhere. At the moment of departure the Colonel had commanded:
+
+"Silence!"
+
+There was not a sound. The long train, crowded with soldiers, was a
+silent train which passed through the open country, the towns and the
+villages all the way to Paris without a sound except the puffing of
+the engine. In the evening, silent always, we detrained at Paris and
+marched to a barracks situated to the north of the capital. We were
+to stay there a month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story of Paris during the month of August, 1914, is an
+extraordinary one that would deserve an entire volume to itself. That
+feverish city has never lived through hours that were more calm and
+peaceful. During the first two weeks Paris seemed to be in a sweet,
+peaceful dream, in which the citizens listened eagerly for sounds of
+victory coming from the far distant horizon. On the twenty-fifth of
+August Paris, which had heard only vague echoes of the Battle of
+Charleroi, awakened with a jolt when it read the famous communique
+beginning with the words: "_De la Somme aux Vosges_...."
+
+So the enemy was already at the Somme, a few days' march from the
+capital! But the awakening was as free from disturbance as the dream
+had been. Paris felt absolute confidence in the army, in Joffre; and
+the Parisian reasoning was expressed in one phrase, "The army has
+retreated, but it is neither destroyed nor beaten; as long as the
+army is there, Paris has nothing to fear...." And when Sunday the
+thirtieth of August came, Paris was as calm and confident as it was
+on the first day of the war.
+
+I shall remember the thirtieth of August for a long time.
+
+They had posted on all the walls two notices. One of them was large,
+the other small. The large one was a proclamation of the Government
+announcing the departure of its officials for Bordeaux:
+
+     FRENCHMEN!
+
+     For several weeks our troops and the enemy's army have been
+     engaged in a series of bloody battles. The bravery of our
+     soldiers has gained them marked advantages at several
+     points. But in the north the pressure of the German forces
+     has compelled us to withdraw.
+
+     This retirement imposes a regrettably necessary decision on
+     the President of the Republic and the Government. To protect
+     national safety the government officials have to leave Paris
+     at once.
+
+     Under the command of an eminent leader, a French army, full
+     of bravery and resource, will defend the capital and its
+     people against the invader. But at the same time war will
+     be carried on over the rest of the territory.
+
+The small notice was from General Gallieni, the new Governor of Paris.
+It had, in its brevity, the beauty of an ancient inscription:
+
+     "I have been ordered to defend Paris. I shall obey this
+     command until the end."
+
+That same Sunday, the thirtieth of August, was the first day the
+Taubes came over Paris. By chance I was guarding one of the city's
+gates. I saw the airplane coming from a distance. I had not the least
+doubt about it for it had the silhouette of a bird of prey that
+rendered the German planes so easily recognizable at that time. For
+that matter, no one was deceived by it, and from all the batteries,
+forts and other positions a violent fusillade greeted it. There was
+firing from the streets, windows, courts and roofs. I followed it
+through my field glass, and for a moment I thought it had been hit,
+for it paused in its flight. But this was an optical illusion.... The
+plane simply flew higher, having without doubt heard the sound of the
+fusillade and the bullets having perhaps whistled too close to the
+pilot's ears. When he was almost over my post, a light white cloud
+appeared under its wings and, in the ten ensuing seconds, there
+followed a terrible series of sounds, for a bomb had just fallen and
+exploded very near at hand. But so entrancing was it to observe the
+flight of this pirate who, in spite of everything, continued in his
+audacious course, that I gazed at the heavens, trying to determine
+whether or not I saw once more the little white cloud, the precursor
+of the machine of death.
+
+And everyone who was near me--workmen, passers-by, women,
+children--stayed there too, their feet firmly on the ground, their
+glances lost in the limitless sky. No one ran away; no one hid; no one
+sought refuge behind a door or in a cellar. It's a characteristic of
+airplane bombs that they frighten no one, even when they kill. The
+machine you see does not frighten you; only the machine you can't see
+upsets your nerves.
+
+However that may be, the curiosity of Paris was insatiable. Even in
+the tragic hours we were living through at that time, this curiosity
+remained as eager, ardent and amused as ever. Every afternoon, at the
+stroke of four, crowds collected in the squares and avenues. The
+motive was to see the Taubes! Since one Taube had flown over the city,
+no one doubted that a second one would come the next day. A girl's
+boarding school obtained a free afternoon to enjoy the spectacle. The
+midinettes were allowed to leave their work. At Montmartre, where the
+steps of the Butte gave a better chance of scanning the horizon,
+places were in great demand.
+
+There was a crowd along the fortifications to see the works for the
+defense on which, by General Gallieni's order, men were working.
+Thousands of spectators of both sexes, but especially of women, were
+examining the bases that were being put in for the guns, the openings
+they were making to serve as loopholes, the joists they were putting
+across the gates, and the paving stones with which the entrances were
+being barricaded. This crowd did not want to believe in the proximity
+of the enemy. Or, if it believed it, it didn't want to admit that
+there was danger. Or, if it admitted that there was danger, it wanted
+to share in it. Above everything it wanted to see; it wanted to see!
+
+The last night in August I had a hard time freeing the approaches of
+the gate I was guarding. There were only women, but there were
+thousands of them and neither prayer nor argument could persuade them
+to make up their minds to go home.
+
+"Nothing will happen," I told them. "Look here now, be reasonable and
+go home to bed."
+
+"But we want to see...."
+
+"What do you want to see?"
+
+"Want to see what kind of a reception the Prussians will get if they
+come."
+
+Aside from this the mob was remarkably easy to get on with. A strict
+order had forbidden that anyone be permitted to enter or leave Paris
+until sunrise. As a result the capital found itself cut off from the
+suburbs, and lots of little working girls, who came in for the day
+from Clichy or Levallois-Perret, couldn't get back to their homes in
+the evening. They had to camp out under the stars.
+
+"It's very amusing," they said, "here we are just like soldiers."
+
+I even heard one of them say:
+
+"What a pity there isn't always war."
+
+That same night, about eleven o'clock, a heavy sound was heard coming
+from the direction of the city. Some urchins shouted:
+
+"It's the soldiers. It's the soldiers."
+
+An entire Algerian division was, as a matter of fact, detraining and
+hurrying to fight before Paris. Behind it followed a long line of
+taxi-cabs, the famous line of taxi-cabs requisitioned by General
+Gallieni to carry munitions to the battle field of the Ourcq. They
+made an incomparable spectacle, that magnificent summer night, in the
+bright moonlight, the long column of Algerian cavalry, with their
+shining burnouses, on fiery little horses. Applause burst forth from
+the mob and reached the soldiers. The women threw kisses at them, but
+they overwhelmed my men and me with reproaches:
+
+"See," they shrieked at us, "if we had minded you and gone home, we
+wouldn't have seen them."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paris, which didn't know about the Battle of Charleroi, knew about the
+Battle of the Marne. Paris knew about the Battle of the Marne not only
+on account of the troops who marched through its streets, but because
+it heard the big guns roar for three days, without stopping, towards
+the north.
+
+What has not already been written and said about the Battle of the
+Marne, a conflict which will remain legendary in history? What will
+not be said and written on that subject in the future?... Some writers
+will see in it a miracle, others a strategic action engineered by a
+genius, others a chance stroke of destiny. The truth of the matter is
+more simple and appealing than any of these explanations and, although
+the whole truth is not yet known about the fight at the Marne, enough
+is known to make clear the two or three chief reasons why victory came
+to France and defeat to Germany, safety to civilization and a repulse
+to barbarism.
+
+To be sure there was a great deal of strategy in it; and the stroke
+that was conceived in the master brain of Joffre and carried out by
+Generals Gallieni and Maunoury--a stroke which consisted in forming a
+new army on the extreme right of the German hordes to come and hurl
+itself sharply against these hordes--was a brave and bold maneuver
+which prepared the way for victory.
+
+But this maneuver would not in itself have sufficed to win the victory
+if Maunoury had not attacked with an irresistible elan on the extreme
+left, upsetting the German plan of battle; if Franchet d'Esperey had
+not supported Maunoury's attack vigorously and succeeded in breaking
+the German left; if, especially, Foch, at the center, had not
+performed unheard of miracles in breaking down the enemy's resistance
+and not allowing his own lines to be broken; if, farther on, de Langle
+de Cary and Sarrail had not held off the Princes of Bavaria and
+Prussia before Vitry; if, on the right, de Castelnau had not held
+until the end the Grand Couronne at Nancy. The first truth is that
+they were all--Joffre, Gallieni, Maunoury, Franchet d'Esperey, Foch,
+de Langle de Cary, Sarrail, Castelnau, Dubail, to mention them in the
+order of the battle line from left to right--absolutely incomparable.
+As an eye-witness said, "each man was on his own," each man gave the
+very best there was in his brain, his skill, his mind, his soul, his
+heart. The battle would have been lost if a single one of them had
+failed once during the entire seven days it raged. Opposed to the Huns
+was a chain forged of the finest steel, every link in which met the
+test for equal and unparalleled resistance. Therein lay the miracle of
+the Marne!
+
+And the second great truth is that behind these generals, who all
+showed themselves without equal, were armies which, without exception,
+had kept intact their fighting spirit, that is, their faith in
+themselves, in their leaders, in the destiny of their country, in the
+beauty of the cause for which they fought.... Enough can never be said
+of the elemental importance that lies in the morale of the fighting
+men on the battle field. It is lamentable to hear far distant
+strategists reduce the conflict of two peoples to a problem in tactics
+or a list of ordnance statistics. It is enough to make angels weep
+when spectators, at a safe distance, speak of succoring a beaten
+people by sending them food stuffs, shells and men. Above all, beyond
+all, is that immaterial, incalculable, invaluable force which is the
+sole true mistress of warfare--moral force--fighting spirit!
+
+The Frenchmen in the Battle of the Marne kept their fighting spirit
+intact. I remember asking many of the officers attached to the forces
+which, after the Battle of Charleroi, retreated under a broiling sun,
+along roads burning with heat, through a suffocating dust, how they
+felt at this disheartening time. All of them answered, "We did not
+know where we were going or what we were doing, but we did know one
+thing--that we would beat them!" One writer, Pierre Laserre, described
+this retreat in the words, "Their bodies were retreating, but not
+their souls!" This is proven by the arrival on the fifth of September
+of Joffre's immortal order, "The hour has come to hold our positions
+at any cost, and to fight rather than retreat.... No longer must we
+look at the enemy over our shoulders; the time has come to employ all
+our efforts in attacking and defeating him."... That evening, when
+they heard their leader's appeal, the hearts of the men bounded in
+response. The next morning, at dawn, their bodies leaped up and hurled
+themselves on the enemy. Therein lay the miracle of the Marne!
+
+Finally, at the very hour when the fighting spirit of the French Army
+had never been higher, the fighting spirit of the German Army had
+never been lower. It was low because the physical strength of the
+Germans was low, worn out, and broken by the shameful orgies, the
+disgraceful drinking which had reduced these men to the level of
+swine. It was low because the German fighting men had been led to
+believe that they would have to fight no longer, that the great effort
+was ended, that there was no French Army to put a stop to their
+pillaging and burning. "Tomorrow we enter Paris, we are going to the
+Moulin Rouge," von Kluck's soldiers said in their jargon to the
+inhabitants of Compiegne. "Tomorrow we will burn Bar-le-Duc,
+Poincare's home town," the Crown Prince's soldiers said. What sort of
+resistance could such men oppose to Joffre's soldiers? Their spirit,
+granting that they had ever had any, was broken beforehand. And that
+is another thing that will explain the outcome of the Battle of the
+Marne.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What Paris knew very quickly, very completely and very surely were the
+details of frightful looting and of the first atrocities perpetrated
+by the Germans, who demonstrated a premeditated intention to destroy,
+defile and wipe out everything in their path. And Paris was doubtless
+the first city in France to comprehend the significance of this war,
+which is a war of civilization against barbarism, a sacred war in
+which the forces of humanity raise a rampart of human breasts against
+the violent reappearance of primitive savagery.
+
+Those of us who had a hand in some part of the Battle of the Marne
+were not slow to comprehend who the enemy was we were fighting and why
+we had to fight him to the death.
+
+Among the many things that will be always engraved on the tablets of
+my memory, the deepest is of the time when I was on guard at the field
+of battle on the Ourcq, north of Meaux, on the extremity of the battle
+line of the Marne. Field of battle I have just written. No, it was not
+a field of battle but a field of carnage. I have forgotten the corpses
+I met in the roads or in the fields with their grinning faces and
+their distorted attitudes. But I shall never forget the ruin that was
+everywhere, the abominable manner in which the fields had been laid
+waste, the sacrilegious pillage of homes. That bore the trade mark of
+German "Kultur." That trade mark will be enough to dishonor a nation
+for centuries.
+
+I see again those humble villages situated along the road to Meaux,
+Penchard, Marcilly, Chambry, Etrepilly, where a barbarian horde had
+passed. Since there were no inhabitants remaining--men whose throats
+could be cut, women who could be violated, or babies to shoot
+down--the horde had vented its rage on the furniture and the poor
+little familiar objects in which each one of us puts a bit of his
+soul.
+
+I arrived in Etrepilly at the same time as a detachment of Zouaves.
+While they piously buried their companions who had fallen in forcing
+their way into the village, I wandered alone among the ruins. There
+had been a hundred houses there, and not a single one was untouched.
+Some had been hit by shells, and the shell which burst in the interior
+of the house had destroyed everything. That, of course, was war, and
+there was nothing to say about it.
+
+But other houses, which had been spared by shell fire, had not been
+spared by the Kaiser's soldiery. The Barbarians had placed their claws
+on them. Everything had been taken out of the houses and scattered to
+the four winds of heaven. Here is a portrait that has been wrenched
+from its frame and trampled on. A baby's bathtub has been carried into
+the garden, and the soldiers have deposited their excrement in it.
+There are chairs that have been smashed by the kicks of heavy boots
+and wardrobes that have been disemboweled. Here is a fine old mahogany
+table that has been carried into the fields for five hundred meters
+and then broken in two. An old red damask armchair, with wings at the
+sides, one of those old armchairs in which the grandmothers of France
+sit by the fire in the evening has been torn in shreds by knife
+thrusts. Linen is mixed with mud; the white veil some girl wore at her
+first communion is defiled with excrement.... An old man is wandering
+among the ruins. He has just come back to the devastated village. He
+says to me simply:
+
+"I saw them in 1870. They came here, but they didn't do this. They are
+savages."
+
+A woman was there, too. She had come an hour or so ago with the old
+man, and she stood on the step of her defiled, despoiled home where
+the curtains hung in tatters at the windows. She saw me pass by. She
+wanted to speak to me, but her voice stuck in her throat. There she
+stood, her arms extended like a great cross. She could only sob:
+
+"Look! Look!"
+
+And she was like a symbol of the whole wretched business.
+
+The men who do such deeds are the men France is fighting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Vincy-Manoeuvre was another one of the villages. It is situated near
+the border of the Department of the Oise. It was still in flames when
+I entered it. On the outskirts of the hamlet there used to be a large
+factory. Only the iron framework of this factory remained; the ashes
+had commenced to smoke, giving forth flames from time to time. Here
+also every house had been destroyed and pillaged. Only the church
+remained standing, and on the belfry which was silhouetted against the
+sky, the weather cock seemed to shudder with horror.
+
+Bottles covered the ground everywhere at Vincy-Manoeuvre. There were
+bottles in the streets, along the highways, in the fields. They
+marked the road by which the vanquished hordes had retreated. I
+counted almost two hundred in one trench, where a German battery had
+been placed. They lay pell-mell, mixed in with unexploded shells.
+Panic had apparently swept the gunners away. They had not had time to
+carry off their shells, so they had left them behind. But they had had
+time to empty the bottles. Absinthe, brandy, rum, champagne, beer, and
+wine had all been consumed, and the labels lay alongside of each
+other. Drunken, bloodthirsty brutes, thieving, sickening, nauseous
+beasts were what had descended upon France and passed through her
+country. Ruins, ashes and filth were the traces left behind by the
+German mob.
+
+Some hundreds of yards from the village I noticed a woman lost in the
+immense beet fields. Apparently she was unharmed. I walked in her
+direction, thrusting aside with my legs corpses of men and horses,
+scaling the trenches, making a circuit around the craters made by
+shells. Suddenly what was my surprise at seeing two German soldiers,
+accompanied by a farmer, coming along a footpath! They stopped at six
+paces, gave me a military salute, and pointed to the white brassard of
+the Red Cross they wore on their arms.
+
+"Where do you come from?" I asked. "What are you doing here?"
+
+"We come from that farm, where we have been for two days caring for
+two of our wounded. We didn't see any French soldier or officer. We
+don't know what to do. We want to go to the village down there," they
+pointed out a hamlet two or three kilometers off, "where we left a
+doctor and one hundred and fifty-three wounded."
+
+"Very good," I said, "follow me."
+
+Obediently the two orderlies marched behind me to the village they had
+pointed out. It was situated on the national highway to Soissons. In
+this place were a hundred and fifty or two hundred Germans, quartered
+in four or five houses under the guard of a company of Zouaves who had
+just arrived a half hour previously. The German major, informed of my
+arrival, stood in front of the main building. He wore gold-rimmed
+spectacles, his face was the type the Alsatian Hansi loves to show in
+his books. He spoke very good French and even pretended that he did
+not want to answer the questions I asked him in his own language.
+
+"Show me your wounded," I ordered.
+
+He immediately conducted me everywhere, explaining the nature of each
+wound. Some were suffering and groaning; others, seeing the uniform of
+a French officer, tried to raise themselves up and salute.
+
+The German major asked:
+
+"When they come to evacuate the wounded to Meaux or some other place,
+do you suppose I shall be allowed to accompany them and continue my
+treatment?"
+
+"I don't know," I replied, "but there is one thing you can be sure of.
+My superiors will act in accordance with the demands of humanity. Now
+you follow me."
+
+I led him outside to the doorstep. I pointed out the poor homes of the
+village, ruined, reduced to dust. Everywhere were the dwellings of the
+entire region, with their furniture lying in the mud and ashes.
+
+"Look at that," I said to him. "That is what your men have done."
+
+The German officer turned very pale, then very red. He answered:
+
+"It's sad, but it is war."
+
+"No," I replied, "it isn't war. It's pure barbarism and it's
+abominable."
+
+Some few paces away from us French Zouaves were sitting beside some
+wounded Germans. In their own glasses they poured out a little cordial
+for their prisoners; they gave them their last cigarettes. One of them
+had even taken, as if he were his brother, the head of a wounded
+German in his left hand to support it. With his right hand, very
+carefully, he was giving him a drink. I pointed that out to the German
+major, saying:
+
+"There! That is war--at least it's war as we understand it."
+
+This time he made no answer.
+
+But all the German prisoners repeated what he had said to me as a set
+phrase. On the whole, when you have seen ten German prisoners you
+have seen a thousand; when you have questioned one German officer you
+have questioned fifty. The characteristic of the race is that they
+have abolished all individuality. You find yourself in an amorphous
+mass, cast in a uniform mold, not in the presence of human beings who
+think their own thoughts.
+
+I often saw trains stop in what is called a _gare regulatrice_, where
+the prisoners are questioned and distributed. These trains bring in
+prisoners and their officers. The commandant of the station, in
+accordance with his duty, has the officers appear before him so that
+he can question them:
+
+"Your name? Your rank?"
+
+The German states his name and rank, offering of necessity his
+identification card.
+
+"Your regiment?"
+
+"Such and such a regiment."
+
+"Your army corps?"
+
+"Such and such an army corps."
+
+"Who is the general in command?"
+
+Like an automaton the officer replies:
+
+"_Das sage ich nicht._" ("I can not answer that.")
+
+And you know that it would be an easier matter to make the stone
+beneath your feet talk than one of these prisoners.
+
+However, the commandant frowns slightly, glances over his notes, and
+says coldly:
+
+"I know who your general is. If you belong to such and such an army
+corps, the general in command must be General von Bissing."...
+
+"I have nothing to say."
+
+As a general thing one of the staff had something to say. The
+interpreter, the convoy officer or the station master would get a lot
+of fun out of reciting to the German passages from von Bissing's
+famous and ferocious proclamation ordering that no quarter be given
+and that the troops should not encumber themselves with prisoners.
+Then he would ask:
+
+"What would you say if we were to put such a principle into practice?"
+
+The German often became very pale. He would content himself with a
+shrug of the shoulders--the shrug of the brute who knows that he is
+safe among civilized men.
+
+The men I questioned were often doctors who ranked as majors or held
+some commission in the German medical corps. They were less stiff and
+automaton-like than the officers and sergeants of the line service.
+Their attitude varied in accordance with the number of stars they had
+on their epaulette. If their rank were inferior to mine, they were
+exaggeratedly obsequious, holding their hands along the crease in the
+seam of their trousers with their fingers close together--at strict
+attention. If their rank were superior to mine, they were defiant and
+insolent. Nevertheless, they showed themselves more communicative than
+their comrades of the line service. Most of them spoke French--well
+enough, though not perfectly. All of them had been in Paris, and one
+and all repeated this phrase:
+
+"We know your beautiful country well. We have been in your beautiful
+capital often...."
+
+For my part, I invariably spoke to them of the atrocities their men
+had perpetrated in that beautiful country, or of those they had
+perpetrated in the country of our beautiful neighbor.... Rheims,
+Ypres, Louvain, Andenne, were the names that always returned to my
+lips. I hoped each time that I would get from those men who, in spite
+of everything, were men of science, members of humanity's most
+generous profession, if not a word of contrition at least a banal word
+of regret. Since they had not ordered the sacrileges or the massacres,
+they need not keep silent. But it was all in vain. They also excused,
+justified and explained....
+
+The explanation was simple and stereotyped. For the battered Cathedral
+of Rheims, for the total destruction of Clermont, for the systematic
+laying-waste of Louvain, for the frightful company of old men, women
+and children who were dragged off into captivity, three words were the
+justification--the three words of the German major at Vincy:
+
+"_Das ist Krieg._" ("It is war.")
+
+For the blackened ruins of Senlis, for that charming city of Louvain,
+razed to the ground in one night as completely as if the scourge of
+God had passed through it; for Andenne, assassinated in cold blood
+with not one of its houses being granted mercy by the assassins; for
+Termonde, where General Sommerfeld, seated in a chair in the midst of
+the Grande Place, gave the order that it be burned and replied to the
+entreaties of the mayor:
+
+"No. Burn it to the ground!"
+
+Five other words sufficed to explain everything:
+
+"Civilians fired on our troops."
+
+Not one village in flames, not one desecrated monument, not one
+organized killing, not one tortured city that does not fall under the
+scope of one or the other of those justifications, "War is war," or
+"Civilians fired on our troops."
+
+Doctors, savants, officers, Bavarians, Saxons, and Prussians have
+adopted the double excuse with a marvelous unity: they advance it in a
+certain tone of voice. It is firmly embedded in what is left of their
+consciences as firmly as the iron cross is riveted on their necks.
+
+Besides, it was all planned, wished for, arranged in advance. German
+frightfulness formed a part of the plan of campaign. It is enough to
+read the manual called "Kriegesgebrauch in Landkriege" (Military
+Usage in Landwarfare) to be very much edified. Every German officer
+has had this manual in his hands since the days of peace. It comprised
+his rules of warfare. It was a part of his war equipment, the same as
+his field glasses and his staff-officer's card. And here is what he
+reads on the very first page:
+
+     War carried on energetically can not be directed against the
+     inhabitants and fortified places of the hostile state alone;
+     it will endeavor, it ought to endeavor to _destroy equally
+     all the enemy's intellectual and material resources_.
+     Humanitarian considerations, that is, consideration for the
+     persons of individuals and for the sake of propriety, can
+     have no recognition unless the end and nature of the war
+     allow it.
+
+And, a little farther on, he reads there:
+
+     Profound study of the history of war will make the officer
+     guard against exaggerated humanitarian concessions, will
+     teach him that war can not take place without certain
+     harshness, _that true humanity consists in proceeding
+     without tenderness_.
+
+Farther along in that book, he reads:
+
+     All the methods invented by the technic of modern warfare,
+     the most perfected as well as the most dangerous, _those
+     which kill the greatest number at once, are permitted_.
+     These last are conducive to the quickest end of the war;
+     they are, if you consider matters carefully, the most humane
+     methods.... Prisoners may be killed in case of necessity if
+     there is no other means of guarding them properly.... The
+     presence of women, children, old men, the sick and the
+     wounded in a beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in
+     consequence it would be very foolish of the beseiger to
+     renounce this advantage.... They will force the inhabitants
+     to furnish information concerning their army, military
+     resources and secrets of their country. The majority of
+     writers in all nations condemn this usage. _It will be used
+     none the less_--very regretfully--for military reasons.
+
+Finally, on the volume's last page, is found this extraordinary maxim:
+
+     "Any wrong that the war demands, however great it may be, is
+     allowed."
+
+Therefore the horrors which the Germans performed from the war's very
+beginning, which provoked an expression of great indignation from all
+the civilized world, were not perpetrated in a moment of orgy or
+madness. They have been perpetrated coldly, deliberately,
+intentionally.
+
+Besides, not only the officers and the common soldiers have been
+taught to make war in this barbarous fashion. It has been taught to
+the entire German people. This precept proves the case. It emanates
+not from a soldier but from a poet, who is not addressing the military
+class but the civilians, the women, the children, and all Germany. It
+is the "Hymn of Hate" by the poet Heinrich Vierordt, which, before the
+war, was recited in even the German kindergartens:
+
+     Hate, Germany! Slit the throats of your millions of enemies.
+     Raise a monument of their smoking corpses that will rise to
+     the heavens!
+
+     Germany, arm yourself with brazen armor and pierce with your
+     bayonet the heart of every enemy. Take no prisoners! Strike
+     them dumb. Transform into deserts the lands that lie near
+     you!
+
+     Hate, Germany! Victory will come from your anger. Shatter
+     their skulls with blows from your ax and the butt of your
+     musket. These brigands are timid beasts.... They are not
+     men.... May your fist perform the judgment of God!
+
+It is useless to say what this spirit has brought about. Germany has
+carried on the war with vigor, has armed herself with brazen armor!
+She has transformed neighboring lands into deserts! She has slit
+throats, laid waste fields, shattered skulls, she has destroyed all
+that lay in her path! She has tried to impress the terror she holds
+salutary upon the souls of inoffensive old men and women and children!
+
+This is the first of all the reasons why it is necessary now to fight,
+and to fight to the death; because these men will understand the
+abominable nature of "frightfulness" only when they see that
+"frightfulness" does not pay; only when they see the uselessness of
+unchaining horror and of beginning another war. Let an assassin go at
+liberty and he will commence his killing all over again; send him to
+the electric chair and he will regret his crime.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just as France and Paris were not long in understanding what war meant
+in Germany's mind, France and Paris were not long in accounting for
+the danger they had passed through on account of the German spy
+system, on account of the formidable web of espionage the German
+agents had woven around all France.
+
+People felt that this German spy system was there, speculated about it
+and talked about it for years and years, but it was only in the first
+days of the war that they really appreciated how diabolical it was and
+how far it had penetrated into the heart of France.
+
+What happened at Amiens at the beginning of September, 1914, is
+especially characteristic of this.
+
+Amiens was occupied twice by the enemy. To use the expression of a
+military historian, it seemed as if "the French and the Germans were
+playing hide-and-seek around the town." As soon as the blue caps of
+the French appeared over the horizon, the yellow pointed helmets of
+the Germans disappeared, rapidly. German occupation meant the same
+thing it did everywhere else--exactions, brutalities, rape.
+Immediately after he had entered the Prefecture, the German governor
+levied a war contribution of one million francs. He also demanded that
+the citizens furnish his troops with wine, cigars, and tobacco; drew
+up a list of hostages; and arrested all the men between the ages of
+seventeen and twenty years. Within twenty-four hours they were led
+away under guard.
+
+Nothing of all this surprised the brave Picard city. Proudly she
+submitted to her fate. But one thing moved her, or rather angered her,
+and that was the surety and speed with which the German authorities
+went directly to all the places they should occupy. They did not
+hesitate an instant about the street to follow or the door at which to
+knock. The arrest of the fifteen hundred young hostages occurred with
+an unheard-of rapidity. It seemed as if an invisible but exceedingly
+clever hand guided each step, regulated each movement of the invaders.
+Who could it be who directed, advised and commanded the Germans from
+behind a veil?
+
+Doubtless the mystery would never have been solved if, during the
+second occupation, the citizens had not been warned that the next day
+they would have to keep their shades down and close all shutters
+because His Imperial Highness, Prince Eitel Friedrich, the Kaiser's
+son, would then make a formal entry into the capital of Picardy. The
+shutters were closed; automatically the streets were emptied.
+
+Into a deserted city, to the sound of trumpet and drum, preceded by a
+staff gleaming with gold braid and mounted on spirited steeds, the
+German army entered in state. All the shades were drawn in the city.
+However, behind some of them drawn faces peered forth in sorrow or in
+anger. In a house on the principal street was a lady whose husband was
+at the front. Her father, an aged general who had fought bravely in
+the war of 1870, was with her. Through the drawn shades of her home
+she was watching the hated scene. And her glorious old father,
+however indignant he felt, was watching by her side.
+
+When the parade was passing by, he made a sudden gesture and said:
+
+"Look at that man on the horse, there, now!"
+
+The man in question seemed to have a horse that pranced a little more
+than the others. He rolled around in his saddle a little more than the
+others. And the two onlookers had no trouble in recognizing this
+aide-de-camp of Prince Eitel's as one of the former directors of a
+language school that had had a branch at Amiens!
+
+There is a sequel to the story ... for on the afternoon of that
+unhappy day Madame X and ten other society ladies of Amiens at
+different times heard a ring at their doors and saw that same
+individual, in full regalia, booted and spurred, enter their drawing
+rooms. He came to call on them, to pay his respects, as if it were the
+most natural thing in the world that he should be there in that
+costume. They all had to restrain the feeling of disgust and anger
+this spy aroused in their breasts. It was for the sake of the safety
+of their homes, for the lives that were dear to them, that they did
+this. And he, entirely unconscious in his vileness, was suave and
+polite, played the man about town, recalled one thing or another,
+mentioned dances and parties....
+
+So we once more find justification for the famous definition of German
+contained in Schopenhauer's famous phrase: "The German is remarkable
+for the absolute lack of that feeling which the Latins call
+'verecundia'--sense of shame."
+
+The essence of this feeling which is found among the most savage
+peoples is entirely lacking in the Teutonic race. And once more we
+find an abominable ambush placed for French culture, good faith and
+generosity.
+
+This is not an isolated incident. When the whole truth is known, there
+will be even more surprised indignation felt than there is at present.
+Inquiries will have to be made. It will be necessary to know why the
+enemy, in certain places, has rushed in as if he came out of a trap
+door. It will be necessary to know why, in certain ravaged districts,
+some houses have been entirely destroyed and others carefully spared.
+It will be necessary to know why tennis courts have been put in
+certain places and why certain masses of rhododendrons have been
+planted in certain parks....
+
+For we know that the tennis courts have helped the Germans carry out
+their schemes, and that the flower beds have had a place in the
+machinery of war they were developing, which they kept alive until
+they were at our gates. A tennis match seems a mere nothing--something
+very innocent in the way of pleasure, far from being war-like. And
+then, one fine day the discovery is made that the tennis court has a
+foundation of reinforced concrete twenty centimeters thick, fit to
+support a house six stories high and, consequently, a heavy gun!
+
+A clump of rhododendrons is very lovely, something very gracious,
+charming, most poetic. And one day the discovery is made that the
+clump conceals a platform set in concrete on which an entire battery
+can be aligned.
+
+All that will have to be investigated. All that will have to be
+stopped.... And it makes another reason why it is necessary to fight
+today, to fight to the death. For these Germans will understand the
+inanity of their Machiavellian scheming and of their spy system only
+when they shall see these methods fall to pieces, when they shall see
+their system fail absolutely.
+
+In conclusion we may say that France fights for two reasons. The first
+reason is because on the third of August at a quarter before seven
+o'clock war was declared on her; she was forced to fight; her
+territory was invaded, her cities burned to the ground; her fields
+ravaged; her citizens massacred. The second reason is because she does
+not want to have to fight in the future; she does not wish this horror
+to be reproduced a second time; she wishes, in the immortal words of
+Washington, "that plague of mankind, war, banished off the earth."
+
+To accomplish this the engine that makes war must be destroyed. The
+engine that makes war is "made in Germany." War is the national
+industry of the Germans, it has been developed and made perfect in
+Germany, it is dear to all German hearts. They are proud of it and
+have faith in its power. The machine must not only be stopped; it must
+be broken and destroyed, thrown out as scrap iron to prevent the
+pieces from being reassembled, readjusted and put in running order
+once again.
+
+That is why France is fighting, why the whole world ought to fight to
+the end, to death or until victory crowns its efforts.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+
+Two words, courage and tenacity, will serve the future historian in
+his description of how France fought, when the time shall have come
+for telling the entire story of the world war.
+
+No one has ever doubted French courage throughout all the centuries of
+her tormented history; but skeptical remarks have been made in times
+past of the tenacity of the French people.
+
+Ten epigrams do not describe this war; nor do three. But one alone
+serves this purpose--know how to endure. No more thoughtful words have
+ever been spoken than those of the Japanese, Marshall Nogi: "Victory
+is won by the nation that can suffer a quarter of an hour longer than
+its opponent."
+
+During the four years of war, France has proven that she knew how to
+suffer and was able to suffer a quarter of an hour longer than her
+enemies.
+
+They knew how to suffer, those soldiers of General Maunoury's army in
+the Battle of the Marne. And they turned the tide of battle in favor
+of French arms. They marched, fought and died for five days and five
+nights, in the passing of which some battalions marched forty-two
+kilometers and did not sleep for more than two hours at a time. The
+mobility of the fighting units was such that the commissary department
+was absolutely unable to supply them with rations. For three days many
+of them had no bread, no meat, nothing at all! They subsisted on
+crusts they had with them, or on the food they were able, by the
+fortunes of battle, to pick up in the villages where they happened to
+be. In spite of all this, whenever the order was given to charge, they
+charged the enemy with a sort of inspired madness.
+
+"The fight has been a hard one," Marshall Joffre wrote in an order of
+the day that will be famous throughout eternity. "The casualties, the
+number of men worn out by the exhaustion due to lack of sleep--and
+sometimes of food--passed all imagining.... Comrades, the commander in
+chief has asked you to do more than your duty, and you have responded
+to this request by accomplishing the impossible." That is the finest
+word of praise that has been given fighting men since the world began.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+They knew how to suffer, those other soldiers of the Battle of the
+Marne who were a part of General Foch's army at Fere-Champenoise. Five
+times they attacked the Chateau de Mondement, and five times they were
+driven back. Their officers were consulting as to the best thing to
+do; and the men surrounded the officers, begging them with tears in
+their eyes to lead them to the assault for the sixth time. For the
+sixth time the attack was sounded, and at the sixth assault Chateau de
+Mondement fell.
+
+That officer at Verdun knew how to suffer. He will remain a figure
+for the legends of the future for, running to transmit an order, he
+received a bullet in the eyes which shattered his optic nerve. He was
+completely blinded. Nevertheless, he continued to advance, trying to
+grope his way through the night that had fallen upon him. He
+encountered something lying on the ground--a something that was a man
+just as badly wounded. The blind man besought him for help.
+
+"How can I help you," said the wounded man, "a shell has broken both
+my legs."
+
+"What difference does that make," shouted the blinded man, "I am going
+to carry you on my back. My legs will be yours, and your eyes will be
+mine."
+
+And, one supporting the other, the blinded man and the lamed man
+carried on!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That officer knew how to suffer whom one of my brothers met on the
+battle field of Lorraine. An artillery officer, his arm was shattered,
+a few bits of flesh barely holding it fast to his shoulder. My
+brother, when he saw the man painfully dragging himself along, asked
+him whether or not he needed help.
+
+"I don't need help," replied the wounded man, "but my battery down
+there does. It is retreating."
+
+"If it is retreating, it can't be helped and it is a waste of time for
+me to get it ammunition...."
+
+"No," begged the lieutenant, "get the munitions. We Colonials fight
+until the last man falls...."
+
+He offered to guide my brother, mounted beside him on the artillery
+caisson, and stayed there all day. For after he had supplied his own
+battery, it was the battery next it, and then the one next to that,
+which he wanted to supply.... Finally, in the evening, at nightfall,
+they came to take him off in the ambulance. The major looked at his
+shattered arm, examined his frightful wound, and muttered:
+
+"You are in a bad way. Couldn't you have come here sooner?"
+
+The lieutenant replied humbly:
+
+"Pardon me, I lost a lot of time on the way."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Those men I saw for months fighting and dying to the south of Verdun,
+at the Butte des Eparges, knew how to suffer.
+
+The Butte des Eparges dominates the great plain of the Woevre, and
+from the very beginning it has been the theater of a frightful and
+long drawn out battle of the kind one seldom sees in this war. The
+Germans have been entrenched on the left side of the Butte, the French
+on the right. And day and night for four years there has been an
+incessant battle over its summit of grenades, bombs and shells; a
+terrible hand-to-hand fight in which neither one of the contestants
+yields an inch of ground. A brook of blood runs its interrupted course
+on each slope. On the south slope it is red with German blood; with
+French blood on the north.
+
+The two slopes of the Butte have been so raked by firing that they
+have not a single tree, bush, or blades of grass on them; they stand
+out sinister and frightful in their nakedness, seeming to cry out to
+the men of the plain:
+
+"See, all of you, the scourge of God has passed over this place."
+
+They are dented, furrowed and blown into crevasses by the explosions
+of mines; they are sown over with the enormous funnels in which the
+fighters take shelter; they are covered with an incessant smoke from
+the projectiles that plow them up.
+
+As for the summit, it is a no man's land, that belongs to the dead men
+whose bodies cover it. The summit stopped being a battle field to
+become a charnel house. The number of men who have fallen there will
+never be known. The most fantastic figures come from the lips of those
+who come down ... 5,000, 8,000, 10,000 ... it will never be known. But
+what is known is that the dead are always there. They form a parapet
+above which the living fight on. These dead rot in the sunshine and in
+the rain. In accordance with the wind's being from the east or the
+west, the frightful odor of all this rotten flesh strikes the Germans
+or the French. They lie there, an indistinguishable mass on the
+ground, and the men are unlucky who watch by night in the listening
+posts or the trenches. They think they are stumbling against a stone,
+and it is a skull their feet are touching; they think they are picking
+up the branch of a tree, and they have hold of the arm of a corpse.
+
+However, in the shadow of this human charnel house, at the edge of
+this bloody sewer, some little French soldiers come and go, eat and
+sleep for months at a time. The dreadfulness of the sights, the stench
+in the air, the tragic presence of death has not gripped their souls,
+their courage or their nerves. They are no less confident and merry
+than the others and, in the evening, when the setting sun adds the
+purple of its shadows to the red of all the blood that has been shed
+on the Butte, they sing from the depths of their charnel house sweet
+love songs.... This is the most regally beautiful sight I have seen in
+this war; it is the most splendidly moving example I know of what
+personal sacrifice for one's country's sake can do.
+
+One day, in a rest village in the neighborhood, I met a soldier from
+one of the battalions which was encamped in the charnel house. He was
+a boy twenty years old, who hurried along with a flower in his
+buttonhole, whistling a tune.... He was so joyful that I asked him:
+
+"You seem as happy as you can be."
+
+"I have leave, Sir," he answered, "and in a week I shall go to the
+country to see my mother. But, for the present, I have to go and take
+the trench at Eparges...."
+
+As he mentioned the name of the accursed Butte, I could not repress a
+movement. He saw it and said:
+
+"Sir, I am glad to go there."
+
+And he told me his name and the number of his company. Then he hurried
+away.
+
+It chanced that precisely one week later I met one of his officers. I
+asked him about the merry fellow.
+
+"That man? He was killed the day before yesterday at Eparges."
+
+And my comrade added in a low voice:
+
+"He was shot down at my side, struck with a bullet square in the
+chest. The death agony set in at once. As I was trying to do something
+for him, passing my hand gently across his forehead, I said to him:
+
+"Courage, my boy, courage."
+
+He murmured the reply:
+
+"Oh, I'm glad to die."
+
+Glad ... the same phrase, the same words I had heard a week ago, which
+can be heard everywhere on the French front--and they are glad to go
+into all the trenches and into all the charnel houses, and it is with
+a happy heart that they rest in peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But France has not only fought with all her courage, with all her
+soul, with all her tenacity. She has fought with all her living
+strength, with her men, her women, even her children.
+
+What can I say which has not already been said about the men? When I
+think of my own men, when I think of all the men floundering and
+fighting in this mud, I can find no other means of expression than
+the words that have already served the Commander in Chief of the
+French Army, General Petain, on the evening of his great victory at
+the Chemin des Dames. In receiving the American newspapermen, he said
+to them:
+
+"Do not speak of us, the generals and the officers. Speak only of the
+men. We have done nothing; the men have done everything. Our men are
+wonderful; we, their leaders, can only kneel at their feet."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The women have been no less wonderful. And I want to write a few words
+about them.
+
+The women who are at the front have fought like the men. Can you
+imagine a more beautiful deed of arms than that of a young girl,
+twenty years old, named Marcelle Semer, whose heroic story a French
+Cabinet Minister, M. Klotz, told recently at one of the Matinees
+Nationales at the Sorbonne.
+
+In August, 1914, there lived at Eclusier, near Frise, a young girl
+with gray eyes and blonde hair named Marcelle Semer. She was twenty
+years old at the time and kept accounts in addition to overseeing the
+work of a factory. At the time of the August invasion, after the
+Battle of Charleroi, the French tried to halt the Germans at the
+Somme. Not being in sufficient force, they retreated, crossing the
+river and the canal. The enemy immediately pursued. Marcelle Semer,
+who was following the French troops, had the presence of mind, after
+the last soldier had crossed the Somme Canal, to open the drawbridge
+in order to prevent the Germans from crossing it, and to hurl the key
+to the bridge into the canal in order that they might not take it from
+her when they came up. An entire enemy army corps was thus detained
+for twenty-four hours by this young girl's presence of mind; and it
+was only on the following day that the enemy, having found some boats
+on the Somme, made a bridge of them and passed over the canal. But the
+French soldiers were already far away.
+
+The Germans were masters of the neighborhood for some days. They
+seized the inhabitants as hostages and shut them up in a cave.
+Marcelle Semer secretly carried them food. She also carried
+sustenance to other inhabitants who had hidden in the woods or in
+cellars. She succored and concealed the soldiers whom wounds or
+fatigue had prevented from following the main body of troops. She
+contrived that sixteen of them, dressed as civilians, escaped. Then
+she was apprehended by the Germans, arrested and led into the presence
+of a court-martial. The judgment was summary, and after a quarter of
+an hour's questioning Marcelle Semer was condemned to death.
+
+"Do you admit," asked the presiding officer, "that you helped French
+soldiers to escape?"
+
+"I certainly do," she replied. "I managed it so that sixteen of them
+escaped, and they are beyond your reach. Now you can do what you want
+to me. I am an orphan. I have only one mother--France. She does not
+disturb me when I'm dying."
+
+This was one time when God intervened. Marcelle did not die. Brought
+to the place of execution, at the very moment when they were about to
+shoot, the French reentered the village and, by a miracle, she escaped
+her executioners. Today she wears the Croix de Guerre and the medal of
+the Legion of Honor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+They were Frenchwomen and fighters, these women whose names and deeds
+are to be found in the columns of the "Journal Officiel." Read, for
+example, this citation concerning Madame Macherez, President of the
+Association des Dames Francaises de Soissons:
+
+     She willingly assumed the responsibility and the danger of
+     representing the city before the enemy, and defended or
+     managed the interests of the population in the absence of
+     the mayor and the majority of the members of the town
+     council. In spite of an intense bombardment which partially
+     ruined the city, she took the most effective means possible
+     to maintain calm in the city and to protect the lives of the
+     inhabitants.
+
+In this department, a lay instructress, Mlle. Cheron, merited a
+citation which does not contain the least over-praise:
+
+     She evidenced the greatest energy in difficult
+     circumstances. Charged with the duties of Secretary to the
+     Mayor, and alone at the time of the arrival of the Germans,
+     she was not disconcerted by their threats, and kept her head
+     in the face of their demands with remarkable calm and
+     decision. When our troops returned, she assumed
+     responsibility for the service and feeding of the
+     cantonment. She personally took the steps necessary for the
+     identification and burial of the dead. Finally, she was able
+     to prevent panic at the time of the bombardment by the force
+     of her example and her encouragement of the populace.
+
+Those three nuns were also Frenchwomen and fighters of whom the
+"Journal Officiel" in the general order spoke as follows:
+
+     Mlle. Rosnet, Marie, sister of the order of St. Vincent de
+     Paul, Mother Superior of the Hospice at Clermont-en-Argonne,
+     remained alone in the village and showed during the German
+     occupation an energy and coolness beyond all praise. Having
+     received a promise from the enemy that they would respect
+     the town in exchange for the care the sisters gave their
+     wounded, she protested to the German commander against the
+     burning of the town with the observation that "the word of a
+     German officer is not worth that of a French officer." Thus
+     she obtained the help of a company of sappers who fought the
+     flames. She gave the most devoted care to the wounded,
+     German as well as French....
+
+     Mlle. Constance, Mother Superior of the Hospice at
+     Badonvillers, during the three successive German occupations
+     in 1914, assisted the sisters and remained bravely at her
+     post night and day, in spite of all danger, and was busy
+     everywhere with a devotion truly admirable....
+
+     Mlle. Brasseur, Sister Etienne, Mother Superior of the
+     Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul in the Hospital at Compiegne,
+     from the war's beginning at the head of a staff whose
+     tireless devotion has deserved all praise, has given the
+     most intelligent and enlightened care to numerous wounded
+     men. During the time of the German occupation, her coolness
+     and energetic attitude assured the safety of the
+     establishment she directed. Her brave initiative allowed
+     several French soldiers to escape from captivity.
+
+The modest postmistress and telegraph operator was a Frenchwoman and a
+fighter, who, in the little village of Houpelines, in the north of the
+country, deserved this citation in the orders of the day, of which
+thousands of soldiers would be proud:
+
+     Refusing to obey the order that was given her to leave her
+     post, she remained in spite of the danger. On the first of
+     October the Germans entered her office, smashed her
+     apparatus and threatened her with death. Mlle. Deletete, who
+     had put her valuables and accounts in safe-keeping, gave
+     evidence of the greatest calmness. From the seventeenth on
+     she endured the bombardment. Her office having been damaged
+     severely by the enemy's fire, she took refuge in the civil
+     hospice, where four persons were killed at her side. She
+     resumed her duties on the twenty-third, since which date she
+     has continued to perform them in the face of frequent
+     bombardments which have found many victims.
+
+The women behind the lines have been worthy of their sisters at the
+front.
+
+In the forges, the foundries, the factories and the munition plants
+they have not feared to don the blouse of the workingman, and on this
+blouse they wear as insignia a large grenade like that on the brassard
+of the mobilized men. Note these figures. On the first of February,
+1916, the civil establishments of war, the munition plants, and the
+Marine workshops employed 127,792 women. The number has increased, and
+on the first of March, 1917, they numbered 375,582 women. On the first
+of January, 1918, the women working in the factories manufacturing war
+material amounted to 475,000; that is to say, in round numbers, a half
+million.
+
+Others, in the hospitals, ambulance and dispensaries have devoted
+themselves to the wounded, the mutilated, the sick and the suffering,
+to the sacrifice of their health, their youth, and sometimes their
+life itself. Here again the figures are eloquent--they speak for
+themselves. Three great societies, constituting the French Red Cross,
+have carried on this work of charity and devotion--the Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses Militaires, the Union des Dames de France, and The
+Association des Dames Francaises. At the war's outbreak the Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses had 375 hospitals with 17,939 beds; today it has
+796 hospitals with 67,000 beds and 15,510 graduated nurses, three
+thousand of whom are employed in military hospitals. On the
+thirty-first of December, 1916, the Union des Dames de France had 363
+hospitals with 30,000 beds and more than 20,000 graduate or volunteer
+nurses. From August, 1914, to March, 1917, the Association des Dames
+Francaises had raised the number of its hospitals from 100 to 350, and
+from 5,000 to 18,000 the number of its beds; the number of its
+graduate nurses from 5,000 to 7,000.
+
+On the thirty-first of December, 1916, the three societies counted
+about 42,000,000 days of hospital work, 25,000,000 for the Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses alone. From the beginning of the war, this society
+has expended for equipment the sum of 38,700,000 francs.
+
+Aside from these there are other figures which show the material
+effort of the Frenchwomen which I can not pass over in silence. They
+show the civic devotion of which they are capable. The Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses has been granted one cross of the Legion of Honor,
+94 Croix de Guerre, 119 Medailles d'Honneur des epidemies. The
+Association des Dames Francaises has won 17 Croix de Guerre and 80
+Medailles des epidemies. The Union des Femmes de France has won 39
+Croix de Guerre. And last comes the glorious list of martyrs of the
+societies: 110 nurses have died in the devoted performance of their
+duties.
+
+The heroism of these valiant women, many of whom remained in the
+occupied territories, will be the eternal pride of France. Madame
+Perouse, President of the Union des Femmes de France wrote to M. Louis
+Barthou telling him the number of women who had risked their liberty,
+their life, their honor even, to protect in the face of the ferocious
+enemy the sacred rights of the French wounded. It is fitting to add
+that, if they have taken care of the German wounded as well as the
+French wounded, they can always recall the reply of a devoted teacher
+of the Marne district, Mlle. Fouriaux, to a German major:
+
+"Sir, we have only done our duty as nurses, never forgetting that we
+are Frenchwomen."
+
+Mlle. Joulin, a nurse at Douai, did not forget her duty as a
+Frenchwoman. She was held a prisoner by the Germans for a year in the
+camp at Holzminden, in which she took the place of the mother of five
+children who had been put down on the list of hostages drawn up by the
+German barbarians.
+
+And if you would know where these heroic women have poured out their
+courage, their coolness and their physical resistance, which they have
+put in the service of their country and of humanity, you have but to
+listen to the declaration of one of them, Mlle. Canton-Baccara, who
+has been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, for having shown
+bravery and exceptional devotion in the face of the greatest danger:
+
+"The wounded soldier who suffers," said Mlle. Canton-Baccara, "the
+soldier who is complaining or the peasant who is weeping for the farm
+that has been pillaged, a woman's smile ought to console and her voice
+ought, under all circumstances, to be ready to recall to him that
+above these sufferings and troubles, above the paltry struggles of
+interest and ambition, there is, above all this, France, our France,
+which matters before all else."
+
+Still other women, who were neither in the hospitals, at the front,
+nor in the factories, have been admirable fighters. They fought,
+according to Mlle. Canton-Baccara's words, with their heart and with
+their smile. They fought by the example of abnegation they gave, by
+the moral force with which they inspired the men in the trenches.
+
+Madame de Castelnau is a glorious figure, she, the wife of the General
+who saved Nancy and stopped the rush of the barbarians on the Grand
+Couronne!... Madame de Castelnau had, before the war broke out, four
+sons. Three fell on the battle field. The fourth is actually still a
+prisoner in the hands of the Germans. On the lips of their father
+there is never the slightest word of complaint; on the lips of the
+mother there are these admirable words, which the children in the
+schools will repeat later on.... Madame de Castelnau was in a little
+village when her third son was killed. The cure of the village had the
+pitiful task of telling the already mourning mother of this new blow
+that had struck her. The cure found Madame de Castelnau, and, in the
+presence of her great sorrow, he hesitated and was overcome with
+embarrassment:
+
+"Madame," he said, "I come to bring you another blow. But know well
+that all the mothers of France weep for you."
+
+Madame de Castelnau knew the truth at once. She interrupted the priest
+and, looking him straight in the eye, replied:
+
+"Yes, I know what you are going to tell me.... God's will be done. But
+the mothers of France would be wrong in weeping for me. Let them envy
+me."
+
+Those are the words of a Frenchwoman of noble descent. But you can
+place on the same high level the words of an old woman, a humble soul,
+whom the gendarmes found one night crouched on a grave that was still
+fresh. It was up near Verdun. She told the gendarmes:
+
+"I come from La Rochelle. Five of my sons have already fallen in the
+war. I have come here to see where the sixth is buried--the sixth--my
+last son."
+
+Moved by the tragic grandeur of the sight, the gendarmes rendered her
+military honors and presented arms. The mother rose and uttered the
+words her dead and her heart inspired:
+
+"Even so, Vive la France!"
+
+All of them, mothers of noble birth and of peasant stock, rich and
+poor, wives, sisters, and fiancees are the first to exhort their sons,
+husbands and brothers to fight to the end. All have the same words of
+sacrifice and abnegation on their lips. All of them find words which
+best fortify, exalt and console their men.
+
+Read this letter I picked up on the field of battle, a letter written
+by a humble peasant woman whose heart, after centuries of noble and
+wise discipline, was in the right place:
+
+     MY DEAR BOY:
+
+     We got your letter, which gave us great pleasure. We waited
+     anxiously for it. You wrote it two days ago. Since that time
+     things have changed. Did you get my letter? I hope so. I
+     must reassure you about your father the very first thing. He
+     was away only three days, time enough to guide a detachment
+     to Bourges. So there is only one vacant place at the
+     fireside, but how big that one is.
+
+     My dear boy, you speak to me of sacrifice; yes, it is one.
+     And I can tell you it is the greatest one that has ever been
+     asked of me. However, I keep calm. I tell myself sometimes
+     that I have deserved it. I am ready to pay, but I wish so
+     much that you might not pay.
+
+     My dear boy, you speak to me of duty and of honor. I have
+     never doubted that you would do what you ought to. Yes, my
+     son, a soldier's honor lies in being on the battle field
+     when the country is in danger. Go, then, my son, with the
+     blessing of your mother and your father, and with that most
+     mighty one of your country and of heaven.
+
+     You tell me to accept my lot courageously. Alas, sometimes
+     it fails me. However, I shall try to be resigned and I hope
+     to see you again in spite of everything. If that should not
+     happen, say to yourself, my dear boy, when you close your
+     eyes, that you have all the love and all the sweetest kisses
+     of your mother, who would like to fly to you.
+
+The sisters are worthy of their mothers. Here is a letter written by
+two young girls who live in Lorraine, near Nancy. Plutarch never wrote
+anything more beautiful:
+
+                              MOYEN, 4 SEPTEMBER, 1914.
+
+     MY DEAR EDOUARD:
+
+     I have heard that Charles and Lucien died on the
+     twenty-eighth of August. Eugene is badly wounded. As for
+     Louis and Jean, they are dead also.
+
+     Rose has gone away.
+
+     Mother weeps, but she says that you are brave and wishes
+     that you may avenge them.
+
+     I hope that your officers will not refuse you that. Jean won
+     the Legion of Honor; follow in his footsteps.
+
+     They have taken everything from us. Of the eleven who went
+     to war, eight are dead. My dear Edouard, do your duty; we
+     ask only that.
+
+     God gave you life; he has the right to take it away from
+     you. Mother says that.
+
+     We embrace you fondly, although we would like to see you.
+     The Prussians are here. Jandon is dead; they have pillaged
+     everything. I have just returned from Gerbevillers, which is
+     destroyed. What wretches they are!
+
+     Sacrifice your life, my dear brother. We hope to see you
+     again, for something like a presentiment tells us to hope.
+
+     We embrace you fondly. Farewell, and may we see you again,
+     if God grants.
+
+                              (Signed) YOUR SISTERS.
+
+     P.S. It is for us and for France. Think of your brothers and
+     of your grandfather in 1870.
+
+And this next letter is sublime. It was addressed to M. Maurice Barres
+by a lady from the city of Lyons, which is perhaps the most mystic
+city in all France. In the newspapers mention had been made of the men
+disabled by war, and of all the unfortunates who were mutilated, whose
+limbs had been amputated, who were helpless or blinded. The question
+was raised of knowing what ought to be done to help them. Then the
+lady wrote as follows to M. Barres:
+
+     SIR: One of these recent days, when our troubles have been
+     so hard to bear, I went to regain my courage into one of the
+     beloved sanctuaries of Notre Dame.... A lady dressed in
+     black came in beside me and, as all mothers are sisters in
+     these trying days, I asked after her men at the front. She
+     told me sadly that she was a poor widow, and that the war
+     had taken away her two sons, her sole means of support. One
+     of them had had an arm amputated--the right arm--and the
+     hands of the other were cut off at the wrists. She came from
+     seeing them to pray to the Mother of Sorrows for her
+     children and herself.
+
+     I was deeply moved by her sorrow and by her not complaining.
+     I sought means to console her. This is the means I have
+     found, sir, and I tell it to you now....
+
+     Let us ask the Virgin, I said to her, to create young women
+     in France so brave, so strong, and so devoted that they will
+     gladly and proudly consent to marry the poor, injured men
+     and to be not only their hearts but the limbs which will aid
+     them to make their daily bread; leaving to the men the
+     privilege of loving them, of respecting their presences and
+     of guiding their lives.
+
+     The poor woman understood me. We separated. My own youngest
+     daughter was in my thoughts; and do you not think that the
+     men who have a wider audience could stir the hearts of the
+     young women, twenty years of age in France, if they asked
+     them to perform this act of devotion, and to be the
+     companions of the mutilated, maimed men of France?...
+
+Then, too, the women who had only their dignity and their high spirit
+to defend themselves against the grossness and the insults of the
+Prussians, have been the incarnation of the spirit of France.
+
+An old woman who dwelt in a village on the Aisne was spattered with
+mud by the Kaiser as he passed by on horseback. He made a gesture
+excusing himself. She fixed her eyes on him and said simply:
+
+"It doesn't matter, sir. That mud can be washed off."
+
+A great lady in one of the chateaux in the invaded regions, had to
+receive one of the Kaiser's sons. The day of his departure he sent for
+her to thank her for the hospitality she had shown him. The old lady,
+looking at him, contented herself with replying:
+
+"Do not thank me, sir. I did not invite you here."
+
+And she reentered her house with all dignity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Because the women of France have been all this and have done all this,
+France has been able to fight on, and will be able to fight to the
+end. Because the women of France have been all this and have done all
+this, the soldiers, in the mud of the trenches, revere them as
+Madonnas.
+
+The historian Tacitus tells somewhere how, on a hot spring day, a
+slave, panting and worn out, entered one of the gates of the Eternal
+City. He crossed the Forum without stopping and, in his course,
+mounted the Hill of Mars. Finally he came to one of the greatest
+houses of the patrician section of the city. His cries and shouts
+filled the house:
+
+"Alas, alas!" he cried.
+
+A lady hastened to him. She was the mistress of the house, the famous
+Cornelia Graccha.
+
+"What news do you bring?" she asked.
+
+"Alas, alas," repeated the slave, "in the battle down there in Umbria,
+two of your sons have been killed."
+
+"Fool," was the reply, "I do not ask that. Have the Barbarians been
+conquered?"
+
+"They have, Cornelia."
+
+"Then what matters the death of my sons if my country is victorious!"
+
+Those wonderful words have been handed down from generation to
+generation as a symbol of what ancient Rome was. Those words thousands
+of French women have uttered for the last four years, and they still
+utter them today. Other voices answer them. They rise from the
+trenches, and they say:
+
+     "Be without fear, women of France. For you we will fight to
+     our last gasp, we will shed our last drop of blood. Know
+     that if for months we have held our heads below the level of
+     the muddy trench and offered our breasts to death, it is
+     that you may be freed from the wild beasts that have burst
+     forth from the German forests. For your sakes our homes are
+     not in ruins and our towns are not vassals to the enemy. It
+     is all for you, so that when we shall return you need not
+     throw your arms around conquered necks. Our country, women
+     of France, is made up of our homes, our churches, and our
+     fields, and of your beloved faces. Throughout the tragic
+     periods of its history, our country has always been
+     incarnated in your faces, whether they called themselves St.
+     Genevieve or Jeanne d'Arc. And in our building, to personify
+     the cities that are dear to us, we have always taken your
+     bodies, your foreheads, and the folds of your gowns--see, in
+     Paris, that statue in the Place de la Concorde, in the
+     shadow of the Tuileries, which for days has worn a crepe
+     veil.... Well, today is the same as yesterday. In our
+     trenches our country appears to us in those visions wherein
+     are mingled your faces. We shall believe that our country
+     has been well served only when, on your beloved faces, we
+     shall have caused a smile to appear because the palms we
+     have placed at your feet are the palms of victory."
+
+Future historians will state that France has fought not only with all
+her courage, her tenacity and her soul, with all her men, women and
+children: they will also state that these men, women and children, in
+spite of the terrible times, their suffering and their mourning, have
+remained firmly united, forming a firm rock from which not a single
+stone has been splintered.
+
+In that tormented, feverish France where the ardor of the Revolution
+still boils, there were, before the war, different parties, cliques,
+groups and churches. The war has leveled, united and bound them all
+together.
+
+In some admirable pages, consecrated to the "Effort of French
+Womanhood," M. Louis Barthou has painted the picture of the sacred
+union there is among all the French women:
+
+     I have seen [he writes] our women at the front and behind
+     the lines, in the hospitals, the railway stations, the
+     automobile service, the canteens, the factories, in relief
+     work and in charity work. I have met nurses, unmoved under a
+     bombardment. I have tested the spirit of fellowship which
+     unites them, including as it does the names of the most
+     aristocratic French families and the most modest citizens.
+     There is no false pride among those in high places nor envy
+     among those lower in the social scale. They wear the same
+     garb, the same cap, with the same cross on their foreheads.
+     For the soldiers there is the same uniform, and when you say
+     uniform you mean equality in devotion, in the risk of life,
+     and in loyalty to duty. Between the classes of society there
+     is no contention, there is only emulation. I do not know
+     whether or not, in times of peace, they had all and
+     everywhere escaped the local passions which have poisoned
+     national life, but the war has given them sacred union for a
+     countersign, and they, as disciplined soldiers, have
+     respected this countersign.
+
+     The French nurse's smile will have served the nation's
+     defense well, but I emphasize this when I think how well it
+     will have served the nation's unity in the aftermath that
+     shall follow war. What rancors it will have appeased! What
+     jealousies it will have blotted out! What petty prejudices
+     it will have conquered! These society women and women of the
+     middle class who have leaned over the beds of sick or
+     wounded peasants, and these young girls who have tended
+     their hurts, bound up their wounds, and calmed their
+     sufferings have, with their delicate hands, so expert in the
+     worst treatments, laid the foundations of a France that is
+     united and fraternal, where envy and hate have no place. All
+     eyes have opened to broader vistas of revealed clearness, to
+     which they have hitherto remained closed through prejudice,
+     or obstinacy. They will have learned that bravery, devotion
+     to the right, loyal and tried disinterestedness, heartfelt
+     and wise knowledge can dwell in the simple soul of the
+     peasant and the workingman. The peasants and the workingmen
+     who have come out from their care will have learned that
+     luxury does not exclude goodness, that beauty is not always
+     a sterile gift, that youth is not altogether callow, that a
+     woman can be pretty and generous, delicate and courageous,
+     rich and sympathetic, and that the mothers whose children
+     are dead excel in lavishing the care of their hands and the
+     tenderness of their hearts on the wounded children who are
+     suffering far from their mothers.
+
+The sacred sense of union that reigns among the men is no less firm.
+It is only necessary to read the letters written on the eve of their
+deaths--in that hour when a man, alone, face to face with himself,
+lets his soul speak--by the fighters who gave their heart's blood for
+the sacred cause.
+
+They all say the same things.
+
+Here is a letter a Jew wrote, named Robert Hertz, a second lieutenant
+of the 330th infantry regiment, who fell on the 13th of April, 1915,
+at Marcheville:
+
+     MY DEAR: I remember the dreams I had when I was a little
+     child. With all my soul I wished to be a Frenchman, to be
+     worthy to be one, and to prove that I was one.... Now the
+     old, childish dream comes back to me, stronger than it ever
+     was. I am grateful to the officers who have accepted me for
+     their subordinate, to the men I have been proud to lead.
+     They are the children of a chosen people. I am full of
+     gratitude towards our country which has received me and
+     heaped favors upon me. Nothing would be too much to give in
+     payment for that, and for the fact that my little son may
+     always hold his head high and never know, in the reborn
+     France, that torment which has poisoned many hours of our
+     childhood and of our youth. "Am I a Frenchman?" "Would I
+     deserve to be one?" No, little boy, you shall not say that.
+     You shall have a native land and your step may sound on the
+     earth, nourishing you with the assurance, "My father was
+     there and he gave all he had for France." If recompense is
+     necessary, this is the sweetest one there is for me.
+
+This is the letter of a Protestant, second lieutenant Maurice
+Dieterlin, who was killed on the sixth of October, 1915, and who, on
+the eve of the Champagne offensive, wrote these last words they were
+to read from him, to his family:
+
+     I saw the most beautiful day of all my life. I regret
+     nothing and I am as happy as a king. I am glad to pay my
+     debt that my country may be free. Tell my friends that I go
+     on to victory with a smile on my lips, happier than the
+     stoics and the martyrs of all time. For a moment we are
+     beyond the France that is eternal. France ought to live.
+     France will live. Get ready your loveliest gowns, keep your
+     best smiles to welcome the conquerors in the great war.
+     Perhaps we shall not be there, but there will be others in
+     our places. Do not weep, do not wear mourning, for we shall
+     have died with a sweet smile on our lips and a lovely
+     superhumanity in our hearts. Vive la France! Vive la France!
+
+What wonderful enthusiasm! But still more beautiful is this prayer,
+that of a little Protestant soldier from the Montbeliard country, who
+died in the Gare d'Amberieu hospital:
+
+     "Lord, may Thy will and not mine be done. I have consecrated
+     myself to Thee since my youth, and I hope that the example I
+     have offered may serve to glorify Thee.
+
+     "Lord, Thou knowest that I have not desired war, but that I
+     have fought to do Thy will; I offer my life for peace.
+
+     "Lord, I pray Thee for the welfare of my people. Thou
+     knowest how greatly I love them all, my father, my mother,
+     my brothers and my sisters.
+
+     "Lord, return manyfold to these nurses the good they have
+     done me; I am but a poor man but Thou art the dispenser of
+     riches. I pray to Thee for them all."
+
+This prayer, in which the little soldier had put his last living
+thoughts, was received by a Catholic sister who had cared for him,
+and sent by her to his sorrowing family--a touching proof of sacred
+union.
+
+All of them, Catholics, Protestants and Jews, speak of God and pray to
+Him.... Read this letter from Captain Cornet-Acquier, that captain to
+whom his wife wrote, "I would urge you on with my voice if I saw you
+charging the enemy." He tells this little incident:
+
+     "A Catholic captain was saying the other day that he said
+     his prayers before each battle. The commanding officer
+     remarked that that was not the proper moment and that he
+     would do better to make his military arrangements.
+
+     "'Sir,' he replied, 'that does not prevent me from making my
+     military arrangements and from fighting. I feel better for
+     it.'
+
+     "Then I said:
+
+     "'Captain, I do the same thing you do. And I find I get
+     along pretty well.'"
+
+This is the letter a young Catholic wrote the evening before a battle
+to his fiancee:
+
+     MY DEAR JEANNE:
+
+     Tomorrow at ten o'clock, to the sounds of "Sidi Brahim" and
+     the "Marseillaise" we charge the German lines. The attack
+     will probably be deadly. On the eve of this great day, which
+     may be my last, I want to recall to you your promise....
+     Comfort my mother. For a week she will have no news. Tell
+     her that when a man is in an attack he can not write to
+     those he loves. He must be content with thinking of them.
+     And if time passes and she hears nothing from me, let her
+     live in hope. Help her. And if you learn at last that I have
+     fallen on the field of honor, let the words come from your
+     heart that will console her, my dear Jeanne.
+
+     This morning I attended mass and communion with faith. It
+     was held some yards away from the trenches. If I am to die,
+     I shall die a Christian and a Frenchman.
+
+     I believe in God, in France and in Victory. I believe in
+     beauty and youth and life. May God guard me to the end. But,
+     Lord, if my blood is useful for victory, may Thy will be
+     done.
+
+Finally, here is a priest, Father Gilbert de Gironde, second
+lieutenant in the 81st infantry, who was killed on the seventh of
+December, 1914, at Ypres, writing his last letter.... For of the
+twenty-five thousand priests who went off at the beginning of the
+mobilization, three hundred were called military chaplains, the rest
+were officers, stretcher-bearers, or common soldiers--and note the
+4,000 citations in the army orders which the "Journal Officiel" has
+published, which report the acts of courage and of bravery done by
+these priests on the battle field:
+
+     To die young. To die a priest. To die as a soldier in the
+     attack, marching to the assault in full sacerdotal garb,
+     perhaps in the act of granting an absolution; to shed my
+     blood for the Church, for France, for her Allies, for all
+     those who carry in their hearts the same ideal I do, and for
+     the others also, that they may know the joy of belief ...
+     how beautiful that is, how beautiful that is!
+
+Catholics, Protestants, Jews, priests, ministers and rabbis, that is
+what they write. It is a belittling, a profanation, that, in spite of
+myself, I have separated and differentiated among them. For down
+there, in the bloody mud of the trenches, they are one body which
+lives together and dies together.
+
+There was a little Breton who, on the Battle field of the Marne, was
+shot in the chest. The death agony at once set in, and in his agony he
+asked for a crucifix. No priest happened to be on the spot, there was
+only a Jewish rabbi. The rabbi ran to get the crucifix, he brought it
+to the lips of the dying man, and he, in his turn, was killed!...
+
+In a little barrack in the hollow of one of the depressions at Verdun
+lived together a priest, a minister and a rabbi. We often saw the
+place. On the evening after a frightful battle, they were all three in
+the charnel house where the dead bodies are brought. They were
+surrounded by stretcher-bearers, who said to them:
+
+"We do not dare throw earth on the bodies of our comrades without a
+prayer being said over them."
+
+The Catholic priest asked to what faith they belonged.
+
+"We do not know. How can we find out? But can't you arrange among
+yourselves?"
+
+"Well, we shall bless them one after the other."
+
+And there in the bleeding night was seen the incomparable sight of the
+three men side by side, the Catholic, the Protestant and the Jew,
+reciting the last prayer and disappearing....
+
+M. Maurice Barres, the celebrated French writer, from whose
+magnificent book, "The Spiritual Families of France," I have borrowed
+a great number of the letters I have quoted, has pointed out that all
+French churches are fighting in this hour, forming one great church.
+Yes, every church and every saint is fighting! These saints belong to
+all beliefs, some of them to no belief. But one religion has united
+and solidified them all--the religion of their country, the religion
+of Liberty, the religion of civilization. All speak the same prayer,
+all have the same faith in their hearts, all fall martyrs in the same
+cause.
+
+The old walls which, in times of peace, separated parties and men,
+have crumbled into dust at the same time when the German shells
+crumbled into dust the little village churches. An infinite
+cathedral, a cathedral that is invisible and great has risen on high.
+It is the cathedral of the faith of France, in which all faiths
+commune in the same hope--a cathedral which time and suffering and
+death itself shall not destroy.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE
+
+
+Listen to the man in the street when he speaks--that man in the street
+who reflects public opinion whether it is just or unjust, genuine or
+sophisticated. Listen to him when he speaks and you will hear him say:
+
+"Yes, we know. France has a well tempered spirit. But the blood is
+gone out of her body. France would like to fight on, to fight to the
+bitter end, but France is suffering. France is worn out. France is
+bled white."
+
+France is suffering ... that is true. In the cataclysm that she did
+not wish for, that she did not start, that she did not prepare, she
+has lost more than a million men. And what men they were! The Ecole
+Normale, which is the preparatory school for the French university,
+lost seventy per cent of its pupils. That means that three-quarters
+of the thinkers, the literary men, the scientists, the philosophers,
+the professors of the France of tomorrow have been wiped out. They
+were the flower of her youth, the elite of her intelligence. Add to
+that seven departments, roughly 20,000 square kilometers in area,
+which have been invaded, devastated, ruined and pillaged. In these
+seven departments all the machinery, all the raw materials, all the
+merchandise, all the furniture even to the door-knobs and the boards
+in the floors have been taken away. These departments were among the
+richest and most prosperous of those on which France prided herself
+most industrially.
+
+Add to that the cultivation that has been destroyed, the soil that has
+been made untillable, the trees that have been cut down, the roads
+that have been torn up and the bridges that have been destroyed. All
+the misery, all the mourning, all the sickness: a million wounded and
+injured men who have been lost as living forces by a nation which did
+not have too many inhabitants. Add the hundred thousand prisoners
+Germany sends back to us who have been made tuberculous, paralytics,
+nervous wrecks or lunatics because they have been physically
+maltreated. Yes, France is suffering.
+
+But it is not true that she is worn out. It is not true that she is
+bled white. The horrible hope Germany had formed of emptying France of
+her strength, of leaving her, fighting for breath and conquered,
+beaten to the earth for centuries to come, has not been realized.
+France always stands upright, her arm is still strong, her muscles
+vigorous and her blood rich.
+
+To destroy the lie that France is bled white, we must let figures,
+facts, statistics and definite proofs speak. The public shall judge
+for itself....
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has no army to defend itself.
+France not only still has an army, but she has an army that is
+numerically and materially stronger than it was at the war's
+beginning. In 1914, at the Marne, France had an army of 1,500,000 men;
+today, after four years of war, France has on her battle front, in
+the war zone, an army of 2,750,000 men.
+
+But the value of fighting men today lies only in the artillery they
+have to support them behind the lines. It lies in the shells the
+artillery is able to fire, in all that material that makes up the
+sinews of war of the present day. Here we find the most extraordinary
+and marvelous effort that history records. France, invaded, occupied,
+weakened; France that had no munitions industry prior to 1914--or a
+small munitions industry at best--that France has built up a war
+industry that is doubtless the best in the world, which is equal to
+the German war industry and on which the Allies can draw in the common
+cause.
+
+Listen to these figures and keep them in your heads. They are vouched
+for by M. Millerand, who was minister of war during the first year of
+hostilities:
+
+     The Battle of the Marne emptied our storehouses.
+
+     On the seventeenth of September, 1914, the minister of war,
+     who had then been scarcely three weeks in office, was
+     informed that munitions threatened to fail our artillery,
+     and that it was necessary without delay to bring to the
+     front 100,000 shells per day instead of 13,500 for the .75
+     guns. This was merely a beginning. Three days later, on the
+     twentieth of September, the minister assembled at Bordeaux
+     the representatives of the munitions industry and divided
+     them up into regional groups. At the head of each one he
+     made one establishment or one individual the responsible
+     person. In the face of difficulties which could not be
+     conceived unless they had been overcome, with establishments
+     diminished in personnel as well as in raw material,
+     inexperienced for the most part in the complex and delicate
+     operations which were expected of them, the manufacture of
+     shells for the .75's mounted from 147,000 which it had been
+     in the month of August, 1914, to 1,970,000 in the month of
+     January, 1915, and then to 3,396,000 during the month of
+     July, 1915.
+
+     222 .75 guns per month have been constructed since the month
+     of May, 1915. 227 were constructed in the month of July, 407
+     in the month of January, 1916. For this construction, as for
+     all the others, once a start was made, there was no stopping
+     it.
+
+     All orders for heavy guns had been countermanded at the
+     beginning of August, 1914. They were resumed in the month
+     of September, 1914. Seventy-five per cent of the orders for
+     heavy guns, on which we got along until April, 1917, had
+     been given out between September, 1914, and the thirty-first
+     of October, 1915. In the first seven months of the war, from
+     September, 1914, to April, 1915, there were constructed
+     three hundred and sixty pieces of heavy artillery. On August
+     first, 1914, we had only sixty-eight batteries. A year
+     later, to the day, on the first of August, 1915, we had two
+     hundred and seventy-two batteries of heavy artillery.
+
+Now consider these figures, given out by M. Andre Tardieu, High
+Commissioner of the French Republic at Washington, in a letter to the
+Hon. Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War:
+
+     In the matter of heavy artillery, in August, 1914, we had
+     only three hundred guns distributed among the various
+     regiments. In June, 1917, we had six thousand heavy guns,
+     all of them modern. During our spring offensive in 1917, we
+     had roughly one heavy gun for every twenty-six meters of
+     front. If we had brought together all our heavy artillery
+     and all our trench artillery, we would have had one gun for
+     every eight meters in the battle sector.
+
+     In August, 1914, we were making twelve thousand shells for
+     the .75's per day, now we are making two hundred and fifty
+     thousand shells for the .75's and one hundred thousand
+     shells for the heavy guns per day.
+
+     If you wish to consider the weight of the shells which fell
+     on the German trenches during our last offensives, you will
+     find the following figures for each linear meter:
+
+     Field artillery             407 kilos
+     Trench artillery            203 kilos
+     Heavy artillery             704 kilos
+     High Power artillery         12 kilos
+                                ----
+                Total           1442 kilos
+
+     And these are the figures for the monthly expenditure in
+     munitions for the .75's alone:
+
+     July, 1916            6,400,000 shells
+     September, 1916       7,000,000 shells
+     October, 1916         5,500,000 shells
+
+     During the last offensive the total expenditure amounted to
+     twelve million projectiles of all calibers.
+
+This incomparable war industry has permitted us not only to fight, to
+defend ourselves and to attack the enemy, but also to supply our
+friends, our Allies, with the munitions necessary to fight. Up to
+January, 1918, these are the amounts of munitions France was able to
+hand over to the nations fighting at her side in Europe:
+
+  1,350,000 rifles
+800,000,000 cartridges
+ 16,000,000 automatic rifles
+     10,000 mitrailleuses
+      2,500 heavy guns
+      4,750 airplanes
+
+And to France has come the honor of making the light artillery for the
+American Army--amounting to several hundred guns per month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has an empty treasury and is
+no longer able to obtain taxes from its ruined citizens. Let us
+consider what France had done in a financial way in this war.
+
+From the first of August, 1914, to the first of January, 1918, the
+French Parliament voted war credits amounting to twenty billions of
+dollars. Of this enormous fund only two billions have been borrowed
+from outside sources; all the remainder has been subscribed or paid
+for by taxation or by loans in France herself. More than a billion
+dollars has been loaned to her Allies by France.
+
+In 1917 France had the heaviest budget in all her history. The single
+item of taxes was raised to six billion francs ($1,200,000), and these
+taxes were paid to the penny, although ten million Frenchmen were
+mobilized in the Army, in the factories, and on the farms, or were
+untaxable in the occupied regions.
+
+In 1915, 1916 and 1917 France raised three great national loans. That
+of 1915 amounted to exactly 13,307,811,579 francs, 40 centimes, of
+which 6,017 millions were paid in hard cash. That of October, 1916,
+amounted in round numbers to ten billions francs, of which more than
+five billions were paid in hard cash. That of December, 1917, amounted
+to 10,629,000,000 francs, of which 5,254 millions were paid in cash.
+
+Thus, in spite of the war, her invaded territories, and her mobilized
+citizens, France has in three years raised three national loans of
+almost seventeen billions francs in hard cash. That is three times the
+amount of the war indemnity she paid Prussia in 1871.
+
+A nation worn out and bled white has no more monetary reserve, no more
+funds in its treasury, and has been brought into bankruptcy. The Bank
+of France, which is probably the leading national bank in the world,
+whose credit has never weakened in the gravest hours of the nation's
+history, declared on the first of January, 1918, a gold reserve of
+5,348 millions of francs, an increase of 272 millions over the gold in
+hand on January first, 1917. This is the greatest deposit the bank has
+ever had. All this came from the national resources: the weekly
+payments are still a million and a half francs, which are paid without
+compulsion and without legal processes.
+
+The individual deposits in the great credit establishments of France
+which, on the thirty-first of December, 1914, amounted to only 4,050
+millions of francs, amounted to 6,050 millions on the thirty-first of
+December, 1917.
+
+And during the first three months of the year 1918, from the first of
+January to the thirty-first of March, the surplus deposits made by the
+peasants and the working classes in the National Saving Bank was
+seventy-five millions of francs, an excess of more than eight hundred
+thousand francs daily.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white is incapable of manufacturing
+and sees its commerce and industry perish. Here is the statement of M.
+Georges Pallain, Governor of the Bank of France, representing the
+accounting of the Counsel General of the Bank for 1917:
+
+     From the industrial and commercial point of view, a
+     satisfactory amelioration is noticeable. The investigation
+     of the Minister of Industry in July last permits the
+     statement that the percentage of factories and business
+     houses rendering a periodical accounting, of which the
+     advantage is not yet established, is only twenty-three per
+     cent; it was fifty-five per cent in August, 1914.
+
+     An indication of the development of industrial activity is
+     furnished by the continued increase of the demand for coal.
+
+     Operations for mining ore have been pushed with vigor. Coal
+     production increased greatly in 1914. On the whole it still
+     remains less than it was before the war, since the invasion
+     has deprived us of the valleys in the north and the richest
+     portion of Pas-de-Calais; but in the regions where mining is
+     still possible the production exceeds by about forty per
+     cent the figures for 1913.
+
+     This remarkable increase has compensated to a certain extent
+     for the falling off in the importations of coal from
+     England; nevertheless it leaves our supply of coal less than
+     our demand for it.
+
+     To remedy this insufficiency and, at the same time, to give
+     our national industry greater independence, researches and
+     experiments have been equally intensified with a view to
+     employing our hydraulic resources. In the Alps, in the
+     Pyrenees and in the central Massif new installations are
+     under way, and they have already attracted important
+     metallurgic and chemical plants.
+
+     The development of industrial production has had the result
+     of an increase in the volume of commercial transactions.
+     These continue to look after themselves and, for the most
+     part, they are on a cash basis. The gradual resumption of
+     credit operations, which former years signalized, is still
+     on the increase. In 1917 the receipts from commerce were
+     thirty-seven per cent greater than in 1916. There is a
+     notable progression of discounts, while the total of our
+     delayed payments has been brought back to 1,140 millions.
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white is unable to bind up its
+wounds or relieve its bed of suffering. France has not waited for the
+end of the war and the evacuation of her territory to bring in life
+where the Germans thought they had left only death.
+
+In eighty-four of the liberated cantons the work of reconstruction has
+already commenced. Commissions have been appointed. These commissions
+have proceeded already to the evaluation of the damage done and,
+without waiting for authorization, the administration has paid
+advances amounting to a not inconsiderable figure. Thus a sum
+totalling more than one hundred and forty millions francs has been
+expended for the reconstruction of the liberated regions. Seventeen
+millions have been expended in cash for repairs; in advances to the
+farmers for work or supplies, twenty millions; in advances to workmen,
+a half million; for the circulation of funds to the farmers, merchants
+and small manufactures, two millions; under the heading of
+reconstruction of buildings or the rapid reinstallation of the
+evacuated population, one hundred millions.
+
+An _Office National de Reconstruction_ for the villages has been
+established, and an agricultural _Office National de Reconstitution_
+has been organized; great things have already been realized from
+private organizations. This is the account of what one of them, the
+organization of National Nurseries, sent in 1914 to the front and into
+the liberated regions:
+
+      6,717,575 cabbage plants
+      1,980,000 turnip and rutabaga plants
+         41,000 radish plants
+         27,200 cauliflowers
+        270,250 white beets
+      5,340,500 leek plants
+      1,836,800 chicory and endive plants
+        104,500 celery plants
+        105,000 tomato plants
+         16,900 tarragon plants
+      9,569,450 onion sprouts
+     26,009,175 total plants of various kinds.
+
+    These plants have been divided up into 2,436 shipments, and
+    they have sufficed to nourish not only the people who have
+    returned to the devastated villages but also the troops at
+    the front.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has no colonies, or, if she
+has, these same colonies are likewise bloodless and worn out. The
+French colonial empire remains intact while the German colonial empire
+has disappeared from the face of the earth. The support the colonies
+brought to the mother country is wonderful and deserves a separate
+study on its own account.
+
+Here is the picture the celebrated German colonial empire offers.
+
+In 1914 Germany possessed a colonial empire two million square
+kilometers in area. It represented approximately four times the area
+of the German Empire, and before the war its exports amounted to about
+one hundred millions of francs or twenty-five millions of dollars.
+There were German Southwest Africa, 35,000 square kilometers in
+extent, with 1,750 kilometers of railroads, with its copper and
+diamond mines, its metals which were worth commercially thirty-seven
+millions of marks in 1911; German East Africa, twice as big as the
+German Empire, having 1,225 kilometers of railroads, with its harbors
+where nine hundred and thirty-three merchant ships had touched in
+1911; German New Guinea, as large as two-thirds of Prussia, with its
+rich deposits of gold and coal, its maritime commerce of 240,000 tons;
+the Samoan Islands, one single port of which, Apia, was visited by one
+hundred and ten steamers in a year; Tsing-Tao which, in 1911, had
+exported 32,500,000 marks' worth of merchandise, whose maritime
+interest was represented by five hundred and ninety steamers which
+carried a million tons of freight. All that has fallen away; all that
+is actually in the hands of the Allies.
+
+The conquest was difficult; it was finished only in 1916. An order of
+the day of General Aymerich, commander-in-chief of the troops which
+conquered Kameroon, points with brief eloquence to some of the
+difficulties which have been overcome:
+
+     Officers, Europeans and troops who are natives of Africa and
+     Belgian Congo.
+
+     At the cost of hardship and unheard-of efforts, you have
+     just wrenched from the Germans one of their best and richest
+     colonies.
+
+     Followed without a minute's respite from possession to
+     possession, the enemy has been obliged to abandon the last
+     bit of Kameroon. For eighteen months you have experienced
+     the torrid heat of the days and the cold dampness of the
+     nights without a change, you have been under the torrential
+     equatorial rains, you have traversed impassable forests and
+     fetid marshes, you have without a rest taken the enemy's
+     positions one after another, leaving dead in each one a
+     number of your comrades. Lacking food and often without
+     munitions, with your clothing in tatters, you have continued
+     your glorious march without complaint or murmur, until you
+     have attained the end for which you set out.
+
+In this conquest France played a large part, just as was the case in
+the conquest of Togoland, with her Senegalese Tirailleurs, the famous
+Tirailleurs, so much decried and discussed before the war, who were to
+win the admiration of the English generals under whose orders they
+fought.
+
+It is appropriate to cite here the order of the day of the commanding
+officer of these troops, because it shows us a side of the colonial
+wars, about which little has been said:
+
+     An English detachment under the command of Lieutenant
+     Thomson having been strongly repulsed in an attack on the
+     post at Kamina, was reinforced by a group of the Senegalese
+     Tirailleurs made up of a sergeant, two corporals, and
+     fourteen Blacks. From the beginning of the encounter at
+     eleven o'clock, the mixed detachment found itself exposed to
+     a lively fire from positions that were solidly established
+     and supported by mitrailleuses. After the artillery had
+     commenced firing Lieutenant Thomson, considering that the
+     preparation was sufficient, bravely led his troop on to the
+     attack. This courageous initiative failed under a severe
+     fire from fifty meters of German trenches. Lieutenant
+     Thomson fell mortally wounded. However, the Senegalese
+     Tirailleurs, faithful to that tradition which has already
+     proved its value in our colonial epic by such famous
+     exploits, refused to abandon the body of the unknown leader
+     their captain had given them and continued to hold their
+     position. When the fight was over and the enemy was in
+     flight, the bodies of the sergeant, the two corporals, and
+     of nine dead and four wounded Tirailleurs were found
+     stretched out alongside the English officer and an under
+     officer who was also English. In the very spot where they
+     were found, their tomb surrounds that of Lieutenant Thomson.
+     United in death, they still seem to watch over the strange
+     officer--unknown to them--for whom they sacrificed their
+     lives because their leader had given them orders to do so.
+
+Of the German colonial empire, four times as big as the fatherland,
+not a spot exists that is not in the hands of the Allies today.
+England holds the greater part; Japan has Tsing-Tao; France a
+considerable part of the African possessions.
+
+Now let us look at the picture the French colonial empire offers.
+
+In 1914 France ruled, in the north of Africa, over five and a half
+millions of natives in Algiers, two millions in Tunis and four
+millions in Morocco. When the war broke out there was not a single
+German in Morocco who was not certain that the natives would rise in
+revolt against France.
+
+"Not a single Frenchman," wrote, in peace times, the correspondent of
+the _Cologne Gazette_, "should escape alive." The German Government
+was convinced of the fact that the revolt of the inhabitants and the
+massacre of the French would be followed by an appeal of all the
+Moroccans for the intervention of the Kaiser. But nothing of the sort
+took place. In Algiers the most perfect calm continued to reign; in
+Tunis there was a little trouble that was soon suppressed; in Morocco
+there was a man, diplomat and soldier at the same time, who was able
+to keep peace and hold the country firm to France. He was General
+Lyautey.
+
+During the early days of August, 1914, the question was raised whether
+or not it would be necessary to abandon the outposts in the interior
+of Morocco and withdraw toward the coast cities. General Lyautey
+declared that he would abandon nothing and advised the French
+Government to that effect. He sent troops, the famous Moroccan
+regiments, the best fighting units there were in 1914, to the battle
+fields of Flanders, receiving in exchange territorial divisions
+recruited for the most part from the Midi. However, with these
+territorial divisions General Lyautey assured the safety of all that
+portion of the empire that was in his care; he finished the operations
+he had commenced; he maintained French prestige and, some months later
+on, he found means to open at Casablanca a Moroccan exposition which
+showed the marvelous work that had been accomplished in that
+country--French for a few years only.
+
+The French colonies not only remained incomparably calm and peaceful
+but they also made a marvelous effort in coming to the aid of the
+mother country both with men and with their commerce.
+
+M. Ernest Roume, Governor General of the Colonies, in charge at the
+war's beginning of the government of Indo-China, sent to France more
+than sixty thousand native soldiers and military workers in eighteen
+months. They were recruited from the Asiatic possessions of France.
+In Senegal, in Soudan and in Morocco men volunteered by hundreds of
+thousands. Moroccans, Kabyles and blacks came to fight by the side of
+the French troops on the Champagne and Lorraine fronts.
+
+Besides, North Africa largely took care of the feeding of France.
+
+In 1914 the cereal crop had been notably deficient in Algiers and
+especially in Tunis. However, Algeria did not hesitate to give the
+mother land all the grain she asked for; 50,000 quintals of wheat and
+500,000 quintals of barley and oats were thus hastened to continental
+France, and in addition, 40,000 quintals of wheat went to Corsica and
+130,000 to Paris. In 1915 the colonies made an even better showing:
+Algeria furnished France with 1,625,000 quintals of wheat, 918,000
+quintals of barley, and 77,000 quintals of oats. In 1916 this figure
+was passed and the total exports amounted to four million quintals of
+grains. As for Morocco, it exported in 1914, 90,000 quintals of wheat
+and 130,000 quintals of barley; in 1915 it exported 200,000 quintals
+of wheat and a million quintals of barley; in 1916 it exported more
+than two million quintals of grains. Add to that the 900,000 sheep
+Algeria furnished for the French commissariat and more than 40,000
+sheep furnished to the English commissariat to feed the Hindoo troops
+stationed at Marseilles. Then add in the cattle exported from Algeria
+and Morocco by the thousands, add for Algeria the wines and the
+vegetables, and for Tunis the olive oil. In 1916 the confederation of
+Algerian winegrowers gave the French poilus fifty thousand hectoliters
+of wine.
+
+Everywhere in the colonies buildings have been built, agriculture has
+continued, public works have been constructed. In the midst of war
+Algeria has opened up railroads; Tunis has opened the line from Sfax
+to Gabes; Morocco the lines from Casablanca to Fez and from the
+Algerian frontier to Taza.
+
+General Lyautey said, "A workshop is worth a battalion in Morocco."
+
+Workshops have been opened everywhere. There was never so much work
+done. The colonial empire was never more prosperous, more active and
+more glorious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has passed the stage where it
+can come to the aid of others. In her death agony, she has no more
+than her own strength to last her during the last hours. France has
+been able to come to the aid of the other Allies. She has lent them a
+strong helping hand, she has been able to save them from total
+extinction. French troops have fought and are still fighting on all
+the battle fronts; in Italy, the Balkans, Palestine and Central
+Africa. It is almost to France alone and to France especially that the
+salvage of the remnant of the Serbian Army has been due.
+
+We remember what happened in September, 1915. At the time when the
+dual offensive was attempted in Artois and in Champagne, the German
+Armies invaded Poland, Volhynia, Lithuania and Courland, delivered
+Austrian Galicia and commenced to submerge Serbia beneath their
+innumerable legions. Invaded by three armies, the German, Austrian
+and Bulgarian, all of them amply supplied with heavy artillery and
+asphixiating gas, poor little Serbia was doomed beforehand. But,
+tenacious to the end, her heroic defenders preferred to leave their
+country rather than submit to a hated yoke. Step by step the Serbians,
+always facing the enemy, retreated to the sea. It was a terrible
+tragedy. Their retreat will remain a matter of legend, like that of
+the Ten Thousand under Xenophon. As they retreated, the Serbians
+called, in their despair, for help.
+
+Who went to Serbia's aid? It was not Russia, whose armies were quite
+worn out. It was not England, who feared an attack on Egypt and who
+was still fighting at the Dardanelles. It was not Italy, whose special
+efforts were directed towards preventing the junction of Austria with
+Greece, and who was satisfied with establishing herself at Valona and
+thus driving a wedge between her two rivals on the Adriatic coast.
+
+But France, France who is represented as worn out and bled white,
+heard Serbia's call for help and decided to respond to it.
+
+Supplies were first landed at San Giovanni di Medua and Antivari in
+the smaller French boats. But it was soon evident that these supplies
+would be insufficient and that the Serbs could not maintain their
+positions in the Adriatic ports even with French help from the sea.
+The complete evacuation of an entire army, piece by piece, had to be
+undertaken. The transporting of entire Serbia beyond the seas, to
+another country, had to be considered. Where were they to go? Where
+were the thousands of worn out soldiers, of sick and wounded men, to
+be transported?
+
+Once again France answered. France held Tunis, France held Bizerta.
+Tunis and Bizerta would shield temporarily the remains of Serbia. From
+the end of November, 1915, the smaller French ships, torpedo boats,
+trawlers and transports made the trip from Durazzo to San Giovanni di
+Medua to embark the Serbian Army. Great steamers, such as the _Natal_,
+_Sinai_, and _Armenie_, and a flotilla of armored cruisers followed
+them. Thirteen thousand men were transported in this fashion.
+
+But the situation grew worse. The Serbs along the seacoasts were
+pressed harder and harder by the Austrians and by Albanian bands.
+Besides, the transporting to Tunis was too slow when the progress of
+the enemy was considered. Finally the appearance of typhus and cholera
+rendered more dangerous the removal of the unfortunate troops to a
+great distance. A new plan was arranged. The remaining Serbs were to
+be transported not into Tunis, which was so far away, but to a land as
+near as possible to the scene of disaster. Corfu was there; Corfu,
+only sixty miles away from the farthest point of debarkation; Corfu,
+whose climate was marvelously suited to the recovery of sick men;
+Corfu which offered a very safe harbor. It was decided to occupy
+Corfu, prepare the island, transport the entire Serbian Army thither
+and assure that this army would be built up there. And France was
+charged with carrying out this operation.
+
+On the seventh of January, 1916, the first French organization of ten
+trawlers set out from Malta to make a preliminary reconnoissance
+around Corfu, to drag for mines and to clear out the submarines. A
+second flotilla followed it forty-eight hours later. On the eighth of
+January the armored cruisers _Edgar Quinet_, _Waldeck-Rousseau_,
+_Ernest Renan_, _Jules Ferry_ and five torpedo boats, which were
+located at Bizerta, received orders to embark a battalion of Alpine
+chasseurs with their arms, baggage and mules and to take up their
+positions to be ready at the first signal.
+
+On the night of the tenth, the French consul at Corfu woke up the
+Greek prefect in order to announce to him the imminent arrival of our
+squadron and what it was going to do. After he had received the formal
+protest of this functionary, he went down to the port, where there was
+no longer any doubt in anyone's mind of what was going to happen. With
+him went guides and automobiles to finish everything quickly before
+the Germans could offer any opposition. Some minutes later, on time at
+the rendezvous agreed upon, the French cruisers came into the harbor
+and immediately disembarked their contingent of Alpine Chasseurs.
+Before daybreak the principal vantage points as well as the most
+important positions on the island were occupied. Suspected persons
+were seized in their beds, a doubtful post of T. S. F. was seized
+also. Corfu, which went to sleep half German, woke up entirely French
+to the tune of the martial music that was to inform the inhabitants of
+the little change that had taken place over night.
+
+The question remained of _Achilleion_, the property of William of
+Germany, which was about nine miles from the city. If _Achilleion_ had
+been a French property and German soldiers had paid a visit, what
+pillage, what defilement, what orgies there would have been!
+
+But _Achilleion_ was a German property, and the French have a method
+of procedure that is peculiarly their own. This is what happened,
+according to the narrative of a young naval officer who was on the
+spot:
+
+    At four o'clock in the morning an automobile set out from
+    the dock, carrying a squad of twelve marine fusilliers under
+    the command of one of the ship's lieutenants. A half hour
+    later he presented himself at the gate of the palace and
+    demanded that he be admitted. There was no response. He was
+    insistent. Finally a door opened and an angry voice cried out
+    in the darkness: "This isn't the time for visitors." For the
+    owner, who found that there are no such things as small
+    profits, permitted a visit for the sum of two francs per
+    person. Surprised, the occupant of the palace submitted, and
+    our detachment entered _Achilleion_, whose occupants it
+    assembled--the watchman and two red-haired chambermaids--_en
+    deshabille_, also a mechanic and an entomologist who wore
+    spectacles. Pale with fear, the latter threw himself on his
+    knees before the officer. "If I must die, I ask that it may
+    be here," said he. He was left in peace. A company of the
+    Chasseurs arrived and the marines, with their lanterns in
+    their hands, went back to the ships. The Tricolor floated
+    over the Kaiser's villa, which was to become a hospital for
+    the Serbs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At eleven o'clock in the morning it was all over, and the French
+cruisers put out to sea on the return trip to Bizerta.
+
+But the easiest thing had been done. The most difficult was about to
+begin. It was not only a question of occupying Corfu; it was also a
+matter of arranging to receive a worn-out and decimated army. It was a
+difficult task that many would have judged out of the question.
+Everything was lacking; there was nothing on hand.
+
+A writer on naval matters, who has been the historian of the French
+Navy in this war, M. Emile Vedel, has painted in the pages of
+_Illustration_ an unheard-of and unique picture of what this
+preparation of Corfu consisted:
+
+     It was nothing less than a question of improvising all means
+     that were necessary for disembarking; gangways, landing
+     stairs, roads to and from various points on the island where
+     the expected troops were to be concentrated; of uniting and
+     collecting together the numerous boats--large and
+     small--eighteen tugs (among them the _Marsouin_, _Rove_,
+     _Iskeul_, _Marseillais 14_, _Audacieux_, _Requin_),
+     twenty-seven smaller boats, nine barges, and a dozen
+     mahonnes and small craft of all sizes, without counting the
+     supply ships, floating tanks, unloading cranes and so
+     forth--which the rapid unloading and revictualing of the new
+     arrivals demanded; of isolating the sick who were infected
+     with typhus and cholera; in a word, of putting on their feet
+     the diverse offices that come under the heading of direction
+     of the port, all the machinery of which was yet to be
+     created. At the same time it was necessary to maintain and
+     repair the booms of the harbor, to test the channels, make
+     arrangements concerning piloting, anchorage, and new
+     supplies of water, provisions and coal for the always
+     hurried transports which arrived, unloaded and sailed away
+     at all hours of the day and night; constantly to clear out
+     and drag the waters near the island; establish observation
+     posts around it, station batteries in suitable positions,
+     and finally to protect the channels around Corfu and the
+     Albanian coast, in which the English aided us effectively by
+     sending a hundred drifters (a sort of little fishing boat
+     which we call "cordiers" at Boulogne), which, beating
+     against the wind under full sail, dragged a cable a thousand
+     meters long to snare submarines. Thanks to a pair of
+     floating docks, which were placed between the extreme end of
+     Corfu and the neighboring coast, a distance of but two or
+     three kilometers, our vessels were soon in position, in a
+     line thirty miles in length so that they could execute all
+     the movements necessary for the landing of the Serbs and
+     also have gun drill, launch torpedoes and sea planes, and
+     perform the rest of the maneuvers that are indispensable.
+
+     Furthermore, fresh water in sufficient quantities had to be
+     procured. For if the springs on the island could supply
+     eighty thousand inhabitants, they now had to triple their
+     output and give out a far greater supply to meet the demand
+     of one hundred and fifty thousand more mouths. Every bit of
+     flour had to come from outside, from Italy, France or
+     England since Corfu has very few resources and we did not
+     wish to encounter the hostility of a population to which it
+     was necessary for us to show firmness more than once. The
+     most recalcitrant were forced to give in, not without
+     ceasing to rob us very much in the dealings they had with
+     us. Oranges went up to ten francs a dozen, and small
+     shopkeepers realized fortunes by doing money changing at
+     fantastic rates.
+
+     And all that will furnish only a very incomplete idea of the
+     innumerable obligations the aquatic anthill, from an
+     industrial and military standpoint, which is called a naval
+     base, has to meet.
+
+On the ninth of January, 1916, the situation of the Serbian Army was
+precisely as follows: In the neighborhood of San Giovanni di Medua
+there were twelve hundred officers, twenty-six thousand foot soldiers,
+seven thousand horses and two thousand cattle; at Durazzo there were
+thirty-six hundred officers, sixty-nine thousand soldiers, twenty
+thousand horses and four thousand cattle; on the roads that led to
+Valona some fifty thousand men including officers, two thousand horses
+and three hundred cattle.
+
+In these three principal groups were forty-one field pieces, the
+glorious remainder of the Serbian artillery.
+
+Add to that twenty-two thousand Austrian prisoners whom the Serbs
+carried along with them in their exodus towards the coast and also the
+pitiable troop of refugees, sick men, old men, women, children who,
+desiring at any cost to escape slavery and servitude, followed the
+retreating army.
+
+The evacuation of this indomitable people was made at San Giovanni di
+Medua. The soldiers were sent to Corfu. The civilians were sent to
+Algiers and Tunis, the Austrian prisoners to Sardinia. But where were
+the typhoid and the cholera patients to be transported? No one wanted
+them; and in this stampede of a people, cholera and typhus had made
+their appearance and spread with alarming rapidity. A certain number
+of cholera patients had been taken to Brindisi; and everyone,
+naturally, refused to take them in.
+
+Since this was the case, a French trawler, the _Verdun_, commanded by
+Lieutenant d'Aubarede, brought the sick to Corfu. And, as M. Emile
+Vedel tells it, this was perhaps one of the most beautiful episodes of
+our navy's activity, for there are few deaths as hideous as that to
+which they exposed themselves in taking in their arms poor beings
+touched with a malady essentially so contagious, and so dirty and
+covered with vermin that they made everyone shudder. With precaution
+and care that brothers do not always have for their own brothers,
+these near-corpses were taken to Corfu, where doctors and nurses from
+the French Navy saved some of them and made the end more easy for the
+rest.
+
+In twenty-two days everything was almost over. The troops at San
+Giovanni and Valona and Durazzo had been evacuated, as had the
+Austrian prisoners. All the money of the Serbian treasury had been
+transported to Marseilles in the cruiser _Ernest Renan_. It amounted
+to about eight hundred million francs.
+
+However, on the twentieth of January, about two thousand men still
+remained at San Giovanni di Medua. There were also a certain number of
+field pieces. After so many men and guns had been saved, were these to
+be abandoned? No. Everything must be saved. The last man must be saved
+and the last gun must be saved, whatever may be the risk, the fatigue
+and the hard work.
+
+On the morning of the twentieth of January, Captain Cacqueray,
+commanding the French naval forces, had two young naval officers of
+the French fleet come aboard his ship, the _Marceau_, Ensigns
+Couillaud and Auge, who commanded the little trawlers _Petrel_ and
+_Marie-Rose_. He ordered them to return once more to San Giovanni and
+bring back with them all they could.
+
+"You must succeed and you will succeed," Captain Cacqueray said
+simply.
+
+Some few minutes later the two trawlers were out in the Adriatic,
+headed for San Giovanni. Here we must quote Ensign Auge's words. He
+commanded the _Marie-Rose_, and we must be satisfied with citing from
+the eloquent brevity of the ship's log:
+
+     From the peaceful docks of Brindisi, we passed through the
+     winding channel of the outer port and then out of the
+     harbor, gliding between the buoys. Then the mine fields were
+     to be traversed, although the night was black and foggy. As
+     we approached the Albanian coast the wind freshened, and in
+     a veritable tempest, with hail and icy rain we entered the
+     Gulf of Drin, whose water is very turbid. More watchful than
+     ever, since submarines had been sighted in the neighborhood,
+     we finally arrived at Medua. Almost blocked off by the sand
+     bars, the little harbor was further encumbered by a dozen
+     wrecks, boats which the Austrians had sunk. The question was
+     where to pass through this mess, on the top of the water,
+     with masts and spars pointing every way. After having
+     rounded the line of mines and the _Brindisi_, an Italian
+     vessel that had struck a mine some days before, we made the
+     port. Ten houses and a wretched wharf on worm-eaten piling
+     at the end of a funnel of mountains with terrible rocks is
+     all there is of Medua.
+
+     An empty sailboat was moored to the end of the wharf, which
+     facilitated our operations. The _Petrel_, which was of
+     lighter draft than my boat, managed to get alongside and, by
+     vigorous efforts, we were able to join her. Ashore there
+     were soldiers in muddy clothes and worn-out shoes. The
+     gangway and the sailboat were soon filled by a chilly cold
+     wind, which tried to blow it offshore and which nothing
+     could restrain. It was impossible to locate any responsible
+     person and out of the question to make one's self
+     understood. Everyone thought only of escaping from that
+     Hell. Finally some Serbian officers came up who succeeded
+     somewhat in controlling their impatient troops. They made us
+     bring up the first cannon, which was pushed over the shaking
+     planks of the wharf. With great effort and by the use of
+     triple tackles the gun was got aboard the _Petrel_, and the
+     carriage and wheels on the _Marie-Rose_, whose hatch was
+     wider. The beginning was slow, but, after the second cannon,
+     the embarking went along smoothly.
+
+     There was not enough time. Everyone stamped in the mud. With
+     the completely washed out Serbian uniforms mixed the
+     brilliant colors of those of the Montenegrin guard. Seated
+     on a stone, King Nicholas sat stoically in the falling rain,
+     awaiting the arrival of the Italian torpedo boat that was
+     to place itself under his orders. Soldiers from the French
+     mission arrived and did police duty. The radio-operators
+     from the Italian post arrived and put their baggage on
+     board. An officer of the Serbian Army was there with all the
+     state archives. A crowd of people instinctively pressed
+     towards us and got mixed up with the soldiers who were
+     supposed to keep order. In spite of the tempest which
+     thwarted everything, we managed to embark eighteen .75 guns
+     and three 100 howitzers, as well as a hundred cases of
+     projectiles. The weather grew more dreadful, with hail
+     stones in the icy rain. Blows were necessary to prevent the
+     crowding aboard of that mob of people whom neither shouts
+     nor threats could stop. We allowed as many as possible to
+     embark--about a hundred on the _Petrel_ and twice as many
+     with us--Serbs, Montenegrins and Allies, of all classes and
+     conditions, and, despairingly we shoved off to stop the
+     crowd that remained. We were the last hope of these poor
+     people--there were about fifteen hundred of them, whose only
+     hope now was to face the frightful paths, marshes and
+     swollen rivers that separated them from Durazzo.
+
+     Night was falling; there remained only time to get away.
+     Cases of preserves were quickly opened. All our bread and
+     biscuits were used, and some bowls of boiling tea comforted
+     our guests. But leaving the harbor, the sea grew heavier
+     and torrents of spray put the finishing touch to the
+     inextricable disorder that prevailed aboard ship. The storm
+     stayed with us until we made Brindisi, where we arrived at
+     seven o'clock on the morning of the twenty-second. When
+     Italy was sighted, the tiredness and discouragement
+     disappeared as if by magic. Hand clappings, praise of
+     France, promises of victory and of revenge, and absurd
+     efforts to disembark everything at once--passengers and
+     material. (Journal of Ensign Auge, Commander of the
+     _Marie-Rose_.)
+
+Is that all? No; it is not. For if French effort is limitless, the
+tonnage of the trawlers is not. And, in spite of every effort, they
+were unable to get everyone aboard. Down there in the mud at Medua
+some Serbs still waited, turning anxious eyes towards the high seas to
+see whether or not the tricolor would appear on the horizon.... Well,
+it did reappear, for France never gives up the fight. The French motto
+here, as everywhere else, was "to the bitter end." On the
+twenty-fourth of January the _Petrel_ and the _Marie-Rose_ started on
+the final trip. Will they arrive in time? Probably not. In the
+mountains that surround San Giovanni rifle shots and the rattle of
+mitrailleuses were heard; the road to Alessio was deserted, the beach
+seemed deserted, Medua harbor was covered with wreckage of all sorts,
+rendering navigation impossible. However, the tiny craft entered the
+harbor and approached the shore. Finally they saw some Serbs there.
+The news was as disturbing as possible. The Austrians were only a few
+kilometers off. There was fighting on the outskirts of the town. The
+last able-bodied Serbs struggled manfully to hold off the Austrian
+advance guard, which pressed them hard. Not a minute was to be lost if
+a last salvage was to be made.
+
+After a brief consultation, the two young commanders decided to take
+off everyone in their old boats, aided by a huge lighter which they
+took in tow. A grave responsibility if the weather did not hold; but
+the man who risks nothing will gain nothing.
+
+They worked with feverish haste. The hope of not being abandoned gave
+wings to the weak. By four o'clock in the afternoon everything was
+practically ready ... four "seventy-fives," ten artillery caissons,
+two radio outfits, a thousand new rifles, hundreds of cases of shells,
+cartridges and grenades and likewise large quantities of harness were
+loaded on the trawlers. All the men who were in the town, its
+outskirts or on the beach were assembled and embarked on the boats.
+Not one was left behind. This time, safe from the rifles in the
+distant mountains, everyone was saved.
+
+     At four-fifty in the afternoon [writes Ensign Auge] our
+     little boats cleared the harbor for the last time and made
+     the open sea. Suddenly we see a trail of foam hastening on
+     us with a mad rush. It started three or four hundred meters
+     off on our right. There is a lightning flash and we see the
+     torpedo cross our bows, too low, fortunately. A submarine
+     has tried to attack us but has missed. We describe a great
+     circle in order to avoid a second attack. Fortunately night
+     falls to end the chase, and we make for the Italian coast.
+     Although the sea is smooth, the third boat is lurching
+     terribly. About midnight I hear terrible cries from this
+     boat. It is dark as pitch and impossible to make out
+     anything in the darkness. The cries continue: sparks burst
+     forth. Something is thrown into the sea. It is impossible
+     to know what is happening. So much the worse. The most
+     dangerous thing would be to stop. Let us go on.
+
+They went on and finally arrived in sight of Italy the next morning.
+The incident of the night before had been a little thing which had
+started a panic on board the boat. Little by little the roofs and
+towers of Brindisi appeared in the distance. The entire squadron of
+Allied ships was there, ranged in battle formation. When they saw the
+two little boats which were bringing in the last Serbs with their last
+guns, they rendered military honors to the heroic saviors, the crews
+cheering and the colors saluting. Supreme and unprecedented homage was
+rendered two nations: France and Serbia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In January, 1918, M. Vesnitch, Serbian Minister to France, on a
+mission to the United States, during an after-dinner speech, in a
+voice that did not conceal his emotion and with a different manner
+from his usual downcast one, told some of the details of this Passion.
+And he added:
+
+"We are grateful to everyone, but Serbia's heart will remain attached
+through all centuries to come to France."
+
+I repeat these words, which are France's sweetest reward, because they
+attest in history what France, the nation "worn out and bled white"
+has done to save and succor her little ally.
+
+Finally let me say that the men are wrong who believe France is
+without strength and resources. Beneath her torn garments, in rags,
+under flesh that is cruelly bruised, there beats a virile heart which
+fights on and on. And there is young, red blood which still flows and
+is always ready to flow for the immortal principles of Liberty,
+Justice and Humanity.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE
+
+
+A French statesman, Mr. Louis Barthou, has summed up the War aims of
+France in the three words: "Restitution, Reparation, Guarantees."
+
+Restitution means the surrender of all occupied territories, of the
+territories occupied by force during forty-seven months, as well as
+the territories occupied by force during forty-seven years. Between
+the five departments forming Flanders-Argonne and the five departments
+forming Alsace-Lorraine, France is unable to make any distinction.
+France wants Metz back on the same ground upon which she wants Lille
+back. If Germany is to keep Metz she might as well keep Lille. Her
+claim to Strasbourg is not better than her claim to Cambrai.
+
+And this is a thing which "the man in the street" fails sometimes to
+understand. He says: "Yes, we know, Alsace-Lorraine was taken from
+France forty-seven years ago by violence, without the people of the
+occupied territories being consulted. But how did France acquire
+Alsace-Lorraine in previous times? Was it not also by force after
+successful wars? Is it not a fact that Alsace-Lorraine, in days of
+yore, belonged to Germany, and that, historically, Alsace is a German
+land?"
+
+No, it is precisely not a fact. It is the contrary of a fact and of
+truth. And this must be made clear, once for all.
+
+When France demands Alsace-Lorraine, she does not do so because she
+will have some more departments in her geographical configuration, but
+because these territories belonged to France during centuries and
+centuries, because they were taken from France by force forty-seven
+years ago, because the people of these territories not only were never
+consulted, but also protested against Prussian domination--because, in
+a word, it is a question of right.
+
+In a speech, which he delivered on the 24th of January, 1918, before
+the Reichstag, Count von Hertling, the Imperial German Chancellor,
+expressed himself as follows:
+
+     Alsace-Lorraine comprises, as is known, for the most part
+     purely German regions which by a century long of violence
+     and illegality were severed from the German Empire, until
+     finally in 1779 the French Revolution swallowed up the last
+     remnant. Alsace and Lorraine then became French provinces.
+     When in the war of 1870, we demanded back the district which
+     had been criminally wrested from us, that was not a conquest
+     of foreign territory but, rightly and properly speaking,
+     what today is called disannexation.
+
+It is doubtful that Count von Hertling will ever leave in history the
+memory of a great Chancellor; but, if he does, it will be no doubt in
+the History of Ignorance and Falsehood. Never has a statesman in so
+few words uttered with such impudence so many untruths!
+
+Historically speaking, there are in Alsace-Lorraine three parts: there
+is Lorraine, there is Alsace, and there is the southern part of
+Alsace including the town of Mulhouse.
+
+As regards the town of Mulhouse, the question is most simple and
+clear. The town never, at any time, belonged to Germany or to the
+Germans. It belonged to Switzerland and, at the end of the 18th
+century, during the French revolution, the town, after a referendum,
+decided to become French. A delegation was sent to Paris, to the
+French Parliament, then called the _Conseil des Cinq-Cents_, and the
+delegation expressed publicly, officially, the desire of Mulhouse to
+be part of the French territory. There was a deliberation, and
+unanimously the _Conseil des Cinq-Cents_ voted a motion couched in the
+following terms: "_The French Republic accepts the vow of the citizens
+of Mulhouse._"
+
+A few weeks later the French authorities, among scenes of unparalleled
+enthusiasm, made their entry into the town, and the flag of Mulhouse
+was wrapped up in a tricolor box bearing the inscription: "The
+Republic of Mulhouse rests in the bosom of the French Republic."
+
+Alsace--the rest of Alsace--became French in 1648, more than two
+centuries before the war of 1870. It became French according to a
+treaty. The treaty was signed by the Austrian Emperor, because Alsace
+belonged to the Austrian Imperial Family. And it is not without
+interest to quote an article (article 75) of the treaty:
+
+     The Emperor cedes to the King of France forever, _in
+     perpetuum_, without any reserve, with full jurisdiction and
+     sovereignty, all the Alsatian territory. The Austrian
+     Emperor gives it to the King of France in such a way that no
+     other Emperor, in the future, will ever have any power in
+     any time to affirm any right on these territories.
+
+When today one reads that treaty, one has the impression that more
+than two centuries ago the Austrian Emperor had already a sort of
+apprehension that later on another Emperor would interfere in the
+matter and create mischief!
+
+Fifty-three years after that treaty, the Prussians, who dislike seeing
+anything in some one's else possession, tried to recover Alsace. Their
+own ambassador tried to dissuade them, and in 1701 Count Schmettau,
+ambassador of Prussia in Paris, wrote to his king:
+
+"_We cannot take Alsace, because it is well known that her inhabitants
+are more French than the Parisians_...."
+
+Could anything answer better the affirmation that "Alsatians are of
+German tendency?"
+
+Lorraine became French in 1552, more than three centuries before the
+war of 1870. Lorraine became French not after a war and as the result
+of a conquest, but according to a treaty signed by all the Protestant
+Princes of Germany, in which we find the following sentence, which is
+really worthy of meditation: "_We find just that the King of France,
+as promptly as possible, takes possession of the towns of Toul, Metz,
+and Verdun, where the German language has never been used._" So that
+the Germans themselves put on the same line the towns of Metz, Toul,
+and Verdun, and recognized that the town of Metz was not German.
+
+All this is extremely simple and clear. What happened several
+centuries later is equally clear.
+
+When, in 1871, on February 16th, the deputies of Alsace-Lorraine
+learned that their provinces would be given up to Germany, they
+assembled, and in an historical document which was signed by all of
+them--there were thirty-six--they protested in the following terms:
+
+     Alsace and Lorraine cannot be alienated. Today, before the
+     whole world, they proclaim that they want to remain French.
+     Europe cannot allow or ratify the annexation of Alsace and
+     Lorraine. Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like a
+     flock of sheep. Europe cannot remain deaf to the protest of
+     a whole population. Therefore, we declare in the name of our
+     population, in the name of our children and of our
+     descendants, that we are considering any treaty which gives
+     us up to a foreign power as a treaty null and void, and we
+     will eternally revindicate the right of disposing of
+     ourselves and of remaining French.
+
+And, three years later, in January, 1874, when for the first time
+Alsace and Lorraine had to elect deputies, they reiterated the same
+protest. They elected fifteen new deputies; some were Protestants,
+some were Catholics, one of them was the Bishop of Strasbourg, but
+they unanimously signed a declaration which was read at the Tribune of
+the German Reichstag. The declaration was the following:
+
+     In the name of all the people of Alsace-Lorraine, we protest
+     against the abuse of force of which our country is a
+     victim.... Citizens having a soul and an intelligence are
+     not mere goods that may be sold, or with which you may
+     trade.
+
+     The contract which annexed us to Germany is null and void. A
+     contract is only valid when the two contractants had an
+     entire freedom to sign it. France was not free when she
+     signed such a contract. Therefore our electors want us to
+     say that we consider ourselves as not bound by such a
+     treaty, and they want us to affirm once more our right of
+     disposing of ourselves.
+
+I beg to call the attention of the reader to two sentences of this
+protestation:
+
+"Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like a flock of sheep,"
+wrote the deputies of 1871. "People are not mere goods which may be
+sold or with which you may trade," proclaimed the deputies of 1874.
+Now you will find, nearly word for word, the same thought expressed
+in the message of President Wilson to Congress, when he wrote: "No
+right exists anywhere to hand peoples about from sovereignty to
+sovereignty as if they were property."
+
+That right does not exist, and it is because that right was
+outrageously violated in 1871 that France wants Alsace-Lorraine to
+come back to her. It is because, in 1871, Right has been wronged that
+today Right must be reinstated.
+
+Some people have spoken of a referendum. Why a referendum? Was there
+any referendum in 1871? And how could there be a referendum? How could
+you include in this referendum the hundreds of thousands of Alsatians
+who have fled from German domination? How could you exclude from this
+referendum the hundreds of thousands of Germans who have come to
+Alsace?
+
+The referendum was rendered by Mulhouse in 1798. Will that town be
+obliged to vote again? And how many times will it be obliged to vote
+for France? The referendum was rendered by the whole of Alsace and
+Lorraine in 1871 and 1874, by their elected deputies, when they
+unanimously protested against the German annexation.
+
+It was rendered twenty years ago by the census which was taken by the
+Germans themselves in Alsace. According to that census, in 1895,
+notwithstanding the fact that the teaching of French was prohibited in
+the public schools, there were 160,000 people in Alsace speaking
+French. And five years later, in 1900, according to another census
+there were 200,000 people in Alsace speaking French. And of these
+200,000 people, there were more than 52,000 children.
+
+The referendum was also rendered by Alsatians who, before this war,
+engaged themselves in the French Army, and became officers. According
+to the official statistics of the French War Department, there were in
+1914 in the French Army 20 generals, 145 superior officers, and 400
+ordinary officers of Alsatian origin. On the other side, in the German
+Army in 1914, there were four officers of Alsatian origin.
+
+And finally the referendum was rendered only one year before the
+present war, in 1913, when Herr von Jagow, then Prefect of Police in
+Berlin, made the following extraordinary declaration: "We Germans are
+obliged in Alsace to behave ourselves as if we were in an enemy's
+country...." What better referendum could you wish than such an
+admission by a German statesman?
+
+Moreover, the question of Alsace-Lorraine is not only a French
+question, but also an international question. It is not only France
+who has sworn to herself to recover Alsace-Lorraine--it is all the
+Allies who have sworn to France that she should recover it.
+
+"We mean to stand by the French democracy to the death," solemnly
+declared Mr. Lloyd-George on the 5th of January, 1918, "in the demand
+they make for a reconsideration of the great wrong of 1871, when,
+without any regard to the wishes of the population, two French
+provinces were torn from the side of France and incorporated in the
+German Empire."
+
+And, three days later, using nearly the same words, President Wilson,
+in his luminous message to Congress, said: "_The wrong done to France
+by Prussia in 1871, in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
+unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years should be
+righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the
+interest of all._"
+
+All the statesmen who have spoken since the beginning of the war in
+the name of the Allied Powers have attested that this war is not only
+a struggle for the liberty of nations and the respect due to
+nationalities, but also an effort toward definite peace. Their words
+only appeared fit for stirring up the enthusiasm of the crowds, and
+fortifying their will of sacrifice, because they gave expression to
+their feelings and prayers. If they are forgotten by those who uttered
+them they will be remembered by those who heard and treasured them.
+
+In September, 1914, Winston Churchill said: "We want this war to
+remodel the map of Europe according to the principle of nationalities,
+and the real wish of the people living in the contested territories.
+After so much bloodshed we wish for a peace which will free races, and
+restore the integrity of nations.... Let us have done with the
+armaments, the fear of strain, intrigues, and the perpetual threat of
+the horrible present crisis. Let us make the regulation of European
+conflicts just and natural." The French republic, of one mind with the
+Allies, proclaimed through its authorized representatives that this
+war is a war of deliverance. "France," said Mr. Stephen Pichon,
+Foreign Minister, "will not lay down arms before having shattered
+Prussian militarism, so as to be able to rebuild on a basis of justice
+a regenerated Europe." And Mr. Paul Deschanel, the President of the
+Chamber, continued: "The French are not only defending their soil,
+their homes, the tombs of their ancestors, their sacred memories,
+their ideal works of art and faith and all the graceful, just, and
+beautiful things their genius has lavished forth: they are defending,
+too, the respect of treaties, the independence of Europe, and human
+freedom. We want to know if all the effort of conscience during
+centuries will lead to its slavery, if millions of men are to be
+taken, given up, herded at the other side of a frontier and condemned
+to fight for their conquerors and masters against their country, their
+families, and their brothers.... The world wishes to live at last,
+Europe to breathe, and the nations mean to dispose freely of
+themselves."
+
+These engagements will be kept. But they will have been kept only when
+Alsace-Lorraine--the Belgium of 1871, as Rabbi Stephen Wise has called
+it--has been returned to France. Then, and only then, will there be
+real peace. Then, and only then, will the "Testament" of Paul
+Deroulede have been executed:
+
+     When our war victorious is o'er,
+     And our country has won back its rank,
+     Then with the evils war brings in its train
+     Will disappear the hatred the conqueror trails.
+
+     Then our great France, full of love without spite
+     Sowing fresh springing-corn 'neath her new-born laurels,
+     Will welcome Work, father of Fortune,
+     And sing Peace, mother of lengthy deeds.
+
+     Then will come Peace, calm, serene, and awful,
+     Crushing down arms, but upholding intellect;
+     For we shall stand out as just-hearted conquerors,
+     Only taking back what was robbed from us.
+
+     And our nation, weary of mourning,
+     Will soothe the living while praising the dead,
+     And nevermore will we hear the name of battle
+     And our children shall learn to unlearn hate.
+
+Just as France will not accept peace without restitution, she will not
+accept peace without reparation.
+
+Germany can never make reparation for all the ruin, all the
+destruction, all the sacrilege she has wrought. There can be no
+reparation for the Cathedral of Rheims, for the Hotel de Ville at
+Arras, for the deaths of thousands of innocent beings, for the
+slaughter of women and children.
+
+But there can be reparation for the damage done to machinery. The
+treasures of art which, contrary to all law and right, Germany has
+taken into her own country, can be returned. They can return the funds
+illegally stolen from the vaults of municipalities, banks and public
+societies. They can pay off the receipts which they themselves have
+signed for the objects they have compelled the owners to hand over to
+them.
+
+Every chateau in the north of France, places such as those of the
+Prince of Monaco, of Mr. Balny d'Avricourt, that of Coucy, have been
+looted and pillaged. Antique furniture, paintings by the great
+masters, sculptures, historic pieces of tapestry have been carried off
+into Germany. Tapestries, sculptures, furniture and paintings must
+come back from Germany. The museums at St. Quentin and Lille have seen
+their collections of value to art and science carried off; these
+collections must come back. Factories have been robbed of their pumps,
+of their equipment, of their trucks; other pumps, other equipment,
+other trucks must be put in their place. Otherwise, nothing will
+prevent that in the future other expeditions will come to ransack
+other countries. A bold move towards Venice allowed base hands to be
+laid on the most beautiful works of art humanity had produced. A
+fortunate descent on the shores of Long Island or of New Jersey would
+allow the Metropolitan Museum to be looted.
+
+At Ham, in the Somme district, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the former
+Empress of Russia's brother, one morning entered the shop of an
+antiquarian and picked out a number of ancient bibelots and vases,
+ordering that they be sent to his quarters. The owner thought it would
+be wise to state the price of the lot:
+
+"The price," exclaimed the Grand Duke, "there's nothing for me to pay
+for! Everything here belongs to me."
+
+But the owner protested, since, as he said, he did own the goods.
+
+"Here," said the Grand Duke, "this will pay you for them."
+
+And he handed the man his card with the words "good for so many
+francs" written on it; also his signature.
+
+The number of francs mentioned on the Grand Duke of Hesse's card will
+have to be paid in full after the war. So will the thousands of
+requisitions signed by persons of less importance--governors,
+generals, colonels, majors, men who thought they could ransack all
+Belgium and the north of France with impunity, giving in exchange mere
+scraps of paper.
+
+The great cities of Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Laon and Mezieres have
+been compelled to pay exorbitant levies for war purposes, which have
+amounted to billions of francs. This was contrary to all international
+law and to the Hague Tribunal's regulations. The funds thus illegally
+extorted will have to be repaid in full. No indemnities--that is
+understood and is perfectly just. It is precisely because there will
+not have to be any indemnities that the indemnities already extorted
+will have to be made good.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Finally, just as France cannot make peace without receiving
+restitution and reparation, she cannot make peace without receiving
+certain guarantees.
+
+Here we approach one of the most complex and difficult aspects of the
+entire problem, because we find ourselves in the presence of the
+famous League of Nations. President Wilson, one of the most noble and
+generous spirits, one of the greatest figures that has appeared in the
+entire war, launched if not the idea at least the first definite
+statement thereof.... And this statement has awakened in all hearts,
+tired of carnage and slaughter, the same infinite hope that words of
+goodness, liberty and fraternity always awaken, which evoke the
+thought of the supreme end towards which humanity tends. The statement
+has done better than merely move men's emotions, it has moved men's
+thoughts. It has kindled in them a ray of hope which tends to shine
+more brightly every day in that they know that the civilized world
+will be truly a civilized world only when it is formed and fashioned
+in the likeness of a civilized nation. In a civilized nation no one
+has the right to kill another man, to obtain justice by using force,
+to commit murder, nor to raise armed bands to shoot, blow up or kill
+with poisoned gas other men. Tribunals exist to appease differences
+and to prevent fighting; every citizen is associated with every other
+citizen in the common cause of security and progress.
+
+In a civilized world no nation has the right to massacre, no nation
+ought to have the right to resort to the use of force to obtain
+justice, no nation ought to have the right to attack, harm, or
+destroy another nation. There ought to be tribunals to appease the
+differences of peoples as well as those of individuals; every nation
+ought to be associated with every other nation to assure the progress
+of the entire world.
+
+This theory is not only appealing, it is irrefutable. But it is a law
+for this earth that the most profoundly just and true theories, those
+which have been most scientifically demonstrated, encounter, when put
+into practice, obstacles which have not been surmounted and are often
+insurmountable.
+
+President Wilson, who is not only a great jurist and a noble idealist,
+but who also has that genius for realization which is a characteristic
+of all America, has not failed to appreciate the difficulties which
+the League of Nations would encounter were it put into practice. And
+if, in his messages, he has insisted with a force that is every day
+more eloquent on the necessity of tackling the problem; he has never
+given a detailed solution for it.
+
+He has done better than that, for he has swept aside certain factors
+which would have made it absolutely impossible. On the second, of
+April, 1917, in his immortal declaration of war, he formally declared
+that "no autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within a
+partnership of nations or observe its covenants. It must be a league
+of honor, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its vitals
+away; the plottings of inner circles who could plan what they would
+and render account to no one, would be a corruption seated at its very
+heart. Only a free people can hold their purpose and their honor
+steady to a common end, and prefer the interests of mankind to any
+narrow interest of their own."
+
+These are admirable words of truth and of philosophic depth, words
+which deserve to be graven in stone. No autocracy, then, in the League
+of Nations, no German militarism nor Austrian imperialism in it. No
+universal league of nations, even, but a limited society, a society of
+democracies!
+
+Certain hasty critics have observed neither the same prudence nor
+logic as President Wilson. They have been farther from the truth, much
+farther from the truth. They have falsified his text, as do all
+commentators. They have desired to build complete in all details the
+League of Nations, which only existed in outline. They have succeeded
+in showing how difficult the construction would be, and they have only
+been able to set up a house of cards which the first breath of wind
+would knock down.
+
+For example, this is how one of the most eminent French socialists, M.
+Albert Thomas, a man who has given abundant proof of his practical
+experience and actual talents, formerly the French Minister of
+Munitions, depicts the League of Nations:
+
+     Let us suppose [he wrote on the twenty-fifth of December,
+     1917], as the mathematicians say, that the problem is
+     solved. Let us suppose that the society of nations, made up
+     of all the nations, had been created by common accord about
+     the year 1910 or 1912. What would it have accomplished?
+     After the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the
+     Hague Tribunal, or perhaps the Washington Tribunal, would
+     have made inquiry into the conditions of the murder. It
+     would have taken certain steps. And if Austria, still
+     dissatisfied, had invaded Serbia for the sake of revenge or
+     to give scope to her ambitious designs, if Germany had
+     joined with her in this, then all the other allied nations,
+     in the performance of their duty, would have entered into a
+     war against the central powers in order to force them to
+     respect the liberties and the integrity of little Serbia.
+     For there can be no rule without sanction therefore. No
+     international law is possible if there does not exist at the
+     service of this law the "organized force that is superior to
+     that of any nation or to that of any alliance of nations" of
+     which President Wilson speaks.
+
+     If the society of nations had existed in 1914 and if Germany
+     had violated its laws, the entire world would have taken
+     military action against Germany by means of war, economic
+     action by means of blockade and of depriving her of the
+     necessities of life. The entire world would have been at war
+     with her and her allies. And in order that the league of
+     nations might continue to exist, in order that the rule of
+     justice, scarcely outlined, could have continued to exist,
+     the victory of the entente powers would have been as
+     necessary as it is today. Mr. Lloyd-George and President
+     Wilson would have said, as they say today, "No league of
+     nations without victory."
+
+     The difference is that in 1914 a verdict in the case would
+     have been handed down by the common tribunal of the nations,
+     and that there would have been no possible discussion of the
+     violations of right committed by Germany nor on the
+     responsibility for having caused the war.
+
+     The difference would have been that in place of seeing the
+     neutral nations hesitating, frightened by German force,
+     disturbed by German lies, rallying only under the protection
+     of one of the Entente armies, at the moment when they had
+     seen on which side lay right, they would all, at the very
+     beginning, have entered into the battle in fulfillment of
+     their obligations not only on account of their moral
+     responsibility but on account of their clearly understood
+     interests.
+
+     Finally the difference is that, the rights of the peoples
+     having been defined clearly, there would have been no
+     moment's uncertainty nor hesitation concerning the ends of
+     the war.
+
+     And it is impossible to doubt that the present situation of
+     the war would have been decidedly different from what it is
+     today.
+
+I have cited the passage at length in order to give the critic's
+argument its widest scope. But, alas, who does not see the argument's
+fallacy? Who does not perceive that this reenforced skyscraper is a
+cardboard column liable to fall with the first push that is given it?
+
+Moreover, from the very beginning, the originator of the idea of the
+society of nations admits the hypothesis of a war and presupposes all
+the nations in the league are making war against another nation. Even
+with the society of nations there will still be wars. Even with the
+society of nations there will be no guarantee of absolute peace.
+
+So we are shown the spectacle, in case of war, of all the nations
+making war at once, without the least hesitation, without delay,
+without any discussion, against the people that disturbs the peace of
+the world. Is it a certainty that this unanimity would result? Is it a
+certainty that there would be no falling away, no delay? And, granting
+that there would be none of this, is it a certainty that irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided? To consider once more M. Thomas'
+example of the war of 1914, let us suppose that there had been at that
+time a society of nations, that England had had an army, that the
+United States had had an army, and that the Anglo-American army had
+not lost a day nor an hour. Is it a certainty that they would have
+prevented the Germans from being at the gates of Liege on the seventh
+of August, in Brussels on the nineteenth of August, and before Paris
+on the second of September? And if today France, England, America,
+Italy, Japan and four-fifths of the civilized world, in spite of the
+treasure of heroism and effort that has been expended, have not been
+able to prevent the present result, is it possible that this would
+have been obtained with the assistance of Switzerland, the
+Scandinavian nations, Holland and Spain?
+
+"The difference," continues M. Thomas, "is that there would not have
+been the possibility of any discussion of the violation of rights
+committed by Germany, nor upon what nation rests the responsibility
+for causing the war." But is that so sure? How was there any
+discussion in 1914 of the violation of Belgium by Germany? Did not
+Germany herself, in the teeth of all the world, hurl the avowal of
+this violation when von Bethmann-Hollweg, in the Reichstag, cynically
+declared: "We have just invaded Belgium.... Yes, we know that it is
+contrary to international law; but we were compelled by necessity. And
+necessity knows no law." What international tribunal's verdict could
+have the force of this avowal from the lips of the guilty man?
+However, the world has not moved, the world has not trembled, the
+world is not now up in arms. And who would guarantee that another time
+when the case will be perhaps less flagrant, the crime more obscure,
+the aggressor less cynical, the world will tremble and rise in arms?
+
+Moreover, is it always possible to determine the responsibility for
+war's origin? Is it always possible, before an international tribunal
+of arbitration, to throw the proper light and all the light on the
+course events have taken? Will the judges always be unanimous?
+
+Take the case of the last Balkan War in 1912. Is it possible today,
+from a six years' perspective, to establish with any degree of
+certitude the reasons for its outbreak and determine without
+hesitation the responsibility for it? Can you affirm with any degree
+of certainty that a court composed of American, European and Asiatic
+jurists would be unanimous in condemning Turkey and exonerating
+Bulgaria? And tomorrow, if the Ukraine should suddenly hurl itself
+against the Republic of the Don, or if Finland invaded Great Russia,
+with your international court would you be really in a way to
+pronounce a verdict within five days? And if Sweden took Finland's
+part and Germany took Great Russia's, could you guarantee that
+Argentina, Japan, Australia and even France would consent to mobilize
+their fleets and their armies to settle the question of a frontier on
+the banks of the Neva? Can you guarantee that every war of every Slav
+republic would have for a correlative the mobilization of the entire
+world?
+
+And then are you certain that the idea of a society of nations is
+exactly a new one? Are you certain that there did not exist a society
+of nations before the outbreak of the present war? Have you never
+heard that, on the fifteenth of June, 1907, at The Hague, forty-four
+nations of the civilized world (and Germany was one of the number)
+assembled and met together to form such a league? Have you never heard
+of the treaty that was signed then which, according to the wording at
+the treaty's head, had for its object "fixing the laws and usages at
+war on the land"? Have you never read the terms of this convention,
+have you never glanced through the sixty-odd articles which today, in
+the presence of the nameless horrors in which we lend a hand, offer a
+prodigious interest to actuality?
+
+Glance over these articles--and let us see how they have been applied:
+
+     ARTICLE 4 provides that "_prisoners of war must be humanely
+     treated. All their personal belongings, except arms, horses,
+     and military papers, remain their property_." Now all the
+     prisoners held by Germany have, without exception, been
+     spoiled of their money, of their portfolios, of their rings,
+     of their jewels, of their eyeglasses.
+
+     ARTICLE 6 says that "_the state may employ as workmen the
+     prisoners of war_," but it is careful in stipulating "_that
+     the work must not be excessive and must have nothing
+     whatever to do with operations of war_." ARTICLE 7 says
+     that "_prisoners of war shall be treated as regards board,
+     lodging, and clothing on the same footing as the troops of
+     the Government who captured them_." Each of these two
+     articles has been violated since the beginning of the war by
+     the Germans. After the Battle of the Marne, when the
+     advancing French troops of Joffre arrived on the Aisne they
+     found French civilians captured by the Germans and compelled
+     by them to work in the trenches. Moreover, an official
+     report emanating from Mr. Gustave Ador, President of the
+     International Red Cross, now member of the Swiss Federal
+     Council, called the attention of the belligerents as soon as
+     October, 1914, to the bad treatment of the French prisoners
+     in Germany. Each French officer had, as prisoner, a salary
+     of one hundred marks per month, which was not even half of
+     the pay of an under-officer.
+
+     ARTICLES 23, 25, 27, and 28 are so interesting that they
+     must be quoted _in extenso_:
+
+     ARTICLE 23. In _addition to the prohibitions provided by
+     special conventions, it is especially forbidden_:
+
+     (a) _To employ poison or poisoned weapons._
+
+     (c) _To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his
+     arms, or having no longer means of defense, has surrendered
+     at discretion._
+
+     (d) _To declare that no quarter will be given._
+
+     (e) _To employ arms, projectiles, or material calculated to
+     cause unnecessary suffering._
+
+     (f) _To make improper use of a flag of truce, of the
+     national flag, or of the military insignia and uniform of
+     the enemy, as well as the distinctive badges of the Geneva
+     Convention._
+
+     (g) _To destroy or seize the enemy's property, unless such
+     destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the
+     necessities of war._
+
+     (h) _A belligerent is likewise forbidden to compel the
+     nationals of the hostile party to take part in the
+     operations of war directed against their own country, even
+     if they were in the belligerent's service before the
+     commencement of the war._
+
+     ARTICLE 25. _The attack or bombardment, by whatever means,
+     of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings which are
+     undefended is prohibited._
+
+     ARTICLE 27. _In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps
+     must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings
+     dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes,
+     historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and
+     wounded are collected, provided they are not being used at
+     the time for military purposes._
+
+     ARTICLE 28. _The pillage of a town or place, even when taken
+     by assault, is prohibited._
+
+     It seems that the men of The Hague, when they wrote those
+     articles, had a sort of prescience of the future cruelties
+     of war and that they wanted to avoid them. Let us see how
+     far they have succeeded.
+
+     It was forbidden to employ poison or poisoned weapons. No
+     later than last spring when the Germans evacuated certain
+     parts of the north of France instructions emanating from the
+     German general headquarters were found in the pocket of many
+     German prisoners or on the dead, and those instructions
+     indicated how the water of the wells was to be poisoned:
+     "Such and such a soldier," ran instructions, "will be in
+     charge of the wells, will throw in each one a sufficient
+     quantity of poison or creosote, or, lacking these, all
+     available filth."
+
+     It was forbidden to declare that no quarter would be given.
+     And here is the order of the day issued on August 25, 1914,
+     by General Stenger, commanding the Fifty-eighth German
+     Brigade, to his troops: "After today no more prisoners will
+     be taken. All prisoners are to be killed. Wounded, with or
+     without arms, are to be killed. Even prisoners already
+     grouped in convoys are to be killed. Let not a single living
+     enemy remain behind us."
+
+     It was forbidden to pillage a town or locality, even when
+     taken by assault. And on the corpse of the German private
+     Handschumacher (of the Eleventh Battalion of Jaegers,
+     Reserve) in the very earliest days of the war, was found the
+     following diary: "August 8, 1914. Gouvy (Belgium). There, as
+     the Belgians had fired on the German soldiers, we at once
+     pillaged the goods station. Some cases, eggs, shirts, and
+     all eatables were seized. The safe was gutted and the money
+     divided among the men. All securities were torn up."
+
+     In fact, pillage and robberies went on on such a high scale
+     during the first months of the war that considerable sums of
+     money were sent from France and Belgium to Germany. A German
+     newspaper, the _Berlin Tageblatt_, of November 26, 1914,
+     implicitly avowed it when, in a technical article on the
+     military treasury ("_Der Zahlmeister im Felde_"), it wrote:
+     "It is curious to note that far more money-orders are sent
+     from the theater of operations to the interior of the
+     country than _vice versa_."
+
+     ARTICLE 50 of this Hague Convention states that "_no general
+     penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be inflicted upon the
+     population on account of the acts of individuals for which
+     they cannot be regarded as jointly and severally
+     responsible_." Side by side with this article, it is
+     interesting to reproduce an extract from a proclamation of
+     General von Buelow, posted up at Liege on August 22, 1914:
+     "The inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after having
+     protested their peaceful intentions, treacherously surprised
+     our troops. It is with my full consent that the general in
+     command had the whole place burned, and about a hundred
+     people were shot." Moreover, here is an extract from a
+     proclamation of Major-Commander Dieckmann, posted up at
+     Grivegnee on September 8, 1914: "Every one who does not obey
+     at once the word of command, 'Hands up,' is guilty of the
+     penalty of death." And finally here is an extract from a
+     proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, posted up in
+     Brussels on October 5, 1914: "In future all places near the
+     spot where such acts have taken place [destruction of
+     railway lines or telegraph wires]--no matter whether guilty
+     or not--shall be punished without mercy. With this end in
+     view, hostages have been brought from all places near
+     railway lines exposed to such attacks, and at the first
+     attempt to destroy railway lines, telegraph or telephone
+     lines, they will be immediately shot."
+
+     ARTICLE 56 of the Hague Convention provides that "_the
+     property of municipalities, that of institutions dedicated
+     to religion, charity, and education, to the arts and
+     sciences, even when state property, shall be treated as
+     private property. All seizure of, destruction, or willful
+     damage done to institutions of this character, historical
+     monuments, works of art and science, is forbidden, and
+     should be made the subject of legal proceedings._"
+
+     Four names, which will be eternally remembered, are here
+     sufficient to answer: there is Rheims and its Cathedral,
+     Louvain and its library, Arras and its Town Hall, Ypres and
+     its bell tower.
+
+In the course of this war, Germany has disavowed her signature any
+number of times and has broken her pledges just as often as she has
+made them. Germany is a proven perjurer not only in the eyes of the
+nations at war with her, but also in the regard of the forty-four
+countries signatory of the Hague Convention. However, we have never
+heard that a single one of these nations lodged a protest against her
+actions. The Hague Convention has been torn into shreds, and not one
+of its signers has entered the slightest protest.
+
+Is the next society of nations to be modeled on the same principles?
+Is the next society of nations going to draw up articles of the same
+kind as the Hague society? Is the future society of nations to accept
+among its members the same Empire of Germany which in 1914 declared
+bankruptcy? Will the future act of the society of nations be a simple
+scrap of paper, like the last act of 1907?
+
+But let us cease asking these questions. There is no gain in asking
+certain questions to gain certain replies. There is no gain in
+examining certain problems to make the difficulties of the solution
+more apparent.
+
+There is no doubt that the society of nations will exist some day. For
+the honor of humanity we must hope that it will exist. But it is not
+one day's work, nor the speaking of a single discourse nor the writing
+of one article that will build it. In M. Clemenceau's words, right can
+not be firmly established as long as the world is based on might. To
+bring about the rule of Right, Might must be destroyed and driven out
+as the very first move in the campaign for ultimate liberty.
+
+German Might will not be destroyed by international compacts to which
+Germany will be party. Recall the treaty guaranteeing Belgium's
+integrity, which was one that Germany signed. Recall the Hague
+Conventions, signed by this same Germany. The men are fools who will
+not recall these things, who will not profit by them as examples.
+German might will only be destroyed by international agreements to
+which Germany is not a party, and which shall place German might
+beyond the regions in which it can play a dangerous part.
+
+Now we are not building this upon sand, but upon a foundation of solid
+rock.
+
+Germany needs two things to continue her national existence. She must
+import from other countries certain products necessary to her
+existence. For example, there is wool, of which she was obliged to
+import 1,888,481 metric quintals in order to manufacture her sixteen
+thousand grades of woolen fabrics. There is copper, of which Germany
+imported 250,000 tons in 1913 (200,000 tons came from America), in
+order to sell the merchandise she finds has a good market in foreign
+countries. Considering all Germany's exports for the period from
+1903-1913, we find that their total has passed from 6,400 millions to
+12,600 millions, an increase of nearly one hundred per cent.
+
+There lies the best, the true, indeed the only means whereby the
+Allies can compel Germany to disarm. We do not demand that the
+economic war shall continue after the actual warfare is at an end, but
+we can demand that the Allies shall not lay aside their economic arms
+when the Germans shall have laid aside their fighting arms. In other
+words, we can demand that the Allies do not give Germany wool, copper
+and money if they know that this wool, money and copper are to feed
+the war machine. This war machine cost the German Empire nearly four
+hundred millions of dollars according to the budget of 1914. Suppose
+the Allies said to Germany, "As long as you have a military and naval
+budget of four hundred millions of dollars, we regret that we shall be
+unable to sell you wool and copper. We regret that we shall be unable
+to buy anything from you. But, if you reduce this budget by half, we
+are willing to give you one million metric quintals of wool and
+125,000 tons of copper. Likewise, we are disposed to make purchases
+in your market totalling one billion dollars. If your military and
+naval budgets fall to nothing, we are willing to go much farther and
+buy and sell everything with you in unlimited quantities." Suppose the
+Allies make these proposals to Germany. Suppose they are put into
+effect. Will they not be a better guarantee of universal peace than
+all the Conventions and all the courts of arbitration in the world?
+
+Then let no one disturb the peace of the world for his selfish
+purposes. Left to themselves, the little Balkan States and Slav States
+will not start great, long wars, just as the lone robber posted at the
+edge of a woods will not endanger a province's communications for very
+long. The formidable thing is the great country that is arranged and
+planned along the lines of war, where everything is organized with a
+view to war; just as the formidable thing for a city is the small band
+of malefactors who are able to terrify half the citizens by the use of
+highly perfected arms.
+
+There will be no lasting peace until the most terrible war machine
+the world has ever known shall have been destroyed, reduced to an
+impotent state of non-existence. Ideals will not destroy this machine,
+but practical means and getting down to the facts of the case will do
+so. Pasteur did not overcome hydrophobia by writing treatises and
+dissertations. He met poison with poison, he injected the healing
+serum into the veins of the maddened dog. Now Germany is the mad dog,
+and Germany must be inoculated. After that there will be time to pass
+hygienic measures for the regiment of the entire world. Today Germany
+must be killed or cured. Germany is the cancer that must be cut out,
+lest it eat up the world.
+
+It has been a matter of life and death for Liberty and Civilization.
+Both of them have been sick unto death. Clutched foully by the throat,
+they have heard their own death rattle; they themselves thought they
+might not survive. Now they stand on their feet, so weak, so pale, and
+so feeble that their life might still be despaired of. If we do not
+obtain definite guarantees against the monster who has barely failed
+to strangle them and to force the entire world back into the darkness
+of slavery, we shall have failed in our task, and the blood shed in
+the fight for Liberty will have been shed in vain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+The following irrefutable documents, selected from among thousands of
+others which history will record, prove better than any other means
+how the Germans understand war and peace. They deserve a place in this
+volume because they demonstrate why and against what France is
+fighting.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE
+
+
+Answering to the Pope, in September, 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm II declared
+"_that he had always regarded it as his principal and most sacred duty
+to preserve the blessing of Peace for the German people and the
+world_." More recently, driving through the battlefield of Cambrai,
+the Kaiser, according to the war correspondent of the Berlin
+_Lokalanzeiger_, exclaimed: "God knows what I have not done to prevent
+such a war!"
+
+A document made public by M. Stephen Pichon, French Foreign Minister,
+shows exactly how, in the last days of July, 1914, the Kaiser tried
+"to preserve the blessings of Peace for the German people and the
+world" and what he did "to prevent such a war."
+
+Speaking at the Sorbonne, in Paris, on March 1, 1918, M. Pichon said:
+
+     I will establish by documents that the day the Germans
+     deliberately rendered inevitable the most frightful of wars
+     they tried to dishonor us by the most cowardly complicity in
+     the ambush into which they drew Europe. I will establish it
+     in the revelation of a document which the German Chancellor,
+     after having drawn it up, preserved carefully, and you will
+     see why, in the most profound mystery of the most secret
+     archives.
+
+     We have known only recently of its authenticity, and it
+     defies any sort of attempt to disprove it. It bears the
+     signature of Bethmann Hollweg (German Imperial Chancellor at
+     the outbreak of the war) and the date July 31, 1914. On
+     that day Von Schoen (German Ambassador to France) was
+     charged by a telegram from his Chancellor to notify us of a
+     state of danger of war with Russia and to ask us to remain
+     neutral, giving us eighteen hours in which to reply.
+
+     What was unknown until today was that the telegram of the
+     German Chancellor containing these instructions ended with
+     these words:
+
+     _If the French Government declares it will remain neutral
+     your Excellency will be good enough to declare that we must,
+     as a guarantee of its neutrality, require the handing over
+     of the fortresses of Toul and Verdun; that we will occupy
+     them and will restore them after the end of the war with
+     Russia. A reply to this last question must reach here before
+     Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock._
+
+That is how Germany wanted peace at the moment when she declared war!
+That is how sincere she was in pretending that we obliged her to take
+up arms for her defense! That is the price she intended to make us pay
+for our baseness if we had the infamy to repudiate our signature as
+Prussia repudiated hers by tearing up the treaty that guaranteed the
+neutrality of Belgium!
+
+It was explained that the above document has not previously been
+published, because the code could not be deciphered: the French
+Foreign Office succeeded only a few days before in decodifying the
+document.
+
+Moreover, Herr von Bethmann Hollweg, on March 18, 1918, acknowledged
+the accuracy of M. Pichon's quotation and contented himself to declare
+that "his instructions to Von Schoen were justified."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR
+
+
+This document is quoted from the French "Yellow Book," page 152:
+
+          _From Copenhagen_
+          _French Yellow Book No. 155_
+
+     M. Bapst, French Minister at Copenhagen, to
+     M. Doumergue, Minister for Foreign Affairs.
+
+                              COPENHAGEN, AUGUST 6, 1914.
+
+     The French Ambassador at Berlin, M. Jules Cambon, asks me to
+     communicate to your Excellency the following telegram:
+
+     I have been sent to Denmark by the German Government. I have
+     just arrived at Copenhagen. I am accompanied by all the
+     staff of the Embassy and the Russian Charge d'Affaires at
+     Darmstadt with his family. The treatment which we have
+     received is of such a nature that I have thought it
+     desirable to make a complete report on it to your Excellency
+     by telegram.
+
+     On the morning of Monday, the 3rd of August, after I had, in
+     accordance with your instructions, addressed to Herr von
+     Jagow a protest against the acts of aggression committed on
+     French territory by German troops, the Secretary of State
+     came to see me. Herr von Jagow came to complain of acts of
+     aggression which he alleged had been committed in Germany,
+     especially at Nuremberg and Coblenz by French aviators, who
+     according to his statement "had come from Belgium." I
+     answered that I had not the slightest information as to the
+     facts to which he attached so much importance and the
+     improbability of which seemed to me obvious; on my part I
+     asked him if he had read the note which I had addressed to
+     him with regard to the invasion of our territory by
+     detachments of the German army. As the Secretary of State
+     said that he had not yet read this note I explained its
+     contents to him. I called his attention to the act committed
+     by the officer commanding one of the detachments who had
+     advanced to the French village of Joncherey, ten kilometers
+     within our frontier, and had blown out the brains of a
+     French soldier whom he had met there. After having given my
+     opinion of this act I added:
+
+     "You will admit that under no circumstances could there be
+     any comparison between this and the flight of an aeroplane
+     over foreign territory carried out by private persons
+     animated by that spirit of individual courage by which
+     aviators are distinguished.
+
+     "An act of aggression committed on the territory of a
+     neighbor by detachments of regular troops commanded by
+     officers assumes an importance of quite a different nature."
+
+     Herr von Jagow explained to me that he had no knowledge of
+     the facts of which I was speaking to him, and he added that
+     it was difficult for events of this kind not to take place
+     when two armies filled with the feelings which animated our
+     troops found themselves face to face on either side of the
+     frontier.
+
+     At this moment the crowds which thronged the Pariser Platz
+     in front of the Embassy and whom we could see through the
+     window of my study, which was half open, uttered shouts
+     against France. I asked the Secretary of State when all this
+     would come to an end.
+
+     "The Government has not yet come to a decision," Herr von
+     Jagow answered. "It is probable that Herr von Schoen will
+     receive orders today to ask for his passports and then you
+     will receive yours." The Secretary of State assured me that
+     I need not have any anxiety with regard to my departure, and
+     that all the proprieties would be observed with regard to me
+     as well as my staff. We were not to see one another any more
+     and we took leave of one another after an interview which
+     had been courteous and could not make me anticipate what was
+     in store for me.
+
+     Before leaving Herr von Jagow I expressed to him my wish to
+     make a personal call on the Chancellor, as that would be the
+     last opportunity that I should have of seeing him.
+
+     Herr von Jagow said that he did not advise me to carry out
+     this intention as the interview would serve no purpose and
+     could not fail to be painful.
+
+     At 6 o'clock in the evening Herr von Langwerth brought me my
+     passports. In the name of his Government he refused to agree
+     to the wish which I expressed to him that I should be
+     permitted to travel by Holland or Belgium. He suggested to
+     me that I should go either by way of Copenhagen, although he
+     could not assure me a free passage by sea, or through
+     Switzerland via Constance.
+
+     I accepted this last route; Herr von Langwerth having asked
+     me to leave as soon as I possibly could it was agreed, in
+     consideration of the necessity I was under of making
+     arrangements with the Spanish Ambassador, who was
+     undertaking the charge of our interests, that I should leave
+     on the next day, the 4th August, at 10 o'clock at night.
+
+     At 7 o'clock, an hour after Herr von Langwerth had left,
+     Herr von Lancken, formerly Councilor of the Embassy at
+     Paris, came from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to tell me
+     to request the staff of my Embassy to cease taking meals in
+     the restaurants. This order was so strict that on the next
+     day, Tuesday, I had to have recourse to the authority of the
+     Wilhelmstrasse to get the Hotel Bristol to send our meals to
+     the Embassy.
+
+     At 11 o'clock on the same evening, Monday, Herr von
+     Langwerth came back to tell me that his Government would not
+     allow our return by way of Switzerland under the pretext
+     that it would take three days and three nights to take me to
+     Constance. He announced that I should be sent by way of
+     Vienna. I only agreed to this alteration under reserve, and
+     during the night I wrote the following letter to Herr von
+     Langwerth:
+
+                              "BERLIN, AUGUST 3rd, 1914.
+
+         "M. LE BARON;
+
+         "I have been thinking over the route for my return
+         to my country about which you came to speak to me
+         this evening. You propose that I shall travel by
+         Vienna. I run the risk of finding myself detained
+         in that town, if not by the action of the Austrian
+         Government, at least owing to the mobilization
+         which creates great difficulties similar to those
+         existing in Germany as to the movements of trains.
+
+         "Under these circumstances I must ask the German
+         Government for a promise made on their honor that
+         the Austrian Government will send me to Switzerland,
+         and that the Swiss Government will not close its
+         frontier either to me or to the persons by whom I
+         am accompanied, as I am told that that frontier has
+         been firmly closed to foreigners.
+
+         "I cannot then accept the proposal that you have
+         made to me unless I have the security which I ask
+         for, and unless I am assured that I shall not be
+         detained for some months outside my country.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     In answer to this letter on the next morning, Tuesday the
+     4th August, Herr von Langwerth gave me in writing an
+     assurance that the Austrian and Swiss authorities had
+     received communications to this effect.
+
+     At the same time M. Miladowski, attached to the Consulate at
+     Berlin, as well as other Frenchmen, was arrested in his own
+     house while in bed. M. Miladowski, for whom a diplomatic
+     passport had been requested, was released after four hours.
+
+     I was prepared to leave for Vienna when, at a quarter to
+     five, Herr von Langwerth came back to inform me that I would
+     have to leave with the persons accompanying me at 10 o'clock
+     in the evening, but that I should be taken to Denmark. On
+     this new requirement I asked if I should be confined in a
+     fortress supposing I did not comply. Herr von Langwerth
+     simply answered that he would return to receive my answer in
+     half an hour. I did not wish to give the German Government
+     the pretext for saying that I had refused to depart from
+     Germany. I therefore told Herr von Langwerth when he came
+     back that I would submit to the order which had been given
+     to me but "that I protested."
+
+     I at once wrote to Herr von Jagow a letter of which the
+     following is a copy:
+
+                              BERLIN, AUGUST 4, 1914.
+
+         "SIR:
+
+         "More than once your Excellency has said to me that
+         the Imperial Government, in accordance with the
+         usages of international courtesy, would facilitate
+         my return to my own country, and would give me
+         every means of getting back to it quickly.
+
+         "Yesterday, however, Baron von Langwerth, after
+         refusing me access to Belgium and Holland, informed
+         me that I should travel to Switzerland via Constance.
+         During the night I was informed that I should be
+         sent to Austria, a country which is taking part in
+         the present war on the side of Germany. As I had no
+         knowledge of the intentions of Austria towards me,
+         since on Austrian soil I am nothing but an ordinary
+         private individual, I wrote to Baron von Langwerth
+         that I requested the Imperial Government to give me
+         a promise that the Imperial and Royal Austrian
+         authorities would give me all possible facilities
+         for continuing my journey and that Switzerland would
+         not be closed to me. Herr von Langwerth has been good
+         enough to answer me in writing that I could be
+         assured of an easy journey and that the Austrian
+         authorities would do all that was necessary.
+
+         "It is nearly five o'clock, and Baron von Langwerth
+         has just announced to me that I shall be sent to
+         Denmark. In view of the present situation, there is
+         no security that I shall find a ship to take me to
+         England and it is this consideration which made me
+         reject this proposal with the approval of Herr von
+         Langwerth.
+
+         "In truth no liberty is left me and I am treated
+         almost as a prisoner. I am obliged to submit,
+         having no means of obtaining that the rules of
+         international courtesy should be observed towards
+         me, but I hasten to protest to your Excellency
+         against the manner in which I am being treated.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     Whilst my letter was being delivered I was told that the
+     journey would not be made direct but by way of Schleswig. At
+     10 o'clock in the evening, I left the Embassy with my staff
+     in the middle of a great assembly of foot and mounted
+     police.
+
+     At the station the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was only
+     represented by an officer of inferior rank.
+
+     The journey took place with extreme slowness. We took more
+     than twenty-four hours to reach the frontier. It seemed that
+     at every station they had to wait for orders to proceed. I
+     was accompanied by Major von Rheinbaben of the Alessandra
+     Regiment of the Guard and by a police officer. In the
+     neighborhood of the Kiel Canal the soldiers entered our
+     carriages. The windows were shut and the curtains of the
+     carriages drawn down; each of us had to remain isolated in
+     his compartment and was forbidden to get up or to touch his
+     luggage. A soldier stood in the corridor of the carriage
+     before the door of each of our compartments which were kept
+     open, revolver in hand and finger on the trigger. The
+     Russian Charge d'Affaires, the women and children and
+     everyone were subjected to the same treatment.
+
+     At the last German station about 11 o'clock at night, Major
+     von Rheinbaben came to take leave of me. I handed to him the
+     following letter to Herr von Jagow.
+
+                         "WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 5, 1914.
+
+         "SIR:
+
+         "Yesterday before leaving Berlin, I protested in
+         writing to your Excellency against the repeated
+         change of route which was imposed upon me by the
+         Imperial Government on my journey from Germany.
+
+         "Today as the train in which I was passed over the
+         Kiel Canal an attempt was made to search all our
+         luggage as if we might have hidden some instrument
+         of destruction. Thanks to the interference of Major
+         von Rheinbaben, we were spared this insult. But
+         they went further.
+
+         "They obliged us to remain each in his own
+         compartment, the windows and blinds having been
+         closed. During this time, in the corridors of the
+         carriages at the door of each compartment and
+         facing each one of us, stood a soldier, revolver in
+         hand, finger on the trigger, for nearly half an hour.
+
+         "I consider it my duty to protest against this
+         threat of violence to the Ambassador of the
+         Republic and the staff of his Embassy, violence
+         which nothing could even have made me anticipate.
+
+         "Yesterday I had the honor of writing to your
+         Excellency that I was being treated almost as a
+         prisoner. Today I am being treated as a dangerous
+         prisoner. Also I must record that during our
+         journey which from Berlin to Denmark has taken
+         twenty-four hours, no food has been prepared nor
+         provided for me nor for the persons who were
+         traveling with me to the frontier.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     I thought that our troubles had finished, when shortly
+     afterwards Major von Rheinbaben came, rather embarrassed, to
+     inform me that the train would not proceed to the Danish
+     frontier if I did not pay the cost of this train. I
+     expressed my astonishment that I had not been made to pay at
+     Berlin and that at any rate I had not been forewarned of
+     this. I offered to pay by a cheque on one of the largest
+     Berlin banks. This facility was refused me. With the help of
+     my companions I was able to collect, in gold, the sum which
+     was required from me at once, and which amounted to 3,611
+     marks, 75 pfennig. This is about 5,000 francs in accordance
+     with the present rate of exchange.
+
+     After this last incident, I thought it necessary to ask
+     Major von Rheinbaben for his word of honor as an officer and
+     a gentleman that we should be taken to the Danish frontier.
+     He gave it to me, and I required that the policeman who was
+     with us should accompany us.
+
+     In this way we arrived at the first Danish station, where
+     the Danish Government had had a train made ready to take us
+     to Copenhagen.
+
+     I am assured that my British colleague and the Belgian
+     Minister, although they left Berlin after I did, traveled by
+     the direct route to Holland. I am struck by this difference
+     of treatment, and as Denmark and Norway are, at this moment,
+     infested with spies, if I succeed in embarking in Norway,
+     there is danger that I may be arrested at sea with the
+     officials who accompany me.
+
+     I do not wish to conclude this dispatch without notifying
+     your Excellency of the energy and devotion of which the
+     whole staff of the Embassy has given unceasing proof during
+     the course of this crisis. I shall be glad that account
+     should be taken of the services which on this occasion have
+     been rendered to the Government of the Republic, in
+     particular by the Secretaries of the Embassy and by the
+     Military and Naval Attaches.
+
+                              JULES CAMBON.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III
+
+HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR
+
+
+The French Government, as soon as it heard of the first German
+atrocities, instituted a Commission of inquiry composed of three high
+French magistrates: Mr. Georges Payelle, President of the Cour des
+Comptes, Mr. Georges Maringer, Councilor of State, and Mr. Edmond
+Paillot, Councilor of the Cour of Cassation. That Commission proceeded
+to the spot where the atrocities had been perpetrated and heard
+witnesses, who deposed under oath.
+
+All evidence and proceedings have been printed and fill up ten heavy
+volumes.
+
+Among many depositions, the following one, taken the twenty-third of
+October, 1915, at Paris, will give an idea of the horrors to which the
+invaded regions of France were submitted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Duren Virginie, wife of Berard Durem, 29 years of age, inhabitant of
+Jarny in the Department of Meurthe et Moselle, a refugee at
+Levallois-Perret:
+
+     I swear to tell the truth and nothing but the truth.
+
+     On the 25th of August, 1914, the sixty-sixth and
+     sixty-eighth Bavarian regiments were quartered together at
+     Jarny. I was ordered to bring water for the soldiers, so
+     went in search of a large number of water pails. At three
+     o'clock in the afternoon an officer, who met me, told me I
+     had carried enough water and ordered me to go back to my
+     house. As the Germans were firing on our house with
+     mitrailleuses, I took refuge in the cellar with my two sons,
+     Jean, aged six, and Maurice, aged two, and also my daughter
+     Jeanne, nine years of age. The Aufiero family was also
+     there. Soon petrol was poured over the house; it got into
+     the cellar through the air-hole, and we were surrounded by
+     flames. I saved myself, carrying my two little boys in my
+     arms, while my daughter and little Beatrice Aufiero ran
+     along holding on to my skirt. As we were crossing the
+     Rougeval brook, which runs near my house, the Bavarians
+     fired on us. My little Jean, whom I was carrying, was struck
+     by three bullets, one in the right thigh, one in the ankle,
+     and one in the chest. The thigh was almost shot away, and
+     from the place where the bullet through his chest came out
+     the lung projected. The poor child said, "Oh, Mother, I have
+     a pain," and in a moment he was dead. At the same time
+     little Beatrice had her arm broken so badly that it was
+     attached to her shoulder only by a piece of flesh, and
+     Angele Aufiero, a boy of nine years, who followed a short
+     distance behind us, was wounded in the calf of the leg.
+     Little Beatrice suffered cruelly and wept bitterly, but she
+     did not fall down, continuing to go along with me.
+
+     While these things were taking place, the Perignon family,
+     which lived next door to us, was massacred.
+
+     When they were no longer shooting at us, I tried to wash my
+     baby, who was covered with blood, in the brook; but a
+     soldier prevented me, shouting, "Get away from there."
+
+     Finally we got to the road. Meanwhile they were driving M.
+     Aufiero out of the cellar. The Germans, who spoke French
+     after a fashion, said to his wife, "Come see your husband
+     get shot." The poor man, on his knees, asked for mercy, and
+     as his wife shrieked "My poor Come," the soldiers said to
+     her, "Shut your mouth." His execution took place very near
+     us.
+
+     The Bavarians sent me, my children, Mme. Aufiero and her
+     daughter to a meadow near the Pont-de-l'Etang. A general
+     ordered that we be shot, but I threw myself at his feet,
+     begging him to be merciful. He consented. At this moment an
+     officer, wearing a great gray cloak with a red collar, said,
+     as he pointed to the dead body of my child, "There is one
+     who will not grow up to fight our men."
+
+     The next day, in my flight to Barriere Zeller, an officer
+     came up and told me that the body of my dead child smelled
+     badly and that I must get rid of it. Since I could find no
+     one to make a coffin, I found in the canteen two rabbit
+     hutches. I fastened one of these to the other, and there I
+     laid the little body. It was buried in my garden by two
+     soldiers, and I had to dig the grave myself.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX IV
+
+HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY
+
+
+In the first days of April, 1916, the following notice, bearing the
+signature of the German commander, was posted on all the walls of
+Lille, the great town in the north of France which has been occupied
+by the Germans since the beginning of the war.
+
+     All the inhabitants of the town, except the children under
+     fourteen years of age, their mothers, and the old men, must
+     prepare to be transported within an hour and a half.
+
+     An officer will decide definitely which persons shall be
+     conducted to the camps of assembly. For this purpose, all
+     the inhabitants must assemble in front of their homes, in
+     case of bad weather they shall be permitted to stay in the
+     lobbies. The doors of the houses must be left open. All
+     complaints will be unavailing. No inhabitant of a house,
+     even those who are not to be transported, can leave the
+     house before eight o'clock in the morning (German time).
+
+     Each person may take thirty kilograms of baggage with him.
+     Should there be any excess over this amount, all that
+     person's baggage will be refused regardless of everything.
+     Separate packages must be made up by each person, and a
+     visibly written, firmly secured address must be on each
+     package. The address must bear the person's name, surname,
+     and the number of his identification card.
+
+     It is very necessary for each person to provide himself with
+     utensils for eating and drinking, also with a woolen blanket
+     and some good shoes and some linen. Each person must have on
+     his person his identification card. Whoever shall attempt to
+     evade deportation shall be punished without mercy.
+
+                              ETAPPEN--KOMMANDANTUR
+
+The threat contained in the notice cited here was carried out to the
+letter. Here is an account of it from the communication addressed by
+M. D----, formerly the _receveur particulier_ of Lille, to M. Cambon,
+formerly the French Ambassador to Berlin:
+
+     On Good Friday night at three o'clock the troops who were
+     going to occupy the designated section, Fives, came through
+     our houses. It was dreadful. An officer passed by, pointing
+     out the men and women whom he chose, leaving them a space of
+     time amounting to an hour in some cases and ten minutes in
+     others, to prepare themselves for their journey.
+
+     Antoine D. ... and his sister, twenty-two years of age, were
+     taken away. The Germans did not want to leave behind the
+     younger daughter in the family, who was not fourteen. Their
+     grandmother, ill with sorrow and terror, had to be cared for
+     at once. Finally they met the young daughter coming back. In
+     one case an old man and two infirm persons could not keep
+     the daughter who was their sole support. And everywhere the
+     enemy sneered, adding vexatious annoyance to their hateful
+     task. In the house of the doctor, who is B.'s uncle, they
+     gave his wife the choice between two maids. She preferred
+     the elder and they said, "Well, then she is the one we are
+     going to take." Mlle. L., the young one who has just got
+     over typhoid and bronchitis, saw the non-commissioned
+     officer who took away her nurse coming up to her. "What a
+     sad task they are making us do." "More than sad, sir, it
+     could be called barbarous." "That is a hard word, are you
+     not afraid that I will sell you?" As a matter of fact the
+     wretch denounced her. They allowed her seven minutes and
+     took her away bare-headed, just as she was, to the Colonel
+     who commanded this noble battle and who also ordered her to
+     go, against the advice of a physician. Only on account of
+     her tireless energy and the sense of decency of one who was
+     less ferocious than the rest, did she obtain permission, at
+     five o'clock in the afternoon, to be discharged, after a day
+     which had been a veritable Calvary. The poor wretches at
+     whose door a sentry watched, were collected together at some
+     place or other, a Church or a school. Then the mob of all
+     sorts and conditions of people, or all grades of social
+     standing, respectable young girls and women of the street,
+     was driven to the station escorted by soldiers marching at
+     the head of the procession. From there they were taken off
+     in the evening without knowing where they were going or for
+     what work they were destined.
+
+     And in the face of all this our people evidenced restraint
+     and admirable dignity, although they were provoked that day
+     by seeing the automobiles going around which were taking
+     away these unfortunate people. They all went away shouting
+     "Vive la France. Vive la Liberte!" and singing the
+     Marseillaise. They cheered up those who remained; their poor
+     mothers who were weeping, and the children. With voices
+     almost strangled with tears, and pale with suffering, they
+     told them not to cry as they themselves would not; but bore
+     themselves proudly in the presence of their executioners.
+
+Another document shows better than all this talking the treatment the
+French have been receiving from the Germans for over thirty months.
+This document is a German notice which was found at Holnon, northwest
+of St. Quentin. The document bore the official seal of the German
+commander.
+
+                              HOLNON, 20th July, 1915.
+
+     All workmen, women and children over fifteen years of age
+     must work in the fields every day, also on Sunday, from four
+     o'clock in the morning until eight o'clock at night, French
+     time. For rest they shall have a half-hour in the morning,
+     an hour at noon and a half-hour in the afternoon. Failure to
+     obey this order will be punished in the following manner:--
+
+     1.--The men who are lazy will be collected for the period of
+     the harvest in a company of workmen under the inspection of
+     German corporals. After the harvest the lazy will be
+     imprisoned for six months and every third day their
+     nourishment shall be only bread and water.
+
+     2.--Lazy women shall be exiled to Holnon to work. After the
+     harvest the women will be imprisoned six months.
+
+     3.--The children who do not work shall be punished with
+     blows from a club.
+
+     Furthermore, the commandant reserves the right to punish men
+     who do not work with twenty blows from a club daily.
+
+     Workmen in the Commune of Verdelles have been punished
+     severely.
+
+                               (Signed) GLOSE,
+                               COLONEL AND COMMANDANT.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX V
+
+HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE
+
+
+Von Bethmann-Hollweg, Count von Hertling and Herr von Kuhlmann state
+that Alsace-Lorraine is a province of the German Empire by right and
+by fact, and that it is firmly attached to Germany.
+
+The following picture shows how this _German_ province is treated by
+Germany:
+
+
+_Treatment of the Civilian Population_
+
+The Government has established for the duration of the war an
+insurmountable barrier between Alsace-Lorraine, which is called a
+territory of the Empire, and the rest of the German states. Briefly,
+Alsace-Lorraine is treated as a suspect.
+
+An inhabitant of Alsace-Lorraine can not mail his letters in Germany.
+For example, Wissembourg is on the border of the Palatinate. There is
+a great temptation for the citizens of this town to assure a rapid
+delivery of their letters and their escape from annoying censorship by
+making use of the German mail system. A music teacher, Mlle. Lina
+Sch---- was sentenced to pay a fine of one hundred marks in March,
+1917, for an infraction of this sort. The war council at Saarbruck,
+which pronounced this sentence, had already, in June, 1916, sentenced
+for like cause, the Spanish Consul, to the payment of a fine of eighty
+marks because he had allowed a citizen of Sarreguimine to have letters
+to his sons, who were refugees at Lausanne, addressed to the Spanish
+Consulate.
+
+In addition, German hostility to the Alsatians is shown by a number of
+childish measures against Alsatian uniforms and costumes, in
+proportion as they resemble the French.
+
+In all seriousness the question arose of forbidding the Catholic
+Clergy to wear the soutane, as it was the custom in the Latin
+countries. It was given up; but steps were taken in the case of the
+firemen.
+
+The _Nouvelle Gazette_ of Strassburg published an official notice,
+dated the ninth of December, 1915, which emphasized an order
+suppressing the uniforms worn by the Alsatian firemen because the cut
+was French, as was the cap, and complained that this order was not
+everywhere observed:
+
+     Recently, in the course of a fire which broke out near
+     Molsheim, it is an established fact that the firemen wore
+     their old Alsatian uniforms, and that the fire alarm was
+     sounded by means of the old clarions of the type in use in
+     France. The _Kreisdirection_ finds itself obliged to insist
+     that the suppressed uniforms disappear, and that the
+     clarions do likewise; and to ask that it be informed of
+     contraventions that happen in the future.
+
+     Other societies and associations, such as the singing
+     societies which frequently still wear uniforms recalling
+     those of the French collegians, ought to lay aside the
+     forbidden garments, which are to be entrusted to the guard
+     of the police.
+
+But these puerilities seem insignificant compared to other things to
+which the people of Alsace-Lorraine have been subjected, things which
+unite them more firmly than ever to the French and the Belgians of the
+invaded regions.
+
+The great deportations which have been practiced in France and Belgium
+have been repeated in Alsace as recently as January, 1917. The
+inhabitants of Muelhausen between the ages of seventeen and sixty years
+were assembled in the barracks at that place, whence they were sent
+into the interior of Germany.
+
+This proceeding has been practiced on a large scale since the war's
+beginning. Preventive imprisonment, called _Schutzhaft_, was applied
+to Messin Samain, who was first incarcerated at Cologne and then sent
+to the Russian front, where he was killed. It was also applied to M.
+Bourson, former correspondent of _Le Matin_, who is interned at
+Cannstatt in Wurtemburg. Other citizens, after having been held in
+prison for weeks and months, have been exiled finally into Germany.
+
+The Germans themselves have been so demoralized by the regime they
+have established that the authorities have had to put a check on
+anonymous denunciations, almost all of which were false, by an
+official communique published in the _Gazette de Hagenau_ for the
+sixth of December, 1916.
+
+The story of how the civilian population has been treated will only be
+known in its entirety later on. The government has, as a matter of
+fact, forbidden the press to publish accounts of the war councils'
+debates because the population, far from being terrified by them,
+would find in them laughing matter.
+
+It is estimated that the people of Alsace-Lorraine have served in
+actual hours more than five thousand years in prison. Here are some
+crimes committed by them:
+
+M. Giessmann, an old man seventy years old, saluted French prisoners
+in a Strassburg street: Sentence, six weeks in prison.
+
+Guillaume Kohler, an infantry soldier from Saverne, during a journey
+in Germany, censured the inhuman manner in which certain German
+officers treated their men at the front. The council at Saarbruck
+sentenced him to two years in prison.
+
+Emilie Zimmerle, a cook at Kolmar, sang an anti-German song as she
+washed out her pots. Thirty marks fine.
+
+Mlle. Stern, the daughter of a pastor at Mulhouse, spoke against the
+violation of Belgium. One month in prison.
+
+Abbe Theophile Selier, cure at Levencourt, for the same offense, six
+weeks in prison.
+
+Even children and young girls have been punished for peccadillos that
+were absolutely untrue.
+
+The _Metz Zeitung_ for the twenty-second of October mentions the
+sentences pronounced against Juliette F. de Vigy, eighteen years old,
+a pupil in the commercial school, and Georgette S----, twenty-three
+years old, a shop girl, dwellers at Mouilly. Having gone one morning
+to the station at Metz, they saw some French prisoners in a train to
+whom they spoke and at whom they "made eyes."
+
+Juliette F----, the more guilty of the two, was sentenced to pay a
+fine of eighty marks, and Georgette S---- to pay one of forty marks,
+because "acting this way to prisoners of war exercises a particularly
+disturbing effect on them."
+
+Two little girls of Kolmar, named Grass and Broly, were arrested for
+"having answered, by waving their hands, kisses French prisoners threw
+to them."
+
+A boy fifteen years old, pupil in the upper school at Mulhouse, named
+Jean Ingold, who, in the classroom tore down the portrait of the
+Emperor and painted French flags on the wall with the inscription
+"Vive la France," was condemned to a month in prison. The War Council
+saw an aggravating circumstance in the fact that Jean's father
+"occupies a very lucrative position as a German functionary."
+
+On the thirtieth of March, 1916, two sisters from Guebwiller--Sister
+Edwina, nee Bach, Mother Superior, and Sister Emertine, nee Eckert,
+were charged with anti-German manifestations for having treated as
+lies the figures regarding French and Russian prisoners sent out in
+the German communiques, for having protested against the bombardment
+of Rheims Cathedral, for having treated as false the German victories
+that had been announced, and for having said on the subject of the
+German invasion of Belgium, "How can they attack a country that asked
+for nothing?"
+
+The result was that they got six months' imprisonment.
+
+The case of Mme. Berthe Judlin, in the faith Sister Valentine, is more
+tragic.
+
+The Mulhouse newspapers have published the account of the proceedings
+in the case of this Sister before the War Council. It appears that she
+has been the victim of monstrous calumnies, and that her fate can well
+be compared to that of Miss Edith Cavell.
+
+She was accused of having, from the ninth to the fourteenth of August
+when she was assigned to the convent of the Redemptorists at
+Riedishiem, favored the French wounded at the expense of the German
+wounded. These accusations, which specified in particular, that she
+had taken various objects away from one wounded man (a charge the
+prosecution withdrew) and that she hid the cartridges of the French
+wounded in the attic, were contested by Sister Valentine. After the
+testimony of the witnesses, nine for the prosecution and fourteen for
+the defendant, the government commissioner asked that she be punished
+with a sentence of fifteen years at hard labor and ten years of
+deprivation of civil rights. Her lawyer asked for her acquittal. The
+War Council on the fourteenth of December, 1915, after an hour and a
+quarter's deliberation, decided that "Sister Valentine has done harm
+to the German Army" and has hidden the cartridges. It condemned Sister
+Valentine to "five years of hard labor and five years' deprivation of
+civil rights."
+
+
+_The War on the French Language_
+
+The Germans never cease recalling and von Hertling has just repeated
+the fact that eighty-seven per cent of the Alsatians speak German. It
+is strange, then, that the German reign of terror has manifested
+itself in one particular against the use of French, even in the region
+where French is the language universally spoken.
+
+The fact that a person speaks French has become a special offense,
+that of "provocation." And this offense appears to be a frequent one.
+
+On the twenty-second of February, 1916, the sous-prefect of Boulay
+gave the following warning to the mayors of his arrondissement:
+
+     The use in public of French will be considered a
+     "provocation" when used by persons who know enough German
+     to make themselves understood or who can have recourse to
+     persons who understand German as intermediaries.
+
+The War Council Extraordinary at Metz, in consequence handed down a
+decision condemning two women to fourteen days in prison because, in a
+manner that gave "provocation," they spoke French in a trolley car in
+spite of the warnings of the conductress.
+
+In addition, the War Council Extraordinary at Strassburg fined a
+salesman who "not only let a French label remain on his packages, but
+had put a French label on a package addressed to a customer who
+understood German."
+
+A little girl from Bourg-Bruche who, although she spoke German, used
+the French language in spite of repeated warnings, had a sentence of
+detention inflicted on her by the same tribunal.
+
+The Mulhouse _Tageblatt_ for the twenty-third of September, 1917,
+announced that women who had conversed to one another in French in
+public had been condemned to from two to three weeks imprisonment by
+the War Council at Thionville.
+
+Another person who had made a usage of the French language that gave
+grounds for "provocation," was condemned to pay a fine of fifty marks
+or serve ten days in prison.
+
+The _Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung_ for the twelfth and twenty-sixth
+of October published the following sentences: "Fines of twenty and ten
+marks to the venders A. Nemarg and M. Cahen for having spoken to a
+convoy of French officers in the station at Thionville."
+
+Twenty and thirty marks fine to Amelie Bany and Catherine Jacques of
+Knutange "for having spoken French although they understood German."
+
+The Mayor of Broque, a commune where French is spoken, was sentenced
+to three months' imprisonment for having spoken French to his
+councilors.
+
+In Alsace this campaign against the French language is carried even
+into the girls' boarding schools, which have always been the principal
+centers for the study of French.
+
+An order from the Statthalter, dated March tenth, 1915, forbade French
+conversations in the schools.
+
+A German pastor of the Lutheran Church named Curtius, who had opposed
+suppressing the old parish of Saint Nicholas at Strassburg, was
+removed. His successor, who was better disciplined, gave in to the
+measure that was demanded.
+
+The war against the French language has been marked by the suppression
+of all French newspapers since the war's beginning, the _Journal
+d'Alsace-Lorraine_, the _Messin_, _the Nouvelliste d'Alsace-Lorraine_.
+But nothing shows better the necessity of having organs of public
+opinion in French than the establishment at Metz of the _Gazette
+d'Alsace-Lorraine_ by the government, which served as a model for the
+_Gazette des Ardennes_, founded later on at Mezieres, to demoralize
+the inhabitants of the invaded districts in the north and west of
+France.
+
+
+_The Treatment of the Soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine_
+
+The soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine, whose loyalty was proclaimed at the
+war's beginning, have, as a matter of fact, been treated like spies
+and embryo deserters.
+
+In August, 1915, at the opening of the Alsatian parliament, the
+Statthalter denounced the anti-patriotism of a part of the population
+and stigmatized the "traitors" who had "gone over to the enemy."
+
+In fact, no less than fourteen thousand Alsatians, in the face of
+manifold perils and difficulties, had rejoined the colors of their
+true country. All the newspapers of Alsace-Lorraine still publish the
+lists of them as citizens and of their belongings as "refractory
+individuals."
+
+The movement has never stopped. During the thirty-second month of the
+war, on the fourteenth of March, 1917, General von Nassner,
+commandant for the district of Saarbruck, published the following
+extraordinary order:
+
+"Whoever, after due examination, has reason to believe that a soldier
+or a man on reprieve proposes to desert and who can still prevent the
+execution of this crime, must without delay give notice of this fact
+to the nearest military or police authority."
+
+The Strassburg _Neueste Nachrichten_ for the twenty-seventh of
+September announced that the "_chambre correctionnelle_ at Kolmar had
+condemned by default one hundred and ninety men from the
+arrondissements of Guebwiller and Ribeauville to fines of six hundred
+marks or forty days in prison for having failed to perform their
+military obligations."
+
+The _Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung_ for the eleventh of October,
+1917, announced sentences of fines of three thousand marks or three
+hundred days in prison for the same reason against seven persons.
+
+The _Haguenauer Zeitung_ from the eleventh to the twentieth of
+October published the names of seventeen soldiers, some of them
+deserters, the others guilty of rebellion in favor of the enemy or of
+treason.
+
+On the twenty-fifth of October there was another list of deserters,
+nineteen of whom were natives of Strassburg.
+
+In his book, "The Martyrs of Alsace and Lorraine," M. Andre Fribourg
+has fifteen pages taken from the lists of the debates of the German
+war councils. These pages are made up of the names of young Alsatians
+who have left their country rather than fight against France.
+
+Besides, far from treating the Alsatians enrolled in the German Army
+like Germans, the government has accorded them a distinctly different
+treatment.
+
+It has sent them to the Russian front and employed them at the most
+dangerous posts, as this secret order, from the Prussian Minister of
+War to the temporary commander of the Fourteenth Army Corps, proves:
+
+     All men from Alsace-Lorraine employed as secretaries,
+     ordnance officers, etc., must be relieved of their duties
+     and sent to the battle front. In the future, all the men
+     from Alsace-Lorraine will be sent to the "General Kommando,"
+     who will send them at once to the units on the Eastern
+     Front. This order to go into effect before the first of
+     April, 1916.
+
+          FOR THE STELLVERT, GENERAL KOMMANDO RADECKE, MAJOR.
+
+Finally, it was only on the ninth of October, 1917, that the
+Strassburg _Neue Zeitung_ announced the abolition of the special
+postal control to which the soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine were
+submitted at the front.
+
+     It is but just [says the _Freie Presse_ on that occasion]
+     that the exceptional measures taken against the soldiers
+     from Alsace-Lorraine be abolished at last. Among these
+     measures we consider the interdiction still in force for a
+     man to return to his native town. And [the same newspaper
+     adds] from the moment that the bravery of our soldiers from
+     Alsace-Lorraine is vaunted everywhere, it is absolutely
+     wrong to reward them with scorn and insults.
+
+In the notice from G. Q. G. for the twenty-fifth of November, 1917,
+are the details gathered from the Alsatian prisoners themselves of the
+treatment their compatriots endure in the German Army.
+
+On the twenty-second of last June, all the Alsatians received orders
+to present themselves at the F. R. D. of their division, where they
+were received by the Vize Sergeant, flanked by two guards.
+
+The former said to them:
+
+"What! You have not yet laid aside your accoutrements; traitors,
+deserters, scoundrels, rascals. Get into the shelter quick where you
+can put up nine additional supports for the roof and where you can
+kick the bucket at your ease."
+
+Since some of the Alsatians declared that, having received nothing to
+eat or to drink, they could not work, a lieutenant, who was summoned
+by the adjutant, ran up with his riding whip and, making one of them
+step forward, beat him until he lost consciousness.
+
+Later on another lieutenant ordered the Vize Sergeant to "train the
+Alsatians well. They are all robbers and traitors."
+
+All these facts proclaim in an undeniable manner that the soldiers
+from Alsace-Lorraine are not treated like ordinary citizens by the
+German Army, but like foreigners temporarily under the domination of
+Germany.
+
+
+_The Sequestration of Property_
+
+For a "German" country, Alsace-Lorraine seems to have a great number
+of landowners who are French, if one is to judge by the sequestrations
+and confiscations with which the authorities have been so desperately
+busy for three years.
+
+In fact the local newspapers contain lists of sequestrations that are
+almost as long as the lists of deserters.
+
+And these confiscations apply not only to the landowners who live in
+France. A large number have been pronounced against inhabitants of
+Alsace-Lorraine who live abroad. Orders were given them to reenter the
+German Empire, orders they had no possible chance of obeying, but
+which gave the imperial government an easy pretext for pronouncing
+their denationalization and the confiscation of their property.
+
+Also, the sequestrations followed by sales under the hammer, of French
+and Alsatian properties were extremely numerous. Among these
+properties there are a certain number of considerable importance.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of August, 1916, _Les Dernieres Nouvelles de
+Strasbourg_, advertised the sale under the hammer of the properties of
+Prince de Tonnay-Charente, situated at Hambourg and consisting of a
+splendid chateau, furnished in Louis Fourteenth style, Gobelin
+tapestries of great value, family portraits, green houses, outhouses,
+ponds, farms, etc., etc.
+
+The Strassburg _Post_ for the twenty-ninth of October announced the
+liquidation sale of Cite Hof, belonging to the heirs of Paul de
+Geiger, including "forty-two hectares of fine arable land, fine
+dwelling houses, barns and stables, a very fine park, summer houses, a
+coach house, etc." ... "of the Villa Huber, with a fine park,
+servants' quarters, garden, surrounded by twenty-eight hectares of
+fields."
+
+The same paper for the fourth of October announces the sale of the
+famous chateau of Robertsau, the property of Mme. Loys-Chandieu, nee
+Pourtales, with two hundred and thirty hectares of farm land and one
+hundred and thirty hectares of forest.
+
+The _Metzer Zeitung_ for the twentieth of October announced the
+liquidation of twenty properties in the Moyeuvre Grande district, and
+of eleven in that of Sierek.
+
+Many people have obviously been covetous of these French possessions.
+
+On this subject curious letters and unceasing polemics appeared in the
+Alsatian newspapers.
+
+Certain interested persons complained (_Strassburger Post_ for the
+third of November) that the time was so short that only the
+inhabitants of the country and their immediate neighbors had any
+opportunity of profiting by these occasions. They remarked with all
+justice that to get the highest prices for these sales there ought to
+be a large number of bidders.
+
+For the farm lands, the neighbors would suffice to bring up the bids
+to a high enough sum, but when it was a matter of a magnificent
+chateau, like that at Osthofen, with a garden and a park, bidders for
+this luxury would scarcely be found among the peasants. The
+speculators alone would step in and would acquire for a mere nothing
+properties of great value. And the plaintiffs added, "Is that
+desirable?"
+
+The following considerations advanced by one of the plaintiffs are not
+without interest. "Sufficient means of communication still remain
+between France and Germany. Do you not see the danger of feigned
+sales, to third persons, who will buy in the goods at small cost and
+will hand them over later on to their former proprietors? In this way
+the French influence over the ownership of the land will be
+reestablished in the future."
+
+To these complaints and wrongs the _Strassburger Post_ for the eighth
+of November replied in detail.
+
+It assured that the list of goods to be disposed of had not only been
+placed by the authorities in the several states of the empire, to give
+buyers time to take advantage of possible bargains, but also a
+catalogue of stationary objects had been published in fifteen hundred
+copies by Schultz & Co. of Strassburg.
+
+This catalogue was quickly used up and the demand for it continued to
+come in, which proved that the buyers were informed in time.
+
+The newspaper adds that the things to be sold have been visited by
+buyers coming from old Germany as well as from Alsace-Lorraine, and
+sales propositions have been made before the publication of notices in
+the newspapers.
+
+It seems, furthermore, that if the sales of land and the exploitation
+of farm lands have ended rapidly, it was because colonization
+societies, called "black bands," have overtly bought up or had bought
+up the properties by their agents, in the hope that their plans would
+be realized after the war. In industrial matters, there was recently
+founded in Berlin a German syndicate which proposes to buy up the
+actions.
+
+For the textile industry in particular, it is a question of a
+veritable trust against which is arrayed "a syndicate of Alsatian
+manufacturers who have felt the need of defending themselves."
+
+The entire scope of recent German policies with regard to
+Alsace-Lorraine shows that this land which von Hertling said was
+"allied to Germanism by more and more intimate bonds" has been, as a
+matter of fact, to treat it like a foreign land, kept by force under
+imperial domination and submitted, like the occupied portions of
+France and Belgium, to a veritable reign of terror.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VI
+
+HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE
+
+
+If an account is desired of the manner in which the Germans understand
+a future peace, this letter suffices. It was addressed to the
+_Berliner Lokalanzeiger_ by Herr Walter Rathenau. He was in charge of
+the direction of all industrial establishments in Germany:
+
+     We commenced war a year too soon. When we shall have
+     obtained a German peace, reorganization on a broader and
+     more solid basis than ever before must commence immediately.
+     The establishments which produce raw materials must not only
+     continue their work, but they must also redouble their
+     energies and thus form the foundation of Germany's
+     economical preparation for the next war.
+
+     On the lessons taught by actual war we must figure out
+     carefully what our country lacks in raw materials and
+     accumulate great stores of these which shall never be
+     utilized until _Der Tag_ of the future. We must organize the
+     industrial mobilization as perfectly as the military
+     mobilization. Every man of technical training or partial
+     technical training, whether or not he is enrolled in the
+     list of men who can be mobilized, must have received
+     authority by official order to take over the direction of
+     industrial establishments on the second day which shall
+     follow the next declaration of war.
+
+     Every establishment which manufactures for commercial
+     purposes ought to be mobilized and to know officially that
+     the third day after the declaration of war it must make use
+     of all its facilities in satisfying the needs of the Army.
+
+     The quantity of merchandise which each one of these
+     establishments can furnish to the Army in a given time and
+     the nature thereof ought to be determined in advance. Every
+     establishment also ought to furnish an exact and complete
+     list of the workmen with whose services it can dispense, and
+     those men alone can be mobilized for military services.
+
+     Finally commercial arrangements will be made necessary with
+     nations outside Europe through which we will give them
+     sufficient advantages, specified in detail, so that it would
+     be directly advantageous to their commercial interests to
+     carry on commerce with none of the belligerents and not to
+     sell them munitions.
+
+     We can accept such obligations for ourselves without any
+     fear and finally, when the next war shall come, it cannot
+     come a year too soon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Pg. 6, Sunday, August third, left as original as it's uncertain which
+day the author meant. Sunday was actually August 2, Monday was August
+3; and the context from the beginning of the chapter was that the
+declaration of war was delivered late afternoon Monday, August 3.
+(Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.)
+
+Pg. 7, unforgetable changed to unforgettable. (It recalled the
+unforgettable scenes.)
+
+Pg. 14, thirteenth changed to thirtieth, per context (when Sunday the
+thirtieth of August came).
+
+Pg. 14, week changed to weeks. (For several weeks our troops)
+
+Pg. 54, beseiged and beseiger left as original, as author quoted from
+another book. (in a beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in
+consequence it would be very foolish of the beseiger to renounce)
+
+Pg. 88, removed ending double quotes. (I feel better for it.')
+
+Pg. 90, mobolization changed to mobilization (priests who went off at
+the beginning of the mobilization).
+
+Pg. 100, sum of artillery kilos do not equal Total kilos. Left as
+original.
+
+Pg. 108, tetragon changed to tarragon (16,900 tarragon plants).
+
+Pg. 162, catastrophies changed to catastrophes (irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided?).
+
+Pgs. 163, 206, Bethmann-Hollweg, hyphenation inconsistent with
+Pgs. 180, 182, Bethmann Hollweg. Kept as in original.
+
+Pg. 167, ARTICLE 23 has no (b) paragraph.
+
+Pg. 193, protect changed to protest to reflect the actual letter (I
+consider it my duty to protest against this threat of violence to the
+Ambassador).
+
+Pg. 219, correstionnelle changed to correctionelle ("_chambre
+correctionnelle_ at Kolmar).
+
+Pg. 229, Appendix VI, added HOW to title to match Table of Contents
+and make it consistent with rest of Appendices.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
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