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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:55:58 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:55:58 -0700 |
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diff --git a/19487-h/19487-h.html b/19487-h/19487-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36d6181 --- /dev/null +++ b/19487-h/19487-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,4334 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="A. 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Hugh Fisher</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost + and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description + Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See + +Author: A. Hugh Fisher + +Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE*** +</pre></div> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image01.png" width="640" height="414" alt="Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE." title="HEREFORD FROM THE WYE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-titlePage"> + <span class="tei tei-docTitle"><span class="tei tei-titlePart"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Cathedral Church Of Hereford</span></span><br /><br /> + <span class="tei tei-titlePart">A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See</span></span> + <div class="tei tei-byline"><br />By <span class="tei tei-docAuthor">A. Hugh Fisher</span><br /><br /></div> + +<span class="tei tei-docImprint">London<br /> +George Bell and Sons<br /><br /></span> +<span class="tei tei-docDate">1898</span> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc2" id="toc2"></a> +<a name="pdf3" id="pdf3"></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiv">[pg iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">GENERAL PREFACE.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors +to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated +guide-books at a popular price. The aim of each writer +has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge +and scholarship to be of value to the student of Archæology +and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use +of an ordinary visitor or tourist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To specify all the authorities which have been made use +of in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place. +But amongst the general sources of information which have +been almost invariably found useful are:—(1) the great +county histories, the value of which, especially in questions +of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) +the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to +time in the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archæological +Societies; (3) the important documents made accessible in +the series issued by the Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known +works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals; +and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the +Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which +the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, +especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.00em">GLEESON WHITE.<br /> +EDWARD F. STRANGE.<br /> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Editors of the Series</span></span>.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc4" id="toc4"></a> +<a name="pdf5" id="pdf5"></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the +General Preface, the "Monastic Chronicles" and many +other works named in the text, some dealing especially with +Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in preparing +this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies +of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive +"Statement of the Condition and Circumstances of the +Cathedral Church of Hereford in the Year 1841," and "The +Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company +for their excellent photographs.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.00em">A. HUGH FISHER.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> +<ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc2">GENERAL PREFACE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc4">AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.</a></li><li><a href="#toc14">CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.</a></li><li><a href="#toc20">CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.</a></li><li><a href="#toc44">CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.</a></li></ul> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexi">[pg xi]</span><a name="Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Illustrations</span></h1> +<ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-fig"><li><a href="#fig1">HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig6">HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.</a></li><li><a href="#fig9">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig10">THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig11">THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).</a></li><li><a href="#fig12">THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.</a></li><li><a href="#fig13">THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</a></li><li><a href="#fig16">BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig17">GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.</a></li><li><a href="#fig18">EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig19">THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.</a></li><li><a href="#fig22">THE NORTH PORCH.</a></li><li><a href="#fig23">THE NAVE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig24">THE CHOIR SCREEN.</a></li><li><a href="#fig25">SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.</a></li><li><a href="#fig26">NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.</a></li><li><a href="#fig27">THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig28">THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig29">EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig30">THE LADY CHAPEL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig31">SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig32">ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig33">SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.</a></li><li><a href="#fig34">THE CRYPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig35">VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830.</a></li><li><a href="#fig36">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, +NORTH SIDE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig37">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig38">EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.</a></li><li><a href="#fig39">EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.</a></li><li><a href="#fig40">THE REREDOS.</a></li><li><a href="#fig41">ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig42">MONUMENTAL CROCKET.</a></li><li><a href="#fig43">EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.</a></li><li><a href="#fig46">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig47">TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.</a></li><li><a href="#fig48">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig49">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig50">BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig51">PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.</a></li></ul> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="fig6" id="fig6"></a></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image02.png" width="640" height="462" alt="Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST." title="HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.</div></div> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p> + +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span> +<a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">HEREFORD CATHEDRAL</span></h1> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of +cathedral churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful +speculation and shadowy tradition. Although the see had +existed from the sixth century, it is not till much later that +we have any information concerning the cathedral itself.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most +powerful and important rulers of those times,—King Offa. +He was a contemporary of Charles the Great, and more than +once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts and letters. Under +Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in addition +to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men +he wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn +from the Welsh, took the chief town of the district which +was afterwards called Shrewsbury, and like another Severus +made a great dyke from the mouth of the Wye to that of the +Dee which became henceforth the boundary between Wales +and England, a position it has held with few changes to the +present day. In church history Offa is of no less importance +than in secular, for as the most powerful King in England he +seems to have determined that ecclesiastical affairs in this +country should be more under his control, or at least supervision, +than they could possibly be with the Mercian church +subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore, +he persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Although Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death +when Lichfield was shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired +honours, the position gained for the latter see by Offa, though +temporary in itself, must have had lasting and important +influence. Offa is generally held responsible for the murder, +about 793, of Æthelberht, King of the East Angles, who had +been promised his daughter, Æthelthryth, in marriage.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Had Æthelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future +events (which would not have been a more wonderful attribute +than many of the virtues which were ascribed afterwards to +his dead body), he could hardly have desired a more glorious +fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal +glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier +auspices. Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died +by the order of a man whose memory is sullied by no other +stain, a man renowned in war, a maker of laws for the good of +his people, and eminent in an ignorant age as one who +encouraged learning.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that +beyond the bare fact of the murder nothing can be positively +asserted, and the brief statement of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, +"792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians, commanded the +head of King Æthelberht to be struck off," contains all that +we may be certain of.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the +crime at the door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to +have insinuated that the marriage was only sought as a pretext +to occupy the Mercian throne. Finding her lord's courage not +equal to the occasion, she herself arranged the end of Æthelberht. +There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber +and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of +luxurious comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was, +according to one writer, privately buried on the bank of the +river "Lugg," near Hereford.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a +column of light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven"; +and three nights afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King +Æthelberht appeared to Brithfrid, a nobleman, and commanded +him to convey the body to a place called "Stratus Waye," and +to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by another +column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +head on a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell +from the vehicle, but having been discovered by a "blind man," +to whom it miraculously communicated sight, was restored by +him to the careless driver. Arrived at his place of destination, +then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and which has since +been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever +the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa's +subsequent remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and +churches, and is even said by some to have gone on a pilgrimage +to Rome, though this rests on slight evidence.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King +were, according to Asser, so numerous and incredible that +Offa, who had appropriated Æthelberht's kingdom, was induced +to send two bishops to Hereford to ascertain the truth of them, +and it is generally agreed that about A.D. 825 Milfrid, who was +Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of Offa +and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in +building "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura</span></span>" at Hereford, +which he consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed +with lands and enriched with ornaments.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of +stone, it is quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or +architectural character of this edifice. It seems, however, that +by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan was promoted to the see, it +had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate, sufficient decay to +necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no clearer +account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church. +Soon after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son +of the Earl of Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in +London, and (though his guilt is still disputed) was outlawed +by Edward the Confessor. He hired a fleet of Danish pirate +ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in Wales, and +marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make +war upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory +about two miles from Hereford over the Earl of that shire +who was a Frenchman, and tried to make his men fight on +horseback in the French fashion, which they did not understand,—the +English way being for the great men to ride to the +field of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy +axes on foot. Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's +head and fled the field, and the English, encumbered with<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +their long spears and swords, followed helter skelter. After +killing some five hundred, Ælfgar and Gruffydd turned to +Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan +had caused to be built. There they met with a spirited +resistance: amongst other victims seven of the canons were +killed in an attempt to hold the great door of the minster; but, +ultimately, the church and town were burned.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too +late, came with half of his army to Hereford, and with his +usual predilection for peace (notwithstanding his valour) soon +after removed the outlawry from Ælfgar, and quiet was +restored.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop +Athelstan died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen +years before his death, and a Welsh bishop had acted for him. +His body was interred in the church which he had "built from +the foundations," and we may therefore suppose that the +"minster" was not entirely destroyed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so +important was Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh +borders, and, since it had been strengthened by Harold, such +an important military post was the town of Hereford, that it +became part of his earldom.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in +ruins. At the latter date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga) +began to rebuild the cathedral, and there are vague accounts +that it was in the form of a round church in imitation of a +basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at Aix-la-Chapelle +between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it +must have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman +period that remains is clearly English both in treatment and in +detail. If this could be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had +no similarity to the Roman style. The building begun by him +was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who held the see from 1107 +to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the establishment +of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons +did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses +near the church. Whether he completed the building or not, +Bishop Raynelm undoubtedly made many additions and +alterations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the cathedral treasurer, which were probably settled about +this time. They throw a curious and suggestive light on the +ceremonies of the period. "At Hereford," says Walcott, "he +found all the lights; three burning day and night before the +high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at mass, and +the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz., in +the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and +the third before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the +high altar, and altar on "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minus Duplicia</span></span>," and five tapers in +basons, on principles, and doubles, at mass, prime, and +second vespers, four tapers before the high altar, five in the +basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the candelabra; +the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the +keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and +the plate, of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean +and chapter. He found three clerks to ring the bells, light +the candles, and suspend the palls and curtains on solemn +days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir and +chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves; +and on All Saints' day he provided mats."<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next great changes were made under Bishop William de +Vere (1186-1199). His work was of transitional character, and +bears much resemblance to the beautiful transitional work at +Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman apsidal terminations +at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus making +two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced +by the Lady Chapel with its vestibule.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a paper read before the Archæological Institute in 1877, +Sir G. G. Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay +beyond the sides; but this is merely conjecture. A curious +feature in De Vere's work was his putting columns in the middle +of the central arch. It is probable that the part of the presbytery +we now have was but the beginning of a larger scheme +never carried out, which included building the presbytery and +dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at +Lichfield and Exeter.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English +Lady Chapel was an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere: +it is especially interesting, and an unique example of its date in +being raised upon a crypt.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems +likely De Vere was the builder,—at any rate he must have been +the first or second occupier. It was of noble dimensions, +being 110 feet in length, consisting of a nave 23 feet broad, +with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the columns. This +was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber arches +formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the +present Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied +by this grand hall.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into +Wales on behalf of the crusade, he was entertained in this hall +by Bishop de Vere, and doubtless some of those who devoted +themselves to the work were Hereford men.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated +work, covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament, +was built by, or at any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de +Braose (1200-1215), an ardent opponent of King John.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner +north porch (as distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) +and what remains of the beautifully designed chapter-house, a +decagon in plan, each side except the one occupied by the +entrance being subdivided into five seats.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a +tooth of St. Æthelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely +destroyed by Ælfgar and Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the +cathedral. The donor of this precious relic was Philip de +Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of Huntingdon.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented +some service-books to the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners, +appointed to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally +known as Bishop Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace, +near Chambéry. He it was who rebuilt the north transept. +He was one of the best hated men in England, and not content +with showering benefices upon his relations, he perpetrated +one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money to +aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander +IV. Of these, however, full particulars will be found in +a chapter on the Diocese.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +by a guard of soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to +resist the encroachments of Llewellyn, King of Wales, found +there neither bishop, dean, nor canons resident. For this they +earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the Bishop returned +to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the +cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party, +together with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations). +They were carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had +just brought from Ireland was divided among the insurgents.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268. +He was endowed with a character full of contradictions, extreme +aggressiveness, mingled with remarkable tact.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their +attempt to encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one +full half of their fine and devoted the other to the cathedral +building. While he was showing in his life a disgraceful example +to the clergy of the country, at the same time he gave liberally +to the cathedral foundation in books, ornaments, money, and +land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting monument in +the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the +nave and choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether +demolished, and replaced by another consisting of two bays with +an eastern aisle. Over the latter was built a story now used as +the cathedral library, which is approached from the north aisle +of the presbytery by a staircase turret. His tomb is one of the +finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with those of his +nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the +heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country +of Savoy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric +Thomas de Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever +held that office, a man whose life was in almost every way a +remarkable contrast to that of his predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca. +It is said that the Bishop of Worcester, his great-uncle, +asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession, and +that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then, +sweetheart," his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be +a soldier to serve the King of Kings, and fight under the +banner of the glorious martyr, St. Thomas." Regular attendance +at mass was his custom from earliest years. Both at Oxford<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of M.A. +at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of +the university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the +office of chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular +courage and determination in repressing a brawl between the +southern scholars and those of the north, in which we are told +he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a whole coat.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England +under Simon de Montfort, at whose death, however, he was +deprived of the office. It was some years after this that he +became Bishop of Hereford, and was consecrated at Canterbury, +September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended the consecration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and +showed ever intense devotion in his celebration of divine +service. He was remarkable in the steadfastness and ability +he displayed in maintaining the rights of the see. Gilbert de +Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace" near +Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found +a relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was +prepared with the customary "pugil" or champion (who +received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his services were not +required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to +the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his +right to capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all +birds pertaining thereto," and as a result of the verdict being +in his favour, caused a long trench to be dug on the crest of +the Malvern Hills as a boundary line, which is still traceable.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors +of which he had obtained unlawful possession; and Lord +Clifford, for cattle-lifting and maltreating the Bishop's tenants, +was compelled to walk barefoot to the high altar in the +cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him with a +rod.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest +struggle was on a question of testamentary jurisdiction with +Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately +excommunicated and obliged to leave the country, +attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV., +but died on the homeward journey on August 25th, 1282.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +He was buried in the church of St. Severus, near Florence; but +his bones having been divided from the flesh by boiling, were +later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady +Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester, +with whom Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the +chace, attended the ceremony, and that blood began to flow +from the bones when he approached the casket containing +them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the property +he had taken unjustly from the church.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is +said, amongst other evidences of his saintliness, that he never +allowed his sister to kiss him. Three hundred sick people are +said to have been cured at the place of his interment, and so +many candles were presented by the crowds of visitors that +Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a dispute with +the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being +finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to +the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on +Maundy Thursday, April 6th, 1287, in presence of King +Edward I. They were again twice moved in the sixteenth +century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west +transept.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The building of the chapter-house may have spread over +some part of Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the +cloisters were erected about this time.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St. +Cantilupe are both many and various. More than sixty-six +dead people are said to have been restored to life. The saint's +intervention appears to have been extended even to animals, +as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick falcons to be +cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint +that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change +its armorial bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its +bishops have since borne.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain, +Richard Swinfield, an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable +manners. Bishop Swinfield, like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated +the rights and discipline of his diocese, once against +a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant benefice,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman +in her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of +Ludlow for violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases +against abuses of all sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors, +a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who had obtained from the +Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton, interrupted the +installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop +Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice, +and was formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance +of the Chapter. He held his place by force of arms during +that day and the next, but later submitted to the Bishop.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles +and of the two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a +remodelling of the work of De Vere. The bases of his piers +and responds were retained and may still be seen, and upon the +former octagonal columns were erected to carry the vaulting. +The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that +the "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mappa Mundi</span></span>," the curious map of the world designed by +Richard of Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of +Hereford in 1305, now preserved in the cathedral, came into +possession of the Chapter.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield, +and when it was necessary for him to send representatives to a +provincial Council in London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was +deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton, a place belonging to +the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of Herefordshire.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield +at his chief residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded +him in the bishopric.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a +friend of Roger Mortimer to this important position, and, failing +to persuade Adam to decline the bishopric, he appealed to the +Pope, begging him to cancel the appointment, but with no +more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of Hereford became +identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return from +France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth, +then fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the +kingdom under the direction of his mother.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at +Neath Abbey, and the great seal taken from him by Bishop +Adam Orleton, while the Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to Hereford, where he was crowned with nettles and +dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from Psalm +lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that +thou canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude +who mocked his name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally +hanged on a gallows 50 feet high and then quartered. Among +the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and these the Bishop +of Hereford claimed as his perquisite.</p> + +<a name="fig9" id="fig9"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image03.png" width="640" height="481" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time +vigorous and of unusual ability, played a great part in politics +to the end of the wretched King's life. Some historians still +believe that he recommended the murder; he certainly supported +the deposition in Parliament, and went to Kenilworth as one of +the commissioners to force the King's resignation. If thus +interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and vigilant +in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a +source of such anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +restorer, was even at this early date showing signs of dilapidation, +and Bishop Orleton obtained from Pope John XXII. a +grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and Swalefeld +(Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following +petition:—"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of +the fabric of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure +of sumptuous work to be built, to the adornment of +the House of God, upon an ancient foundation; which in the +judgment of masons or architects, who were considered skilful +in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the cost of +20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the +weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was +placed upon it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar +judgment no other remedy could be applied short of an entire +renovation of the fabric from the foundation,—which, on account +of the expenses incurred in prosecution of the canonisation of +Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed memory, +they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work" +alluded to was evidently the central tower and the north +transept; which latter had been built, as mentioned before, +for the remains and shrine of Bishop Cantilupe.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was +examining the confused and unsorted mass of charters and +grants in the possession of the cathedral, he found a parchment +(which bore the two beautiful episcopal seals of Bishop Roger +le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of Hereford) +that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the +sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms +the backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was +translated to Worcester.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed +with prayers for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still +darkened the political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt +filled the cathedral. It is said that when the "Black Death" +reached Hereford in 1349, to retard its progress in the city the +shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried in procession.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the +calamity of this terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a +mandate prohibiting the performance of "theatrical plays and +interludes" in churches as "contrary to the practice of religion." +The exact character of these performances is doubtful, and the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular mumming. +The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in +an annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi +Day, to assist in which some of the city guilds were obliged by +the rules of their incorporation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about +his rights of jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency. +It must certainly have been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck +"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gratus, prudens, pius</span></span>" as the mutilated inscription on his +effigy describes him, when one William Corbet forced his way +into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him in the +city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is +said that the city market was removed from Hereford to a place +about a mile on the west of the town, still marked by a cross +called the "White Cross" bearing the arms of Bishop Charleton.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of +King Edward II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant, +who was appointed in 1389 by papal provision, was no less +active in the deposition of King Richard II., and was sent to +the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry IV. to explain +his title to the Crown and announce his accession.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest +vicars of the cathedral were formed into a college by Royal +Charter, and the first warden or "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">custos</span></span>" was appointed by the +King to show that the right of appointment was vested in the +Crown. The college was to have a common seal, and to +exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to be +subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its +members were the priests of the chantry chapels in the +cathedral, at this time apparently twenty-seven in number.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its +present site, so that the vicars should be able more comfortably +to attend the night services. An order was also made about +this time concerning the celebration of mass at the altar of St. +John Baptist in the cathedral, an arrangement which shows that +then as now the parish of St. John had no church of its own +outside the cathedral walls.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with +the cathedral was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest +in the cathedral although he never visited his diocese. It was<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +upon this work of the cloisters that 2800 marks were expended +by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in whose time the great +west window was erected by William Lochard, the precentor. +The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury, +approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added +between 1453 and 1474.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was +translated to Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the +two-storied chantry chapel south of the Lady Chapel and +near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe. The upper story +was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop +himself. Bishop Audley also presented +to the cathedral a silver shrine.</p> + +<a name="fig10" id="fig10"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image04.png" width="380" height="548" alt="Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL." title="THE AUDLEY CHAPEL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next important alteration was +the lengthening of the great north +porch which bears the date 1519 and +the shields of Bishop Booth and his +predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a +very fine piece of Perpendicular work, +somewhat similar in design to the porch +in the middle of the west front of +Peterborough Cathedral. At his death +Bishop Booth left various books to the +cathedral library and some tapestry for +the high altar, together with silver and +gold ornaments for the Cantilupe +Shrine. The tapestry displayed the +story of David and Nabal. He also +bequeathed, amongst other things to his successor, the gold +ring with which he was consecrated, but notwithstanding his +forethought in specifying that these articles were not to be +taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they +have disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined, +in the enthusiasm of his building operations, the changes to +follow so closely upon his death. Yet the papal supremacy +had been abolished in this country in 1534, and though the +church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had +been published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at +Winchester, to the See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent +instruments" of the Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the +following year the suppression of the monasteries began in<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be spared +for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were +then no less than twenty-one in the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches, +chapels, guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take +inventories of their treasures, leaving to each parish church or +chapel "one or two chalices according to the multitude of +people." In Hereford Cathedral, amongst other valuable ornaments, +was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs. 9-1/2 oz., two +basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in five +pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is +not possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the +cathedral alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country +were estimated at 4860-1/4 ounces, in value about £1213, 1s. 3d.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set +up at Nottingham, and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst +over the country. Bishop Coke of Hereford had been one +of the twelve churchmen most active against the Bill for +excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons +in May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to +the Tower by the joint sentence of the Lords and Commons +on charge of treason.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one +with its Bishop, but so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford, +with two troops of cavalry and a single infantry regiment, +entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of Essex and +quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained +till December 14th without, however, any serious plundering +in the town itself. In April 1643, Waller took the city for the +second time, and again without much resistance, a condition of +the surrender being the immunity of the Bishop and cathedral +clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his leaving +Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became +an asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being +held first by one side and then by the other. In the autumn +of 1645 Hereford was besieged by Lord Leven with the +Scottish army, who were driven off by Colonel Barnabas +Scudamore with heavy loss.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury +during the siege. The defenders used the lead from the +chapter-house roof to cover the keep of the castle, and possibly<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +also to make bullets. Finally, on December 18th, through +the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city, Hereford +was once more taken, and this time the whole place was +overrun by a rabble of plundering soldiery.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral +during the Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian +captain, one Silas Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated +in this military loot. "The storied windows richly dight" +were smashed to bits, monumental brasses torn up, the +library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments +stolen.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by +the cathedral clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, +and gentry of the county for help towards restoring the cathedral, +though it is not known with what welcome the appeal was +received.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm +was done to the cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one +of those irritating people who mean well but act abominably. +He spent much, both on the palace and the cathedral, +employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the +chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not +irreparably so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of +masonry intended to support the central tower, which was, +however, nothing but a hideous architectural blunder. In +itself it was ugly to behold, and actually weakened by lateral +pressure that which it was intended to support. He also +presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with +scenic decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains, +and wooden imitations of tassels which hung immediately over +the heads of the ministering priests as they stood at the altar. +These were found later on to be hung on rusty nails by twine +"little better than pack thread."</p> + +<a name="fig11" id="fig11"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image05.png" width="640" height="954" alt="Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT)." title="THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT)." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746, +an ancient building of early Norman date used as a +chapel for the palace was pulled down. It consisted of an +upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel dedicated to St. +Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part of +one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on +Easter Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,—the fall +of the great western tower. Directly and indirectly this was<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the worst accident that has happened to Hereford Cathedral. +The west front was utterly destroyed, and a great part of the +nave seriously injured, while the injudicious restoration begun +in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for +architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall +of the tower.</p> + +<a name="fig12" id="fig12"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image06.png" width="640" height="477" alt="Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END." title="THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">From a drawing by T. Hearne</span></span>, 1806.</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable +deeds of vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous +efforts in this direction. He altered the whole proportion of +the building, shortening the nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected +a new west front on a "neat Gothic pattern," and availed +himself of the chance of removing all the Norman work in the +nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod +moulding round each of the arches above the arcade. These +eccentricities were removed not long since, but the roughened<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lines for adhesion of the plaster still remain. Inside the west +front may also still be seen large spaces of wall painted to +represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the +wall of any stucco residence.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless +insipidity of Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved +in his own day, and that the public generally were as much to +blame as himself.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and +in order to give it apparent height the roofs of both nave and +choir were lowered in pitch, its parapet was raised, and some +pinnacles were added.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new +burying-grounds provided for the city elsewhere.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of +Hereford. He was a man of sound judgment and of much +practical ability, and it was during his episcopacy that a serious +competent and thorough repair of the cathedral was at last +undertaken at a cost of £27,000, to which no one devoted +more loving care or more untiring energy than Dean +Merewether.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses +and this house lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his +exhaustive "Statement of the condition and circumstances of +the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the year 1841." In this +statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in the +eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and +the dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash +and plaster, became visible in the soffit of each of the window +arches.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed +of hewn stone, making a kind of casing at each side, called +ashlar, the interval being filled with rubble masonry cemented +with lime and loam. This stuffing having deteriorated the +weight above had split the outer wall, though most fortunately +the interior face was perfectly sound and upright.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove +the oak panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and +the heavy bookcases filling up a great part of the area were +taken away with the lath and plaster partition from the sides +of the pillar at the west end of the chapel.</p> + +<a name="fig13" id="fig13"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image07.png" width="640" height="469" alt="Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." title="THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</div></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured +became again manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains +of its ancient painting, the disclosure of two most interesting +monuments, two aumbries, a double piscina, the chapel of +Bishop Audley, but more important than all, two of the most +beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found anywhere, +Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with +the Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding +with the remarkable union of the Norman intersecting +arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed +characteristics.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr. +Cottingham, the architect, showed that the great central tower +of the cathedral was in imminent danger of falling, and might +at any moment entirely collapse.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were +struck by the traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing +the clerestory gallery the remains of Norman ornaments were +everywhere to be found, the gallery itself being still existent +at each side, returned behind the wooden coverings, up to the +splays of the eastern windows.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir +shown on p. 77 was then removed, and the change effected +was most striking. It was evident that long before the introduction +of the Grecian screen in 1717, the original arrangement +had been disturbed by the insertion of a Perpendicular window, +to support which the low circular arch in the centre had been +constructed; on either side of this window were now to be +seen the mouldings and featherings of the original early +decorated lights, on a level with the lateral clerestory range; +below these the Norman arcade, based upon a string course of +nebule ornaments.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties +was to be traced,—the thickness of that part of the wall is +8 feet; on either side of the arch, 24 feet in span, were +portions of shafts, corresponding with the pair of Norman +shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of these +(standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through +those already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most +curious detail, were perfect, and upon them were visible as far +as the level of the window above, the remaining stones which<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +formed the architecture of the exterior arch, from which it was +evident that its crown must have risen to the height of 30 +feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was +discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this +exquisite and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment +of which it is utterly impossible to account for, was, in +fact, made up of five arches, the interior and smallest supported +by the two semi-columns already described, and each of the +others increasing in span as it approached the front upon +square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch +being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. +Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not only +hidden by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also, like +the two others, closed up with lath and plaster, as the central +arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were +taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious +effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the +appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, +Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these +massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium +above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the +founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the completer +and restorer after that era."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made, +though it cannot be said that all the work he did was good +either in design or execution. The beautiful lantern of the +central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was satisfactorily +strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of +Dean Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be +done, and in 1857 a further scheme was set going under the +financial management of Dean Richard Dawes, and the architectural +direction of Mr., afterwards Sir Gilbert, Scott, who +restored the north transepts, the north porch, the choir, and +Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and +fitted up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St. +John the Baptist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Altogether in these two works of repair about £45,000 was +expended, and the cathedral was opened for service on June +30th, 1863.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<a name="toc14" id="toc14"></a> +<a name="pdf15" id="pdf15"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of +Hereford Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence +of that quality dear to a purist is not more than compensated +for by the fine examples of different periods, which make the +massive pile as a whole a valuable record of historical progress. +And surely it is more fitting that a great ecclesiastical +edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts, and +bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through +which it has passed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the +cathedral building reposes in a secluded close, from which the +best general view is obtained. The close is entered either +from Broad Street, near the west window, or from Castle +Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of +the close between the path and the river. The space between +the Wye and the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and +the college of the Vicars Choral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was +formerly one of the strongest on the Welsh marches.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the +Norman, Early English, and Early Decorated periods.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the +interior, survives in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy" +quality remaining through the subsequent building being imposed +upon the old foundations. The side apses of the +original triple eastern termination were converted into the +present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which +helps to produce an intricate outline already irregular through +the projections of the porch of Bishop Booth.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Central Tower</span></span>, a splendid example of Decorated +work, is of two stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the +angles. It is covered with a profusion of ball-flower ornament, +which, except in the south nave aisle of Gloucester Cathedral, +is nowhere else so freely used.</p> + +<a name="fig16" id="fig16"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image08.png" width="640" height="749" alt="Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT." title="BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the +disposition of the upper windows of the central tower and the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +style and position of the dividing pilasters and bands of +ornament, it seems likely that the earlier lantern of Pershore is +partly responsible for its design.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which +formerly existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered +with lead. When this was taken down at the time of the +great repairs and rebuilding of the west end, a stunted, squat +appearance was given to the building. In the year 1830 +Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and +Chapter to build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar +in design to the central one, but rose only one stage above +the leads of the nave. This seems to have been used as a +belfry; whereas the central tower was a lantern.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The large projecting <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">North Porch</span></span>, completed in 1530 by +Bishop Booth, is Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, +though it is later in date, the porch in the centre of the west +front at Peterborough. The front entrance archway has highly +enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase buttress +turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the +upper portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This +outer porch consists of two stories, the lower of which is +formed by three wide, open arches, springing from four piers +at the extreme angles, two of which are united with the staircase +turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The +upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted +and groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate +tracery.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled +angles, of which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral +cappings, the remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and +rising nearly the whole height of the building, show to great +advantage. The clerestory windows, like those in the outer +wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster, are triangular +on the exterior.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is +an unusual architectural feature. The windows of the triforium +have semi-circular arched mouldings, enclosing a +window of three lights of lancet-shaped arches. Beneath the +aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was probably +an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the +bottom and polygonal above; and this probably was an access +to a private apartment for a monk over the aisle of the transept +containing the sacred shrine.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral +one notices the buttresses of the north-east transept, the +Stanbury Chapel, the windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle, +the clerestory windows with arcade dressings to the walls, +and the modern parapet above the whole.</p> + +<a name="fig17" id="fig17"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image09.png" width="640" height="400" alt="Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST." title="GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank +window or double arch, with two smaller arches within the +clerestory wall, claims especial attention, as well as the ribbed +roof rising above the Norman triforium.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We now come to the Early English work of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lady +Chapel</span></span>, the east end of which is especially noticeable, with +its bold angular buttresses rising from immense bases. The +numerous and large base mouldings running round the wall +of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and +ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting +peculiarities of design.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular, +embattled parapet at the end is a modern addition.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by +the public, being shut within the walls of a garden between the +Bishop's and the Vicars' Cloisters.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Bishop's Cloisters</span></span> consist of two walks only, or +covered corridors, though that on the west, which was pulled +down in the reign of Edward VI. to make room for a pile +of brick building appropriated to the Grammar School, and +in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of restoration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the +north side against the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a +continued series of buttresses are windows of large dimensions, +with mullions and tracery.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed +mouldings, at the intersections of which are shields charged +with sculptured figures, foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring +from slender pillars between the windows and corbels heads +on the other side: over the exterior of the windows are carved +grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations. The +south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the +south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small +chamber, which has been carefully and completely restored. +It has always been called the "Ladye Arbour," although no +one has been able to discover the origin of this name or the +use to which the chamber was put; many antiquarians suggest +a possible reference to the Virgin.</p> + +<a name="fig18" id="fig18"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image10.png" width="640" height="399" alt="Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The entrance doorway to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Chapter-house</span></span> from the east +walk still remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed +arch under a lofty, richly ornamented pedimental moulding, +having clustered shafts on the sides, with foliated capitals. +The archway is divided by a slender pillar into two smaller +openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this +doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton +asserts, "beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian +soldiers," was certainly neglected; and then, as long as any +material could be got from it, treated as a stone quarry by +Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house appears +to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated +period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +at each angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the +entrance, was sub-divided into five panels or seats. Remains +of three sides only are left, and these only as far as the +window-sills.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end, +are some remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other. +The lower was dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to +St. Mary Magdalene.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The form, excepting a portico and choir (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> chancel) was +an exact square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every +way, supported the roof; the portico was composed of a +succession of arches retiring inwards, and had a grandeur in +imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side consisted +of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the +lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made +of single stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle +pillars. The walls were much painted, and the arched roof +was turned with great skill, and resembled the architecture +which prevailed during the declension of the Roman Empire +(see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small +windows in the remaining north wall, the author of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Picturesque +Antiquities of Hereford</span></span> proceeds to say: "These are +extremely interesting, as they pertained to an edifice which +once stood on the south side of this wall, and is believed to +have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron saint of +the cathedral before the translation of the body of St. Ethelbert. +It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences +in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of +marriages there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent +in the Dean's archives."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A second cloister, known as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Vicars' Cloister</span></span>, connects +the Vicars' College with the south-east transept. The arrangement +here may be compared with that of Chichester, as showing +the most probable plan of the latter before the destruction of +the south walk and its connection with the cloister of the +Vicars Choral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching +cross, which fell into a decayed state during the latter part of +the last century. Beneath it was a dome of masonry which +closed the aperture to a well of considerable depth, which had<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +been formed with great exactness. This well still exists +beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according +to Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green, +with a handsome stone arch over it.</p> + +<a name="fig19" id="fig19"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image11.png" width="640" height="623" alt="Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR." title="THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it +was proposed to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a +special restoration, dealing principally with the west end and +central tower.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc20" id="toc20"></a> +<a name="pdf21" id="pdf21"></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through +the beautiful parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage +of this porch is formed by three arches with octagonal turrets +at their outer angles. These turrets are each capped by a +lantern. The second stage has three fine Perpendicular +windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church, +belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner +porch is of the Decorated period. There is some particularly +good iron-work on the doors, made by Messrs Potter from +designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two +sister cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent.</p> + +<a name="fig22" id="fig22"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image12.png" width="640" height="949" alt="Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH." title="THE NORTH PORCH." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NORTH PORCH.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Nave</span></span>, which is separated from the aisles by eight +massive Norman piers (part of the original church), of which +the capitals are worthy of notice, has somewhat suffered by +restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The triforium, the clerestory, +the vaulting of the roof and the western wall and doorway +are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he +shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the +west end, from which the best general view is to be obtained, +one is impressed by the striking effect of the great Norman +piers and arches and the gloom of the choir beyond. Through +the noble circular arches, which support the central tower and +the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the eastern +wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and +below by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A +central pillar divides this lower arch, two pointed arches +springing from its capital and leaving a spandrel between them, +which is covered with modern sculpture. In the far distance<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and +its brilliant lancet lights.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable +for the richness of its ornament as compared with other buildings +of the same date, such as Peterborough or Ely.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet +and other beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers +and shafts are also elaborately decorated. The double half +shafts set against the north and south fronts of the huge circular +piers are in the greater part restorations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated +from the Early English of Salisbury. They are divided by +slender pillars, but there is no triforium passage.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were +practically rebuilt, the existing walls and windows being erected +upon the bases of the Norman walls, which were retained for a +few feet above the foundations. The vaulting of the roofs of +the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself were coloured +under the direction of Mr. Cottingham.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Font</span></span>, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century, +is in the second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough +for the total immersion of children. Beneath arches round +the basin are figures of the twelve Apostles. These, however, +with one exception, have been much broken. The most +curious feature of this interesting font is the base with four +demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is +protected by a mosaic platform.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the Nave.</span></span>—The first monument on the +south side as we walk from the western end is the fine effigy in +alabaster of Sir Richard Pembridge in plate and mail armour +with his greyhound. This monument was formerly at the +Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the Suppression. +Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd +of that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at +Poitiers. He died in 1375. There are still traces of colour +on this monument and gold remains on the points of the cap +to which the camail is fastened, as also on the jewelled sword-belt. +A sheaf of green coloured leathers is separated from the +tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet of open +roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +left, and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved, +and the workman showed such accuracy in duplicating the +stone leg that the Knight was adorned with a pair of garters +for many years until Lord Saye and Sele, Canon Residentiary, +presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and the +wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library.</p> + +<a name="fig23" id="fig23"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image13.png" width="640" height="519" alt="Illustration: THE NAVE." title="THE NAVE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NAVE.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay +is the carved figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy +is headless and otherwise much mutilated.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure, +under a foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head +wearing a cap. It is thought to be the monument of a former +treasurer.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the +Bishop's Cloister. This has a square heading which rises +above the sill of the window over it. There is an interesting +series of heads in the hollow moulding, which are said to be<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +copies of earlier work in the same position. The iron-work of +the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty Norman arch +leads from this aisle into the south transept.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south. +It contains six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his +wife, with subjects by Warrenton from the life of St. John the +Baptist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the +nave is the effigy and tomb under which is buried Bishop +Booth (1535), the builder of the large projecting porch which +bears his name. The recumbent figure of the Bishop is fully +vested with a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mitra pretiosa</span></span> with pendent fillets. He wears a +cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and +chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed +sandals; his hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which +has been broken) is veiled on the right. At this side is a +feathered angel. The original inscription, cut into stone and +fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured:</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et +totidem dies Ecclesiæ huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii 1535 defunctus +sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet."</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in +the Cathedral which has not been disturbed, although Mr. +Havergal says "most of our large ancient monuments were +protected by iron railings." It is divided into six square panels, +having shields and heraldic ornaments.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The beautiful wrought iron <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Screen</span></span>, an elaborate example of +artistic metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore +of Coventry, from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands +between the eastern piers of the central tower, a little towards +the nave. The first great piece of metal-work of this kind +executed in England in modern times was the choir screen at +Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the +Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production +transcends that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches +by a slender shaft. The central arch is larger and +higher than the others, is gabled and surmounted by a richly +jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on either side, to +a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are filled with<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the +arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline.</p> + +<a name="fig24" id="fig24"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image14.png" width="640" height="609" alt="Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN." title="THE CHOIR SCREEN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CHOIR SCREEN.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin +plates of copper and hammered iron, in imitation of natural +specimens, and throughout the screen the passion flower is +prominent in the decoration. It is composed of 11,200 lbs. +of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of vitreous +and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about +300 cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze +figures, three single figures, and two groups. Of these the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, May 29, 1862, well said: "These figures are perfect<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +studies in themselves. Every one can understand them at a +glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of +the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt +without the aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set +forth who or what they are."</p> + +<a name="fig25" id="fig25"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image15.png" width="640" height="529" alt="Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS." title="SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is +no less worthy of inspection. Over the gates the large oval +space is filled with the sacred monogram I.H.C. The base +consists of polished Devonshire marble. The diversity of tint +of the metals used is in itself a source of colour, but the +whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +painted with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour +scheme is further carried out in the mosaics.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is +perhaps the best example of this kind of work produced in +modern times. The cost of the screen was £3000, though +the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance with their agreement +was only £1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art +Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and +gasfittings.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the +Cathedral, is placed near the south-west corner of the screen; +it was designed by Cottingham.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Central Tower.</span></span>—Immediately above the four great +arches of the central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor +Willis in his report on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular +construction; twelve piers of compact masonry on each +side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the height of 26 ft., +and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of stone, in +long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round immediately +under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone +gratings, if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall +of the tower rests, and they also carry the entire weight of the +bell-chamber and bells.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole space is now completely open from the floor of +the Cathedral to the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which +is painted underneath in blue and gold. From this floor hangs, +the handsome corona of wrought iron.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843, +however, the whole appearance of the central tower was +different, and the beautiful lantern with its many shafts was +hidden from view by a vault of the fifteenth century, which rose +above the great arches and completely concealed the upper +portion of the tower.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his specific report of the condition of the central tower +in particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr. +Cottingham said:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the +honour of reporting, I have carefully examined the construction +of the four great piers which support the tower; they are of +Norman workmanship, and sufficient in bulk to carry a much +greater weight than the present tower, had the masonry been<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +more carefully constructed; they consist of a series of semi-circular +columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds +the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled +with a rubble core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime +grouting; this was undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman +tower, but when the great Early English shaft was added +on the top of this work the pressure became too great for such +kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns, not +being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores, +split and bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion +of lime, diminished and crushed to pieces. To remedy these +defects, a second facing of ashlar has been attached to the piers, +in some places by cutting out a part of the old ashlar, and in +others by merely fixing long slips of stone round the pier with +iron plugs, run in with lead,—these most unsightly excrescences +have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without adding +any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked +up all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with +the tower piers and communicating with the aisles, choir, and +transepts, leaving only a small passage-way in each.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the +south transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed +up with masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich +work which lies concealed behind it. These injudicious performances +have tended to weaken instead of strengthen the +tower. The interior walls above the main arches of the tower, +up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the bellringers' +chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the +four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, +have been made large enough for a man to creep in,—these +unaccountable holes have tended very much to increase the +danger, as all the masonry connected with them is drawn off +its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces by the +enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the +pillars, is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of +the bell floor. On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful +monument of the fallibility of human skill than the tower of +Hereford Cathedral at this moment presents."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed +themselves, on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion +of Professor Willis, of Cambridge. This gentleman, after the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +most minute scrutiny and indefatigable labour, produced his +elaborate and well-known report. He essentially corroborated +the architect, especially as to the general state of the tower; and, +under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the great +work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a +fine peal of ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected +in 1861, which strikes the +hours and quarter-hours.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The North Transept.</span></span>—Passing +through the +north arch of the tower we +come into some of the +most interesting parts of +the Cathedral. The transept +beyond was entirely +rebuilt for the reception of +the shrine of Bishop Cantilupe, +when his body was +removed from the Lady +Chapel in 1287, after the +miracles reported at his +tomb had already largely +increased the revenues of +the Cathedral. The unusual +shape of the arches +and the fine and effective +windows of this transept +render it one of the most +distinguished English specimens +of the style.</p> + +<a name="fig26" id="fig26"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image16.png" width="547" height="887" alt="Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320." title="NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the north is a window +with triple lights on each +side of a group of banded +shafts, the tracery above +being formed of circles enclosing trefoils. The heads of the +lights are sharply pointed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside +triangular-headed arches, which completely fill the two bays. +They have three lights each, and are exactly similar to the +windows on the north side of the transept.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +marble, a clustered pier divides the eastern aisle of the +transept into two bays. These shafts have foliated capitals, +and the bases have knots of foliage between them.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the +mouldings of the main arches are plain.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the +Norman arch opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept +itself. There are in each bay two pointed arches, each containing +three smaller arches with foiled headings surmounted +by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the arches +are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back +in the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping +courses, which incline forward to the string course above +the triforium.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and +the triangular arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar +to those in the clerestory of Worcester Cathedral on the south +side of the nave. These are, however, of later date, and may +have been imitated by the Worcester architect.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was +satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general +effect.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the North Transept.</span></span>—The great north +stained-glass window by Hardman was placed there as a +memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died in 1863. +Underneath this window, which is described later on in the +section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop +Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt, +and the effigy is now leaning on its side against the wall. +There is an undoubted original half-length portrait of this +bishop in the Hall of Jesus College, Oxford. There are +monuments to other members of the family in the church at +Ross.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John +Philips, the author of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Splendid Shilling</span></span> and of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cyder</span></span>, a +poem endearing him to Herefordshire. His family belonged +to this county, although he himself was born in Oxfordshire. +There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner, Westminster +Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32.</p> + +<a name="fig27" id="fig27"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image17.png" width="640" height="924" alt="Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT." title="THE NORTH TRANSEPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of +Bishop Thomas Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +effigy and its richly decorated alcove or canopy was most +luckily not touched by Wyatt.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost +in an avalanche; Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster +of Battersea College.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most +important monument in the north transept, viz.:—the pedestal +of the celebrated shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282, +who died at Civita Vecchia, near Florence, on his way to +Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to Ashridge +in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto; +and the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the +Lady Chapel.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at +the lower end. It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two +stages, the lower having a series of cinquefoiled niches and +fourteen figures of Templars in chain armour in different +attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand Master of +the Knights Templars in England.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the figures are seated with various monsters under their +feet. The filling of the spandrels between these niches and +that of the spandrels between the arches of the upper stage is +especially noteworthy. It belongs to the first Decorated period, +and while the arrangement is still somewhat stiff or formal, the +forms are evidently directly copied from nature.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage, +still bears the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having +traces of the arms of the See (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the arms of Cantilupe).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop +Cantilupe was avoided the secondary part which his shrine must +have played if it had been placed in the usual post of honour +at the back of the high altar. The shrine of St. Ethelbert was +probably already there, and wisely enough a distinguished +position was specially created by rebuilding the north transept +for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford +Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south +transept of Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la +Wych.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and +another to Richard Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +1636), and on the floor is an effigy of John D'Acquablanca, +a Dean of Hereford (died 1320), and nephew of Bishop +D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is close to it, +between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the +transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are +reminded of the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry +of the same period (1262) in the south choir transept of Salisbury +to Bishop Giles de Bridport.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of +minute ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck +marble support a gabled canopy, each gable of which is surmounted +by a finial in the form of a floriated cross.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861 +a feeble attempt was made to restore it, which was, however, +not carried out. Bishop Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had +been steward of the household to his relative, William of Savoy, +the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of the noteworthy +instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop of +Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him +his treasurer and consulted him on all matters of state. At his +death, says the Rev. H. W. Phillott,<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> "He was probably little +regretted in his cathedral city, whose citizens he had defeated +in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal rights. But he +used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one half +of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the +cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the +north-west transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful +shrine, probably erected by himself, under which repose the +remains of his nephew, John, Dean of Hereford, as well as +his own, his heart excepted, which, with a pathetic yearning +of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the church +which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle, +in Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at +the hands of historians and song-writers of his day, though his +example did much to swell the tide of ill-repute in which +many of the clergy of all ranks were held (for the laity, says +the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention to the doctrine +than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave out of +sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral, +and bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ornaments, and land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor +of the diocese."</p> + +<a name="fig28" id="fig28"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image18.png" width="640" height="436" alt="Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE." title="THE CANTILUPE SHRINE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">South Transept.</span></span>—Crossing the Cathedral in front of the +Skidmore screen it is a relief to turn from the nave with its +sham triforium to the south transept with its fine three stage +Norman east side. The groining, although incongruous, is still +beautiful, and does not irritate in the same way as Wyatt's +abominations in the nave. This transept contains several +disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to +whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the +Cathedral. "At any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> "this +transept seems to have been the happy hunting-ground of +successive races of builders, who have left the side-walls in +admired confusion."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular +period much of the Norman work remains. The east wall is +in the best preservation, and is certainly entirely Norman with +the exception of the groining. It is covered with five series of +arcades, which may be divided into three stages. In the +middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very short +Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those +at the level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the +transept is lighted from the clerestory by two Norman +windows.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman +moulded double arch.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the +Norman work, and a large Perpendicular window nearly fills +the south wall with panelling round it of the same period.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the South Transept.</span></span>—There is an +interesting altar-tomb of Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of +Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady and a child in +swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the transept. +The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of +colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a +double chain and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons +were ancestors of the Coke family, now Earls of Leicester. +The swaddled body of the child lies to the left of its mother,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +its head resting on a little double pillow by her knee, and a +part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower +part of the babe.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the +composition, lie his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have +been much scratched with names.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The head of the knight rests upon his helmet.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription:</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of Buckingham, +and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard Willyson of +Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne deceased the 29th of +October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age, the 23rd of his Age."</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a cænotaph, for +Alexander Denton, the husband, who lived some years after, +and marry'd another lady, was bury'd with her at Hillesden, +Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th, 1576."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant +(1389-1404), the builder of the Perpendicular alterations +in this transept. The effigy is unfortunately headless and has +lost its hands. The feet are resting on a lion.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral +(1877).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the +west side of the south transept.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault +behind. This was doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular +window was placed above on this side.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the +lantern arches.</p> + +<a name="fig29" id="fig29"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image19.png" width="640" height="938" alt="Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT." title="EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Organ</span></span>, which occupies the first archway on the south +side of the choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr. +Phillips Bevan<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> writes of it, "It was the gift of Charles II., +and was very nearly destroyed by the fall of the central tower. +It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray and Davidson, +and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11 +swell, 7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great +feature in Willis's improvements is the tubular pneumatic<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +action, which does away with trackers and other troublesome +internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been precentor of the +Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything +about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the +matter of that, no lover of music should omit to hear the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unaccompanied</span></span> service usually held on Friday morning."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated +arched recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to +the Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed, +beginning from the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De +Bethune (died 1148), the last Norman builder; Hugh Foliot +(died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and William De +Vere (died 1199).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the +tomb of Bishop De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who +superintended the building of the fine west front of the +cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy also belongs +to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball flower +and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs +is noticeable.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy +and brass to Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516). +The effigy is wearing a mitre, and is fully vested. In +front of the monument are panels filled with figures of saints, +and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which has been +restored.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives +access to two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, +to enter which you pass beneath the bellows of the organ. +Exhibited in cases in one of these rooms are some of the +treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the Scriptures, +chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close of +this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the +Norman work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as +the cathedral treasury.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass +windows with figures restored by Warrington should be noticed, +and the celebrated <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Map of the World</span></span> is well worth some +study. It was discovered under the floor of Bishop Audley's +Chapel during the last century, and appears from internal +evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +certain Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham +and Sleaford in Lincolnshire).</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">"Tuz ki cest estorie ont</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Prient à Jhesu en deyté</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pité</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ki l'at fet e compassé</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ke joie en cel li seit doné."</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the +very oldest maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full +of the deepest interest. It is founded on the cosmographical +treatises of the time, which generally commence by stating that +Augustus Cæsar sent out three philosophers, Nichodoxus, +Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey the world, +and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the +left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the +philosophers written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediæval +seal. The world is here represented as round, surrounded +by the ocean. At the top of the map is represented Paradise, +with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the forbidden fruit +and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a remarkable +representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary +interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their +graves and being led within the walls of heaven.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus, +Solinus, Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There +are numerous figures of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with +grotesque customs, such as the mediæval geographers believed +to exist in different parts of the world; Babylon with its famous +tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the inscription—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">'Roma, +caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi'</span></span>; and Troy as +'<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">civitas bellicosissima</span></span>.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals +are mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known +very little.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of +Hercules, the Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the +house of bondage, the journeys of the Children of Israel, the +Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a figure of Moses and his supposed +place of burial, the Phœnician Jews worshipping the molten +image, Lot's wife," etc.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Bishop's Cloisters.</span></span>—At the eastern end of the south<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nave aisle a door opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral +with the episcopal palace. In the cloister is placed a monument +and inscription to Colonel John Matthews of Belmont, +near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief consoled +by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other monuments are:—one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D., +formerly Bishop of Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July +1837, and is buried beneath the bishop's throne. A monument +to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815 to 1832. +He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried +at Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke +Whitfield, an organist of the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a +gravestone near the west part of the cathedral, which, being +taken off, was kept in the city tolsey or hall for some time +until it was finally fastened to a freestone on the west side of +the Bishop's Cloisters:—</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Good Christeyn People of your Charite</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That here abide in this transitorye life,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And also of Anne his dere beloved wife,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Which here togeder continued without stryfe</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Further, to declare of his port and fame,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For that intent perpetually to remain and stand.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 10.00em">Amen."</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The South-east Transept</span></span>, lying between the retro-choir +and the chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main +Decorated, though its window tracery is perhaps somewhat +later, being almost flamboyant in character. It was altered +from the original Norman apse, and in the walls bases of the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from it +by a single octagonal pillar.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before the aisles were added the now open window looking +into the Lady Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the +chapel, and was glazed. There is a lovely view from this +transept, looking slantwise into the Lady Chapel. In this +transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings, +stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis +Charleton, 1369. His effigy lies under the wall dividing +the transept from the vestibule of the Lady Chapel. Above it +is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop Coke, died +1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of +State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the +spot where the remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on +Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence of the dean, archdeacon, +and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for them; and +there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D., +Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of +the University in 1687, when James II. seized upon the +venerable foundation of Magdalen College and sent his commissioners +to Oxford to expel the Fellows.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and +resolute spirit in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal +to dine with the commissioners on the day of the Magdalen +expulsion is described thus by Macaulay:—"I am not," he +said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my meals with +appetite under a gallows."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his +meals" much longer in his beautiful college hall. William +III., almost immediately after his accession, made him Bishop +of Bristol, whence he was translated to Hereford, and, dying +in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of Hereford, +in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of +Wadham College that the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented +to the proposal that the remains and marble slab should +be removed to the precincts of their cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church +closed under the Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act, +and when it was dismantled and the dead removed from their<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of Bishop Ironside +were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in the +vault having been previously removed or stolen.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened +by the Burial Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal, +"so perfect were the remains that the skin was not broken, +and the features of the placid-looking bishop were undisturbed." +In a square recess on the east wall is a bust +which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper, +Garrick, and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr. +James Thomas, a citizen of Hereford, who is buried near this +place. Under it is a brass to Sir Richard Delabere, 1514, +his two wives and twenty-one children; the inscription is as +follows:—</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere, +Knight, late of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the +Lord Audley, and Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late +sergeant of the hall to King Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir +Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of July, A.D. 1513, on +whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory +of Bishop Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed +to represent St. John the Baptist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Lady Chapel.</span></span>—The elaborate and beautiful Early +English work of this chapel, which dates from the first half of +the thirteenth century, about 1220, was twice under the +restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof having been rebuilt +by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir G. G. +Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On +the north side each of these bays contains two large windows, +and on the south side two of the bays contain each two windows, +while the third is filled by the Audley Chapel.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by +Professor Willis to be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of +this portion was one of the first works undertaken by Mr. +Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the pavement and +other restorations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets +recessed within arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall +above being perforated with five quatrefoil openings, of which +the outside ones are circular and the centre three are oval.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fergusson<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such +combinations to be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east +end of Ely, or such a group as that which terminates the east +end of Hereford."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed +by the clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean +Merewether wrote:—</p> + +<a name="fig30" id="fig30"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image20.png" width="640" height="420" alt="Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL." title="THE LADY CHAPEL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE LADY CHAPEL.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the +remnants of its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath +the whitewash; the fair disclosure of the monuments of Joanna +de Kilpec, a benefactress to this very edifice, and Humphry +de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding interest; the +discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the +stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south +side, the chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the +most beautiful specimens of transition arches which can be +found in any edifice, bearing the Early English form, the shafts +and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch above, but ornamented<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the zig-zag decoration, +corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman +intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with +its pointed characteristics. The appearance of the central +column with a base in the Early English and its capital with +the Norman ornament might be added: the stairs to the +crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics in<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original +level."</p> + +<a name="fig31" id="fig31"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image21.png" width="640" height="767" alt="Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT." title="SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.</div></div> + +<a name="fig32" id="fig32"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image22.png" width="640" height="1162" alt="Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL." title="ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the +cathedral owes so much, +that the stained glass +designed by Cottingham +was placed in the +east windows in the +narrow lancets that he +loved so dearly. It represents +scenes in the +early life of the Virgin +and the life of Christ; +the last being the supper +in the house of +Mary and Martha. In +the side windows the +visitor should especially +notice the rich clustered +shafts and arches, the +Early English capitals, +and the ornamentation +of the arches. Above +these windows, corresponding +to the openings +above the east +window, a quatrefoil +opening enclosed by a +circle pierces the wall. +The quadripartite vaulting +springs from slender +shafts, which descend +upon a slightly raised +base.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The double piscina +and aumbry south of +the altar are restorations +necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the Lady Chapel.</span></span>—Of great beauty and +interest is the Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the +north side of the Lady Chapel, in which is the recumbent<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +effigy which tradition has assigned without evidence to +Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the 46th +year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however, +buried in the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey, +Essex.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument +of Peter, Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any +case, the knight was probably one of the Bohun family, and +husband of the lady whose effigy lies under an arch in the wall +adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the fourteenth +century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a cyclass, +a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign. +This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer +behind. The visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at +the knees.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work, +now containing a series of figures representing the crowning of +the Virgin; on one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St. +John the Baptist, and on the other St. Thomas à Becket (with +double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de Cantilupe. Of these, +however, only the two central carvings are in their original +positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham +when the oak choir-screen was removed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of +Joanna de Bohun, Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote +from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of the lady, there can +be scarcely a doubt, represents 'Johanna de Bohun, Domina +de Kilpec.' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett +or Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name +distinguished in the annals of his times; and of his possessions, +his sister doing her homage, had livery 19 Edward II.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter +of Hereford, the church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of +Llangarren, St. Waynards and Henthland, with all the small +chapels belonging to them, which donation was confirmed by +the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de +Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford +further confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed, +dated Lugwas, 22nd July, 1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomæ +Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop, Dean and +Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England +the Mother of God had better and more serious service, but +in the Church of Hereford the Ladye's sustenance for her +prieste was so thinne and small, that out of their respect they +add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at Hereford, +April 10th, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III., +1327, the donation of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying +bequest. On the 17th of October in that year, she constituted +John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give possession to the +Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and the +advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it. +This instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was +appended, of which a sketch is preserved +by Taylor, in whose possession +this document appears to have been in +1655, and a transcript of it will be +found Harl. MS. 6868, f. 77 (see also +6726, f. 109, which last has been +printed in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shaw's Topographer</span></span>, 1. +280).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In the tower is preserved the patent +1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de Lugwarden +cum capellis donandis a +Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8 +capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda +(Tanner's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notitia Monast.</span></span>).</p> + +<a name="fig33" id="fig33"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image23.png" width="345" height="349" alt="Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN." title="SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to +explain why the memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in +the Lady Chapel, to which especially she had been a benefactress. +They also explain the original ornaments of this +tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years since +under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately +concealed by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been +removed to prove that Gough's description of the original state +of the painting is correct. He says, 'The Virgin is represented +sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady habited in a mantle and +wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers to her a +church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire—and +behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting à +gorge deployée after the foremost, who holds up a book, on<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +which are seen musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys +are painted about both within and without this arch, +and on the spandrils two shields; on the left, a bend cotised +between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right, Ermines, +a bend indented, Gules.' This description was published 1786.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation +of the church of Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or +twelve vociferous choristers were the eight chaplains and two +deacons mentioned in the patent, who were set apart for the +peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for from +the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields +mentioned by Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter +side bearing the arms of Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between +two cotises, and six lions rampant, or.—The other, Ermines, +a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the bearings of +Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons of +Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire, +whose descent is traced to the same source. In the list of +obits observed in Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the +Lady Kilpeck, and out of Lugwardine was paid yearly for her +obit forty pence."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen +of costume. Its curious decoration of human heads is +also noteworthy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the +north-east angle of the chapel, is a black marble slab with +a brass by Hardman bearing an inscription, which records +that to the restoration of the cathedral "he devoted the unwearied +energies of his life till its close on the 4th of April +1850."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew +or Beaurieu (died 1462) in the south wall of the vestibule. +This is one of the best specimens of monumental sculpture +in the cathedral. The face, which is well modelled, and +the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are especially +noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole +monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen +boars with rue leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of +the dean's name.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest, +supposed to be Canon de la Barr, 1386.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Audley Chantry.</span></span>—In the central bay on the south +side of the wall is the Audley Chantry—a beautiful little +chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley (1492-1502), with an +upper chamber to which access is obtained by a circular staircase +at the south-west angle.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502 +he erected a similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he +was buried, so that the object of the Hereford Chantry +as the place for his interment was of course never +fulfilled.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an +ancient missal:—"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secundum usum Herefordensem</span></span>," which +notes a number of "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">obiits</span></span>" or commemorations of benefactors, +chiefly between the times of Henry I. and Edward II. +"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam Sarum +Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum +Canonicis et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique +capellam novam juxta Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e +fundo construxit, et in eadem Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit, +etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum in modum Ecclesiae +fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi contulit +beneficia.</span></span>"</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a +screen of painted stone with open-work panelling in two stages. +The chapel is a pentagon in plan, and has two windows, while +a third opens into the Lady Chapel through the screen. +The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having in former +times been elaborately painted.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the +groined roof is distinctly good. The boss in the centre +represents the Virgin crowned in glory. On other parts of +the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and those of the +Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The +upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady +Chapel by the top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail, +may have been used as an oratory; but no remains of an altar +have been found. On the door opening on the staircase is +some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley's initials may be +noticed on the lock.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely +view westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +top of the reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north +transept, and further on still the nave.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library, +and after 1862 as the church of the parish of St. John the +Baptist, which surrounds the cathedral, and claimed to hold +its service in some part of the building.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Crypt</span></span> is entered from the south side of the Lady +Chapel where a porch opens to a staircase leading down. +The porch is deeply in-set, and like the crypt itself and the +Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis points out +that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is +later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known +examples at Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, +and Gloucester all belonging to earlier times. A flight of +twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which is now light and +dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations it was +utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There +is another approach to it from the interior of the church.</p> + +<a name="fig34" id="fig34"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image24.png" width="640" height="506" alt="Illustration: THE CRYPT." title="THE CRYPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CRYPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles +marked out by undecorated columns. It runs beneath the +whole extent of the Lady Chapel.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the +"Golgotha." In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a +large and elaborately decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of +preservation. It bears an incised representation of Andrew +Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife, with an inscription +setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497. Scrolls proceeding +from the mouths of the figures bear the following lines:—</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Remember thy life may not ever endure,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And thou have it after, it is but a venture."</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P. +for the county, whose bust formerly stood here, but was +removed to a more fitting position in the county hall.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Vicars' Cloisters.</span></span>—The entrance to the college of +Vicars Choral is from the south side of the Lady Chapel. +Leading from the south-east transept of the cathedral to the +quadrangle of the college is a long cloister walk.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its +richly carved roof may be best seen. The western wall, with +the exception of a few mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The +eastern wall is pierced with eight three-light windows, between +which are the remains of small niches.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is +of oak, the wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded +and the tie-beams and principals are richly carved on both +sides with various patterns and devices.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. F. Havergal says:—"The late William Cooke +acquired an immense amount of information relating to the +college and the vicars in olden time. His biographical notices +of them are most curious and amusing, giving a complete +insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the place." +He goes on to quote from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lansdowne Manuscript</span></span> in the +British Museum, 213, p. 333.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a +captain, a lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military +company in Norwich.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place, +through the Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house, +called the Vicars Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve +of the singing men, all in orders, most of them Masters in Arts, +of a Gentile garbe, have their convenient several dwellings, and +a fayre Hall, with richly painted windows, colledge like, wherein +they constantly dyet together, and have their cooke, butler, +and other officers, with a fayre library to themselves, consisting +all of English books, wherein (after we had freely tasted of +their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell +toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most +sweet Organ, and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor, +Treble, and Base; and amongst that orderly shewy crew of +Queristers our landlord guide did act his part in a deep and +sweet Diapason."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The North-East Transept.</span></span>—This transept shows ample +evidence of the original Norman plan, although its present +character is Early Decorated.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably +terminated—an arrangement similar to the eastern apses of +Gloucester and Norwich Cathedrals—portions remain in the +walls of the vestibule to the Lady Chapel, and in this, the +north-east transept, still remain parts of the apses which opened +from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than the nave +and belong to the Transition period.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the completion of the great north transept for the +reception of the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal +apses of the choir aisles were almost entirely removed, and the +present north-east transept erected.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which +helps to carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches +in the west wall doubtless formed part of the original apse. +The windows belong to the Early Decorated period. Sir G. G. +Scott was responsible for the restoration of the transept.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the North-East Transept.</span></span>—Under +the north-west window is the canopied tomb of Bishop +Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost, and in its +place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was +found buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched +canopy the ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and +behind the tomb a carving of the crucifixion is still visible,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +though nearly obliterated by the chisel of the Puritans. The +beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has, however, been +happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the Cantilupe +shrine.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active +of the modern restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G. +Scott, with effigy by Noble.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown +bishop. It has been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but +is probably much earlier.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is also an old stained glass window, restored by +Warrington, with figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael, +Thomas, and a modern one, by Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the +original Norman arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as +Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In style it is late Perpendicular +(1470). The roof is a good specimen of fan-vaulting, and the +walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its dimensions are +8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the +north side, the entrance being on the south.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of +the altar, and the west is covered with shields in panels and +tracery.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by +grotesques, and over the arch on the south side are shields +with emblems of St. Matthias, St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew. +The Lancaster rose is prominent in the decoration, and there +is much under-cutting in the carving.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The stained windows, which form an interesting collection +of arms and legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave, +once Bishop of Hereford, to whom there is also another +window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle above the +chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are +taken from the life of St. Paul.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of +the Norman builders of Hereford.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to +the turret staircase which leads to the archive room and +chapter library is an effigy said to be of Bishop Hugh de +Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass window by Clayton +and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt, organist,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass +plate at the side of the window, from which we learn that the +nephew James died "of grief three days after his uncle."</p> + +<a name="fig35" id="fig35"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image25.png" width="640" height="855" alt="Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830." title="VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the +monument of Bishop Bennett (1617), who was buried here. +He wears a close black cap, and the rochet and his feet are +resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine view of the +Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side +of the choir.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the +series of arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral +ornament in the mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop +Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120), and in the same bay of the +choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of a bishop, fully +vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to Bishop +Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to +have been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786). +This effigy belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number +of memorials were erected to earlier bishops.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the calendar of the ancient missal "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secundum usum +Herefordensem</span></span>," previously quoted, occurs the following entry:—"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">XV. +Kal. Decem. Obitus pie memorie Egidii de Breusa +Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona decimas omnium +molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie contulit, +et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes +homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur.</span></span>"</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy +of Bishop Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry +already described. It is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying +figures. The bishop wears alb, stole, and chasuble.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a +Perpendicular effigy under an arch which is assigned to Bishop +Richard de Capella (died 1127).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck +(died 1360).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:—Two +altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:—</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably +buried in or near the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the +south side of the Bishop's Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought +inside the cathedral A.D. 1862.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two matrices of +brasses; also a small +one on the wall.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wooden pulpit—very +late Perpendicular +work from which every +canon on his appointment +formerly had to +preach forty sermons on +forty different days in +succession.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may also notice +two rich pieces of iron-work +from Sir A. +Denton's tomb: the +head of a knight or +templar's effigy and +several heraldic shields +from monuments in the +cathedral—especially +seven in alabaster now +placed against the east +wall.</p> + +<a name="fig36" id="fig36"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image26.png" width="604" height="1636" alt="Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." title="COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, +NORTH SIDE.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Choir</span></span>, with its +details of architecture +and its individual accessories, +is very beautiful, +notwithstanding an +unusual deficiency of +light, caused by the +position of the transepts, +which practically +intercept all light except +that from the clerestory. +It consists of three lofty +Norman bays of three +stages. The middle of +the three stages has +some exquisite dwarfed +Norman arches with no +triforium passages; but<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +there is one in the upper +stage, with slender and +graceful Early English +arches and stained glass +at back. The vaulting +is also Early English, +and dates from about +the middle of the +thirteenth century.</p> + +<a name="fig37" id="fig37"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image27.png" width="589" height="1649" alt="Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." title="COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The principal arches +of the choir are supported +by massive piers +with square bases. The +shafts are semi-detached +and bear capitals enriched +with foliated and +grotesque ornament. In +each bay on the triforium +level a wide +Norman arch envelops +two smaller arches, supported +by semi-circular +piers on each side.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A richly carved square-string +course runs along +the base of the triforium.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The east end of the +choir was covered before +1841 by the +"Grecian" screen, a +wooden erection placed +there by Bishop Bisse +in 1717, and above it a +Decorated window containing +a stained glass +representation of the +Last Supper after the +picture by Benjamin +West. The improvement +effected by the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was +immense. The great Norman arch was once more exposed to +view; and, in place of the Decorated window, we now have +three lancets at the back of the clerestory passage.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of +the old screen, Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination +of the parts walled up it was discovered that the capitals +were all perfect, and that this exquisite and grand construction, +the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly impossible +to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the interior +and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of +the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon +square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch +being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. +Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not +only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also, +like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the +central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations +were taken away it is impossible to describe adequately the +glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive +by the appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops +Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest +beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the +noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had +probably been the founder, and the former of those just +mentioned, the completer and restorer after that era."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed +by Mr. Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey, +1850, who represented the county for several years in Parliament.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion, +in five deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided +by small shafts supporting angels, who carry the instruments +of the Passion. The subjects in the separate panels are:—1. +The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing the Cross; 3. The +Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women at +the Sepulchre.</p> + +<a name="fig38" id="fig38"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image28.png" width="640" height="1000" alt="Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841." title="EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches +springing from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman +arch. The pier itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration +of Mr. Cottingham's. The spandrel is covered with modern<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sculpture, as may be seen in the illustration. The subject is +the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists holding scrolls; +and below a figure of King Ethelbert.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small +effigy on a bracket against the easternmost pier south of the +choir, close to the head of the tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had +desired in his will to be buried by the image of King Ethelbert. +It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to the Lady +Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated condition +when the edict went forth +for the destruction of shrines and +images.</p> + +<a name="fig39" id="fig39"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image29.png" width="432" height="544" alt="Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING." title="EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Originally there were other representations +of St. Ethelbert: +on the tombs of Bishops Cantilupe +and Mayo, Dean Frowcester, +Archdeacon Rudhale, Præcentor +Porter; in colour on the walls of +the chapter-house and the tomb +of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient +glass, recently restored, in a +window in the south aisle of the +choir; and in a stone-carving +over the door of the Bishop's +Cloister, and the effigy formerly +on the west front.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Opposite the throne a slab of +marble, from designs by Scott, +marks the spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was +buried.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Choir-stalls</span></span> are largely ancient, belonging to the +Decorated period. They have good canopy work, and are +otherwise excellent in detail. Some of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">misereres</span></span> are quaint, +among them being found several examples of the curiously +secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers +of the period.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth +century, there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old +episcopal chair, concerning which a tradition remains that King +Stephen sat in it when he visited Hereford. Be this as it +may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of very great antiquity,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the earliest kind +of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the +chair are—height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front +to back, 22 inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces, +without including the seat of two boards and the two small +circular heads in front.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Traces of ancient colour—vermilion and gold—may +still be seen in several of the narrow bands: a complete +list of other painted work which has been recorded or still +exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E. +Keyser.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Cathedral Library.</span></span>—The Archive Chamber, on the +Library. This room, which has been restored by Sir G. G. +Scott, is now approached by a winding stone staircase.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge +or some other movable appliance crossing the great +north window. The Library (which Botfield<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> calls "a most +excellent specimen of a genuine monastic library") contains +about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting manuscripts, +most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every +chain is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel +in the middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by +metal-work at one end of the bookcase. There are in this +chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards, which contain the +whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean and +Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries.</p> + +<a name="fig40" id="fig40"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image30.png" width="640" height="966" alt="Illustration: THE REREDOS." title="THE REREDOS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE REREDOS.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the most remarkable printed books are:—A series of +Bibles, 1480 to 1690; Caxton's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Legenda Aurea</span></span>, 1483; Higden's +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polychronicon</span></span>, by Caxton, 1495; Lyndewode, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Super Constitutiones +Provinciales,</span></span> 1475; Nonius Marcellus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De proprietate +sermonum</span></span>, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas Jenson; and +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuremberg Chronicle</span></span>, completed July 1493. Of the +manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiphonarium</span></span>, +containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents +attached to this volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of +Hereford purchased this book of Mr William Hawes at the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some years +since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his +notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed +in it."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of +Peter de Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the +hand of the original scribe and the following obit in another +hand.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral, +being certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin +version of the Four Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written +on stout vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists +of 135 leaves. Three coloured titles remain, those to the +Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. John. Two illuminated +leaves are missing—those that would follow folio 1 and +folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunæ, the MS. +contains the whole of the Four Gospels.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent +authorities agree that it is the work of the eighth or ninth +century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known +MS. of that period, having a peculiar character of its own.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have +been written in the country, probably in Mercia, and not at +any of the great monasteries.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable +example of the Irish (or British) recension of the original +African text. Thus it has a large proportion of readings in +common with the Cambridge Gospels, St. Chad's Gospels, the +Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of +a deed in Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which +the following is a translation:—</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Note of a Shire-mote held at Ægelnoth's Stone in Herefordshire +in the reign of King Cnut, at which were present the +Bishop Athelstan, the Sheriff Bruning, and Ægelgeard of +Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric of Stoke, and all +the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine, +son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning +certain lands at Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +who should answer for the mother, which Thurcyl the White +proffered to do if he knew the cause of accusation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to +ask her what the cause of complaint was. Then she declared +that she had no land that pertained in ought to her son, and +was very angry with him, and calling Leoflœda, her relative, +she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her after her +own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and +desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and +desire them to witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl +the White (who was husband of Leoflœda) stood up, and +requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to his wife all +the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did. +And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and +by leave and witness of all the folk caused the transaction to +be recorded in a book of the Gospels."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary</span></span> is shown among the +treasures of the cathedral, which was looked upon for a long +time as a representation of the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this +is only an example of the many traditional tales which modern +study and research are compelled to discard. It undoubtedly +represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of Canterbury. On the +lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment of the +saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the +thirteenth century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description, +which we have condensed to the following:—</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with +copper plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches +high, 7 long and 3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and +fastens with a lock and key, and the upper part sloped so as +to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is a ridge-piece; +the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:—Here +are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side +an altar, of which the south end faces the spectator; it is +supported on four legs and has an antependium. Upon the +altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal base, and in front of it +a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or technically speaking, +in the midst of the altar stands a bishop celebrating mass, +having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he were +about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +moustache. He wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple, +and an alb.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a +hand pointing towards the figure just described.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has +just thrust the point of a large double-edged sword, with a +plain cross hilt, through the neck of the bishop from back to +front.</p> + +<a name="fig41" id="fig41"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image31.png" width="640" height="573" alt="Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL." title="ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper compartment represents the entombment of the +bishop. The middle of the design is occupied by an altar +tomb, into which the body, swathed in a diapered winding-sheet, +is being lowered.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling +figures.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a +bishop or abbot without the mitre looking toward a figure on +his right, who carries a tablet or open book with some words +upon it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the +corpse with a circular thurible.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected +pattern of gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper +perforated with eight keyhole ornaments.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments, +and is decorated with quatrefoils.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole +communicating with a lock on the inside.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female +saint. The left gable is occupied by the figure of a male +saint.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs +round the margins of the two ends and four back plates.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are +gilded, while the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are +light-blue, green, yellow, red, chocolate, and white.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate +corresponds, is a cross <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pattée fitchée</span></span> painted in red upon oak, +which oak bears traces of having been stained with blood or +some other liquid. The wood at the bottom is evidently +modern. This reliquary is said to have been originally placed +upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved by +some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the +possession of the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him +to the authorities of the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced +from Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the +close of the tenth century. After this time Greek artists are +known to have visited this country, and to have carried on a +lucrative trade in the manufacture of sacred vessels, shrines, +etc.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ancient Gold Rings.</span></span> One of pure gold, supposed to +have been worn by a knight templar, was ploughed up near +Hereford. The device on the raised besel is a cross pattée in +a square compartment, on each side of which are a crescent +and a triple-thonged scourge.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character +"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sancte Michael</span></span>." Date about 1380.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was +found in the tomb of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold +tan cross with a bell is engraved. These were originally filled +with green enamel. Inside is engraved and enamelled "Ave +Maria."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb, +on the north side of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect +sapphire, and flowers and foliage are beautifully worked in +black enamel on each side of the stone.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave +in 1813, but was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was +never recovered, though <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">£</span></span>30 was offered as a reward.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Stained Glass</span></span> has survived only in a few fragments, +scattered about the eastern end of the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, +is in one of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel, +west of the Audley Chapel. The subjects are:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists; +2. Lamb and flag; 3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4. +Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing His cross.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored +and entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the +Dean and Chapter, Oct. 1864. It is a fairly good specimen +of fourteenth century work. For many years it was hidden +away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of the +windows on the south side of the nave.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The figures represent—1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3. +St. Gregory; 4. St. Thomas of Canterbury.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient +glass, erected under the same circumstances. The figures in +this case represent—1. St. Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert; +3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by +Warrington. It was erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane +Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs. Clutton. The subjects +are from the life of St. John the Baptist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to +Archdeacon Lane Freer, erected at a cost of £1316. The +window is one of the largest of the Geometric period (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">temp.</span></span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6 inches in +height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six +shades each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating +colours. Plain white glass has also been wisely used in the +upper part of the window. It was designed and erected by +Messrs. Hardman.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north +aisle of the choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of +the cathedral. The subjects, in eight medallions, are:—1, 2. +King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah the Jewish Priest; +7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel is +a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the +subjects are:—1. St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S. +Stephen; 2. Conversion of St. Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating +Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with Blindness. In the +lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and Barnabas +at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His +Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom.</p> + +<a name="fig42" id="fig42"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image32.png" width="291" height="326" alt="Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET." title="MONUMENTAL CROCKET." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">MONUMENTAL CROCKET.</div></div> + +<a name="fig43" id="fig43"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image33.png" width="374" height="594" alt="Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING." title="EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed +by Mr. Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the +memory of Dean Merewether.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +with the life of our Lord. These windows were erected in +1852.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop +Huntingford, 1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured +by Warrington at the sole cost of Lord Saye and +Sele.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of +George III., those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford, +Winchester College, and of the bishop's family.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:—</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys; +4. Denial of our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate +of the Temple; 6. Baptism of Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas; +8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir +are simple stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns. +They were manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous +gift in 1851, executed by Hardman.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the +ground. The circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the +subjects being:—</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and +demoniacs; the lower, His being taken down from the Cross, +and Mary with the box of precious ointment.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<a name="toc44" id="toc44"></a> +<a name="pdf45" id="pdf45"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote +antiquity. However, it seems probable from the researches of +many antiquarians that when Putta came to preside here in +the seventh century the see was re-established.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the +beginning of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti Herefordenses</span></span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the +recognised centre of Christianity in this district. Archbishop +Usher asserts that it was the seat of an Episcopal See in the +sixth century, when one of its bishops attended a synod convened +by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lives of +the British Saints</span></span> (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that +Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542, +is said to have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient +British name for Hereford. In Wilkin's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Concilia</span></span>, I. 24, it is +recorded that beyond all doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present +at the conference with St. Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars +are given of the supposed time and place of this conference. +It is also stated—'<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In secunda affuisse perhibentur septem hi +Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias Llantavensis, +Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis, Uniacensis +alias Wiccensis, Morganensis.</span></span>' It is styled '<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Synodus Wigornensis</span></span>,' +or according to Spelman, '<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pambritannicam</span></span>.' Nothing +whatever is known of the names or of the number of British +bishops who presided over the earliest church at Hereford."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are +defined in Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mundy Gospels</span></span>, now in the library of Pembroke College, +Cambridge.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The condition of the Church of Hereford (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">circa</span></span> 1290 A.D.) +gave clear testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the +extensiveness of its lands. The diocese itself was richly +endowed by nature, and enviably situated. Those of St. +Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St. David's, were +its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the +Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the +south by the influx of the Wye. From the west to the east +perhaps its greatest width might have been found from a point +where the latter river, near Hay, leaves the counties of Radnor +and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at Gloucester. It +embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery, +Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of +Brecon. It included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes, +in its neighbourhood. The Severn environed its upper part. +Almost midway it was traversed by the Teme, and the Wye pursued +its endless windings through the lower district,—a region +altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and beauty, +abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive +forests, and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of +it Episcopal manors had been allotted, furnishing abundant +supplies to the occupiers of the see."<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries +were so vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest +of the bishops holding office prior to the landing of Augustine +was one Dubric, son of Brychan, who established a sort of +college at Hentland, near Ross, and later on removed to another +spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace, being guided +thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of piglings in +a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba +Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his +see in 512, and died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at +Cirencester, A.D. 506. When he became bishop he moved to +Caerleon, and was succeeded there by Dewi, or David, who removed +the see to Menevia (St. David's).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and +more to the west, and before the close of the sixth century they<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +had founded the Mercian kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn, +and in some places beyond the Wye.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield, +as Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford +Putta, Bishop of Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed +by the Mercian King Ethelred.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that +one Tyrhtel succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both +Florence of Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as +Bede. We also hear of him in the writings of Cuthbert, who +followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in some verses that +Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent cross, +which he, Cuthbert, completed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D. +746. The names of these early Bishops cannot all be regarded +as certain, and their dates are, in many cases, only approximate. +Some of them may have been merely assistants or suffragans to +other Bishops of Hereford.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we +give in the same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his +valuable little <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Diocesan History</span></span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A.D</span></span>. 758, Hecca.<br /> + 777, Aldberht.<br /> + 781, Esne.<br /> + 793, Cedmand (doubtful).<br /> + 796, Edulf.<br /> + 798, Uttel.<br /> + 803, Wulfheard.<br /> + 824, Beonna.<br /> + 825, Eadulf (doubtful).<br /> + 833, Cedda.<br /> + 836, Eadulf.<br /> + 838, Cuthwulf.<br /> + 866, Deorlaf.<br /> + 868, Ethelbert.<br /> + 888, Cynemund.<br /> + 895, Athelstane I.<br /> + 901, Edgar.<br /> + 930, Tidhelm.<br /> + 935, Wulfhelm.<br /> + 941, Elfric.<br /> + 966, Ethelwolf.<br /> + 1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the + foundations";<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> but also saw it destroyed in a + raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar.<br /> + 1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Walter of Lorraine</span></span>, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had +been administered for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +when Queen Edith's chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter +of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond a probably satirical +reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known of Walter +is an account of a discreditable death.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert de Losinga</span></span>, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much +learning and ability. During his episcopate, according to William +of Malmsbury, the cathedral was rebuilt after the pattern of +Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle. In his time also +Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford. He +was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he +was open to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible +with his intimate companionship with the high-minded Wulstan, +Bishop of Worcester, the date of whose death, January 19, +1095, is included in the calendar of the Hereford Service-Book.</p> + +<a name="fig46" id="fig46"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image34.png" width="640" height="393" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gerard</span></span>, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of +William Rufus had been brought from the forest to Winchester +by Purkiss, the charcoal burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop +of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the coronation of Henry I., +for which service it was said he was promised the first vacant +archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few +years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the +value of that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained +his promotion.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Reynelm</span></span>, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda; +he resigned his appointment as soon as it was conferred, on +account of the King's quarrel with Anselm on the question of +investiture, was banished for six years, and was only consecrated +in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of the hospital +of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral begun +by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of +prebendaries and canons living under a rule.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Geoffrey de Clive</span></span>, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter +years of this episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over +the districts of Ergyng and Ewias, which had begun in the +previous century, was revived between the Bishop of Llandaff +and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard de Capella</span></span>, A.D. 1120-1127, King's chaplain and +keeper of the Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to +build at Hereford a bridge over the Wye.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the +annual holding of a three days' fair (increased to nine days +later) commencing on the evening of the 19th of May, called +St. Ethelbert's Day.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and +the rest to the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff +held a court within the palace precincts, with pillory and stocks. +The bishop also had a gaol for the incarceration of offenders +against his rights during fair-time.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension +of civic authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of +frequent quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer +was punished by the bishop's officers.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate +(Nov. 25th, 1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey, +Archdeacon of Hereford.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert de Bethune</span></span>, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of +his monastery at his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders, +and thence had gone to Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the +Hatteral Hills in the disputed district of Ewias.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the +bitter struggle for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a +personal friend of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the King's +brother, sided with Stephen.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by +Geoffrey de Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks +for the Empress Matilda. It was then captured by Stephen, +and the victory celebrated in the cathedral on Whitsunday +(A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing his crown, +and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an earlier +chapter.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and +seizing the cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used +it as a vantage ground from which to attack the castle. The +tower was used as a platform, from which missiles were thrown, +and the nave as a stable; while a trench and rampart was +carried across the graveyard.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress +was accepted there by the clergy, and returned thence to +Hereford to purify the cathedral. He died at Chalons +of a disease contracted while attending a council of Pope +Eugenius III.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford, +and it was enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey. +Both at Canterbury and at London were great demonstrations +of grief, which were again repeated at Ross, and on a still larger +scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was undoubtedly a great +man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery, and ability +was well deserved.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gilbert Foliot</span></span>, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been +consecrated as Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop +Robert, with whom he had contracted an early friendship as +far back as 1139.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St. +Omer. He assisted at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury, +and the next year was transferred to the See of London. +He was followed by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert of Maledon</span></span>, A.D. 1163-1168, +said to have been remarkably wise.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He +attended the council of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was +present at the meeting at Northampton between Becket and +the King.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy +that even distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two +Hereford Bishops took part in the quarrel, and it was through<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +this that the see continued vacant for six years after Bishop +Robert's death.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D. +1538, for the destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop +Becket, there still existed in the cathedral, till late in the +seventeenth century, a wall painting of the Archbishop, and +even yet in the north-east transept there remains a figure of +him in one of the windows in good preservation. The +enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket's murder +and entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already +been described among the treasures of the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still +remaining in a well-preserved window of painted glass at +Credenhill, a part of which represents the murdered Becket. +Lastly, the festival of the translation of St. Thomas of Canterbury, +July 7, is still included in the cathedral calendar.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Foliot</span></span>, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of +Becket's, and may have had some share in his education.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">William de Vere</span></span>, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal +termination at the east end of the cathedral, and is said to +have erected chapels, since replaced by the Lady Chapel and +its vestibule.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Giles de Braose</span></span>, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent +of King John.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Hugh de Mapenor</span></span>, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment +by the influence of the papal legate, who, after King +John's submission, claimed the right of nomination to all +vacant sees and benefices.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Hugh Foliot</span></span>, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of +St. Katherine at Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of +him, painted from an older picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert +was presented to the cathedral during his episcopacy. He +endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Katherine, +in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace, destroyed +in the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ralph de Maydenstan</span></span>, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to +the see a house in Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence +for the bishops when in the metropolis. He also made various +gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and the college of vicars +choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to settle +the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)</span></span>, A.D. 1240-1268, a native +of Aqua Bella, near Chambéry, whose appointment was an +instance of the preference Henry III. showed for foreigners. +One of the most unpopular men in England; he was hand in +glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes +for money getting.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west +transept of the cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie +the remains of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with +his own, except the heart. This was carried, as he had requested +it should be, to the church he had founded in his +native place.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John de Breton</span></span>, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas de Cantilupe</span></span>, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D. +1220, he showed, as a child, unusual religious zeal, was educated +at Oxford and Paris, and for some years filled the office of +Chancellor of England at the choice of the barons. This post +he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was +elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair +on De Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with +difficulty.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and +devotional habits. In a dispute concerning the chace of +Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from which was derived the +Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully the episcopal +rights. He was also triumphant in a more important +quarrel with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful +appropriation of three manors.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle +and maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal +chastisement upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The +clergy no less than laymen did he subdue, appealing when +necessary to the Pope.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the +defendant appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the +sub-dean of Hereford, he was at last excommunicated by the +Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss the affair with him at +Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree, but +died in Tuscany on the homeward journey.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As already described, his remains were finally laid with great +pomp in the Lady Chapel.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved +to the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept. +Twice more were they moved, finally resting in the same +Chapel of St. Katherine.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard Swinfield</span></span>, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had +been Bishop Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely +aloof from politics, but offered a keen resistance to any infringement +on the rights of his diocese. Several boundary +questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and in 1289-90 he +made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to us +a journal of daily expenses.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles +and two easternmost transepts. In his time the "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mappa +Mundi</span></span>" came into possession of the Chapter.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious +predecessor, but it was not till four years after his death that +Pope John XXII. granted an act for the purpose. He was +buried in the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Adam Orleton</span></span>, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger +Mortimer, and consequently was opposed to Edward II. +Throughout the struggle of those many miserable years the +affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire of civil war. +It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the +King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the +Great Seal. The Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither +many of the King's adherents were taken with the Chancellor +and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was hanged in the +town, decapitated, and quartered.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs +of the cathedral. He obtained a grant of revenues of two +churches from Pope John XXII. for monies necessary for the +dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for repairs in the +cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester by</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Charleton</span></span>, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made +treasurer of England in 1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as +chancellor. He died in 1343.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Trilleck</span></span>, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death +reached Herefordshire in 1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to +have kept it at bay in the city by a procession of the shrine of +the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +effigy was placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are +among the words which may be still read from the mutilated +inscription, and they appear to have had more justification than +the rhetoric of the average epitaph.</p> + +<a name="fig47" id="fig47"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image35.png" width="640" height="737" alt="Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON." title="TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lewis Charleton</span></span>, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by +papal provision. The Black Death made a second visitation +in the first year of his episcopate, and it was then that the +market was removed to some distance from the town on the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms +of Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed +money and some books to the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">William Courtenay</span></span>, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed +by papal provision, which was necessary in consequence of his +youth. Although he had already held a canonry of York and +prebends in Exeter and Wells in addition to the Chancellorship +of Oxford University, he was but twenty-eight years of age. +At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the friars, though he +afterwards turned against his former ally.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Gilbert</span></span>, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success, +went to make terms of peace with Charles VI., the French +King. He became treasurer of England in 1386, an office of +which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before his +translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral +Grammar School.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Trevenant</span></span>, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician, +this Bishop assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and +was one of the commissioners to the Pope to announce the +accession of Henry IV.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Mascall</span></span>, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a +foreign ambassador by Henry IV., who also made him his +confessor. He attended the council of Constance in 1414.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edmund Lacy</span></span>, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to +build the cloister connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal +palace.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Polton</span></span>, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at +Florence, and the next year was translated to Chichester.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Spofford</span></span>, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's +at York, to which post he returned on resigning his see in +1448. According to a papal bull he laid out 2,800 marks on +the buildings of the cathedral,—probably completing the +cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was +£100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral +was put up in his time by William Lochard.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard Beauchamp</span></span>, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir +Walter, and grandson of Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a +great architect in his day, although his chief work was done +after his translation to Salisbury, when he was appointed by +Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which +included the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +buried. It is said he was the first Chancellor of the Order of +the Garter.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Reginald Buller</span></span>, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's, +Gloucester, was translated to Lichfield. He was buried in +Hereford Cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Stanberry</span></span>, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar +at Oxford, and was chosen by King Henry VI. to be his +confessor, and also first Provost of Eton. In 1448 he was +made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was translated to +Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he was +taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick +Castle. On his release he retired to the convent of his order +at Ludlow, where he died in May, 1474. He was buried at +Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel, which still bears his +name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's palace +for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was +completed in 1475.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Mylling</span></span>, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was +Abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk. +King Edward IV. made him a Privy Councillor and gave him +the see of Hereford in remembrance of his services to Elizabeth +Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her husband +had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried +to Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is +said to have enclosed his remains.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edmund Audley</span></span>, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield, +of Lincoln, and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480, +translated to Hereford in 1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The +beautiful chantry chapel on the south side of the Lady Chapel, +near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was founded by +him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and +a pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Adrian de Castello</span></span>, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the +negotiations between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated +from Hereford to Bath and Wells, but never visited either see.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard Mayhew</span></span>, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480 +the first regular president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of +St. Mary Magdalene at Oxford. He was also Chancellor of +the University, and almoner to King Henry VII., by whom he +had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta Katharine of +Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south +side of the choir, where his tomb is still to be seen.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Charles Booth</span></span>, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham, +and Chancellor of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting +memorial in the north porch of the cathedral, which bears +upon it the date of his death. He seems to have been much +in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make +one of the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth +of Gold. He was attached to the company of Henry's +"dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied by thirty +"tall personages."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a +tapestry for the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring +and other articles which have disappeared.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edward Foxe</span></span>, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of +the Reformation," as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have +been "an excellent instrument" in its general progress.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in +that county, he was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge, +becoming, in 1528, Provost of King's College. In 1531 he +succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of Leicester. For +many years almoner to the King, he was employed in embassies +to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these +diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent +to Rome with Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's +separation from his "dearest wife."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again, +wrote the book called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Difference between the Kingly and +the Ecclesiastical Power</span></span>, which Henry wished people to think +he had partly written himself, intended, as it was, to make easier +his assumption of ecclesiastical supremacy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation +of the diocese for the valuation of all church property therein, +in accordance with the order referred to above. Dr. Coren, +his vicar-general, actually carried out the valuation, and its +results are to be found in the pages of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Valor Ecclesiasticus</span></span>, +printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting +to the King all religious houses possessing a revenue under £200 +per annum. There were about eighteen houses in the diocese, +excluding the cathedral, and of these only the priories of Wenlock,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Wigmore, and Leominster possessed revenues exempting them +from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in May, 1538, +and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Skypp</span></span>, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of +Leicester, Edmund Bonner, was appointed to the see on Foxe's +death, but was removed to London before his consecration, and +John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset, and +chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's +execution for high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became +distant towards him. He was the part compiler with Foxe +of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Institution of a Christian Man</span></span>, published in 1537, of +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Erudition</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">King's Book</span></span>, published in 1543, and was +probably one of the committee employed to draw up the +first Common Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on +its completion, he protested against its publication. He died +in 1552 at the episcopal residence in London.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Harley</span></span>, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward +VI. to hold the see "during good behaviour." He was consecrated +on May 26, 1553, but only to be deposed in March, +1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she appointed a +commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during +the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially +on that of "inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric +of Harley was declared void. He is said to have spent the +remainder of his life wandering about in woods "instructing +his flock, and administering the sacrament according to the +order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his deposition, +a wretched exile in his own land."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Parfew</span></span>, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton, +was instituted to the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church, +Southwark, by Lord Chancellor Gardiner. He had been Abbat +of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as Bishop of St. Asaph, +attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of those +concerned in the production of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bishop's Book</span></span>. On his +death, September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and +other ornaments to Hereford Cathedral, though whether he +was buried there or in Mold Church seems doubtful. The +Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to +succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the +accession of Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +died there in 1559. Fuller, in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church History of Britain</span></span>, +remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be, in those times, the best +for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of God's poor +saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel +than his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in +Lollard's Tower, the Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place +which minded them of the manner of their death, first kept +amongst coals before they were burnt to ashes."<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Scory</span></span>, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from +Chichester. On the accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to +have done penance for his marriage, and generally reconciled +himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to Friesland and +retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the +English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the +throne he returned, preached before her by appointment in +Lent, 1558, was restored to Chichester, and later on was +elected to Hereford.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop +Scory to surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors +belonging to the see, and to receive in exchange advowsons +and other less valuable possessions. In these transactions it +is possible he thought more of his own interest than that of +his successors; in any case, serious charges were brought +against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into +verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:—</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Scory was succeeded by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Harberd (or Herbert) +Westphaling</span></span>, A.D. 1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church, +Oxford: a man remarkable for the immoderate length of his +speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and unsmiling +gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker, +and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's +and Dean of Windsor.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was +once preaching in his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow +fell upon the roof from the tower, creating a panic among the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +frightened congregration[**typo: congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his +pulpit, exhorted them to keep their places and fear not. He +spent all that he had in revenues from the see in charity and +good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a well-gotten +estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum +to Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of +the cathedral, where his effigy can still be seen.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Bennett</span></span>, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity +College, Cambridge, was a famous tennis player.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for +preaching against her projected marriage with the Duke of +Anjou, but made him Dean of Windsor towards the close of +her reign. He is said to have been vain, and especially fond +of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In 1607 +the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's +fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett. +He spent large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace. +Bishop Bennett was buried on the north side of the choir, where +his tomb remains with effigy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Francis Godwin</span></span>, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford +from Llandaff, which preferment he is said to have obtained +from the Queen on account of his commentary <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Praesulibus +Angliae</span></span>. He also wrote other historical works, including a life +of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was stored +with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the +study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff +(whereof he well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for +his other learned writings, so especially for his catalogue of +Bishops." He was buried at Whitbourn, in a residence belonging +to the see of Hereford, on April 29, 1633.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">William Juxon</span></span>, Dean of Worcester, and President of St. +John's College, Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin, +but before consecration was called to London. During his +episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop Laud's procurement +made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his administration +of these duties that "No hands, having so much +money passing through them, had their fingers less soiled +therewith."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Augustine Lindsell</span></span>, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough, +was confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November +of the following year was found dead in his study.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Matthew Wren</span></span>, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held +a still briefer episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration +to Hereford was translated to Norwich.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Theophilus Field</span></span>, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop +of Llandaff and of St. David's, died a year after his translation, +and thereby saved the diocese the ill effects of a longer term of +servile and corrupt management.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">George Coke</span></span>, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall, +Cambridge, became Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated +to Hereford in 1636. He was a grave and studious man, +and well loved in his diocese, but in the troubled days of the +Civil War was deprived of his see.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Nicholas Monk</span></span>, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother +to the Duke of Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in +the December following his consecration, at Westminster, where +he was buried.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Herbert Croft</span></span>, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert +Croft, of an ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was +brought up at Douai and St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored +to the English Church through the influence of Bishop Morton, +of Durham. He became a determined opponent of Romanism, +and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there +seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of +the county for help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop +Croft was buried in the cathedral, and joined to his gravestone +is that of his intimate friend George Benson, the Dean. He +left by his will a sum of money for the relief of widows, and for +apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gilbert Ironside</span></span>, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham +College, Oxford, was translated to Hereford from Bristol. He +died in London, and was buried in the church of St. Mary, +Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but the Rev. F. T. +T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and tomb-stone +removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Humphrey Humphreys</span></span>, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was +translated to Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been +a good antiquary. Again, in the early days of the eighteenth +century, was the old contest revived between citizens and Bishop +as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair of St. Ethelbert. +The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in form, down +to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for +the profits arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2 +bushels of wheat or its equivalent in money value, according +to the price current. This has now been transferred to the +Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair limited to two days' +duration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Philip Bisse</span></span>, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's, +was a man of great munificence, and of the best intentions, of +whom it may be said he spent "not wisely but too well." He +was entirely devoid of any æsthetic feeling or of architectural +fitness, and in the most religious spirit committed acts of wholesale +sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the work of restoration +in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at that time +much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a +hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the +cathedral, and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality, +presented the church with the most dreadful, ponderous, and +unsuitable altar-piece that could well have been devised. In +an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues are recorded. +It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the three +choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Benjamin Hoadley</span></span>, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor, +was again translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over +Hereford was too short for him to have influenced it for good +or evil, and his history belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Hon. Henry Egerton</span></span>, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the +third Earl of Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is +chiefly to be remembered for an attempt to destroy the early +Norman building adjoining the Bishop's Palace, and thought to +have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of its two stories +containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lord James Beauclerk</span></span>, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles +II. and Nell Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop. +It was during the last year of his episcopate on Easter Monday, +April 17, 1786, that occurred the fall of the western tower of +the cathedral, causing much injury. The west front of the +church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was +seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this +calamity. The see was next occupied for six weeks only by +the Hon. J. Harley.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Butler</span></span>, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was +an active political supporter of the Government of the day.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Folliott Herbert Cornewall</span></span>, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a +member of an ancient family in the county of Hereford. +Translated from Bristol to Hereford, he was again translated +in 1808 to Worcester.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Luxmoore</span></span>, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford +from Bristol, and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph. +He helped to establish national schools in the diocese.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Isaac Huntingford</span></span>, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester +College, was translated from Gloucester to Hereford, +and still continued his duties at Winchester. During his +episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed by Dean +Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of +several classical and theological works. He died April 29, +1832, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton, +near Winchester. There is a monument in the Bishop's cloister +and a window in the south-east transept to his memory.</p> + +<a name="fig48" id="fig48"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image36.png" width="640" height="432" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edward Grey, D.D.</span></span>, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837. +He was Dean of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in +the choir of the cathedral, eastward of the throne, on July 24, +1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on the wall marks<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in +the Bishop's cloister.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Musgrave, D.D.</span></span>, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity +College, Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of +Hereford, October 1, 1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of +York, December, 1847. He died in London, May 4, 1860, +aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal Green, where +there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a +monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him, +and in the north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three +stained-glass windows to his memory.</p> + +<a name="fig49" id="fig49"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image37.png" width="640" height="507" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.</span></span>, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow +of Oriel College; Principal of St. Mary's Hall; Regius Professor +of Divinity; and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was +appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and for the first time +since the Reformation "a struggle took place between the +recommending minister and a large and influential part of the +clergy and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden's +opinions as heretical."<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> Lord John Russell refused to withdraw<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the appointment, and it was eventually carried out in spite +of all remonstrances; not, however, until the question had +been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of Queen's +Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion. +He died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal +Green, close to the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy +was said by Hallam to be the only work of deep metaphysical +research on the subject to be found in the English language.</p> + +<a name="fig50" id="fig50"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image38.png" width="640" height="462" alt="Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT." title="BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">James Atlay</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A.D.</span></span> 1868-1895, second son of the Rev. +Henry Atlay, M.A., formerly Fellow of St. John's College, +Cambridge. He was born July 3, 1817; graduated at St. +John's College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards Fellow, +appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel +Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of +Ripon, 1861; nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at +Westminster on June 24, and enthroned in Hereford Cathedral, +July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by the Right Rev. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Percival</span></span>, D.D., the present holder of the see.</p> + +<a name="fig51" id="fig51"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image39.png" width="640" height="853" alt="Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL." title="PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.</div></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The dimensions of the cathedral are:—</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ft.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">In.</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Total length outside,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">342</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Total length inside,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">327</td><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Length of Nave to Screen Gates,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">158</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Length of Choir-Screen to Reredos,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">75</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Length of Lady Chapel from Reredos,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">93</td><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of Nave (span of roof),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">31</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of Nave and Aisles (internally),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">73</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of Central Transepts,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">146</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of North-East Transepts (each about 35 ft. sq.),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">110</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Choir,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">62</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Nave,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">64</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Lantern,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">96</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Tower (top of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">leads</span></span>),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">140</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Tower (top of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pinnacles</span></span>),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">165</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of old central timber Spire,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">240</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td> +</tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + + + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathedralia</span></span>, p. 59.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Diocese of Hereford</span></span>, H. W. Phillott.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood</span></span>, by the late G. Phillips +Bevan, F.S.S.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood</span></span>, by the late G. Phillips +Bevan, F.S.S.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Architecture</span></span>, ii. 38.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural, etc., +Decorations.</span></span> London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Botfield, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathedral Libraries</span></span>, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the collection +it was in the Lady Chapel.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rev. J. Webb's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield</span></span>, +xviii.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fuller's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church History of Britain</span></span>, Brewer's ed., iv. 198.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Church of England from 1660.</span></span> By W. N. Molesworth, M.A.</p></dd></dl> + </div> + + +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader52" id="rightpageheader52"></a><a name="pgtoc53" id="pgtoc53"></a><a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">September 2006 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg Edition</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name">Jonathan Ingram<br /></span> + <span class="tei tei-name">Joshua Hutchinson<br /></span> + <span class="tei tei-name">Online Distributed Proofreading Team</span> + </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader55" id="rightpageheader55"></a><a name="pgtoc56" id="pgtoc56"></a><a name="pdf57" id="pdf57"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named + 19487-h.html or + 19487-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found + in: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/4/8/19487/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/1/9/4/8/19487/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old + editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that + no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the + Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United + States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. + Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this + license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. 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