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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell’s Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal
+See by A. Hugh Fisher
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: Bell’s Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description
+ Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+
+Author: A. Hugh Fisher
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL’S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.]
+
+ HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+
+
+
+The Cathedral Church Of Hereford
+
+A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+By A. Hugh Fisher
+
+London
+George Bell and Sons
+
+1898
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great
+English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books at a
+popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled
+with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+Archæology and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:—(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in
+questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) the
+numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archæological Societies; (3) the
+important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master of
+the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the English
+Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the
+Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which the reader
+may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in reference
+to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+ GLEESON WHITE.
+ EDWARD F. STRANGE.
+ _Editors of the Series_.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE.
+
+
+In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the General Preface, the
+"Monastic Chronicles" and many other works named in the text, some dealing
+especially with Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in
+preparing this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies
+of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether’s exhaustive "Statement of
+the Condition and Circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the
+Year 1841," and "The Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott.
+
+My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company for their excellent
+photographs.
+
+ A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE.
+CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.
+CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.
+CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.
+THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).
+THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+BISHOP BOOTH’S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.
+GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.
+EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES’ ARBOUR.
+THE NORTH PORCH.
+THE NAVE.
+THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.
+NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.
+THE NORTH TRANSEPT.
+THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.
+EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+THE LADY CHAPEL.
+SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.
+ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.
+SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.
+THE CRYPT.
+VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT,
+1830.
+COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.
+EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.
+THE REREDOS.
+ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.
+MONUMENTAL CROCKET.
+EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.
+PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.]
+
+ HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+
+
+
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of cathedral
+churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful speculation and shadowy
+tradition. Although the see had existed from the sixth century, it is not
+till much later that we have any information concerning the cathedral
+itself.
+
+From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most powerful and
+important rulers of those times,—King Offa. He was a contemporary of
+Charles the Great, and more than once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts
+and letters. Under Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in
+addition to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men he
+wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn from the
+Welsh, took the chief town of the district which was afterwards called
+Shrewsbury, and like another Severus made a great dyke from the mouth of
+the Wye to that of the Dee which became henceforth the boundary between
+Wales and England, a position it has held with few changes to the present
+day. In church history Offa is of no less importance than in secular, for
+as the most powerful King in England he seems to have determined that
+ecclesiastical affairs in this country should be more under his control,
+or at least supervision, than they could possibly be with the Mercian
+church subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore, he
+persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield. Although
+Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa’s death when Lichfield was
+shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired honours, the position gained
+for the latter see by Offa, though temporary in itself, must have had
+lasting and important influence. Offa is generally held responsible for
+the murder, about 793, of Æthelberht, King of the East Angles, who had
+been promised his daughter, Æthelthryth, in marriage.
+
+Had Æthelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future events (which would
+not have been a more wonderful attribute than many of the virtues which
+were ascribed afterwards to his dead body), he could hardly have desired a
+more glorious fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal
+glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier auspices.
+Visiting a king’s residence to fetch his bride he died by the order of a
+man whose memory is sullied by no other stain, a man renowned in war, a
+maker of laws for the good of his people, and eminent in an ignorant age
+as one who encouraged learning.
+
+Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that beyond the bare fact
+of the murder nothing can be positively asserted, and the brief statement
+of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians,
+commanded the head of King Æthelberht to be struck off," contains all that
+we may be certain of.
+
+One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the crime at the
+door of Cynethryth, Offa’s Queen, who is said to have insinuated that the
+marriage was only sought as a pretext to occupy the Mercian throne.
+Finding her lord’s courage not equal to the occasion, she herself arranged
+the end of Æthelberht. There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber
+and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of luxurious
+comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was, according to one writer,
+privately buried on the bank of the river "Lugg," near Hereford.
+
+"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a column of
+light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven"; and three nights
+afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King Æthelberht appeared to Brithfrid,
+a nobleman, and commanded him to convey the body to a place called
+"Stratus Waye," and to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by
+another column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the head on
+a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell from the vehicle, but
+having been discovered by a "blind man," to whom it miraculously
+communicated sight, was restored by him to the careless driver. Arrived at
+his place of destination, then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and
+which has since been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever
+the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa’s subsequent
+remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and churches, and is even said
+by some to have gone on a pilgrimage to Rome, though this rests on slight
+evidence.
+
+The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King were, according to
+Asser, so numerous and incredible that Offa, who had appropriated
+Æthelberht’s kingdom, was induced to send two bishops to Hereford to
+ascertain the truth of them, and it is generally agreed that about A.D.
+825 Milfrid, who was Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of
+Offa and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in building
+"_Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura_" at Hereford, which he
+consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed with lands and enriched
+with ornaments.
+
+Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of stone, it is
+quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or architectural character
+of this edifice. It seems, however, that by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan
+was promoted to the see, it had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate,
+sufficient decay to necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no
+clearer account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid’s church. Soon
+after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son of the Earl of
+Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in London, and (though his
+guilt is still disputed) was outlawed by Edward the Confessor. He hired a
+fleet of Danish pirate ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in
+Wales, and marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make war
+upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory about two miles from
+Hereford over the Earl of that shire who was a Frenchman, and tried to
+make his men fight on horseback in the French fashion, which they did not
+understand,—the English way being for the great men to ride to the field
+of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy axes on foot.
+Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse’s head and fled the field, and
+the English, encumbered with their long spears and swords, followed helter
+skelter. After killing some five hundred, Ælfgar and Gruffydd turned to
+Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan had caused to be
+built. There they met with a spirited resistance: amongst other victims
+seven of the canons were killed in an attempt to hold the great door of
+the minster; but, ultimately, the church and town were burned.
+
+Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too late, came with
+half of his army to Hereford, and with his usual predilection for peace
+(notwithstanding his valour) soon after removed the outlawry from Ælfgar,
+and quiet was restored.
+
+In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop Athelstan
+died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen years before his death,
+and a Welsh bishop had acted for him. His body was interred in the church
+which he had "built from the foundations," and we may therefore suppose
+that the "minster" was not entirely destroyed.
+
+In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so important was
+Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh borders, and, since it
+had been strengthened by Harold, such an important military post was the
+town of Hereford, that it became part of his earldom.
+
+From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in ruins. At the latter
+date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga) began to rebuild the cathedral, and
+there are vague accounts that it was in the form of a round church in
+imitation of a basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at
+Aix-la-Chapelle between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it must
+have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman period that
+remains is clearly English both in treatment and in detail. If this could
+be proved to be Lozing’s work, then it had no similarity to the Roman
+style. The building begun by him was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who
+held the see from 1107 to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the
+establishment of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons
+did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses near the
+church. Whether he completed the building or not, Bishop Raynelm
+undoubtedly made many additions and alterations.
+
+We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of the cathedral
+treasurer, which were probably settled about this time. They throw a
+curious and suggestive light on the ceremonies of the period. "At
+Hereford," says Walcott, "he found all the lights; three burning day and
+night before the high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at
+mass, and the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz.,
+in the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary’s altar, and the third
+before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the high altar, and altar
+on "_Minus Duplicia_," and five tapers in basons, on principles, and
+doubles, at mass, prime, and second vespers, four tapers before the high
+altar, five in the basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the
+candelabra; the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the
+keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and the plate,
+of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean and chapter. He found
+three clerks to ring the bells, light the candles, and suspend the palls
+and curtains on solemn days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir
+and chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves; and on
+All Saints’ day he provided mats."(1)
+
+The next great changes were made under Bishop William de Vere (1186-1199).
+His work was of transitional character, and bears much resemblance to the
+beautiful transitional work at Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman
+apsidal terminations at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus
+making two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced by
+the Lady Chapel with its vestibule.
+
+In a paper read before the Archæological Institute in 1877, Sir G. G.
+Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay beyond the sides;
+but this is merely conjecture. A curious feature in De Vere’s work was his
+putting columns in the middle of the central arch. It is probable that the
+part of the presbytery we now have was but the beginning of a larger
+scheme never carried out, which included building the presbytery and
+dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at Lichfield
+and Exeter.
+
+According to Sir Gilbert Scott’s theory, the Early English Lady Chapel was
+an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere: it is especially interesting,
+and an unique example of its date in being raised upon a crypt.
+
+At the Bishop’s palace was a splendid hall of which it seems likely De
+Vere was the builder,—at any rate he must have been the first or second
+occupier. It was of noble dimensions, being 110 feet in length, consisting
+of a nave 23 feet broad, with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the
+columns. This was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber
+arches formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the present
+Bishop’s palace is included within the space occupied by this grand hall.
+
+In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into Wales on behalf of
+the crusade, he was entertained in this hall by Bishop de Vere, and
+doubtless some of those who devoted themselves to the work were Hereford
+men.
+
+The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated work,
+covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament, was built by, or at
+any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de Braose (1200-1215), an ardent
+opponent of King John.
+
+The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner north porch (as
+distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) and what remains of the
+beautifully designed chapter-house, a decagon in plan, each side except
+the one occupied by the entrance being subdivided into five seats.
+
+During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a tooth of St.
+Æthelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely destroyed by Ælfgar and
+Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the cathedral. The donor of this precious
+relic was Philip de Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of
+Huntingdon.
+
+The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented some
+service-books to the cathedral.
+
+In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners, appointed
+to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally known as Bishop
+Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace, near Chambéry. He it was who
+rebuilt the north transept. He was one of the best hated men in England,
+and not content with showering benefices upon his relations, he
+perpetrated one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money
+to aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander IV. Of
+these, however, full particulars will be found in a chapter on the
+Diocese.
+
+While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended by a guard of
+soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to resist the encroachments of
+Llewellyn, King of Wales, found there neither bishop, dean, nor canons
+resident. For this they earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the
+Bishop returned to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the
+cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester’s party, together
+with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations). They were
+carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had just brought from
+Ireland was divided among the insurgents.
+
+Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268. He was endowed
+with a character full of contradictions, extreme aggressiveness, mingled
+with remarkable tact.
+
+When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their attempt to
+encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one full half of their
+fine and devoted the other to the cathedral building. While he was showing
+in his life a disgraceful example to the clergy of the country, at the
+same time he gave liberally to the cathedral foundation in books,
+ornaments, money, and land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting
+monument in the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself.
+
+With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the nave and
+choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether demolished, and
+replaced by another consisting of two bays with an eastern aisle. Over the
+latter was built a story now used as the cathedral library, which is
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery by a staircase turret.
+His tomb is one of the finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with
+those of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the
+heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country of Savoy.
+
+In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric Thomas de
+Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever held that office, a man
+whose life was in almost every way a remarkable contrast to that of his
+predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca. It is said that the Bishop of Worcester,
+his great-uncle, asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession,
+and that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then, sweetheart,"
+his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be a soldier to serve the
+King of Kings, and fight under the banner of the glorious martyr, St.
+Thomas." Regular attendance at mass was his custom from earliest years.
+Both at Oxford and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of
+M.A. at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of the
+university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the office of
+chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular courage and determination
+in repressing a brawl between the southern scholars and those of the
+north, in which we are told he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a
+whole coat.
+
+He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England under Simon de
+Montfort, at whose death, however, he was deprived of the office. It was
+some years after this that he became Bishop of Hereford, and was
+consecrated at Canterbury, September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended
+the consecration.
+
+After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and showed ever
+intense devotion in his celebration of divine service. He was remarkable
+in the steadfastness and ability he displayed in maintaining the rights of
+the see. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace"
+near Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop’s supply of game, found a
+relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was prepared with the
+customary "pugil" or champion (who received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his
+services were not required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to
+the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his right to
+capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all birds pertaining
+thereto," and as a result of the verdict being in his favour, caused a
+long trench to be dug on the crest of the Malvern Hills as a boundary
+line, which is still traceable.
+
+Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors of which he had
+obtained unlawful possession; and Lord Clifford, for cattle-lifting and
+maltreating the Bishop’s tenants, was compelled to walk barefoot to the
+high altar in the cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him
+with a rod.
+
+Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest struggle was on
+a question of testamentary jurisdiction with Peckham, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately excommunicated and obliged to leave
+the country, attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain.
+
+He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV., but died on the
+homeward journey on August 25th, 1282. He was buried in the church of St.
+Severus, near Florence; but his bones having been divided from the flesh
+by boiling, were later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady
+Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester, with whom
+Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the chace, attended the
+ceremony, and that blood began to flow from the bones when he approached
+the casket containing them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the
+property he had taken unjustly from the church.
+
+Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is said, amongst
+other evidences of his saintliness, that he never allowed his sister to
+kiss him. Three hundred sick people are said to have been cured at the
+place of his interment, and so many candles were presented by the crowds
+of visitors that Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a
+dispute with the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being
+finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries.
+
+After five years Bishop Cantilupe’s bones were removed to the Chapel of
+St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on Maundy Thursday, April 6th,
+1287, in presence of King Edward I. They were again twice moved in the
+sixteenth century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west
+transept.
+
+The building of the chapter-house may have spread over some part of
+Cantilupe’s episcopate, and probably part of the cloisters were erected
+about this time.
+
+The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St. Cantilupe are
+both many and various. More than sixty-six dead people are said to have
+been restored to life. The saint’s intervention appears to have been
+extended even to animals, as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick
+falcons to be cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint
+that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change its armorial
+bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its bishops have since
+borne.
+
+Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain, Richard Swinfield,
+an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable manners. Bishop Swinfield,
+like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated the rights and discipline of his
+diocese, once against a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant
+benefice, another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman in
+her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of Ludlow for
+violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases against abuses of all
+sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors, a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who
+had obtained from the Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton,
+interrupted the installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop
+Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice, and was
+formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance of the Chapter. He
+held his place by force of arms during that day and the next, but later
+submitted to the Bishop.
+
+Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles and of the
+two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a remodelling of the work of
+De Vere. The bases of his piers and responds were retained and may still
+be seen, and upon the former octagonal columns were erected to carry the
+vaulting. The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that the
+"_Mappa Mundi_," the curious map of the world designed by Richard of
+Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of Hereford in 1305, now
+preserved in the cathedral, came into possession of the Chapter.
+
+Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield, and when it was
+necessary for him to send representatives to a provincial Council in
+London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton,
+a place belonging to the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of
+Herefordshire.
+
+Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield at his chief
+residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded him in the bishopric.
+
+King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a friend of Roger
+Mortimer to this important position, and, failing to persuade Adam to
+decline the bishopric, he appealed to the Pope, begging him to cancel the
+appointment, but with no more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of
+Hereford became identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return
+from France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth, then
+fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the kingdom under the
+direction of his mother.
+
+The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at Neath Abbey, and
+the great seal taken from him by Bishop Adam Orleton, while the
+Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed to Hereford, where he was crowned
+with nettles and dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from
+Psalm lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that thou
+canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude who mocked his
+name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally hanged on a gallows 50 feet high
+and then quartered. Among the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and
+these the Bishop of Hereford claimed as his perquisite.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time vigorous and of
+unusual ability, played a great part in politics to the end of the
+wretched King’s life. Some historians still believe that he recommended
+the murder; he certainly supported the deposition in Parliament, and went
+to Kenilworth as one of the commissioners to force the King’s resignation.
+If thus interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and
+vigilant in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral.
+
+The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a source of such
+anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the restorer, was even at this
+early date showing signs of dilapidation, and Bishop Orleton obtained from
+Pope John XXII. a grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and
+Swalefeld (Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following
+petition:—"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of the fabric
+of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure of sumptuous
+work to be built, to the adornment of the House of God, upon an ancient
+foundation; which in the judgment of masons or architects, who were
+considered skilful in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the
+cost of 20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the
+weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was placed upon
+it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar judgment no other remedy
+could be applied short of an entire renovation of the fabric from the
+foundation,—which, on account of the expenses incurred in prosecution of
+the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed
+memory, they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work" alluded to
+was evidently the central tower and the north transept; which latter had
+been built, as mentioned before, for the remains and shrine of Bishop
+Cantilupe.
+
+When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was examining the
+confused and unsorted mass of charters and grants in the possession of the
+cathedral, he found a parchment (which bore the two beautiful episcopal
+seals of Bishop Roger le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of
+Hereford) that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the
+sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms the
+backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was translated to
+Worcester.
+
+During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed with prayers
+for the King’s success, and, while the war-cloud still darkened the
+political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt filled the cathedral. It
+is said that when the "Black Death" reached Hereford in 1349, to retard
+its progress in the city the shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried
+in procession.
+
+About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the calamity of this
+terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a mandate prohibiting the
+performance of "theatrical plays and interludes" in churches as "contrary
+to the practice of religion." The exact character of these performances is
+doubtful, and the prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular
+mumming. The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck’s time in an
+annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi Day, to assist
+in which some of the city guilds were obliged by the rules of their
+incorporation.
+
+The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about his rights of
+jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency. It must certainly have
+been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck "_gratus, prudens, pius_" as the
+mutilated inscription on his effigy describes him, when one William Corbet
+forced his way into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him
+in the city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace.
+
+On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is said that the
+city market was removed from Hereford to a place about a mile on the west
+of the town, still marked by a cross called the "White Cross" bearing the
+arms of Bishop Charleton.
+
+If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of King Edward
+II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant, who was appointed in
+1389 by papal provision, was no less active in the deposition of King
+Richard II., and was sent to the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry
+IV. to explain his title to the Crown and announce his accession.
+
+In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest vicars of the
+cathedral were formed into a college by Royal Charter, and the first
+warden or "_custos_" was appointed by the King to show that the right of
+appointment was vested in the Crown. The college was to have a common
+seal, and to exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to
+be subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its members were the
+priests of the chantry chapels in the cathedral, at this time apparently
+twenty-seven in number.
+
+In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its present site, so
+that the vicars should be able more comfortably to attend the night
+services. An order was also made about this time concerning the
+celebration of mass at the altar of St. John Baptist in the cathedral, an
+arrangement which shows that then as now the parish of St. John had no
+church of its own outside the cathedral walls.
+
+About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop’s palace with the cathedral
+was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest in the cathedral
+although he never visited his diocese. It was upon this work of the
+cloisters that 2800 marks were expended by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in
+whose time the great west window was erected by William Lochard, the
+precentor. The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury,
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added between 1453
+and 1474.
+
+In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was translated to
+Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the two-storied chantry chapel
+south of the Lady Chapel and near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe.
+The upper story was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop
+himself. Bishop Audley also presented to the cathedral a silver shrine.
+
+ [Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.]
+
+ THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.
+
+
+The next important alteration was the lengthening of the great north porch
+which bears the date 1519 and the shields of Bishop Booth and his
+predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a very fine piece of Perpendicular work,
+somewhat similar in design to the porch in the middle of the west front of
+Peterborough Cathedral. At his death Bishop Booth left various books to
+the cathedral library and some tapestry for the high altar, together with
+silver and gold ornaments for the Cantilupe Shrine. The tapestry displayed
+the story of David and Nabal. He also bequeathed, amongst other things to
+his successor, the gold ring with which he was consecrated, but
+notwithstanding his forethought in specifying that these articles were not
+to be taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they have
+disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined, in the enthusiasm of
+his building operations, the changes to follow so closely upon his death.
+Yet the papal supremacy had been abolished in this country in 1534, and
+though the church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had been
+published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at Winchester, to the
+See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent instruments" of the
+Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the following year the suppression of the
+monasteries began in serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be
+spared for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were then no
+less than twenty-one in the cathedral.
+
+In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches, chapels,
+guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take inventories of
+their treasures, leaving to each parish church or chapel "one or two
+chalices according to the multitude of people." In Hereford Cathedral,
+amongst other valuable ornaments, was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs.
+9-1/2 oz., two basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in
+five pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is not
+possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the cathedral
+alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country were estimated at
+4860-1/4 ounces, in value about £1213, 1s. 3d.
+
+On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set up at Nottingham,
+and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst over the country. Bishop Coke
+of Hereford had been one of the twelve churchmen most active against the
+Bill for excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons in
+May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to the Tower by the
+joint sentence of the Lords and Commons on charge of treason.
+
+The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one with its Bishop, but
+so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford, with two troops of cavalry and a
+single infantry regiment, entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of
+Essex and quartered himself in the Bishop’s palace. Here he remained till
+December 14th without, however, any serious plundering in the town itself.
+In April 1643, Waller took the city for the second time, and again without
+much resistance, a condition of the surrender being the immunity of the
+Bishop and cathedral clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his
+leaving Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became an
+asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being held first by
+one side and then by the other. In the autumn of 1645 Hereford was
+besieged by Lord Leven with the Scottish army, who were driven off by
+Colonel Barnabas Scudamore with heavy loss.
+
+The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury during the siege.
+The defenders used the lead from the chapter-house roof to cover the keep
+of the castle, and possibly also to make bullets. Finally, on December
+18th, through the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city,
+Hereford was once more taken, and this time the whole place was overrun by
+a rabble of plundering soldiery.
+
+No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral during the
+Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian captain, one Silas
+Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated in this military loot. "The
+storied windows richly dight" were smashed to bits, monumental brasses
+torn up, the library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments
+stolen.
+
+Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by the cathedral
+clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, and gentry of the
+county for help towards restoring the cathedral, though it is not known
+with what welcome the appeal was received.
+
+Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm was done to the
+cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one of those irritating people who
+mean well but act abominably. He spent much, both on the palace and the
+cathedral, employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the
+chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not irreparably
+so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of masonry intended to
+support the central tower, which was, however, nothing but a hideous
+architectural blunder. In itself it was ugly to behold, and actually
+weakened by lateral pressure that which it was intended to support. He
+also presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with scenic
+decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains, and wooden
+imitations of tassels which hung immediately over the heads of the
+ministering priests as they stood at the altar. These were found later on
+to be hung on rusty nails by twine "little better than pack thread."
+
+ [Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).]
+
+ THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).
+
+
+During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746, an ancient
+building of early Norman date used as a chapel for the palace was pulled
+down. It consisted of an upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel
+dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part
+of one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on Easter
+Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,—the fall of the great
+western tower. Directly and indirectly this was the worst accident that
+has happened to Hereford Cathedral. The west front was utterly destroyed,
+and a great part of the nave seriously injured, while the injudicious
+restoration begun in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for
+architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall of the
+tower.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.]
+
+ THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.
+
+_From a drawing by T. Hearne_, 1806.
+
+
+Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable deeds of
+vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous efforts in this
+direction. He altered the whole proportion of the building, shortening the
+nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected a new west front on a "neat Gothic
+pattern," and availed himself of the chance of removing all the Norman
+work in the nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own.
+
+One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod moulding round
+each of the arches above the arcade. These eccentricities were removed not
+long since, but the roughened lines for adhesion of the plaster still
+remain. Inside the west front may also still be seen large spaces of wall
+painted to represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the
+wall of any stucco residence.
+
+It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless insipidity of
+Wyatt’s work, that it was enthusiastically approved in his own day, and
+that the public generally were as much to blame as himself.
+
+The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and in order to give
+it apparent height the roofs of both nave and choir were lowered in pitch,
+its parapet was raised, and some pinnacles were added.
+
+At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new burying-grounds
+provided for the city elsewhere.
+
+In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of Hereford. He was a
+man of sound judgment and of much practical ability, and it was during his
+episcopacy that a serious competent and thorough repair of the cathedral
+was at last undertaken at a cost of £27,000, to which no one devoted more
+loving care or more untiring energy than Dean Merewether.
+
+"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses and this house
+lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his exhaustive "Statement of the
+condition and circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the
+year 1841." In this statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in
+the eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and the
+dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash and plaster, became
+visible in the soffit of each of the window arches.
+
+In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed of hewn stone,
+making a kind of casing at each side, called ashlar, the interval being
+filled with rubble masonry cemented with lime and loam. This stuffing
+having deteriorated the weight above had split the outer wall, though most
+fortunately the interior face was perfectly sound and upright.
+
+To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove the oak
+panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and the heavy bookcases
+filling up a great part of the area were taken away with the lath and
+plaster partition from the sides of the pillar at the west end of the
+chapel.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH
+ CENTURY.]
+
+ THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured became again
+manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains of its ancient
+painting, the disclosure of two most interesting monuments, two aumbries,
+a double piscina, the chapel of Bishop Audley, but more important than
+all, two of the most beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found
+anywhere, Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with the
+Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding with the
+remarkable union of the Norman intersecting arches on the exterior of the
+building, with its pointed characteristics.
+
+The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr. Cottingham, the
+architect, showed that the great central tower of the cathedral was in
+imminent danger of falling, and might at any moment entirely collapse.
+
+Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were struck by the
+traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing the clerestory gallery
+the remains of Norman ornaments were everywhere to be found, the gallery
+itself being still existent at each side, returned behind the wooden
+coverings, up to the splays of the eastern windows.
+
+The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir shown on p. 77
+was then removed, and the change effected was most striking. It was
+evident that long before the introduction of the Grecian screen in 1717,
+the original arrangement had been disturbed by the insertion of a
+Perpendicular window, to support which the low circular arch in the centre
+had been constructed; on either side of this window were now to be seen
+the mouldings and featherings of the original early decorated lights, on a
+level with the lateral clerestory range; below these the Norman arcade,
+based upon a string course of nebule ornaments.
+
+"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties was to be
+traced,—the thickness of that part of the wall is 8 feet; on either side
+of the arch, 24 feet in span, were portions of shafts, corresponding with
+the pair of Norman shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of
+these (standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through those
+already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most curious detail,
+were perfect, and upon them were visible as far as the level of the window
+above, the remaining stones which formed the architecture of the exterior
+arch, from which it was evident that its crown must have risen to the
+height of 30 feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was
+discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite and
+grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly
+impossible to account for, was, in fact, made up of five arches, the
+interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns already described,
+and each of the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being
+beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four
+lateral arches, the two first had been not only hidden by the oak
+panelling of the screen, but were also, like the two others, closed up
+with lath and plaster, as the central arch; and when these incumbrances
+and desecrations were taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately
+the glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the
+appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury,
+and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these massive arches, of which,
+together with the noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan
+had probably been the founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the
+completer and restorer after that era."
+
+Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made, though it cannot be said
+that all the work he did was good either in design or execution. The
+beautiful lantern of the central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was
+satisfactorily strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of Dean
+Merewether’s death in 1850 much still remained to be done, and in 1857 a
+further scheme was set going under the financial management of Dean
+Richard Dawes, and the architectural direction of Mr., afterwards Sir
+Gilbert, Scott, who restored the north transepts, the north porch, the
+choir, and Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and fitted
+up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St. John the Baptist.
+
+Altogether in these two works of repair about £45,000 was expended, and
+the cathedral was opened for service on June 30th, 1863.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.
+
+
+Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of Hereford
+Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence of that quality dear to
+a purist is not more than compensated for by the fine examples of
+different periods, which make the massive pile as a whole a valuable
+record of historical progress. And surely it is more fitting that a great
+ecclesiastical edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts,
+and bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through which it
+has passed.
+
+Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the cathedral building
+reposes in a secluded close, from which the best general view is obtained.
+The close is entered either from Broad Street, near the west window, or
+from Castle Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of
+the close between the path and the river. The space between the Wye and
+the cathedral is filled by the Bishop’s Palace and the college of the
+Vicars Choral.
+
+On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was formerly one of
+the strongest on the Welsh marches.
+
+The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the Norman, Early
+English, and Early Decorated periods.
+
+The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the interior, survives
+in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy" quality remaining through
+the subsequent building being imposed upon the old foundations. The side
+apses of the original triple eastern termination were converted into the
+present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which helps to
+produce an intricate outline already irregular through the projections of
+the porch of Bishop Booth.
+
+The *Central Tower*, a splendid example of Decorated work, is of two
+stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the angles. It is covered with
+a profusion of ball-flower ornament, which, except in the south nave aisle
+of Gloucester Cathedral, is nowhere else so freely used.
+
+ [Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH’S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ BISHOP BOOTH’S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the disposition of the
+upper windows of the central tower and the style and position of the
+dividing pilasters and bands of ornament, it seems likely that the earlier
+lantern of Pershore is partly responsible for its design.
+
+In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which formerly
+existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered with lead. When this
+was taken down at the time of the great repairs and rebuilding of the west
+end, a stunted, squat appearance was given to the building. In the year
+1830 Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and Chapter to
+build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles.
+
+The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar in design to
+the central one, but rose only one stage above the leads of the nave. This
+seems to have been used as a belfry; whereas the central tower was a
+lantern.
+
+The large projecting *North Porch*, completed in 1530 by Bishop Booth, is
+Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, though it is later in date, the
+porch in the centre of the west front at Peterborough. The front entrance
+archway has highly enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase
+buttress turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the upper
+portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This outer porch consists
+of two stories, the lower of which is formed by three wide, open arches,
+springing from four piers at the extreme angles, two of which are united
+with the staircase turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The
+upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted and
+groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate tracery.
+
+In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled angles, of
+which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral cappings, the
+remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and rising nearly the whole
+height of the building, show to great advantage. The clerestory windows,
+like those in the outer wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster,
+are triangular on the exterior.
+
+On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is an unusual
+architectural feature. The windows of the triforium have semi-circular
+arched mouldings, enclosing a window of three lights of lancet-shaped
+arches. Beneath the aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was
+probably an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe.
+
+In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the bottom and
+polygonal above; and this probably was an access to a private apartment
+for a monk over the aisle of the transept containing the sacred shrine.
+
+Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral one notices
+the buttresses of the north-east transept, the Stanbury Chapel, the
+windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle, the clerestory windows with
+arcade dressings to the walls, and the modern parapet above the whole.
+
+ [Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.]
+
+ GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank window or double
+arch, with two smaller arches within the clerestory wall, claims especial
+attention, as well as the ribbed roof rising above the Norman triforium.
+
+We now come to the Early English work of the *Lady Chapel*, the east end
+of which is especially noticeable, with its bold angular buttresses rising
+from immense bases. The numerous and large base mouldings running round
+the wall of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and
+ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting peculiarities of
+design.
+
+The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular, embattled
+parapet at the end is a modern addition.
+
+The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by the public,
+being shut within the walls of a garden between the Bishop’s and the
+Vicars’ Cloisters.
+
+The *Bishop’s Cloisters* consist of two walks only, or covered corridors,
+though that on the west, which was pulled down in the reign of Edward VI.
+to make room for a pile of brick building appropriated to the Grammar
+School, and in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of
+restoration.
+
+It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the north side
+against the cathedral.
+
+These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a continued series
+of buttresses are windows of large dimensions, with mullions and tracery.
+
+The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed mouldings, at the
+intersections of which are shields charged with sculptured figures,
+foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring from slender pillars between the
+windows and corbels heads on the other side: over the exterior of the
+windows are carved grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations.
+The south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the
+south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small chamber,
+which has been carefully and completely restored. It has always been
+called the "Ladye Arbour," although no one has been able to discover the
+origin of this name or the use to which the chamber was put; many
+antiquarians suggest a possible reference to the Virgin.
+
+ [Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+The entrance doorway to the *Chapter-house* from the east walk still
+remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed arch under a lofty,
+richly ornamented pedimental moulding, having clustered shafts on the
+sides, with foliated capitals. The archway is divided by a slender pillar
+into two smaller openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this
+doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton asserts,
+"beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian soldiers," was certainly
+neglected; and then, as long as any material could be got from it, treated
+as a stone quarry by Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house
+appears to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated
+period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress at each
+angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the entrance, was sub-divided
+into five panels or seats. Remains of three sides only are left, and these
+only as far as the window-sills.
+
+Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end, are some
+remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other. The lower was
+dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to St. Mary Magdalene.
+
+"The form, excepting a portico and choir (_i.e._ chancel) was an exact
+square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every way, supported the
+roof; the portico was composed of a succession of arches retiring inwards,
+and had a grandeur in imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side
+consisted of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the
+lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made of single
+stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle pillars. The walls were
+much painted, and the arched roof was turned with great skill, and
+resembled the architecture which prevailed during the declension of the
+Roman Empire (see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.).
+
+Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small windows in the
+remaining north wall, the author of _The Picturesque Antiquities of
+Hereford_ proceeds to say: "These are extremely interesting, as they
+pertained to an edifice which once stood on the south side of this wall,
+and is believed to have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron
+saint of the cathedral before the translation of the body of St.
+Ethelbert. It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences
+in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of marriages
+there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent in the Dean’s
+archives."
+
+A second cloister, known as the *Vicars’ Cloister*, connects the Vicars’
+College with the south-east transept. The arrangement here may be compared
+with that of Chichester, as showing the most probable plan of the latter
+before the destruction of the south walk and its connection with the
+cloister of the Vicars Choral.
+
+In the area of the Bishop’s Cloister was formerly a preaching cross, which
+fell into a decayed state during the latter part of the last century.
+Beneath it was a dome of masonry which closed the aperture to a well of
+considerable depth, which had been formed with great exactness. This well
+still exists beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according to
+Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green, with a
+handsome stone arch over it.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES’ ARBOUR.]
+
+ THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES’ ARBOUR.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it was proposed
+to mark the year of Her Majesty’s Jubilee by a special restoration,
+dealing principally with the west end and central tower.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through the beautiful
+parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage of this porch is formed by
+three arches with octagonal turrets at their outer angles. These turrets
+are each capped by a lantern. The second stage has three fine
+Perpendicular windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church,
+belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner porch is of
+the Decorated period. There is some particularly good iron-work on the
+doors, made by Messrs Potter from designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior.
+
+Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two sister
+cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH.]
+
+ THE NORTH PORCH.
+
+
+The *Nave*, which is separated from the aisles by eight massive Norman
+piers (part of the original church), of which the capitals are worthy of
+notice, has somewhat suffered by restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The
+triforium, the clerestory, the vaulting of the roof and the western wall
+and doorway are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he
+shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the west end,
+from which the best general view is to be obtained, one is impressed by
+the striking effect of the great Norman piers and arches and the gloom of
+the choir beyond. Through the noble circular arches, which support the
+central tower and the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the
+eastern wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and below
+by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A central pillar divides
+this lower arch, two pointed arches springing from its capital and leaving
+a spandrel between them, which is covered with modern sculpture. In the
+far distance may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and its
+brilliant lancet lights.
+
+Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable for the richness of
+its ornament as compared with other buildings of the same date, such as
+Peterborough or Ely.
+
+The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet and other
+beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers and shafts are also
+elaborately decorated. The double half shafts set against the north and
+south fronts of the huge circular piers are in the greater part
+restorations.
+
+Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated from the Early
+English of Salisbury. They are divided by slender pillars, but there is no
+triforium passage.
+
+During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were practically rebuilt,
+the existing walls and windows being erected upon the bases of the Norman
+walls, which were retained for a few feet above the foundations. The
+vaulting of the roofs of the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself
+were coloured under the direction of Mr. Cottingham.
+
+*The Font*, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century, is in the
+second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west.
+
+The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough for the total
+immersion of children. Beneath arches round the basin are figures of the
+twelve Apostles. These, however, with one exception, have been much
+broken. The most curious feature of this interesting font is the base with
+four demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is protected
+by a mosaic platform.
+
+*Monuments in the Nave.*—The first monument on the south side as we walk
+from the western end is the fine effigy in alabaster of Sir Richard
+Pembridge in plate and mail armour with his greyhound. This monument was
+formerly at the Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the
+Suppression. Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd of
+that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at Poitiers. He
+died in 1375. There are still traces of colour on this monument and gold
+remains on the points of the cap to which the camail is fastened, as also
+on the jewelled sword-belt. A sheaf of green coloured leathers is
+separated from the tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet
+of open roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg left,
+and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved, and the workman
+showed such accuracy in duplicating the stone leg that the Knight was
+adorned with a pair of garters for many years until Lord Saye and Sele,
+Canon Residentiary, presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and
+the wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NAVE.]
+
+ THE NAVE.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay is the carved
+figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy is headless and otherwise
+much mutilated.
+
+In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure, under a
+foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head wearing a cap. It is
+thought to be the monument of a former treasurer.
+
+In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the Bishop’s
+Cloister. This has a square heading which rises above the sill of the
+window over it. There is an interesting series of heads in the hollow
+moulding, which are said to be copies of earlier work in the same
+position. The iron-work of the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty
+Norman arch leads from this aisle into the south transept.
+
+The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south. It contains
+six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his wife, with subjects by
+Warrenton from the life of St. John the Baptist.
+
+In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the nave is the effigy
+and tomb under which is buried Bishop Booth (1535), the builder of the
+large projecting porch which bears his name. The recumbent figure of the
+Bishop is fully vested with a _mitra pretiosa_ with pendent fillets. He
+wears a cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and
+chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed sandals; his
+hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which has been broken) is veiled
+on the right. At this side is a feathered angel. The original inscription,
+cut into stone and fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured:
+
+
+ "Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et
+ totidem dies Ecclesiæ huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii
+ 1535 defunctus sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet."
+
+
+The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in the Cathedral
+which has not been disturbed, although Mr. Havergal says "most of our
+large ancient monuments were protected by iron railings." It is divided
+into six square panels, having shields and heraldic ornaments.
+
+The beautiful wrought iron *Screen*, an elaborate example of artistic
+metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore of Coventry,
+from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands between the eastern piers of the
+central tower, a little towards the nave. The first great piece of
+metal-work of this kind executed in England in modern times was the choir
+screen at Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the
+Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production transcends
+that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty.
+
+It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches by a slender
+shaft. The central arch is larger and higher than the others, is gabled
+and surmounted by a richly jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on
+either side, to a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are
+filled with tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the
+arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.]
+
+ THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin plates of copper
+and hammered iron, in imitation of natural specimens, and throughout the
+screen the passion flower is prominent in the decoration. It is composed
+of 11,200 lbs. of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of
+vitreous and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about 300
+cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze figures, three single
+figures, and two groups. Of these the _Times_, May 29, 1862, well said:
+"These figures are perfect studies in themselves. Every one can understand
+them at a glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of
+the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt without the
+aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set forth who or what they
+are."
+
+ [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.]
+
+ SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.
+
+
+The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is no less worthy
+of inspection. Over the gates the large oval space is filled with the
+sacred monogram I.H.C. The base consists of polished Devonshire marble.
+The diversity of tint of the metals used is in itself a source of colour,
+but the whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been painted
+with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour scheme is further carried
+out in the mosaics.
+
+The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is perhaps the
+best example of this kind of work produced in modern times. The cost of
+the screen was £3000, though the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance
+with their agreement was only £1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art
+Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and gasfittings.
+
+A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the Cathedral, is placed
+near the south-west corner of the screen; it was designed by Cottingham.
+
+*The Central Tower.*—Immediately above the four great arches of the
+central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor Willis in his report
+on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular construction; twelve piers of
+compact masonry on each side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the
+height of 26 ft., and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of
+stone, in long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round
+immediately under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone gratings,
+if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall of the tower rests,
+and they also carry the entire weight of the bell-chamber and bells.
+
+The whole space is now completely open from the floor of the Cathedral to
+the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which is painted underneath in blue
+and gold. From this floor hangs, the handsome corona of wrought iron.
+
+Before Mr. Cottingham’s restoration was commenced in 1843, however, the
+whole appearance of the central tower was different, and the beautiful
+lantern with its many shafts was hidden from view by a vault of the
+fifteenth century, which rose above the great arches and completely
+concealed the upper portion of the tower.
+
+In his specific report of the condition of the central tower in
+particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr. Cottingham
+said:
+
+"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the honour of
+reporting, I have carefully examined the construction of the four great
+piers which support the tower; they are of Norman workmanship, and
+sufficient in bulk to carry a much greater weight than the present tower,
+had the masonry been more carefully constructed; they consist of a series
+of semi-circular columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds
+the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled with a rubble
+core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime grouting; this was
+undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman tower, but when the great
+Early English shaft was added on the top of this work the pressure became
+too great for such kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns,
+not being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores, split and
+bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion of lime, diminished
+and crushed to pieces. To remedy these defects, a second facing of ashlar
+has been attached to the piers, in some places by cutting out a part of
+the old ashlar, and in others by merely fixing long slips of stone round
+the pier with iron plugs, run in with lead,—these most unsightly
+excrescences have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without
+adding any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked up
+all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with the tower piers
+and communicating with the aisles, choir, and transepts, leaving only a
+small passage-way in each.
+
+"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the south
+transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed up with
+masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich work which lies
+concealed behind it. These injudicious performances have tended to weaken
+instead of strengthen the tower. The interior walls above the main arches
+of the tower, up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the
+bellringers’ chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the
+four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, have
+been made large enough for a man to creep in,—these unaccountable holes
+have tended very much to increase the danger, as all the masonry connected
+with them is drawn off its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces
+by the enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the pillars,
+is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of the bell floor.
+On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful monument of the fallibility
+of human skill than the tower of Hereford Cathedral at this moment
+presents."
+
+In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed themselves,
+on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion of Professor Willis, of
+Cambridge. This gentleman, after the most minute scrutiny and
+indefatigable labour, produced his elaborate and well-known report. He
+essentially corroborated the architect, especially as to the general state
+of the tower; and, under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the
+great work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a fine peal of
+ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected in 1861, which strikes
+the hours and quarter-hours.
+
+*The North Transept.*—Passing through the north arch of the tower we come
+into some of the most interesting parts of the Cathedral. The transept
+beyond was entirely rebuilt for the reception of the shrine of Bishop
+Cantilupe, when his body was removed from the Lady Chapel in 1287, after
+the miracles reported at his tomb had already largely increased the
+revenues of the Cathedral. The unusual shape of the arches and the fine
+and effective windows of this transept render it one of the most
+distinguished English specimens of the style.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT
+ 1320.]
+
+ NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.
+
+
+On the north is a window with triple lights on each side of a group of
+banded shafts, the tracery above being formed of circles enclosing
+trefoils. The heads of the lights are sharply pointed.
+
+The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside triangular-headed
+arches, which completely fill the two bays. They have three lights each,
+and are exactly similar to the windows on the north side of the transept.
+
+Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark marble, a clustered
+pier divides the eastern aisle of the transept into two bays. These shafts
+have foliated capitals, and the bases have knots of foliage between them.
+
+With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the mouldings of
+the main arches are plain.
+
+Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the Norman arch
+opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept itself. There are in each
+bay two pointed arches, each containing three smaller arches with foiled
+headings surmounted by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the
+arches are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back in
+the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping
+courses, which incline forward to the string course above the triforium.
+
+The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and the triangular
+arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar to those in the clerestory
+of Worcester Cathedral on the south side of the nave. These are, however,
+of later date, and may have been imitated by the Worcester architect.
+
+The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was
+satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general effect.
+
+*Monuments in the North Transept.*—The great north stained-glass window by
+Hardman was placed there as a memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died
+in 1863. Underneath this window, which is described later on in the
+section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop
+Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt, and the effigy
+is now leaning on its side against the wall. There is an undoubted
+original half-length portrait of this bishop in the Hall of Jesus College,
+Oxford. There are monuments to other members of the family in the church
+at Ross.
+
+In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John Philips, the
+author of _The Splendid Shilling_ and of _Cyder_, a poem endearing him to
+Herefordshire. His family belonged to this county, although he himself was
+born in Oxfordshire. There is also a monument to Philips in Poets’ Corner,
+Westminster Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ THE NORTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of Bishop Thomas
+Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This effigy and its richly decorated
+alcove or canopy was most luckily not touched by Wyatt.
+
+Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost in an avalanche;
+Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster of Battersea College.
+
+In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most important
+monument in the north transept, viz.:—the pedestal of the celebrated
+shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282, who died at Civita Vecchia, near
+Florence, on his way to Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to
+Ashridge in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto; and
+the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the Lady Chapel.
+
+The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at the lower end.
+It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two stages, the lower having a
+series of cinquefoiled niches and fourteen figures of Templars in chain
+armour in different attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand
+Master of the Knights Templars in England.
+
+All the figures are seated with various monsters under their feet. The
+filling of the spandrels between these niches and that of the spandrels
+between the arches of the upper stage is especially noteworthy. It belongs
+to the first Decorated period, and while the arrangement is still somewhat
+stiff or formal, the forms are evidently directly copied from nature.
+
+The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage, still bears
+the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having traces of the arms
+of the See (_i.e._, the arms of Cantilupe).
+
+By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop Cantilupe was
+avoided the secondary part which his shrine must have played if it had
+been placed in the usual post of honour at the back of the high altar. The
+shrine of St. Ethelbert was probably already there, and wisely enough a
+distinguished position was specially created by rebuilding the north
+transept for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford
+Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south transept of
+Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la Wych.
+
+We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and another to Richard
+Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435).
+
+Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died 1636), and on
+the floor is an effigy of John D’Acquablanca, a Dean of Hereford (died
+1320), and nephew of Bishop D’Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is
+close to it, between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the
+transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are reminded of
+the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry of the same period (1262)
+in the south choir transept of Salisbury to Bishop Giles de Bridport.
+
+Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of minute
+ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck marble support a gabled
+canopy, each gable of which is surmounted by a finial in the form of a
+floriated cross.
+
+This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861 a feeble attempt
+was made to restore it, which was, however, not carried out. Bishop
+Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had been steward of the household to his
+relative, William of Savoy, the Queen’s uncle. His preferment was one of
+the noteworthy instances of Henry III.’s love of foreigners, and as Bishop
+of Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him his treasurer
+and consulted him on all matters of state. At his death, says the Rev. H.
+W. Phillott,(2) "He was probably little regretted in his cathedral city,
+whose citizens he had defeated in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal
+rights. But he used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one
+half of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the
+cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the north-west
+transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful shrine, probably
+erected by himself, under which repose the remains of his nephew, John,
+Dean of Hereford, as well as his own, his heart excepted, which, with a
+pathetic yearning of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the
+church which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle, in
+Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at the hands of
+historians and song-writers of his day, though his example did much to
+swell the tide of ill-repute in which many of the clergy of all ranks were
+held (for the laity, says the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention
+to the doctrine than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave
+out of sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral, and
+bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books, ornaments, and
+land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor of the diocese."
+
+ [Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.]
+
+ THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.
+
+
+In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower.
+
+*South Transept.*—Crossing the Cathedral in front of the Skidmore screen
+it is a relief to turn from the nave with its sham triforium to the south
+transept with its fine three stage Norman east side. The groining,
+although incongruous, is still beautiful, and does not irritate in the
+same way as Wyatt’s abominations in the nave. This transept contains
+several disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to
+whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the Cathedral. "At
+any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,(3) "this transept seems to have been
+the happy hunting-ground of successive races of builders, who have left
+the side-walls in admired confusion."
+
+Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular period much of
+the Norman work remains. The east wall is in the best preservation, and is
+certainly entirely Norman with the exception of the groining. It is
+covered with five series of arcades, which may be divided into three
+stages. In the middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very
+short Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those at the
+level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the transept is lighted
+from the clerestory by two Norman windows.
+
+In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman moulded double
+arch.
+
+In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the Norman work, and
+a large Perpendicular window nearly fills the south wall with panelling
+round it of the same period.
+
+*Monuments in the South Transept.*—There is an interesting altar-tomb of
+Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady
+and a child in swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the
+transept. The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of
+colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a double chain
+and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons were ancestors of the Coke
+family, now Earls of Leicester. The swaddled body of the child lies to the
+left of its mother, its head resting on a little double pillow by her
+knee, and a part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower
+part of the babe.
+
+To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the composition, lie
+his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have been much scratched with
+names.
+
+The head of the knight rests upon his helmet.
+
+Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription:
+
+
+ "Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of
+ Buckingham, and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard
+ Willyson of Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne
+ deceased the 29th of October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age,
+ the 23rd of his Age."
+
+
+"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a cænotaph, for Alexander Denton,
+the husband, who lived some years after, and marry’d another lady, was
+bury’d with her at Hillesden, Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th,
+1576."
+
+Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant (1389-1404), the
+builder of the Perpendicular alterations in this transept. The effigy is
+unfortunately headless and has lost its hands. The feet are resting on a
+lion.
+
+There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral (1877).
+
+The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the west side of the
+south transept.
+
+They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault behind. This was
+doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular window was placed above on this
+side.
+
+From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the lantern
+arches.
+
+ [Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The *Organ*, which occupies the first archway on the south side of the
+choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr. Phillips Bevan(4) writes of
+it, "It was the gift of Charles II., and was very nearly destroyed by the
+fall of the central tower. It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray
+and Davidson, and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11 swell,
+7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great feature in Willis’s
+improvements is the tubular pneumatic action, which does away with
+trackers and other troublesome internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been
+precentor of the Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything
+about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the matter of
+that, no lover of music should omit to hear the _Unaccompanied_ service
+usually held on Friday morning."
+
+In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated arched
+recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to the
+Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed, beginning from
+the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De Bethune (died 1148), the last
+Norman builder; Hugh Foliot (died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and
+William De Vere (died 1199).
+
+On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the tomb of Bishop
+De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who superintended the building of the
+fine west front of the cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy
+also belongs to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball
+flower and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs is
+noticeable.
+
+Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy and brass to
+Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516). The effigy is wearing a
+mitre, and is fully vested. In front of the monument are panels filled
+with figures of saints, and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which
+has been restored.
+
+In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives access to
+two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, to enter which you
+pass beneath the bellows of the organ. Exhibited in cases in one of these
+rooms are some of the treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the
+Scriptures, chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close
+of this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the Norman
+work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as the cathedral treasury.
+
+Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass windows with
+figures restored by Warrington should be noticed, and the celebrated *Map
+of the World* is well worth some study. It was discovered under the floor
+of Bishop Audley’s Chapel during the last century, and appears from
+internal evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a certain
+Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham and Sleaford in
+Lincolnshire).
+
+ "Tuz ki cest estorie ont
+ Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront,
+ Prient à Jhesu en deyté
+ De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pité
+ Ki l’at fet e compassé
+ Ke joie en cel li seit doné."
+
+Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the very oldest
+maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full of the deepest
+interest. It is founded on the cosmographical treatises of the time, which
+generally commence by stating that Augustus Cæsar sent out three
+philosophers, Nichodoxus, Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey
+the world, and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the
+left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the philosophers
+written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediæval seal. The world is here
+represented as round, surrounded by the ocean. At the top of the map is
+represented Paradise, with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the
+forbidden fruit and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a
+remarkable representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary
+interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their graves and
+being led within the walls of heaven.
+
+"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus, Solinus,
+Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There are numerous figures
+of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with grotesque customs, such as the
+mediæval geographers believed to exist in different parts of the world;
+Babylon with its famous tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the
+inscription—_’Roma, caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi’_; and Troy as
+’_civitas bellicosissima_.’ In Great Britain most of the cathedrals are
+mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known very little.
+
+"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of Hercules, the
+Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the house of bondage, the
+journeys of the Children of Israel, the Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a
+figure of Moses and his supposed place of burial, the Phœnician Jews
+worshipping the molten image, Lot’s wife," etc.
+
+*Bishop’s Cloisters.*—At the eastern end of the south nave aisle a door
+opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral with the episcopal palace.
+In the cloister is placed a monument and inscription to Colonel John
+Matthews of Belmont, near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief
+consoled by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone.
+
+Other monuments are:—one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D., formerly Bishop of
+Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July 1837, and is buried beneath the
+bishop’s throne. A monument to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815
+to 1832. He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried at
+Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke Whitfield, an
+organist of the cathedral.
+
+The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a gravestone
+near the west part of the cathedral, which, being taken off, was kept in
+the city tolsey or hall for some time until it was finally fastened to a
+freestone on the west side of the Bishop’s Cloisters:—
+
+ "Good Christeyn People of your Charite
+ That here abide in this transitorye life,
+ For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye,
+ And also of Anne his dere beloved wife,
+ Which here togeder continued without stryfe
+ In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name,
+ He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same:
+ Further, to declare of his port and fame,
+ His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe,
+ To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame,
+ Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe
+ Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe.
+ The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land
+ For that intent perpetually to remain and stand.
+ Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand,
+ Approving her Husband’s Acte, and enlarging the same,
+ Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band
+ Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame.
+ Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame,
+ Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company.
+ There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally!
+ Amen."
+
+*The South-east Transept*, lying between the retro-choir and the
+chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main Decorated, though its
+window tracery is perhaps somewhat later, being almost flamboyant in
+character. It was altered from the original Norman apse, and in the walls
+bases of the earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from
+it by a single octagonal pillar.
+
+Before the aisles were added the now open window looking into the Lady
+Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the chapel, and was glazed.
+There is a lovely view from this transept, looking slantwise into the Lady
+Chapel. In this transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings,
+stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis Charleton, 1369.
+His effigy lies under the wall dividing the transept from the vestibule of
+the Lady Chapel. Above it is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop
+Coke, died 1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of
+State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels.
+
+A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the spot where the
+remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence
+of the dean, archdeacon, and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for
+them; and there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D.,
+Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of the University in
+1687, when James II. seized upon the venerable foundation of Magdalen
+College and sent his commissioners to Oxford to expel the Fellows.
+
+In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and resolute spirit
+in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal to dine with the
+commissioners on the day of the Magdalen expulsion is described thus by
+Macaulay:—"I am not," he said, "of Colonel Kerke’s mind. I cannot eat my
+meals with appetite under a gallows."
+
+The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his meals" much longer
+in his beautiful college hall. William III., almost immediately after his
+accession, made him Bishop of Bristol, whence he was translated to
+Hereford, and, dying in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of
+Hereford, in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church.
+
+It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of Wadham College that
+the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented to the proposal that the
+remains and marble slab should be removed to the precincts of their
+cathedral.
+
+St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church closed under the
+Bishop of London’s Union of Benefices Act, and when it was dismantled and
+the dead removed from their vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of
+Bishop Ironside were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in
+the vault having been previously removed or stolen.
+
+For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened by the Burial
+Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal, "so perfect were the remains
+that the skin was not broken, and the features of the placid-looking
+bishop were undisturbed." In a square recess on the east wall is a bust
+which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper, Garrick,
+and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr. James Thomas, a citizen
+of Hereford, who is buried near this place. Under it is a brass to Sir
+Richard Delabere, 1514, his two wives and twenty-one children; the
+inscription is as follows:—
+
+"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere, Knight, late
+of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the Lord Audley, and
+Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late sergeant of the hall to King
+Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of
+July, A.D. 1513, on whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen."
+
+The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory of Bishop
+Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed to represent St. John
+the Baptist.
+
+*The Lady Chapel.*—The elaborate and beautiful Early English work of this
+chapel, which dates from the first half of the thirteenth century, about
+1220, was twice under the restorers’ hands, the eastern end and roof
+having been rebuilt by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir
+G. G. Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On the
+north side each of these bays contains two large windows, and on the south
+side two of the bays contain each two windows, while the third is filled
+by the Audley Chapel.
+
+In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by Professor Willis to
+be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of this portion was one of the
+first works undertaken by Mr. Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the
+pavement and other restorations.
+
+The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets recessed within
+arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall above being perforated with
+five quatrefoil openings, of which the outside ones are circular and the
+centre three are oval.
+
+Fergusson(5) remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such combinations to
+be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east end of Ely, or such a group
+as that which terminates the east end of Hereford."
+
+Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed by the
+clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean Merewether wrote:—
+
+ [Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+ THE LADY CHAPEL.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the remnants of
+its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath the whitewash; the fair
+disclosure of the monuments of Joanna de Kilpec, a benefactress to this
+very edifice, and Humphry de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding
+interest; the discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the
+stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south side, the
+chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the most beautiful
+specimens of transition arches which can be found in any edifice, bearing
+the Early English form, the shafts and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch
+above, but ornamented in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the
+zig-zag decoration, corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman
+intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed
+characteristics. The appearance of the central column with a base in the
+Early English and its capital with the Norman ornament might be added: the
+stairs to the crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics
+in the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original
+level."
+
+ [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.]
+
+ SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+ ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.
+
+
+It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the cathedral owes so
+much, that the stained glass designed by Cottingham was placed in the east
+windows in the narrow lancets that he loved so dearly. It represents
+scenes in the early life of the Virgin and the life of Christ; the last
+being the supper in the house of Mary and Martha. In the side windows the
+visitor should especially notice the rich clustered shafts and arches, the
+Early English capitals, and the ornamentation of the arches. Above these
+windows, corresponding to the openings above the east window, a quatrefoil
+opening enclosed by a circle pierces the wall. The quadripartite vaulting
+springs from slender shafts, which descend upon a slightly raised base.
+
+The double piscina and aumbry south of the altar are restorations
+necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals.
+
+*Monuments in the Lady Chapel.*—Of great beauty and interest is the
+Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the north side of the Lady
+Chapel, in which is the recumbent effigy which tradition has assigned
+without evidence to Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the
+46th year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however, buried in
+the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey, Essex.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument of Peter,
+Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any case, the knight was probably
+one of the Bohun family, and husband of the lady whose effigy lies under
+an arch in the wall adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the
+fourteenth century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a
+cyclass, a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.’s reign.
+This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer behind. The
+visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at the knees.
+
+The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work, now
+containing a series of figures representing the crowning of the Virgin; on
+one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St. John the Baptist, and on
+the other St. Thomas à Becket (with double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de
+Cantilupe. Of these, however, only the two central carvings are in their
+original positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham
+when the oak choir-screen was removed.
+
+In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of Joanna de Bohun,
+Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of
+the lady, there can be scarcely a doubt, represents ’Johanna de Bohun,
+Domina de Kilpec.’ She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett or
+Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name distinguished in the
+annals of his times; and of his possessions, his sister doing her homage,
+had livery 19 Edward II.
+
+"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter of Hereford, the
+church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of Llangarren, St. Waynards and
+Henthland, with all the small chapels belonging to them, which donation
+was confirmed by the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de
+Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford further
+confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed, dated Lugwas, 22nd July,
+1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomæ Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop,
+Dean and Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar
+to the Virgin Mary, ’because in other churches in England the Mother of
+God had better and more serious service, but in the Church of Hereford the
+Ladye’s sustenance for her prieste was so thinne and small, that out of
+their respect they add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at
+Hereford, April 10th, 1333.’ (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.)
+
+"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III., 1327, the donation
+of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying bequest. On the 17th of October in
+that year, she constituted John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give
+possession to the Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and
+the advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it. This
+instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was appended, of which a
+sketch is preserved by Taylor, in whose possession this document appears
+to have been in 1655, and a transcript of it will be found Harl. MS. 6868,
+f. 77 (see also 6726, f. 109, which last has been printed in _Shaw’s
+Topographer_, 1. 280).
+
+"In the tower is preserved the patent 1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de
+Lugwarden cum capellis donandis a Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8
+capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda (Tanner’s _Notitia Monast._).
+
+ [Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.]
+
+ SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.
+
+
+"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to explain why the
+memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in the Lady Chapel, to which
+especially she had been a benefactress. They also explain the original
+ornaments of this tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years
+since under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately concealed
+by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been removed to prove that
+Gough’s description of the original state of the painting is correct. He
+says, ’The Virgin is represented sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady
+habited in a mantle and wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers
+to her a church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire—and
+behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting à gorge
+deployée after the foremost, who holds up a book, on which are seen
+musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys are painted about both
+within and without this arch, and on the spandrils two shields; on the
+left, a bend cotised between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right,
+Ermines, a bend indented, Gules.’ This description was published 1786.
+
+"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation of the church of
+Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or twelve vociferous choristers
+were the eight chaplains and two deacons mentioned in the patent, who were
+set apart for the peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for
+from the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields mentioned by
+Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter side bearing the arms of
+Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between two cotises, and six lions rampant,
+or.—The other, Ermines, a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the
+bearings of Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons
+of Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire, whose
+descent is traced to the same source. In the list of obits observed in
+Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the Lady Kilpeck, and out of
+Lugwardine was paid yearly for her obit forty pence."
+
+The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen of costume.
+Its curious decoration of human heads is also noteworthy.
+
+Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the north-east angle
+of the chapel, is a black marble slab with a brass by Hardman bearing an
+inscription, which records that to the restoration of the cathedral "he
+devoted the unwearied energies of his life till its close on the 4th of
+April 1850."
+
+The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew or Beaurieu (died
+1462) in the south wall of the vestibule. This is one of the best
+specimens of monumental sculpture in the cathedral. The face, which is
+well modelled, and the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are
+especially noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole
+monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen boars with rue
+leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of the dean’s name.
+
+To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest, supposed to be
+Canon de la Barr, 1386.
+
+*The Audley Chantry.*—In the central bay on the south side of the wall is
+the Audley Chantry—a beautiful little chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley
+(1492-1502), with an upper chamber to which access is obtained by a
+circular staircase at the south-west angle.
+
+After Bishop Audley’s translation to Salisbury in 1502 he erected a
+similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he was buried, so that the
+object of the Hereford Chantry as the place for his interment was of
+course never fulfilled.
+
+The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an ancient
+missal:—"_Secundum usum Herefordensem_," which notes a number of
+"_obiits_" or commemorations of benefactors, chiefly between the times of
+Henry I. and Edward II. "_X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam
+Sarum Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum Canonicis
+et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique capellam novam juxta
+Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e fundo construxit, et in eadem
+Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit, etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum
+in modum Ecclesiae fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi
+contulit beneficia._"
+
+The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a screen of painted
+stone with open-work panelling in two stages. The chapel is a pentagon in
+plan, and has two windows, while a third opens into the Lady Chapel
+through the screen. The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having
+in former times been elaborately painted.
+
+There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the groined roof is
+distinctly good. The boss in the centre represents the Virgin crowned in
+glory. On other parts of the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and
+those of the Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The
+upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady Chapel by the
+top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail, may have been used as an
+oratory; but no remains of an altar have been found. On the door opening
+on the staircase is some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley’s initials may
+be noticed on the lock.
+
+Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely view
+westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the top of the
+reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north transept, and further
+on still the nave.
+
+The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library, and after 1862
+as the church of the parish of St. John the Baptist, which surrounds the
+cathedral, and claimed to hold its service in some part of the building.
+
+*The Crypt* is entered from the south side of the Lady Chapel where a
+porch opens to a staircase leading down. The porch is deeply in-set, and
+like the crypt itself and the Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis
+points out that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is
+later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known examples at
+Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, and Gloucester all belonging
+to earlier times. A flight of twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which
+is now light and dry, although previous to Dean Merewether’s excavations
+it was utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There is
+another approach to it from the interior of the church.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CRYPT.]
+
+ THE CRYPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles marked out by
+undecorated columns. It runs beneath the whole extent of the Lady Chapel.
+
+This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the "Golgotha."
+In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a large and elaborately
+decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of preservation. It bears an
+incised representation of Andrew Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife,
+with an inscription setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497.
+Scrolls proceeding from the mouths of the figures bear the following
+lines:—
+
+ "Remember thy life may not ever endure,
+ That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre.
+
+ But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure,
+ And thou have it after, it is but a venture."
+
+At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P. for the county,
+whose bust formerly stood here, but was removed to a more fitting position
+in the county hall.
+
+*The Vicars’ Cloisters.*—The entrance to the college of Vicars Choral is
+from the south side of the Lady Chapel. Leading from the south-east
+transept of the cathedral to the quadrangle of the college is a long
+cloister walk.
+
+In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its richly carved
+roof may be best seen. The western wall, with the exception of a few
+mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The eastern wall is pierced with eight
+three-light windows, between which are the remains of small niches.
+
+Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is of oak, the
+wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded and the tie-beams and
+principals are richly carved on both sides with various patterns and
+devices.
+
+The Rev. F. Havergal says:—"The late William Cooke acquired an immense
+amount of information relating to the college and the vicars in olden
+time. His biographical notices of them are most curious and amusing,
+giving a complete insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the
+place." He goes on to quote from the _Lansdowne Manuscript_ in the British
+Museum, 213, p. 333.
+
+"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a captain, a
+lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military company in Norwich.
+
+"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg’d Place, through the
+Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house, called the Vicars
+Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve of the singing men, all in
+orders, most of them Masters in Arts, of a Gentile garbe, have their
+convenient several dwellings, and a fayre Hall, with richly painted
+windows, colledge like, wherein they constantly dyet together, and have
+their cooke, butler, and other officers, with a fayre library to
+themselves, consisting all of English books, wherein (after we had freely
+tasted of their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell
+toll’d us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most sweet Organ,
+and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor, Treble, and Base; and
+amongst that orderly shewy crew of Queristers our landlord guide did act
+his part in a deep and sweet Diapason."
+
+*The North-East Transept.*—This transept shows ample evidence of the
+original Norman plan, although its present character is Early Decorated.
+
+Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably terminated—an
+arrangement similar to the eastern apses of Gloucester and Norwich
+Cathedrals—portions remain in the walls of the vestibule to the Lady
+Chapel, and in this, the north-east transept, still remain parts of the
+apses which opened from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than
+the nave and belong to the Transition period.
+
+After the completion of the great north transept for the reception of the
+shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal apses of the choir aisles
+were almost entirely removed, and the present north-east transept erected.
+
+In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which helps to
+carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches in the west wall
+doubtless formed part of the original apse. The windows belong to the
+Early Decorated period. Sir G. G. Scott was responsible for the
+restoration of the transept.
+
+*Monuments in the North-East Transept.*—Under the north-west window is the
+canopied tomb of Bishop Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost,
+and in its place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was found
+buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched canopy the
+ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and behind the tomb a carving
+of the crucifixion is still visible, though nearly obliterated by the
+chisel of the Puritans. The beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has,
+however, been happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the
+Cantilupe shrine.
+
+The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active of the modern
+restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G. Scott, with effigy by
+Noble.
+
+Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown bishop. It has
+been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but is probably much earlier.
+
+There is also an old stained glass window, restored by Warrington, with
+figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael, Thomas, and a modern one, by
+Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss.
+
+In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the original Norman
+arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as Bishop Stanbury’s Chantry. In
+style it is late Perpendicular (1470). The roof is a good specimen of
+fan-vaulting, and the walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its
+dimensions are 8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the
+north side, the entrance being on the south.
+
+At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of the altar, and
+the west is covered with shields in panels and tracery.
+
+The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by grotesques, and
+over the arch on the south side are shields with emblems of St. Matthias,
+St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew. The Lancaster rose is prominent in the
+decoration, and there is much under-cutting in the carving.
+
+The stained windows, which form an interesting collection of arms and
+legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave, once Bishop of Hereford, to
+whom there is also another window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle
+above the chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are taken
+from the life of St. Paul.
+
+Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of the Norman
+builders of Hereford.
+
+In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to the turret
+staircase which leads to the archive room and chapter library is an effigy
+said to be of Bishop Hugh de Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass
+window by Clayton and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt,
+organist, who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass plate
+at the side of the window, from which we learn that the nephew James died
+"of grief three days after his uncle."
+
+[Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W.
+ H. BARTLETT, 1830.]
+
+ VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT,
+ 1830.
+
+
+In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the monument of Bishop
+Bennett (1617), who was buried here. He wears a close black cap, and the
+rochet and his feet are resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine
+view of the Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side
+of the choir.
+
+In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the series of
+arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral ornament in the
+mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120),
+and in the same bay of the choir as Bishop Bennett’s tomb is the effigy of
+a bishop, fully vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to
+Bishop Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to have
+been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786). This effigy
+belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number of memorials were
+erected to earlier bishops.
+
+In the calendar of the ancient missal "_Secundum usum Herefordensem_,"
+previously quoted, occurs the following entry:—"_XV. Kal. Decem. Obitus
+pie memorie Egidii de Breusa Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona
+decimas omnium molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie
+contulit, et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes
+homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur._"
+
+In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy of Bishop
+Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry already described. It
+is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying figures. The bishop wears
+alb, stole, and chasuble.
+
+Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury’s Chantry is a Perpendicular effigy
+under an arch which is assigned to Bishop Richard de Capella (died 1127).
+
+On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck (died 1360).
+
+In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:—Two
+altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:—
+
+Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably buried in or near
+the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the south side of the Bishop’s
+Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought inside the cathedral A.D. 1862.
+
+Two matrices of brasses; also a small one on the wall.
+
+The wooden pulpit—very late Perpendicular work from which every canon on
+his appointment formerly had to preach forty sermons on forty different
+days in succession.
+
+We may also notice two rich pieces of iron-work from Sir A. Denton’s tomb:
+the head of a knight or templar’s effigy and several heraldic shields from
+monuments in the cathedral—especially seven in alabaster now placed
+against the east wall.
+
+ [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+ COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+
+
+*The Choir*, with its details of architecture and its individual
+accessories, is very beautiful, notwithstanding an unusual deficiency of
+light, caused by the position of the transepts, which practically
+intercept all light except that from the clerestory. It consists of three
+lofty Norman bays of three stages. The middle of the three stages has some
+exquisite dwarfed Norman arches with no triforium passages; but there is
+one in the upper stage, with slender and graceful Early English arches and
+stained glass at back. The vaulting is also Early English, and dates from
+about the middle of the thirteenth century.
+
+ [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+ COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+
+
+The principal arches of the choir are supported by massive piers with
+square bases. The shafts are semi-detached and bear capitals enriched with
+foliated and grotesque ornament. In each bay on the triforium level a wide
+Norman arch envelops two smaller arches, supported by semi-circular piers
+on each side.
+
+A richly carved square-string course runs along the base of the triforium.
+
+The east end of the choir was covered before 1841 by the "Grecian" screen,
+a wooden erection placed there by Bishop Bisse in 1717, and above it a
+Decorated window containing a stained glass representation of the Last
+Supper after the picture by Benjamin West. The improvement effected by the
+removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was immense. The
+great Norman arch was once more exposed to view; and, in place of the
+Decorated window, we now have three lancets at the back of the clerestory
+passage.
+
+In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of the old screen,
+Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination of the parts walled up it
+was discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite
+and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is
+utterly impossible to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the
+interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of the
+others increasing in span as it approached the front upon square and
+circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being beautifully
+decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four lateral arches,
+the two first had been not only hid by the oak panelling of the screen,
+but were also, like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the
+central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were taken away
+it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious effect produced,
+rendered more solemn and impressive by the appearance of the ancient
+monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest
+beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium
+above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the founder, and
+the former of those just mentioned, the completer and restorer after that
+era."
+
+The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed by Mr.
+Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey, 1850, who
+represented the county for several years in Parliament.
+
+The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord’s Passion, in five
+deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided by small shafts
+supporting angels, who carry the instruments of the Passion. The subjects
+in the separate panels are:—1. The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing
+the Cross; 3. The Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women
+at the Sepulchre.
+
+ [Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.]
+
+ EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.
+
+
+Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches springing
+from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman arch. The pier
+itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration of Mr. Cottingham’s.
+The spandrel is covered with modern sculpture, as may be seen in the
+illustration. The subject is the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists
+holding scrolls; and below a figure of King Ethelbert.
+
+An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small effigy on a bracket
+against the easternmost pier south of the choir, close to the head of the
+tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had desired in his will to be buried by the image
+of King Ethelbert. It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to
+the Lady Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated
+condition when the edict went forth for the destruction of shrines and
+images.
+
+ [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.]
+
+ EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.
+
+
+Originally there were other representations of St. Ethelbert: on the tombs
+of Bishops Cantilupe and Mayo, Dean Frowcester, Archdeacon Rudhale,
+Præcentor Porter; in colour on the walls of the chapter-house and the tomb
+of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient glass, recently restored, in a window in
+the south aisle of the choir; and in a stone-carving over the door of the
+Bishop’s Cloister, and the effigy formerly on the west front.
+
+Opposite the throne a slab of marble, from designs by Scott, marks the
+spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was buried.
+
+*The Choir-stalls* are largely ancient, belonging to the Decorated period.
+They have good canopy work, and are otherwise excellent in detail. Some of
+the _misereres_ are quaint, among them being found several examples of the
+curiously secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers of
+the period.
+
+In addition to the bishop’s throne, which is of the fourteenth century,
+there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old episcopal chair,
+concerning which a tradition remains that King Stephen sat in it when he
+visited Hereford. Be this as it may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of
+very great antiquity, and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the
+earliest kind of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the
+chair are—height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front to back, 22
+inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces, without including the
+seat of two boards and the two small circular heads in front.
+
+Traces of ancient colour—vermilion and gold—may still be seen in several
+of the narrow bands: a complete list of other painted work which has been
+recorded or still exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E.
+Keyser.(6)
+
+*The Cathedral Library.*—The Archive Chamber, on the Library. This room,
+which has been restored by Sir G. G. Scott, is now approached by a winding
+stone staircase.
+
+In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge or
+some other movable appliance crossing the great north window. The Library
+(which Botfield(7) calls "a most excellent specimen of a genuine monastic
+library") contains about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting
+manuscripts, most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every chain
+is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel in the
+middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by metal-work at one end
+of the bookcase. There are in this chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards,
+which contain the whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean
+and Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries.
+
+ [Illustration: THE REREDOS.]
+
+ THE REREDOS.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Among the most remarkable printed books are:—A series of Bibles, 1480 to
+1690; Caxton’s _Legenda Aurea_, 1483; Higden’s _Polychronicon_, by Caxton,
+1495; Lyndewode, _Super Constitutiones Provinciales,_ 1475; Nonius
+Marcellus, _De proprietate sermonum_, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas
+Jenson; and the _Nuremberg Chronicle_, completed July 1493. Of the
+manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient _Antiphonarium_,
+containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents attached to this
+volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of Hereford purchased this book of Mr
+William Hawes at the price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some
+years since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his
+notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed in it."
+
+The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of Peter de
+Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the hand of the original
+scribe and the following obit in another hand.
+
+The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral, being
+certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin version of the Four
+Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters.
+
+The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written on stout
+vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists of 135 leaves. Three
+coloured titles remain, those to the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and
+St. John. Two illuminated leaves are missing—those that would follow folio
+1 and folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunæ, the MS. contains
+the whole of the Four Gospels.
+
+No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent authorities agree that
+it is the work of the eighth or ninth century.
+
+It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known MS. of that
+period, having a peculiar character of its own.
+
+From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have been written in
+the country, probably in Mercia, and not at any of the great monasteries.
+
+The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable example of
+the Irish (or British) recension of the original African text. Thus it has
+a large proportion of readings in common with the Cambridge Gospels, St.
+Chad’s Gospels, the Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir.
+
+On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of a deed in
+Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which the following is a
+translation:—
+
+"Note of a Shire-mote held at Ægelnoth’s Stone in Herefordshire in the
+reign of King Cnut, at which were present the Bishop Athelstan, the
+Sheriff Bruning, and Ægelgeard of Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric
+of Stoke, and all the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine,
+son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning certain lands at
+Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked who should answer for the
+mother, which Thurcyl the White proffered to do if he knew the cause of
+accusation.
+
+"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to ask her what the
+cause of complaint was. Then she declared that she had no land that
+pertained in ought to her son, and was very angry with him, and calling
+Leoflœda, her relative, she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her
+after her own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and
+desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and desire them to
+witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl the White (who was husband of
+Leoflœda) stood up, and requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to
+his wife all the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did.
+And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert’s Minster, and by leave and
+witness of all the folk caused the transaction to be recorded in a book of
+the Gospels."
+
+*An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary* is shown among the treasures of the
+cathedral, which was looked upon for a long time as a representation of
+the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this is only an example of the many
+traditional tales which modern study and research are compelled to
+discard. It undoubtedly represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of
+Canterbury. On the lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment
+of the saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the
+thirteenth century.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description, which we have
+condensed to the following:—
+
+This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with copper
+plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches high, 7 long and
+3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and fastens with a lock and key, and
+the upper part sloped so as to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is
+a ridge-piece; the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:—Here
+are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side an altar, of
+which the south end faces the spectator; it is supported on four legs and
+has an antependium. Upon the altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal
+base, and in front of it a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or
+technically speaking, in the midst of the altar stands a bishop
+celebrating mass, having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he
+were about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and moustache. He
+wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple, and an alb.
+
+In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a hand pointing
+towards the figure just described.
+
+Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has just thrust the
+point of a large double-edged sword, with a plain cross hilt, through the
+neck of the bishop from back to front.
+
+ [Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.]
+
+ ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The upper compartment represents the entombment of the bishop. The middle
+of the design is occupied by an altar tomb, into which the body, swathed
+in a diapered winding-sheet, is being lowered.
+
+The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling figures.
+
+On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a bishop or abbot
+without the mitre looking toward a figure on his right, who carries a
+tablet or open book with some words upon it.
+
+At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the corpse with
+a circular thurible.
+
+The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected pattern of
+gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper perforated with eight
+keyhole ornaments.
+
+The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments, and is
+decorated with quatrefoils.
+
+It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole communicating
+with a lock on the inside.
+
+The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female saint. The left
+gable is occupied by the figure of a male saint.
+
+A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs round the
+margins of the two ends and four back plates.
+
+Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are gilded, while
+the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are light-blue, green,
+yellow, red, chocolate, and white.
+
+In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate corresponds,
+is a cross _pattée fitchée_ painted in red upon oak, which oak bears
+traces of having been stained with blood or some other liquid. The wood at
+the bottom is evidently modern. This reliquary is said to have been
+originally placed upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved
+by some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the possession of
+the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him to the authorities of the
+cathedral.
+
+The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced from
+Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the close of the tenth
+century. After this time Greek artists are known to have visited this
+country, and to have carried on a lucrative trade in the manufacture of
+sacred vessels, shrines, etc.
+
+*Ancient Gold Rings.* One of pure gold, supposed to have been worn by a
+knight templar, was ploughed up near Hereford. The device on the raised
+besel is a cross pattée in a square compartment, on each side of which are
+a crescent and a triple-thonged scourge.
+
+Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character "_Sancte Michael_."
+Date about 1380.
+
+A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was found in the tomb
+of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold tan cross with a bell is engraved.
+These were originally filled with green enamel. Inside is engraved and
+enamelled "Ave Maria."
+
+A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury’s tomb, on the north side
+of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect sapphire, and flowers and
+foliage are beautifully worked in black enamel on each side of the stone.
+
+A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck’s grave in 1813, but
+was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was never recovered, though
+_£_30 was offered as a reward.
+
+*The Stained Glass* has survived only in a few fragments, scattered about
+the eastern end of the cathedral.
+
+Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, is in one
+of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel, west of the Audley
+Chapel. The subjects are:
+
+1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists; 2. Lamb and flag;
+3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4. Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing
+His cross.
+
+In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored and
+entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the Dean and Chapter, Oct.
+1864. It is a fairly good specimen of fourteenth century work. For many
+years it was hidden away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of
+the windows on the south side of the nave.
+
+The figures represent—1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3. St. Gregory; 4.
+St. Thomas of Canterbury.
+
+In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient glass, erected
+under the same circumstances. The figures in this case represent—1. St.
+Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert; 3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George.
+
+In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by Warrington. It was
+erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs.
+Clutton. The subjects are from the life of St. John the Baptist.
+
+In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to Archdeacon Lane
+Freer, erected at a cost of £1316. The window is one of the largest of the
+Geometric period (_temp._ Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6
+inches in height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six shades
+each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating colours. Plain white
+glass has also been wisely used in the upper part of the window. It was
+designed and erected by Messrs. Hardman.
+
+There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north aisle of the
+choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of the cathedral. The subjects,
+in eight medallions, are:—1, 2. King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah
+the Jewish Priest; 7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury’s Chapel
+is a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the subjects are:—1.
+St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S. Stephen; 2. Conversion of St.
+Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with
+Blindness. In the lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and
+Barnabas at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His
+Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom.
+
+ [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET.]
+
+ MONUMENTAL CROCKET.
+
+
+ [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.]
+
+ EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.
+
+
+The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed by Mr.
+Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the memory of Dean
+Merewether.
+
+A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected with the life of
+our Lord. These windows were erected in 1852.
+
+In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop Huntingford,
+1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured by Warrington at the sole
+cost of Lord Saye and Sele.
+
+The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of George III.,
+those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford, Winchester College,
+and of the bishop’s family.
+
+The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:—
+
+1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys; 4. Denial of
+our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate of the Temple; 6. Baptism of
+Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas; 8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel.
+
+In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir are simple
+stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns. They were
+manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel.
+
+The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous gift in 1851,
+executed by Hardman.
+
+Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the ground. The
+circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the subjects being:—
+
+1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion.
+
+The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and demoniacs; the
+lower, His being taken down from the Cross, and Mary with the box of
+precious ointment.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote antiquity.
+However, it seems probable from the researches of many antiquarians that
+when Putta came to preside here in the seventh century the see was
+re-established.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the beginning of his
+_Fasti Herefordenses_.
+
+"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the recognised centre of
+Christianity in this district. Archbishop Usher asserts that it was the
+seat of an Episcopal See in the sixth century, when one of its bishops
+attended a synod convened by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the
+_Lives of the British Saints_ (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that
+Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542, is said to
+have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient British name for
+Hereford. In Wilkin’s _Concilia_, I. 24, it is recorded that beyond all
+doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present at the conference with St.
+Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars are given of the supposed time and
+place of this conference. It is also stated—’_In secunda affuisse
+perhibentur septem hi Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias
+Llantavensis, Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis,
+Uniacensis alias Wiccensis, Morganensis._’ It is styled ’_Synodus
+Wigornensis_,’ or according to Spelman, ’_Pambritannicam_.’ Nothing
+whatever is known of the names or of the number of British bishops who
+presided over the earliest church at Hereford."
+
+The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are defined in
+Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the _Mundy Gospels_, now in the
+library of Pembroke College, Cambridge.
+
+"The condition of the Church of Hereford (_circa_ 1290 A.D.) gave clear
+testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the extensiveness of its
+lands. The diocese itself was richly endowed by nature, and enviably
+situated. Those of St. Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St.
+David’s, were its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the
+Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the south by the
+influx of the Wye. From the west to the east perhaps its greatest width
+might have been found from a point where the latter river, near Hay,
+leaves the counties of Radnor and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at
+Gloucester. It embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery,
+Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of Brecon. It
+included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes, in its neighbourhood.
+The Severn environed its upper part. Almost midway it was traversed by the
+Teme, and the Wye pursued its endless windings through the lower
+district,—a region altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and
+beauty, abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive forests,
+and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of it Episcopal manors
+had been allotted, furnishing abundant supplies to the occupiers of the
+see."(8)
+
+In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries were so
+vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest of the bishops
+holding office prior to the landing of Augustine was one Dubric, son of
+Brychan, who established a sort of college at Hentland, near Ross, and
+later on removed to another spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace,
+being guided thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of
+piglings in a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba
+Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises.
+
+Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his see in 512, and
+died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522.
+
+It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at Cirencester, A.D.
+506. When he became bishop he moved to Caerleon, and was succeeded there
+by Dewi, or David, who removed the see to Menevia (St. David’s).
+
+The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and more to the west,
+and before the close of the sixth century they had founded the Mercian
+kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn, and in some places beyond the Wye.
+
+The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield, as
+Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford Putta, Bishop of
+Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed by the Mercian King Ethelred.
+
+From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that one Tyrhtel
+succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere.
+
+Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both Florence of
+Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as Bede. We also hear of him
+in the writings of Cuthbert, who followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in
+some verses that Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent
+cross, which he, Cuthbert, completed.
+
+Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D. 746. The names of
+these early Bishops cannot all be regarded as certain, and their dates
+are, in many cases, only approximate. Some of them may have been merely
+assistants or suffragans to other Bishops of Hereford.
+
+The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we give in the
+same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his valuable little _Diocesan
+History_.
+
+A.D. 758, Hecca.
+777, Aldberht.
+781, Esne.
+793, Cedmand (doubtful).
+796, Edulf.
+798, Uttel.
+803, Wulfheard.
+824, Beonna.
+825, Eadulf (doubtful).
+833, Cedda.
+836, Eadulf.
+838, Cuthwulf.
+866, Deorlaf.
+868, Ethelbert.
+888, Cynemund.
+895, Athelstane I.
+901, Edgar.
+930, Tidhelm.
+935, Wulfhelm.
+941, Elfric.
+966, Ethelwolf.
+1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the foundations";(9)
+but also saw it destroyed in a raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar.
+1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh.
+
+*Walter of Lorraine*, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had been administered
+for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester, when Queen Edith’s
+chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond
+a probably satirical reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known
+of Walter is an account of a discreditable death.
+
+*Robert de Losinga*, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much learning and ability.
+During his episcopate, according to William of Malmsbury, the cathedral
+was rebuilt after the pattern of Charlemagne’s church at Aix-la-Chapelle.
+In his time also Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford.
+He was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he was open
+to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible with his intimate
+companionship with the high-minded Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, the date
+of whose death, January 19, 1095, is included in the calendar of the
+Hereford Service-Book.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Gerard*, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of William Rufus had
+been brought from the forest to Winchester by Purkiss, the charcoal
+burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop of Winchester’s nephew, assisted at the
+coronation of Henry I., for which service it was said he was promised the
+first vacant archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few
+years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the value of
+that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained his promotion.
+
+*Reynelm*, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda; he resigned his
+appointment as soon as it was conferred, on account of the King’s quarrel
+with Anselm on the question of investiture, was banished for six years,
+and was only consecrated in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of
+the hospital of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral
+begun by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of prebendaries
+and canons living under a rule.
+
+*Geoffrey de Clive*, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter years of this
+episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over the districts of Ergyng and
+Ewias, which had begun in the previous century, was revived between the
+Bishop of Llandaff and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David’s.
+
+*Richard de Capella*, A.D. 1120-1127, King’s chaplain and keeper of the
+Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to build at Hereford a bridge
+over the Wye.
+
+During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the annual holding
+of a three days’ fair (increased to nine days later) commencing on the
+evening of the 19th of May, called St. Ethelbert’s Day.
+
+Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and the rest to
+the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop’s bailiff held a court within the
+palace precincts, with pillory and stocks. The bishop also had a gaol for
+the incarceration of offenders against his rights during fair-time.
+
+Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension of civic
+authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of frequent
+quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer was punished
+by the bishop’s officers.
+
+The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate (Nov. 25th,
+1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Hereford.
+
+*Robert de Bethune*, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of his monastery at
+his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders, and thence had gone to
+Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the Hatteral Hills in the disputed
+district of Ewias.
+
+When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the bitter struggle
+for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a personal friend of Henry, Bishop
+of Winchester, the King’s brother, sided with Stephen.
+
+Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by Geoffrey de
+Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks for the Empress Matilda.
+It was then captured by Stephen, and the victory celebrated in the
+cathedral on Whitsunday (A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing
+his crown, and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an
+earlier chapter.
+
+In 1139, the Empress’s army again attacked Hereford, and seizing the
+cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used it as a vantage
+ground from which to attack the castle. The tower was used as a platform,
+from which missiles were thrown, and the nave as a stable; while a trench
+and rampart was carried across the graveyard.
+
+Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress was accepted
+there by the clergy, and returned thence to Hereford to purify the
+cathedral. He died at Chalons of a disease contracted while attending a
+council of Pope Eugenius III.
+
+The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford, and it was
+enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey. Both at Canterbury and at
+London were great demonstrations of grief, which were again repeated at
+Ross, and on a still larger scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was
+undoubtedly a great man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery,
+and ability was well deserved.
+
+*Gilbert Foliot*, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been consecrated as
+Abbot of St. Peter’s, Gloucester, by Bishop Robert, with whom he had
+contracted an early friendship as far back as 1139.
+
+On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St. Omer. He assisted
+at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury, and the next year was
+transferred to the See of London. He was followed by *Robert of Maledon*,
+A.D. 1163-1168, said to have been remarkably wise.
+
+Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He attended the council
+of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was present at the meeting at
+Northampton between Becket and the King.
+
+Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy that even
+distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two Hereford Bishops took part in
+the quarrel, and it was through this that the see continued vacant for six
+years after Bishop Robert’s death.
+
+Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D. 1538, for the
+destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop Becket, there still
+existed in the cathedral, till late in the seventeenth century, a wall
+painting of the Archbishop, and even yet in the north-east transept there
+remains a figure of him in one of the windows in good preservation. The
+enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket’s murder and
+entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already been described
+among the treasures of the cathedral.
+
+Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still remaining in a
+well-preserved window of painted glass at Credenhill, a part of which
+represents the murdered Becket. Lastly, the festival of the translation of
+St. Thomas of Canterbury, July 7, is still included in the cathedral
+calendar.
+
+*Robert Foliot*, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of Becket’s, and may
+have had some share in his education.
+
+*William de Vere*, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal termination at the
+east end of the cathedral, and is said to have erected chapels, since
+replaced by the Lady Chapel and its vestibule.
+
+*Giles de Braose*, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent of King John.
+
+*Hugh de Mapenor*, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment by the
+influence of the papal legate, who, after King John’s submission, claimed
+the right of nomination to all vacant sees and benefices.
+
+*Hugh Foliot*, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of St. Katherine at
+Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of him, painted from an older
+picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert was presented to the cathedral during
+his episcopacy. He endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St.
+Katherine, in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop’s palace,
+destroyed in the eighteenth century.
+
+*Ralph de Maydenstan*, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to the see a house in
+Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence for the bishops when in the
+metropolis. He also made various gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and
+the college of vicars choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to
+settle the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence.
+
+*Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)*, A.D. 1240-1268, a native of Aqua Bella,
+near Chambéry, whose appointment was an instance of the preference Henry
+III. showed for foreigners. One of the most unpopular men in England; he
+was hand in glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes for
+money getting.
+
+Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west transept of the
+cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie the remains of his
+nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with his own, except the heart. This
+was carried, as he had requested it should be, to the church he had
+founded in his native place.
+
+*John de Breton*, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275.
+
+*Thomas de Cantilupe*, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D. 1220, he showed, as a
+child, unusual religious zeal, was educated at Oxford and Paris, and for
+some years filled the office of Chancellor of England at the choice of the
+barons. This post he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was
+elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair on De
+Breton’s death he was only persuaded to accept it with difficulty.
+
+Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and devotional habits.
+In a dispute concerning the chace of Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from
+which was derived the Bishop’s supply of game, he maintained successfully
+the episcopal rights. He was also triumphant in a more important quarrel
+with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful appropriation of three
+manors.
+
+When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle and
+maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal chastisement
+upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The clergy no less than laymen did
+he subdue, appealing when necessary to the Pope.
+
+In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the defendant
+appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the sub-dean of Hereford, he
+was at last excommunicated by the Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss
+the affair with him at Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree,
+but died in Tuscany on the homeward journey.
+
+As already described, his remains were finally laid with great pomp in the
+Lady Chapel.
+
+Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved to the Chapel of
+St. Katherine, in the north-west transept. Twice more were they moved,
+finally resting in the same Chapel of St. Katherine.
+
+*Richard Swinfield*, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had been Bishop
+Cantilupe’s devoted chaplain. He kept wisely aloof from politics, but
+offered a keen resistance to any infringement on the rights of his
+diocese. Several boundary questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and
+in 1289-90 he made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to
+us a journal of daily expenses.
+
+Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles and two
+easternmost transepts. In his time the "_Mappa Mundi_" came into
+possession of the Chapter.
+
+He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious predecessor,
+but it was not till four years after his death that Pope John XXII.
+granted an act for the purpose. He was buried in the cathedral.
+
+*Adam Orleton*, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger Mortimer, and
+consequently was opposed to Edward II. Throughout the struggle of those
+many miserable years the affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire
+of civil war. It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the
+King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the Great Seal. The
+Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither many of the King’s adherents
+were taken with the Chancellor and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was
+hanged in the town, decapitated, and quartered.
+
+Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs of the cathedral.
+He obtained a grant of revenues of two churches from Pope John XXII. for
+monies necessary for the dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for
+repairs in the cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester
+by
+
+*Thomas Charleton*, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made treasurer of England in
+1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as chancellor. He died in 1343.
+
+*John Trilleck*, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death reached Herefordshire in
+1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to have kept it at bay in the city by a
+procession of the shrine of the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford.
+
+Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass effigy was
+placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are among the words which may
+be still read from the mutilated inscription, and they appear to have had
+more justification than the rhetoric of the average epitaph.
+
+ [Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.]
+
+ TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.
+
+
+*Lewis Charleton*, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by papal provision. The
+Black Death made a second visitation in the first year of his episcopate,
+and it was then that the market was removed to some distance from the town
+on the west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms of
+Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed money and some books to
+the cathedral.
+
+*William Courtenay*, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed by papal
+provision, which was necessary in consequence of his youth. Although he
+had already held a canonry of York and prebends in Exeter and Wells in
+addition to the Chancellorship of Oxford University, he was but
+twenty-eight years of age. At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the
+friars, though he afterwards turned against his former ally.
+
+*John Gilbert*, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success, went to make terms
+of peace with Charles VI., the French King. He became treasurer of England
+in 1386, an office of which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before
+his translation to St. David’s. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral
+Grammar School.
+
+*Thomas Trevenant*, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician, this Bishop
+assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and was one of the
+commissioners to the Pope to announce the accession of Henry IV.
+
+*Robert Mascall*, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a foreign ambassador by
+Henry IV., who also made him his confessor. He attended the council of
+Constance in 1414.
+
+*Edmund Lacy*, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to build the cloister
+connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal palace.
+
+*Thomas Polton*, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at Florence, and the next
+year was translated to Chichester.
+
+*Thomas Spofford*, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary’s at York, to which
+post he returned on resigning his see in 1448. According to a papal bull
+he laid out 2,800 marks on the buildings of the cathedral,—probably
+completing the cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was
+£100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral was put up in his
+time by William Lochard.
+
+*Richard Beauchamp*, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir Walter, and grandson of
+Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a great architect in his day, although
+his chief work was done after his translation to Salisbury, when he was
+appointed by Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which included
+the rebuilding of St. George’s Chapel where he was buried. It is said he
+was the first Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.
+
+*Reginald Buller*, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter’s, Gloucester, was
+translated to Lichfield. He was buried in Hereford Cathedral.
+
+*John Stanberry*, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar at Oxford, and was
+chosen by King Henry VI. to be his confessor, and also first Provost of
+Eton. In 1448 he was made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was
+translated to Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he
+was taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick Castle.
+On his release he retired to the convent of his order at Ludlow, where he
+died in May, 1474. He was buried at Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel,
+which still bears his name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop’s
+palace for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was
+completed in 1475.
+
+*Thomas Mylling*, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was Abbot of St.
+Peter’s, Westminster, where he had been a monk. King Edward IV. made him a
+Privy Councillor and gave him the see of Hereford in remembrance of his
+services to Elizabeth Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her
+husband had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried to
+Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is said to have
+enclosed his remains.
+
+*Edmund Audley*, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield, of Lincoln,
+and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480, translated to Hereford in
+1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The beautiful chantry chapel on the south
+side of the Lady Chapel, near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was
+founded by him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and a
+pulpit at St. Mary’s, Oxford, is said to be his gift.
+
+*Adrian de Castello*, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the negotiations
+between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated from Hereford to
+Bath and Wells, but never visited either see.
+
+*Richard Mayhew*, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480 the first regular
+president of Bishop Waynflete’s new College of St. Mary Magdalene at
+Oxford. He was also Chancellor of the University, and almoner to King
+Henry VII., by whom he had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta
+Katharine of Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur.
+
+He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south side of the
+choir, where his tomb is still to be seen.
+
+*Charles Booth*, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham, and Chancellor
+of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting memorial in the north porch of the
+cathedral, which bears upon it the date of his death. He seems to have
+been much in the King’s favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make one of
+the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was attached
+to the company of Henry’s "dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied
+by thirty "tall personages."
+
+On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a tapestry for
+the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring and other articles which
+have disappeared.
+
+*Edward Foxe*, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of the Reformation,"
+as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have been "an excellent
+instrument" in its general progress.
+
+A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in that county, he
+was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge, becoming, in 1528, Provost
+of King’s College. In 1531 he succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of
+Leicester. For many years almoner to the King, he was employed in
+embassies to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these
+diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent to Rome with
+Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry’s separation from his
+"dearest wife."
+
+Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again, wrote the book
+called _The Difference between the Kingly and the Ecclesiastical Power_,
+which Henry wished people to think he had partly written himself,
+intended, as it was, to make easier his assumption of ecclesiastical
+supremacy.
+
+In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation of the diocese
+for the valuation of all church property therein, in accordance with the
+order referred to above. Dr. Coren, his vicar-general, actually carried
+out the valuation, and its results are to be found in the pages of _Valor
+Ecclesiasticus_, printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802.
+
+In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting to the King all
+religious houses possessing a revenue under £200 per annum. There were
+about eighteen houses in the diocese, excluding the cathedral, and of
+these only the priories of Wenlock, Wigmore, and Leominster possessed
+revenues exempting them from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in
+May, 1538, and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt.
+
+*John Skypp*, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of Leicester, Edmund Bonner,
+was appointed to the see on Foxe’s death, but was removed to London before
+his consecration, and John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset,
+and chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop.
+
+He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell’s execution for
+high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became distant towards him. He was
+the part compiler with Foxe of the _Institution of a Christian Man_,
+published in 1537, of the _Erudition_ or _King’s Book_, published in 1543,
+and was probably one of the committee employed to draw up the first Common
+Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on its completion, he
+protested against its publication. He died in 1552 at the episcopal
+residence in London.
+
+*John Harley*, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward VI. to hold the see
+"during good behaviour." He was consecrated on May 26, 1553, but only to
+be deposed in March, 1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she
+appointed a commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during
+the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially on that of
+"inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric of Harley was declared
+void. He is said to have spent the remainder of his life wandering about
+in woods "instructing his flock, and administering the sacrament according
+to the order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his
+deposition, a wretched exile in his own land."
+
+*Robert Parfew*, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton, was instituted to
+the Hereford See at St. Mary’s Church, Southwark, by Lord Chancellor
+Gardiner. He had been Abbat of St. Saviour’s, Bermondsey, as well as
+Bishop of St. Asaph, attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of
+those concerned in the production of the _Bishop’s Book_. On his death,
+September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and other ornaments to
+Hereford Cathedral, though whether he was buried there or in Mold Church
+seems doubtful. The Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to
+succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the accession of
+Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and died there in 1559. Fuller,
+in his _Church History of Britain_, remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be,
+in those times, the best for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of
+God’s poor saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel than
+his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in Lollard’s Tower, the
+Clink, and Bonner’s Coal-house, a place which minded them of the manner of
+their death, first kept amongst coals before they were burnt to
+ashes."(10)
+
+*John Scory*, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from Chichester. On the
+accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to have done penance for his marriage,
+and generally reconciled himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to
+Friesland and retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the
+English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the throne he returned,
+preached before her by appointment in Lent, 1558, was restored to
+Chichester, and later on was elected to Hereford.
+
+During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop Scory to
+surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors belonging to the
+see, and to receive in exchange advowsons and other less valuable
+possessions. In these transactions it is possible he thought more of his
+own interest than that of his successors; in any case, serious charges
+were brought against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into
+verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:—
+
+ Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne,
+ And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine;
+ And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues,
+ Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges.
+
+Bishop Scory was succeeded by *Harberd (or Herbert) Westphaling*, A.D.
+1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church, Oxford: a man remarkable for the
+immoderate length of his speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and
+unsmiling gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker,
+and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul’s and Dean
+of Windsor.
+
+According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was once preaching in
+his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow fell upon the roof from the
+tower, creating a panic among the frightened congregration[**typo:
+congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his pulpit, exhorted them to
+keep their places and fear not. He spent all that he had in revenues from
+the see in charity and good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a
+well-gotten estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum to
+Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of the cathedral,
+where his effigy can still be seen.
+
+*Robert Bennett*, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
+was a famous tennis player.
+
+Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for preaching against
+her projected marriage with the Duke of Anjou, but made him Dean of
+Windsor towards the close of her reign. He is said to have been vain, and
+especially fond of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In
+1607 the old quarrel about the Bishop’s rights respecting St. Ethelbert’s
+fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett. He spent
+large sums on the restoration of the Bishop’s Palace. Bishop Bennett was
+buried on the north side of the choir, where his tomb remains with effigy.
+
+*Francis Godwin*, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford from Llandaff,
+which preferment he is said to have obtained from the Queen on account of
+his commentary _De Praesulibus Angliae_. He also wrote other historical
+works, including a life of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was
+stored with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the
+study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff (whereof he
+well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for his other learned
+writings, so especially for his catalogue of Bishops." He was buried at
+Whitbourn, in a residence belonging to the see of Hereford, on April 29,
+1633.
+
+*William Juxon*, Dean of Worcester, and President of St. John’s College,
+Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin, but before consecration was
+called to London. During his episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop
+Laud’s procurement made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his
+administration of these duties that "No hands, having so much money
+passing through them, had their fingers less soiled therewith."
+
+*Augustine Lindsell*, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough, was
+confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November of the following year was
+found dead in his study.
+
+*Matthew Wren*, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held a still briefer
+episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration to Hereford was
+translated to Norwich.
+
+*Theophilus Field*, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop of Llandaff and of
+St. David’s, died a year after his translation, and thereby saved the
+diocese the ill effects of a longer term of servile and corrupt
+management.
+
+*George Coke*, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, became
+Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated to Hereford in 1636. He was
+a grave and studious man, and well loved in his diocese, but in the
+troubled days of the Civil War was deprived of his see.
+
+*Nicholas Monk*, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother to the Duke of
+Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in the December following his
+consecration, at Westminster, where he was buried.
+
+*Herbert Croft*, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert Croft, of an
+ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was brought up at Douai and
+St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored to the English Church through the
+influence of Bishop Morton, of Durham. He became a determined opponent of
+Romanism, and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there
+seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of the county for
+help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop Croft was buried in the
+cathedral, and joined to his gravestone is that of his intimate friend
+George Benson, the Dean. He left by his will a sum of money for the relief
+of widows, and for apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese.
+
+*Gilbert Ironside*, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was
+translated to Hereford from Bristol. He died in London, and was buried in
+the church of St. Mary, Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but
+the Rev. F. T. T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop’s remains and
+tomb-stone removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867.
+
+*Humphrey Humphreys*, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was translated to
+Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been a good antiquary. Again, in
+the early days of the eighteenth century, was the old contest revived
+between citizens and Bishop as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair
+of St. Ethelbert. The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in
+form, down to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act
+of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for the profits
+arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2 bushels of wheat
+or its equivalent in money value, according to the price current. This has
+now been transferred to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair
+limited to two days’ duration.
+
+*Philip Bisse*, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David’s, was a man of
+great munificence, and of the best intentions, of whom it may be said he
+spent "not wisely but too well." He was entirely devoid of any æsthetic
+feeling or of architectural fitness, and in the most religious spirit
+committed acts of wholesale sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the
+work of restoration in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at
+that time much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a
+hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the cathedral,
+and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality, presented the church with
+the most dreadful, ponderous, and unsuitable altar-piece that could well
+have been devised. In an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues
+are recorded. It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the
+three choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place.
+
+*Benjamin Hoadley*, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor, was again
+translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over Hereford was too
+short for him to have influenced it for good or evil, and his history
+belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester.
+
+*Hon. Henry Egerton*, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the third Earl of
+Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is chiefly to be remembered for
+an attempt to destroy the early Norman building adjoining the Bishop’s
+Palace, and thought to have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of
+its two stories containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot.
+
+*Lord James Beauclerk*, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles II. and Nell
+Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop. It was during the last
+year of his episcopate on Easter Monday, April 17, 1786, that occurred the
+fall of the western tower of the cathedral, causing much injury. The west
+front of the church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was
+seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this calamity.
+The see was next occupied for six weeks only by the Hon. J. Harley.
+
+*John Butler*, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was an active political
+supporter of the Government of the day.
+
+He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral.
+
+*Folliott Herbert Cornewall*, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a member of an
+ancient family in the county of Hereford. Translated from Bristol to
+Hereford, he was again translated in 1808 to Worcester.
+
+*John Luxmoore*, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford from Bristol,
+and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph. He helped to establish national
+schools in the diocese.
+
+*Isaac Huntingford*, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester College, was
+translated from Gloucester to Hereford, and still continued his duties at
+Winchester. During his episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed
+by Dean Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of
+several classical and theological works. He died April 29, 1832, in his
+eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton, near Winchester. There is a
+monument in the Bishop’s cloister and a window in the south-east transept
+to his memory.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Edward Grey, D.D.*, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837. He was Dean
+of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in the choir of the cathedral, eastward
+of the throne, on July 24, 1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on
+the wall marks the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in the
+Bishop’s cloister.
+
+*Thomas Musgrave, D.D.*, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of Hereford, October 1,
+1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of York, December, 1847. He died in
+London, May 4, 1860, aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal
+Green, where there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a
+monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him, and in the
+north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three stained-glass windows to
+his memory.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.*, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow of Oriel College;
+Principal of St. Mary’s Hall; Regius Professor of Divinity; and Canon of
+Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and
+for the first time since the Reformation "a struggle took place between
+the recommending minister and a large and influential part of the clergy
+and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden’s opinions as
+heretical."(11) Lord John Russell refused to withdraw the appointment, and
+it was eventually carried out in spite of all remonstrances; not, however,
+until the question had been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of
+Queen’s Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion. He
+died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal Green, close to
+the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy was said by Hallam to be
+the only work of deep metaphysical research on the subject to be found in
+the English language.
+
+ [Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.]
+
+ BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.
+
+
+*James Atlay*, A.D. 1868-1895, second son of the Rev. Henry Atlay, M.A.,
+formerly Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge. He was born July 3,
+1817; graduated at St. John’s College, Cambridge, of which he was
+afterwards Fellow, appointed one of Her Majesty’s Preachers at the Chapel
+Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of Ripon, 1861;
+nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at Westminster on June 24, and
+enthroned in Hereford Cathedral, July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by
+the Right Rev. *John Percival*, D.D., the present holder of the see.
+
+ [Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.]
+
+ PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The dimensions of the cathedral are:—
+
+ Ft. In.
+Total length about 342 0
+outside,
+Total length about 327 5
+inside,
+Length of Nave about 158 6
+to Screen
+Gates,
+Length of about 75 6
+Choir-Screen to
+Reredos,
+Length of Lady about 93 5
+Chapel from
+Reredos,
+Breadth of Nave about 31 4
+(span of roof),
+Breadth of Nave about 73 4
+and Aisles
+(internally),
+Breadth of about 146 2
+Central
+Transepts,
+Breadth of about 110 6
+North-East
+Transepts (each
+about 35 ft.
+sq.),
+Height of about 62 6
+Choir,
+Height of Nave, about 64 0
+Height of about 96 0
+Lantern,
+Height of Tower about 140 6
+(top of
+_leads_),
+Height of Tower about 165 0
+(top of
+_pinnacles_),
+Height of old about 240 0
+central timber
+Spire,
+
+NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+ 1 --_Cathedralia_, p. 59.
+
+ 2 --_The Diocese of Hereford_, H. W. Phillott.
+
+ 3 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips
+ Bevan, F.S.S.
+
+ 4 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips
+ Bevan, F.S.S.
+
+ 5 --_History of Architecture_, ii. 38.
+
+ 6 --_List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural,
+ etc., Decorations._ London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128.
+
+ 7 Botfield, _Cathedral Libraries_, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the
+ collection it was in the Lady Chapel.
+
+ 8 Rev. J. Webb’s _Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield_,
+ xviii.
+
+ 9 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
+
+ 10 Fuller’s _Church History of Britain_, Brewer’s ed., iv. 198.
+
+ 11 --_History of the Church of England from 1660._ By W. N. Molesworth,
+ M.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL’S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
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+***FINIS***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal
+See by A. Hugh Fisher
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description
+ Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+
+Author: A. Hugh Fisher
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.]
+
+ HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+
+
+
+The Cathedral Church Of Hereford
+
+A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+By A. Hugh Fisher
+
+London
+George Bell and Sons
+
+1898
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great
+English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books at a
+popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled
+with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+Archology and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in
+questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) the
+numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archological Societies; (3) the
+important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master of
+the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the English
+Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the
+Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which the reader
+may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in reference
+to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+ GLEESON WHITE.
+ EDWARD F. STRANGE.
+ _Editors of the Series_.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the General Preface, the
+"Monastic Chronicles" and many other works named in the text, some dealing
+especially with Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in
+preparing this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies
+of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive "Statement of
+the Condition and Circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the
+Year 1841," and "The Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott.
+
+My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company for their excellent
+photographs.
+
+ A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.
+CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.
+CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.
+THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).
+THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.
+GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.
+EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.
+THE NORTH PORCH.
+THE NAVE.
+THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.
+NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.
+THE NORTH TRANSEPT.
+THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.
+EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+THE LADY CHAPEL.
+SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.
+ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.
+SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.
+THE CRYPT.
+VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT,
+1830.
+COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.
+EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.
+THE REREDOS.
+ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.
+MONUMENTAL CROCKET.
+EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.
+PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.]
+
+ HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+
+
+
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of cathedral
+churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful speculation and shadowy
+tradition. Although the see had existed from the sixth century, it is not
+till much later that we have any information concerning the cathedral
+itself.
+
+From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most powerful and
+important rulers of those times,--King Offa. He was a contemporary of
+Charles the Great, and more than once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts
+and letters. Under Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in
+addition to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men he
+wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn from the
+Welsh, took the chief town of the district which was afterwards called
+Shrewsbury, and like another Severus made a great dyke from the mouth of
+the Wye to that of the Dee which became henceforth the boundary between
+Wales and England, a position it has held with few changes to the present
+day. In church history Offa is of no less importance than in secular, for
+as the most powerful King in England he seems to have determined that
+ecclesiastical affairs in this country should be more under his control,
+or at least supervision, than they could possibly be with the Mercian
+church subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore, he
+persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield. Although
+Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death when Lichfield was
+shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired honours, the position gained
+for the latter see by Offa, though temporary in itself, must have had
+lasting and important influence. Offa is generally held responsible for
+the murder, about 793, of thelberht, King of the East Angles, who had
+been promised his daughter, thelthryth, in marriage.
+
+Had thelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future events (which would
+not have been a more wonderful attribute than many of the virtues which
+were ascribed afterwards to his dead body), he could hardly have desired a
+more glorious fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal
+glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier auspices.
+Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died by the order of a
+man whose memory is sullied by no other stain, a man renowned in war, a
+maker of laws for the good of his people, and eminent in an ignorant age
+as one who encouraged learning.
+
+Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that beyond the bare fact
+of the murder nothing can be positively asserted, and the brief statement
+of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians,
+commanded the head of King thelberht to be struck off," contains all that
+we may be certain of.
+
+One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the crime at the
+door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to have insinuated that the
+marriage was only sought as a pretext to occupy the Mercian throne.
+Finding her lord's courage not equal to the occasion, she herself arranged
+the end of thelberht. There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber
+and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of luxurious
+comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was, according to one writer,
+privately buried on the bank of the river "Lugg," near Hereford.
+
+"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a column of
+light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven"; and three nights
+afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King thelberht appeared to Brithfrid,
+a nobleman, and commanded him to convey the body to a place called
+"Stratus Waye," and to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by
+another column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the head on
+a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell from the vehicle, but
+having been discovered by a "blind man," to whom it miraculously
+communicated sight, was restored by him to the careless driver. Arrived at
+his place of destination, then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and
+which has since been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever
+the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa's subsequent
+remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and churches, and is even said
+by some to have gone on a pilgrimage to Rome, though this rests on slight
+evidence.
+
+The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King were, according to
+Asser, so numerous and incredible that Offa, who had appropriated
+thelberht's kingdom, was induced to send two bishops to Hereford to
+ascertain the truth of them, and it is generally agreed that about A.D.
+825 Milfrid, who was Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of
+Offa and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in building
+"_Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura_" at Hereford, which he
+consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed with lands and enriched
+with ornaments.
+
+Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of stone, it is
+quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or architectural character
+of this edifice. It seems, however, that by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan
+was promoted to the see, it had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate,
+sufficient decay to necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no
+clearer account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church. Soon
+after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son of the Earl of
+Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in London, and (though his
+guilt is still disputed) was outlawed by Edward the Confessor. He hired a
+fleet of Danish pirate ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in
+Wales, and marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make war
+upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory about two miles from
+Hereford over the Earl of that shire who was a Frenchman, and tried to
+make his men fight on horseback in the French fashion, which they did not
+understand,--the English way being for the great men to ride to the field
+of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy axes on foot.
+Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's head and fled the field, and
+the English, encumbered with their long spears and swords, followed helter
+skelter. After killing some five hundred, lfgar and Gruffydd turned to
+Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan had caused to be
+built. There they met with a spirited resistance: amongst other victims
+seven of the canons were killed in an attempt to hold the great door of
+the minster; but, ultimately, the church and town were burned.
+
+Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too late, came with
+half of his army to Hereford, and with his usual predilection for peace
+(notwithstanding his valour) soon after removed the outlawry from lfgar,
+and quiet was restored.
+
+In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop Athelstan
+died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen years before his death,
+and a Welsh bishop had acted for him. His body was interred in the church
+which he had "built from the foundations," and we may therefore suppose
+that the "minster" was not entirely destroyed.
+
+In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so important was
+Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh borders, and, since it
+had been strengthened by Harold, such an important military post was the
+town of Hereford, that it became part of his earldom.
+
+From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in ruins. At the latter
+date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga) began to rebuild the cathedral, and
+there are vague accounts that it was in the form of a round church in
+imitation of a basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at
+Aix-la-Chapelle between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it must
+have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman period that
+remains is clearly English both in treatment and in detail. If this could
+be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had no similarity to the Roman
+style. The building begun by him was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who
+held the see from 1107 to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the
+establishment of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons
+did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses near the
+church. Whether he completed the building or not, Bishop Raynelm
+undoubtedly made many additions and alterations.
+
+We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of the cathedral
+treasurer, which were probably settled about this time. They throw a
+curious and suggestive light on the ceremonies of the period. "At
+Hereford," says Walcott, "he found all the lights; three burning day and
+night before the high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at
+mass, and the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz.,
+in the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and the third
+before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the high altar, and altar
+on "_Minus Duplicia_," and five tapers in basons, on principles, and
+doubles, at mass, prime, and second vespers, four tapers before the high
+altar, five in the basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the
+candelabra; the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the
+keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and the plate,
+of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean and chapter. He found
+three clerks to ring the bells, light the candles, and suspend the palls
+and curtains on solemn days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir
+and chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves; and on
+All Saints' day he provided mats."(1)
+
+The next great changes were made under Bishop William de Vere (1186-1199).
+His work was of transitional character, and bears much resemblance to the
+beautiful transitional work at Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman
+apsidal terminations at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus
+making two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced by
+the Lady Chapel with its vestibule.
+
+In a paper read before the Archological Institute in 1877, Sir G. G.
+Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay beyond the sides;
+but this is merely conjecture. A curious feature in De Vere's work was his
+putting columns in the middle of the central arch. It is probable that the
+part of the presbytery we now have was but the beginning of a larger
+scheme never carried out, which included building the presbytery and
+dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at Lichfield
+and Exeter.
+
+According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English Lady Chapel was
+an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere: it is especially interesting,
+and an unique example of its date in being raised upon a crypt.
+
+At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems likely De
+Vere was the builder,--at any rate he must have been the first or second
+occupier. It was of noble dimensions, being 110 feet in length, consisting
+of a nave 23 feet broad, with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the
+columns. This was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber
+arches formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the present
+Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied by this grand hall.
+
+In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into Wales on behalf of
+the crusade, he was entertained in this hall by Bishop de Vere, and
+doubtless some of those who devoted themselves to the work were Hereford
+men.
+
+The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated work,
+covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament, was built by, or at
+any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de Braose (1200-1215), an ardent
+opponent of King John.
+
+The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner north porch (as
+distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) and what remains of the
+beautifully designed chapter-house, a decagon in plan, each side except
+the one occupied by the entrance being subdivided into five seats.
+
+During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a tooth of St.
+thelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely destroyed by lfgar and
+Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the cathedral. The donor of this precious
+relic was Philip de Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of
+Huntingdon.
+
+The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented some
+service-books to the cathedral.
+
+In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners, appointed
+to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally known as Bishop
+Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace, near Chambry. He it was who
+rebuilt the north transept. He was one of the best hated men in England,
+and not content with showering benefices upon his relations, he
+perpetrated one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money
+to aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander IV. Of
+these, however, full particulars will be found in a chapter on the
+Diocese.
+
+While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended by a guard of
+soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to resist the encroachments of
+Llewellyn, King of Wales, found there neither bishop, dean, nor canons
+resident. For this they earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the
+Bishop returned to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the
+cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party, together
+with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations). They were
+carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had just brought from
+Ireland was divided among the insurgents.
+
+Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268. He was endowed
+with a character full of contradictions, extreme aggressiveness, mingled
+with remarkable tact.
+
+When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their attempt to
+encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one full half of their
+fine and devoted the other to the cathedral building. While he was showing
+in his life a disgraceful example to the clergy of the country, at the
+same time he gave liberally to the cathedral foundation in books,
+ornaments, money, and land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting
+monument in the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself.
+
+With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the nave and
+choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether demolished, and
+replaced by another consisting of two bays with an eastern aisle. Over the
+latter was built a story now used as the cathedral library, which is
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery by a staircase turret.
+His tomb is one of the finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with
+those of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the
+heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country of Savoy.
+
+In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric Thomas de
+Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever held that office, a man
+whose life was in almost every way a remarkable contrast to that of his
+predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca. It is said that the Bishop of Worcester,
+his great-uncle, asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession,
+and that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then, sweetheart,"
+his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be a soldier to serve the
+King of Kings, and fight under the banner of the glorious martyr, St.
+Thomas." Regular attendance at mass was his custom from earliest years.
+Both at Oxford and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of
+M.A. at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of the
+university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the office of
+chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular courage and determination
+in repressing a brawl between the southern scholars and those of the
+north, in which we are told he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a
+whole coat.
+
+He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England under Simon de
+Montfort, at whose death, however, he was deprived of the office. It was
+some years after this that he became Bishop of Hereford, and was
+consecrated at Canterbury, September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended
+the consecration.
+
+After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and showed ever
+intense devotion in his celebration of divine service. He was remarkable
+in the steadfastness and ability he displayed in maintaining the rights of
+the see. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace"
+near Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found a
+relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was prepared with the
+customary "pugil" or champion (who received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his
+services were not required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to
+the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his right to
+capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all birds pertaining
+thereto," and as a result of the verdict being in his favour, caused a
+long trench to be dug on the crest of the Malvern Hills as a boundary
+line, which is still traceable.
+
+Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors of which he had
+obtained unlawful possession; and Lord Clifford, for cattle-lifting and
+maltreating the Bishop's tenants, was compelled to walk barefoot to the
+high altar in the cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him
+with a rod.
+
+Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest struggle was on
+a question of testamentary jurisdiction with Peckham, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately excommunicated and obliged to leave
+the country, attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain.
+
+He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV., but died on the
+homeward journey on August 25th, 1282. He was buried in the church of St.
+Severus, near Florence; but his bones having been divided from the flesh
+by boiling, were later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady
+Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester, with whom
+Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the chace, attended the
+ceremony, and that blood began to flow from the bones when he approached
+the casket containing them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the
+property he had taken unjustly from the church.
+
+Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is said, amongst
+other evidences of his saintliness, that he never allowed his sister to
+kiss him. Three hundred sick people are said to have been cured at the
+place of his interment, and so many candles were presented by the crowds
+of visitors that Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a
+dispute with the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being
+finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries.
+
+After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to the Chapel of
+St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on Maundy Thursday, April 6th,
+1287, in presence of King Edward I. They were again twice moved in the
+sixteenth century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west
+transept.
+
+The building of the chapter-house may have spread over some part of
+Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the cloisters were erected
+about this time.
+
+The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St. Cantilupe are
+both many and various. More than sixty-six dead people are said to have
+been restored to life. The saint's intervention appears to have been
+extended even to animals, as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick
+falcons to be cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint
+that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change its armorial
+bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its bishops have since
+borne.
+
+Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain, Richard Swinfield,
+an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable manners. Bishop Swinfield,
+like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated the rights and discipline of his
+diocese, once against a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant
+benefice, another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman in
+her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of Ludlow for
+violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases against abuses of all
+sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors, a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who
+had obtained from the Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton,
+interrupted the installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop
+Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice, and was
+formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance of the Chapter. He
+held his place by force of arms during that day and the next, but later
+submitted to the Bishop.
+
+Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles and of the
+two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a remodelling of the work of
+De Vere. The bases of his piers and responds were retained and may still
+be seen, and upon the former octagonal columns were erected to carry the
+vaulting. The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that the
+"_Mappa Mundi_," the curious map of the world designed by Richard of
+Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of Hereford in 1305, now
+preserved in the cathedral, came into possession of the Chapter.
+
+Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield, and when it was
+necessary for him to send representatives to a provincial Council in
+London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton,
+a place belonging to the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of
+Herefordshire.
+
+Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield at his chief
+residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded him in the bishopric.
+
+King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a friend of Roger
+Mortimer to this important position, and, failing to persuade Adam to
+decline the bishopric, he appealed to the Pope, begging him to cancel the
+appointment, but with no more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of
+Hereford became identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return
+from France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth, then
+fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the kingdom under the
+direction of his mother.
+
+The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at Neath Abbey, and
+the great seal taken from him by Bishop Adam Orleton, while the
+Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed to Hereford, where he was crowned
+with nettles and dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from
+Psalm lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that thou
+canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude who mocked his
+name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally hanged on a gallows 50 feet high
+and then quartered. Among the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and
+these the Bishop of Hereford claimed as his perquisite.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time vigorous and of
+unusual ability, played a great part in politics to the end of the
+wretched King's life. Some historians still believe that he recommended
+the murder; he certainly supported the deposition in Parliament, and went
+to Kenilworth as one of the commissioners to force the King's resignation.
+If thus interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and
+vigilant in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral.
+
+The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a source of such
+anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the restorer, was even at this
+early date showing signs of dilapidation, and Bishop Orleton obtained from
+Pope John XXII. a grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and
+Swalefeld (Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following
+petition:--"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of the fabric
+of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure of sumptuous
+work to be built, to the adornment of the House of God, upon an ancient
+foundation; which in the judgment of masons or architects, who were
+considered skilful in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the
+cost of 20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the
+weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was placed upon
+it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar judgment no other remedy
+could be applied short of an entire renovation of the fabric from the
+foundation,--which, on account of the expenses incurred in prosecution of
+the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed
+memory, they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work" alluded to
+was evidently the central tower and the north transept; which latter had
+been built, as mentioned before, for the remains and shrine of Bishop
+Cantilupe.
+
+When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was examining the
+confused and unsorted mass of charters and grants in the possession of the
+cathedral, he found a parchment (which bore the two beautiful episcopal
+seals of Bishop Roger le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of
+Hereford) that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the
+sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms the
+backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was translated to
+Worcester.
+
+During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed with prayers
+for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still darkened the
+political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt filled the cathedral. It
+is said that when the "Black Death" reached Hereford in 1349, to retard
+its progress in the city the shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried
+in procession.
+
+About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the calamity of this
+terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a mandate prohibiting the
+performance of "theatrical plays and interludes" in churches as "contrary
+to the practice of religion." The exact character of these performances is
+doubtful, and the prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular
+mumming. The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in an
+annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi Day, to assist
+in which some of the city guilds were obliged by the rules of their
+incorporation.
+
+The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about his rights of
+jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency. It must certainly have
+been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck "_gratus, prudens, pius_" as the
+mutilated inscription on his effigy describes him, when one William Corbet
+forced his way into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him
+in the city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace.
+
+On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is said that the
+city market was removed from Hereford to a place about a mile on the west
+of the town, still marked by a cross called the "White Cross" bearing the
+arms of Bishop Charleton.
+
+If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of King Edward
+II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant, who was appointed in
+1389 by papal provision, was no less active in the deposition of King
+Richard II., and was sent to the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry
+IV. to explain his title to the Crown and announce his accession.
+
+In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest vicars of the
+cathedral were formed into a college by Royal Charter, and the first
+warden or "_custos_" was appointed by the King to show that the right of
+appointment was vested in the Crown. The college was to have a common
+seal, and to exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to
+be subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its members were the
+priests of the chantry chapels in the cathedral, at this time apparently
+twenty-seven in number.
+
+In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its present site, so
+that the vicars should be able more comfortably to attend the night
+services. An order was also made about this time concerning the
+celebration of mass at the altar of St. John Baptist in the cathedral, an
+arrangement which shows that then as now the parish of St. John had no
+church of its own outside the cathedral walls.
+
+About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with the cathedral
+was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest in the cathedral
+although he never visited his diocese. It was upon this work of the
+cloisters that 2800 marks were expended by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in
+whose time the great west window was erected by William Lochard, the
+precentor. The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury,
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added between 1453
+and 1474.
+
+In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was translated to
+Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the two-storied chantry chapel
+south of the Lady Chapel and near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe.
+The upper story was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop
+himself. Bishop Audley also presented to the cathedral a silver shrine.
+
+ [Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.]
+
+ THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.
+
+
+The next important alteration was the lengthening of the great north porch
+which bears the date 1519 and the shields of Bishop Booth and his
+predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a very fine piece of Perpendicular work,
+somewhat similar in design to the porch in the middle of the west front of
+Peterborough Cathedral. At his death Bishop Booth left various books to
+the cathedral library and some tapestry for the high altar, together with
+silver and gold ornaments for the Cantilupe Shrine. The tapestry displayed
+the story of David and Nabal. He also bequeathed, amongst other things to
+his successor, the gold ring with which he was consecrated, but
+notwithstanding his forethought in specifying that these articles were not
+to be taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they have
+disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined, in the enthusiasm of
+his building operations, the changes to follow so closely upon his death.
+Yet the papal supremacy had been abolished in this country in 1534, and
+though the church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had been
+published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at Winchester, to the
+See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent instruments" of the
+Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the following year the suppression of the
+monasteries began in serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be
+spared for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were then no
+less than twenty-one in the cathedral.
+
+In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches, chapels,
+guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take inventories of
+their treasures, leaving to each parish church or chapel "one or two
+chalices according to the multitude of people." In Hereford Cathedral,
+amongst other valuable ornaments, was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs.
+9-1/2 oz., two basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in
+five pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is not
+possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the cathedral
+alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country were estimated at
+4860-1/4 ounces, in value about 1213, 1s. 3d.
+
+On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set up at Nottingham,
+and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst over the country. Bishop Coke
+of Hereford had been one of the twelve churchmen most active against the
+Bill for excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons in
+May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to the Tower by the
+joint sentence of the Lords and Commons on charge of treason.
+
+The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one with its Bishop, but
+so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford, with two troops of cavalry and a
+single infantry regiment, entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of
+Essex and quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained till
+December 14th without, however, any serious plundering in the town itself.
+In April 1643, Waller took the city for the second time, and again without
+much resistance, a condition of the surrender being the immunity of the
+Bishop and cathedral clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his
+leaving Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became an
+asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being held first by
+one side and then by the other. In the autumn of 1645 Hereford was
+besieged by Lord Leven with the Scottish army, who were driven off by
+Colonel Barnabas Scudamore with heavy loss.
+
+The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury during the siege.
+The defenders used the lead from the chapter-house roof to cover the keep
+of the castle, and possibly also to make bullets. Finally, on December
+18th, through the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city,
+Hereford was once more taken, and this time the whole place was overrun by
+a rabble of plundering soldiery.
+
+No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral during the
+Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian captain, one Silas
+Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated in this military loot. "The
+storied windows richly dight" were smashed to bits, monumental brasses
+torn up, the library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments
+stolen.
+
+Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by the cathedral
+clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, and gentry of the
+county for help towards restoring the cathedral, though it is not known
+with what welcome the appeal was received.
+
+Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm was done to the
+cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one of those irritating people who
+mean well but act abominably. He spent much, both on the palace and the
+cathedral, employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the
+chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not irreparably
+so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of masonry intended to
+support the central tower, which was, however, nothing but a hideous
+architectural blunder. In itself it was ugly to behold, and actually
+weakened by lateral pressure that which it was intended to support. He
+also presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with scenic
+decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains, and wooden
+imitations of tassels which hung immediately over the heads of the
+ministering priests as they stood at the altar. These were found later on
+to be hung on rusty nails by twine "little better than pack thread."
+
+ [Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).]
+
+ THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).
+
+
+During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746, an ancient
+building of early Norman date used as a chapel for the palace was pulled
+down. It consisted of an upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel
+dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part
+of one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on Easter
+Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,--the fall of the great
+western tower. Directly and indirectly this was the worst accident that
+has happened to Hereford Cathedral. The west front was utterly destroyed,
+and a great part of the nave seriously injured, while the injudicious
+restoration begun in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for
+architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall of the
+tower.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.]
+
+ THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.
+
+_From a drawing by T. Hearne_, 1806.
+
+
+Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable deeds of
+vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous efforts in this
+direction. He altered the whole proportion of the building, shortening the
+nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected a new west front on a "neat Gothic
+pattern," and availed himself of the chance of removing all the Norman
+work in the nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own.
+
+One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod moulding round
+each of the arches above the arcade. These eccentricities were removed not
+long since, but the roughened lines for adhesion of the plaster still
+remain. Inside the west front may also still be seen large spaces of wall
+painted to represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the
+wall of any stucco residence.
+
+It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless insipidity of
+Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved in his own day, and
+that the public generally were as much to blame as himself.
+
+The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and in order to give
+it apparent height the roofs of both nave and choir were lowered in pitch,
+its parapet was raised, and some pinnacles were added.
+
+At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new burying-grounds
+provided for the city elsewhere.
+
+In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of Hereford. He was a
+man of sound judgment and of much practical ability, and it was during his
+episcopacy that a serious competent and thorough repair of the cathedral
+was at last undertaken at a cost of 27,000, to which no one devoted more
+loving care or more untiring energy than Dean Merewether.
+
+"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses and this house
+lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his exhaustive "Statement of the
+condition and circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the
+year 1841." In this statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in
+the eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and the
+dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash and plaster, became
+visible in the soffit of each of the window arches.
+
+In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed of hewn stone,
+making a kind of casing at each side, called ashlar, the interval being
+filled with rubble masonry cemented with lime and loam. This stuffing
+having deteriorated the weight above had split the outer wall, though most
+fortunately the interior face was perfectly sound and upright.
+
+To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove the oak
+panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and the heavy bookcases
+filling up a great part of the area were taken away with the lath and
+plaster partition from the sides of the pillar at the west end of the
+chapel.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH
+ CENTURY.]
+
+ THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured became again
+manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains of its ancient
+painting, the disclosure of two most interesting monuments, two aumbries,
+a double piscina, the chapel of Bishop Audley, but more important than
+all, two of the most beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found
+anywhere, Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with the
+Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding with the
+remarkable union of the Norman intersecting arches on the exterior of the
+building, with its pointed characteristics.
+
+The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr. Cottingham, the
+architect, showed that the great central tower of the cathedral was in
+imminent danger of falling, and might at any moment entirely collapse.
+
+Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were struck by the
+traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing the clerestory gallery
+the remains of Norman ornaments were everywhere to be found, the gallery
+itself being still existent at each side, returned behind the wooden
+coverings, up to the splays of the eastern windows.
+
+The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir shown on p. 77
+was then removed, and the change effected was most striking. It was
+evident that long before the introduction of the Grecian screen in 1717,
+the original arrangement had been disturbed by the insertion of a
+Perpendicular window, to support which the low circular arch in the centre
+had been constructed; on either side of this window were now to be seen
+the mouldings and featherings of the original early decorated lights, on a
+level with the lateral clerestory range; below these the Norman arcade,
+based upon a string course of nebule ornaments.
+
+"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties was to be
+traced,--the thickness of that part of the wall is 8 feet; on either side
+of the arch, 24 feet in span, were portions of shafts, corresponding with
+the pair of Norman shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of
+these (standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through those
+already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most curious detail,
+were perfect, and upon them were visible as far as the level of the window
+above, the remaining stones which formed the architecture of the exterior
+arch, from which it was evident that its crown must have risen to the
+height of 30 feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was
+discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite and
+grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly
+impossible to account for, was, in fact, made up of five arches, the
+interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns already described,
+and each of the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being
+beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four
+lateral arches, the two first had been not only hidden by the oak
+panelling of the screen, but were also, like the two others, closed up
+with lath and plaster, as the central arch; and when these incumbrances
+and desecrations were taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately
+the glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the
+appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury,
+and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these massive arches, of which,
+together with the noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan
+had probably been the founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the
+completer and restorer after that era."
+
+Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made, though it cannot be said
+that all the work he did was good either in design or execution. The
+beautiful lantern of the central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was
+satisfactorily strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of Dean
+Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be done, and in 1857 a
+further scheme was set going under the financial management of Dean
+Richard Dawes, and the architectural direction of Mr., afterwards Sir
+Gilbert, Scott, who restored the north transepts, the north porch, the
+choir, and Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and fitted
+up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St. John the Baptist.
+
+Altogether in these two works of repair about 45,000 was expended, and
+the cathedral was opened for service on June 30th, 1863.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.
+
+
+Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of Hereford
+Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence of that quality dear to
+a purist is not more than compensated for by the fine examples of
+different periods, which make the massive pile as a whole a valuable
+record of historical progress. And surely it is more fitting that a great
+ecclesiastical edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts,
+and bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through which it
+has passed.
+
+Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the cathedral building
+reposes in a secluded close, from which the best general view is obtained.
+The close is entered either from Broad Street, near the west window, or
+from Castle Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of
+the close between the path and the river. The space between the Wye and
+the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and the college of the
+Vicars Choral.
+
+On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was formerly one of
+the strongest on the Welsh marches.
+
+The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the Norman, Early
+English, and Early Decorated periods.
+
+The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the interior, survives
+in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy" quality remaining through
+the subsequent building being imposed upon the old foundations. The side
+apses of the original triple eastern termination were converted into the
+present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which helps to
+produce an intricate outline already irregular through the projections of
+the porch of Bishop Booth.
+
+The *Central Tower*, a splendid example of Decorated work, is of two
+stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the angles. It is covered with
+a profusion of ball-flower ornament, which, except in the south nave aisle
+of Gloucester Cathedral, is nowhere else so freely used.
+
+ [Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the disposition of the
+upper windows of the central tower and the style and position of the
+dividing pilasters and bands of ornament, it seems likely that the earlier
+lantern of Pershore is partly responsible for its design.
+
+In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which formerly
+existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered with lead. When this
+was taken down at the time of the great repairs and rebuilding of the west
+end, a stunted, squat appearance was given to the building. In the year
+1830 Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and Chapter to
+build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles.
+
+The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar in design to
+the central one, but rose only one stage above the leads of the nave. This
+seems to have been used as a belfry; whereas the central tower was a
+lantern.
+
+The large projecting *North Porch*, completed in 1530 by Bishop Booth, is
+Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, though it is later in date, the
+porch in the centre of the west front at Peterborough. The front entrance
+archway has highly enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase
+buttress turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the upper
+portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This outer porch consists
+of two stories, the lower of which is formed by three wide, open arches,
+springing from four piers at the extreme angles, two of which are united
+with the staircase turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The
+upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted and
+groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate tracery.
+
+In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled angles, of
+which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral cappings, the
+remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and rising nearly the whole
+height of the building, show to great advantage. The clerestory windows,
+like those in the outer wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster,
+are triangular on the exterior.
+
+On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is an unusual
+architectural feature. The windows of the triforium have semi-circular
+arched mouldings, enclosing a window of three lights of lancet-shaped
+arches. Beneath the aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was
+probably an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe.
+
+In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the bottom and
+polygonal above; and this probably was an access to a private apartment
+for a monk over the aisle of the transept containing the sacred shrine.
+
+Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral one notices
+the buttresses of the north-east transept, the Stanbury Chapel, the
+windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle, the clerestory windows with
+arcade dressings to the walls, and the modern parapet above the whole.
+
+ [Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.]
+
+ GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank window or double
+arch, with two smaller arches within the clerestory wall, claims especial
+attention, as well as the ribbed roof rising above the Norman triforium.
+
+We now come to the Early English work of the *Lady Chapel*, the east end
+of which is especially noticeable, with its bold angular buttresses rising
+from immense bases. The numerous and large base mouldings running round
+the wall of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and
+ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting peculiarities of
+design.
+
+The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular, embattled
+parapet at the end is a modern addition.
+
+The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by the public,
+being shut within the walls of a garden between the Bishop's and the
+Vicars' Cloisters.
+
+The *Bishop's Cloisters* consist of two walks only, or covered corridors,
+though that on the west, which was pulled down in the reign of Edward VI.
+to make room for a pile of brick building appropriated to the Grammar
+School, and in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of
+restoration.
+
+It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the north side
+against the cathedral.
+
+These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a continued series
+of buttresses are windows of large dimensions, with mullions and tracery.
+
+The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed mouldings, at the
+intersections of which are shields charged with sculptured figures,
+foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring from slender pillars between the
+windows and corbels heads on the other side: over the exterior of the
+windows are carved grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations.
+The south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the
+south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small chamber,
+which has been carefully and completely restored. It has always been
+called the "Ladye Arbour," although no one has been able to discover the
+origin of this name or the use to which the chamber was put; many
+antiquarians suggest a possible reference to the Virgin.
+
+ [Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+The entrance doorway to the *Chapter-house* from the east walk still
+remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed arch under a lofty,
+richly ornamented pedimental moulding, having clustered shafts on the
+sides, with foliated capitals. The archway is divided by a slender pillar
+into two smaller openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this
+doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton asserts,
+"beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian soldiers," was certainly
+neglected; and then, as long as any material could be got from it, treated
+as a stone quarry by Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house
+appears to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated
+period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress at each
+angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the entrance, was sub-divided
+into five panels or seats. Remains of three sides only are left, and these
+only as far as the window-sills.
+
+Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end, are some
+remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other. The lower was
+dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to St. Mary Magdalene.
+
+"The form, excepting a portico and choir (_i.e._ chancel) was an exact
+square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every way, supported the
+roof; the portico was composed of a succession of arches retiring inwards,
+and had a grandeur in imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side
+consisted of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the
+lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made of single
+stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle pillars. The walls were
+much painted, and the arched roof was turned with great skill, and
+resembled the architecture which prevailed during the declension of the
+Roman Empire (see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.).
+
+Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small windows in the
+remaining north wall, the author of _The Picturesque Antiquities of
+Hereford_ proceeds to say: "These are extremely interesting, as they
+pertained to an edifice which once stood on the south side of this wall,
+and is believed to have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron
+saint of the cathedral before the translation of the body of St.
+Ethelbert. It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences
+in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of marriages
+there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent in the Dean's
+archives."
+
+A second cloister, known as the *Vicars' Cloister*, connects the Vicars'
+College with the south-east transept. The arrangement here may be compared
+with that of Chichester, as showing the most probable plan of the latter
+before the destruction of the south walk and its connection with the
+cloister of the Vicars Choral.
+
+In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching cross, which
+fell into a decayed state during the latter part of the last century.
+Beneath it was a dome of masonry which closed the aperture to a well of
+considerable depth, which had been formed with great exactness. This well
+still exists beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according to
+Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green, with a
+handsome stone arch over it.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.]
+
+ THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it was proposed
+to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a special restoration,
+dealing principally with the west end and central tower.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through the beautiful
+parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage of this porch is formed by
+three arches with octagonal turrets at their outer angles. These turrets
+are each capped by a lantern. The second stage has three fine
+Perpendicular windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church,
+belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner porch is of
+the Decorated period. There is some particularly good iron-work on the
+doors, made by Messrs Potter from designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior.
+
+Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two sister
+cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH.]
+
+ THE NORTH PORCH.
+
+
+The *Nave*, which is separated from the aisles by eight massive Norman
+piers (part of the original church), of which the capitals are worthy of
+notice, has somewhat suffered by restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The
+triforium, the clerestory, the vaulting of the roof and the western wall
+and doorway are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he
+shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the west end,
+from which the best general view is to be obtained, one is impressed by
+the striking effect of the great Norman piers and arches and the gloom of
+the choir beyond. Through the noble circular arches, which support the
+central tower and the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the
+eastern wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and below
+by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A central pillar divides
+this lower arch, two pointed arches springing from its capital and leaving
+a spandrel between them, which is covered with modern sculpture. In the
+far distance may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and its
+brilliant lancet lights.
+
+Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable for the richness of
+its ornament as compared with other buildings of the same date, such as
+Peterborough or Ely.
+
+The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet and other
+beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers and shafts are also
+elaborately decorated. The double half shafts set against the north and
+south fronts of the huge circular piers are in the greater part
+restorations.
+
+Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated from the Early
+English of Salisbury. They are divided by slender pillars, but there is no
+triforium passage.
+
+During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were practically rebuilt,
+the existing walls and windows being erected upon the bases of the Norman
+walls, which were retained for a few feet above the foundations. The
+vaulting of the roofs of the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself
+were coloured under the direction of Mr. Cottingham.
+
+*The Font*, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century, is in the
+second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west.
+
+The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough for the total
+immersion of children. Beneath arches round the basin are figures of the
+twelve Apostles. These, however, with one exception, have been much
+broken. The most curious feature of this interesting font is the base with
+four demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is protected
+by a mosaic platform.
+
+*Monuments in the Nave.*--The first monument on the south side as we walk
+from the western end is the fine effigy in alabaster of Sir Richard
+Pembridge in plate and mail armour with his greyhound. This monument was
+formerly at the Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the
+Suppression. Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd of
+that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at Poitiers. He
+died in 1375. There are still traces of colour on this monument and gold
+remains on the points of the cap to which the camail is fastened, as also
+on the jewelled sword-belt. A sheaf of green coloured leathers is
+separated from the tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet
+of open roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg left,
+and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved, and the workman
+showed such accuracy in duplicating the stone leg that the Knight was
+adorned with a pair of garters for many years until Lord Saye and Sele,
+Canon Residentiary, presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and
+the wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NAVE.]
+
+ THE NAVE.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay is the carved
+figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy is headless and otherwise
+much mutilated.
+
+In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure, under a
+foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head wearing a cap. It is
+thought to be the monument of a former treasurer.
+
+In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the Bishop's
+Cloister. This has a square heading which rises above the sill of the
+window over it. There is an interesting series of heads in the hollow
+moulding, which are said to be copies of earlier work in the same
+position. The iron-work of the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty
+Norman arch leads from this aisle into the south transept.
+
+The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south. It contains
+six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his wife, with subjects by
+Warrenton from the life of St. John the Baptist.
+
+In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the nave is the effigy
+and tomb under which is buried Bishop Booth (1535), the builder of the
+large projecting porch which bears his name. The recumbent figure of the
+Bishop is fully vested with a _mitra pretiosa_ with pendent fillets. He
+wears a cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and
+chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed sandals; his
+hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which has been broken) is veiled
+on the right. At this side is a feathered angel. The original inscription,
+cut into stone and fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured:
+
+
+ "Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et
+ totidem dies Ecclesi huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii
+ 1535 defunctus sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet."
+
+
+The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in the Cathedral
+which has not been disturbed, although Mr. Havergal says "most of our
+large ancient monuments were protected by iron railings." It is divided
+into six square panels, having shields and heraldic ornaments.
+
+The beautiful wrought iron *Screen*, an elaborate example of artistic
+metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore of Coventry,
+from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands between the eastern piers of the
+central tower, a little towards the nave. The first great piece of
+metal-work of this kind executed in England in modern times was the choir
+screen at Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the
+Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production transcends
+that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty.
+
+It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches by a slender
+shaft. The central arch is larger and higher than the others, is gabled
+and surmounted by a richly jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on
+either side, to a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are
+filled with tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the
+arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.]
+
+ THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin plates of copper
+and hammered iron, in imitation of natural specimens, and throughout the
+screen the passion flower is prominent in the decoration. It is composed
+of 11,200 lbs. of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of
+vitreous and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about 300
+cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze figures, three single
+figures, and two groups. Of these the _Times_, May 29, 1862, well said:
+"These figures are perfect studies in themselves. Every one can understand
+them at a glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of
+the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt without the
+aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set forth who or what they
+are."
+
+ [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.]
+
+ SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.
+
+
+The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is no less worthy
+of inspection. Over the gates the large oval space is filled with the
+sacred monogram I.H.C. The base consists of polished Devonshire marble.
+The diversity of tint of the metals used is in itself a source of colour,
+but the whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been painted
+with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour scheme is further carried
+out in the mosaics.
+
+The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is perhaps the
+best example of this kind of work produced in modern times. The cost of
+the screen was 3000, though the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance
+with their agreement was only 1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art
+Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and gasfittings.
+
+A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the Cathedral, is placed
+near the south-west corner of the screen; it was designed by Cottingham.
+
+*The Central Tower.*--Immediately above the four great arches of the
+central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor Willis in his report
+on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular construction; twelve piers of
+compact masonry on each side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the
+height of 26 ft., and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of
+stone, in long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round
+immediately under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone gratings,
+if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall of the tower rests,
+and they also carry the entire weight of the bell-chamber and bells.
+
+The whole space is now completely open from the floor of the Cathedral to
+the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which is painted underneath in blue
+and gold. From this floor hangs, the handsome corona of wrought iron.
+
+Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843, however, the
+whole appearance of the central tower was different, and the beautiful
+lantern with its many shafts was hidden from view by a vault of the
+fifteenth century, which rose above the great arches and completely
+concealed the upper portion of the tower.
+
+In his specific report of the condition of the central tower in
+particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr. Cottingham
+said:
+
+"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the honour of
+reporting, I have carefully examined the construction of the four great
+piers which support the tower; they are of Norman workmanship, and
+sufficient in bulk to carry a much greater weight than the present tower,
+had the masonry been more carefully constructed; they consist of a series
+of semi-circular columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds
+the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled with a rubble
+core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime grouting; this was
+undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman tower, but when the great
+Early English shaft was added on the top of this work the pressure became
+too great for such kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns,
+not being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores, split and
+bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion of lime, diminished
+and crushed to pieces. To remedy these defects, a second facing of ashlar
+has been attached to the piers, in some places by cutting out a part of
+the old ashlar, and in others by merely fixing long slips of stone round
+the pier with iron plugs, run in with lead,--these most unsightly
+excrescences have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without
+adding any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked up
+all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with the tower piers
+and communicating with the aisles, choir, and transepts, leaving only a
+small passage-way in each.
+
+"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the south
+transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed up with
+masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich work which lies
+concealed behind it. These injudicious performances have tended to weaken
+instead of strengthen the tower. The interior walls above the main arches
+of the tower, up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the
+bellringers' chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the
+four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, have
+been made large enough for a man to creep in,--these unaccountable holes
+have tended very much to increase the danger, as all the masonry connected
+with them is drawn off its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces
+by the enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the pillars,
+is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of the bell floor.
+On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful monument of the fallibility
+of human skill than the tower of Hereford Cathedral at this moment
+presents."
+
+In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed themselves,
+on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion of Professor Willis, of
+Cambridge. This gentleman, after the most minute scrutiny and
+indefatigable labour, produced his elaborate and well-known report. He
+essentially corroborated the architect, especially as to the general state
+of the tower; and, under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the
+great work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a fine peal of
+ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected in 1861, which strikes
+the hours and quarter-hours.
+
+*The North Transept.*--Passing through the north arch of the tower we come
+into some of the most interesting parts of the Cathedral. The transept
+beyond was entirely rebuilt for the reception of the shrine of Bishop
+Cantilupe, when his body was removed from the Lady Chapel in 1287, after
+the miracles reported at his tomb had already largely increased the
+revenues of the Cathedral. The unusual shape of the arches and the fine
+and effective windows of this transept render it one of the most
+distinguished English specimens of the style.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT
+ 1320.]
+
+ NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.
+
+
+On the north is a window with triple lights on each side of a group of
+banded shafts, the tracery above being formed of circles enclosing
+trefoils. The heads of the lights are sharply pointed.
+
+The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside triangular-headed
+arches, which completely fill the two bays. They have three lights each,
+and are exactly similar to the windows on the north side of the transept.
+
+Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark marble, a clustered
+pier divides the eastern aisle of the transept into two bays. These shafts
+have foliated capitals, and the bases have knots of foliage between them.
+
+With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the mouldings of
+the main arches are plain.
+
+Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the Norman arch
+opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept itself. There are in each
+bay two pointed arches, each containing three smaller arches with foiled
+headings surmounted by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the
+arches are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back in
+the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping
+courses, which incline forward to the string course above the triforium.
+
+The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and the triangular
+arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar to those in the clerestory
+of Worcester Cathedral on the south side of the nave. These are, however,
+of later date, and may have been imitated by the Worcester architect.
+
+The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was
+satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general effect.
+
+*Monuments in the North Transept.*--The great north stained-glass window by
+Hardman was placed there as a memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died
+in 1863. Underneath this window, which is described later on in the
+section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop
+Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt, and the effigy
+is now leaning on its side against the wall. There is an undoubted
+original half-length portrait of this bishop in the Hall of Jesus College,
+Oxford. There are monuments to other members of the family in the church
+at Ross.
+
+In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John Philips, the
+author of _The Splendid Shilling_ and of _Cyder_, a poem endearing him to
+Herefordshire. His family belonged to this county, although he himself was
+born in Oxfordshire. There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner,
+Westminster Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ THE NORTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of Bishop Thomas
+Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This effigy and its richly decorated
+alcove or canopy was most luckily not touched by Wyatt.
+
+Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost in an avalanche;
+Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster of Battersea College.
+
+In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most important
+monument in the north transept, viz.:--the pedestal of the celebrated
+shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282, who died at Civita Vecchia, near
+Florence, on his way to Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to
+Ashridge in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto; and
+the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the Lady Chapel.
+
+The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at the lower end.
+It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two stages, the lower having a
+series of cinquefoiled niches and fourteen figures of Templars in chain
+armour in different attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand
+Master of the Knights Templars in England.
+
+All the figures are seated with various monsters under their feet. The
+filling of the spandrels between these niches and that of the spandrels
+between the arches of the upper stage is especially noteworthy. It belongs
+to the first Decorated period, and while the arrangement is still somewhat
+stiff or formal, the forms are evidently directly copied from nature.
+
+The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage, still bears
+the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having traces of the arms
+of the See (_i.e._, the arms of Cantilupe).
+
+By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop Cantilupe was
+avoided the secondary part which his shrine must have played if it had
+been placed in the usual post of honour at the back of the high altar. The
+shrine of St. Ethelbert was probably already there, and wisely enough a
+distinguished position was specially created by rebuilding the north
+transept for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford
+Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south transept of
+Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la Wych.
+
+We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and another to Richard
+Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435).
+
+Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died 1636), and on
+the floor is an effigy of John D'Acquablanca, a Dean of Hereford (died
+1320), and nephew of Bishop D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is
+close to it, between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the
+transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are reminded of
+the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry of the same period (1262)
+in the south choir transept of Salisbury to Bishop Giles de Bridport.
+
+Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of minute
+ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck marble support a gabled
+canopy, each gable of which is surmounted by a finial in the form of a
+floriated cross.
+
+This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861 a feeble attempt
+was made to restore it, which was, however, not carried out. Bishop
+Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had been steward of the household to his
+relative, William of Savoy, the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of
+the noteworthy instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop
+of Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him his treasurer
+and consulted him on all matters of state. At his death, says the Rev. H.
+W. Phillott,(2) "He was probably little regretted in his cathedral city,
+whose citizens he had defeated in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal
+rights. But he used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one
+half of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the
+cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the north-west
+transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful shrine, probably
+erected by himself, under which repose the remains of his nephew, John,
+Dean of Hereford, as well as his own, his heart excepted, which, with a
+pathetic yearning of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the
+church which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle, in
+Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at the hands of
+historians and song-writers of his day, though his example did much to
+swell the tide of ill-repute in which many of the clergy of all ranks were
+held (for the laity, says the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention
+to the doctrine than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave
+out of sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral, and
+bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books, ornaments, and
+land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor of the diocese."
+
+ [Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.]
+
+ THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.
+
+
+In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower.
+
+*South Transept.*--Crossing the Cathedral in front of the Skidmore screen
+it is a relief to turn from the nave with its sham triforium to the south
+transept with its fine three stage Norman east side. The groining,
+although incongruous, is still beautiful, and does not irritate in the
+same way as Wyatt's abominations in the nave. This transept contains
+several disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to
+whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the Cathedral. "At
+any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,(3) "this transept seems to have been
+the happy hunting-ground of successive races of builders, who have left
+the side-walls in admired confusion."
+
+Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular period much of
+the Norman work remains. The east wall is in the best preservation, and is
+certainly entirely Norman with the exception of the groining. It is
+covered with five series of arcades, which may be divided into three
+stages. In the middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very
+short Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those at the
+level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the transept is lighted
+from the clerestory by two Norman windows.
+
+In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman moulded double
+arch.
+
+In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the Norman work, and
+a large Perpendicular window nearly fills the south wall with panelling
+round it of the same period.
+
+*Monuments in the South Transept.*--There is an interesting altar-tomb of
+Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady
+and a child in swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the
+transept. The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of
+colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a double chain
+and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons were ancestors of the Coke
+family, now Earls of Leicester. The swaddled body of the child lies to the
+left of its mother, its head resting on a little double pillow by her
+knee, and a part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower
+part of the babe.
+
+To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the composition, lie
+his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have been much scratched with
+names.
+
+The head of the knight rests upon his helmet.
+
+Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription:
+
+
+ "Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of
+ Buckingham, and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard
+ Willyson of Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne
+ deceased the 29th of October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age,
+ the 23rd of his Age."
+
+
+"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a cnotaph, for Alexander Denton,
+the husband, who lived some years after, and marry'd another lady, was
+bury'd with her at Hillesden, Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th,
+1576."
+
+Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant (1389-1404), the
+builder of the Perpendicular alterations in this transept. The effigy is
+unfortunately headless and has lost its hands. The feet are resting on a
+lion.
+
+There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral (1877).
+
+The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the west side of the
+south transept.
+
+They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault behind. This was
+doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular window was placed above on this
+side.
+
+From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the lantern
+arches.
+
+ [Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The *Organ*, which occupies the first archway on the south side of the
+choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr. Phillips Bevan(4) writes of
+it, "It was the gift of Charles II., and was very nearly destroyed by the
+fall of the central tower. It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray
+and Davidson, and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11 swell,
+7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great feature in Willis's
+improvements is the tubular pneumatic action, which does away with
+trackers and other troublesome internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been
+precentor of the Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything
+about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the matter of
+that, no lover of music should omit to hear the _Unaccompanied_ service
+usually held on Friday morning."
+
+In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated arched
+recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to the
+Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed, beginning from
+the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De Bethune (died 1148), the last
+Norman builder; Hugh Foliot (died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and
+William De Vere (died 1199).
+
+On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the tomb of Bishop
+De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who superintended the building of the
+fine west front of the cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy
+also belongs to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball
+flower and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs is
+noticeable.
+
+Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy and brass to
+Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516). The effigy is wearing a
+mitre, and is fully vested. In front of the monument are panels filled
+with figures of saints, and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which
+has been restored.
+
+In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives access to
+two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, to enter which you
+pass beneath the bellows of the organ. Exhibited in cases in one of these
+rooms are some of the treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the
+Scriptures, chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close
+of this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the Norman
+work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as the cathedral treasury.
+
+Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass windows with
+figures restored by Warrington should be noticed, and the celebrated *Map
+of the World* is well worth some study. It was discovered under the floor
+of Bishop Audley's Chapel during the last century, and appears from
+internal evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a certain
+Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham and Sleaford in
+Lincolnshire).
+
+ "Tuz ki cest estorie ont
+ Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront,
+ Prient Jhesu en deyt
+ De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pit
+ Ki l'at fet e compass
+ Ke joie en cel li seit don."
+
+Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the very oldest
+maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full of the deepest
+interest. It is founded on the cosmographical treatises of the time, which
+generally commence by stating that Augustus Csar sent out three
+philosophers, Nichodoxus, Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey
+the world, and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the
+left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the philosophers
+written orders, confirmed by a handsome medival seal. The world is here
+represented as round, surrounded by the ocean. At the top of the map is
+represented Paradise, with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the
+forbidden fruit and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a
+remarkable representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary
+interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their graves and
+being led within the walls of heaven.
+
+"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus, Solinus,
+Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There are numerous figures
+of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with grotesque customs, such as the
+medival geographers believed to exist in different parts of the world;
+Babylon with its famous tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the
+inscription--_'Roma, caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi'_; and Troy as
+'_civitas bellicosissima_.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals are
+mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known very little.
+
+"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of Hercules, the
+Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the house of bondage, the
+journeys of the Children of Israel, the Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a
+figure of Moses and his supposed place of burial, the Phoenician Jews
+worshipping the molten image, Lot's wife," etc.
+
+*Bishop's Cloisters.*--At the eastern end of the south nave aisle a door
+opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral with the episcopal palace.
+In the cloister is placed a monument and inscription to Colonel John
+Matthews of Belmont, near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief
+consoled by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone.
+
+Other monuments are:--one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D., formerly Bishop of
+Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July 1837, and is buried beneath the
+bishop's throne. A monument to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815
+to 1832. He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried at
+Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke Whitfield, an
+organist of the cathedral.
+
+The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a gravestone
+near the west part of the cathedral, which, being taken off, was kept in
+the city tolsey or hall for some time until it was finally fastened to a
+freestone on the west side of the Bishop's Cloisters:--
+
+ "Good Christeyn People of your Charite
+ That here abide in this transitorye life,
+ For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye,
+ And also of Anne his dere beloved wife,
+ Which here togeder continued without stryfe
+ In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name,
+ He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same:
+ Further, to declare of his port and fame,
+ His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe,
+ To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame,
+ Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe
+ Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe.
+ The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land
+ For that intent perpetually to remain and stand.
+ Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand,
+ Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same,
+ Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band
+ Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame.
+ Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame,
+ Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company.
+ There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally!
+ Amen."
+
+*The South-east Transept*, lying between the retro-choir and the
+chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main Decorated, though its
+window tracery is perhaps somewhat later, being almost flamboyant in
+character. It was altered from the original Norman apse, and in the walls
+bases of the earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from
+it by a single octagonal pillar.
+
+Before the aisles were added the now open window looking into the Lady
+Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the chapel, and was glazed.
+There is a lovely view from this transept, looking slantwise into the Lady
+Chapel. In this transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings,
+stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis Charleton, 1369.
+His effigy lies under the wall dividing the transept from the vestibule of
+the Lady Chapel. Above it is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop
+Coke, died 1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of
+State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels.
+
+A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the spot where the
+remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence
+of the dean, archdeacon, and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for
+them; and there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D.,
+Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of the University in
+1687, when James II. seized upon the venerable foundation of Magdalen
+College and sent his commissioners to Oxford to expel the Fellows.
+
+In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and resolute spirit
+in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal to dine with the
+commissioners on the day of the Magdalen expulsion is described thus by
+Macaulay:--"I am not," he said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my
+meals with appetite under a gallows."
+
+The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his meals" much longer
+in his beautiful college hall. William III., almost immediately after his
+accession, made him Bishop of Bristol, whence he was translated to
+Hereford, and, dying in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of
+Hereford, in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church.
+
+It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of Wadham College that
+the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented to the proposal that the
+remains and marble slab should be removed to the precincts of their
+cathedral.
+
+St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church closed under the
+Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act, and when it was dismantled and
+the dead removed from their vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of
+Bishop Ironside were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in
+the vault having been previously removed or stolen.
+
+For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened by the Burial
+Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal, "so perfect were the remains
+that the skin was not broken, and the features of the placid-looking
+bishop were undisturbed." In a square recess on the east wall is a bust
+which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper, Garrick,
+and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr. James Thomas, a citizen
+of Hereford, who is buried near this place. Under it is a brass to Sir
+Richard Delabere, 1514, his two wives and twenty-one children; the
+inscription is as follows:--
+
+"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere, Knight, late
+of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the Lord Audley, and
+Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late sergeant of the hall to King
+Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of
+July, A.D. 1513, on whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen."
+
+The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory of Bishop
+Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed to represent St. John
+the Baptist.
+
+*The Lady Chapel.*--The elaborate and beautiful Early English work of this
+chapel, which dates from the first half of the thirteenth century, about
+1220, was twice under the restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof
+having been rebuilt by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir
+G. G. Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On the
+north side each of these bays contains two large windows, and on the south
+side two of the bays contain each two windows, while the third is filled
+by the Audley Chapel.
+
+In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by Professor Willis to
+be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of this portion was one of the
+first works undertaken by Mr. Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the
+pavement and other restorations.
+
+The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets recessed within
+arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall above being perforated with
+five quatrefoil openings, of which the outside ones are circular and the
+centre three are oval.
+
+Fergusson(5) remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such combinations to
+be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east end of Ely, or such a group
+as that which terminates the east end of Hereford."
+
+Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed by the
+clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean Merewether wrote:--
+
+ [Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+ THE LADY CHAPEL.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the remnants of
+its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath the whitewash; the fair
+disclosure of the monuments of Joanna de Kilpec, a benefactress to this
+very edifice, and Humphry de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding
+interest; the discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the
+stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south side, the
+chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the most beautiful
+specimens of transition arches which can be found in any edifice, bearing
+the Early English form, the shafts and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch
+above, but ornamented in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the
+zig-zag decoration, corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman
+intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed
+characteristics. The appearance of the central column with a base in the
+Early English and its capital with the Norman ornament might be added: the
+stairs to the crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics
+in the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original
+level."
+
+ [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.]
+
+ SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+ ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.
+
+
+It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the cathedral owes so
+much, that the stained glass designed by Cottingham was placed in the east
+windows in the narrow lancets that he loved so dearly. It represents
+scenes in the early life of the Virgin and the life of Christ; the last
+being the supper in the house of Mary and Martha. In the side windows the
+visitor should especially notice the rich clustered shafts and arches, the
+Early English capitals, and the ornamentation of the arches. Above these
+windows, corresponding to the openings above the east window, a quatrefoil
+opening enclosed by a circle pierces the wall. The quadripartite vaulting
+springs from slender shafts, which descend upon a slightly raised base.
+
+The double piscina and aumbry south of the altar are restorations
+necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals.
+
+*Monuments in the Lady Chapel.*--Of great beauty and interest is the
+Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the north side of the Lady
+Chapel, in which is the recumbent effigy which tradition has assigned
+without evidence to Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the
+46th year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however, buried in
+the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey, Essex.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument of Peter,
+Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any case, the knight was probably
+one of the Bohun family, and husband of the lady whose effigy lies under
+an arch in the wall adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the
+fourteenth century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a
+cyclass, a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign.
+This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer behind. The
+visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at the knees.
+
+The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work, now
+containing a series of figures representing the crowning of the Virgin; on
+one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St. John the Baptist, and on
+the other St. Thomas Becket (with double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de
+Cantilupe. Of these, however, only the two central carvings are in their
+original positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham
+when the oak choir-screen was removed.
+
+In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of Joanna de Bohun,
+Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of
+the lady, there can be scarcely a doubt, represents 'Johanna de Bohun,
+Domina de Kilpec.' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett or
+Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name distinguished in the
+annals of his times; and of his possessions, his sister doing her homage,
+had livery 19 Edward II.
+
+"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter of Hereford, the
+church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of Llangarren, St. Waynards and
+Henthland, with all the small chapels belonging to them, which donation
+was confirmed by the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de
+Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford further
+confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed, dated Lugwas, 22nd July,
+1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thom Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop,
+Dean and Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar
+to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England the Mother of
+God had better and more serious service, but in the Church of Hereford the
+Ladye's sustenance for her prieste was so thinne and small, that out of
+their respect they add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at
+Hereford, April 10th, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.)
+
+"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III., 1327, the donation
+of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying bequest. On the 17th of October in
+that year, she constituted John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give
+possession to the Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and
+the advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it. This
+instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was appended, of which a
+sketch is preserved by Taylor, in whose possession this document appears
+to have been in 1655, and a transcript of it will be found Harl. MS. 6868,
+f. 77 (see also 6726, f. 109, which last has been printed in _Shaw's
+Topographer_, 1. 280).
+
+"In the tower is preserved the patent 1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de
+Lugwarden cum capellis donandis a Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8
+capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda (Tanner's _Notitia Monast._).
+
+ [Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.]
+
+ SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.
+
+
+"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to explain why the
+memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in the Lady Chapel, to which
+especially she had been a benefactress. They also explain the original
+ornaments of this tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years
+since under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately concealed
+by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been removed to prove that
+Gough's description of the original state of the painting is correct. He
+says, 'The Virgin is represented sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady
+habited in a mantle and wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers
+to her a church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire--and
+behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting gorge
+deploye after the foremost, who holds up a book, on which are seen
+musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys are painted about both
+within and without this arch, and on the spandrils two shields; on the
+left, a bend cotised between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right,
+Ermines, a bend indented, Gules.' This description was published 1786.
+
+"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation of the church of
+Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or twelve vociferous choristers
+were the eight chaplains and two deacons mentioned in the patent, who were
+set apart for the peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for
+from the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields mentioned by
+Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter side bearing the arms of
+Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between two cotises, and six lions rampant,
+or.--The other, Ermines, a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the
+bearings of Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons
+of Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire, whose
+descent is traced to the same source. In the list of obits observed in
+Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the Lady Kilpeck, and out of
+Lugwardine was paid yearly for her obit forty pence."
+
+The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen of costume.
+Its curious decoration of human heads is also noteworthy.
+
+Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the north-east angle
+of the chapel, is a black marble slab with a brass by Hardman bearing an
+inscription, which records that to the restoration of the cathedral "he
+devoted the unwearied energies of his life till its close on the 4th of
+April 1850."
+
+The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew or Beaurieu (died
+1462) in the south wall of the vestibule. This is one of the best
+specimens of monumental sculpture in the cathedral. The face, which is
+well modelled, and the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are
+especially noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole
+monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen boars with rue
+leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of the dean's name.
+
+To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest, supposed to be
+Canon de la Barr, 1386.
+
+*The Audley Chantry.*--In the central bay on the south side of the wall is
+the Audley Chantry--a beautiful little chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley
+(1492-1502), with an upper chamber to which access is obtained by a
+circular staircase at the south-west angle.
+
+After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502 he erected a
+similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he was buried, so that the
+object of the Hereford Chantry as the place for his interment was of
+course never fulfilled.
+
+The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an ancient
+missal:--"_Secundum usum Herefordensem_," which notes a number of
+"_obiits_" or commemorations of benefactors, chiefly between the times of
+Henry I. and Edward II. "_X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam
+Sarum Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum Canonicis
+et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique capellam novam juxta
+Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e fundo construxit, et in eadem
+Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit, etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum
+in modum Ecclesiae fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi
+contulit beneficia._"
+
+The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a screen of painted
+stone with open-work panelling in two stages. The chapel is a pentagon in
+plan, and has two windows, while a third opens into the Lady Chapel
+through the screen. The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having
+in former times been elaborately painted.
+
+There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the groined roof is
+distinctly good. The boss in the centre represents the Virgin crowned in
+glory. On other parts of the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and
+those of the Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The
+upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady Chapel by the
+top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail, may have been used as an
+oratory; but no remains of an altar have been found. On the door opening
+on the staircase is some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley's initials may
+be noticed on the lock.
+
+Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely view
+westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the top of the
+reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north transept, and further
+on still the nave.
+
+The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library, and after 1862
+as the church of the parish of St. John the Baptist, which surrounds the
+cathedral, and claimed to hold its service in some part of the building.
+
+*The Crypt* is entered from the south side of the Lady Chapel where a
+porch opens to a staircase leading down. The porch is deeply in-set, and
+like the crypt itself and the Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis
+points out that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is
+later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known examples at
+Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, and Gloucester all belonging
+to earlier times. A flight of twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which
+is now light and dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations
+it was utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There is
+another approach to it from the interior of the church.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CRYPT.]
+
+ THE CRYPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles marked out by
+undecorated columns. It runs beneath the whole extent of the Lady Chapel.
+
+This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the "Golgotha."
+In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a large and elaborately
+decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of preservation. It bears an
+incised representation of Andrew Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife,
+with an inscription setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497.
+Scrolls proceeding from the mouths of the figures bear the following
+lines:--
+
+ "Remember thy life may not ever endure,
+ That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre.
+
+ But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure,
+ And thou have it after, it is but a venture."
+
+At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P. for the county,
+whose bust formerly stood here, but was removed to a more fitting position
+in the county hall.
+
+*The Vicars' Cloisters.*--The entrance to the college of Vicars Choral is
+from the south side of the Lady Chapel. Leading from the south-east
+transept of the cathedral to the quadrangle of the college is a long
+cloister walk.
+
+In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its richly carved
+roof may be best seen. The western wall, with the exception of a few
+mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The eastern wall is pierced with eight
+three-light windows, between which are the remains of small niches.
+
+Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is of oak, the
+wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded and the tie-beams and
+principals are richly carved on both sides with various patterns and
+devices.
+
+The Rev. F. Havergal says:--"The late William Cooke acquired an immense
+amount of information relating to the college and the vicars in olden
+time. His biographical notices of them are most curious and amusing,
+giving a complete insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the
+place." He goes on to quote from the _Lansdowne Manuscript_ in the British
+Museum, 213, p. 333.
+
+"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a captain, a
+lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military company in Norwich.
+
+"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place, through the
+Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house, called the Vicars
+Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve of the singing men, all in
+orders, most of them Masters in Arts, of a Gentile garbe, have their
+convenient several dwellings, and a fayre Hall, with richly painted
+windows, colledge like, wherein they constantly dyet together, and have
+their cooke, butler, and other officers, with a fayre library to
+themselves, consisting all of English books, wherein (after we had freely
+tasted of their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell
+toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most sweet Organ,
+and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor, Treble, and Base; and
+amongst that orderly shewy crew of Queristers our landlord guide did act
+his part in a deep and sweet Diapason."
+
+*The North-East Transept.*--This transept shows ample evidence of the
+original Norman plan, although its present character is Early Decorated.
+
+Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably terminated--an
+arrangement similar to the eastern apses of Gloucester and Norwich
+Cathedrals--portions remain in the walls of the vestibule to the Lady
+Chapel, and in this, the north-east transept, still remain parts of the
+apses which opened from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than
+the nave and belong to the Transition period.
+
+After the completion of the great north transept for the reception of the
+shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal apses of the choir aisles
+were almost entirely removed, and the present north-east transept erected.
+
+In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which helps to
+carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches in the west wall
+doubtless formed part of the original apse. The windows belong to the
+Early Decorated period. Sir G. G. Scott was responsible for the
+restoration of the transept.
+
+*Monuments in the North-East Transept.*--Under the north-west window is the
+canopied tomb of Bishop Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost,
+and in its place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was found
+buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched canopy the
+ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and behind the tomb a carving
+of the crucifixion is still visible, though nearly obliterated by the
+chisel of the Puritans. The beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has,
+however, been happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the
+Cantilupe shrine.
+
+The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active of the modern
+restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G. Scott, with effigy by
+Noble.
+
+Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown bishop. It has
+been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but is probably much earlier.
+
+There is also an old stained glass window, restored by Warrington, with
+figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael, Thomas, and a modern one, by
+Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss.
+
+In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the original Norman
+arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In
+style it is late Perpendicular (1470). The roof is a good specimen of
+fan-vaulting, and the walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its
+dimensions are 8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the
+north side, the entrance being on the south.
+
+At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of the altar, and
+the west is covered with shields in panels and tracery.
+
+The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by grotesques, and
+over the arch on the south side are shields with emblems of St. Matthias,
+St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew. The Lancaster rose is prominent in the
+decoration, and there is much under-cutting in the carving.
+
+The stained windows, which form an interesting collection of arms and
+legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave, once Bishop of Hereford, to
+whom there is also another window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle
+above the chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are taken
+from the life of St. Paul.
+
+Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of the Norman
+builders of Hereford.
+
+In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to the turret
+staircase which leads to the archive room and chapter library is an effigy
+said to be of Bishop Hugh de Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass
+window by Clayton and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt,
+organist, who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass plate
+at the side of the window, from which we learn that the nephew James died
+"of grief three days after his uncle."
+
+[Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W.
+ H. BARTLETT, 1830.]
+
+ VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT,
+ 1830.
+
+
+In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the monument of Bishop
+Bennett (1617), who was buried here. He wears a close black cap, and the
+rochet and his feet are resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine
+view of the Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side
+of the choir.
+
+In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the series of
+arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral ornament in the
+mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120),
+and in the same bay of the choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of
+a bishop, fully vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to
+Bishop Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to have
+been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786). This effigy
+belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number of memorials were
+erected to earlier bishops.
+
+In the calendar of the ancient missal "_Secundum usum Herefordensem_,"
+previously quoted, occurs the following entry:--"_XV. Kal. Decem. Obitus
+pie memorie Egidii de Breusa Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona
+decimas omnium molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie
+contulit, et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes
+homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur._"
+
+In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy of Bishop
+Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry already described. It
+is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying figures. The bishop wears
+alb, stole, and chasuble.
+
+Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a Perpendicular effigy
+under an arch which is assigned to Bishop Richard de Capella (died 1127).
+
+On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck (died 1360).
+
+In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:--Two
+altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:--
+
+Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably buried in or near
+the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the south side of the Bishop's
+Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought inside the cathedral A.D. 1862.
+
+Two matrices of brasses; also a small one on the wall.
+
+The wooden pulpit--very late Perpendicular work from which every canon on
+his appointment formerly had to preach forty sermons on forty different
+days in succession.
+
+We may also notice two rich pieces of iron-work from Sir A. Denton's tomb:
+the head of a knight or templar's effigy and several heraldic shields from
+monuments in the cathedral--especially seven in alabaster now placed
+against the east wall.
+
+ [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+ COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+
+
+*The Choir*, with its details of architecture and its individual
+accessories, is very beautiful, notwithstanding an unusual deficiency of
+light, caused by the position of the transepts, which practically
+intercept all light except that from the clerestory. It consists of three
+lofty Norman bays of three stages. The middle of the three stages has some
+exquisite dwarfed Norman arches with no triforium passages; but there is
+one in the upper stage, with slender and graceful Early English arches and
+stained glass at back. The vaulting is also Early English, and dates from
+about the middle of the thirteenth century.
+
+ [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+ COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+
+
+The principal arches of the choir are supported by massive piers with
+square bases. The shafts are semi-detached and bear capitals enriched with
+foliated and grotesque ornament. In each bay on the triforium level a wide
+Norman arch envelops two smaller arches, supported by semi-circular piers
+on each side.
+
+A richly carved square-string course runs along the base of the triforium.
+
+The east end of the choir was covered before 1841 by the "Grecian" screen,
+a wooden erection placed there by Bishop Bisse in 1717, and above it a
+Decorated window containing a stained glass representation of the Last
+Supper after the picture by Benjamin West. The improvement effected by the
+removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was immense. The
+great Norman arch was once more exposed to view; and, in place of the
+Decorated window, we now have three lancets at the back of the clerestory
+passage.
+
+In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of the old screen,
+Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination of the parts walled up it
+was discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite
+and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is
+utterly impossible to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the
+interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of the
+others increasing in span as it approached the front upon square and
+circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being beautifully
+decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four lateral arches,
+the two first had been not only hid by the oak panelling of the screen,
+but were also, like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the
+central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were taken away
+it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious effect produced,
+rendered more solemn and impressive by the appearance of the ancient
+monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest
+beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium
+above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the founder, and
+the former of those just mentioned, the completer and restorer after that
+era."
+
+The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed by Mr.
+Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey, 1850, who
+represented the county for several years in Parliament.
+
+The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion, in five
+deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided by small shafts
+supporting angels, who carry the instruments of the Passion. The subjects
+in the separate panels are:--1. The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing
+the Cross; 3. The Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women
+at the Sepulchre.
+
+ [Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.]
+
+ EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.
+
+
+Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches springing
+from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman arch. The pier
+itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration of Mr. Cottingham's.
+The spandrel is covered with modern sculpture, as may be seen in the
+illustration. The subject is the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists
+holding scrolls; and below a figure of King Ethelbert.
+
+An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small effigy on a bracket
+against the easternmost pier south of the choir, close to the head of the
+tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had desired in his will to be buried by the image
+of King Ethelbert. It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to
+the Lady Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated
+condition when the edict went forth for the destruction of shrines and
+images.
+
+ [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.]
+
+ EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.
+
+
+Originally there were other representations of St. Ethelbert: on the tombs
+of Bishops Cantilupe and Mayo, Dean Frowcester, Archdeacon Rudhale,
+Prcentor Porter; in colour on the walls of the chapter-house and the tomb
+of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient glass, recently restored, in a window in
+the south aisle of the choir; and in a stone-carving over the door of the
+Bishop's Cloister, and the effigy formerly on the west front.
+
+Opposite the throne a slab of marble, from designs by Scott, marks the
+spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was buried.
+
+*The Choir-stalls* are largely ancient, belonging to the Decorated period.
+They have good canopy work, and are otherwise excellent in detail. Some of
+the _misereres_ are quaint, among them being found several examples of the
+curiously secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers of
+the period.
+
+In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth century,
+there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old episcopal chair,
+concerning which a tradition remains that King Stephen sat in it when he
+visited Hereford. Be this as it may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of
+very great antiquity, and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the
+earliest kind of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the
+chair are--height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front to back, 22
+inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces, without including the
+seat of two boards and the two small circular heads in front.
+
+Traces of ancient colour--vermilion and gold--may still be seen in several
+of the narrow bands: a complete list of other painted work which has been
+recorded or still exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E.
+Keyser.(6)
+
+*The Cathedral Library.*--The Archive Chamber, on the Library. This room,
+which has been restored by Sir G. G. Scott, is now approached by a winding
+stone staircase.
+
+In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge or
+some other movable appliance crossing the great north window. The Library
+(which Botfield(7) calls "a most excellent specimen of a genuine monastic
+library") contains about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting
+manuscripts, most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every chain
+is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel in the
+middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by metal-work at one end
+of the bookcase. There are in this chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards,
+which contain the whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean
+and Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries.
+
+ [Illustration: THE REREDOS.]
+
+ THE REREDOS.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Among the most remarkable printed books are:--A series of Bibles, 1480 to
+1690; Caxton's _Legenda Aurea_, 1483; Higden's _Polychronicon_, by Caxton,
+1495; Lyndewode, _Super Constitutiones Provinciales,_ 1475; Nonius
+Marcellus, _De proprietate sermonum_, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas
+Jenson; and the _Nuremberg Chronicle_, completed July 1493. Of the
+manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient _Antiphonarium_,
+containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents attached to this
+volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of Hereford purchased this book of Mr
+William Hawes at the price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some
+years since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his
+notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed in it."
+
+The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of Peter de
+Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the hand of the original
+scribe and the following obit in another hand.
+
+The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral, being
+certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin version of the Four
+Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters.
+
+The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written on stout
+vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists of 135 leaves. Three
+coloured titles remain, those to the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and
+St. John. Two illuminated leaves are missing--those that would follow folio
+1 and folio 59. With the exception of these two lacun, the MS. contains
+the whole of the Four Gospels.
+
+No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent authorities agree that
+it is the work of the eighth or ninth century.
+
+It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known MS. of that
+period, having a peculiar character of its own.
+
+From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have been written in
+the country, probably in Mercia, and not at any of the great monasteries.
+
+The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable example of
+the Irish (or British) recension of the original African text. Thus it has
+a large proportion of readings in common with the Cambridge Gospels, St.
+Chad's Gospels, the Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir.
+
+On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of a deed in
+Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which the following is a
+translation:--
+
+"Note of a Shire-mote held at gelnoth's Stone in Herefordshire in the
+reign of King Cnut, at which were present the Bishop Athelstan, the
+Sheriff Bruning, and gelgeard of Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric
+of Stoke, and all the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine,
+son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning certain lands at
+Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked who should answer for the
+mother, which Thurcyl the White proffered to do if he knew the cause of
+accusation.
+
+"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to ask her what the
+cause of complaint was. Then she declared that she had no land that
+pertained in ought to her son, and was very angry with him, and calling
+Leofloeda, her relative, she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her
+after her own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and
+desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and desire them to
+witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl the White (who was husband of
+Leofloeda) stood up, and requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to
+his wife all the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did.
+And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and by leave and
+witness of all the folk caused the transaction to be recorded in a book of
+the Gospels."
+
+*An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary* is shown among the treasures of the
+cathedral, which was looked upon for a long time as a representation of
+the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this is only an example of the many
+traditional tales which modern study and research are compelled to
+discard. It undoubtedly represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of
+Canterbury. On the lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment
+of the saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the
+thirteenth century.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description, which we have
+condensed to the following:--
+
+This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with copper
+plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches high, 7 long and
+3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and fastens with a lock and key, and
+the upper part sloped so as to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is
+a ridge-piece; the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:--Here
+are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side an altar, of
+which the south end faces the spectator; it is supported on four legs and
+has an antependium. Upon the altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal
+base, and in front of it a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or
+technically speaking, in the midst of the altar stands a bishop
+celebrating mass, having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he
+were about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and moustache. He
+wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple, and an alb.
+
+In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a hand pointing
+towards the figure just described.
+
+Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has just thrust the
+point of a large double-edged sword, with a plain cross hilt, through the
+neck of the bishop from back to front.
+
+ [Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.]
+
+ ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The upper compartment represents the entombment of the bishop. The middle
+of the design is occupied by an altar tomb, into which the body, swathed
+in a diapered winding-sheet, is being lowered.
+
+The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling figures.
+
+On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a bishop or abbot
+without the mitre looking toward a figure on his right, who carries a
+tablet or open book with some words upon it.
+
+At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the corpse with
+a circular thurible.
+
+The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected pattern of
+gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper perforated with eight
+keyhole ornaments.
+
+The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments, and is
+decorated with quatrefoils.
+
+It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole communicating
+with a lock on the inside.
+
+The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female saint. The left
+gable is occupied by the figure of a male saint.
+
+A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs round the
+margins of the two ends and four back plates.
+
+Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are gilded, while
+the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are light-blue, green,
+yellow, red, chocolate, and white.
+
+In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate corresponds,
+is a cross _patte fitche_ painted in red upon oak, which oak bears
+traces of having been stained with blood or some other liquid. The wood at
+the bottom is evidently modern. This reliquary is said to have been
+originally placed upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved
+by some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the possession of
+the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him to the authorities of the
+cathedral.
+
+The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced from
+Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the close of the tenth
+century. After this time Greek artists are known to have visited this
+country, and to have carried on a lucrative trade in the manufacture of
+sacred vessels, shrines, etc.
+
+*Ancient Gold Rings.* One of pure gold, supposed to have been worn by a
+knight templar, was ploughed up near Hereford. The device on the raised
+besel is a cross patte in a square compartment, on each side of which are
+a crescent and a triple-thonged scourge.
+
+Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character "_Sancte Michael_."
+Date about 1380.
+
+A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was found in the tomb
+of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold tan cross with a bell is engraved.
+These were originally filled with green enamel. Inside is engraved and
+enamelled "Ave Maria."
+
+A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb, on the north side
+of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect sapphire, and flowers and
+foliage are beautifully worked in black enamel on each side of the stone.
+
+A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave in 1813, but
+was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was never recovered, though
+__30 was offered as a reward.
+
+*The Stained Glass* has survived only in a few fragments, scattered about
+the eastern end of the cathedral.
+
+Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, is in one
+of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel, west of the Audley
+Chapel. The subjects are:
+
+1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists; 2. Lamb and flag;
+3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4. Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing
+His cross.
+
+In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored and
+entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the Dean and Chapter, Oct.
+1864. It is a fairly good specimen of fourteenth century work. For many
+years it was hidden away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of
+the windows on the south side of the nave.
+
+The figures represent--1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3. St. Gregory; 4.
+St. Thomas of Canterbury.
+
+In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient glass, erected
+under the same circumstances. The figures in this case represent--1. St.
+Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert; 3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George.
+
+In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by Warrington. It was
+erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs.
+Clutton. The subjects are from the life of St. John the Baptist.
+
+In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to Archdeacon Lane
+Freer, erected at a cost of 1316. The window is one of the largest of the
+Geometric period (_temp._ Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6
+inches in height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six shades
+each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating colours. Plain white
+glass has also been wisely used in the upper part of the window. It was
+designed and erected by Messrs. Hardman.
+
+There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north aisle of the
+choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of the cathedral. The subjects,
+in eight medallions, are:--1, 2. King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah
+the Jewish Priest; 7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel
+is a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the subjects are:--1.
+St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S. Stephen; 2. Conversion of St.
+Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with
+Blindness. In the lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and
+Barnabas at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His
+Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom.
+
+ [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET.]
+
+ MONUMENTAL CROCKET.
+
+
+ [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.]
+
+ EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.
+
+
+The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed by Mr.
+Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the memory of Dean
+Merewether.
+
+A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected with the life of
+our Lord. These windows were erected in 1852.
+
+In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop Huntingford,
+1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured by Warrington at the sole
+cost of Lord Saye and Sele.
+
+The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of George III.,
+those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford, Winchester College,
+and of the bishop's family.
+
+The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:--
+
+1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys; 4. Denial of
+our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate of the Temple; 6. Baptism of
+Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas; 8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel.
+
+In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir are simple
+stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns. They were
+manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel.
+
+The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous gift in 1851,
+executed by Hardman.
+
+Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the ground. The
+circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the subjects being:--
+
+1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion.
+
+The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and demoniacs; the
+lower, His being taken down from the Cross, and Mary with the box of
+precious ointment.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote antiquity.
+However, it seems probable from the researches of many antiquarians that
+when Putta came to preside here in the seventh century the see was
+re-established.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the beginning of his
+_Fasti Herefordenses_.
+
+"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the recognised centre of
+Christianity in this district. Archbishop Usher asserts that it was the
+seat of an Episcopal See in the sixth century, when one of its bishops
+attended a synod convened by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the
+_Lives of the British Saints_ (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that
+Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542, is said to
+have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient British name for
+Hereford. In Wilkin's _Concilia_, I. 24, it is recorded that beyond all
+doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present at the conference with St.
+Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars are given of the supposed time and
+place of this conference. It is also stated--'_In secunda affuisse
+perhibentur septem hi Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias
+Llantavensis, Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis,
+Uniacensis alias Wiccensis, Morganensis._' It is styled '_Synodus
+Wigornensis_,' or according to Spelman, '_Pambritannicam_.' Nothing
+whatever is known of the names or of the number of British bishops who
+presided over the earliest church at Hereford."
+
+The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are defined in
+Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the _Mundy Gospels_, now in the
+library of Pembroke College, Cambridge.
+
+"The condition of the Church of Hereford (_circa_ 1290 A.D.) gave clear
+testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the extensiveness of its
+lands. The diocese itself was richly endowed by nature, and enviably
+situated. Those of St. Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St.
+David's, were its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the
+Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the south by the
+influx of the Wye. From the west to the east perhaps its greatest width
+might have been found from a point where the latter river, near Hay,
+leaves the counties of Radnor and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at
+Gloucester. It embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery,
+Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of Brecon. It
+included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes, in its neighbourhood.
+The Severn environed its upper part. Almost midway it was traversed by the
+Teme, and the Wye pursued its endless windings through the lower
+district,--a region altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and
+beauty, abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive forests,
+and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of it Episcopal manors
+had been allotted, furnishing abundant supplies to the occupiers of the
+see."(8)
+
+In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries were so
+vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest of the bishops
+holding office prior to the landing of Augustine was one Dubric, son of
+Brychan, who established a sort of college at Hentland, near Ross, and
+later on removed to another spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace,
+being guided thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of
+piglings in a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba
+Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises.
+
+Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his see in 512, and
+died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522.
+
+It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at Cirencester, A.D.
+506. When he became bishop he moved to Caerleon, and was succeeded there
+by Dewi, or David, who removed the see to Menevia (St. David's).
+
+The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and more to the west,
+and before the close of the sixth century they had founded the Mercian
+kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn, and in some places beyond the Wye.
+
+The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield, as
+Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford Putta, Bishop of
+Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed by the Mercian King Ethelred.
+
+From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that one Tyrhtel
+succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere.
+
+Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both Florence of
+Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as Bede. We also hear of him
+in the writings of Cuthbert, who followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in
+some verses that Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent
+cross, which he, Cuthbert, completed.
+
+Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D. 746. The names of
+these early Bishops cannot all be regarded as certain, and their dates
+are, in many cases, only approximate. Some of them may have been merely
+assistants or suffragans to other Bishops of Hereford.
+
+The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we give in the
+same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his valuable little _Diocesan
+History_.
+
+A.D. 758, Hecca.
+777, Aldberht.
+781, Esne.
+793, Cedmand (doubtful).
+796, Edulf.
+798, Uttel.
+803, Wulfheard.
+824, Beonna.
+825, Eadulf (doubtful).
+833, Cedda.
+836, Eadulf.
+838, Cuthwulf.
+866, Deorlaf.
+868, Ethelbert.
+888, Cynemund.
+895, Athelstane I.
+901, Edgar.
+930, Tidhelm.
+935, Wulfhelm.
+941, Elfric.
+966, Ethelwolf.
+1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the foundations";(9)
+but also saw it destroyed in a raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar.
+1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh.
+
+*Walter of Lorraine*, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had been administered
+for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester, when Queen Edith's
+chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond
+a probably satirical reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known
+of Walter is an account of a discreditable death.
+
+*Robert de Losinga*, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much learning and ability.
+During his episcopate, according to William of Malmsbury, the cathedral
+was rebuilt after the pattern of Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle.
+In his time also Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford.
+He was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he was open
+to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible with his intimate
+companionship with the high-minded Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, the date
+of whose death, January 19, 1095, is included in the calendar of the
+Hereford Service-Book.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Gerard*, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of William Rufus had
+been brought from the forest to Winchester by Purkiss, the charcoal
+burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the
+coronation of Henry I., for which service it was said he was promised the
+first vacant archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few
+years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the value of
+that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained his promotion.
+
+*Reynelm*, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda; he resigned his
+appointment as soon as it was conferred, on account of the King's quarrel
+with Anselm on the question of investiture, was banished for six years,
+and was only consecrated in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of
+the hospital of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral
+begun by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of prebendaries
+and canons living under a rule.
+
+*Geoffrey de Clive*, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter years of this
+episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over the districts of Ergyng and
+Ewias, which had begun in the previous century, was revived between the
+Bishop of Llandaff and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's.
+
+*Richard de Capella*, A.D. 1120-1127, King's chaplain and keeper of the
+Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to build at Hereford a bridge
+over the Wye.
+
+During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the annual holding
+of a three days' fair (increased to nine days later) commencing on the
+evening of the 19th of May, called St. Ethelbert's Day.
+
+Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and the rest to
+the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff held a court within the
+palace precincts, with pillory and stocks. The bishop also had a gaol for
+the incarceration of offenders against his rights during fair-time.
+
+Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension of civic
+authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of frequent
+quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer was punished
+by the bishop's officers.
+
+The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate (Nov. 25th,
+1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Hereford.
+
+*Robert de Bethune*, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of his monastery at
+his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders, and thence had gone to
+Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the Hatteral Hills in the disputed
+district of Ewias.
+
+When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the bitter struggle
+for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a personal friend of Henry, Bishop
+of Winchester, the King's brother, sided with Stephen.
+
+Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by Geoffrey de
+Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks for the Empress Matilda.
+It was then captured by Stephen, and the victory celebrated in the
+cathedral on Whitsunday (A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing
+his crown, and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an
+earlier chapter.
+
+In 1139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and seizing the
+cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used it as a vantage
+ground from which to attack the castle. The tower was used as a platform,
+from which missiles were thrown, and the nave as a stable; while a trench
+and rampart was carried across the graveyard.
+
+Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress was accepted
+there by the clergy, and returned thence to Hereford to purify the
+cathedral. He died at Chalons of a disease contracted while attending a
+council of Pope Eugenius III.
+
+The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford, and it was
+enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey. Both at Canterbury and at
+London were great demonstrations of grief, which were again repeated at
+Ross, and on a still larger scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was
+undoubtedly a great man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery,
+and ability was well deserved.
+
+*Gilbert Foliot*, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been consecrated as
+Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop Robert, with whom he had
+contracted an early friendship as far back as 1139.
+
+On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St. Omer. He assisted
+at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury, and the next year was
+transferred to the See of London. He was followed by *Robert of Maledon*,
+A.D. 1163-1168, said to have been remarkably wise.
+
+Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He attended the council
+of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was present at the meeting at
+Northampton between Becket and the King.
+
+Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy that even
+distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two Hereford Bishops took part in
+the quarrel, and it was through this that the see continued vacant for six
+years after Bishop Robert's death.
+
+Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D. 1538, for the
+destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop Becket, there still
+existed in the cathedral, till late in the seventeenth century, a wall
+painting of the Archbishop, and even yet in the north-east transept there
+remains a figure of him in one of the windows in good preservation. The
+enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket's murder and
+entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already been described
+among the treasures of the cathedral.
+
+Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still remaining in a
+well-preserved window of painted glass at Credenhill, a part of which
+represents the murdered Becket. Lastly, the festival of the translation of
+St. Thomas of Canterbury, July 7, is still included in the cathedral
+calendar.
+
+*Robert Foliot*, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of Becket's, and may
+have had some share in his education.
+
+*William de Vere*, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal termination at the
+east end of the cathedral, and is said to have erected chapels, since
+replaced by the Lady Chapel and its vestibule.
+
+*Giles de Braose*, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent of King John.
+
+*Hugh de Mapenor*, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment by the
+influence of the papal legate, who, after King John's submission, claimed
+the right of nomination to all vacant sees and benefices.
+
+*Hugh Foliot*, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of St. Katherine at
+Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of him, painted from an older
+picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert was presented to the cathedral during
+his episcopacy. He endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St.
+Katherine, in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace,
+destroyed in the eighteenth century.
+
+*Ralph de Maydenstan*, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to the see a house in
+Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence for the bishops when in the
+metropolis. He also made various gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and
+the college of vicars choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to
+settle the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence.
+
+*Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)*, A.D. 1240-1268, a native of Aqua Bella,
+near Chambry, whose appointment was an instance of the preference Henry
+III. showed for foreigners. One of the most unpopular men in England; he
+was hand in glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes for
+money getting.
+
+Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west transept of the
+cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie the remains of his
+nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with his own, except the heart. This
+was carried, as he had requested it should be, to the church he had
+founded in his native place.
+
+*John de Breton*, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275.
+
+*Thomas de Cantilupe*, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D. 1220, he showed, as a
+child, unusual religious zeal, was educated at Oxford and Paris, and for
+some years filled the office of Chancellor of England at the choice of the
+barons. This post he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was
+elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair on De
+Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with difficulty.
+
+Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and devotional habits.
+In a dispute concerning the chace of Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from
+which was derived the Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully
+the episcopal rights. He was also triumphant in a more important quarrel
+with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful appropriation of three
+manors.
+
+When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle and
+maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal chastisement
+upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The clergy no less than laymen did
+he subdue, appealing when necessary to the Pope.
+
+In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the defendant
+appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the sub-dean of Hereford, he
+was at last excommunicated by the Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss
+the affair with him at Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree,
+but died in Tuscany on the homeward journey.
+
+As already described, his remains were finally laid with great pomp in the
+Lady Chapel.
+
+Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved to the Chapel of
+St. Katherine, in the north-west transept. Twice more were they moved,
+finally resting in the same Chapel of St. Katherine.
+
+*Richard Swinfield*, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had been Bishop
+Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely aloof from politics, but
+offered a keen resistance to any infringement on the rights of his
+diocese. Several boundary questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and
+in 1289-90 he made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to
+us a journal of daily expenses.
+
+Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles and two
+easternmost transepts. In his time the "_Mappa Mundi_" came into
+possession of the Chapter.
+
+He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious predecessor,
+but it was not till four years after his death that Pope John XXII.
+granted an act for the purpose. He was buried in the cathedral.
+
+*Adam Orleton*, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger Mortimer, and
+consequently was opposed to Edward II. Throughout the struggle of those
+many miserable years the affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire
+of civil war. It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the
+King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the Great Seal. The
+Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither many of the King's adherents
+were taken with the Chancellor and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was
+hanged in the town, decapitated, and quartered.
+
+Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs of the cathedral.
+He obtained a grant of revenues of two churches from Pope John XXII. for
+monies necessary for the dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for
+repairs in the cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester
+by
+
+*Thomas Charleton*, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made treasurer of England in
+1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as chancellor. He died in 1343.
+
+*John Trilleck*, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death reached Herefordshire in
+1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to have kept it at bay in the city by a
+procession of the shrine of the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford.
+
+Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass effigy was
+placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are among the words which may
+be still read from the mutilated inscription, and they appear to have had
+more justification than the rhetoric of the average epitaph.
+
+ [Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.]
+
+ TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.
+
+
+*Lewis Charleton*, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by papal provision. The
+Black Death made a second visitation in the first year of his episcopate,
+and it was then that the market was removed to some distance from the town
+on the west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms of
+Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed money and some books to
+the cathedral.
+
+*William Courtenay*, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed by papal
+provision, which was necessary in consequence of his youth. Although he
+had already held a canonry of York and prebends in Exeter and Wells in
+addition to the Chancellorship of Oxford University, he was but
+twenty-eight years of age. At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the
+friars, though he afterwards turned against his former ally.
+
+*John Gilbert*, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success, went to make terms
+of peace with Charles VI., the French King. He became treasurer of England
+in 1386, an office of which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before
+his translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral
+Grammar School.
+
+*Thomas Trevenant*, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician, this Bishop
+assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and was one of the
+commissioners to the Pope to announce the accession of Henry IV.
+
+*Robert Mascall*, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a foreign ambassador by
+Henry IV., who also made him his confessor. He attended the council of
+Constance in 1414.
+
+*Edmund Lacy*, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to build the cloister
+connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal palace.
+
+*Thomas Polton*, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at Florence, and the next
+year was translated to Chichester.
+
+*Thomas Spofford*, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's at York, to which
+post he returned on resigning his see in 1448. According to a papal bull
+he laid out 2,800 marks on the buildings of the cathedral,--probably
+completing the cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was
+100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral was put up in his
+time by William Lochard.
+
+*Richard Beauchamp*, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir Walter, and grandson of
+Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a great architect in his day, although
+his chief work was done after his translation to Salisbury, when he was
+appointed by Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which included
+the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was buried. It is said he
+was the first Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.
+
+*Reginald Buller*, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, was
+translated to Lichfield. He was buried in Hereford Cathedral.
+
+*John Stanberry*, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar at Oxford, and was
+chosen by King Henry VI. to be his confessor, and also first Provost of
+Eton. In 1448 he was made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was
+translated to Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he
+was taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick Castle.
+On his release he retired to the convent of his order at Ludlow, where he
+died in May, 1474. He was buried at Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel,
+which still bears his name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's
+palace for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was
+completed in 1475.
+
+*Thomas Mylling*, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was Abbot of St.
+Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk. King Edward IV. made him a
+Privy Councillor and gave him the see of Hereford in remembrance of his
+services to Elizabeth Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her
+husband had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried to
+Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is said to have
+enclosed his remains.
+
+*Edmund Audley*, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield, of Lincoln,
+and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480, translated to Hereford in
+1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The beautiful chantry chapel on the south
+side of the Lady Chapel, near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was
+founded by him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and a
+pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift.
+
+*Adrian de Castello*, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the negotiations
+between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated from Hereford to
+Bath and Wells, but never visited either see.
+
+*Richard Mayhew*, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480 the first regular
+president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of St. Mary Magdalene at
+Oxford. He was also Chancellor of the University, and almoner to King
+Henry VII., by whom he had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta
+Katharine of Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur.
+
+He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south side of the
+choir, where his tomb is still to be seen.
+
+*Charles Booth*, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham, and Chancellor
+of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting memorial in the north porch of the
+cathedral, which bears upon it the date of his death. He seems to have
+been much in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make one of
+the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was attached
+to the company of Henry's "dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied
+by thirty "tall personages."
+
+On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a tapestry for
+the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring and other articles which
+have disappeared.
+
+*Edward Foxe*, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of the Reformation,"
+as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have been "an excellent
+instrument" in its general progress.
+
+A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in that county, he
+was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge, becoming, in 1528, Provost
+of King's College. In 1531 he succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of
+Leicester. For many years almoner to the King, he was employed in
+embassies to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these
+diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent to Rome with
+Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's separation from his
+"dearest wife."
+
+Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again, wrote the book
+called _The Difference between the Kingly and the Ecclesiastical Power_,
+which Henry wished people to think he had partly written himself,
+intended, as it was, to make easier his assumption of ecclesiastical
+supremacy.
+
+In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation of the diocese
+for the valuation of all church property therein, in accordance with the
+order referred to above. Dr. Coren, his vicar-general, actually carried
+out the valuation, and its results are to be found in the pages of _Valor
+Ecclesiasticus_, printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802.
+
+In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting to the King all
+religious houses possessing a revenue under 200 per annum. There were
+about eighteen houses in the diocese, excluding the cathedral, and of
+these only the priories of Wenlock, Wigmore, and Leominster possessed
+revenues exempting them from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in
+May, 1538, and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt.
+
+*John Skypp*, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of Leicester, Edmund Bonner,
+was appointed to the see on Foxe's death, but was removed to London before
+his consecration, and John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset,
+and chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop.
+
+He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's execution for
+high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became distant towards him. He was
+the part compiler with Foxe of the _Institution of a Christian Man_,
+published in 1537, of the _Erudition_ or _King's Book_, published in 1543,
+and was probably one of the committee employed to draw up the first Common
+Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on its completion, he
+protested against its publication. He died in 1552 at the episcopal
+residence in London.
+
+*John Harley*, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward VI. to hold the see
+"during good behaviour." He was consecrated on May 26, 1553, but only to
+be deposed in March, 1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she
+appointed a commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during
+the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially on that of
+"inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric of Harley was declared
+void. He is said to have spent the remainder of his life wandering about
+in woods "instructing his flock, and administering the sacrament according
+to the order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his
+deposition, a wretched exile in his own land."
+
+*Robert Parfew*, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton, was instituted to
+the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church, Southwark, by Lord Chancellor
+Gardiner. He had been Abbat of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as
+Bishop of St. Asaph, attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of
+those concerned in the production of the _Bishop's Book_. On his death,
+September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and other ornaments to
+Hereford Cathedral, though whether he was buried there or in Mold Church
+seems doubtful. The Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to
+succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the accession of
+Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and died there in 1559. Fuller,
+in his _Church History of Britain_, remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be,
+in those times, the best for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of
+God's poor saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel than
+his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in Lollard's Tower, the
+Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place which minded them of the manner of
+their death, first kept amongst coals before they were burnt to
+ashes."(10)
+
+*John Scory*, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from Chichester. On the
+accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to have done penance for his marriage,
+and generally reconciled himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to
+Friesland and retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the
+English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the throne he returned,
+preached before her by appointment in Lent, 1558, was restored to
+Chichester, and later on was elected to Hereford.
+
+During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop Scory to
+surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors belonging to the
+see, and to receive in exchange advowsons and other less valuable
+possessions. In these transactions it is possible he thought more of his
+own interest than that of his successors; in any case, serious charges
+were brought against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into
+verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:--
+
+ Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne,
+ And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine;
+ And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues,
+ Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges.
+
+Bishop Scory was succeeded by *Harberd (or Herbert) Westphaling*, A.D.
+1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church, Oxford: a man remarkable for the
+immoderate length of his speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and
+unsmiling gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker,
+and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's and Dean
+of Windsor.
+
+According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was once preaching in
+his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow fell upon the roof from the
+tower, creating a panic among the frightened congregration[**typo:
+congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his pulpit, exhorted them to
+keep their places and fear not. He spent all that he had in revenues from
+the see in charity and good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a
+well-gotten estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum to
+Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of the cathedral,
+where his effigy can still be seen.
+
+*Robert Bennett*, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
+was a famous tennis player.
+
+Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for preaching against
+her projected marriage with the Duke of Anjou, but made him Dean of
+Windsor towards the close of her reign. He is said to have been vain, and
+especially fond of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In
+1607 the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's
+fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett. He spent
+large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace. Bishop Bennett was
+buried on the north side of the choir, where his tomb remains with effigy.
+
+*Francis Godwin*, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford from Llandaff,
+which preferment he is said to have obtained from the Queen on account of
+his commentary _De Praesulibus Angliae_. He also wrote other historical
+works, including a life of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was
+stored with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the
+study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff (whereof he
+well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for his other learned
+writings, so especially for his catalogue of Bishops." He was buried at
+Whitbourn, in a residence belonging to the see of Hereford, on April 29,
+1633.
+
+*William Juxon*, Dean of Worcester, and President of St. John's College,
+Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin, but before consecration was
+called to London. During his episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop
+Laud's procurement made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his
+administration of these duties that "No hands, having so much money
+passing through them, had their fingers less soiled therewith."
+
+*Augustine Lindsell*, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough, was
+confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November of the following year was
+found dead in his study.
+
+*Matthew Wren*, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held a still briefer
+episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration to Hereford was
+translated to Norwich.
+
+*Theophilus Field*, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop of Llandaff and of
+St. David's, died a year after his translation, and thereby saved the
+diocese the ill effects of a longer term of servile and corrupt
+management.
+
+*George Coke*, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, became
+Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated to Hereford in 1636. He was
+a grave and studious man, and well loved in his diocese, but in the
+troubled days of the Civil War was deprived of his see.
+
+*Nicholas Monk*, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother to the Duke of
+Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in the December following his
+consecration, at Westminster, where he was buried.
+
+*Herbert Croft*, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert Croft, of an
+ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was brought up at Douai and
+St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored to the English Church through the
+influence of Bishop Morton, of Durham. He became a determined opponent of
+Romanism, and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there
+seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of the county for
+help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop Croft was buried in the
+cathedral, and joined to his gravestone is that of his intimate friend
+George Benson, the Dean. He left by his will a sum of money for the relief
+of widows, and for apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese.
+
+*Gilbert Ironside*, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was
+translated to Hereford from Bristol. He died in London, and was buried in
+the church of St. Mary, Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but
+the Rev. F. T. T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and
+tomb-stone removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867.
+
+*Humphrey Humphreys*, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was translated to
+Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been a good antiquary. Again, in
+the early days of the eighteenth century, was the old contest revived
+between citizens and Bishop as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair
+of St. Ethelbert. The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in
+form, down to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act
+of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for the profits
+arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2 bushels of wheat
+or its equivalent in money value, according to the price current. This has
+now been transferred to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair
+limited to two days' duration.
+
+*Philip Bisse*, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's, was a man of
+great munificence, and of the best intentions, of whom it may be said he
+spent "not wisely but too well." He was entirely devoid of any sthetic
+feeling or of architectural fitness, and in the most religious spirit
+committed acts of wholesale sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the
+work of restoration in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at
+that time much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a
+hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the cathedral,
+and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality, presented the church with
+the most dreadful, ponderous, and unsuitable altar-piece that could well
+have been devised. In an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues
+are recorded. It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the
+three choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place.
+
+*Benjamin Hoadley*, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor, was again
+translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over Hereford was too
+short for him to have influenced it for good or evil, and his history
+belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester.
+
+*Hon. Henry Egerton*, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the third Earl of
+Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is chiefly to be remembered for
+an attempt to destroy the early Norman building adjoining the Bishop's
+Palace, and thought to have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of
+its two stories containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot.
+
+*Lord James Beauclerk*, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles II. and Nell
+Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop. It was during the last
+year of his episcopate on Easter Monday, April 17, 1786, that occurred the
+fall of the western tower of the cathedral, causing much injury. The west
+front of the church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was
+seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this calamity.
+The see was next occupied for six weeks only by the Hon. J. Harley.
+
+*John Butler*, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was an active political
+supporter of the Government of the day.
+
+He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral.
+
+*Folliott Herbert Cornewall*, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a member of an
+ancient family in the county of Hereford. Translated from Bristol to
+Hereford, he was again translated in 1808 to Worcester.
+
+*John Luxmoore*, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford from Bristol,
+and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph. He helped to establish national
+schools in the diocese.
+
+*Isaac Huntingford*, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester College, was
+translated from Gloucester to Hereford, and still continued his duties at
+Winchester. During his episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed
+by Dean Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of
+several classical and theological works. He died April 29, 1832, in his
+eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton, near Winchester. There is a
+monument in the Bishop's cloister and a window in the south-east transept
+to his memory.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Edward Grey, D.D.*, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837. He was Dean
+of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in the choir of the cathedral, eastward
+of the throne, on July 24, 1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on
+the wall marks the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in the
+Bishop's cloister.
+
+*Thomas Musgrave, D.D.*, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of Hereford, October 1,
+1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of York, December, 1847. He died in
+London, May 4, 1860, aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal
+Green, where there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a
+monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him, and in the
+north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three stained-glass windows to
+his memory.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.*, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow of Oriel College;
+Principal of St. Mary's Hall; Regius Professor of Divinity; and Canon of
+Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and
+for the first time since the Reformation "a struggle took place between
+the recommending minister and a large and influential part of the clergy
+and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden's opinions as
+heretical."(11) Lord John Russell refused to withdraw the appointment, and
+it was eventually carried out in spite of all remonstrances; not, however,
+until the question had been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of
+Queen's Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion. He
+died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal Green, close to
+the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy was said by Hallam to be
+the only work of deep metaphysical research on the subject to be found in
+the English language.
+
+ [Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.]
+
+ BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.
+
+
+*James Atlay*, A.D. 1868-1895, second son of the Rev. Henry Atlay, M.A.,
+formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was born July 3,
+1817; graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was
+afterwards Fellow, appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel
+Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of Ripon, 1861;
+nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at Westminster on June 24, and
+enthroned in Hereford Cathedral, July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by
+the Right Rev. *John Percival*, D.D., the present holder of the see.
+
+ [Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.]
+
+ PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The dimensions of the cathedral are:--
+
+ Ft. In.
+Total length about 342 0
+outside,
+Total length about 327 5
+inside,
+Length of Nave about 158 6
+to Screen
+Gates,
+Length of about 75 6
+Choir-Screen to
+Reredos,
+Length of Lady about 93 5
+Chapel from
+Reredos,
+Breadth of Nave about 31 4
+(span of roof),
+Breadth of Nave about 73 4
+and Aisles
+(internally),
+Breadth of about 146 2
+Central
+Transepts,
+Breadth of about 110 6
+North-East
+Transepts (each
+about 35 ft.
+sq.),
+Height of about 62 6
+Choir,
+Height of Nave, about 64 0
+Height of about 96 0
+Lantern,
+Height of Tower about 140 6
+(top of
+_leads_),
+Height of Tower about 165 0
+(top of
+_pinnacles_),
+Height of old about 240 0
+central timber
+Spire,
+
+NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+ 1 --_Cathedralia_, p. 59.
+
+ 2 --_The Diocese of Hereford_, H. W. Phillott.
+
+ 3 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips
+ Bevan, F.S.S.
+
+ 4 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips
+ Bevan, F.S.S.
+
+ 5 --_History of Architecture_, ii. 38.
+
+ 6 --_List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural,
+ etc., Decorations._ London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128.
+
+ 7 Botfield, _Cathedral Libraries_, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the
+ collection it was in the Lady Chapel.
+
+ 8 Rev. J. Webb's _Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield_,
+ xviii.
+
+ 9 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
+
+ 10 Fuller's _Church History of Britain_, Brewer's ed., iv. 198.
+
+ 11 --_History of the Church of England from 1660._ By W. N. Molesworth,
+ M.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
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+<div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See by A. Hugh Fisher</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+ and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+ give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+ Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+ eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description
+ Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+
+Author: A. Hugh Fisher
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image01.png" width="640" height="414" alt="Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE." title="HEREFORD FROM THE WYE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-titlePage">
+ <span class="tei tei-docTitle"><span class="tei tei-titlePart"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Cathedral Church Of Hereford</span></span><br /><br />
+ <span class="tei tei-titlePart">A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See</span></span>
+ <div class="tei tei-byline"><br />By <span class="tei tei-docAuthor">A. Hugh Fisher</span><br /><br /></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-docImprint">London<br />
+George Bell and Sons<br /><br /></span>
+<span class="tei tei-docDate">1898</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc2" id="toc2"></a>
+<a name="pdf3" id="pdf3"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiv">[pg iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">GENERAL PREFACE.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors
+to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated
+guide-books at a popular price. The aim of each writer
+has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge
+and scholarship to be of value to the student of Archæology
+and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To specify all the authorities which have been made use
+of in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place.
+But amongst the general sources of information which have
+been almost invariably found useful are:—(1) the great
+county histories, the value of which, especially in questions
+of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2)
+the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to
+time in the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archæological
+Societies; (3) the important documents made accessible in
+the series issued by the Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known
+works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals;
+and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the
+Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which
+the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail,
+especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.00em">GLEESON WHITE.<br />
+EDWARD F. STRANGE.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Editors of the Series</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc4" id="toc4"></a>
+<a name="pdf5" id="pdf5"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the
+General Preface, the "Monastic Chronicles" and many
+other works named in the text, some dealing especially with
+Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in preparing
+this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies
+of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive
+"Statement of the Condition and Circumstances of the
+Cathedral Church of Hereford in the Year 1841," and "The
+Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company
+for their excellent photographs.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.00em">A. HUGH FISHER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+<ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc2">GENERAL PREFACE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc4">AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.</a></li><li><a href="#toc14">CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.</a></li><li><a href="#toc20">CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.</a></li><li><a href="#toc44">CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.</a></li></ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexi">[pg xi]</span><a name="Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Illustrations</span></h1>
+<ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-fig"><li><a href="#fig1">HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig6">HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.</a></li><li><a href="#fig9">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig10">THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig11">THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).</a></li><li><a href="#fig12">THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.</a></li><li><a href="#fig13">THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</a></li><li><a href="#fig16">BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig17">GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.</a></li><li><a href="#fig18">EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig19">THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.</a></li><li><a href="#fig22">THE NORTH PORCH.</a></li><li><a href="#fig23">THE NAVE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig24">THE CHOIR SCREEN.</a></li><li><a href="#fig25">SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.</a></li><li><a href="#fig26">NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.</a></li><li><a href="#fig27">THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig28">THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig29">EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig30">THE LADY CHAPEL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig31">SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig32">ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig33">SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.</a></li><li><a href="#fig34">THE CRYPT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig35">VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830.</a></li><li><a href="#fig36">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR,
+NORTH SIDE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig37">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.</a></li><li><a href="#fig38">EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.</a></li><li><a href="#fig39">EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.</a></li><li><a href="#fig40">THE REREDOS.</a></li><li><a href="#fig41">ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.</a></li><li><a href="#fig42">MONUMENTAL CROCKET.</a></li><li><a href="#fig43">EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.</a></li><li><a href="#fig46">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig47">TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.</a></li><li><a href="#fig48">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig49">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</a></li><li><a href="#fig50">BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.</a></li><li><a href="#fig51">PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.</a></li></ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<a name="fig6" id="fig6"></a></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image02.png" width="640" height="462" alt="Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST." title="HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span>
+<a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">HEREFORD CATHEDRAL</span></h1>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of
+cathedral churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful
+speculation and shadowy tradition. Although the see had
+existed from the sixth century, it is not till much later that
+we have any information concerning the cathedral itself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most
+powerful and important rulers of those times,—King Offa.
+He was a contemporary of Charles the Great, and more than
+once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts and letters. Under
+Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in addition
+to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men
+he wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn
+from the Welsh, took the chief town of the district which
+was afterwards called Shrewsbury, and like another Severus
+made a great dyke from the mouth of the Wye to that of the
+Dee which became henceforth the boundary between Wales
+and England, a position it has held with few changes to the
+present day. In church history Offa is of no less importance
+than in secular, for as the most powerful King in England he
+seems to have determined that ecclesiastical affairs in this
+country should be more under his control, or at least supervision,
+than they could possibly be with the Mercian church
+subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore,
+he persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Although Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death
+when Lichfield was shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired
+honours, the position gained for the latter see by Offa, though
+temporary in itself, must have had lasting and important
+influence. Offa is generally held responsible for the murder,
+about 793, of Æthelberht, King of the East Angles, who had
+been promised his daughter, Æthelthryth, in marriage.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Had Æthelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future
+events (which would not have been a more wonderful attribute
+than many of the virtues which were ascribed afterwards to
+his dead body), he could hardly have desired a more glorious
+fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal
+glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier
+auspices. Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died
+by the order of a man whose memory is sullied by no other
+stain, a man renowned in war, a maker of laws for the good of
+his people, and eminent in an ignorant age as one who
+encouraged learning.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that
+beyond the bare fact of the murder nothing can be positively
+asserted, and the brief statement of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
+"792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians, commanded the
+head of King Æthelberht to be struck off," contains all that
+we may be certain of.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the
+crime at the door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to
+have insinuated that the marriage was only sought as a pretext
+to occupy the Mercian throne. Finding her lord's courage not
+equal to the occasion, she herself arranged the end of Æthelberht.
+There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber
+and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of
+luxurious comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was,
+according to one writer, privately buried on the bank of the
+river "Lugg," near Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a
+column of light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven";
+and three nights afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King
+Æthelberht appeared to Brithfrid, a nobleman, and commanded
+him to convey the body to a place called "Stratus Waye," and
+to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by another
+column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+head on a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell
+from the vehicle, but having been discovered by a "blind man,"
+to whom it miraculously communicated sight, was restored by
+him to the careless driver. Arrived at his place of destination,
+then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and which has since
+been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever
+the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa's
+subsequent remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and
+churches, and is even said by some to have gone on a pilgrimage
+to Rome, though this rests on slight evidence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King
+were, according to Asser, so numerous and incredible that
+Offa, who had appropriated Æthelberht's kingdom, was induced
+to send two bishops to Hereford to ascertain the truth of them,
+and it is generally agreed that about A.D. 825 Milfrid, who was
+Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of Offa
+and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in
+building "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura</span></span>" at Hereford,
+which he consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed
+with lands and enriched with ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of
+stone, it is quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or
+architectural character of this edifice. It seems, however, that
+by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan was promoted to the see, it
+had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate, sufficient decay to
+necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no clearer
+account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church.
+Soon after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son
+of the Earl of Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in
+London, and (though his guilt is still disputed) was outlawed
+by Edward the Confessor. He hired a fleet of Danish pirate
+ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in Wales, and
+marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make
+war upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory
+about two miles from Hereford over the Earl of that shire
+who was a Frenchman, and tried to make his men fight on
+horseback in the French fashion, which they did not understand,—the
+English way being for the great men to ride to the
+field of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy
+axes on foot. Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's
+head and fled the field, and the English, encumbered with<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their long spears and swords, followed helter skelter. After
+killing some five hundred, Ælfgar and Gruffydd turned to
+Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan
+had caused to be built. There they met with a spirited
+resistance: amongst other victims seven of the canons were
+killed in an attempt to hold the great door of the minster; but,
+ultimately, the church and town were burned.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too
+late, came with half of his army to Hereford, and with his
+usual predilection for peace (notwithstanding his valour) soon
+after removed the outlawry from Ælfgar, and quiet was
+restored.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop
+Athelstan died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen
+years before his death, and a Welsh bishop had acted for him.
+His body was interred in the church which he had "built from
+the foundations," and we may therefore suppose that the
+"minster" was not entirely destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so
+important was Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh
+borders, and, since it had been strengthened by Harold, such
+an important military post was the town of Hereford, that it
+became part of his earldom.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in
+ruins. At the latter date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga)
+began to rebuild the cathedral, and there are vague accounts
+that it was in the form of a round church in imitation of a
+basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at Aix-la-Chapelle
+between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it
+must have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman
+period that remains is clearly English both in treatment and in
+detail. If this could be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had
+no similarity to the Roman style. The building begun by him
+was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who held the see from 1107
+to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the establishment
+of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons
+did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses
+near the church. Whether he completed the building or not,
+Bishop Raynelm undoubtedly made many additions and
+alterations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the cathedral treasurer, which were probably settled about
+this time. They throw a curious and suggestive light on the
+ceremonies of the period. "At Hereford," says Walcott, "he
+found all the lights; three burning day and night before the
+high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at mass, and
+the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz., in
+the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and
+the third before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the
+high altar, and altar on "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minus Duplicia</span></span>," and five tapers in
+basons, on principles, and doubles, at mass, prime, and
+second vespers, four tapers before the high altar, five in the
+basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the candelabra;
+the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the
+keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and
+the plate, of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean
+and chapter. He found three clerks to ring the bells, light
+the candles, and suspend the palls and curtains on solemn
+days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir and
+chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves;
+and on All Saints' day he provided mats."<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next great changes were made under Bishop William de
+Vere (1186-1199). His work was of transitional character, and
+bears much resemblance to the beautiful transitional work at
+Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman apsidal terminations
+at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus making
+two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced
+by the Lady Chapel with its vestibule.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a paper read before the Archæological Institute in 1877,
+Sir G. G. Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay
+beyond the sides; but this is merely conjecture. A curious
+feature in De Vere's work was his putting columns in the middle
+of the central arch. It is probable that the part of the presbytery
+we now have was but the beginning of a larger scheme
+never carried out, which included building the presbytery and
+dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at
+Lichfield and Exeter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English
+Lady Chapel was an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere:
+it is especially interesting, and an unique example of its date in
+being raised upon a crypt.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems
+likely De Vere was the builder,—at any rate he must have been
+the first or second occupier. It was of noble dimensions,
+being 110 feet in length, consisting of a nave 23 feet broad,
+with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the columns. This
+was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber arches
+formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the
+present Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied
+by this grand hall.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into
+Wales on behalf of the crusade, he was entertained in this hall
+by Bishop de Vere, and doubtless some of those who devoted
+themselves to the work were Hereford men.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated
+work, covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament,
+was built by, or at any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de
+Braose (1200-1215), an ardent opponent of King John.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner
+north porch (as distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth)
+and what remains of the beautifully designed chapter-house, a
+decagon in plan, each side except the one occupied by the
+entrance being subdivided into five seats.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a
+tooth of St. Æthelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely
+destroyed by Ælfgar and Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the
+cathedral. The donor of this precious relic was Philip de
+Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of Huntingdon.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented
+some service-books to the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners,
+appointed to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally
+known as Bishop Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace,
+near Chambéry. He it was who rebuilt the north transept.
+He was one of the best hated men in England, and not content
+with showering benefices upon his relations, he perpetrated
+one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money to
+aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander
+IV. Of these, however, full particulars will be found in
+a chapter on the Diocese.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+by a guard of soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to
+resist the encroachments of Llewellyn, King of Wales, found
+there neither bishop, dean, nor canons resident. For this they
+earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the Bishop returned
+to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the
+cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party,
+together with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations).
+They were carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had
+just brought from Ireland was divided among the insurgents.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268.
+He was endowed with a character full of contradictions, extreme
+aggressiveness, mingled with remarkable tact.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their
+attempt to encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one
+full half of their fine and devoted the other to the cathedral
+building. While he was showing in his life a disgraceful example
+to the clergy of the country, at the same time he gave liberally
+to the cathedral foundation in books, ornaments, money, and
+land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting monument in
+the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the
+nave and choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether
+demolished, and replaced by another consisting of two bays with
+an eastern aisle. Over the latter was built a story now used as
+the cathedral library, which is approached from the north aisle
+of the presbytery by a staircase turret. His tomb is one of the
+finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with those of his
+nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the
+heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country
+of Savoy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric
+Thomas de Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever
+held that office, a man whose life was in almost every way a
+remarkable contrast to that of his predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca.
+It is said that the Bishop of Worcester, his great-uncle,
+asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession, and
+that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then,
+sweetheart," his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be
+a soldier to serve the King of Kings, and fight under the
+banner of the glorious martyr, St. Thomas." Regular attendance
+at mass was his custom from earliest years. Both at Oxford<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of M.A.
+at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of
+the university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the
+office of chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular
+courage and determination in repressing a brawl between the
+southern scholars and those of the north, in which we are told
+he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a whole coat.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England
+under Simon de Montfort, at whose death, however, he was
+deprived of the office. It was some years after this that he
+became Bishop of Hereford, and was consecrated at Canterbury,
+September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended the consecration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and
+showed ever intense devotion in his celebration of divine
+service. He was remarkable in the steadfastness and ability
+he displayed in maintaining the rights of the see. Gilbert de
+Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace" near
+Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found
+a relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was
+prepared with the customary "pugil" or champion (who
+received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his services were not
+required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to
+the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his
+right to capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all
+birds pertaining thereto," and as a result of the verdict being
+in his favour, caused a long trench to be dug on the crest of
+the Malvern Hills as a boundary line, which is still traceable.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors
+of which he had obtained unlawful possession; and Lord
+Clifford, for cattle-lifting and maltreating the Bishop's tenants,
+was compelled to walk barefoot to the high altar in the
+cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him with a
+rod.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest
+struggle was on a question of testamentary jurisdiction with
+Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately
+excommunicated and obliged to leave the country,
+attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV.,
+but died on the homeward journey on August 25th, 1282.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+He was buried in the church of St. Severus, near Florence; but
+his bones having been divided from the flesh by boiling, were
+later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady
+Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester,
+with whom Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the
+chace, attended the ceremony, and that blood began to flow
+from the bones when he approached the casket containing
+them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the property
+he had taken unjustly from the church.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is
+said, amongst other evidences of his saintliness, that he never
+allowed his sister to kiss him. Three hundred sick people are
+said to have been cured at the place of his interment, and so
+many candles were presented by the crowds of visitors that
+Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a dispute with
+the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being
+finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to
+the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on
+Maundy Thursday, April 6th, 1287, in presence of King
+Edward I. They were again twice moved in the sixteenth
+century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west
+transept.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The building of the chapter-house may have spread over
+some part of Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the
+cloisters were erected about this time.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St.
+Cantilupe are both many and various. More than sixty-six
+dead people are said to have been restored to life. The saint's
+intervention appears to have been extended even to animals,
+as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick falcons to be
+cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint
+that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change
+its armorial bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its
+bishops have since borne.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain,
+Richard Swinfield, an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable
+manners. Bishop Swinfield, like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated
+the rights and discipline of his diocese, once against
+a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant benefice,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman
+in her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of
+Ludlow for violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases
+against abuses of all sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors,
+a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who had obtained from the
+Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton, interrupted the
+installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop
+Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice,
+and was formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance
+of the Chapter. He held his place by force of arms during
+that day and the next, but later submitted to the Bishop.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles
+and of the two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a
+remodelling of the work of De Vere. The bases of his piers
+and responds were retained and may still be seen, and upon the
+former octagonal columns were erected to carry the vaulting.
+The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that
+the "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mappa Mundi</span></span>," the curious map of the world designed by
+Richard of Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of
+Hereford in 1305, now preserved in the cathedral, came into
+possession of the Chapter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield,
+and when it was necessary for him to send representatives to a
+provincial Council in London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was
+deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton, a place belonging to
+the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of Herefordshire.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield
+at his chief residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded
+him in the bishopric.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a
+friend of Roger Mortimer to this important position, and, failing
+to persuade Adam to decline the bishopric, he appealed to the
+Pope, begging him to cancel the appointment, but with no
+more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of Hereford became
+identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return from
+France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth,
+then fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the
+kingdom under the direction of his mother.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at
+Neath Abbey, and the great seal taken from him by Bishop
+Adam Orleton, while the Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to Hereford, where he was crowned with nettles and
+dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from Psalm
+lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that
+thou canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude
+who mocked his name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally
+hanged on a gallows 50 feet high and then quartered. Among
+the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and these the Bishop
+of Hereford claimed as his perquisite.</p>
+
+<a name="fig9" id="fig9"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image03.png" width="640" height="481" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time
+vigorous and of unusual ability, played a great part in politics
+to the end of the wretched King's life. Some historians still
+believe that he recommended the murder; he certainly supported
+the deposition in Parliament, and went to Kenilworth as one of
+the commissioners to force the King's resignation. If thus
+interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and vigilant
+in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a
+source of such anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+restorer, was even at this early date showing signs of dilapidation,
+and Bishop Orleton obtained from Pope John XXII. a
+grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and Swalefeld
+(Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following
+petition:—"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of
+the fabric of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure
+of sumptuous work to be built, to the adornment of
+the House of God, upon an ancient foundation; which in the
+judgment of masons or architects, who were considered skilful
+in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the cost of
+20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the
+weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was
+placed upon it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar
+judgment no other remedy could be applied short of an entire
+renovation of the fabric from the foundation,—which, on account
+of the expenses incurred in prosecution of the canonisation of
+Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed memory,
+they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work"
+alluded to was evidently the central tower and the north
+transept; which latter had been built, as mentioned before,
+for the remains and shrine of Bishop Cantilupe.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was
+examining the confused and unsorted mass of charters and
+grants in the possession of the cathedral, he found a parchment
+(which bore the two beautiful episcopal seals of Bishop Roger
+le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of Hereford)
+that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the
+sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms
+the backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was
+translated to Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed
+with prayers for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still
+darkened the political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt
+filled the cathedral. It is said that when the "Black Death"
+reached Hereford in 1349, to retard its progress in the city the
+shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried in procession.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the
+calamity of this terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a
+mandate prohibiting the performance of "theatrical plays and
+interludes" in churches as "contrary to the practice of religion."
+The exact character of these performances is doubtful, and the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular mumming.
+The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in
+an annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi
+Day, to assist in which some of the city guilds were obliged by
+the rules of their incorporation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about
+his rights of jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency.
+It must certainly have been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck
+"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gratus, prudens, pius</span></span>" as the mutilated inscription on his
+effigy describes him, when one William Corbet forced his way
+into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him in the
+city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is
+said that the city market was removed from Hereford to a place
+about a mile on the west of the town, still marked by a cross
+called the "White Cross" bearing the arms of Bishop Charleton.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of
+King Edward II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant,
+who was appointed in 1389 by papal provision, was no less
+active in the deposition of King Richard II., and was sent to
+the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry IV. to explain
+his title to the Crown and announce his accession.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest
+vicars of the cathedral were formed into a college by Royal
+Charter, and the first warden or "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">custos</span></span>" was appointed by the
+King to show that the right of appointment was vested in the
+Crown. The college was to have a common seal, and to
+exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to be
+subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its
+members were the priests of the chantry chapels in the
+cathedral, at this time apparently twenty-seven in number.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its
+present site, so that the vicars should be able more comfortably
+to attend the night services. An order was also made about
+this time concerning the celebration of mass at the altar of St.
+John Baptist in the cathedral, an arrangement which shows that
+then as now the parish of St. John had no church of its own
+outside the cathedral walls.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with
+the cathedral was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest
+in the cathedral although he never visited his diocese. It was<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+upon this work of the cloisters that 2800 marks were expended
+by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in whose time the great
+west window was erected by William Lochard, the precentor.
+The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury,
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added
+between 1453 and 1474.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was
+translated to Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the
+two-storied chantry chapel south of the Lady Chapel and
+near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe. The upper story
+was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop
+himself. Bishop Audley also presented
+to the cathedral a silver shrine.</p>
+
+<a name="fig10" id="fig10"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image04.png" width="380" height="548" alt="Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL." title="THE AUDLEY CHAPEL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next important alteration was
+the lengthening of the great north
+porch which bears the date 1519 and
+the shields of Bishop Booth and his
+predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a
+very fine piece of Perpendicular work,
+somewhat similar in design to the porch
+in the middle of the west front of
+Peterborough Cathedral. At his death
+Bishop Booth left various books to the
+cathedral library and some tapestry for
+the high altar, together with silver and
+gold ornaments for the Cantilupe
+Shrine. The tapestry displayed the
+story of David and Nabal. He also
+bequeathed, amongst other things to his successor, the gold
+ring with which he was consecrated, but notwithstanding his
+forethought in specifying that these articles were not to be
+taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they
+have disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined,
+in the enthusiasm of his building operations, the changes to
+follow so closely upon his death. Yet the papal supremacy
+had been abolished in this country in 1534, and though the
+church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had
+been published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at
+Winchester, to the See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent
+instruments" of the Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the
+following year the suppression of the monasteries began in<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be spared
+for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were
+then no less than twenty-one in the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches,
+chapels, guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take
+inventories of their treasures, leaving to each parish church or
+chapel "one or two chalices according to the multitude of
+people." In Hereford Cathedral, amongst other valuable ornaments,
+was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs. 9-1/2 oz., two
+basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in five
+pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is
+not possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the
+cathedral alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country
+were estimated at 4860-1/4 ounces, in value about £1213, 1s. 3d.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set
+up at Nottingham, and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst
+over the country. Bishop Coke of Hereford had been one
+of the twelve churchmen most active against the Bill for
+excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons
+in May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to
+the Tower by the joint sentence of the Lords and Commons
+on charge of treason.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one
+with its Bishop, but so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford,
+with two troops of cavalry and a single infantry regiment,
+entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of Essex and
+quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained
+till December 14th without, however, any serious plundering
+in the town itself. In April 1643, Waller took the city for the
+second time, and again without much resistance, a condition of
+the surrender being the immunity of the Bishop and cathedral
+clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his leaving
+Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became
+an asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being
+held first by one side and then by the other. In the autumn
+of 1645 Hereford was besieged by Lord Leven with the
+Scottish army, who were driven off by Colonel Barnabas
+Scudamore with heavy loss.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury
+during the siege. The defenders used the lead from the
+chapter-house roof to cover the keep of the castle, and possibly<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+also to make bullets. Finally, on December 18th, through
+the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city, Hereford
+was once more taken, and this time the whole place was
+overrun by a rabble of plundering soldiery.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral
+during the Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian
+captain, one Silas Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated
+in this military loot. "The storied windows richly dight"
+were smashed to bits, monumental brasses torn up, the
+library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments
+stolen.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by
+the cathedral clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires,
+and gentry of the county for help towards restoring the cathedral,
+though it is not known with what welcome the appeal was
+received.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm
+was done to the cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one
+of those irritating people who mean well but act abominably.
+He spent much, both on the palace and the cathedral,
+employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the
+chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not
+irreparably so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of
+masonry intended to support the central tower, which was,
+however, nothing but a hideous architectural blunder. In
+itself it was ugly to behold, and actually weakened by lateral
+pressure that which it was intended to support. He also
+presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with
+scenic decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains,
+and wooden imitations of tassels which hung immediately over
+the heads of the ministering priests as they stood at the altar.
+These were found later on to be hung on rusty nails by twine
+"little better than pack thread."</p>
+
+<a name="fig11" id="fig11"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image05.png" width="640" height="954" alt="Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT)." title="THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT)." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746,
+an ancient building of early Norman date used as a
+chapel for the palace was pulled down. It consisted of an
+upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel dedicated to St.
+Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part of
+one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on
+Easter Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,—the fall
+of the great western tower. Directly and indirectly this was<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the worst accident that has happened to Hereford Cathedral.
+The west front was utterly destroyed, and a great part of the
+nave seriously injured, while the injudicious restoration begun
+in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for
+architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall
+of the tower.</p>
+
+<a name="fig12" id="fig12"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image06.png" width="640" height="477" alt="Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END." title="THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">From a drawing by T. Hearne</span></span>, 1806.</p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable
+deeds of vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous
+efforts in this direction. He altered the whole proportion of
+the building, shortening the nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected
+a new west front on a "neat Gothic pattern," and availed
+himself of the chance of removing all the Norman work in the
+nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod
+moulding round each of the arches above the arcade. These
+eccentricities were removed not long since, but the roughened<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+lines for adhesion of the plaster still remain. Inside the west
+front may also still be seen large spaces of wall painted to
+represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the
+wall of any stucco residence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless
+insipidity of Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved
+in his own day, and that the public generally were as much to
+blame as himself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and
+in order to give it apparent height the roofs of both nave and
+choir were lowered in pitch, its parapet was raised, and some
+pinnacles were added.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new
+burying-grounds provided for the city elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of
+Hereford. He was a man of sound judgment and of much
+practical ability, and it was during his episcopacy that a serious
+competent and thorough repair of the cathedral was at last
+undertaken at a cost of £27,000, to which no one devoted
+more loving care or more untiring energy than Dean
+Merewether.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses
+and this house lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his
+exhaustive "Statement of the condition and circumstances of
+the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the year 1841." In this
+statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in the
+eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and
+the dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash
+and plaster, became visible in the soffit of each of the window
+arches.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed
+of hewn stone, making a kind of casing at each side, called
+ashlar, the interval being filled with rubble masonry cemented
+with lime and loam. This stuffing having deteriorated the
+weight above had split the outer wall, though most fortunately
+the interior face was perfectly sound and upright.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove
+the oak panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and
+the heavy bookcases filling up a great part of the area were
+taken away with the lath and plaster partition from the sides
+of the pillar at the west end of the chapel.</p>
+
+<a name="fig13" id="fig13"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image07.png" width="640" height="469" alt="Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." title="THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured
+became again manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains
+of its ancient painting, the disclosure of two most interesting
+monuments, two aumbries, a double piscina, the chapel of
+Bishop Audley, but more important than all, two of the most
+beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found anywhere,
+Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with
+the Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding
+with the remarkable union of the Norman intersecting
+arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed
+characteristics.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr.
+Cottingham, the architect, showed that the great central tower
+of the cathedral was in imminent danger of falling, and might
+at any moment entirely collapse.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were
+struck by the traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing
+the clerestory gallery the remains of Norman ornaments were
+everywhere to be found, the gallery itself being still existent
+at each side, returned behind the wooden coverings, up to the
+splays of the eastern windows.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir
+shown on p. 77 was then removed, and the change effected
+was most striking. It was evident that long before the introduction
+of the Grecian screen in 1717, the original arrangement
+had been disturbed by the insertion of a Perpendicular window,
+to support which the low circular arch in the centre had been
+constructed; on either side of this window were now to be
+seen the mouldings and featherings of the original early
+decorated lights, on a level with the lateral clerestory range;
+below these the Norman arcade, based upon a string course of
+nebule ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties
+was to be traced,—the thickness of that part of the wall is
+8 feet; on either side of the arch, 24 feet in span, were
+portions of shafts, corresponding with the pair of Norman
+shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of these
+(standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through
+those already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most
+curious detail, were perfect, and upon them were visible as far
+as the level of the window above, the remaining stones which<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+formed the architecture of the exterior arch, from which it was
+evident that its crown must have risen to the height of 30
+feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was
+discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this
+exquisite and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment
+of which it is utterly impossible to account for, was, in
+fact, made up of five arches, the interior and smallest supported
+by the two semi-columns already described, and each of the
+others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch
+being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments.
+Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not only
+hidden by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also, like
+the two others, closed up with lath and plaster, as the central
+arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were
+taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious
+effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the
+appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm,
+Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these
+massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium
+above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the
+founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the completer
+and restorer after that era."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made,
+though it cannot be said that all the work he did was good
+either in design or execution. The beautiful lantern of the
+central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was satisfactorily
+strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of
+Dean Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be
+done, and in 1857 a further scheme was set going under the
+financial management of Dean Richard Dawes, and the architectural
+direction of Mr., afterwards Sir Gilbert, Scott, who
+restored the north transepts, the north porch, the choir, and
+Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and
+fitted up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St.
+John the Baptist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Altogether in these two works of repair about £45,000 was
+expended, and the cathedral was opened for service on June
+30th, 1863.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc14" id="toc14"></a>
+<a name="pdf15" id="pdf15"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of
+Hereford Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence
+of that quality dear to a purist is not more than compensated
+for by the fine examples of different periods, which make the
+massive pile as a whole a valuable record of historical progress.
+And surely it is more fitting that a great ecclesiastical
+edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts, and
+bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through
+which it has passed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the
+cathedral building reposes in a secluded close, from which the
+best general view is obtained. The close is entered either
+from Broad Street, near the west window, or from Castle
+Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of
+the close between the path and the river. The space between
+the Wye and the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and
+the college of the Vicars Choral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was
+formerly one of the strongest on the Welsh marches.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the
+Norman, Early English, and Early Decorated periods.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the
+interior, survives in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy"
+quality remaining through the subsequent building being imposed
+upon the old foundations. The side apses of the
+original triple eastern termination were converted into the
+present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which
+helps to produce an intricate outline already irregular through
+the projections of the porch of Bishop Booth.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Central Tower</span></span>, a splendid example of Decorated
+work, is of two stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the
+angles. It is covered with a profusion of ball-flower ornament,
+which, except in the south nave aisle of Gloucester Cathedral,
+is nowhere else so freely used.</p>
+
+<a name="fig16" id="fig16"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image08.png" width="640" height="749" alt="Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT." title="BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the
+disposition of the upper windows of the central tower and the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+style and position of the dividing pilasters and bands of
+ornament, it seems likely that the earlier lantern of Pershore is
+partly responsible for its design.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which
+formerly existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered
+with lead. When this was taken down at the time of the
+great repairs and rebuilding of the west end, a stunted, squat
+appearance was given to the building. In the year 1830
+Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and
+Chapter to build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar
+in design to the central one, but rose only one stage above
+the leads of the nave. This seems to have been used as a
+belfry; whereas the central tower was a lantern.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The large projecting <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">North Porch</span></span>, completed in 1530 by
+Bishop Booth, is Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles,
+though it is later in date, the porch in the centre of the west
+front at Peterborough. The front entrance archway has highly
+enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase buttress
+turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the
+upper portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This
+outer porch consists of two stories, the lower of which is
+formed by three wide, open arches, springing from four piers
+at the extreme angles, two of which are united with the staircase
+turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The
+upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted
+and groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate
+tracery.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled
+angles, of which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral
+cappings, the remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and
+rising nearly the whole height of the building, show to great
+advantage. The clerestory windows, like those in the outer
+wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster, are triangular
+on the exterior.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is
+an unusual architectural feature. The windows of the triforium
+have semi-circular arched mouldings, enclosing a
+window of three lights of lancet-shaped arches. Beneath the
+aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was probably
+an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the
+bottom and polygonal above; and this probably was an access
+to a private apartment for a monk over the aisle of the transept
+containing the sacred shrine.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral
+one notices the buttresses of the north-east transept, the
+Stanbury Chapel, the windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle,
+the clerestory windows with arcade dressings to the walls,
+and the modern parapet above the whole.</p>
+
+<a name="fig17" id="fig17"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image09.png" width="640" height="400" alt="Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST." title="GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank
+window or double arch, with two smaller arches within the
+clerestory wall, claims especial attention, as well as the ribbed
+roof rising above the Norman triforium.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We now come to the Early English work of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lady
+Chapel</span></span>, the east end of which is especially noticeable, with
+its bold angular buttresses rising from immense bases. The
+numerous and large base mouldings running round the wall
+of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and
+ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting
+peculiarities of design.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular,
+embattled parapet at the end is a modern addition.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by
+the public, being shut within the walls of a garden between the
+Bishop's and the Vicars' Cloisters.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Bishop's Cloisters</span></span> consist of two walks only, or
+covered corridors, though that on the west, which was pulled
+down in the reign of Edward VI. to make room for a pile
+of brick building appropriated to the Grammar School, and
+in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of restoration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the
+north side against the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a
+continued series of buttresses are windows of large dimensions,
+with mullions and tracery.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed
+mouldings, at the intersections of which are shields charged
+with sculptured figures, foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring
+from slender pillars between the windows and corbels heads
+on the other side: over the exterior of the windows are carved
+grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations. The
+south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the
+south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small
+chamber, which has been carefully and completely restored.
+It has always been called the "Ladye Arbour," although no
+one has been able to discover the origin of this name or the
+use to which the chamber was put; many antiquarians suggest
+a possible reference to the Virgin.</p>
+
+<a name="fig18" id="fig18"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image10.png" width="640" height="399" alt="Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The entrance doorway to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Chapter-house</span></span> from the east
+walk still remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed
+arch under a lofty, richly ornamented pedimental moulding,
+having clustered shafts on the sides, with foliated capitals.
+The archway is divided by a slender pillar into two smaller
+openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this
+doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton
+asserts, "beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian
+soldiers," was certainly neglected; and then, as long as any
+material could be got from it, treated as a stone quarry by
+Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house appears
+to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated
+period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+at each angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the
+entrance, was sub-divided into five panels or seats. Remains
+of three sides only are left, and these only as far as the
+window-sills.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end,
+are some remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other.
+The lower was dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to
+St. Mary Magdalene.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The form, excepting a portico and choir (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> chancel) was
+an exact square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every
+way, supported the roof; the portico was composed of a
+succession of arches retiring inwards, and had a grandeur in
+imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side consisted
+of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the
+lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made
+of single stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle
+pillars. The walls were much painted, and the arched roof
+was turned with great skill, and resembled the architecture
+which prevailed during the declension of the Roman Empire
+(see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small
+windows in the remaining north wall, the author of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Picturesque
+Antiquities of Hereford</span></span> proceeds to say: "These are
+extremely interesting, as they pertained to an edifice which
+once stood on the south side of this wall, and is believed to
+have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron saint of
+the cathedral before the translation of the body of St. Ethelbert.
+It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences
+in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of
+marriages there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent
+in the Dean's archives."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A second cloister, known as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Vicars' Cloister</span></span>, connects
+the Vicars' College with the south-east transept. The arrangement
+here may be compared with that of Chichester, as showing
+the most probable plan of the latter before the destruction of
+the south walk and its connection with the cloister of the
+Vicars Choral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching
+cross, which fell into a decayed state during the latter part of
+the last century. Beneath it was a dome of masonry which
+closed the aperture to a well of considerable depth, which had<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+been formed with great exactness. This well still exists
+beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according
+to Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green,
+with a handsome stone arch over it.</p>
+
+<a name="fig19" id="fig19"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image11.png" width="640" height="623" alt="Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR." title="THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it
+was proposed to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a
+special restoration, dealing principally with the west end and
+central tower.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc20" id="toc20"></a>
+<a name="pdf21" id="pdf21"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through
+the beautiful parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage
+of this porch is formed by three arches with octagonal turrets
+at their outer angles. These turrets are each capped by a
+lantern. The second stage has three fine Perpendicular
+windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church,
+belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner
+porch is of the Decorated period. There is some particularly
+good iron-work on the doors, made by Messrs Potter from
+designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two
+sister cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent.</p>
+
+<a name="fig22" id="fig22"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image12.png" width="640" height="949" alt="Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH." title="THE NORTH PORCH." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NORTH PORCH.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Nave</span></span>, which is separated from the aisles by eight
+massive Norman piers (part of the original church), of which
+the capitals are worthy of notice, has somewhat suffered by
+restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The triforium, the clerestory,
+the vaulting of the roof and the western wall and doorway
+are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he
+shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the
+west end, from which the best general view is to be obtained,
+one is impressed by the striking effect of the great Norman
+piers and arches and the gloom of the choir beyond. Through
+the noble circular arches, which support the central tower and
+the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the eastern
+wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and
+below by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A
+central pillar divides this lower arch, two pointed arches
+springing from its capital and leaving a spandrel between them,
+which is covered with modern sculpture. In the far distance<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and
+its brilliant lancet lights.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable
+for the richness of its ornament as compared with other buildings
+of the same date, such as Peterborough or Ely.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet
+and other beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers
+and shafts are also elaborately decorated. The double half
+shafts set against the north and south fronts of the huge circular
+piers are in the greater part restorations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated
+from the Early English of Salisbury. They are divided by
+slender pillars, but there is no triforium passage.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were
+practically rebuilt, the existing walls and windows being erected
+upon the bases of the Norman walls, which were retained for a
+few feet above the foundations. The vaulting of the roofs of
+the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself were coloured
+under the direction of Mr. Cottingham.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Font</span></span>, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century,
+is in the second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough
+for the total immersion of children. Beneath arches round
+the basin are figures of the twelve Apostles. These, however,
+with one exception, have been much broken. The most
+curious feature of this interesting font is the base with four
+demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is
+protected by a mosaic platform.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the Nave.</span></span>—The first monument on the
+south side as we walk from the western end is the fine effigy in
+alabaster of Sir Richard Pembridge in plate and mail armour
+with his greyhound. This monument was formerly at the
+Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the Suppression.
+Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd
+of that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at
+Poitiers. He died in 1375. There are still traces of colour
+on this monument and gold remains on the points of the cap
+to which the camail is fastened, as also on the jewelled sword-belt.
+A sheaf of green coloured leathers is separated from the
+tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet of open
+roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+left, and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved,
+and the workman showed such accuracy in duplicating the
+stone leg that the Knight was adorned with a pair of garters
+for many years until Lord Saye and Sele, Canon Residentiary,
+presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and the
+wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library.</p>
+
+<a name="fig23" id="fig23"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image13.png" width="640" height="519" alt="Illustration: THE NAVE." title="THE NAVE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NAVE.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay
+is the carved figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy
+is headless and otherwise much mutilated.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure,
+under a foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head
+wearing a cap. It is thought to be the monument of a former
+treasurer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the
+Bishop's Cloister. This has a square heading which rises
+above the sill of the window over it. There is an interesting
+series of heads in the hollow moulding, which are said to be<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+copies of earlier work in the same position. The iron-work of
+the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty Norman arch
+leads from this aisle into the south transept.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south.
+It contains six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his
+wife, with subjects by Warrenton from the life of St. John the
+Baptist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the
+nave is the effigy and tomb under which is buried Bishop
+Booth (1535), the builder of the large projecting porch which
+bears his name. The recumbent figure of the Bishop is fully
+vested with a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mitra pretiosa</span></span> with pendent fillets. He wears a
+cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and
+chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed
+sandals; his hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which
+has been broken) is veiled on the right. At this side is a
+feathered angel. The original inscription, cut into stone and
+fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et
+totidem dies Ecclesiæ huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii 1535 defunctus
+sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet."</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in
+the Cathedral which has not been disturbed, although Mr.
+Havergal says "most of our large ancient monuments were
+protected by iron railings." It is divided into six square panels,
+having shields and heraldic ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The beautiful wrought iron <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Screen</span></span>, an elaborate example of
+artistic metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore
+of Coventry, from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands
+between the eastern piers of the central tower, a little towards
+the nave. The first great piece of metal-work of this kind
+executed in England in modern times was the choir screen at
+Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the
+Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production
+transcends that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches
+by a slender shaft. The central arch is larger and
+higher than the others, is gabled and surmounted by a richly
+jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on either side, to
+a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are filled with<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the
+arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline.</p>
+
+<a name="fig24" id="fig24"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image14.png" width="640" height="609" alt="Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN." title="THE CHOIR SCREEN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CHOIR SCREEN.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin
+plates of copper and hammered iron, in imitation of natural
+specimens, and throughout the screen the passion flower is
+prominent in the decoration. It is composed of 11,200 lbs.
+of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of vitreous
+and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about
+300 cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze
+figures, three single figures, and two groups. Of these the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, May 29, 1862, well said: "These figures are perfect<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+studies in themselves. Every one can understand them at a
+glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of
+the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt
+without the aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set
+forth who or what they are."</p>
+
+<a name="fig25" id="fig25"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image15.png" width="640" height="529" alt="Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS." title="SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is
+no less worthy of inspection. Over the gates the large oval
+space is filled with the sacred monogram I.H.C. The base
+consists of polished Devonshire marble. The diversity of tint
+of the metals used is in itself a source of colour, but the
+whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+painted with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour
+scheme is further carried out in the mosaics.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is
+perhaps the best example of this kind of work produced in
+modern times. The cost of the screen was £3000, though
+the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance with their agreement
+was only £1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art
+Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and
+gasfittings.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the
+Cathedral, is placed near the south-west corner of the screen;
+it was designed by Cottingham.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Central Tower.</span></span>—Immediately above the four great
+arches of the central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor
+Willis in his report on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular
+construction; twelve piers of compact masonry on each
+side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the height of 26 ft.,
+and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of stone, in
+long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round immediately
+under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone
+gratings, if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall
+of the tower rests, and they also carry the entire weight of the
+bell-chamber and bells.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole space is now completely open from the floor of
+the Cathedral to the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which
+is painted underneath in blue and gold. From this floor hangs,
+the handsome corona of wrought iron.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843,
+however, the whole appearance of the central tower was
+different, and the beautiful lantern with its many shafts was
+hidden from view by a vault of the fifteenth century, which rose
+above the great arches and completely concealed the upper
+portion of the tower.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his specific report of the condition of the central tower
+in particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr.
+Cottingham said:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the
+honour of reporting, I have carefully examined the construction
+of the four great piers which support the tower; they are of
+Norman workmanship, and sufficient in bulk to carry a much
+greater weight than the present tower, had the masonry been<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+more carefully constructed; they consist of a series of semi-circular
+columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds
+the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled
+with a rubble core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime
+grouting; this was undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman
+tower, but when the great Early English shaft was added
+on the top of this work the pressure became too great for such
+kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns, not
+being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores,
+split and bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion
+of lime, diminished and crushed to pieces. To remedy these
+defects, a second facing of ashlar has been attached to the piers,
+in some places by cutting out a part of the old ashlar, and in
+others by merely fixing long slips of stone round the pier with
+iron plugs, run in with lead,—these most unsightly excrescences
+have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without adding
+any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked
+up all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with
+the tower piers and communicating with the aisles, choir, and
+transepts, leaving only a small passage-way in each.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the
+south transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed
+up with masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich
+work which lies concealed behind it. These injudicious performances
+have tended to weaken instead of strengthen the
+tower. The interior walls above the main arches of the tower,
+up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the bellringers'
+chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the
+four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction,
+have been made large enough for a man to creep in,—these
+unaccountable holes have tended very much to increase the
+danger, as all the masonry connected with them is drawn off
+its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces by the
+enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the
+pillars, is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of
+the bell floor. On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful
+monument of the fallibility of human skill than the tower of
+Hereford Cathedral at this moment presents."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed
+themselves, on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion
+of Professor Willis, of Cambridge. This gentleman, after the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+most minute scrutiny and indefatigable labour, produced his
+elaborate and well-known report. He essentially corroborated
+the architect, especially as to the general state of the tower; and,
+under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the great
+work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a
+fine peal of ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected
+in 1861, which strikes the
+hours and quarter-hours.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The North Transept.</span></span>—Passing
+through the
+north arch of the tower we
+come into some of the
+most interesting parts of
+the Cathedral. The transept
+beyond was entirely
+rebuilt for the reception of
+the shrine of Bishop Cantilupe,
+when his body was
+removed from the Lady
+Chapel in 1287, after the
+miracles reported at his
+tomb had already largely
+increased the revenues of
+the Cathedral. The unusual
+shape of the arches
+and the fine and effective
+windows of this transept
+render it one of the most
+distinguished English specimens
+of the style.</p>
+
+<a name="fig26" id="fig26"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image16.png" width="547" height="887" alt="Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320." title="NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the north is a window
+with triple lights on each
+side of a group of banded
+shafts, the tracery above
+being formed of circles enclosing trefoils. The heads of the
+lights are sharply pointed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside
+triangular-headed arches, which completely fill the two bays.
+They have three lights each, and are exactly similar to the
+windows on the north side of the transept.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+marble, a clustered pier divides the eastern aisle of the
+transept into two bays. These shafts have foliated capitals,
+and the bases have knots of foliage between them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the
+mouldings of the main arches are plain.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the
+Norman arch opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept
+itself. There are in each bay two pointed arches, each containing
+three smaller arches with foiled headings surmounted
+by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the arches
+are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back
+in the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping
+courses, which incline forward to the string course above
+the triforium.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and
+the triangular arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar
+to those in the clerestory of Worcester Cathedral on the south
+side of the nave. These are, however, of later date, and may
+have been imitated by the Worcester architect.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was
+satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general
+effect.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the North Transept.</span></span>—The great north
+stained-glass window by Hardman was placed there as a
+memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died in 1863.
+Underneath this window, which is described later on in the
+section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop
+Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt,
+and the effigy is now leaning on its side against the wall.
+There is an undoubted original half-length portrait of this
+bishop in the Hall of Jesus College, Oxford. There are
+monuments to other members of the family in the church at
+Ross.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John
+Philips, the author of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Splendid Shilling</span></span> and of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cyder</span></span>, a
+poem endearing him to Herefordshire. His family belonged
+to this county, although he himself was born in Oxfordshire.
+There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner, Westminster
+Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32.</p>
+
+<a name="fig27" id="fig27"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image17.png" width="640" height="924" alt="Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT." title="THE NORTH TRANSEPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of
+Bishop Thomas Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+effigy and its richly decorated alcove or canopy was most
+luckily not touched by Wyatt.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost
+in an avalanche; Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster
+of Battersea College.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most
+important monument in the north transept, viz.:—the pedestal
+of the celebrated shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282,
+who died at Civita Vecchia, near Florence, on his way to
+Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to Ashridge
+in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto;
+and the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the
+Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at
+the lower end. It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two
+stages, the lower having a series of cinquefoiled niches and
+fourteen figures of Templars in chain armour in different
+attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand Master of
+the Knights Templars in England.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the figures are seated with various monsters under their
+feet. The filling of the spandrels between these niches and
+that of the spandrels between the arches of the upper stage is
+especially noteworthy. It belongs to the first Decorated period,
+and while the arrangement is still somewhat stiff or formal, the
+forms are evidently directly copied from nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage,
+still bears the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having
+traces of the arms of the See (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the arms of Cantilupe).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop
+Cantilupe was avoided the secondary part which his shrine must
+have played if it had been placed in the usual post of honour
+at the back of the high altar. The shrine of St. Ethelbert was
+probably already there, and wisely enough a distinguished
+position was specially created by rebuilding the north transept
+for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford
+Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south
+transept of Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la
+Wych.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and
+another to Richard Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+1636), and on the floor is an effigy of John D'Acquablanca,
+a Dean of Hereford (died 1320), and nephew of Bishop
+D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is close to it,
+between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the
+transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are
+reminded of the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry
+of the same period (1262) in the south choir transept of Salisbury
+to Bishop Giles de Bridport.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of
+minute ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck
+marble support a gabled canopy, each gable of which is surmounted
+by a finial in the form of a floriated cross.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861
+a feeble attempt was made to restore it, which was, however,
+not carried out. Bishop Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had
+been steward of the household to his relative, William of Savoy,
+the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of the noteworthy
+instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop of
+Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him
+his treasurer and consulted him on all matters of state. At his
+death, says the Rev. H. W. Phillott,<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> "He was probably little
+regretted in his cathedral city, whose citizens he had defeated
+in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal rights. But he
+used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one half
+of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the
+cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the
+north-west transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful
+shrine, probably erected by himself, under which repose the
+remains of his nephew, John, Dean of Hereford, as well as
+his own, his heart excepted, which, with a pathetic yearning
+of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the church
+which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle,
+in Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at
+the hands of historians and song-writers of his day, though his
+example did much to swell the tide of ill-repute in which
+many of the clergy of all ranks were held (for the laity, says
+the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention to the doctrine
+than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave out of
+sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral,
+and bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ornaments, and land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor
+of the diocese."</p>
+
+<a name="fig28" id="fig28"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image18.png" width="640" height="436" alt="Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE." title="THE CANTILUPE SHRINE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">South Transept.</span></span>—Crossing the Cathedral in front of the
+Skidmore screen it is a relief to turn from the nave with its
+sham triforium to the south transept with its fine three stage
+Norman east side. The groining, although incongruous, is still
+beautiful, and does not irritate in the same way as Wyatt's
+abominations in the nave. This transept contains several
+disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to
+whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the
+Cathedral. "At any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> "this
+transept seems to have been the happy hunting-ground of
+successive races of builders, who have left the side-walls in
+admired confusion."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular
+period much of the Norman work remains. The east wall is
+in the best preservation, and is certainly entirely Norman with
+the exception of the groining. It is covered with five series of
+arcades, which may be divided into three stages. In the
+middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very short
+Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those
+at the level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the
+transept is lighted from the clerestory by two Norman
+windows.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman
+moulded double arch.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the
+Norman work, and a large Perpendicular window nearly fills
+the south wall with panelling round it of the same period.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the South Transept.</span></span>—There is an
+interesting altar-tomb of Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of
+Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady and a child in
+swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the transept.
+The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of
+colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a
+double chain and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons
+were ancestors of the Coke family, now Earls of Leicester.
+The swaddled body of the child lies to the left of its mother,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+its head resting on a little double pillow by her knee, and a
+part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower
+part of the babe.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the
+composition, lie his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have
+been much scratched with names.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The head of the knight rests upon his helmet.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of Buckingham,
+and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard Willyson of
+Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne deceased the 29th of
+October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age, the 23rd of his Age."</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a cænotaph, for
+Alexander Denton, the husband, who lived some years after,
+and marry'd another lady, was bury'd with her at Hillesden,
+Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th, 1576."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant
+(1389-1404), the builder of the Perpendicular alterations
+in this transept. The effigy is unfortunately headless and has
+lost its hands. The feet are resting on a lion.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral
+(1877).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the
+west side of the south transept.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault
+behind. This was doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular
+window was placed above on this side.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the
+lantern arches.</p>
+
+<a name="fig29" id="fig29"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image19.png" width="640" height="938" alt="Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT." title="EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Organ</span></span>, which occupies the first archway on the south
+side of the choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr.
+Phillips Bevan<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> writes of it, "It was the gift of Charles II.,
+and was very nearly destroyed by the fall of the central tower.
+It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray and Davidson,
+and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11
+swell, 7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great
+feature in Willis's improvements is the tubular pneumatic<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+action, which does away with trackers and other troublesome
+internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been precentor of the
+Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything
+about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the
+matter of that, no lover of music should omit to hear the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unaccompanied</span></span> service usually held on Friday morning."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated
+arched recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to
+the Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed,
+beginning from the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De
+Bethune (died 1148), the last Norman builder; Hugh Foliot
+(died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and William De
+Vere (died 1199).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the
+tomb of Bishop De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who
+superintended the building of the fine west front of the
+cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy also belongs
+to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball flower
+and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs
+is noticeable.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy
+and brass to Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516).
+The effigy is wearing a mitre, and is fully vested. In
+front of the monument are panels filled with figures of saints,
+and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which has been
+restored.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives
+access to two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms,
+to enter which you pass beneath the bellows of the organ.
+Exhibited in cases in one of these rooms are some of the
+treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the Scriptures,
+chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close of
+this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the
+Norman work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as
+the cathedral treasury.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass
+windows with figures restored by Warrington should be noticed,
+and the celebrated <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Map of the World</span></span> is well worth some
+study. It was discovered under the floor of Bishop Audley's
+Chapel during the last century, and appears from internal
+evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+certain Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham
+and Sleaford in Lincolnshire).</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">"Tuz ki cest estorie ont</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Prient à Jhesu en deyté</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pité</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ki l'at fet e compassé</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Ke joie en cel li seit doné."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the
+very oldest maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full
+of the deepest interest. It is founded on the cosmographical
+treatises of the time, which generally commence by stating that
+Augustus Cæsar sent out three philosophers, Nichodoxus,
+Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey the world,
+and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the
+left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the
+philosophers written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediæval
+seal. The world is here represented as round, surrounded
+by the ocean. At the top of the map is represented Paradise,
+with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the forbidden fruit
+and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a remarkable
+representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary
+interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their
+graves and being led within the walls of heaven.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus,
+Solinus, Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There
+are numerous figures of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with
+grotesque customs, such as the mediæval geographers believed
+to exist in different parts of the world; Babylon with its famous
+tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the inscription—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">'Roma,
+caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi'</span></span>; and Troy as
+'<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">civitas bellicosissima</span></span>.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals
+are mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known
+very little.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of
+Hercules, the Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the
+house of bondage, the journeys of the Children of Israel, the
+Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a figure of Moses and his supposed
+place of burial, the Phœnician Jews worshipping the molten
+image, Lot's wife," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Bishop's Cloisters.</span></span>—At the eastern end of the south<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+nave aisle a door opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral
+with the episcopal palace. In the cloister is placed a monument
+and inscription to Colonel John Matthews of Belmont,
+near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief consoled
+by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other monuments are:—one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D.,
+formerly Bishop of Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July
+1837, and is buried beneath the bishop's throne. A monument
+to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815 to 1832.
+He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried
+at Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke
+Whitfield, an organist of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a
+gravestone near the west part of the cathedral, which, being
+taken off, was kept in the city tolsey or hall for some time
+until it was finally fastened to a freestone on the west side of
+the Bishop's Cloisters:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Good Christeyn People of your Charite</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That here abide in this transitorye life,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And also of Anne his dere beloved wife,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Which here togeder continued without stryfe</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Further, to declare of his port and fame,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For that intent perpetually to remain and stand.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 10.00em">Amen."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The South-east Transept</span></span>, lying between the retro-choir
+and the chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main
+Decorated, though its window tracery is perhaps somewhat
+later, being almost flamboyant in character. It was altered
+from the original Norman apse, and in the walls bases of the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from it
+by a single octagonal pillar.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before the aisles were added the now open window looking
+into the Lady Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the
+chapel, and was glazed. There is a lovely view from this
+transept, looking slantwise into the Lady Chapel. In this
+transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings,
+stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis
+Charleton, 1369. His effigy lies under the wall dividing
+the transept from the vestibule of the Lady Chapel. Above it
+is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop Coke, died
+1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of
+State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the
+spot where the remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on
+Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence of the dean, archdeacon,
+and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for them; and
+there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D.,
+Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of
+the University in 1687, when James II. seized upon the
+venerable foundation of Magdalen College and sent his commissioners
+to Oxford to expel the Fellows.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and
+resolute spirit in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal
+to dine with the commissioners on the day of the Magdalen
+expulsion is described thus by Macaulay:—"I am not," he
+said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my meals with
+appetite under a gallows."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his
+meals" much longer in his beautiful college hall. William
+III., almost immediately after his accession, made him Bishop
+of Bristol, whence he was translated to Hereford, and, dying
+in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of Hereford,
+in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of
+Wadham College that the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented
+to the proposal that the remains and marble slab should
+be removed to the precincts of their cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church
+closed under the Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act,
+and when it was dismantled and the dead removed from their<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of Bishop Ironside
+were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in the
+vault having been previously removed or stolen.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened
+by the Burial Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal,
+"so perfect were the remains that the skin was not broken,
+and the features of the placid-looking bishop were undisturbed."
+In a square recess on the east wall is a bust
+which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper,
+Garrick, and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr.
+James Thomas, a citizen of Hereford, who is buried near this
+place. Under it is a brass to Sir Richard Delabere, 1514,
+his two wives and twenty-one children; the inscription is as
+follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere,
+Knight, late of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the
+Lord Audley, and Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late
+sergeant of the hall to King Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir
+Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of July, A.D. 1513, on
+whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory
+of Bishop Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed
+to represent St. John the Baptist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Lady Chapel.</span></span>—The elaborate and beautiful Early
+English work of this chapel, which dates from the first half of
+the thirteenth century, about 1220, was twice under the
+restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof having been rebuilt
+by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir G. G.
+Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On
+the north side each of these bays contains two large windows,
+and on the south side two of the bays contain each two windows,
+while the third is filled by the Audley Chapel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by
+Professor Willis to be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of
+this portion was one of the first works undertaken by Mr.
+Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the pavement and
+other restorations.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets
+recessed within arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall
+above being perforated with five quatrefoil openings, of which
+the outside ones are circular and the centre three are oval.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fergusson<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such
+combinations to be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east
+end of Ely, or such a group as that which terminates the east
+end of Hereford."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed
+by the clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean
+Merewether wrote:—</p>
+
+<a name="fig30" id="fig30"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image20.png" width="640" height="420" alt="Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL." title="THE LADY CHAPEL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE LADY CHAPEL.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the
+remnants of its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath
+the whitewash; the fair disclosure of the monuments of Joanna
+de Kilpec, a benefactress to this very edifice, and Humphry
+de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding interest; the
+discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the
+stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south
+side, the chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the
+most beautiful specimens of transition arches which can be
+found in any edifice, bearing the Early English form, the shafts
+and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch above, but ornamented<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the zig-zag decoration,
+corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman
+intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with
+its pointed characteristics. The appearance of the central
+column with a base in the Early English and its capital with
+the Norman ornament might be added: the stairs to the
+crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics in<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original
+level."</p>
+
+<a name="fig31" id="fig31"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image21.png" width="640" height="767" alt="Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT." title="SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.</div></div>
+
+<a name="fig32" id="fig32"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image22.png" width="640" height="1162" alt="Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL." title="ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the
+cathedral owes so much,
+that the stained glass
+designed by Cottingham
+was placed in the
+east windows in the
+narrow lancets that he
+loved so dearly. It represents
+scenes in the
+early life of the Virgin
+and the life of Christ;
+the last being the supper
+in the house of
+Mary and Martha. In
+the side windows the
+visitor should especially
+notice the rich clustered
+shafts and arches, the
+Early English capitals,
+and the ornamentation
+of the arches. Above
+these windows, corresponding
+to the openings
+above the east
+window, a quatrefoil
+opening enclosed by a
+circle pierces the wall.
+The quadripartite vaulting
+springs from slender
+shafts, which descend
+upon a slightly raised
+base.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The double piscina
+and aumbry south of
+the altar are restorations
+necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the Lady Chapel.</span></span>—Of great beauty and
+interest is the Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the
+north side of the Lady Chapel, in which is the recumbent<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+effigy which tradition has assigned without evidence to
+Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the 46th
+year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however,
+buried in the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey,
+Essex.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument
+of Peter, Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any
+case, the knight was probably one of the Bohun family, and
+husband of the lady whose effigy lies under an arch in the wall
+adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the fourteenth
+century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a cyclass,
+a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign.
+This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer
+behind. The visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at
+the knees.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work,
+now containing a series of figures representing the crowning of
+the Virgin; on one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St.
+John the Baptist, and on the other St. Thomas à Becket (with
+double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de Cantilupe. Of these,
+however, only the two central carvings are in their original
+positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham
+when the oak choir-screen was removed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of
+Joanna de Bohun, Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote
+from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of the lady, there can
+be scarcely a doubt, represents 'Johanna de Bohun, Domina
+de Kilpec.' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett
+or Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name
+distinguished in the annals of his times; and of his possessions,
+his sister doing her homage, had livery 19 Edward II.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter
+of Hereford, the church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of
+Llangarren, St. Waynards and Henthland, with all the small
+chapels belonging to them, which donation was confirmed by
+the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de
+Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford
+further confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed,
+dated Lugwas, 22nd July, 1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomæ
+Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop, Dean and
+Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England
+the Mother of God had better and more serious service, but
+in the Church of Hereford the Ladye's sustenance for her
+prieste was so thinne and small, that out of their respect they
+add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at Hereford,
+April 10th, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.)</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III.,
+1327, the donation of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying
+bequest. On the 17th of October in that year, she constituted
+John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give possession to the
+Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and the
+advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it.
+This instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was
+appended, of which a sketch is preserved
+by Taylor, in whose possession
+this document appears to have been in
+1655, and a transcript of it will be
+found Harl. MS. 6868, f. 77 (see also
+6726, f. 109, which last has been
+printed in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shaw's Topographer</span></span>, 1.
+280).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In the tower is preserved the patent
+1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de Lugwarden
+cum capellis donandis a
+Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8
+capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda
+(Tanner's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notitia Monast.</span></span>).</p>
+
+<a name="fig33" id="fig33"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image23.png" width="345" height="349" alt="Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN." title="SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to
+explain why the memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in
+the Lady Chapel, to which especially she had been a benefactress.
+They also explain the original ornaments of this
+tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years since
+under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately
+concealed by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been
+removed to prove that Gough's description of the original state
+of the painting is correct. He says, 'The Virgin is represented
+sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady habited in a mantle and
+wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers to her a
+church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire—and
+behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting à
+gorge deployée after the foremost, who holds up a book, on<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+which are seen musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys
+are painted about both within and without this arch,
+and on the spandrils two shields; on the left, a bend cotised
+between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right, Ermines,
+a bend indented, Gules.' This description was published 1786.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation
+of the church of Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or
+twelve vociferous choristers were the eight chaplains and two
+deacons mentioned in the patent, who were set apart for the
+peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for from
+the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields
+mentioned by Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter
+side bearing the arms of Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between
+two cotises, and six lions rampant, or.—The other, Ermines,
+a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the bearings of
+Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons of
+Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire,
+whose descent is traced to the same source. In the list of
+obits observed in Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the
+Lady Kilpeck, and out of Lugwardine was paid yearly for her
+obit forty pence."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen
+of costume. Its curious decoration of human heads is
+also noteworthy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the
+north-east angle of the chapel, is a black marble slab with
+a brass by Hardman bearing an inscription, which records
+that to the restoration of the cathedral "he devoted the unwearied
+energies of his life till its close on the 4th of April
+1850."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew
+or Beaurieu (died 1462) in the south wall of the vestibule.
+This is one of the best specimens of monumental sculpture
+in the cathedral. The face, which is well modelled, and
+the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are especially
+noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole
+monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen
+boars with rue leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of
+the dean's name.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest,
+supposed to be Canon de la Barr, 1386.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Audley Chantry.</span></span>—In the central bay on the south
+side of the wall is the Audley Chantry—a beautiful little
+chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley (1492-1502), with an
+upper chamber to which access is obtained by a circular staircase
+at the south-west angle.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502
+he erected a similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he
+was buried, so that the object of the Hereford Chantry
+as the place for his interment was of course never
+fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an
+ancient missal:—"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secundum usum Herefordensem</span></span>," which
+notes a number of "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">obiits</span></span>" or commemorations of benefactors,
+chiefly between the times of Henry I. and Edward II.
+"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam Sarum
+Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum
+Canonicis et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique
+capellam novam juxta Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e
+fundo construxit, et in eadem Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit,
+etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum in modum Ecclesiae
+fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi contulit
+beneficia.</span></span>"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a
+screen of painted stone with open-work panelling in two stages.
+The chapel is a pentagon in plan, and has two windows, while
+a third opens into the Lady Chapel through the screen.
+The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having in former
+times been elaborately painted.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the
+groined roof is distinctly good. The boss in the centre
+represents the Virgin crowned in glory. On other parts of
+the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and those of the
+Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The
+upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady
+Chapel by the top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail,
+may have been used as an oratory; but no remains of an altar
+have been found. On the door opening on the staircase is
+some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley's initials may be
+noticed on the lock.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely
+view westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+top of the reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north
+transept, and further on still the nave.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library,
+and after 1862 as the church of the parish of St. John the
+Baptist, which surrounds the cathedral, and claimed to hold
+its service in some part of the building.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Crypt</span></span> is entered from the south side of the Lady
+Chapel where a porch opens to a staircase leading down.
+The porch is deeply in-set, and like the crypt itself and the
+Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis points out
+that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is
+later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known
+examples at Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester,
+and Gloucester all belonging to earlier times. A flight of
+twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which is now light and
+dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations it was
+utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There
+is another approach to it from the interior of the church.</p>
+
+<a name="fig34" id="fig34"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image24.png" width="640" height="506" alt="Illustration: THE CRYPT." title="THE CRYPT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE CRYPT.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles
+marked out by undecorated columns. It runs beneath the
+whole extent of the Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the
+"Golgotha." In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a
+large and elaborately decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of
+preservation. It bears an incised representation of Andrew
+Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife, with an inscription
+setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497. Scrolls proceeding
+from the mouths of the figures bear the following lines:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Remember thy life may not ever endure,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And thou have it after, it is but a venture."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P.
+for the county, whose bust formerly stood here, but was
+removed to a more fitting position in the county hall.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Vicars' Cloisters.</span></span>—The entrance to the college of
+Vicars Choral is from the south side of the Lady Chapel.
+Leading from the south-east transept of the cathedral to the
+quadrangle of the college is a long cloister walk.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its
+richly carved roof may be best seen. The western wall, with
+the exception of a few mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The
+eastern wall is pierced with eight three-light windows, between
+which are the remains of small niches.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is
+of oak, the wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded
+and the tie-beams and principals are richly carved on both
+sides with various patterns and devices.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. F. Havergal says:—"The late William Cooke
+acquired an immense amount of information relating to the
+college and the vicars in olden time. His biographical notices
+of them are most curious and amusing, giving a complete
+insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the place."
+He goes on to quote from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lansdowne Manuscript</span></span> in the
+British Museum, 213, p. 333.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a
+captain, a lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military
+company in Norwich.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place,
+through the Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house,
+called the Vicars Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve
+of the singing men, all in orders, most of them Masters in Arts,
+of a Gentile garbe, have their convenient several dwellings, and
+a fayre Hall, with richly painted windows, colledge like, wherein
+they constantly dyet together, and have their cooke, butler,
+and other officers, with a fayre library to themselves, consisting
+all of English books, wherein (after we had freely tasted of
+their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell
+toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most
+sweet Organ, and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor,
+Treble, and Base; and amongst that orderly shewy crew of
+Queristers our landlord guide did act his part in a deep and
+sweet Diapason."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The North-East Transept.</span></span>—This transept shows ample
+evidence of the original Norman plan, although its present
+character is Early Decorated.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably
+terminated—an arrangement similar to the eastern apses of
+Gloucester and Norwich Cathedrals—portions remain in the
+walls of the vestibule to the Lady Chapel, and in this, the
+north-east transept, still remain parts of the apses which opened
+from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than the nave
+and belong to the Transition period.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the completion of the great north transept for the
+reception of the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal
+apses of the choir aisles were almost entirely removed, and the
+present north-east transept erected.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which
+helps to carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches
+in the west wall doubtless formed part of the original apse.
+The windows belong to the Early Decorated period. Sir G. G.
+Scott was responsible for the restoration of the transept.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Monuments in the North-East Transept.</span></span>—Under
+the north-west window is the canopied tomb of Bishop
+Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost, and in its
+place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was
+found buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched
+canopy the ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and
+behind the tomb a carving of the crucifixion is still visible,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+though nearly obliterated by the chisel of the Puritans. The
+beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has, however, been
+happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the Cantilupe
+shrine.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active
+of the modern restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G.
+Scott, with effigy by Noble.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown
+bishop. It has been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but
+is probably much earlier.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is also an old stained glass window, restored by
+Warrington, with figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael,
+Thomas, and a modern one, by Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the
+original Norman arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as
+Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In style it is late Perpendicular
+(1470). The roof is a good specimen of fan-vaulting, and the
+walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its dimensions are
+8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the
+north side, the entrance being on the south.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of
+the altar, and the west is covered with shields in panels and
+tracery.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by
+grotesques, and over the arch on the south side are shields
+with emblems of St. Matthias, St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew.
+The Lancaster rose is prominent in the decoration, and there
+is much under-cutting in the carving.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The stained windows, which form an interesting collection
+of arms and legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave,
+once Bishop of Hereford, to whom there is also another
+window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle above the
+chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are
+taken from the life of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of
+the Norman builders of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to
+the turret staircase which leads to the archive room and
+chapter library is an effigy said to be of Bishop Hugh de
+Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass window by Clayton
+and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt, organist,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass
+plate at the side of the window, from which we learn that the
+nephew James died "of grief three days after his uncle."</p>
+
+<a name="fig35" id="fig35"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image25.png" width="640" height="855" alt="Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830." title="VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the
+monument of Bishop Bennett (1617), who was buried here.
+He wears a close black cap, and the rochet and his feet are
+resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine view of the
+Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side
+of the choir.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the
+series of arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral
+ornament in the mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop
+Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120), and in the same bay of the
+choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of a bishop, fully
+vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to Bishop
+Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to
+have been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786).
+This effigy belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number
+of memorials were erected to earlier bishops.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the calendar of the ancient missal "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secundum usum
+Herefordensem</span></span>," previously quoted, occurs the following entry:—"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">XV.
+Kal. Decem. Obitus pie memorie Egidii de Breusa
+Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona decimas omnium
+molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie contulit,
+et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes
+homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur.</span></span>"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy
+of Bishop Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry
+already described. It is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying
+figures. The bishop wears alb, stole, and chasuble.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a
+Perpendicular effigy under an arch which is assigned to Bishop
+Richard de Capella (died 1127).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck
+(died 1360).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:—Two
+altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably
+buried in or near the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the
+south side of the Bishop's Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought
+inside the cathedral A.D. 1862.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two matrices of
+brasses; also a small
+one on the wall.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wooden pulpit—very
+late Perpendicular
+work from which every
+canon on his appointment
+formerly had to
+preach forty sermons on
+forty different days in
+succession.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may also notice
+two rich pieces of iron-work
+from Sir A.
+Denton's tomb: the
+head of a knight or
+templar's effigy and
+several heraldic shields
+from monuments in the
+cathedral—especially
+seven in alabaster now
+placed against the east
+wall.</p>
+
+<a name="fig36" id="fig36"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image26.png" width="604" height="1636" alt="Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." title="COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR,
+NORTH SIDE.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Choir</span></span>, with its
+details of architecture
+and its individual accessories,
+is very beautiful,
+notwithstanding an
+unusual deficiency of
+light, caused by the
+position of the transepts,
+which practically
+intercept all light except
+that from the clerestory.
+It consists of three lofty
+Norman bays of three
+stages. The middle of
+the three stages has
+some exquisite dwarfed
+Norman arches with no
+triforium passages; but<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+there is one in the upper
+stage, with slender and
+graceful Early English
+arches and stained glass
+at back. The vaulting
+is also Early English,
+and dates from about
+the middle of the
+thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<a name="fig37" id="fig37"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image27.png" width="589" height="1649" alt="Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." title="COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The principal arches
+of the choir are supported
+by massive piers
+with square bases. The
+shafts are semi-detached
+and bear capitals enriched
+with foliated and
+grotesque ornament. In
+each bay on the triforium
+level a wide
+Norman arch envelops
+two smaller arches, supported
+by semi-circular
+piers on each side.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A richly carved square-string
+course runs along
+the base of the triforium.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The east end of the
+choir was covered before
+1841 by the
+"Grecian" screen, a
+wooden erection placed
+there by Bishop Bisse
+in 1717, and above it a
+Decorated window containing
+a stained glass
+representation of the
+Last Supper after the
+picture by Benjamin
+West. The improvement
+effected by the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was
+immense. The great Norman arch was once more exposed to
+view; and, in place of the Decorated window, we now have
+three lancets at the back of the clerestory passage.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of
+the old screen, Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination
+of the parts walled up it was discovered that the capitals
+were all perfect, and that this exquisite and grand construction,
+the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly impossible
+to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the interior
+and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of
+the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch
+being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments.
+Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not
+only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also,
+like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the
+central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations
+were taken away it is impossible to describe adequately the
+glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive
+by the appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops
+Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest
+beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the
+noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had
+probably been the founder, and the former of those just
+mentioned, the completer and restorer after that era."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed
+by Mr. Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey,
+1850, who represented the county for several years in Parliament.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion,
+in five deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided
+by small shafts supporting angels, who carry the instruments
+of the Passion. The subjects in the separate panels are:—1.
+The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing the Cross; 3. The
+Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women at
+the Sepulchre.</p>
+
+<a name="fig38" id="fig38"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image28.png" width="640" height="1000" alt="Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841." title="EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches
+springing from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman
+arch. The pier itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration
+of Mr. Cottingham's. The spandrel is covered with modern<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sculpture, as may be seen in the illustration. The subject is
+the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists holding scrolls;
+and below a figure of King Ethelbert.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small
+effigy on a bracket against the easternmost pier south of the
+choir, close to the head of the tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had
+desired in his will to be buried by the image of King Ethelbert.
+It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to the Lady
+Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated condition
+when the edict went forth
+for the destruction of shrines and
+images.</p>
+
+<a name="fig39" id="fig39"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image29.png" width="432" height="544" alt="Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING." title="EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Originally there were other representations
+of St. Ethelbert:
+on the tombs of Bishops Cantilupe
+and Mayo, Dean Frowcester,
+Archdeacon Rudhale, Præcentor
+Porter; in colour on the walls of
+the chapter-house and the tomb
+of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient
+glass, recently restored, in a
+window in the south aisle of the
+choir; and in a stone-carving
+over the door of the Bishop's
+Cloister, and the effigy formerly
+on the west front.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Opposite the throne a slab of
+marble, from designs by Scott,
+marks the spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was
+buried.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Choir-stalls</span></span> are largely ancient, belonging to the
+Decorated period. They have good canopy work, and are
+otherwise excellent in detail. Some of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">misereres</span></span> are quaint,
+among them being found several examples of the curiously
+secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers
+of the period.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth
+century, there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old
+episcopal chair, concerning which a tradition remains that King
+Stephen sat in it when he visited Hereford. Be this as it
+may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of very great antiquity,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the earliest kind
+of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the
+chair are—height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front
+to back, 22 inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces,
+without including the seat of two boards and the two small
+circular heads in front.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Traces of ancient colour—vermilion and gold—may
+still be seen in several of the narrow bands: a complete
+list of other painted work which has been recorded or still
+exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E.
+Keyser.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Cathedral Library.</span></span>—The Archive Chamber, on the
+Library. This room, which has been restored by Sir G. G.
+Scott, is now approached by a winding stone staircase.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge
+or some other movable appliance crossing the great
+north window. The Library (which Botfield<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> calls "a most
+excellent specimen of a genuine monastic library") contains
+about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting manuscripts,
+most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every
+chain is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel
+in the middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by
+metal-work at one end of the bookcase. There are in this
+chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards, which contain the
+whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean and
+Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries.</p>
+
+<a name="fig40" id="fig40"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image30.png" width="640" height="966" alt="Illustration: THE REREDOS." title="THE REREDOS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE REREDOS.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</span></span></p></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the most remarkable printed books are:—A series of
+Bibles, 1480 to 1690; Caxton's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Legenda Aurea</span></span>, 1483; Higden's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polychronicon</span></span>, by Caxton, 1495; Lyndewode, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Super Constitutiones
+Provinciales,</span></span> 1475; Nonius Marcellus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De proprietate
+sermonum</span></span>, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas Jenson; and
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuremberg Chronicle</span></span>, completed July 1493. Of the
+manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiphonarium</span></span>,
+containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents
+attached to this volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of
+Hereford purchased this book of Mr William Hawes at the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some years
+since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his
+notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed
+in it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of
+Peter de Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the
+hand of the original scribe and the following obit in another
+hand.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral,
+being certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin
+version of the Four Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written
+on stout vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists
+of 135 leaves. Three coloured titles remain, those to the
+Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. John. Two illuminated
+leaves are missing—those that would follow folio 1 and
+folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunæ, the MS.
+contains the whole of the Four Gospels.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent
+authorities agree that it is the work of the eighth or ninth
+century.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known
+MS. of that period, having a peculiar character of its own.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have
+been written in the country, probably in Mercia, and not at
+any of the great monasteries.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable
+example of the Irish (or British) recension of the original
+African text. Thus it has a large proportion of readings in
+common with the Cambridge Gospels, St. Chad's Gospels, the
+Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of
+a deed in Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which
+the following is a translation:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Note of a Shire-mote held at Ægelnoth's Stone in Herefordshire
+in the reign of King Cnut, at which were present the
+Bishop Athelstan, the Sheriff Bruning, and Ægelgeard of
+Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric of Stoke, and all
+the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine,
+son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning
+certain lands at Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+who should answer for the mother, which Thurcyl the White
+proffered to do if he knew the cause of accusation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to
+ask her what the cause of complaint was. Then she declared
+that she had no land that pertained in ought to her son, and
+was very angry with him, and calling Leoflœda, her relative,
+she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her after her
+own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and
+desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and
+desire them to witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl
+the White (who was husband of Leoflœda) stood up, and
+requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to his wife all
+the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did.
+And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and
+by leave and witness of all the folk caused the transaction to
+be recorded in a book of the Gospels."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary</span></span> is shown among the
+treasures of the cathedral, which was looked upon for a long
+time as a representation of the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this
+is only an example of the many traditional tales which modern
+study and research are compelled to discard. It undoubtedly
+represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of Canterbury. On the
+lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment of the
+saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the
+thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description,
+which we have condensed to the following:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with
+copper plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches
+high, 7 long and 3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and
+fastens with a lock and key, and the upper part sloped so as
+to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is a ridge-piece;
+the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:—Here
+are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side
+an altar, of which the south end faces the spectator; it is
+supported on four legs and has an antependium. Upon the
+altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal base, and in front of it
+a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or technically speaking,
+in the midst of the altar stands a bishop celebrating mass,
+having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he were
+about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+moustache. He wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple,
+and an alb.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a
+hand pointing towards the figure just described.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has
+just thrust the point of a large double-edged sword, with a
+plain cross hilt, through the neck of the bishop from back to
+front.</p>
+
+<a name="fig41" id="fig41"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image31.png" width="640" height="573" alt="Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL." title="ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper compartment represents the entombment of the
+bishop. The middle of the design is occupied by an altar
+tomb, into which the body, swathed in a diapered winding-sheet,
+is being lowered.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling
+figures.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a
+bishop or abbot without the mitre looking toward a figure on
+his right, who carries a tablet or open book with some words
+upon it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the
+corpse with a circular thurible.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected
+pattern of gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper
+perforated with eight keyhole ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments,
+and is decorated with quatrefoils.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole
+communicating with a lock on the inside.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female
+saint. The left gable is occupied by the figure of a male
+saint.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs
+round the margins of the two ends and four back plates.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are
+gilded, while the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are
+light-blue, green, yellow, red, chocolate, and white.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate
+corresponds, is a cross <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pattée fitchée</span></span> painted in red upon oak,
+which oak bears traces of having been stained with blood or
+some other liquid. The wood at the bottom is evidently
+modern. This reliquary is said to have been originally placed
+upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved by
+some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the
+possession of the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him
+to the authorities of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced
+from Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the
+close of the tenth century. After this time Greek artists are
+known to have visited this country, and to have carried on a
+lucrative trade in the manufacture of sacred vessels, shrines,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ancient Gold Rings.</span></span> One of pure gold, supposed to
+have been worn by a knight templar, was ploughed up near
+Hereford. The device on the raised besel is a cross pattée in
+a square compartment, on each side of which are a crescent
+and a triple-thonged scourge.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character
+"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sancte Michael</span></span>." Date about 1380.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was
+found in the tomb of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold
+tan cross with a bell is engraved. These were originally filled
+with green enamel. Inside is engraved and enamelled "Ave
+Maria."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb,
+on the north side of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect
+sapphire, and flowers and foliage are beautifully worked in
+black enamel on each side of the stone.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave
+in 1813, but was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was
+never recovered, though <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">£</span></span>30 was offered as a reward.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Stained Glass</span></span> has survived only in a few fragments,
+scattered about the eastern end of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date,
+is in one of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel,
+west of the Audley Chapel. The subjects are:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists;
+2. Lamb and flag; 3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4.
+Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing His cross.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored
+and entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the
+Dean and Chapter, Oct. 1864. It is a fairly good specimen
+of fourteenth century work. For many years it was hidden
+away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of the
+windows on the south side of the nave.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The figures represent—1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3.
+St. Gregory; 4. St. Thomas of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient
+glass, erected under the same circumstances. The figures in
+this case represent—1. St. Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert;
+3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by
+Warrington. It was erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane
+Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs. Clutton. The subjects
+are from the life of St. John the Baptist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to
+Archdeacon Lane Freer, erected at a cost of £1316. The
+window is one of the largest of the Geometric period (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">temp.</span></span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6 inches in
+height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six
+shades each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating
+colours. Plain white glass has also been wisely used in the
+upper part of the window. It was designed and erected by
+Messrs. Hardman.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north
+aisle of the choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of
+the cathedral. The subjects, in eight medallions, are:—1, 2.
+King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah the Jewish Priest;
+7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel is
+a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the
+subjects are:—1. St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S.
+Stephen; 2. Conversion of St. Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating
+Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with Blindness. In the
+lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and Barnabas
+at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His
+Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom.</p>
+
+<a name="fig42" id="fig42"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image32.png" width="291" height="326" alt="Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET." title="MONUMENTAL CROCKET." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">MONUMENTAL CROCKET.</div></div>
+
+<a name="fig43" id="fig43"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image33.png" width="374" height="594" alt="Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING." title="EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed
+by Mr. Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the
+memory of Dean Merewether.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with the life of our Lord. These windows were erected in
+1852.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop
+Huntingford, 1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured
+by Warrington at the sole cost of Lord Saye and
+Sele.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of
+George III., those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford,
+Winchester College, and of the bishop's family.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys;
+4. Denial of our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate
+of the Temple; 6. Baptism of Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas;
+8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir
+are simple stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns.
+They were manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous
+gift in 1851, executed by Hardman.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the
+ground. The circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the
+subjects being:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and
+demoniacs; the lower, His being taken down from the Cross,
+and Mary with the box of precious ointment.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc44" id="toc44"></a>
+<a name="pdf45" id="pdf45"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote
+antiquity. However, it seems probable from the researches of
+many antiquarians that when Putta came to preside here in
+the seventh century the see was re-established.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the
+beginning of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti Herefordenses</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the
+recognised centre of Christianity in this district. Archbishop
+Usher asserts that it was the seat of an Episcopal See in the
+sixth century, when one of its bishops attended a synod convened
+by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lives of
+the British Saints</span></span> (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that
+Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542,
+is said to have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient
+British name for Hereford. In Wilkin's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Concilia</span></span>, I. 24, it is
+recorded that beyond all doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present
+at the conference with St. Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars
+are given of the supposed time and place of this conference.
+It is also stated—'<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In secunda affuisse perhibentur septem hi
+Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias Llantavensis,
+Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis, Uniacensis
+alias Wiccensis, Morganensis.</span></span>' It is styled '<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Synodus Wigornensis</span></span>,'
+or according to Spelman, '<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pambritannicam</span></span>.' Nothing
+whatever is known of the names or of the number of British
+bishops who presided over the earliest church at Hereford."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are
+defined in Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mundy Gospels</span></span>, now in the library of Pembroke College,
+Cambridge.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The condition of the Church of Hereford (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">circa</span></span> 1290 A.D.)
+gave clear testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the
+extensiveness of its lands. The diocese itself was richly
+endowed by nature, and enviably situated. Those of St.
+Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St. David's, were
+its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the
+Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the
+south by the influx of the Wye. From the west to the east
+perhaps its greatest width might have been found from a point
+where the latter river, near Hay, leaves the counties of Radnor
+and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at Gloucester. It
+embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery,
+Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of
+Brecon. It included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes,
+in its neighbourhood. The Severn environed its upper part.
+Almost midway it was traversed by the Teme, and the Wye pursued
+its endless windings through the lower district,—a region
+altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and beauty,
+abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive
+forests, and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of
+it Episcopal manors had been allotted, furnishing abundant
+supplies to the occupiers of the see."<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries
+were so vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest
+of the bishops holding office prior to the landing of Augustine
+was one Dubric, son of Brychan, who established a sort of
+college at Hentland, near Ross, and later on removed to another
+spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace, being guided
+thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of piglings in
+a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba
+Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his
+see in 512, and died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at
+Cirencester, A.D. 506. When he became bishop he moved to
+Caerleon, and was succeeded there by Dewi, or David, who removed
+the see to Menevia (St. David's).</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and
+more to the west, and before the close of the sixth century they<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+had founded the Mercian kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn,
+and in some places beyond the Wye.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield,
+as Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford
+Putta, Bishop of Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed
+by the Mercian King Ethelred.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that
+one Tyrhtel succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both
+Florence of Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as
+Bede. We also hear of him in the writings of Cuthbert, who
+followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in some verses that
+Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent cross,
+which he, Cuthbert, completed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D.
+746. The names of these early Bishops cannot all be regarded
+as certain, and their dates are, in many cases, only approximate.
+Some of them may have been merely assistants or suffragans to
+other Bishops of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we
+give in the same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his
+valuable little <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Diocesan History</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A.D</span></span>. 758, Hecca.<br />
+ 777, Aldberht.<br />
+ 781, Esne.<br />
+ 793, Cedmand (doubtful).<br />
+ 796, Edulf.<br />
+ 798, Uttel.<br />
+ 803, Wulfheard.<br />
+ 824, Beonna.<br />
+ 825, Eadulf (doubtful).<br />
+ 833, Cedda.<br />
+ 836, Eadulf.<br />
+ 838, Cuthwulf.<br />
+ 866, Deorlaf.<br />
+ 868, Ethelbert.<br />
+ 888, Cynemund.<br />
+ 895, Athelstane I.<br />
+ 901, Edgar.<br />
+ 930, Tidhelm.<br />
+ 935, Wulfhelm.<br />
+ 941, Elfric.<br />
+ 966, Ethelwolf.<br />
+ 1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the
+ foundations";<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> but also saw it destroyed in a
+ raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar.<br />
+ 1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Walter of Lorraine</span></span>, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had
+been administered for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+when Queen Edith's chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter
+of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond a probably satirical
+reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known of Walter
+is an account of a discreditable death.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert de Losinga</span></span>, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much
+learning and ability. During his episcopate, according to William
+of Malmsbury, the cathedral was rebuilt after the pattern of
+Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle. In his time also
+Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford. He
+was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he
+was open to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible
+with his intimate companionship with the high-minded Wulstan,
+Bishop of Worcester, the date of whose death, January 19,
+1095, is included in the calendar of the Hereford Service-Book.</p>
+
+<a name="fig46" id="fig46"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image34.png" width="640" height="393" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gerard</span></span>, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of
+William Rufus had been brought from the forest to Winchester
+by Purkiss, the charcoal burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop
+of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the coronation of Henry I.,
+for which service it was said he was promised the first vacant
+archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few
+years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the
+value of that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained
+his promotion.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Reynelm</span></span>, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda;
+he resigned his appointment as soon as it was conferred, on
+account of the King's quarrel with Anselm on the question of
+investiture, was banished for six years, and was only consecrated
+in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of the hospital
+of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral begun
+by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of
+prebendaries and canons living under a rule.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Geoffrey de Clive</span></span>, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter
+years of this episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over
+the districts of Ergyng and Ewias, which had begun in the
+previous century, was revived between the Bishop of Llandaff
+and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard de Capella</span></span>, A.D. 1120-1127, King's chaplain and
+keeper of the Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to
+build at Hereford a bridge over the Wye.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the
+annual holding of a three days' fair (increased to nine days
+later) commencing on the evening of the 19th of May, called
+St. Ethelbert's Day.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and
+the rest to the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff
+held a court within the palace precincts, with pillory and stocks.
+The bishop also had a gaol for the incarceration of offenders
+against his rights during fair-time.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension
+of civic authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of
+frequent quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer
+was punished by the bishop's officers.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate
+(Nov. 25th, 1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey,
+Archdeacon of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert de Bethune</span></span>, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of
+his monastery at his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders,
+and thence had gone to Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the
+Hatteral Hills in the disputed district of Ewias.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the
+bitter struggle for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a
+personal friend of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the King's
+brother, sided with Stephen.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by
+Geoffrey de Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks
+for the Empress Matilda. It was then captured by Stephen,
+and the victory celebrated in the cathedral on Whitsunday
+(A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing his crown,
+and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an earlier
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and
+seizing the cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used
+it as a vantage ground from which to attack the castle. The
+tower was used as a platform, from which missiles were thrown,
+and the nave as a stable; while a trench and rampart was
+carried across the graveyard.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress
+was accepted there by the clergy, and returned thence to
+Hereford to purify the cathedral. He died at Chalons
+of a disease contracted while attending a council of Pope
+Eugenius III.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford,
+and it was enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey.
+Both at Canterbury and at London were great demonstrations
+of grief, which were again repeated at Ross, and on a still larger
+scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was undoubtedly a great
+man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery, and ability
+was well deserved.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gilbert Foliot</span></span>, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been
+consecrated as Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop
+Robert, with whom he had contracted an early friendship as
+far back as 1139.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St.
+Omer. He assisted at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury,
+and the next year was transferred to the See of London.
+He was followed by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert of Maledon</span></span>, A.D. 1163-1168,
+said to have been remarkably wise.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He
+attended the council of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was
+present at the meeting at Northampton between Becket and
+the King.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy
+that even distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two
+Hereford Bishops took part in the quarrel, and it was through<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+this that the see continued vacant for six years after Bishop
+Robert's death.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D.
+1538, for the destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop
+Becket, there still existed in the cathedral, till late in the
+seventeenth century, a wall painting of the Archbishop, and
+even yet in the north-east transept there remains a figure of
+him in one of the windows in good preservation. The
+enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket's murder
+and entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already
+been described among the treasures of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still
+remaining in a well-preserved window of painted glass at
+Credenhill, a part of which represents the murdered Becket.
+Lastly, the festival of the translation of St. Thomas of Canterbury,
+July 7, is still included in the cathedral calendar.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Foliot</span></span>, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of
+Becket's, and may have had some share in his education.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">William de Vere</span></span>, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal
+termination at the east end of the cathedral, and is said to
+have erected chapels, since replaced by the Lady Chapel and
+its vestibule.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Giles de Braose</span></span>, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent
+of King John.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Hugh de Mapenor</span></span>, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment
+by the influence of the papal legate, who, after King
+John's submission, claimed the right of nomination to all
+vacant sees and benefices.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Hugh Foliot</span></span>, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of
+St. Katherine at Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of
+him, painted from an older picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert
+was presented to the cathedral during his episcopacy. He
+endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Katherine,
+in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace, destroyed
+in the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ralph de Maydenstan</span></span>, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to
+the see a house in Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence
+for the bishops when in the metropolis. He also made various
+gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and the college of vicars
+choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to settle
+the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)</span></span>, A.D. 1240-1268, a native
+of Aqua Bella, near Chambéry, whose appointment was an
+instance of the preference Henry III. showed for foreigners.
+One of the most unpopular men in England; he was hand in
+glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes
+for money getting.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west
+transept of the cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie
+the remains of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with
+his own, except the heart. This was carried, as he had requested
+it should be, to the church he had founded in his
+native place.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John de Breton</span></span>, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas de Cantilupe</span></span>, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D.
+1220, he showed, as a child, unusual religious zeal, was educated
+at Oxford and Paris, and for some years filled the office of
+Chancellor of England at the choice of the barons. This post
+he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was
+elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair
+on De Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with
+difficulty.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and
+devotional habits. In a dispute concerning the chace of
+Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from which was derived the
+Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully the episcopal
+rights. He was also triumphant in a more important
+quarrel with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful
+appropriation of three manors.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle
+and maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal
+chastisement upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The
+clergy no less than laymen did he subdue, appealing when
+necessary to the Pope.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the
+defendant appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the
+sub-dean of Hereford, he was at last excommunicated by the
+Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss the affair with him at
+Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree, but
+died in Tuscany on the homeward journey.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As already described, his remains were finally laid with great
+pomp in the Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved
+to the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept.
+Twice more were they moved, finally resting in the same
+Chapel of St. Katherine.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard Swinfield</span></span>, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had
+been Bishop Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely
+aloof from politics, but offered a keen resistance to any infringement
+on the rights of his diocese. Several boundary
+questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and in 1289-90 he
+made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to us
+a journal of daily expenses.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles
+and two easternmost transepts. In his time the "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mappa
+Mundi</span></span>" came into possession of the Chapter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious
+predecessor, but it was not till four years after his death that
+Pope John XXII. granted an act for the purpose. He was
+buried in the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Adam Orleton</span></span>, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger
+Mortimer, and consequently was opposed to Edward II.
+Throughout the struggle of those many miserable years the
+affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire of civil war.
+It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the
+King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the
+Great Seal. The Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither
+many of the King's adherents were taken with the Chancellor
+and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was hanged in the
+town, decapitated, and quartered.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs
+of the cathedral. He obtained a grant of revenues of two
+churches from Pope John XXII. for monies necessary for the
+dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for repairs in the
+cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester by</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Charleton</span></span>, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made
+treasurer of England in 1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as
+chancellor. He died in 1343.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Trilleck</span></span>, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death
+reached Herefordshire in 1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to
+have kept it at bay in the city by a procession of the shrine of
+the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+effigy was placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are
+among the words which may be still read from the mutilated
+inscription, and they appear to have had more justification than
+the rhetoric of the average epitaph.</p>
+
+<a name="fig47" id="fig47"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image35.png" width="640" height="737" alt="Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON." title="TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lewis Charleton</span></span>, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by
+papal provision. The Black Death made a second visitation
+in the first year of his episcopate, and it was then that the
+market was removed to some distance from the town on the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms
+of Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed
+money and some books to the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">William Courtenay</span></span>, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed
+by papal provision, which was necessary in consequence of his
+youth. Although he had already held a canonry of York and
+prebends in Exeter and Wells in addition to the Chancellorship
+of Oxford University, he was but twenty-eight years of age.
+At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the friars, though he
+afterwards turned against his former ally.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Gilbert</span></span>, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success,
+went to make terms of peace with Charles VI., the French
+King. He became treasurer of England in 1386, an office of
+which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before his
+translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral
+Grammar School.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Trevenant</span></span>, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician,
+this Bishop assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and
+was one of the commissioners to the Pope to announce the
+accession of Henry IV.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Mascall</span></span>, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a
+foreign ambassador by Henry IV., who also made him his
+confessor. He attended the council of Constance in 1414.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edmund Lacy</span></span>, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to
+build the cloister connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal
+palace.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Polton</span></span>, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at
+Florence, and the next year was translated to Chichester.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Spofford</span></span>, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's
+at York, to which post he returned on resigning his see in
+1448. According to a papal bull he laid out 2,800 marks on
+the buildings of the cathedral,—probably completing the
+cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was
+£100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral
+was put up in his time by William Lochard.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard Beauchamp</span></span>, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir
+Walter, and grandson of Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a
+great architect in his day, although his chief work was done
+after his translation to Salisbury, when he was appointed by
+Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which
+included the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+buried. It is said he was the first Chancellor of the Order of
+the Garter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Reginald Buller</span></span>, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's,
+Gloucester, was translated to Lichfield. He was buried in
+Hereford Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Stanberry</span></span>, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar
+at Oxford, and was chosen by King Henry VI. to be his
+confessor, and also first Provost of Eton. In 1448 he was
+made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was translated to
+Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he was
+taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick
+Castle. On his release he retired to the convent of his order
+at Ludlow, where he died in May, 1474. He was buried at
+Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel, which still bears his
+name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's palace
+for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was
+completed in 1475.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Mylling</span></span>, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was
+Abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk.
+King Edward IV. made him a Privy Councillor and gave him
+the see of Hereford in remembrance of his services to Elizabeth
+Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her husband
+had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried
+to Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is
+said to have enclosed his remains.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edmund Audley</span></span>, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield,
+of Lincoln, and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480,
+translated to Hereford in 1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The
+beautiful chantry chapel on the south side of the Lady Chapel,
+near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was founded by
+him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and
+a pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Adrian de Castello</span></span>, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the
+negotiations between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated
+from Hereford to Bath and Wells, but never visited either see.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Richard Mayhew</span></span>, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480
+the first regular president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of
+St. Mary Magdalene at Oxford. He was also Chancellor of
+the University, and almoner to King Henry VII., by whom he
+had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta Katharine of
+Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south
+side of the choir, where his tomb is still to be seen.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Charles Booth</span></span>, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham,
+and Chancellor of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting
+memorial in the north porch of the cathedral, which bears
+upon it the date of his death. He seems to have been much
+in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make
+one of the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth
+of Gold. He was attached to the company of Henry's
+"dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied by thirty
+"tall personages."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a
+tapestry for the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring
+and other articles which have disappeared.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edward Foxe</span></span>, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of
+the Reformation," as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have
+been "an excellent instrument" in its general progress.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in
+that county, he was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge,
+becoming, in 1528, Provost of King's College. In 1531 he
+succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of Leicester. For
+many years almoner to the King, he was employed in embassies
+to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these
+diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent
+to Rome with Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's
+separation from his "dearest wife."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again,
+wrote the book called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Difference between the Kingly and
+the Ecclesiastical Power</span></span>, which Henry wished people to think
+he had partly written himself, intended, as it was, to make easier
+his assumption of ecclesiastical supremacy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation
+of the diocese for the valuation of all church property therein,
+in accordance with the order referred to above. Dr. Coren,
+his vicar-general, actually carried out the valuation, and its
+results are to be found in the pages of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Valor Ecclesiasticus</span></span>,
+printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting
+to the King all religious houses possessing a revenue under £200
+per annum. There were about eighteen houses in the diocese,
+excluding the cathedral, and of these only the priories of Wenlock,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Wigmore, and Leominster possessed revenues exempting them
+from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in May, 1538,
+and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Skypp</span></span>, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of
+Leicester, Edmund Bonner, was appointed to the see on Foxe's
+death, but was removed to London before his consecration, and
+John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset, and
+chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's
+execution for high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became
+distant towards him. He was the part compiler with Foxe
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Institution of a Christian Man</span></span>, published in 1537, of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Erudition</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">King's Book</span></span>, published in 1543, and was
+probably one of the committee employed to draw up the
+first Common Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on
+its completion, he protested against its publication. He died
+in 1552 at the episcopal residence in London.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Harley</span></span>, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward
+VI. to hold the see "during good behaviour." He was consecrated
+on May 26, 1553, but only to be deposed in March,
+1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she appointed a
+commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during
+the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially
+on that of "inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric
+of Harley was declared void. He is said to have spent the
+remainder of his life wandering about in woods "instructing
+his flock, and administering the sacrament according to the
+order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his deposition,
+a wretched exile in his own land."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Parfew</span></span>, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton,
+was instituted to the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church,
+Southwark, by Lord Chancellor Gardiner. He had been Abbat
+of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as Bishop of St. Asaph,
+attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of those
+concerned in the production of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bishop's Book</span></span>. On his
+death, September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and
+other ornaments to Hereford Cathedral, though whether he
+was buried there or in Mold Church seems doubtful. The
+Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to
+succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the
+accession of Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+died there in 1559. Fuller, in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church History of Britain</span></span>,
+remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be, in those times, the best
+for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of God's poor
+saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel
+than his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in
+Lollard's Tower, the Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place
+which minded them of the manner of their death, first kept
+amongst coals before they were burnt to ashes."<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Scory</span></span>, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from
+Chichester. On the accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to
+have done penance for his marriage, and generally reconciled
+himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to Friesland and
+retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the
+English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the
+throne he returned, preached before her by appointment in
+Lent, 1558, was restored to Chichester, and later on was
+elected to Hereford.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop
+Scory to surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors
+belonging to the see, and to receive in exchange advowsons
+and other less valuable possessions. In these transactions it
+is possible he thought more of his own interest than that of
+his successors; in any case, serious charges were brought
+against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into
+verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Scory was succeeded by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Harberd (or Herbert)
+Westphaling</span></span>, A.D. 1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church,
+Oxford: a man remarkable for the immoderate length of his
+speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and unsmiling
+gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker,
+and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's
+and Dean of Windsor.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was
+once preaching in his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow
+fell upon the roof from the tower, creating a panic among the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+frightened congregration[**typo: congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his
+pulpit, exhorted them to keep their places and fear not. He
+spent all that he had in revenues from the see in charity and
+good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a well-gotten
+estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum
+to Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of
+the cathedral, where his effigy can still be seen.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Robert Bennett</span></span>, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity
+College, Cambridge, was a famous tennis player.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for
+preaching against her projected marriage with the Duke of
+Anjou, but made him Dean of Windsor towards the close of
+her reign. He is said to have been vain, and especially fond
+of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In 1607
+the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's
+fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett.
+He spent large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace.
+Bishop Bennett was buried on the north side of the choir, where
+his tomb remains with effigy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Francis Godwin</span></span>, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford
+from Llandaff, which preferment he is said to have obtained
+from the Queen on account of his commentary <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Praesulibus
+Angliae</span></span>. He also wrote other historical works, including a life
+of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was stored
+with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the
+study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff
+(whereof he well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for
+his other learned writings, so especially for his catalogue of
+Bishops." He was buried at Whitbourn, in a residence belonging
+to the see of Hereford, on April 29, 1633.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">William Juxon</span></span>, Dean of Worcester, and President of St.
+John's College, Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin,
+but before consecration was called to London. During his
+episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop Laud's procurement
+made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his administration
+of these duties that "No hands, having so much
+money passing through them, had their fingers less soiled
+therewith."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Augustine Lindsell</span></span>, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough,
+was confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November
+of the following year was found dead in his study.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Matthew Wren</span></span>, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held
+a still briefer episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration
+to Hereford was translated to Norwich.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Theophilus Field</span></span>, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop
+of Llandaff and of St. David's, died a year after his translation,
+and thereby saved the diocese the ill effects of a longer term of
+servile and corrupt management.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">George Coke</span></span>, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall,
+Cambridge, became Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated
+to Hereford in 1636. He was a grave and studious man,
+and well loved in his diocese, but in the troubled days of the
+Civil War was deprived of his see.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Nicholas Monk</span></span>, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother
+to the Duke of Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in
+the December following his consecration, at Westminster, where
+he was buried.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Herbert Croft</span></span>, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert
+Croft, of an ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was
+brought up at Douai and St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored
+to the English Church through the influence of Bishop Morton,
+of Durham. He became a determined opponent of Romanism,
+and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there
+seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of
+the county for help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop
+Croft was buried in the cathedral, and joined to his gravestone
+is that of his intimate friend George Benson, the Dean. He
+left by his will a sum of money for the relief of widows, and for
+apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gilbert Ironside</span></span>, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham
+College, Oxford, was translated to Hereford from Bristol. He
+died in London, and was buried in the church of St. Mary,
+Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but the Rev. F. T.
+T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and tomb-stone
+removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Humphrey Humphreys</span></span>, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was
+translated to Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been
+a good antiquary. Again, in the early days of the eighteenth
+century, was the old contest revived between citizens and Bishop
+as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair of St. Ethelbert.
+The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in form, down
+to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for
+the profits arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2
+bushels of wheat or its equivalent in money value, according
+to the price current. This has now been transferred to the
+Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair limited to two days'
+duration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Philip Bisse</span></span>, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's,
+was a man of great munificence, and of the best intentions, of
+whom it may be said he spent "not wisely but too well." He
+was entirely devoid of any æsthetic feeling or of architectural
+fitness, and in the most religious spirit committed acts of wholesale
+sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the work of restoration
+in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at that time
+much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a
+hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the
+cathedral, and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality,
+presented the church with the most dreadful, ponderous, and
+unsuitable altar-piece that could well have been devised. In
+an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues are recorded.
+It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the three
+choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Benjamin Hoadley</span></span>, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor,
+was again translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over
+Hereford was too short for him to have influenced it for good
+or evil, and his history belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Hon. Henry Egerton</span></span>, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the
+third Earl of Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is
+chiefly to be remembered for an attempt to destroy the early
+Norman building adjoining the Bishop's Palace, and thought to
+have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of its two stories
+containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lord James Beauclerk</span></span>, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles
+II. and Nell Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop.
+It was during the last year of his episcopate on Easter Monday,
+April 17, 1786, that occurred the fall of the western tower of
+the cathedral, causing much injury. The west front of the
+church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was
+seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this
+calamity. The see was next occupied for six weeks only by
+the Hon. J. Harley.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Butler</span></span>, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was
+an active political supporter of the Government of the day.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Folliott Herbert Cornewall</span></span>, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a
+member of an ancient family in the county of Hereford.
+Translated from Bristol to Hereford, he was again translated
+in 1808 to Worcester.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Luxmoore</span></span>, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford
+from Bristol, and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph.
+He helped to establish national schools in the diocese.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Isaac Huntingford</span></span>, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester
+College, was translated from Gloucester to Hereford,
+and still continued his duties at Winchester. During his
+episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed by Dean
+Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of
+several classical and theological works. He died April 29,
+1832, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton,
+near Winchester. There is a monument in the Bishop's cloister
+and a window in the south-east transept to his memory.</p>
+
+<a name="fig48" id="fig48"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image36.png" width="640" height="432" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Edward Grey, D.D.</span></span>, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837.
+He was Dean of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in
+the choir of the cathedral, eastward of the throne, on July 24,
+1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on the wall marks<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in
+the Bishop's cloister.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Thomas Musgrave, D.D.</span></span>, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity
+College, Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of
+Hereford, October 1, 1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of
+York, December, 1847. He died in London, May 4, 1860,
+aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal Green, where
+there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a
+monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him,
+and in the north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three
+stained-glass windows to his memory.</p>
+
+<a name="fig49" id="fig49"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image37.png" width="640" height="507" alt="Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." title="A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.</span></span>, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow
+of Oriel College; Principal of St. Mary's Hall; Regius Professor
+of Divinity; and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was
+appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and for the first time
+since the Reformation "a struggle took place between the
+recommending minister and a large and influential part of the
+clergy and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden's
+opinions as heretical."<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> Lord John Russell refused to withdraw<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the appointment, and it was eventually carried out in spite
+of all remonstrances; not, however, until the question had
+been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of Queen's
+Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion.
+He died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal
+Green, close to the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy
+was said by Hallam to be the only work of deep metaphysical
+research on the subject to be found in the English language.</p>
+
+<a name="fig50" id="fig50"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image38.png" width="640" height="462" alt="Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT." title="BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">James Atlay</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A.D.</span></span> 1868-1895, second son of the Rev.
+Henry Atlay, M.A., formerly Fellow of St. John's College,
+Cambridge. He was born July 3, 1817; graduated at St.
+John's College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards Fellow,
+appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel
+Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of
+Ripon, 1861; nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at
+Westminster on June 24, and enthroned in Hereford Cathedral,
+July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by the Right Rev.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">John Percival</span></span>, D.D., the present holder of the see.</p>
+
+<a name="fig51" id="fig51"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image39.png" width="640" height="853" alt="Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL." title="PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.</div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The dimensions of the cathedral are:—</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ft.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">In.</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Total length outside,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">342</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Total length inside,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">327</td><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Length of Nave to Screen Gates,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">158</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Length of Choir-Screen to Reredos,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">75</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Length of Lady Chapel from Reredos,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">93</td><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of Nave (span of roof),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">31</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of Nave and Aisles (internally),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">73</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of Central Transepts,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">146</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Breadth of North-East Transepts (each about 35 ft. sq.),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">110</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Choir,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">62</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Nave,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">64</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Lantern,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">96</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Tower (top of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">leads</span></span>),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">140</td><td class="tei tei-cell">6</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of Tower (top of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pinnacles</span></span>),</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">165</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td>
+</tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+<td class="tei tei-cell">Height of old central timber Spire,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">240</td><td class="tei tei-cell">0</td>
+</tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+
+
+
+ <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+ <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+ <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathedralia</span></span>, p. 59.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Diocese of Hereford</span></span>, H. W. Phillott.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood</span></span>, by the late G. Phillips
+Bevan, F.S.S.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood</span></span>, by the late G. Phillips
+Bevan, F.S.S.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Architecture</span></span>, ii. 38.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural, etc.,
+Decorations.</span></span> London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Botfield, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathedral Libraries</span></span>, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the collection
+it was in the Lady Chapel.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rev. J. Webb's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield</span></span>,
+xviii.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fuller's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church History of Britain</span></span>, Brewer's ed., iv. 198.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">--<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Church of England from 1660.</span></span> By W. N. Molesworth, M.A.</p></dd></dl>
+ </div>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
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+  &&&000>>>GGG666 ...999FFFSSSEEE"""'''???mmm|||yyysssssslllsss~~~||||||wwwyyy}}}}}}}}}vvvqqqXXX444==="""&&&((('''PPPyyyzzz{{{uuuYYY666222:::MMM222777777222,,,<<<QQQ[[[```yyyiiiaaauuuzzzuuuqqqfffuuuϮ{{{```NNNAAAJJJJJJAAA222000PPP]]]FFF+++"""///111(((***888<<<777///---,,,)))AAAKKK555000HHHGGG:::@@@IIIτWWWfffeeeSSSUUU\\\RRR@@@###AAAcccٕRRR>>>CCCKKKFFF999hhhLLLCCCJJJHHHGGG@@@AAAYYYccc^^^___qqqfff]]][[[SSSXXXcccgggkkkbbb```jjjccceeeXXXNNNOOOXXXhhhpppٚTTTIIIMMMLLLhhhQQQKKK:::111%%%"""111DDDnnnjjjXXXIII>>>444999:::FFFAAA---(((222AAAFFF000111777;;;888===LLLBBBBBBAAA@@@DDDDDDCCCIIINNN޽kkk%%%$$$333 ccc]]]UUU\\\hhhJJJ 555FFF;;;@@@:::QQQlllZZZnnnsss[[[ZZZKKKaaapppsssxxxoooSSSZZZeee]]]hhhaaa>>>PPP===...'''000===FFFFFFMMMnnn{{{zzzjjjXXXԯҾĈ%%%+++OOOQQQnnn}}}yyyfff[[[999///>>>bbb\\\ϡppp^^^ccceee???GGGWWW^^^gggTTTHHHIIIXXXzzz{{{SSSeeecccZZZAAADDD???///+++ !!!---///"""...'''&&&888VVVLLLBBBUUUSSSKKK\\\\\\\\\ZZZXXXWWWYYYZZZeeeSSSIIIMMMZZZhhhnnnppp```dddmmm|||iiidddWWW```vvviiieeellluuu[[[^^^RRRMMMWWW[[[VVVJJJMMM^^^rrrqqqZZZDDDPPPZZZbbbFFFSSSQQQUUUooovvv{{{nnnhhhrrrdddaaarrrtttkkkFFFPPP^^^TTTFFFJJJccc___iiiggg]]]TTT@@@222,,,>>>   '''"""BBB111KKKPPPPPPWWWllleeeEEEFFF<<<(((  $$$(((---+++
+
+
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+
+
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+
+
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+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
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+  %%%333RRRvvvccckkk___aaa]]]]]]uuueeeYYYYYYWWW^^^bbbfffnnnxxxmmmqqqyyyuuuuuukkkkkkhhhQQQDDD???:::///!!! ,,,%%%333PPPfffkkkmmmRRRPPPSSSVVVTTTaaavvvxxxttt\\\iiifffeeehhhbbbZZZZZZkkkvvv}}}}}}žĽɽ¼»ÿǸÿŽwwwxxxwwwwwwwwwkkkjjjpppiiiaaaYYY]]]bbb]]]___\\\PPPHHHBBBOOOWWW\\\]]]jjjoooeeefffqqqnnnbbbVVVXXXVVVLLLJJJHHHKKKAAADDDOOOZZZggghhhiiilll[[[DDD888888///,,,///444@@@444444777FFFRRRHHHDDDQQQeeeooovvvrrrbbbdddnnnnnndddVVVYYYbbbgggddd^^^aaa```dddvvvssslllhhhpppppptttnnnsss{{{yyyrrryyymmmkkk```]]]bbb```___WWW]]]```fffqqq~~~wwwuuu{{{uuuooogggWWW[[[oookkknnnuuuĵТ^^^]]]hhhmmmXXXwwwjjjiii~~~Ͱwwwqqqdddgggkkkllllllzzz~~~ooouuuuuugggOOOAAA888999[[[[[[tttrrrxxx}}}hhhaaaMMMHHHHHH~~~\\\UUU|||ggg~~~yyymmm}}}vvvmmmsssjjjgggfffqqqlllttthhhXXXQQQ]]]YYYnnnccckkknnnnnn\\\eee[[[TTT'''777222222aaafffPPPCCCRRR\\\EEE???NNN:::GGGLLLFFFDDD@@@888666444LLLeeeXXXiii[[[666<<<---+++[[[VVV444EEELLLXXXuuu]]]???222...&&&  %%%333'''### 666'''111     
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+ 
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+
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+
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+
+
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+
+
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+
+
+   
+
+
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+
+
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+
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+
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+,,,UUUHHH!!! ---ҦyyynnnhhhSSSOOORRReeeßbbbLLLBBBAAABBB@@@OOO\\\dddfffjjjhhhlllkkkdddgggeeeqqqhhhfffeeehhh\\\bbbpppnnn___WWWccccccWWWUUUOOOQQQ[[[SSS@@@000888>>>AAA>>>333$$$222+++&&&%%%)))777RRRWWWUUUiiipppnnnmmmiiifffaaa```jjjmmmggg\\\[[[dddhhhfffccciiieeeaaaiiinnn```GGGBBBFFFCCC???777:::FFFVVVpppjjjkkkmmmiiiiiiUUU!!!???___@@@FFFpppڿ|||{{{wwwooo^^^GGGFFFXXXooo|||zzz{{{uuummmhhh```OOOGGGNNNMMMOOO\\\YYY___fffqqq}}}www}}}___```kkkkkkeeefffjjjjjjggg^^^___hhh]]]___jjjvvvkkkZZZgggbbbaaaeee\\\[[[[[[JJJ666:::FFFVVVbbbWWW{{{JJJ%%%999???MMM___YYY[[[^^^VVVYYYFFFDDDKKKjjjwwwuuudddcccfffooosssnnndddXXX===aaaȻ___\\\fff½ġ¡˳Ծȝ˪Ͷ–ѥzzzyyyϕ˼˲Мٷ㭭䬬vvvɶzzzzzzؼbbb$$$###TTTIIITTT222PPPTTT%%%333;;;MMMUUUMMMiii$$$ ***###"""888###888xxxSSSTTT666'''===%%%
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+ 
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+  """
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+  fffuuuuuuqqqwwwhhhdddhhh___jjjǖSSSNNNKKKSSS___ZZZcccdddfffddd```^^^dddaaaccc\\\```mmmvvvuuuhhhccchhhkkkmmmkkkkkkllleeeqqqjjjbbbVVVXXXYYYVVVQQQLLLPPPHHHGGGOOOZZZRRRGGGJJJJJJJJJIIIOOOTTTKKKIIILLLOOONNN@@@---444888777)))%%%---555EEE[[[dddcccgggfffuuuzzzyyyrrrvvvtttqqqxxx{{{{{{mmmaaaTTT\\\ccc___fffxxxlll]]]SSSHHHGGG[[[{{{uuuHHH555777KKK[[[hhhjjjyyyzzzssshhh\\\PPPDDDJJJdddxxx}}}xxxZZZXXXHHHJJJJJJUUUXXXJJJHHHMMM^^^iiilllnnnkkkaaaSSSHHH***---555NNNWWWooo^^^fffkkkcccooooooiiigggppplllfffcccfffgggkkkkkkccciiidddZZZccchhhdddTTTAAAOOOPPPXXX|||HHH???FFFVVVbbb[[[yyy333'''''',,,333AAAEEEaaawwwnnnKKK333------111MMMkkkqqqmmmhhhfffhhhjjjggg___UUUVVVQQQ666VVVrrrūgggSSSiiisssɥ˙ϻжʥʼӼ̜ýǹיgggœӷ۵ָ̧̘|||tttƳܹxxxlll~~~趶zzzyyy{{{tttZZZaaa444&&&JJJZZZXXX000444rrrxxxGGG...DDDXXXOOOLLLPPPuuu›tttȮuuuYYY++++++oooGGG888999666vvvppp000  )))$$$%%%    
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+ɚyyyggg\\\hhhyyynnndddeeehhh^^^hhhEEEFFFHHHNNNXXXYYYeeegggaaa```cccccceeecccjjjbbb]]]\\\dddeee___fffjjjgggkkkmmmffffff___fffUUUWWWQQQTTTZZZbbbXXXMMMQQQMMMRRRWWWWWWSSSJJJLLLHHHMMMOOObbbgggTTTOOO\\\WWWZZZcccLLLIIIJJJRRRHHH444333555,,,***333KKKPPPNNN```kkk|||~~~vvvtttrrrrrrssstttjjjggg\\\^^^^^^ddd{{{xxxZZZRRRTTTQQQccczzzvvvzzz{{{uuupppeee^^^___\\\LLLNNNZZZppp|||zzzlll[[[;;;444999CCCKKKEEEMMMRRRWWWXXX^^^___^^^oooyyyeeeppp```===***999FFFHHH[[[uuu~~~qqqnnnhhhrrrqqqiiinnnpppllljjjccceeefffjjjiiibbb\\\^^^jjjffffffggg```VVVNNNIIISSSKKKaaaOOO555666>>>:::RRR\\\rrr)))''',,,### ...111???LLLXXXuuuooo]]]==="""&&&>>>XXXjjjsssiii\\\^^^fffaaa```bbb[[[[[[RRRDDDYYYfff~~~ɿ___eeefffãƽʺҵ̴кζɧƴ¸͵ʽЌqqqԴ٭Ч㱱߳Ũȯ鯯tttggg___{{{⌌YYY|||kkkUUUIIIVVV}}}rrr\\\bbbkkk&&&KKKmmm111000bbbooohhhJJJSSSrrr\\\DDDLLL444TTTҠƟpppCCCbbb~~~888&&&%%%CCCCCC,,,  333 
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+
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+
+
+
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+ 
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+ """%%% 
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+
+ 
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+
+
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+
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+
+
+  $$$
+
+
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+ ԝhhhHHH@@@HHHJJJ___uuummmvvvjjj```zzz|||hhhddd```UUU\\\aaacccmmmĹ___RRRPPPWWW[[[ZZZPPPPPPaaasssyyyjjj___[[[FFF888)))'''888DDD555777PPPSSSRRRMMMMMM\\\___RRRHHHGGGFFFNNNSSSRRRRRRFFFKKKTTTPPPOOOSSSFFFDDDMMMPPPRRRRRRGGGEEEBBBGGGUUUOOOHHHIIIKKKWWWbbb]]]ccc~~~zzzrrr[[[MMMSSSNNNJJJBBB888444......555EEEZZZZZZZZZffftttvvvooo___KKKHHHNNNcccooovvvWWWTTT```kkkvvv{{{|||dddHHH;;;+++222???CCCRRR[[[WWW```aaagggyyyýzzzWWWuuuuuuKKKeeeaaa]]]rrr[[[CCC^^^xxx___fffhhhffffffggg^^^YYY]]]fffmmmqqqnnnpppsssvvvdddKKKKKKZZZwwwggg222&&&444===tttHHH+++&&&!!! !!!&&&333>>>QQQ^^^ggg]]]RRREEE===777BBBWWWdddfff]]]fffgggggg^^^IIICCCQQQZZZZZZ~~~nnnNNNRRR¿Ɓ```zzzqqqίȺ˯ƭȱ¬͸ԽұŰǧڢwwwήڳɞʭʣ潽vvv͡ʁmmmiiimmm깹vvvYYYÝfffRRRLLLZZZNNNIIISSSNNNCCClllTTTQQQooo,,,___fff>>>IIIwwwfffdddJJJ'''(((MMM[[[888CCC:::UUUMMM(((222LLLEEESSSYYY000""" AAA---  ###  
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+###VVVCCC???<<<???TTT|||ooocccooouuu```cccWWW[[[jjj[[[ddd}}}aaaUUUTTT\\\YYYYYYPPPGGGSSSjjjlllfffbbbQQQ:::+++!!!(((333..."""***888,,,555EEENNN\\\\\\]]]]]]QQQHHHPPPOOOQQQ[[[YYYTTTIIIHHHPPPUUUQQQPPPMMMFFFMMM^^^\\\UUUOOOIIIDDDKKKNNN]]]bbbXXXSSS___ttteeeyyyĒ|||}}}sssUUUQQQRRRVVVQQQ@@@@@@777444000;;;MMM;;;333BBBfffyyydddUUUFFFEEEQQQ[[[{{{xxx___\\\XXXqqqoooggggggYYY@@@777===HHHOOO\\\[[[UUUWWW]]]vvv___[[[pppiiiiiiqqqttt{{{xxxsss~~~hhhggghhhVVVqqqfffCCC)))AAA|||jjjnnnZZZtttkkkjjjkkkfffeeehhhaaaZZZ]]]WWWVVVlllzzzsssjjjmmmeeePPPLLLVVVhhhyyyJJJ 222000,,,AAAkkkwwwFFF000222444###***===BBBSSSfffooohhhWWWNNNOOOPPPOOODDDAAAFFFNNN___iiiXXXIIIBBB'''(((<<<QQQ}}}gggRRRUUUϾ\\\yyyưɾ‘εȬѰֺΥå{{{sssΞϢǷϫҴබݶ{{{¤𹹹sssiiipppꫫqqq载CCC000111EEEIIIHHHaaa+++### TTT[[[!!!...bbbUUU666]]]GGG%%% 111333RRRLLLWWW{{{QQQ\\\www^^^@@@<<<===fffzzzVVV>>>FFF))) 444"""    ''' 
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+ 
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+$$$ǚuuuYYY======DDDRRRwwwhhhdddxxxzzzIII~~~kkk\\\[[[mmmmmmjjjrrrĘfff]]]YYY___[[[YYYGGGEEEVVVeeeaaa___cccRRR@@@444%%%(((444...$$$'''%%%'''>>>RRR___^^^PPPTTTZZZUUUVVVQQQGGGMMMOOOUUUXXXQQQJJJLLLFFF???FFFHHHKKKPPPQQQPPPTTTOOOHHHGGGFFFQQQ___YYYWWWYYY^^^QQQhhhʔrrrtttqqq```OOOPPPVVVPPPAAAFFFDDDAAA===888<<<---!!!BBBmmm|||~~~rrrbbbaaaIII999HHHSSS{{{www~~~rrrfff^^^YYYEEE888CCCVVVWWWOOOQQQOOO[[[eeekkkjjjpppSSSDDDHHHnnniiiSSS|||||||||ccczzzvvvfffPPP[[[ooolllTTTnnn___]]]rrrkkkiiidddfffqqqiiiaaa```VVV[[[uuuyyyhhh\\\\\\WWWLLLOOOUUUTTTRRR000###"""###999BBBKKK;;;444999DDD888...000AAADDDWWWdddlllbbbUUUdddsssiii]]]RRR@@@BBB999DDDaaaZZZhhhgggMMMGGG444+++UUU^^^RRR\\\ŎYYYjjjtttξӪǷӭ̮ͻĶȥė¦ıպ{{{yyyÿȩղϦ֠yyy籱穩xxxgggcccvvv៟ʟJJJ(((???VVVmmmzzzqqq YYYvvvccc;;;TTT:::"""!!!''' (((+++///555%%%666***VVVˬooooooQQQ999)))(((AAA888&&&444(((  
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+ 
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+$$$"""  %%%պnnnBBB???PPP^^^ggghhh~~~PPPllliiibbbdddmmmsssjjjssshhh___XXXZZZUUUTTTGGGOOObbbgggeeejjjaaaCCC666......555<<<>>>333###%%%)))+++999UUUXXXSSSNNNOOOTTTOOOMMMNNNGGGGGGEEEGGGKKKMMMRRRNNNHHHGGGOOOOOOSSSOOOJJJQQQSSSLLLKKKRRRTTTQQQSSSWWWYYYTTTTTTMMMeeeǔkkkkkklllppp```]]]bbbXXXDDDIIILLLIIIDDDEEEEEE888333;;;JJJgggrrryyyvvvssspppXXX???GGG]]]tttzzzaaaLLL???<<<444:::GGGKKKOOOQQQPPPWWW^^^vvvWWWGGG---///MMM[[[WWWlllyyyjjj|||xxxlll___hhh[[[pppmmmrrrjjjaaajjjggg___aaaZZZ```tttqqqiiibbb[[[PPPJJJNNNKKKGGGGGG*** ((())),,,888FFF333%%%///<<<999222666%%%&&&888HHH[[[fffrrrlllgggnnncccTTTVVVOOOMMMSSSAAAMMMfffaaaqqqfffaaabbbQQQ<<<333>>>GGGZZZzzzɾuuuMMMpppxxx־ŕͿæ˶ظħճƫuuupppçÛέܶ㺺͗{{{ٞᣣxxxllluuuІzzzssswwwaaaMMM777!!!---...GGGaaaIII(((RRRpppYYY111JJJ555%%%666???LLLEEE000HHHIIIJJJqqqdddHHHCCCQQQڶhhhgggWWWNNN222 000      +++"""
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+  
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+
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+%%%~~~MMMDDDKKK^^^ppplllPPPpppppppppcccfffooofffoooʾaaaXXXWWWZZZ]]]^^^UUUUUU___fffdddeee]]]@@@***(((555BBBJJJ???333%%%%%%))),,,;;;VVVUUUCCCNNNYYYZZZFFFGGGNNNQQQPPPOOOLLLNNNLLLPPP\\\XXXLLLQQQTTTZZZ]]]eee[[[LLLPPPSSSRRR]]]QQQIIIQQQRRRQQQUUUVVVwwwġmmmiiihhhkkkZZZPPPZZZXXXOOOUUUPPPFFFBBB@@@BBBAAA:::666GGG```hhhiiieee``````UUUHHHPPPiiiwwwtttqqqnnnaaaOOOAAA:::@@@FFFOOOJJJCCCKKKUUUaaaeeeqqqtttTTT>>>000 +++tttoooaaajjjnnnuuuaaa^^^xxx|||rrrRRR{{{fffccclllkkkeeebbb______aaa]]]ggg|||tttooopppaaaRRROOORRRKKKMMMWWW666&&& ---666666EEEEEE222///222<<<;;;222999333...???OOO]]]```nnn~~~mmmJJJ>>>>>>QQQ\\\\\\VVVGGGVVVkkksss}}}lllXXXQQQEEE<<<FFFIII??????SSSŠeee[[[cccʫ½ʟɼҸӺݿ̦ȬdddGGGMMM¥ճݳĩ֯ݭ达wwwʔˌvvvtttxxx˵kkkVVV___LLLCCCJJJ???HHHnnnHHHBBBKKK***555YYY^^^'''(((---NNNMMM+++YYY>>>000***???WWWyyy```޵FFF!!!(((
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+
+ 
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+  UUU""" )))   '''׿ŵtttYYYUUUSSS[[[qqqiiiyyyOOOxxxmmmhhh]]]jjjeeeXXXgggƐ[[[eeeuuuZZZYYYZZZNNNMMMOOOYYYVVVPPPOOODDD666///555===FFF///...)))&&&,,,222AAAWWWUUUGGGOOO___bbbTTTNNNTTTRRRQQQ[[[[[[VVVOOOHHHMMMJJJGGGXXXeeellluuu|||qqqUUUJJJOOORRR```YYYKKKLLLSSSTTTYYYZZZvvv˼uuuooommmZZZIIIQQQVVVPPPVVVSSSDDD===>>>EEEJJJ666(((@@@dddkkkgggRRRNNNMMM```nnnvvvxxxvvvuuurrrZZZEEEAAAOOOZZZJJJAAALLLZZZddddddjjjhhhqqqkkkKKK;;;((("""nnn~~~aaaoooppplllEEE555XXXaaaXXXkkkyyy{{{}}}]]]:::CCCHHHOOO[[[TTTTTTMMMVVV```ooorrrrrrpppccc[[[^^^eeeYYYVVVUUU999333,,,'''???AAAFFF<<<(((+++---333666;;;999///...HHH```mmmmmm{{{^^^;;;333;;;NNNfffhhh^^^UUU___iiiuuutttdddXXXEEEFFFSSScccZZZFFFCCCȌWWWccchhhʷǥŵ۳˸dz̽оӴܵ}}}̫KKKNNNҬϱخٶ}}}cccʤמ൵ⴴδΠvvvoooiiiggguuuqqq~~~aaa333DDD~~~{{{JJJ TTTZZZEEEooo===)))%%%&&&111{{{ƧzzzҩŜBBB!!! %%%
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+$$$---###### !!!+++***%%%%%%%%%(((+++""" ###$$$
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+
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+  !!!%%% &&&,,,'''!!!   )))### ((( &&&777<<<??????BBB===:::>>>DDDIIIRRRPPPPPPUUUPPPSSSNNN[[[kkkmmmnnnkkkrrr|||}}}xxxxxxvvv{{{ttthhhdddjjjkkk___^^^|||vvvóvvv~~~vvvtttuuusss|||xxxsss|||vvvpppkkk{{{~~~uuummm}}}{{{tttxxxooohhhsss|||~~~}}}~~~}}}rrrsssooosssvvvuuupppppp|||ttthhhssszzzzzznnnsss~~~tttlllhhhrrr~~~qqqsssyyysssqqqqqqnnntttvvv|||zzz~~~{{{~~~}}}٨xxx|||}}}zzzxxxwwwzzzmmmhhhooowwwwww___YYYRRRVVV~~~vvv___WWWZZZ```nnn```XXXTTTsssqqqrrrУcccbbbtttϩccc???LLL[[[OOO@@@777HHHWWW:::---;;;///@@@yyyssssssYYYEEETTTdddsss}}}jjjbbbkkkcccppp{{{vvv}}}wwwhhh[[[hhhooobbb\\\ccceeeuuulllppp|||rrrgggfffvvv²Ȩwww[[[[[[ggglllkkkfffhhhqqqSSSUUUjjjsssTTT333EEEEEEQQQRRRXXXsss999555NNNiiifff>>>,,,,,,!!!)));;;///+++>>>FFFNNNDDD***<<<000!!!'''DDDIII$$$''' CCC!!! MMMsss=== )))(((###,,,######""""""&&&222999JJJ...'''VVVIII$$$nnn[[[ 444444 ''' """EEE999***"""$$$%%% ###%%%  !!!)))""",,,&&&  """!!! 777;;;666111444FFFOOOddd```ccc```___^^^sssmmmooohhh]]]\\\PPP<<<XXXmmmhhhppp}}}sssqqqwwwwwwooozzz}}}sssyyyuuuyyyuuutttpppsssxxx|||rrrmmm\\\eeessszzz{{{yyyzzzssskkksss|||zzzxxxwwwvvvtttvvvwwwrrrsssrrrkkk~~~yyyذ}}}}}}wwwyyytttvvvxxxzzzĻbbb]]][[[YYY~~~hhhTTTVVVXXXcccbbb```QQQttteeekkk̥~~~mmmaaagggײnnnRRRMMMRRRBBB777222FFF```IIICCC;;;111DDDyyy}}}zzzjjjtttuuuVVVRRRTTTdddiii___fffbbbqqqyyyssszzz|||hhhXXXeeeggg[[[\\\bbbgggvvv{{{eeegggvvvwww]]]bbbé~~~{{{{{{uuuyyy{{{ǻŠSSSOOOQQQLLLHHHMMMoooïiiiTTTRRRYYY___UUU999222///:::FFFPPPUUUZZZQQQaaa~~~oooGGG(((111222CCCVVV```___<<<LLL\\\[[[XXXhhh\\\***$$$888...---HHH]]]000444$$$&&&VVVMMM&&&!!!(((###***!!!...YYY???&&&///###"""%%%888___999"""&&& """III@@@***"""!!!###444000,,,>>>)))$$$---###(((--->>>FFF'''$$$...[[[^^^
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+'''"""!!!### $$$!!!+++*** ######### 
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+
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+
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+  ###
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+ $$$)))  !!!!!!)))///999JJJRRR]]]eeeTTTFFFEEEUUUvvvwwwfffdddooozzzqqqssspppppprrrssshhhnnnqqq}}}|||qqqqqqyyy}}}zzzvvvooorrrxxxooorrrsssmmmsss{{{Ȳ}}}ssslllllliiifffeeeeeerrrkkknnnưqqqYYYcccmmmpppvvvhhhggggggvvvtttjjjccc```ճuuuqqqpppnnnqqqӵmmmrrraaaIIIFFFIII\\\qqqIII555333777TTTwwwvvvpppnnn```ddd^^^ooopppzzzvvvuuummmlllhhhcccaaalllmmmwwwxxx}}}uuubbbnnnwwwyyyjjjbbbiiiŴĢijǻkkkeeevvvuuukkkOOOHHHNNNlll{{{|||iiiFFF...333:::EEE@@@JJJNNNKKK'''333888###***000EEE;;;777AAAAAAJJJ;;;BBBLLLlllzzzPPP333###''')))666######*** &&&+++$$$ !!!???888$$$777,,,$$$******"""...QQQ```999%%%999'''&&&666&&& ###((( '''EEE ((($$$(((\\\YYY###,,,***  
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+
+
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+ ###<<<888EEEDDD===JJJEEECCCGGGKKKIIIFFFLLLPPPLLLLLLNNNJJJBBBAAAHHHQQQOOOTTTXXXhhhsssooofff[[[cccgggnnnvvvwwwzzzqqqjjj~~~ssswww~~~qqqYYYaaahhhooowwwqqqjjjeeerrrǰpppYYY[[[aaa{{{ppp```bbbxxxxxxqqqkkkiiimmm㿿~~~~~~zzzooovvvvvvsssӿjjjSSSCCC:::KKKgggEEE777333===SSSyyyqqqiii|||jjj```gggcccssssssxxxuuuxxxxxxqqqwww~~~xxxnnnwwwxxxzzzwww~~~·þŻơŻzzzwwwuuupppYYYSSSUUUjjjsssWWW666%%%...999RRR111&&&"""999999***///---###???>>>IIIQQQWWWjjjtttzzzIII+++..."""///***!!!"""+++### '''!!!+++"""***<<<ppphhh<<<&&&===AAAFFFCCC*** """222,,,   (((\\\___'''###'''   %%%&&&   &&&((()))!!!&&&777???666===222&&&&&&###444@@@HHHNNNSSSCCC888$$$(((CCCIII<<<888000777444666,,,###===111"""---444:::222///888JJJRRRMMMJJJYYYbbbPPP\\\ZZZ\\\RRRMMM@@@,,,"""""" +++''' !!!(((NNNIII:::***&&&000DDDZZZUUU,,,!!!&&&<<<999///,,,)))---)))+++444&&&###)))***&&&!!!$$$,,,&&&---000...444999(((  
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+
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+,,,///(((222:::444+++,,,,,,999DDDBBBMMMXXXEEECCC;;;JJJQQQZZZSSSbbb___@@@***'''***444))) ---555444$$$(((000444$$$***HHHBBB000888CCCKKKZZZKKKJJJ[[[aaaDDD555;;;888???444'''%%% ...;;; ???>>> !!!------///AAATTTRRR===000:::]]]ZZZ222 ### (((%%%%%%...,,,+++>>>222,,,$$$+++$$$$$$ %%%$$$--- 
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+
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+
+
+
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+
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+'''...---***...???KKKMMMIII;;;777###,,,DDD]]]```\\\TTT[[[YYYZZZWWWEEE000 +++666666JJJMMMHHHBBBHHHAAA///333&&&'''>>>CCC999777:::/// """
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+
+ 
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+
+ 
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+ %%%555333///333:::???DDDDDD@@@:::FFFKKKWWWYYY\\\WWWOOOLLL______\\\LLLDDDSSSQQQLLL***   ### +++...666888DDDRRRLLLLLLIIICCCEEE888111FFFiiiuuufffXXXYYYJJJ:::>>>;;;+++
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+ ''''''%%%666222555,,,,,,333<<<MMMUUUSSSYYYSSSYYY___ZZZWWWRRRKKKGGGKKKLLLIII***   '''222555666GGGUUUSSSOOOHHHLLLEEECCCGGGWWWsssqqqcccXXX\\\WWWJJJPPPOOO???""" !!!/// ((( ***<<<666666DDD@@@PPP\\\IIIBBBIIIQQQCCC666FFFVVV>>>222CCCXXXQQQ$$$""" $$$@@@:::)))'''***>>>BBB===666---)))444BBBIIIGGGCCC...  &&&777...!!!"""'''###&&& 
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+ 333>>>GGGIIIAAA666777OOOIIICCC:::+++"""***###+++...+++""" ---~~~ZZZGGGJJJLLLFFFCCCFFFHHHIIIGGGFFFNNNRRRGGGDDDKKKIII^^^wwwtttnnn___XXXOOOMMMWWWUUU]]]VVVRRROOOLLLHHHWWW\\\TTT\\\ttt~~~vvv~~~zzz|||wwwqqqwwwiiiRRRFFFKKKQQQKKKMMMJJJBBB@@@???AAABBBMMMQQQ>>>444666666===EEENNNKKKJJJGGGPPPUUUNNNNNNUUUQQQUUU\\\kkkiiiYYYVVVXXXcccddd___fffnnniiiXXXGGGAAAGGGuuu{{{uuusssooowwwzzz}}}{{{nnnnnnjjjmmmnnnmmmmmmkkkjjjqqq~~~yyyqqqwwwzzzyyynnn```VVVbbbjjjUUUDDDEEEppp___[[[FFF444666000@@@~~~wwwQQQGGGBBBdddyyyʥvvvjjjnnnuuuttteee]]]ZZZccc}}}|||~~~wwwxxxbbbRRR\\\sssmmmbbbLLL111:::AAABBB$$$"""&&& 555:::>>>===$$$)))%%%%%%:::555+++!!!###:::555333111GGGEEE555UUUcccVVVAAAMMM{{{[[[>>>DDDTTTGGGOOOQQQ222:::OOOhhhrrr___KKK(((### ))),,,$$$>>>CCC777--- &&&444@@@666///(((777PPPRRReee***###111  """:::444000!!!
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++++000%%%&&&333666FFFEEE333000(((
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+333999CCCOOOQQQGGGKKK\\\RRRHHH:::%%%---''':::,,,,,,###???˭```JJJ\\\^^^LLLCCCJJJSSS[[[[[[SSSPPPTTTPPPMMMRRRSSSnnnֳhhh^^^___WWWSSS\\\UUUQQQGGGKKKRRRTTTNNNSSSSSSZZZuuuUUUQQQWWWXXXLLLWWWYYYLLLOOONNNWWWQQQQQQQQQGGGBBBJJJKKKccc~~~lll___SSSIIINNNmmmwww|||xxxzzztttnnntttvvvyyy~~~|||yyy~~~yyyxxxuuuqqqjjjppprrrooommmooo~~~wwwvvvbbbZZZfffvvvcccTTTUUU|||kkkNNN:::888;;;[[[}}}\\\\\\___ppp~~~ɟ___VVVgggnnnooobbbMMMOOOuuu~~~{{{rrrUUUnnnyyytttjjjWWWYYY]]]hhhlllpppgggUUUUUULLLAAA:::;;;???888fff[[[PPPIII///:::XXXDDD&&& (((,,,;;;***&&&,,,***  666kkkwww```666:::TTTMMMFFF&&&999VVVhhh{{{kkkCCCYYYeeeQQQGGG///000GGG>>>@@@CCC000(((%%%CCC***!!!---EEERRR999'''111>>>...FFFQQQggg444$$$$$$)))
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+ !!!+++111000111***///888999IIIMMMHHH888*** ,,,:::555---...222...777DDD>>>@@@EEEMMMGGG===BBB%%%
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+)))AAAFFFNNNUUUSSS]]]\\\VVV]]]]]]dddxxxNNN@@@999$$$,,,''')))+++(((???Ȱ}}}vvvoooWWWWWWYYYTTTTTTPPPTTTSSSSSSUUUPPPLLLWWWUUUrrrȫttt]]][[[^^^YYY___mmmyyynnnaaaUUULLLLLLMMMKKKXXXssslll[[[MMMJJJCCCLLLUUULLLOOO___TTTFFFCCCAAA@@@IIIRRR[[[ɶ~~~qqqjjjνssskkkbbb]]]UUUPPP\\\gggqqqXXXSSS^^^eeeQQQLLLRRR{{{ggg~~~bbbFFFMMMMMMddd```[[[YYYvvvooo''' )))***---+++---...---...))),,,---000(((+++333222000...+++(((&&&)))&&&)))..."""...%%%$$$***///""":::DDD///###$$$'''$$$ """(((333:::...%%%''''''%%%---...#########'''***  %%%&&&"""YYYJJJTTT"""%%%   $$$((('''///444555%%%777@@@:::aaaXXX111333666444>>>???
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+ ***666
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+$$$;;;<<<&&&%%%555>>>IIIEEEBBBEEE===:::EEEeeeZZZDDDNNN222 
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+%%%444333;;;FFF\\\rrruuu\\\HHHNNNtttxxxIII???888)))###(((---!!!...'''$$$"""GGGccc]]]WWW[[[ooojjjhhhccc^^^eeehhhppphhh[[[WWWXXX|||̿nnnlll```hhhfffiiiiiifffccc```]]]YYY[[[WWWPPPWWWppp˻yyykkkaaaLLL???DDDNNNYYYfff```VVVQQQUUU\\\bbb]]]iiiqqq}}}ðѿ¾į]]]***###)))+++///&&&!!!,,,UUU¼åĭttt___XXXccc]]]UUURRR\\\ÿ“ccc}}}kkkNNNRRRXXX{{{bbbGGGLLLvvvѼ|||QQQCCC222,,,'''000NNN}}}{{{mmmjjjiiittt{{{xxxrrrsssooofffaaa___ccceeekkkhhhkkkpppnnnhhh^^^```\\\OOO___nnn^^^---)))&&&555OOOaaaNNNMMMNNN333'''000;;;QQQlllooocccMMM===SSS===000###$$$(((((((((666rrr}}}UUU444YYYHHHgggyyyPPPddd|||PPP@@@gggEEE:::sssrrrUUU!!!+++SSSZZZ;;;$$$ZZZ```IIIkkkssshhhnnngggcccRRReee___RRR"""  &&&kkkAAA]]]000111(((   '''""" ### ...:::KKKAAA///===NNNNNNUUUEEEJJJYYYVVVXXXRRRBBB((( 222:::DDDAAA///KKK^^^FFF***<<<@@@===666DDDGGGTTTTTTHHH999???FFFDDD{{{FFF@@@999000MMMWWWRRR<<<:::FFF333"""&&&///%%% ***BBBGGGBBB@@@HHHNNNHHHFFFHHHKKKJJJHHHnnnggg;;;======GGGWWWEEE '''&&& 444))) 000???666777DDDRRR[[[PPPEEEAAALLLUUUeeetttdddBBB---)))%%% """$$$ ###""",,,///111BBBEEEKKKEEE???===xxxyyyIII333  
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford by A. Hugh Fisher
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford
+ A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+
+Author: A. Hugh Fisher
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
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+ <title>Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See</title>
+ <author>A. Hugh Fisher</author>
+ </titleStmt>
+ <editionStmt>
+ <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition>
+ </editionStmt>
+ <publicationStmt>
+ <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher>
+ <date value="2006-10-07">October 7, 2006</date>
+ <idno type="etext-no">19487</idno>
+ <idno type='DPid'>projectID4040f8752ddf3</idno>
+ <availability>
+ <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and
+ with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
+ away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
+ License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p>
+ </availability>
+ </publicationStmt>
+
+ <sourceDesc>
+ <bibl>
+ <title>The Cathedral Church of Hereford</title>
+ <author>A. Hugh Fisher</author>
+ <imprint>
+ <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>
+ <publisher>George Bell and Sons</publisher>
+ <date>1898</date>
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+<text>
+<front>
+<div>
+<divGen type="pgheader" />
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<figure url="images/image01.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+<p></p>
+</div>
+
+<titlePage rend="page-break-before: right">
+ <docTitle><titlePart type="main" rend="font-size: x-large">The Cathedral Church Of Hereford</titlePart><lb /><lb />
+ <titlePart type="sub">A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See</titlePart></docTitle>
+ <byline><lb />By <docAuthor>A. Hugh Fisher</docAuthor><lb /><lb /></byline>
+
+<docImprint>London<lb />
+George Bell and Sons<lb /><lb /></docImprint>
+<docDate>1898</docDate>
+</titlePage>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<pb n="iv" /><anchor id="Pgiv" />
+<head>GENERAL PREFACE.</head>
+
+<p>This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors
+to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated
+guide-books at a popular price. The aim of each writer
+has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge
+and scholarship to be of value to the student of Archæology
+and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.</p>
+
+<p>To specify all the authorities which have been made use
+of in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place.
+But amongst the general sources of information which have
+been almost invariably found useful are:—(1) the great
+county histories, the value of which, especially in questions
+of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2)
+the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to
+time in the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archæological
+Societies; (3) the important documents made accessible in
+the series issued by the Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known
+works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals;
+and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the
+Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which
+the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail,
+especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees.</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: right">GLEESON WHITE.<lb />
+EDWARD F. STRANGE.<lb />
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Editors of the Series</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<pb n="v" /><anchor id="Pgv" />
+<head>AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</head>
+
+<p>In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the
+General Preface, the "Monastic Chronicles" and many
+other works named in the text, some dealing especially with
+Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in preparing
+this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies
+of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive
+"Statement of the Condition and Circumstances of the
+Cathedral Church of Hereford in the Year 1841," and "The
+Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott.</p>
+
+<p>My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company
+for their excellent photographs.</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: right">A. HUGH FISHER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<head>Contents</head>
+<divGen type="toc" />
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="xi" /><anchor id="Pgxi" />
+<head>Illustrations</head>
+<divGen type="fig" />
+</div>
+</front>
+
+<body>
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="002" /><anchor id="Pg002" />
+
+<p>
+<figure url="images/image02.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+</p>
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="003" />
+<anchor id="Pg003" />
+<head>HEREFORD CATHEDRAL</head>
+<p></p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.</head>
+
+<p>The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of
+cathedral churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful
+speculation and shadowy tradition. Although the see had
+existed from the sixth century, it is not till much later that
+we have any information concerning the cathedral itself.</p>
+
+<p>From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most
+powerful and important rulers of those times,—King Offa.
+He was a contemporary of Charles the Great, and more than
+once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts and letters. Under
+Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in addition
+to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men
+he wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn
+from the Welsh, took the chief town of the district which
+was afterwards called Shrewsbury, and like another Severus
+made a great dyke from the mouth of the Wye to that of the
+Dee which became henceforth the boundary between Wales
+and England, a position it has held with few changes to the
+present day. In church history Offa is of no less importance
+than in secular, for as the most powerful King in England he
+seems to have determined that ecclesiastical affairs in this
+country should be more under his control, or at least supervision,
+than they could possibly be with the Mercian church
+subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore,
+he persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield.<pb n="004" /><anchor id="Pg004" />
+Although Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death
+when Lichfield was shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired
+honours, the position gained for the latter see by Offa, though
+temporary in itself, must have had lasting and important
+influence. Offa is generally held responsible for the murder,
+about 793, of Æthelberht, King of the East Angles, who had
+been promised his daughter, Æthelthryth, in marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Had Æthelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future
+events (which would not have been a more wonderful attribute
+than many of the virtues which were ascribed afterwards to
+his dead body), he could hardly have desired a more glorious
+fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal
+glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier
+auspices. Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died
+by the order of a man whose memory is sullied by no other
+stain, a man renowned in war, a maker of laws for the good of
+his people, and eminent in an ignorant age as one who
+encouraged learning.</p>
+
+<p>Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that
+beyond the bare fact of the murder nothing can be positively
+asserted, and the brief statement of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
+"792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians, commanded the
+head of King Æthelberht to be struck off," contains all that
+we may be certain of.</p>
+
+<p>One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the
+crime at the door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to
+have insinuated that the marriage was only sought as a pretext
+to occupy the Mercian throne. Finding her lord's courage not
+equal to the occasion, she herself arranged the end of Æthelberht.
+There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber
+and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of
+luxurious comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was,
+according to one writer, privately buried on the bank of the
+river "Lugg," near Hereford.</p>
+
+<p>"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a
+column of light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven";
+and three nights afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King
+Æthelberht appeared to Brithfrid, a nobleman, and commanded
+him to convey the body to a place called "Stratus Waye," and
+to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by another
+column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the<pb n="005" /><anchor id="Pg005" />
+head on a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell
+from the vehicle, but having been discovered by a "blind man,"
+to whom it miraculously communicated sight, was restored by
+him to the careless driver. Arrived at his place of destination,
+then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and which has since
+been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever
+the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa's
+subsequent remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and
+churches, and is even said by some to have gone on a pilgrimage
+to Rome, though this rests on slight evidence.</p>
+
+<p>The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King
+were, according to Asser, so numerous and incredible that
+Offa, who had appropriated Æthelberht's kingdom, was induced
+to send two bishops to Hereford to ascertain the truth of them,
+and it is generally agreed that about A.D. 825 Milfrid, who was
+Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of Offa
+and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in
+building "<hi rend="font-style: italic">Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura</hi>" at Hereford,
+which he consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed
+with lands and enriched with ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of
+stone, it is quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or
+architectural character of this edifice. It seems, however, that
+by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan was promoted to the see, it
+had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate, sufficient decay to
+necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no clearer
+account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church.
+Soon after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son
+of the Earl of Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in
+London, and (though his guilt is still disputed) was outlawed
+by Edward the Confessor. He hired a fleet of Danish pirate
+ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in Wales, and
+marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make
+war upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory
+about two miles from Hereford over the Earl of that shire
+who was a Frenchman, and tried to make his men fight on
+horseback in the French fashion, which they did not understand,—the
+English way being for the great men to ride to the
+field of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy
+axes on foot. Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's
+head and fled the field, and the English, encumbered with<pb n="006" /><anchor id="Pg006" />
+their long spears and swords, followed helter skelter. After
+killing some five hundred, Ælfgar and Gruffydd turned to
+Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan
+had caused to be built. There they met with a spirited
+resistance: amongst other victims seven of the canons were
+killed in an attempt to hold the great door of the minster; but,
+ultimately, the church and town were burned.</p>
+
+<p>Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too
+late, came with half of his army to Hereford, and with his
+usual predilection for peace (notwithstanding his valour) soon
+after removed the outlawry from Ælfgar, and quiet was
+restored.</p>
+
+<p>In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop
+Athelstan died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen
+years before his death, and a Welsh bishop had acted for him.
+His body was interred in the church which he had "built from
+the foundations," and we may therefore suppose that the
+"minster" was not entirely destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so
+important was Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh
+borders, and, since it had been strengthened by Harold, such
+an important military post was the town of Hereford, that it
+became part of his earldom.</p>
+
+<p>From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in
+ruins. At the latter date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga)
+began to rebuild the cathedral, and there are vague accounts
+that it was in the form of a round church in imitation of a
+basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at Aix-la-Chapelle
+between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it
+must have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman
+period that remains is clearly English both in treatment and in
+detail. If this could be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had
+no similarity to the Roman style. The building begun by him
+was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who held the see from 1107
+to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the establishment
+of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons
+did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses
+near the church. Whether he completed the building or not,
+Bishop Raynelm undoubtedly made many additions and
+alterations.</p>
+
+<p>We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of<pb n="007" /><anchor id="Pg007" />
+the cathedral treasurer, which were probably settled about
+this time. They throw a curious and suggestive light on the
+ceremonies of the period. "At Hereford," says Walcott, "he
+found all the lights; three burning day and night before the
+high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at mass, and
+the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz., in
+the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and
+the third before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the
+high altar, and altar on "<hi rend="font-style: italic">Minus Duplicia</hi>," and five tapers in
+basons, on principles, and doubles, at mass, prime, and
+second vespers, four tapers before the high altar, five in the
+basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the candelabra;
+the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the
+keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and
+the plate, of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean
+and chapter. He found three clerks to ring the bells, light
+the candles, and suspend the palls and curtains on solemn
+days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir and
+chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves;
+and on All Saints' day he provided mats."<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">Cathedralia</hi>, p. 59.</p></note></p>
+
+<p>The next great changes were made under Bishop William de
+Vere (1186-1199). His work was of transitional character, and
+bears much resemblance to the beautiful transitional work at
+Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman apsidal terminations
+at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus making
+two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced
+by the Lady Chapel with its vestibule.</p>
+
+<p>In a paper read before the Archæological Institute in 1877,
+Sir G. G. Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay
+beyond the sides; but this is merely conjecture. A curious
+feature in De Vere's work was his putting columns in the middle
+of the central arch. It is probable that the part of the presbytery
+we now have was but the beginning of a larger scheme
+never carried out, which included building the presbytery and
+dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at
+Lichfield and Exeter.</p>
+
+<p>According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English
+Lady Chapel was an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere:
+it is especially interesting, and an unique example of its date in
+being raised upon a crypt.</p>
+
+<pb n="008" /><anchor id="Pg008" />
+
+<p>At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems
+likely De Vere was the builder,—at any rate he must have been
+the first or second occupier. It was of noble dimensions,
+being 110 feet in length, consisting of a nave 23 feet broad,
+with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the columns. This
+was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber arches
+formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the
+present Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied
+by this grand hall.</p>
+
+<p>In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into
+Wales on behalf of the crusade, he was entertained in this hall
+by Bishop de Vere, and doubtless some of those who devoted
+themselves to the work were Hereford men.</p>
+
+<p>The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated
+work, covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament,
+was built by, or at any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de
+Braose (1200-1215), an ardent opponent of King John.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner
+north porch (as distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth)
+and what remains of the beautifully designed chapter-house, a
+decagon in plan, each side except the one occupied by the
+entrance being subdivided into five seats.</p>
+
+<p>During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a
+tooth of St. Æthelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely
+destroyed by Ælfgar and Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the
+cathedral. The donor of this precious relic was Philip de
+Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of Huntingdon.</p>
+
+<p>The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented
+some service-books to the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners,
+appointed to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally
+known as Bishop Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace,
+near Chambéry. He it was who rebuilt the north transept.
+He was one of the best hated men in England, and not content
+with showering benefices upon his relations, he perpetrated
+one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money to
+aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander
+IV. Of these, however, full particulars will be found in
+a chapter on the Diocese.</p>
+
+<p>While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended<pb n="009" /><anchor id="Pg009" />
+by a guard of soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to
+resist the encroachments of Llewellyn, King of Wales, found
+there neither bishop, dean, nor canons resident. For this they
+earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the Bishop returned
+to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the
+cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party,
+together with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations).
+They were carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had
+just brought from Ireland was divided among the insurgents.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268.
+He was endowed with a character full of contradictions, extreme
+aggressiveness, mingled with remarkable tact.</p>
+
+<p>When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their
+attempt to encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one
+full half of their fine and devoted the other to the cathedral
+building. While he was showing in his life a disgraceful example
+to the clergy of the country, at the same time he gave liberally
+to the cathedral foundation in books, ornaments, money, and
+land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting monument in
+the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the
+nave and choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether
+demolished, and replaced by another consisting of two bays with
+an eastern aisle. Over the latter was built a story now used as
+the cathedral library, which is approached from the north aisle
+of the presbytery by a staircase turret. His tomb is one of the
+finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with those of his
+nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the
+heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country
+of Savoy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric
+Thomas de Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever
+held that office, a man whose life was in almost every way a
+remarkable contrast to that of his predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca.
+It is said that the Bishop of Worcester, his great-uncle,
+asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession, and
+that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then,
+sweetheart," his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be
+a soldier to serve the King of Kings, and fight under the
+banner of the glorious martyr, St. Thomas." Regular attendance
+at mass was his custom from earliest years. Both at Oxford<pb n="010" /><anchor id="Pg010" />
+and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of M.A.
+at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of
+the university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the
+office of chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular
+courage and determination in repressing a brawl between the
+southern scholars and those of the north, in which we are told
+he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a whole coat.</p>
+
+<p>He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England
+under Simon de Montfort, at whose death, however, he was
+deprived of the office. It was some years after this that he
+became Bishop of Hereford, and was consecrated at Canterbury,
+September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended the consecration.</p>
+
+<p>After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and
+showed ever intense devotion in his celebration of divine
+service. He was remarkable in the steadfastness and ability
+he displayed in maintaining the rights of the see. Gilbert de
+Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace" near
+Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found
+a relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was
+prepared with the customary "pugil" or champion (who
+received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his services were not
+required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to
+the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his
+right to capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all
+birds pertaining thereto," and as a result of the verdict being
+in his favour, caused a long trench to be dug on the crest of
+the Malvern Hills as a boundary line, which is still traceable.</p>
+
+<p>Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors
+of which he had obtained unlawful possession; and Lord
+Clifford, for cattle-lifting and maltreating the Bishop's tenants,
+was compelled to walk barefoot to the high altar in the
+cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him with a
+rod.</p>
+
+<p>Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest
+struggle was on a question of testamentary jurisdiction with
+Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately
+excommunicated and obliged to leave the country,
+attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV.,
+but died on the homeward journey on August 25th, 1282.<pb n="011" /><anchor id="Pg011" />
+He was buried in the church of St. Severus, near Florence; but
+his bones having been divided from the flesh by boiling, were
+later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady
+Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester,
+with whom Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the
+chace, attended the ceremony, and that blood began to flow
+from the bones when he approached the casket containing
+them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the property
+he had taken unjustly from the church.</p>
+
+<p>Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is
+said, amongst other evidences of his saintliness, that he never
+allowed his sister to kiss him. Three hundred sick people are
+said to have been cured at the place of his interment, and so
+many candles were presented by the crowds of visitors that
+Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a dispute with
+the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being
+finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries.</p>
+
+<p>After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to
+the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on
+Maundy Thursday, April 6th, 1287, in presence of King
+Edward I. They were again twice moved in the sixteenth
+century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west
+transept.</p>
+
+<p>The building of the chapter-house may have spread over
+some part of Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the
+cloisters were erected about this time.</p>
+
+<p>The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St.
+Cantilupe are both many and various. More than sixty-six
+dead people are said to have been restored to life. The saint's
+intervention appears to have been extended even to animals,
+as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick falcons to be
+cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint
+that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change
+its armorial bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its
+bishops have since borne.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain,
+Richard Swinfield, an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable
+manners. Bishop Swinfield, like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated
+the rights and discipline of his diocese, once against
+a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant benefice,<pb n="012" /><anchor id="Pg012" />
+another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman
+in her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of
+Ludlow for violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases
+against abuses of all sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors,
+a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who had obtained from the
+Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton, interrupted the
+installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop
+Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice,
+and was formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance
+of the Chapter. He held his place by force of arms during
+that day and the next, but later submitted to the Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles
+and of the two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a
+remodelling of the work of De Vere. The bases of his piers
+and responds were retained and may still be seen, and upon the
+former octagonal columns were erected to carry the vaulting.
+The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that
+the "<hi rend="font-style: italic">Mappa Mundi</hi>," the curious map of the world designed by
+Richard of Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of
+Hereford in 1305, now preserved in the cathedral, came into
+possession of the Chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield,
+and when it was necessary for him to send representatives to a
+provincial Council in London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was
+deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton, a place belonging to
+the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of Herefordshire.</p>
+
+<p>Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield
+at his chief residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded
+him in the bishopric.</p>
+
+<p>King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a
+friend of Roger Mortimer to this important position, and, failing
+to persuade Adam to decline the bishopric, he appealed to the
+Pope, begging him to cancel the appointment, but with no
+more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of Hereford became
+identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return from
+France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth,
+then fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the
+kingdom under the direction of his mother.</p>
+
+<p>The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at
+Neath Abbey, and the great seal taken from him by Bishop
+Adam Orleton, while the Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed<pb n="013" /><anchor id="Pg013" />
+to Hereford, where he was crowned with nettles and
+dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from Psalm
+lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that
+thou canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude
+who mocked his name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally
+hanged on a gallows 50 feet high and then quartered. Among
+the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and these the Bishop
+of Hereford claimed as his perquisite.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image03.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time
+vigorous and of unusual ability, played a great part in politics
+to the end of the wretched King's life. Some historians still
+believe that he recommended the murder; he certainly supported
+the deposition in Parliament, and went to Kenilworth as one of
+the commissioners to force the King's resignation. If thus
+interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and vigilant
+in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a
+source of such anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the<pb n="014" /><anchor id="Pg014" />
+restorer, was even at this early date showing signs of dilapidation,
+and Bishop Orleton obtained from Pope John XXII. a
+grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and Swalefeld
+(Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following
+petition:—"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of
+the fabric of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure
+of sumptuous work to be built, to the adornment of
+the House of God, upon an ancient foundation; which in the
+judgment of masons or architects, who were considered skilful
+in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the cost of
+20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the
+weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was
+placed upon it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar
+judgment no other remedy could be applied short of an entire
+renovation of the fabric from the foundation,—which, on account
+of the expenses incurred in prosecution of the canonisation of
+Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed memory,
+they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work"
+alluded to was evidently the central tower and the north
+transept; which latter had been built, as mentioned before,
+for the remains and shrine of Bishop Cantilupe.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was
+examining the confused and unsorted mass of charters and
+grants in the possession of the cathedral, he found a parchment
+(which bore the two beautiful episcopal seals of Bishop Roger
+le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of Hereford)
+that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the
+sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms
+the backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was
+translated to Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed
+with prayers for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still
+darkened the political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt
+filled the cathedral. It is said that when the "Black Death"
+reached Hereford in 1349, to retard its progress in the city the
+shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried in procession.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the
+calamity of this terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a
+mandate prohibiting the performance of "theatrical plays and
+interludes" in churches as "contrary to the practice of religion."
+The exact character of these performances is doubtful, and the<pb n="015" /><anchor id="Pg015" />
+prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular mumming.
+The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in
+an annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi
+Day, to assist in which some of the city guilds were obliged by
+the rules of their incorporation.</p>
+
+<p>The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about
+his rights of jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency.
+It must certainly have been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck
+"<hi rend="font-style: italic">gratus, prudens, pius</hi>" as the mutilated inscription on his
+effigy describes him, when one William Corbet forced his way
+into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him in the
+city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace.</p>
+
+<p>On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is
+said that the city market was removed from Hereford to a place
+about a mile on the west of the town, still marked by a cross
+called the "White Cross" bearing the arms of Bishop Charleton.</p>
+
+<p>If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of
+King Edward II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant,
+who was appointed in 1389 by papal provision, was no less
+active in the deposition of King Richard II., and was sent to
+the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry IV. to explain
+his title to the Crown and announce his accession.</p>
+
+<p>In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest
+vicars of the cathedral were formed into a college by Royal
+Charter, and the first warden or "<hi rend="font-style: italic">custos</hi>" was appointed by the
+King to show that the right of appointment was vested in the
+Crown. The college was to have a common seal, and to
+exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to be
+subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its
+members were the priests of the chantry chapels in the
+cathedral, at this time apparently twenty-seven in number.</p>
+
+<p>In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its
+present site, so that the vicars should be able more comfortably
+to attend the night services. An order was also made about
+this time concerning the celebration of mass at the altar of St.
+John Baptist in the cathedral, an arrangement which shows that
+then as now the parish of St. John had no church of its own
+outside the cathedral walls.</p>
+
+<p>About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with
+the cathedral was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest
+in the cathedral although he never visited his diocese. It was<pb n="016" /><anchor id="Pg016" />
+upon this work of the cloisters that 2800 marks were expended
+by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in whose time the great
+west window was erected by William Lochard, the precentor.
+The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury,
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added
+between 1453 and 1474.</p>
+
+<p>In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was
+translated to Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the
+two-storied chantry chapel south of the Lady Chapel and
+near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe. The upper story
+was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop
+himself. Bishop Audley also presented
+to the cathedral a silver shrine.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image04.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The next important alteration was
+the lengthening of the great north
+porch which bears the date 1519 and
+the shields of Bishop Booth and his
+predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a
+very fine piece of Perpendicular work,
+somewhat similar in design to the porch
+in the middle of the west front of
+Peterborough Cathedral. At his death
+Bishop Booth left various books to the
+cathedral library and some tapestry for
+the high altar, together with silver and
+gold ornaments for the Cantilupe
+Shrine. The tapestry displayed the
+story of David and Nabal. He also
+bequeathed, amongst other things to his successor, the gold
+ring with which he was consecrated, but notwithstanding his
+forethought in specifying that these articles were not to be
+taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they
+have disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined,
+in the enthusiasm of his building operations, the changes to
+follow so closely upon his death. Yet the papal supremacy
+had been abolished in this country in 1534, and though the
+church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had
+been published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at
+Winchester, to the See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent
+instruments" of the Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the
+following year the suppression of the monasteries began in<pb n="017" /><anchor id="Pg017" />
+serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be spared
+for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were
+then no less than twenty-one in the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches,
+chapels, guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take
+inventories of their treasures, leaving to each parish church or
+chapel "one or two chalices according to the multitude of
+people." In Hereford Cathedral, amongst other valuable ornaments,
+was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs. 9-1/2 oz., two
+basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in five
+pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is
+not possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the
+cathedral alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country
+were estimated at 4860-1/4 ounces, in value about £1213, 1s. 3d.</p>
+
+<p>On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set
+up at Nottingham, and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst
+over the country. Bishop Coke of Hereford had been one
+of the twelve churchmen most active against the Bill for
+excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons
+in May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to
+the Tower by the joint sentence of the Lords and Commons
+on charge of treason.</p>
+
+<p>The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one
+with its Bishop, but so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford,
+with two troops of cavalry and a single infantry regiment,
+entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of Essex and
+quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained
+till December 14th without, however, any serious plundering
+in the town itself. In April 1643, Waller took the city for the
+second time, and again without much resistance, a condition of
+the surrender being the immunity of the Bishop and cathedral
+clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his leaving
+Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became
+an asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being
+held first by one side and then by the other. In the autumn
+of 1645 Hereford was besieged by Lord Leven with the
+Scottish army, who were driven off by Colonel Barnabas
+Scudamore with heavy loss.</p>
+
+<p>The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury
+during the siege. The defenders used the lead from the
+chapter-house roof to cover the keep of the castle, and possibly<pb n="018" /><anchor id="Pg018" />
+also to make bullets. Finally, on December 18th, through
+the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city, Hereford
+was once more taken, and this time the whole place was
+overrun by a rabble of plundering soldiery.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral
+during the Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian
+captain, one Silas Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated
+in this military loot. "The storied windows richly dight"
+were smashed to bits, monumental brasses torn up, the
+library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments
+stolen.</p>
+
+<p>Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by
+the cathedral clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires,
+and gentry of the county for help towards restoring the cathedral,
+though it is not known with what welcome the appeal was
+received.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm
+was done to the cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one
+of those irritating people who mean well but act abominably.
+He spent much, both on the palace and the cathedral,
+employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the
+chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not
+irreparably so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of
+masonry intended to support the central tower, which was,
+however, nothing but a hideous architectural blunder. In
+itself it was ugly to behold, and actually weakened by lateral
+pressure that which it was intended to support. He also
+presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with
+scenic decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains,
+and wooden imitations of tassels which hung immediately over
+the heads of the ministering priests as they stood at the altar.
+These were found later on to be hung on rusty nails by twine
+"little better than pack thread."</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image05.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746,
+an ancient building of early Norman date used as a
+chapel for the palace was pulled down. It consisted of an
+upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel dedicated to St.
+Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part of
+one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on
+Easter Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,—the fall
+of the great western tower. Directly and indirectly this was<pb n="021" /><anchor id="Pg021" />
+the worst accident that has happened to Hereford Cathedral.
+The west front was utterly destroyed, and a great part of the
+nave seriously injured, while the injudicious restoration begun
+in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for
+architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall
+of the tower.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image06.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">From a drawing by T. Hearne</hi>, 1806.</p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable
+deeds of vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous
+efforts in this direction. He altered the whole proportion of
+the building, shortening the nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected
+a new west front on a "neat Gothic pattern," and availed
+himself of the chance of removing all the Norman work in the
+nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own.</p>
+
+<p>One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod
+moulding round each of the arches above the arcade. These
+eccentricities were removed not long since, but the roughened<pb n="022" /><anchor id="Pg022" />
+lines for adhesion of the plaster still remain. Inside the west
+front may also still be seen large spaces of wall painted to
+represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the
+wall of any stucco residence.</p>
+
+<p>It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless
+insipidity of Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved
+in his own day, and that the public generally were as much to
+blame as himself.</p>
+
+<p>The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and
+in order to give it apparent height the roofs of both nave and
+choir were lowered in pitch, its parapet was raised, and some
+pinnacles were added.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new
+burying-grounds provided for the city elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of
+Hereford. He was a man of sound judgment and of much
+practical ability, and it was during his episcopacy that a serious
+competent and thorough repair of the cathedral was at last
+undertaken at a cost of £27,000, to which no one devoted
+more loving care or more untiring energy than Dean
+Merewether.</p>
+
+<p>"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses
+and this house lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his
+exhaustive "Statement of the condition and circumstances of
+the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the year 1841." In this
+statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in the
+eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and
+the dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash
+and plaster, became visible in the soffit of each of the window
+arches.</p>
+
+<p>In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed
+of hewn stone, making a kind of casing at each side, called
+ashlar, the interval being filled with rubble masonry cemented
+with lime and loam. This stuffing having deteriorated the
+weight above had split the outer wall, though most fortunately
+the interior face was perfectly sound and upright.</p>
+
+<p>To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove
+the oak panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and
+the heavy bookcases filling up a great part of the area were
+taken away with the lath and plaster partition from the sides
+of the pillar at the west end of the chapel.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image07.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<pb n="024" /><anchor id="Pg024" />
+
+<p>By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured
+became again manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains
+of its ancient painting, the disclosure of two most interesting
+monuments, two aumbries, a double piscina, the chapel of
+Bishop Audley, but more important than all, two of the most
+beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found anywhere,
+Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with
+the Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding
+with the remarkable union of the Norman intersecting
+arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed
+characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr.
+Cottingham, the architect, showed that the great central tower
+of the cathedral was in imminent danger of falling, and might
+at any moment entirely collapse.</p>
+
+<p>Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were
+struck by the traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing
+the clerestory gallery the remains of Norman ornaments were
+everywhere to be found, the gallery itself being still existent
+at each side, returned behind the wooden coverings, up to the
+splays of the eastern windows.</p>
+
+<p>The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir
+shown on p. 77 was then removed, and the change effected
+was most striking. It was evident that long before the introduction
+of the Grecian screen in 1717, the original arrangement
+had been disturbed by the insertion of a Perpendicular window,
+to support which the low circular arch in the centre had been
+constructed; on either side of this window were now to be
+seen the mouldings and featherings of the original early
+decorated lights, on a level with the lateral clerestory range;
+below these the Norman arcade, based upon a string course of
+nebule ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties
+was to be traced,—the thickness of that part of the wall is
+8 feet; on either side of the arch, 24 feet in span, were
+portions of shafts, corresponding with the pair of Norman
+shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of these
+(standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through
+those already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most
+curious detail, were perfect, and upon them were visible as far
+as the level of the window above, the remaining stones which<pb n="025" /><anchor id="Pg025" />
+formed the architecture of the exterior arch, from which it was
+evident that its crown must have risen to the height of 30
+feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was
+discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this
+exquisite and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment
+of which it is utterly impossible to account for, was, in
+fact, made up of five arches, the interior and smallest supported
+by the two semi-columns already described, and each of the
+others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch
+being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments.
+Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not only
+hidden by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also, like
+the two others, closed up with lath and plaster, as the central
+arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were
+taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious
+effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the
+appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm,
+Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these
+massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium
+above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the
+founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the completer
+and restorer after that era."</p>
+
+<p>Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made,
+though it cannot be said that all the work he did was good
+either in design or execution. The beautiful lantern of the
+central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was satisfactorily
+strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of
+Dean Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be
+done, and in 1857 a further scheme was set going under the
+financial management of Dean Richard Dawes, and the architectural
+direction of Mr., afterwards Sir Gilbert, Scott, who
+restored the north transepts, the north porch, the choir, and
+Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and
+fitted up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St.
+John the Baptist.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether in these two works of repair about £45,000 was
+expended, and the cathedral was opened for service on June
+30th, 1863.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="026" /><anchor id="Pg026" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.</head>
+
+<p>Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of
+Hereford Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence
+of that quality dear to a purist is not more than compensated
+for by the fine examples of different periods, which make the
+massive pile as a whole a valuable record of historical progress.
+And surely it is more fitting that a great ecclesiastical
+edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts, and
+bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through
+which it has passed.</p>
+
+<p>Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the
+cathedral building reposes in a secluded close, from which the
+best general view is obtained. The close is entered either
+from Broad Street, near the west window, or from Castle
+Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of
+the close between the path and the river. The space between
+the Wye and the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and
+the college of the Vicars Choral.</p>
+
+<p>On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was
+formerly one of the strongest on the Welsh marches.</p>
+
+<p>The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the
+Norman, Early English, and Early Decorated periods.</p>
+
+<p>The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the
+interior, survives in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy"
+quality remaining through the subsequent building being imposed
+upon the old foundations. The side apses of the
+original triple eastern termination were converted into the
+present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which
+helps to produce an intricate outline already irregular through
+the projections of the porch of Bishop Booth.</p>
+
+<pb n="027" /><anchor id="Pg027" />
+
+<p>The <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Central Tower</hi>, a splendid example of Decorated
+work, is of two stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the
+angles. It is covered with a profusion of ball-flower ornament,
+which, except in the south nave aisle of Gloucester Cathedral,
+is nowhere else so freely used.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image08.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the
+disposition of the upper windows of the central tower and the<pb n="028" /><anchor id="Pg028" />
+style and position of the dividing pilasters and bands of
+ornament, it seems likely that the earlier lantern of Pershore is
+partly responsible for its design.</p>
+
+<p>In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which
+formerly existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered
+with lead. When this was taken down at the time of the
+great repairs and rebuilding of the west end, a stunted, squat
+appearance was given to the building. In the year 1830
+Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and
+Chapter to build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles.</p>
+
+<p>The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar
+in design to the central one, but rose only one stage above
+the leads of the nave. This seems to have been used as a
+belfry; whereas the central tower was a lantern.</p>
+
+<p>The large projecting <hi rend="font-weight: bold">North Porch</hi>, completed in 1530 by
+Bishop Booth, is Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles,
+though it is later in date, the porch in the centre of the west
+front at Peterborough. The front entrance archway has highly
+enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase buttress
+turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the
+upper portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This
+outer porch consists of two stories, the lower of which is
+formed by three wide, open arches, springing from four piers
+at the extreme angles, two of which are united with the staircase
+turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The
+upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted
+and groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate
+tracery.</p>
+
+<p>In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled
+angles, of which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral
+cappings, the remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and
+rising nearly the whole height of the building, show to great
+advantage. The clerestory windows, like those in the outer
+wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster, are triangular
+on the exterior.</p>
+
+<p>On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is
+an unusual architectural feature. The windows of the triforium
+have semi-circular arched mouldings, enclosing a
+window of three lights of lancet-shaped arches. Beneath the
+aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was probably
+an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe.</p>
+
+<pb n="029" /><anchor id="Pg029" />
+
+<p>In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the
+bottom and polygonal above; and this probably was an access
+to a private apartment for a monk over the aisle of the transept
+containing the sacred shrine.</p>
+
+<p>Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral
+one notices the buttresses of the north-east transept, the
+Stanbury Chapel, the windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle,
+the clerestory windows with arcade dressings to the walls,
+and the modern parapet above the whole.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image09.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank
+window or double arch, with two smaller arches within the
+clerestory wall, claims especial attention, as well as the ribbed
+roof rising above the Norman triforium.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to the Early English work of the <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Lady
+Chapel</hi>, the east end of which is especially noticeable, with
+its bold angular buttresses rising from immense bases. The
+numerous and large base mouldings running round the wall
+of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and
+ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting
+peculiarities of design.</p>
+
+<pb n="030" /><anchor id="Pg030" />
+
+<p>The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular,
+embattled parapet at the end is a modern addition.</p>
+
+<p>The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by
+the public, being shut within the walls of a garden between the
+Bishop's and the Vicars' Cloisters.</p>
+
+<p>The <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Bishop's Cloisters</hi> consist of two walks only, or
+covered corridors, though that on the west, which was pulled
+down in the reign of Edward VI. to make room for a pile
+of brick building appropriated to the Grammar School, and
+in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of restoration.</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the
+north side against the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a
+continued series of buttresses are windows of large dimensions,
+with mullions and tracery.</p>
+
+<p>The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed
+mouldings, at the intersections of which are shields charged
+with sculptured figures, foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring
+from slender pillars between the windows and corbels heads
+on the other side: over the exterior of the windows are carved
+grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations. The
+south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the
+south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small
+chamber, which has been carefully and completely restored.
+It has always been called the "Ladye Arbour," although no
+one has been able to discover the origin of this name or the
+use to which the chamber was put; many antiquarians suggest
+a possible reference to the Virgin.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image10.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The entrance doorway to the <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Chapter-house</hi> from the east
+walk still remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed
+arch under a lofty, richly ornamented pedimental moulding,
+having clustered shafts on the sides, with foliated capitals.
+The archway is divided by a slender pillar into two smaller
+openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this
+doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton
+asserts, "beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian
+soldiers," was certainly neglected; and then, as long as any
+material could be got from it, treated as a stone quarry by
+Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house appears
+to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated
+period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress<pb n="032" /><anchor id="Pg032" />
+at each angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the
+entrance, was sub-divided into five panels or seats. Remains
+of three sides only are left, and these only as far as the
+window-sills.</p>
+
+<p>Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end,
+are some remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other.
+The lower was dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to
+St. Mary Magdalene.</p>
+
+<p>"The form, excepting a portico and choir (<hi rend="font-style: italic">i.e.</hi> chancel) was
+an exact square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every
+way, supported the roof; the portico was composed of a
+succession of arches retiring inwards, and had a grandeur in
+imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side consisted
+of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the
+lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made
+of single stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle
+pillars. The walls were much painted, and the arched roof
+was turned with great skill, and resembled the architecture
+which prevailed during the declension of the Roman Empire
+(see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.).</p>
+
+<p>Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small
+windows in the remaining north wall, the author of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Picturesque
+Antiquities of Hereford</hi> proceeds to say: "These are
+extremely interesting, as they pertained to an edifice which
+once stood on the south side of this wall, and is believed to
+have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron saint of
+the cathedral before the translation of the body of St. Ethelbert.
+It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences
+in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of
+marriages there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent
+in the Dean's archives."</p>
+
+<p>A second cloister, known as the <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Vicars' Cloister</hi>, connects
+the Vicars' College with the south-east transept. The arrangement
+here may be compared with that of Chichester, as showing
+the most probable plan of the latter before the destruction of
+the south walk and its connection with the cloister of the
+Vicars Choral.</p>
+
+<p>In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching
+cross, which fell into a decayed state during the latter part of
+the last century. Beneath it was a dome of masonry which
+closed the aperture to a well of considerable depth, which had<pb n="033" /><anchor id="Pg033" />
+been formed with great exactness. This well still exists
+beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according
+to Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green,
+with a handsome stone arch over it.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image11.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it
+was proposed to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a
+special restoration, dealing principally with the west end and
+central tower.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<pb n="034" /><anchor id="Pg034" />
+<head>CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.</head>
+
+<p>The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through
+the beautiful parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage
+of this porch is formed by three arches with octagonal turrets
+at their outer angles. These turrets are each capped by a
+lantern. The second stage has three fine Perpendicular
+windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church,
+belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner
+porch is of the Decorated period. There is some particularly
+good iron-work on the doors, made by Messrs Potter from
+designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior.</p>
+
+<p>Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two
+sister cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image12.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE NORTH PORCH.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Nave</hi>, which is separated from the aisles by eight
+massive Norman piers (part of the original church), of which
+the capitals are worthy of notice, has somewhat suffered by
+restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The triforium, the clerestory,
+the vaulting of the roof and the western wall and doorway
+are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he
+shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the
+west end, from which the best general view is to be obtained,
+one is impressed by the striking effect of the great Norman
+piers and arches and the gloom of the choir beyond. Through
+the noble circular arches, which support the central tower and
+the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the eastern
+wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and
+below by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A
+central pillar divides this lower arch, two pointed arches
+springing from its capital and leaving a spandrel between them,
+which is covered with modern sculpture. In the far distance<pb n="036" /><anchor id="Pg036" />
+may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and
+its brilliant lancet lights.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable
+for the richness of its ornament as compared with other buildings
+of the same date, such as Peterborough or Ely.</p>
+
+<p>The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet
+and other beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers
+and shafts are also elaborately decorated. The double half
+shafts set against the north and south fronts of the huge circular
+piers are in the greater part restorations.</p>
+
+<p>Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated
+from the Early English of Salisbury. They are divided by
+slender pillars, but there is no triforium passage.</p>
+
+<p>During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were
+practically rebuilt, the existing walls and windows being erected
+upon the bases of the Norman walls, which were retained for a
+few feet above the foundations. The vaulting of the roofs of
+the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself were coloured
+under the direction of Mr. Cottingham.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Font</hi>, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century,
+is in the second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west.</p>
+
+<p>The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough
+for the total immersion of children. Beneath arches round
+the basin are figures of the twelve Apostles. These, however,
+with one exception, have been much broken. The most
+curious feature of this interesting font is the base with four
+demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is
+protected by a mosaic platform.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Monuments in the Nave.</hi>—The first monument on the
+south side as we walk from the western end is the fine effigy in
+alabaster of Sir Richard Pembridge in plate and mail armour
+with his greyhound. This monument was formerly at the
+Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the Suppression.
+Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd
+of that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at
+Poitiers. He died in 1375. There are still traces of colour
+on this monument and gold remains on the points of the cap
+to which the camail is fastened, as also on the jewelled sword-belt.
+A sheaf of green coloured leathers is separated from the
+tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet of open
+roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg<pb n="037" /><anchor id="Pg037" />
+left, and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved,
+and the workman showed such accuracy in duplicating the
+stone leg that the Knight was adorned with a pair of garters
+for many years until Lord Saye and Sele, Canon Residentiary,
+presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and the
+wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image13.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE NAVE.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE NAVE.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay
+is the carved figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy
+is headless and otherwise much mutilated.</p>
+
+<p>In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure,
+under a foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head
+wearing a cap. It is thought to be the monument of a former
+treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the
+Bishop's Cloister. This has a square heading which rises
+above the sill of the window over it. There is an interesting
+series of heads in the hollow moulding, which are said to be<pb n="038" /><anchor id="Pg038" />
+copies of earlier work in the same position. The iron-work of
+the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty Norman arch
+leads from this aisle into the south transept.</p>
+
+<p>The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south.
+It contains six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his
+wife, with subjects by Warrenton from the life of St. John the
+Baptist.</p>
+
+<p>In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the
+nave is the effigy and tomb under which is buried Bishop
+Booth (1535), the builder of the large projecting porch which
+bears his name. The recumbent figure of the Bishop is fully
+vested with a <hi rend="font-style: italic">mitra pretiosa</hi> with pendent fillets. He wears a
+cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and
+chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed
+sandals; his hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which
+has been broken) is veiled on the right. At this side is a
+feathered angel. The original inscription, cut into stone and
+fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured:</p>
+
+<p rend="display">"Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et
+totidem dies Ecclesiæ huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii 1535 defunctus
+sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet."</p>
+
+<p>The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in
+the Cathedral which has not been disturbed, although Mr.
+Havergal says "most of our large ancient monuments were
+protected by iron railings." It is divided into six square panels,
+having shields and heraldic ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful wrought iron <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Screen</hi>, an elaborate example of
+artistic metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore
+of Coventry, from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands
+between the eastern piers of the central tower, a little towards
+the nave. The first great piece of metal-work of this kind
+executed in England in modern times was the choir screen at
+Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the
+Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production
+transcends that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches
+by a slender shaft. The central arch is larger and
+higher than the others, is gabled and surmounted by a richly
+jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on either side, to
+a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are filled with<pb n="039" /><anchor id="Pg039" />
+tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the
+arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image14.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE CHOIR SCREEN.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin
+plates of copper and hammered iron, in imitation of natural
+specimens, and throughout the screen the passion flower is
+prominent in the decoration. It is composed of 11,200 lbs.
+of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of vitreous
+and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about
+300 cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze
+figures, three single figures, and two groups. Of these the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Times</hi>, May 29, 1862, well said: "These figures are perfect<pb n="040" /><anchor id="Pg040" />
+studies in themselves. Every one can understand them at a
+glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of
+the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt
+without the aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set
+forth who or what they are."</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image15.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is
+no less worthy of inspection. Over the gates the large oval
+space is filled with the sacred monogram I.H.C. The base
+consists of polished Devonshire marble. The diversity of tint
+of the metals used is in itself a source of colour, but the
+whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been<pb n="041" /><anchor id="Pg041" />
+painted with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour
+scheme is further carried out in the mosaics.</p>
+
+<p>The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is
+perhaps the best example of this kind of work produced in
+modern times. The cost of the screen was £3000, though
+the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance with their agreement
+was only £1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art
+Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and
+gasfittings.</p>
+
+<p>A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the
+Cathedral, is placed near the south-west corner of the screen;
+it was designed by Cottingham.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Central Tower.</hi>—Immediately above the four great
+arches of the central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor
+Willis in his report on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular
+construction; twelve piers of compact masonry on each
+side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the height of 26 ft.,
+and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of stone, in
+long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round immediately
+under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone
+gratings, if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall
+of the tower rests, and they also carry the entire weight of the
+bell-chamber and bells.</p>
+
+<p>The whole space is now completely open from the floor of
+the Cathedral to the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which
+is painted underneath in blue and gold. From this floor hangs,
+the handsome corona of wrought iron.</p>
+
+<p>Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843,
+however, the whole appearance of the central tower was
+different, and the beautiful lantern with its many shafts was
+hidden from view by a vault of the fifteenth century, which rose
+above the great arches and completely concealed the upper
+portion of the tower.</p>
+
+<p>In his specific report of the condition of the central tower
+in particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr.
+Cottingham said:</p>
+
+<p>"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the
+honour of reporting, I have carefully examined the construction
+of the four great piers which support the tower; they are of
+Norman workmanship, and sufficient in bulk to carry a much
+greater weight than the present tower, had the masonry been<pb n="042" /><anchor id="Pg042" />
+more carefully constructed; they consist of a series of semi-circular
+columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds
+the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled
+with a rubble core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime
+grouting; this was undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman
+tower, but when the great Early English shaft was added
+on the top of this work the pressure became too great for such
+kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns, not
+being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores,
+split and bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion
+of lime, diminished and crushed to pieces. To remedy these
+defects, a second facing of ashlar has been attached to the piers,
+in some places by cutting out a part of the old ashlar, and in
+others by merely fixing long slips of stone round the pier with
+iron plugs, run in with lead,—these most unsightly excrescences
+have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without adding
+any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked
+up all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with
+the tower piers and communicating with the aisles, choir, and
+transepts, leaving only a small passage-way in each.</p>
+
+<p>"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the
+south transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed
+up with masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich
+work which lies concealed behind it. These injudicious performances
+have tended to weaken instead of strengthen the
+tower. The interior walls above the main arches of the tower,
+up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the bellringers'
+chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the
+four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction,
+have been made large enough for a man to creep in,—these
+unaccountable holes have tended very much to increase the
+danger, as all the masonry connected with them is drawn off
+its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces by the
+enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the
+pillars, is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of
+the bell floor. On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful
+monument of the fallibility of human skill than the tower of
+Hereford Cathedral at this moment presents."</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed
+themselves, on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion
+of Professor Willis, of Cambridge. This gentleman, after the<pb n="043" /><anchor id="Pg043" />
+most minute scrutiny and indefatigable labour, produced his
+elaborate and well-known report. He essentially corroborated
+the architect, especially as to the general state of the tower; and,
+under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the great
+work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a
+fine peal of ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected
+in 1861, which strikes the
+hours and quarter-hours.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The North Transept.</hi>—Passing
+through the
+north arch of the tower we
+come into some of the
+most interesting parts of
+the Cathedral. The transept
+beyond was entirely
+rebuilt for the reception of
+the shrine of Bishop Cantilupe,
+when his body was
+removed from the Lady
+Chapel in 1287, after the
+miracles reported at his
+tomb had already largely
+increased the revenues of
+the Cathedral. The unusual
+shape of the arches
+and the fine and effective
+windows of this transept
+render it one of the most
+distinguished English specimens
+of the style.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image16.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>On the north is a window
+with triple lights on each
+side of a group of banded
+shafts, the tracery above
+being formed of circles enclosing trefoils. The heads of the
+lights are sharply pointed.</p>
+
+<p>The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside
+triangular-headed arches, which completely fill the two bays.
+They have three lights each, and are exactly similar to the
+windows on the north side of the transept.</p>
+
+<p>Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark<pb n="044" /><anchor id="Pg044" />
+marble, a clustered pier divides the eastern aisle of the
+transept into two bays. These shafts have foliated capitals,
+and the bases have knots of foliage between them.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the
+mouldings of the main arches are plain.</p>
+
+<p>Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the
+Norman arch opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept
+itself. There are in each bay two pointed arches, each containing
+three smaller arches with foiled headings surmounted
+by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the arches
+are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back
+in the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping
+courses, which incline forward to the string course above
+the triforium.</p>
+
+<p>The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and
+the triangular arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar
+to those in the clerestory of Worcester Cathedral on the south
+side of the nave. These are, however, of later date, and may
+have been imitated by the Worcester architect.</p>
+
+<p>The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was
+satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general
+effect.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Monuments in the North Transept.</hi>—The great north
+stained-glass window by Hardman was placed there as a
+memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died in 1863.
+Underneath this window, which is described later on in the
+section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop
+Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt,
+and the effigy is now leaning on its side against the wall.
+There is an undoubted original half-length portrait of this
+bishop in the Hall of Jesus College, Oxford. There are
+monuments to other members of the family in the church at
+Ross.</p>
+
+<p>In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John
+Philips, the author of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Splendid Shilling</hi> and of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Cyder</hi>, a
+poem endearing him to Herefordshire. His family belonged
+to this county, although he himself was born in Oxfordshire.
+There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner, Westminster
+Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image17.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of
+Bishop Thomas Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This<pb n="047" /><anchor id="Pg047" />
+effigy and its richly decorated alcove or canopy was most
+luckily not touched by Wyatt.</p>
+
+<p>Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost
+in an avalanche; Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster
+of Battersea College.</p>
+
+<p>In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most
+important monument in the north transept, viz.:—the pedestal
+of the celebrated shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282,
+who died at Civita Vecchia, near Florence, on his way to
+Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to Ashridge
+in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto;
+and the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the
+Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at
+the lower end. It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two
+stages, the lower having a series of cinquefoiled niches and
+fourteen figures of Templars in chain armour in different
+attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand Master of
+the Knights Templars in England.</p>
+
+<p>All the figures are seated with various monsters under their
+feet. The filling of the spandrels between these niches and
+that of the spandrels between the arches of the upper stage is
+especially noteworthy. It belongs to the first Decorated period,
+and while the arrangement is still somewhat stiff or formal, the
+forms are evidently directly copied from nature.</p>
+
+<p>The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage,
+still bears the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having
+traces of the arms of the See (<hi rend="font-style: italic">i.e.</hi>, the arms of Cantilupe).</p>
+
+<p>By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop
+Cantilupe was avoided the secondary part which his shrine must
+have played if it had been placed in the usual post of honour
+at the back of the high altar. The shrine of St. Ethelbert was
+probably already there, and wisely enough a distinguished
+position was specially created by rebuilding the north transept
+for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford
+Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south
+transept of Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la
+Wych.</p>
+
+<p>We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and
+another to Richard Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435).</p>
+
+<p>Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died<pb n="048" /><anchor id="Pg048" />
+1636), and on the floor is an effigy of John D'Acquablanca,
+a Dean of Hereford (died 1320), and nephew of Bishop
+D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is close to it,
+between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the
+transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are
+reminded of the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry
+of the same period (1262) in the south choir transept of Salisbury
+to Bishop Giles de Bridport.</p>
+
+<p>Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of
+minute ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck
+marble support a gabled canopy, each gable of which is surmounted
+by a finial in the form of a floriated cross.</p>
+
+<p>This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861
+a feeble attempt was made to restore it, which was, however,
+not carried out. Bishop Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had
+been steward of the household to his relative, William of Savoy,
+the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of the noteworthy
+instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop of
+Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him
+his treasurer and consulted him on all matters of state. At his
+death, says the Rev. H. W. Phillott,<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Diocese of Hereford</hi>, H. W. Phillott.</p></note> "He was probably little
+regretted in his cathedral city, whose citizens he had defeated
+in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal rights. But he
+used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one half
+of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the
+cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the
+north-west transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful
+shrine, probably erected by himself, under which repose the
+remains of his nephew, John, Dean of Hereford, as well as
+his own, his heart excepted, which, with a pathetic yearning
+of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the church
+which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle,
+in Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at
+the hands of historians and song-writers of his day, though his
+example did much to swell the tide of ill-repute in which
+many of the clergy of all ranks were held (for the laity, says
+the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention to the doctrine
+than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave out of
+sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral,
+and bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books,<pb n="051" /><anchor id="Pg051" />
+ornaments, and land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor
+of the diocese."</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image18.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">South Transept.</hi>—Crossing the Cathedral in front of the
+Skidmore screen it is a relief to turn from the nave with its
+sham triforium to the south transept with its fine three stage
+Norman east side. The groining, although incongruous, is still
+beautiful, and does not irritate in the same way as Wyatt's
+abominations in the nave. This transept contains several
+disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to
+whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the
+Cathedral. "At any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood</hi>, by the late G. Phillips
+Bevan, F.S.S.</p></note> "this
+transept seems to have been the happy hunting-ground of
+successive races of builders, who have left the side-walls in
+admired confusion."</p>
+
+<p>Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular
+period much of the Norman work remains. The east wall is
+in the best preservation, and is certainly entirely Norman with
+the exception of the groining. It is covered with five series of
+arcades, which may be divided into three stages. In the
+middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very short
+Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those
+at the level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the
+transept is lighted from the clerestory by two Norman
+windows.</p>
+
+<p>In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman
+moulded double arch.</p>
+
+<p>In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the
+Norman work, and a large Perpendicular window nearly fills
+the south wall with panelling round it of the same period.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Monuments in the South Transept.</hi>—There is an
+interesting altar-tomb of Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of
+Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady and a child in
+swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the transept.
+The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of
+colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a
+double chain and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons
+were ancestors of the Coke family, now Earls of Leicester.
+The swaddled body of the child lies to the left of its mother,<pb n="052" /><anchor id="Pg052" />
+its head resting on a little double pillow by her knee, and a
+part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower
+part of the babe.</p>
+
+<p>To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the
+composition, lie his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have
+been much scratched with names.</p>
+
+<p>The head of the knight rests upon his helmet.</p>
+
+<p>Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription:</p>
+
+<p rend="display">"Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of Buckingham,
+and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard Willyson of
+Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne deceased the 29th of
+October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age, the 23rd of his Age."</p>
+
+<p>"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a cænotaph, for
+Alexander Denton, the husband, who lived some years after,
+and marry'd another lady, was bury'd with her at Hillesden,
+Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th, 1576."</p>
+
+<p>Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant
+(1389-1404), the builder of the Perpendicular alterations
+in this transept. The effigy is unfortunately headless and has
+lost its hands. The feet are resting on a lion.</p>
+
+<p>There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral
+(1877).</p>
+
+<p>The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the
+west side of the south transept.</p>
+
+<p>They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault
+behind. This was doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular
+window was placed above on this side.</p>
+
+<p>From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the
+lantern arches.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image19.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Organ</hi>, which occupies the first archway on the south
+side of the choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr.
+Phillips Bevan<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood</hi>, by the late G. Phillips
+Bevan, F.S.S.</p></note> writes of it, "It was the gift of Charles II.,
+and was very nearly destroyed by the fall of the central tower.
+It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray and Davidson,
+and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11
+swell, 7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great
+feature in Willis's improvements is the tubular pneumatic<pb n="055" /><anchor id="Pg055" />
+action, which does away with trackers and other troublesome
+internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been precentor of the
+Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything
+about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the
+matter of that, no lover of music should omit to hear the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Unaccompanied</hi> service usually held on Friday morning."</p>
+
+<p>In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated
+arched recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to
+the Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed,
+beginning from the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De
+Bethune (died 1148), the last Norman builder; Hugh Foliot
+(died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and William De
+Vere (died 1199).</p>
+
+<p>On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the
+tomb of Bishop De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who
+superintended the building of the fine west front of the
+cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy also belongs
+to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball flower
+and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs
+is noticeable.</p>
+
+<p>Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy
+and brass to Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516).
+The effigy is wearing a mitre, and is fully vested. In
+front of the monument are panels filled with figures of saints,
+and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which has been
+restored.</p>
+
+<p>In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives
+access to two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms,
+to enter which you pass beneath the bellows of the organ.
+Exhibited in cases in one of these rooms are some of the
+treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the Scriptures,
+chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close of
+this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the
+Norman work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as
+the cathedral treasury.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass
+windows with figures restored by Warrington should be noticed,
+and the celebrated <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Map of the World</hi> is well worth some
+study. It was discovered under the floor of Bishop Audley's
+Chapel during the last century, and appears from internal
+evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a<pb n="056" /><anchor id="Pg056" />
+certain Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham
+and Sleaford in Lincolnshire).</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">"Tuz ki cest estorie ont</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Prient à Jhesu en deyté</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pité</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Ki l'at fet e compassé</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Ke joie en cel li seit doné."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the
+very oldest maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full
+of the deepest interest. It is founded on the cosmographical
+treatises of the time, which generally commence by stating that
+Augustus Cæsar sent out three philosophers, Nichodoxus,
+Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey the world,
+and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the
+left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the
+philosophers written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediæval
+seal. The world is here represented as round, surrounded
+by the ocean. At the top of the map is represented Paradise,
+with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the forbidden fruit
+and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a remarkable
+representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary
+interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their
+graves and being led within the walls of heaven.</p>
+
+<p>"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus,
+Solinus, Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There
+are numerous figures of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with
+grotesque customs, such as the mediæval geographers believed
+to exist in different parts of the world; Babylon with its famous
+tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the inscription—<hi rend="font-style: italic">'Roma,
+caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi'</hi>; and Troy as
+'<hi rend="font-style: italic">civitas bellicosissima</hi>.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals
+are mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known
+very little.</p>
+
+<p>"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of
+Hercules, the Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the
+house of bondage, the journeys of the Children of Israel, the
+Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a figure of Moses and his supposed
+place of burial, the Phœnician Jews worshipping the molten
+image, Lot's wife," etc.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Bishop's Cloisters.</hi>—At the eastern end of the south<pb n="057" /><anchor id="Pg057" />
+nave aisle a door opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral
+with the episcopal palace. In the cloister is placed a monument
+and inscription to Colonel John Matthews of Belmont,
+near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief consoled
+by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone.</p>
+
+<p>Other monuments are:—one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D.,
+formerly Bishop of Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July
+1837, and is buried beneath the bishop's throne. A monument
+to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815 to 1832.
+He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried
+at Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke
+Whitfield, an organist of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a
+gravestone near the west part of the cathedral, which, being
+taken off, was kept in the city tolsey or hall for some time
+until it was finally fastened to a freestone on the west side of
+the Bishop's Cloisters:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Good Christeyn People of your Charite</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That here abide in this transitorye life,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And also of Anne his dere beloved wife,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Which here togeder continued without stryfe</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Further, to declare of his port and fame,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For that intent perpetually to remain and stand.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 10">Amen."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The South-east Transept</hi>, lying between the retro-choir
+and the chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main
+Decorated, though its window tracery is perhaps somewhat
+later, being almost flamboyant in character. It was altered
+from the original Norman apse, and in the walls bases of the<pb n="058" /><anchor id="Pg058" />
+earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from it
+by a single octagonal pillar.</p>
+
+<p>Before the aisles were added the now open window looking
+into the Lady Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the
+chapel, and was glazed. There is a lovely view from this
+transept, looking slantwise into the Lady Chapel. In this
+transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings,
+stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis
+Charleton, 1369. His effigy lies under the wall dividing
+the transept from the vestibule of the Lady Chapel. Above it
+is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop Coke, died
+1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of
+State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels.</p>
+
+<p>A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the
+spot where the remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on
+Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence of the dean, archdeacon,
+and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for them; and
+there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D.,
+Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of
+the University in 1687, when James II. seized upon the
+venerable foundation of Magdalen College and sent his commissioners
+to Oxford to expel the Fellows.</p>
+
+<p>In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and
+resolute spirit in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal
+to dine with the commissioners on the day of the Magdalen
+expulsion is described thus by Macaulay:—"I am not," he
+said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my meals with
+appetite under a gallows."</p>
+
+<p>The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his
+meals" much longer in his beautiful college hall. William
+III., almost immediately after his accession, made him Bishop
+of Bristol, whence he was translated to Hereford, and, dying
+in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of Hereford,
+in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church.</p>
+
+<p>It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of
+Wadham College that the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented
+to the proposal that the remains and marble slab should
+be removed to the precincts of their cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church
+closed under the Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act,
+and when it was dismantled and the dead removed from their<pb n="059" /><anchor id="Pg059" />
+vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of Bishop Ironside
+were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in the
+vault having been previously removed or stolen.</p>
+
+<p>For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened
+by the Burial Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal,
+"so perfect were the remains that the skin was not broken,
+and the features of the placid-looking bishop were undisturbed."
+In a square recess on the east wall is a bust
+which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper,
+Garrick, and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr.
+James Thomas, a citizen of Hereford, who is buried near this
+place. Under it is a brass to Sir Richard Delabere, 1514,
+his two wives and twenty-one children; the inscription is as
+follows:—</p>
+
+<p>"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere,
+Knight, late of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the
+Lord Audley, and Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late
+sergeant of the hall to King Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir
+Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of July, A.D. 1513, on
+whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen."</p>
+
+<p>The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory
+of Bishop Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed
+to represent St. John the Baptist.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Lady Chapel.</hi>—The elaborate and beautiful Early
+English work of this chapel, which dates from the first half of
+the thirteenth century, about 1220, was twice under the
+restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof having been rebuilt
+by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir G. G.
+Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On
+the north side each of these bays contains two large windows,
+and on the south side two of the bays contain each two windows,
+while the third is filled by the Audley Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by
+Professor Willis to be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of
+this portion was one of the first works undertaken by Mr.
+Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the pavement and
+other restorations.</p>
+
+<p>The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets
+recessed within arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall
+above being perforated with five quatrefoil openings, of which
+the outside ones are circular and the centre three are oval.</p>
+
+<pb n="060" /><anchor id="Pg060" />
+
+<p>Fergusson<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of Architecture</hi>, ii. 38.</p></note> remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such
+combinations to be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east
+end of Ely, or such a group as that which terminates the east
+end of Hereford."</p>
+
+<p>Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed
+by the clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean
+Merewether wrote:—</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image20.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE LADY CHAPEL.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the
+remnants of its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath
+the whitewash; the fair disclosure of the monuments of Joanna
+de Kilpec, a benefactress to this very edifice, and Humphry
+de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding interest; the
+discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the
+stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south
+side, the chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the
+most beautiful specimens of transition arches which can be
+found in any edifice, bearing the Early English form, the shafts
+and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch above, but ornamented<pb n="061" /><anchor id="Pg061" />
+in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the zig-zag decoration,
+corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman
+intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with
+its pointed characteristics. The appearance of the central
+column with a base in the Early English and its capital with
+the Norman ornament might be added: the stairs to the
+crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics in<pb n="062" /><anchor id="Pg062" />
+the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original
+level."</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image21.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<figure url="images/image22.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the
+cathedral owes so much,
+that the stained glass
+designed by Cottingham
+was placed in the
+east windows in the
+narrow lancets that he
+loved so dearly. It represents
+scenes in the
+early life of the Virgin
+and the life of Christ;
+the last being the supper
+in the house of
+Mary and Martha. In
+the side windows the
+visitor should especially
+notice the rich clustered
+shafts and arches, the
+Early English capitals,
+and the ornamentation
+of the arches. Above
+these windows, corresponding
+to the openings
+above the east
+window, a quatrefoil
+opening enclosed by a
+circle pierces the wall.
+The quadripartite vaulting
+springs from slender
+shafts, which descend
+upon a slightly raised
+base.</p>
+
+<p>The double piscina
+and aumbry south of
+the altar are restorations
+necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Monuments in the Lady Chapel.</hi>—Of great beauty and
+interest is the Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the
+north side of the Lady Chapel, in which is the recumbent<pb n="063" /><anchor id="Pg063" />
+effigy which tradition has assigned without evidence to
+Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the 46th
+year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however,
+buried in the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey,
+Essex.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument
+of Peter, Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any
+case, the knight was probably one of the Bohun family, and
+husband of the lady whose effigy lies under an arch in the wall
+adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the fourteenth
+century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a cyclass,
+a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign.
+This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer
+behind. The visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at
+the knees.</p>
+
+<p>The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work,
+now containing a series of figures representing the crowning of
+the Virgin; on one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St.
+John the Baptist, and on the other St. Thomas à Becket (with
+double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de Cantilupe. Of these,
+however, only the two central carvings are in their original
+positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham
+when the oak choir-screen was removed.</p>
+
+<p>In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of
+Joanna de Bohun, Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote
+from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of the lady, there can
+be scarcely a doubt, represents 'Johanna de Bohun, Domina
+de Kilpec.' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett
+or Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name
+distinguished in the annals of his times; and of his possessions,
+his sister doing her homage, had livery 19 Edward II.</p>
+
+<p>"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter
+of Hereford, the church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of
+Llangarren, St. Waynards and Henthland, with all the small
+chapels belonging to them, which donation was confirmed by
+the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de
+Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford
+further confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed,
+dated Lugwas, 22nd July, 1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomæ
+Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop, Dean and
+Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar<pb n="064" /><anchor id="Pg064" />
+to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England
+the Mother of God had better and more serious service, but
+in the Church of Hereford the Ladye's sustenance for her
+prieste was so thinne and small, that out of their respect they
+add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at Hereford,
+April 10th, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.)</p>
+
+<p>"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III.,
+1327, the donation of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying
+bequest. On the 17th of October in that year, she constituted
+John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give possession to the
+Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and the
+advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it.
+This instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was
+appended, of which a sketch is preserved
+by Taylor, in whose possession
+this document appears to have been in
+1655, and a transcript of it will be
+found Harl. MS. 6868, f. 77 (see also
+6726, f. 109, which last has been
+printed in <hi rend="font-style: italic">Shaw's Topographer</hi>, 1.
+280).</p>
+
+<p>"In the tower is preserved the patent
+1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de Lugwarden
+cum capellis donandis a
+Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8
+capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda
+(Tanner's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Notitia Monast.</hi>).</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image23.png" rend="w50">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to
+explain why the memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in
+the Lady Chapel, to which especially she had been a benefactress.
+They also explain the original ornaments of this
+tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years since
+under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately
+concealed by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been
+removed to prove that Gough's description of the original state
+of the painting is correct. He says, 'The Virgin is represented
+sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady habited in a mantle and
+wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers to her a
+church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire—and
+behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting à
+gorge deployée after the foremost, who holds up a book, on<pb n="065" /><anchor id="Pg065" />
+which are seen musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys
+are painted about both within and without this arch,
+and on the spandrils two shields; on the left, a bend cotised
+between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right, Ermines,
+a bend indented, Gules.' This description was published 1786.</p>
+
+<p>"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation
+of the church of Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or
+twelve vociferous choristers were the eight chaplains and two
+deacons mentioned in the patent, who were set apart for the
+peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for from
+the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields
+mentioned by Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter
+side bearing the arms of Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between
+two cotises, and six lions rampant, or.—The other, Ermines,
+a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the bearings of
+Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons of
+Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire,
+whose descent is traced to the same source. In the list of
+obits observed in Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the
+Lady Kilpeck, and out of Lugwardine was paid yearly for her
+obit forty pence."</p>
+
+<p>The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen
+of costume. Its curious decoration of human heads is
+also noteworthy.</p>
+
+<p>Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the
+north-east angle of the chapel, is a black marble slab with
+a brass by Hardman bearing an inscription, which records
+that to the restoration of the cathedral "he devoted the unwearied
+energies of his life till its close on the 4th of April
+1850."</p>
+
+<p>The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew
+or Beaurieu (died 1462) in the south wall of the vestibule.
+This is one of the best specimens of monumental sculpture
+in the cathedral. The face, which is well modelled, and
+the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are especially
+noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole
+monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen
+boars with rue leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of
+the dean's name.</p>
+
+<p>To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest,
+supposed to be Canon de la Barr, 1386.</p>
+
+<pb n="066" /><anchor id="Pg066" />
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Audley Chantry.</hi>—In the central bay on the south
+side of the wall is the Audley Chantry—a beautiful little
+chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley (1492-1502), with an
+upper chamber to which access is obtained by a circular staircase
+at the south-west angle.</p>
+
+<p>After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502
+he erected a similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he
+was buried, so that the object of the Hereford Chantry
+as the place for his interment was of course never
+fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an
+ancient missal:—"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Secundum usum Herefordensem</hi>," which
+notes a number of "<hi rend="font-style: italic">obiits</hi>" or commemorations of benefactors,
+chiefly between the times of Henry I. and Edward II.
+"<hi rend="font-style: italic">X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam Sarum
+Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum
+Canonicis et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique
+capellam novam juxta Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e
+fundo construxit, et in eadem Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit,
+etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum in modum Ecclesiae
+fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi contulit
+beneficia.</hi>"</p>
+
+<p>The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a
+screen of painted stone with open-work panelling in two stages.
+The chapel is a pentagon in plan, and has two windows, while
+a third opens into the Lady Chapel through the screen.
+The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having in former
+times been elaborately painted.</p>
+
+<p>There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the
+groined roof is distinctly good. The boss in the centre
+represents the Virgin crowned in glory. On other parts of
+the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and those of the
+Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The
+upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady
+Chapel by the top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail,
+may have been used as an oratory; but no remains of an altar
+have been found. On the door opening on the staircase is
+some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley's initials may be
+noticed on the lock.</p>
+
+<p>Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely
+view westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the<pb n="067" /><anchor id="Pg067" />
+top of the reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north
+transept, and further on still the nave.</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library,
+and after 1862 as the church of the parish of St. John the
+Baptist, which surrounds the cathedral, and claimed to hold
+its service in some part of the building.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Crypt</hi> is entered from the south side of the Lady
+Chapel where a porch opens to a staircase leading down.
+The porch is deeply in-set, and like the crypt itself and the
+Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis points out
+that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is
+later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known
+examples at Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester,
+and Gloucester all belonging to earlier times. A flight of
+twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which is now light and
+dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations it was
+utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There
+is another approach to it from the interior of the church.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image24.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE CRYPT.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE CRYPT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<pb n="068" /><anchor id="Pg068" />
+
+<p>It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles
+marked out by undecorated columns. It runs beneath the
+whole extent of the Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the
+"Golgotha." In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a
+large and elaborately decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of
+preservation. It bears an incised representation of Andrew
+Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife, with an inscription
+setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497. Scrolls proceeding
+from the mouths of the figures bear the following lines:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Remember thy life may not ever endure,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And thou have it after, it is but a venture."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P.
+for the county, whose bust formerly stood here, but was
+removed to a more fitting position in the county hall.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Vicars' Cloisters.</hi>—The entrance to the college of
+Vicars Choral is from the south side of the Lady Chapel.
+Leading from the south-east transept of the cathedral to the
+quadrangle of the college is a long cloister walk.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its
+richly carved roof may be best seen. The western wall, with
+the exception of a few mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The
+eastern wall is pierced with eight three-light windows, between
+which are the remains of small niches.</p>
+
+<p>Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is
+of oak, the wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded
+and the tie-beams and principals are richly carved on both
+sides with various patterns and devices.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. F. Havergal says:—"The late William Cooke
+acquired an immense amount of information relating to the
+college and the vicars in olden time. His biographical notices
+of them are most curious and amusing, giving a complete
+insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the place."
+He goes on to quote from the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Lansdowne Manuscript</hi> in the
+British Museum, 213, p. 333.</p>
+
+<p>"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a
+captain, a lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military
+company in Norwich.</p>
+
+<pb n="069" /><anchor id="Pg069" />
+
+<p>"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place,
+through the Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house,
+called the Vicars Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve
+of the singing men, all in orders, most of them Masters in Arts,
+of a Gentile garbe, have their convenient several dwellings, and
+a fayre Hall, with richly painted windows, colledge like, wherein
+they constantly dyet together, and have their cooke, butler,
+and other officers, with a fayre library to themselves, consisting
+all of English books, wherein (after we had freely tasted of
+their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell
+toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most
+sweet Organ, and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor,
+Treble, and Base; and amongst that orderly shewy crew of
+Queristers our landlord guide did act his part in a deep and
+sweet Diapason."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The North-East Transept.</hi>—This transept shows ample
+evidence of the original Norman plan, although its present
+character is Early Decorated.</p>
+
+<p>Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably
+terminated—an arrangement similar to the eastern apses of
+Gloucester and Norwich Cathedrals—portions remain in the
+walls of the vestibule to the Lady Chapel, and in this, the
+north-east transept, still remain parts of the apses which opened
+from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than the nave
+and belong to the Transition period.</p>
+
+<p>After the completion of the great north transept for the
+reception of the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal
+apses of the choir aisles were almost entirely removed, and the
+present north-east transept erected.</p>
+
+<p>In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which
+helps to carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches
+in the west wall doubtless formed part of the original apse.
+The windows belong to the Early Decorated period. Sir G. G.
+Scott was responsible for the restoration of the transept.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Monuments in the North-East Transept.</hi>—Under
+the north-west window is the canopied tomb of Bishop
+Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost, and in its
+place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was
+found buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched
+canopy the ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and
+behind the tomb a carving of the crucifixion is still visible,<pb n="070" /><anchor id="Pg070" />
+though nearly obliterated by the chisel of the Puritans. The
+beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has, however, been
+happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the Cantilupe
+shrine.</p>
+
+<p>The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active
+of the modern restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G.
+Scott, with effigy by Noble.</p>
+
+<p>Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown
+bishop. It has been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but
+is probably much earlier.</p>
+
+<p>There is also an old stained glass window, restored by
+Warrington, with figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael,
+Thomas, and a modern one, by Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss.</p>
+
+<p>In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the
+original Norman arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as
+Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In style it is late Perpendicular
+(1470). The roof is a good specimen of fan-vaulting, and the
+walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its dimensions are
+8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the
+north side, the entrance being on the south.</p>
+
+<p>At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of
+the altar, and the west is covered with shields in panels and
+tracery.</p>
+
+<p>The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by
+grotesques, and over the arch on the south side are shields
+with emblems of St. Matthias, St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew.
+The Lancaster rose is prominent in the decoration, and there
+is much under-cutting in the carving.</p>
+
+<p>The stained windows, which form an interesting collection
+of arms and legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave,
+once Bishop of Hereford, to whom there is also another
+window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle above the
+chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are
+taken from the life of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of
+the Norman builders of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p>In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to
+the turret staircase which leads to the archive room and
+chapter library is an effigy said to be of Bishop Hugh de
+Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass window by Clayton
+and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt, organist,<pb n="073" /><anchor id="Pg073" />
+who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass
+plate at the side of the window, from which we learn that the
+nephew James died "of grief three days after his uncle."</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image25.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, 1830.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the
+monument of Bishop Bennett (1617), who was buried here.
+He wears a close black cap, and the rochet and his feet are
+resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine view of the
+Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side
+of the choir.</p>
+
+<p>In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the
+series of arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral
+ornament in the mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop
+Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120), and in the same bay of the
+choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of a bishop, fully
+vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to Bishop
+Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to
+have been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786).
+This effigy belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number
+of memorials were erected to earlier bishops.</p>
+
+<p>In the calendar of the ancient missal "<hi rend="font-style: italic">Secundum usum
+Herefordensem</hi>," previously quoted, occurs the following entry:—"<hi rend="font-style: italic">XV.
+Kal. Decem. Obitus pie memorie Egidii de Breusa
+Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona decimas omnium
+molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie contulit,
+et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes
+homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur.</hi>"</p>
+
+<p>In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy
+of Bishop Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry
+already described. It is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying
+figures. The bishop wears alb, stole, and chasuble.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a
+Perpendicular effigy under an arch which is assigned to Bishop
+Richard de Capella (died 1127).</p>
+
+<p>On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck
+(died 1360).</p>
+
+<p>In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:—Two
+altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:—</p>
+
+<p>Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably
+buried in or near the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the
+south side of the Bishop's Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought
+inside the cathedral A.D. 1862.</p>
+
+<pb n="074" /><anchor id="Pg074" />
+
+<p>Two matrices of
+brasses; also a small
+one on the wall.</p>
+
+<p>The wooden pulpit—very
+late Perpendicular
+work from which every
+canon on his appointment
+formerly had to
+preach forty sermons on
+forty different days in
+succession.</p>
+
+<p>We may also notice
+two rich pieces of iron-work
+from Sir A.
+Denton's tomb: the
+head of a knight or
+templar's effigy and
+several heraldic shields
+from monuments in the
+cathedral—especially
+seven in alabaster now
+placed against the east
+wall.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image26.png" rend="w50">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR,
+NORTH SIDE.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR,
+NORTH SIDE.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Choir</hi>, with its
+details of architecture
+and its individual accessories,
+is very beautiful,
+notwithstanding an
+unusual deficiency of
+light, caused by the
+position of the transepts,
+which practically
+intercept all light except
+that from the clerestory.
+It consists of three lofty
+Norman bays of three
+stages. The middle of
+the three stages has
+some exquisite dwarfed
+Norman arches with no
+triforium passages; but<pb n="075" /><anchor id="Pg075" />
+there is one in the upper
+stage, with slender and
+graceful Early English
+arches and stained glass
+at back. The vaulting
+is also Early English,
+and dates from about
+the middle of the
+thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image27.png" rend="w50">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The principal arches
+of the choir are supported
+by massive piers
+with square bases. The
+shafts are semi-detached
+and bear capitals enriched
+with foliated and
+grotesque ornament. In
+each bay on the triforium
+level a wide
+Norman arch envelops
+two smaller arches, supported
+by semi-circular
+piers on each side.</p>
+
+<p>A richly carved square-string
+course runs along
+the base of the triforium.</p>
+
+<p>The east end of the
+choir was covered before
+1841 by the
+"Grecian" screen, a
+wooden erection placed
+there by Bishop Bisse
+in 1717, and above it a
+Decorated window containing
+a stained glass
+representation of the
+Last Supper after the
+picture by Benjamin
+West. The improvement
+effected by the<pb n="076" /><anchor id="Pg076" />
+removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was
+immense. The great Norman arch was once more exposed to
+view; and, in place of the Decorated window, we now have
+three lancets at the back of the clerestory passage.</p>
+
+<p>In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of
+the old screen, Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination
+of the parts walled up it was discovered that the capitals
+were all perfect, and that this exquisite and grand construction,
+the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly impossible
+to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the interior
+and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of
+the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch
+being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments.
+Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not
+only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also,
+like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the
+central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations
+were taken away it is impossible to describe adequately the
+glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive
+by the appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops
+Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest
+beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the
+noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had
+probably been the founder, and the former of those just
+mentioned, the completer and restorer after that era."</p>
+
+<p>The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed
+by Mr. Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey,
+1850, who represented the county for several years in Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion,
+in five deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided
+by small shafts supporting angels, who carry the instruments
+of the Passion. The subjects in the separate panels are:—1.
+The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing the Cross; 3. The
+Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women at
+the Sepulchre.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image28.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches
+springing from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman
+arch. The pier itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration
+of Mr. Cottingham's. The spandrel is covered with modern<pb n="079" /><anchor id="Pg079" />
+sculpture, as may be seen in the illustration. The subject is
+the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists holding scrolls;
+and below a figure of King Ethelbert.</p>
+
+<p>An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small
+effigy on a bracket against the easternmost pier south of the
+choir, close to the head of the tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had
+desired in his will to be buried by the image of King Ethelbert.
+It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to the Lady
+Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated condition
+when the edict went forth
+for the destruction of shrines and
+images.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image29.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Originally there were other representations
+of St. Ethelbert:
+on the tombs of Bishops Cantilupe
+and Mayo, Dean Frowcester,
+Archdeacon Rudhale, Præcentor
+Porter; in colour on the walls of
+the chapter-house and the tomb
+of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient
+glass, recently restored, in a
+window in the south aisle of the
+choir; and in a stone-carving
+over the door of the Bishop's
+Cloister, and the effigy formerly
+on the west front.</p>
+
+<p>Opposite the throne a slab of
+marble, from designs by Scott,
+marks the spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was
+buried.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Choir-stalls</hi> are largely ancient, belonging to the
+Decorated period. They have good canopy work, and are
+otherwise excellent in detail. Some of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">misereres</hi> are quaint,
+among them being found several examples of the curiously
+secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers
+of the period.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth
+century, there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old
+episcopal chair, concerning which a tradition remains that King
+Stephen sat in it when he visited Hereford. Be this as it
+may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of very great antiquity,<pb n="080" /><anchor id="Pg080" />
+and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the earliest kind
+of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the
+chair are—height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front
+to back, 22 inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces,
+without including the seat of two boards and the two small
+circular heads in front.</p>
+
+<p>Traces of ancient colour—vermilion and gold—may
+still be seen in several of the narrow bands: a complete
+list of other painted work which has been recorded or still
+exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E.
+Keyser.<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural, etc.,
+Decorations.</hi> London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128.</p></note></p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Cathedral Library.</hi>—The Archive Chamber, on the
+Library. This room, which has been restored by Sir G. G.
+Scott, is now approached by a winding stone staircase.</p>
+
+<p>In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge
+or some other movable appliance crossing the great
+north window. The Library (which Botfield<note place="foot"><p>Botfield, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Cathedral Libraries</hi>, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the collection
+it was in the Lady Chapel.</p></note> calls "a most
+excellent specimen of a genuine monastic library") contains
+about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting manuscripts,
+most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every
+chain is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel
+in the middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by
+metal-work at one end of the bookcase. There are in this
+chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards, which contain the
+whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean and
+Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image30.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE REREDOS.</head>
+<p rend="text-align: left"><hi rend="font-style: italic">Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo.</hi></p>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE REREDOS.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Among the most remarkable printed books are:—A series of
+Bibles, 1480 to 1690; Caxton's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Legenda Aurea</hi>, 1483; Higden's
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Polychronicon</hi>, by Caxton, 1495; Lyndewode, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Super Constitutiones
+Provinciales,</hi> 1475; Nonius Marcellus, <hi rend="font-style: italic">De proprietate
+sermonum</hi>, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas Jenson; and
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Nuremberg Chronicle</hi>, completed July 1493. Of the
+manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient <hi rend="font-style: italic">Antiphonarium</hi>,
+containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents
+attached to this volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of
+Hereford purchased this book of Mr William Hawes at the<pb n="083" /><anchor id="Pg083" />
+price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some years
+since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his
+notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed
+in it."</p>
+
+<p>The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of
+Peter de Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the
+hand of the original scribe and the following obit in another
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral,
+being certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin
+version of the Four Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written
+on stout vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists
+of 135 leaves. Three coloured titles remain, those to the
+Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. John. Two illuminated
+leaves are missing—those that would follow folio 1 and
+folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunæ, the MS.
+contains the whole of the Four Gospels.</p>
+
+<p>No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent
+authorities agree that it is the work of the eighth or ninth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known
+MS. of that period, having a peculiar character of its own.</p>
+
+<p>From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have
+been written in the country, probably in Mercia, and not at
+any of the great monasteries.</p>
+
+<p>The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable
+example of the Irish (or British) recension of the original
+African text. Thus it has a large proportion of readings in
+common with the Cambridge Gospels, St. Chad's Gospels, the
+Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir.</p>
+
+<p>On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of
+a deed in Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which
+the following is a translation:—</p>
+
+<p>"Note of a Shire-mote held at Ægelnoth's Stone in Herefordshire
+in the reign of King Cnut, at which were present the
+Bishop Athelstan, the Sheriff Bruning, and Ægelgeard of
+Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric of Stoke, and all
+the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine,
+son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning
+certain lands at Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked<pb n="084" /><anchor id="Pg084" />
+who should answer for the mother, which Thurcyl the White
+proffered to do if he knew the cause of accusation.</p>
+
+<p>"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to
+ask her what the cause of complaint was. Then she declared
+that she had no land that pertained in ought to her son, and
+was very angry with him, and calling Leoflœda, her relative,
+she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her after her
+own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and
+desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and
+desire them to witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl
+the White (who was husband of Leoflœda) stood up, and
+requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to his wife all
+the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did.
+And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and
+by leave and witness of all the folk caused the transaction to
+be recorded in a book of the Gospels."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary</hi> is shown among the
+treasures of the cathedral, which was looked upon for a long
+time as a representation of the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this
+is only an example of the many traditional tales which modern
+study and research are compelled to discard. It undoubtedly
+represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of Canterbury. On the
+lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment of the
+saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the
+thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description,
+which we have condensed to the following:—</p>
+
+<p>This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with
+copper plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches
+high, 7 long and 3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and
+fastens with a lock and key, and the upper part sloped so as
+to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is a ridge-piece;
+the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:—Here
+are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side
+an altar, of which the south end faces the spectator; it is
+supported on four legs and has an antependium. Upon the
+altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal base, and in front of it
+a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or technically speaking,
+in the midst of the altar stands a bishop celebrating mass,
+having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he were
+about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and<pb n="085" /><anchor id="Pg085" />
+moustache. He wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple,
+and an alb.</p>
+
+<p>In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a
+hand pointing towards the figure just described.</p>
+
+<p>Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has
+just thrust the point of a large double-edged sword, with a
+plain cross hilt, through the neck of the bishop from back to
+front.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image31.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The upper compartment represents the entombment of the
+bishop. The middle of the design is occupied by an altar
+tomb, into which the body, swathed in a diapered winding-sheet,
+is being lowered.</p>
+
+<p>The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling
+figures.</p>
+
+<pb n="086" /><anchor id="Pg086" />
+
+<p>On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a
+bishop or abbot without the mitre looking toward a figure on
+his right, who carries a tablet or open book with some words
+upon it.</p>
+
+<p>At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the
+corpse with a circular thurible.</p>
+
+<p>The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected
+pattern of gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper
+perforated with eight keyhole ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments,
+and is decorated with quatrefoils.</p>
+
+<p>It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole
+communicating with a lock on the inside.</p>
+
+<p>The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female
+saint. The left gable is occupied by the figure of a male
+saint.</p>
+
+<p>A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs
+round the margins of the two ends and four back plates.</p>
+
+<p>Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are
+gilded, while the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are
+light-blue, green, yellow, red, chocolate, and white.</p>
+
+<p>In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate
+corresponds, is a cross <hi rend="font-style: italic">pattée fitchée</hi> painted in red upon oak,
+which oak bears traces of having been stained with blood or
+some other liquid. The wood at the bottom is evidently
+modern. This reliquary is said to have been originally placed
+upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved by
+some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the
+possession of the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him
+to the authorities of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced
+from Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the
+close of the tenth century. After this time Greek artists are
+known to have visited this country, and to have carried on a
+lucrative trade in the manufacture of sacred vessels, shrines,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Ancient Gold Rings.</hi> One of pure gold, supposed to
+have been worn by a knight templar, was ploughed up near
+Hereford. The device on the raised besel is a cross pattée in
+a square compartment, on each side of which are a crescent
+and a triple-thonged scourge.</p>
+
+<pb n="087" /><anchor id="Pg087" />
+
+<p>Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character
+"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Sancte Michael</hi>." Date about 1380.</p>
+
+<p>A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was
+found in the tomb of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold
+tan cross with a bell is engraved. These were originally filled
+with green enamel. Inside is engraved and enamelled "Ave
+Maria."</p>
+
+<p>A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb,
+on the north side of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect
+sapphire, and flowers and foliage are beautifully worked in
+black enamel on each side of the stone.</p>
+
+<p>A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave
+in 1813, but was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was
+never recovered, though <hi rend="font-style: italic">£</hi>30 was offered as a reward.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">The Stained Glass</hi> has survived only in a few fragments,
+scattered about the eastern end of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date,
+is in one of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel,
+west of the Audley Chapel. The subjects are:</p>
+
+<p>1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists;
+2. Lamb and flag; 3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4.
+Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing His cross.</p>
+
+<p>In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored
+and entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the
+Dean and Chapter, Oct. 1864. It is a fairly good specimen
+of fourteenth century work. For many years it was hidden
+away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of the
+windows on the south side of the nave.</p>
+
+<p>The figures represent—1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3.
+St. Gregory; 4. St. Thomas of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient
+glass, erected under the same circumstances. The figures in
+this case represent—1. St. Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert;
+3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George.</p>
+
+<p>In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by
+Warrington. It was erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane
+Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs. Clutton. The subjects
+are from the life of St. John the Baptist.</p>
+
+<p>In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to
+Archdeacon Lane Freer, erected at a cost of £1316. The
+window is one of the largest of the Geometric period (<hi rend="font-style: italic">temp.</hi><pb n="088" /><anchor id="Pg088" />
+Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6 inches in
+height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six
+shades each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating
+colours. Plain white glass has also been wisely used in the
+upper part of the window. It was designed and erected by
+Messrs. Hardman.</p>
+
+<p>There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north
+aisle of the choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of
+the cathedral. The subjects, in eight medallions, are:—1, 2.
+King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah the Jewish Priest;
+7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel is
+a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the
+subjects are:—1. St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S.
+Stephen; 2. Conversion of St. Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating
+Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with Blindness. In the
+lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and Barnabas
+at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His
+Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image32.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>MONUMENTAL CROCKET.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<figure url="images/image33.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed
+by Mr. Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the
+memory of Dean Merewether.</p>
+
+<p>A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected<pb n="089" /><anchor id="Pg089" />
+with the life of our Lord. These windows were erected in
+1852.</p>
+
+<p>In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop
+Huntingford, 1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured
+by Warrington at the sole cost of Lord Saye and
+Sele.</p>
+
+<p>The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of
+George III., those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford,
+Winchester College, and of the bishop's family.</p>
+
+<p>The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:—</p>
+
+<p>1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys;
+4. Denial of our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate
+of the Temple; 6. Baptism of Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas;
+8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel.</p>
+
+<p>In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir
+are simple stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns.
+They were manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel.</p>
+
+<p>The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous
+gift in 1851, executed by Hardman.</p>
+
+<p>Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the
+ground. The circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the
+subjects being:—</p>
+
+<p>1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion.</p>
+
+<p>The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and
+demoniacs; the lower, His being taken down from the Cross,
+and Mary with the box of precious ointment.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="090" /><anchor id="Pg090" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.</head>
+
+<p>The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote
+antiquity. However, it seems probable from the researches of
+many antiquarians that when Putta came to preside here in
+the seventh century the see was re-established.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the
+beginning of his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Fasti Herefordenses</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the
+recognised centre of Christianity in this district. Archbishop
+Usher asserts that it was the seat of an Episcopal See in the
+sixth century, when one of its bishops attended a synod convened
+by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Lives of
+the British Saints</hi> (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that
+Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542,
+is said to have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient
+British name for Hereford. In Wilkin's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Concilia</hi>, I. 24, it is
+recorded that beyond all doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present
+at the conference with St. Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars
+are given of the supposed time and place of this conference.
+It is also stated—'<hi rend="font-style: italic">In secunda affuisse perhibentur septem hi
+Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias Llantavensis,
+Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis, Uniacensis
+alias Wiccensis, Morganensis.</hi>' It is styled '<hi rend="font-style: italic">Synodus Wigornensis</hi>,'
+or according to Spelman, '<hi rend="font-style: italic">Pambritannicam</hi>.' Nothing
+whatever is known of the names or of the number of British
+bishops who presided over the earliest church at Hereford."</p>
+
+<p>The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are
+defined in Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Mundy Gospels</hi>, now in the library of Pembroke College,
+Cambridge.</p>
+
+<pb n="091" /><anchor id="Pg091" />
+
+<p>"The condition of the Church of Hereford (<hi rend="font-style: italic">circa</hi> 1290 A.D.)
+gave clear testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the
+extensiveness of its lands. The diocese itself was richly
+endowed by nature, and enviably situated. Those of St.
+Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St. David's, were
+its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the
+Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the
+south by the influx of the Wye. From the west to the east
+perhaps its greatest width might have been found from a point
+where the latter river, near Hay, leaves the counties of Radnor
+and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at Gloucester. It
+embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery,
+Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of
+Brecon. It included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes,
+in its neighbourhood. The Severn environed its upper part.
+Almost midway it was traversed by the Teme, and the Wye pursued
+its endless windings through the lower district,—a region
+altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and beauty,
+abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive
+forests, and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of
+it Episcopal manors had been allotted, furnishing abundant
+supplies to the occupiers of the see."<note place="foot"><p>Rev. J. Webb's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield</hi>,
+xviii.</p></note></p>
+
+<p>In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries
+were so vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest
+of the bishops holding office prior to the landing of Augustine
+was one Dubric, son of Brychan, who established a sort of
+college at Hentland, near Ross, and later on removed to another
+spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace, being guided
+thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of piglings in
+a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba
+Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises.</p>
+
+<p>Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his
+see in 512, and died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522.</p>
+
+<p>It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at
+Cirencester, A.D. 506. When he became bishop he moved to
+Caerleon, and was succeeded there by Dewi, or David, who removed
+the see to Menevia (St. David's).</p>
+
+<p>The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and
+more to the west, and before the close of the sixth century they<pb n="092" /><anchor id="Pg092" />
+had founded the Mercian kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn,
+and in some places beyond the Wye.</p>
+
+<p>The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield,
+as Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford
+Putta, Bishop of Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed
+by the Mercian King Ethelred.</p>
+
+<p>From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that
+one Tyrhtel succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere.</p>
+
+<p>Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both
+Florence of Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as
+Bede. We also hear of him in the writings of Cuthbert, who
+followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in some verses that
+Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent cross,
+which he, Cuthbert, completed.</p>
+
+<p>Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D.
+746. The names of these early Bishops cannot all be regarded
+as certain, and their dates are, in many cases, only approximate.
+Some of them may have been merely assistants or suffragans to
+other Bishops of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we
+give in the same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his
+valuable little <hi rend="font-style: italic">Diocesan History</hi>.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">A.D</hi>. 758, Hecca.<lb />
+ 777, Aldberht.<lb />
+ 781, Esne.<lb />
+ 793, Cedmand (doubtful).<lb />
+ 796, Edulf.<lb />
+ 798, Uttel.<lb />
+ 803, Wulfheard.<lb />
+ 824, Beonna.<lb />
+ 825, Eadulf (doubtful).<lb />
+ 833, Cedda.<lb />
+ 836, Eadulf.<lb />
+ 838, Cuthwulf.<lb />
+ 866, Deorlaf.<lb />
+ 868, Ethelbert.<lb />
+ 888, Cynemund.<lb />
+ 895, Athelstane I.<lb />
+ 901, Edgar.<lb />
+ 930, Tidhelm.<lb />
+ 935, Wulfhelm.<lb />
+ 941, Elfric.<lb />
+ 966, Ethelwolf.<lb />
+ 1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the
+ foundations";<note place="foot"><p>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.</p></note> but also saw it destroyed in a
+ raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar.<lb />
+ 1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Walter of Lorraine</hi>, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had
+been administered for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester,<pb n="093" /><anchor id="Pg093" />
+when Queen Edith's chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter
+of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond a probably satirical
+reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known of Walter
+is an account of a discreditable death.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert de Losinga</hi>, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much
+learning and ability. During his episcopate, according to William
+of Malmsbury, the cathedral was rebuilt after the pattern of
+Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle. In his time also
+Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford. He
+was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he
+was open to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible
+with his intimate companionship with the high-minded Wulstan,
+Bishop of Worcester, the date of whose death, January 19,
+1095, is included in the calendar of the Hereford Service-Book.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image34.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Gerard</hi>, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of
+William Rufus had been brought from the forest to Winchester
+by Purkiss, the charcoal burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop
+of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the coronation of Henry I.,
+for which service it was said he was promised the first vacant
+archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few
+years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the
+value of that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained
+his promotion.</p>
+
+<pb n="094" /><anchor id="Pg094" />
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Reynelm</hi>, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda;
+he resigned his appointment as soon as it was conferred, on
+account of the King's quarrel with Anselm on the question of
+investiture, was banished for six years, and was only consecrated
+in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of the hospital
+of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral begun
+by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of
+prebendaries and canons living under a rule.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Geoffrey de Clive</hi>, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter
+years of this episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over
+the districts of Ergyng and Ewias, which had begun in the
+previous century, was revived between the Bishop of Llandaff
+and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Richard de Capella</hi>, A.D. 1120-1127, King's chaplain and
+keeper of the Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to
+build at Hereford a bridge over the Wye.</p>
+
+<p>During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the
+annual holding of a three days' fair (increased to nine days
+later) commencing on the evening of the 19th of May, called
+St. Ethelbert's Day.</p>
+
+<p>Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and
+the rest to the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff
+held a court within the palace precincts, with pillory and stocks.
+The bishop also had a gaol for the incarceration of offenders
+against his rights during fair-time.</p>
+
+<p>Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension
+of civic authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of
+frequent quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer
+was punished by the bishop's officers.</p>
+
+<p>The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate
+(Nov. 25th, 1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey,
+Archdeacon of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert de Bethune</hi>, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of
+his monastery at his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders,
+and thence had gone to Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the
+Hatteral Hills in the disputed district of Ewias.</p>
+
+<p>When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the
+bitter struggle for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a
+personal friend of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the King's
+brother, sided with Stephen.</p>
+
+<pb n="095" /><anchor id="Pg095" />
+
+<p>Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by
+Geoffrey de Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks
+for the Empress Matilda. It was then captured by Stephen,
+and the victory celebrated in the cathedral on Whitsunday
+(A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing his crown,
+and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an earlier
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p>In 1139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and
+seizing the cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used
+it as a vantage ground from which to attack the castle. The
+tower was used as a platform, from which missiles were thrown,
+and the nave as a stable; while a trench and rampart was
+carried across the graveyard.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress
+was accepted there by the clergy, and returned thence to
+Hereford to purify the cathedral. He died at Chalons
+of a disease contracted while attending a council of Pope
+Eugenius III.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford,
+and it was enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey.
+Both at Canterbury and at London were great demonstrations
+of grief, which were again repeated at Ross, and on a still larger
+scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was undoubtedly a great
+man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery, and ability
+was well deserved.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Gilbert Foliot</hi>, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been
+consecrated as Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop
+Robert, with whom he had contracted an early friendship as
+far back as 1139.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St.
+Omer. He assisted at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury,
+and the next year was transferred to the See of London.
+He was followed by <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert of Maledon</hi>, A.D. 1163-1168,
+said to have been remarkably wise.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He
+attended the council of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was
+present at the meeting at Northampton between Becket and
+the King.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy
+that even distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two
+Hereford Bishops took part in the quarrel, and it was through<pb n="096" /><anchor id="Pg096" />
+this that the see continued vacant for six years after Bishop
+Robert's death.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D.
+1538, for the destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop
+Becket, there still existed in the cathedral, till late in the
+seventeenth century, a wall painting of the Archbishop, and
+even yet in the north-east transept there remains a figure of
+him in one of the windows in good preservation. The
+enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket's murder
+and entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already
+been described among the treasures of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still
+remaining in a well-preserved window of painted glass at
+Credenhill, a part of which represents the murdered Becket.
+Lastly, the festival of the translation of St. Thomas of Canterbury,
+July 7, is still included in the cathedral calendar.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert Foliot</hi>, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of
+Becket's, and may have had some share in his education.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">William de Vere</hi>, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal
+termination at the east end of the cathedral, and is said to
+have erected chapels, since replaced by the Lady Chapel and
+its vestibule.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Giles de Braose</hi>, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent
+of King John.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Hugh de Mapenor</hi>, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment
+by the influence of the papal legate, who, after King
+John's submission, claimed the right of nomination to all
+vacant sees and benefices.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Hugh Foliot</hi>, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of
+St. Katherine at Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of
+him, painted from an older picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert
+was presented to the cathedral during his episcopacy. He
+endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Katherine,
+in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace, destroyed
+in the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Ralph de Maydenstan</hi>, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to
+the see a house in Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence
+for the bishops when in the metropolis. He also made various
+gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and the college of vicars
+choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to settle
+the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence.</p>
+
+<pb n="097" /><anchor id="Pg097" />
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)</hi>, A.D. 1240-1268, a native
+of Aqua Bella, near Chambéry, whose appointment was an
+instance of the preference Henry III. showed for foreigners.
+One of the most unpopular men in England; he was hand in
+glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes
+for money getting.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west
+transept of the cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie
+the remains of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with
+his own, except the heart. This was carried, as he had requested
+it should be, to the church he had founded in his
+native place.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John de Breton</hi>, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas de Cantilupe</hi>, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D.
+1220, he showed, as a child, unusual religious zeal, was educated
+at Oxford and Paris, and for some years filled the office of
+Chancellor of England at the choice of the barons. This post
+he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was
+elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair
+on De Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with
+difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and
+devotional habits. In a dispute concerning the chace of
+Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from which was derived the
+Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully the episcopal
+rights. He was also triumphant in a more important
+quarrel with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful
+appropriation of three manors.</p>
+
+<p>When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle
+and maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal
+chastisement upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The
+clergy no less than laymen did he subdue, appealing when
+necessary to the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the
+defendant appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the
+sub-dean of Hereford, he was at last excommunicated by the
+Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss the affair with him at
+Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree, but
+died in Tuscany on the homeward journey.</p>
+
+<p>As already described, his remains were finally laid with great
+pomp in the Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<pb n="098" /><anchor id="Pg098" />
+
+<p>Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved
+to the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept.
+Twice more were they moved, finally resting in the same
+Chapel of St. Katherine.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Richard Swinfield</hi>, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had
+been Bishop Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely
+aloof from politics, but offered a keen resistance to any infringement
+on the rights of his diocese. Several boundary
+questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and in 1289-90 he
+made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to us
+a journal of daily expenses.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles
+and two easternmost transepts. In his time the "<hi rend="font-style: italic">Mappa
+Mundi</hi>" came into possession of the Chapter.</p>
+
+<p>He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious
+predecessor, but it was not till four years after his death that
+Pope John XXII. granted an act for the purpose. He was
+buried in the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Adam Orleton</hi>, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger
+Mortimer, and consequently was opposed to Edward II.
+Throughout the struggle of those many miserable years the
+affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire of civil war.
+It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the
+King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the
+Great Seal. The Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither
+many of the King's adherents were taken with the Chancellor
+and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was hanged in the
+town, decapitated, and quartered.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs
+of the cathedral. He obtained a grant of revenues of two
+churches from Pope John XXII. for monies necessary for the
+dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for repairs in the
+cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester by</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas Charleton</hi>, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made
+treasurer of England in 1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as
+chancellor. He died in 1343.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Trilleck</hi>, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death
+reached Herefordshire in 1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to
+have kept it at bay in the city by a procession of the shrine of
+the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass<pb n="099" /><anchor id="Pg099" />
+effigy was placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are
+among the words which may be still read from the mutilated
+inscription, and they appear to have had more justification than
+the rhetoric of the average epitaph.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image35.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Lewis Charleton</hi>, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by
+papal provision. The Black Death made a second visitation
+in the first year of his episcopate, and it was then that the
+market was removed to some distance from the town on the<pb n="100" /><anchor id="Pg100" />
+west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms
+of Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed
+money and some books to the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">William Courtenay</hi>, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed
+by papal provision, which was necessary in consequence of his
+youth. Although he had already held a canonry of York and
+prebends in Exeter and Wells in addition to the Chancellorship
+of Oxford University, he was but twenty-eight years of age.
+At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the friars, though he
+afterwards turned against his former ally.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Gilbert</hi>, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success,
+went to make terms of peace with Charles VI., the French
+King. He became treasurer of England in 1386, an office of
+which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before his
+translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral
+Grammar School.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas Trevenant</hi>, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician,
+this Bishop assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and
+was one of the commissioners to the Pope to announce the
+accession of Henry IV.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert Mascall</hi>, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a
+foreign ambassador by Henry IV., who also made him his
+confessor. He attended the council of Constance in 1414.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Edmund Lacy</hi>, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to
+build the cloister connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal
+palace.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas Polton</hi>, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at
+Florence, and the next year was translated to Chichester.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas Spofford</hi>, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's
+at York, to which post he returned on resigning his see in
+1448. According to a papal bull he laid out 2,800 marks on
+the buildings of the cathedral,—probably completing the
+cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was
+£100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral
+was put up in his time by William Lochard.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Richard Beauchamp</hi>, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir
+Walter, and grandson of Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a
+great architect in his day, although his chief work was done
+after his translation to Salisbury, when he was appointed by
+Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which
+included the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was<pb n="101" /><anchor id="Pg101" />
+buried. It is said he was the first Chancellor of the Order of
+the Garter.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Reginald Buller</hi>, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's,
+Gloucester, was translated to Lichfield. He was buried in
+Hereford Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Stanberry</hi>, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar
+at Oxford, and was chosen by King Henry VI. to be his
+confessor, and also first Provost of Eton. In 1448 he was
+made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was translated to
+Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he was
+taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick
+Castle. On his release he retired to the convent of his order
+at Ludlow, where he died in May, 1474. He was buried at
+Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel, which still bears his
+name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's palace
+for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was
+completed in 1475.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas Mylling</hi>, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was
+Abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk.
+King Edward IV. made him a Privy Councillor and gave him
+the see of Hereford in remembrance of his services to Elizabeth
+Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her husband
+had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried
+to Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is
+said to have enclosed his remains.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Edmund Audley</hi>, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield,
+of Lincoln, and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480,
+translated to Hereford in 1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The
+beautiful chantry chapel on the south side of the Lady Chapel,
+near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was founded by
+him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and
+a pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Adrian de Castello</hi>, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the
+negotiations between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated
+from Hereford to Bath and Wells, but never visited either see.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Richard Mayhew</hi>, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480
+the first regular president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of
+St. Mary Magdalene at Oxford. He was also Chancellor of
+the University, and almoner to King Henry VII., by whom he
+had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta Katharine of
+Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur.</p>
+
+<pb n="102" /><anchor id="Pg102" />
+
+<p>He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south
+side of the choir, where his tomb is still to be seen.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Charles Booth</hi>, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham,
+and Chancellor of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting
+memorial in the north porch of the cathedral, which bears
+upon it the date of his death. He seems to have been much
+in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make
+one of the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth
+of Gold. He was attached to the company of Henry's
+"dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied by thirty
+"tall personages."</p>
+
+<p>On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a
+tapestry for the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring
+and other articles which have disappeared.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Edward Foxe</hi>, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of
+the Reformation," as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have
+been "an excellent instrument" in its general progress.</p>
+
+<p>A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in
+that county, he was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge,
+becoming, in 1528, Provost of King's College. In 1531 he
+succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of Leicester. For
+many years almoner to the King, he was employed in embassies
+to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these
+diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent
+to Rome with Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's
+separation from his "dearest wife."</p>
+
+<p>Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again,
+wrote the book called <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Difference between the Kingly and
+the Ecclesiastical Power</hi>, which Henry wished people to think
+he had partly written himself, intended, as it was, to make easier
+his assumption of ecclesiastical supremacy.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation
+of the diocese for the valuation of all church property therein,
+in accordance with the order referred to above. Dr. Coren,
+his vicar-general, actually carried out the valuation, and its
+results are to be found in the pages of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Valor Ecclesiasticus</hi>,
+printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting
+to the King all religious houses possessing a revenue under £200
+per annum. There were about eighteen houses in the diocese,
+excluding the cathedral, and of these only the priories of Wenlock,<pb n="103" /><anchor id="Pg103" />
+Wigmore, and Leominster possessed revenues exempting them
+from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in May, 1538,
+and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Skypp</hi>, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of
+Leicester, Edmund Bonner, was appointed to the see on Foxe's
+death, but was removed to London before his consecration, and
+John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset, and
+chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's
+execution for high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became
+distant towards him. He was the part compiler with Foxe
+of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Institution of a Christian Man</hi>, published in 1537, of
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Erudition</hi> or <hi rend="font-style: italic">King's Book</hi>, published in 1543, and was
+probably one of the committee employed to draw up the
+first Common Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on
+its completion, he protested against its publication. He died
+in 1552 at the episcopal residence in London.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Harley</hi>, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward
+VI. to hold the see "during good behaviour." He was consecrated
+on May 26, 1553, but only to be deposed in March,
+1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she appointed a
+commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during
+the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially
+on that of "inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric
+of Harley was declared void. He is said to have spent the
+remainder of his life wandering about in woods "instructing
+his flock, and administering the sacrament according to the
+order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his deposition,
+a wretched exile in his own land."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert Parfew</hi>, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton,
+was instituted to the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church,
+Southwark, by Lord Chancellor Gardiner. He had been Abbat
+of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as Bishop of St. Asaph,
+attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of those
+concerned in the production of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Bishop's Book</hi>. On his
+death, September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and
+other ornaments to Hereford Cathedral, though whether he
+was buried there or in Mold Church seems doubtful. The
+Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to
+succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the
+accession of Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and<pb n="104" /><anchor id="Pg104" />
+died there in 1559. Fuller, in his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Church History of Britain</hi>,
+remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be, in those times, the best
+for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of God's poor
+saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel
+than his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in
+Lollard's Tower, the Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place
+which minded them of the manner of their death, first kept
+amongst coals before they were burnt to ashes."<note place="foot"><p>Fuller's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Church History of Britain</hi>, Brewer's ed., iv. 198.</p></note></p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Scory</hi>, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from
+Chichester. On the accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to
+have done penance for his marriage, and generally reconciled
+himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to Friesland and
+retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the
+English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the
+throne he returned, preached before her by appointment in
+Lent, 1558, was restored to Chichester, and later on was
+elected to Hereford.</p>
+
+<p>During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop
+Scory to surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors
+belonging to the see, and to receive in exchange advowsons
+and other less valuable possessions. In these transactions it
+is possible he thought more of his own interest than that of
+his successors; in any case, serious charges were brought
+against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into
+verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Bishop Scory was succeeded by <hi rend="font-weight: bold">Harberd (or Herbert)
+Westphaling</hi>, A.D. 1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church,
+Oxford: a man remarkable for the immoderate length of his
+speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and unsmiling
+gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker,
+and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's
+and Dean of Windsor.</p>
+
+<p>According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was
+once preaching in his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow
+fell upon the roof from the tower, creating a panic among the<pb n="105" /><anchor id="Pg105" />
+frightened congregration[**typo: congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his
+pulpit, exhorted them to keep their places and fear not. He
+spent all that he had in revenues from the see in charity and
+good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a well-gotten
+estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum
+to Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of
+the cathedral, where his effigy can still be seen.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Robert Bennett</hi>, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity
+College, Cambridge, was a famous tennis player.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for
+preaching against her projected marriage with the Duke of
+Anjou, but made him Dean of Windsor towards the close of
+her reign. He is said to have been vain, and especially fond
+of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In 1607
+the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's
+fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett.
+He spent large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace.
+Bishop Bennett was buried on the north side of the choir, where
+his tomb remains with effigy.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Francis Godwin</hi>, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford
+from Llandaff, which preferment he is said to have obtained
+from the Queen on account of his commentary <hi rend="font-style: italic">De Praesulibus
+Angliae</hi>. He also wrote other historical works, including a life
+of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was stored
+with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the
+study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff
+(whereof he well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for
+his other learned writings, so especially for his catalogue of
+Bishops." He was buried at Whitbourn, in a residence belonging
+to the see of Hereford, on April 29, 1633.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">William Juxon</hi>, Dean of Worcester, and President of St.
+John's College, Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin,
+but before consecration was called to London. During his
+episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop Laud's procurement
+made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his administration
+of these duties that "No hands, having so much
+money passing through them, had their fingers less soiled
+therewith."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Augustine Lindsell</hi>, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough,
+was confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November
+of the following year was found dead in his study.</p>
+
+<pb n="106" /><anchor id="Pg106" />
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Matthew Wren</hi>, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held
+a still briefer episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration
+to Hereford was translated to Norwich.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Theophilus Field</hi>, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop
+of Llandaff and of St. David's, died a year after his translation,
+and thereby saved the diocese the ill effects of a longer term of
+servile and corrupt management.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">George Coke</hi>, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall,
+Cambridge, became Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated
+to Hereford in 1636. He was a grave and studious man,
+and well loved in his diocese, but in the troubled days of the
+Civil War was deprived of his see.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Nicholas Monk</hi>, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother
+to the Duke of Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in
+the December following his consecration, at Westminster, where
+he was buried.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Herbert Croft</hi>, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert
+Croft, of an ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was
+brought up at Douai and St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored
+to the English Church through the influence of Bishop Morton,
+of Durham. He became a determined opponent of Romanism,
+and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there
+seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of
+the county for help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop
+Croft was buried in the cathedral, and joined to his gravestone
+is that of his intimate friend George Benson, the Dean. He
+left by his will a sum of money for the relief of widows, and for
+apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Gilbert Ironside</hi>, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham
+College, Oxford, was translated to Hereford from Bristol. He
+died in London, and was buried in the church of St. Mary,
+Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but the Rev. F. T.
+T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and tomb-stone
+removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Humphrey Humphreys</hi>, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was
+translated to Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been
+a good antiquary. Again, in the early days of the eighteenth
+century, was the old contest revived between citizens and Bishop
+as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair of St. Ethelbert.
+The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in form, down
+to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act<pb n="107" /><anchor id="Pg107" />
+of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for
+the profits arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2
+bushels of wheat or its equivalent in money value, according
+to the price current. This has now been transferred to the
+Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair limited to two days'
+duration.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Philip Bisse</hi>, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's,
+was a man of great munificence, and of the best intentions, of
+whom it may be said he spent "not wisely but too well." He
+was entirely devoid of any æsthetic feeling or of architectural
+fitness, and in the most religious spirit committed acts of wholesale
+sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the work of restoration
+in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at that time
+much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a
+hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the
+cathedral, and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality,
+presented the church with the most dreadful, ponderous, and
+unsuitable altar-piece that could well have been devised. In
+an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues are recorded.
+It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the three
+choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Benjamin Hoadley</hi>, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor,
+was again translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over
+Hereford was too short for him to have influenced it for good
+or evil, and his history belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Hon. Henry Egerton</hi>, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the
+third Earl of Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is
+chiefly to be remembered for an attempt to destroy the early
+Norman building adjoining the Bishop's Palace, and thought to
+have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of its two stories
+containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Lord James Beauclerk</hi>, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles
+II. and Nell Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop.
+It was during the last year of his episcopate on Easter Monday,
+April 17, 1786, that occurred the fall of the western tower of
+the cathedral, causing much injury. The west front of the
+church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was
+seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this
+calamity. The see was next occupied for six weeks only by
+the Hon. J. Harley.</p>
+
+<pb n="108" /><anchor id="Pg108" />
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Butler</hi>, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was
+an active political supporter of the Government of the day.</p>
+
+<p>He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Folliott Herbert Cornewall</hi>, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a
+member of an ancient family in the county of Hereford.
+Translated from Bristol to Hereford, he was again translated
+in 1808 to Worcester.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Luxmoore</hi>, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford
+from Bristol, and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph.
+He helped to establish national schools in the diocese.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Isaac Huntingford</hi>, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester
+College, was translated from Gloucester to Hereford,
+and still continued his duties at Winchester. During his
+episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed by Dean
+Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of
+several classical and theological works. He died April 29,
+1832, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton,
+near Winchester. There is a monument in the Bishop's cloister
+and a window in the south-east transept to his memory.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image36.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Edward Grey, D.D.</hi>, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837.
+He was Dean of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in
+the choir of the cathedral, eastward of the throne, on July 24,
+1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on the wall marks<pb n="109" /><anchor id="Pg109" />
+the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in
+the Bishop's cloister.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Thomas Musgrave, D.D.</hi>, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity
+College, Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of
+Hereford, October 1, 1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of
+York, December, 1847. He died in London, May 4, 1860,
+aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal Green, where
+there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a
+monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him,
+and in the north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three
+stained-glass windows to his memory.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image37.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.</hi>, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow
+of Oriel College; Principal of St. Mary's Hall; Regius Professor
+of Divinity; and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was
+appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and for the first time
+since the Reformation "a struggle took place between the
+recommending minister and a large and influential part of the
+clergy and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden's
+opinions as heretical."<note place="foot"><p>--<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Church of England from 1660.</hi> By W. N. Molesworth, M.A.</p></note> Lord John Russell refused to withdraw<pb n="110" /><anchor id="Pg110" />
+the appointment, and it was eventually carried out in spite
+of all remonstrances; not, however, until the question had
+been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of Queen's
+Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion.
+He died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal
+Green, close to the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy
+was said by Hallam to be the only work of deep metaphysical
+research on the subject to be found in the English language.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image38.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-weight: bold">James Atlay</hi>, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">A.D.</hi> 1868-1895, second son of the Rev.
+Henry Atlay, M.A., formerly Fellow of St. John's College,
+Cambridge. He was born July 3, 1817; graduated at St.
+John's College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards Fellow,
+appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel
+Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of
+Ripon, 1861; nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at
+Westminster on June 24, and enthroned in Hereford Cathedral,
+July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by the Right Rev.
+<hi rend="font-weight: bold">John Percival</hi>, D.D., the present holder of the see.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image39.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<pb n="112" /><anchor id="Pg112" />
+
+<p>The dimensions of the cathedral are:—</p>
+
+<table>
+<row>
+<cell></cell><cell></cell><cell>Ft.</cell><cell>In.</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Total length outside,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>342</cell><cell>0</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Total length inside,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>327</cell><cell>5</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Length of Nave to Screen Gates,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>158</cell><cell>6</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Length of Choir-Screen to Reredos,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>75</cell><cell>6</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Length of Lady Chapel from Reredos,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>93</cell><cell>5</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Breadth of Nave (span of roof),</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>31</cell><cell>4</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Breadth of Nave and Aisles (internally),</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>73</cell><cell>4</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Breadth of Central Transepts,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>146</cell><cell>2</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Breadth of North-East Transepts (each about 35 ft. sq.),</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>110</cell><cell>6</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Height of Choir,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>62</cell><cell>6</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Height of Nave,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>64</cell><cell>0</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Height of Lantern,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>96</cell><cell>0</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Height of Tower (top of <hi rend="font-style: italic">leads</hi>),</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>140</cell><cell>6</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Height of Tower (top of <hi rend="font-style: italic">pinnacles</hi>),</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>165</cell><cell>0</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell>Height of old central timber Spire,</cell><cell>about</cell><cell>240</cell><cell>0</cell>
+</row>
+</table>
+
+<p>NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.</p>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+<div>
+<pgIf output="pdf">
+ <then>
+ <div>
+ <divGen type="footnotes" />
+ </div>
+ </then>
+ <else>
+ <div>
+ <head>Footnotes</head>
+ <divGen type="footnotes" />
+ </div>
+ </else>
+</pgIf>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<divGen type="pgfooter" />
+</div>
+
+</back>
+
+ </text>
+</TEI.2>
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal
+See by A. Hugh Fisher
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description
+ Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+
+Author: A. Hugh Fisher
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.]
+
+ HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+
+
+
+The Cathedral Church Of Hereford
+
+A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See
+By A. Hugh Fisher
+
+London
+George Bell and Sons
+
+1898
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great
+English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books at a
+popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled
+with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in
+questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) the
+numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3) the
+important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master of
+the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the English
+Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the
+Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which the reader
+may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in reference
+to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+ GLEESON WHITE.
+ EDWARD F. STRANGE.
+ _Editors of the Series_.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the General Preface, the
+"Monastic Chronicles" and many other works named in the text, some dealing
+especially with Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in
+preparing this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies
+of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive "Statement of
+the Condition and Circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the
+Year 1841," and "The Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott.
+
+My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company for their excellent
+photographs.
+
+ A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE.
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.
+CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.
+CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.
+THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).
+THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.
+GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.
+EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.
+THE NORTH PORCH.
+THE NAVE.
+THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.
+NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.
+THE NORTH TRANSEPT.
+THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.
+EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+THE LADY CHAPEL.
+SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.
+ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.
+SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.
+THE CRYPT.
+VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT,
+1830.
+COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.
+EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.
+THE REREDOS.
+ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.
+MONUMENTAL CROCKET.
+EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.
+PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.]
+
+ HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+
+
+
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of cathedral
+churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful speculation and shadowy
+tradition. Although the see had existed from the sixth century, it is not
+till much later that we have any information concerning the cathedral
+itself.
+
+From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most powerful and
+important rulers of those times,--King Offa. He was a contemporary of
+Charles the Great, and more than once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts
+and letters. Under Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in
+addition to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men he
+wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn from the
+Welsh, took the chief town of the district which was afterwards called
+Shrewsbury, and like another Severus made a great dyke from the mouth of
+the Wye to that of the Dee which became henceforth the boundary between
+Wales and England, a position it has held with few changes to the present
+day. In church history Offa is of no less importance than in secular, for
+as the most powerful King in England he seems to have determined that
+ecclesiastical affairs in this country should be more under his control,
+or at least supervision, than they could possibly be with the Mercian
+church subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore, he
+persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield. Although
+Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death when Lichfield was
+shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired honours, the position gained
+for the latter see by Offa, though temporary in itself, must have had
+lasting and important influence. Offa is generally held responsible for
+the murder, about 793, of AEthelberht, King of the East Angles, who had
+been promised his daughter, AEthelthryth, in marriage.
+
+Had AEthelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future events (which would
+not have been a more wonderful attribute than many of the virtues which
+were ascribed afterwards to his dead body), he could hardly have desired a
+more glorious fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal
+glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier auspices.
+Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died by the order of a
+man whose memory is sullied by no other stain, a man renowned in war, a
+maker of laws for the good of his people, and eminent in an ignorant age
+as one who encouraged learning.
+
+Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that beyond the bare fact
+of the murder nothing can be positively asserted, and the brief statement
+of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians,
+commanded the head of King AEthelberht to be struck off," contains all that
+we may be certain of.
+
+One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the crime at the
+door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to have insinuated that the
+marriage was only sought as a pretext to occupy the Mercian throne.
+Finding her lord's courage not equal to the occasion, she herself arranged
+the end of AEthelberht. There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber
+and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of luxurious
+comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was, according to one writer,
+privately buried on the bank of the river "Lugg," near Hereford.
+
+"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a column of
+light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven"; and three nights
+afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King AEthelberht appeared to Brithfrid,
+a nobleman, and commanded him to convey the body to a place called
+"Stratus Waye," and to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by
+another column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the head on
+a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell from the vehicle, but
+having been discovered by a "blind man," to whom it miraculously
+communicated sight, was restored by him to the careless driver. Arrived at
+his place of destination, then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and
+which has since been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever
+the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa's subsequent
+remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and churches, and is even said
+by some to have gone on a pilgrimage to Rome, though this rests on slight
+evidence.
+
+The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King were, according to
+Asser, so numerous and incredible that Offa, who had appropriated
+AEthelberht's kingdom, was induced to send two bishops to Hereford to
+ascertain the truth of them, and it is generally agreed that about A.D.
+825 Milfrid, who was Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of
+Offa and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in building
+"_Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura_" at Hereford, which he
+consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed with lands and enriched
+with ornaments.
+
+Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of stone, it is
+quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or architectural character
+of this edifice. It seems, however, that by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan
+was promoted to the see, it had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate,
+sufficient decay to necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no
+clearer account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church. Soon
+after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son of the Earl of
+Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in London, and (though his
+guilt is still disputed) was outlawed by Edward the Confessor. He hired a
+fleet of Danish pirate ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in
+Wales, and marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make war
+upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory about two miles from
+Hereford over the Earl of that shire who was a Frenchman, and tried to
+make his men fight on horseback in the French fashion, which they did not
+understand,--the English way being for the great men to ride to the field
+of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy axes on foot.
+Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's head and fled the field, and
+the English, encumbered with their long spears and swords, followed helter
+skelter. After killing some five hundred, AElfgar and Gruffydd turned to
+Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan had caused to be
+built. There they met with a spirited resistance: amongst other victims
+seven of the canons were killed in an attempt to hold the great door of
+the minster; but, ultimately, the church and town were burned.
+
+Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too late, came with
+half of his army to Hereford, and with his usual predilection for peace
+(notwithstanding his valour) soon after removed the outlawry from AElfgar,
+and quiet was restored.
+
+In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop Athelstan
+died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen years before his death,
+and a Welsh bishop had acted for him. His body was interred in the church
+which he had "built from the foundations," and we may therefore suppose
+that the "minster" was not entirely destroyed.
+
+In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so important was
+Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh borders, and, since it
+had been strengthened by Harold, such an important military post was the
+town of Hereford, that it became part of his earldom.
+
+From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in ruins. At the latter
+date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga) began to rebuild the cathedral, and
+there are vague accounts that it was in the form of a round church in
+imitation of a basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at
+Aix-la-Chapelle between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it must
+have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman period that
+remains is clearly English both in treatment and in detail. If this could
+be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had no similarity to the Roman
+style. The building begun by him was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who
+held the see from 1107 to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the
+establishment of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons
+did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses near the
+church. Whether he completed the building or not, Bishop Raynelm
+undoubtedly made many additions and alterations.
+
+We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of the cathedral
+treasurer, which were probably settled about this time. They throw a
+curious and suggestive light on the ceremonies of the period. "At
+Hereford," says Walcott, "he found all the lights; three burning day and
+night before the high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at
+mass, and the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz.,
+in the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and the third
+before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the high altar, and altar
+on "_Minus Duplicia_," and five tapers in basons, on principles, and
+doubles, at mass, prime, and second vespers, four tapers before the high
+altar, five in the basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the
+candelabra; the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the
+keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and the plate,
+of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean and chapter. He found
+three clerks to ring the bells, light the candles, and suspend the palls
+and curtains on solemn days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir
+and chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves; and on
+All Saints' day he provided mats."(1)
+
+The next great changes were made under Bishop William de Vere (1186-1199).
+His work was of transitional character, and bears much resemblance to the
+beautiful transitional work at Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman
+apsidal terminations at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus
+making two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced by
+the Lady Chapel with its vestibule.
+
+In a paper read before the Archaeological Institute in 1877, Sir G. G.
+Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay beyond the sides;
+but this is merely conjecture. A curious feature in De Vere's work was his
+putting columns in the middle of the central arch. It is probable that the
+part of the presbytery we now have was but the beginning of a larger
+scheme never carried out, which included building the presbytery and
+dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at Lichfield
+and Exeter.
+
+According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English Lady Chapel was
+an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere: it is especially interesting,
+and an unique example of its date in being raised upon a crypt.
+
+At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems likely De
+Vere was the builder,--at any rate he must have been the first or second
+occupier. It was of noble dimensions, being 110 feet in length, consisting
+of a nave 23 feet broad, with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the
+columns. This was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber
+arches formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the present
+Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied by this grand hall.
+
+In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into Wales on behalf of
+the crusade, he was entertained in this hall by Bishop de Vere, and
+doubtless some of those who devoted themselves to the work were Hereford
+men.
+
+The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated work,
+covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament, was built by, or at
+any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de Braose (1200-1215), an ardent
+opponent of King John.
+
+The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner north porch (as
+distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) and what remains of the
+beautifully designed chapter-house, a decagon in plan, each side except
+the one occupied by the entrance being subdivided into five seats.
+
+During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a tooth of St.
+AEthelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely destroyed by AElfgar and
+Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the cathedral. The donor of this precious
+relic was Philip de Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of
+Huntingdon.
+
+The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented some
+service-books to the cathedral.
+
+In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners, appointed
+to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally known as Bishop
+Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace, near Chambery. He it was who
+rebuilt the north transept. He was one of the best hated men in England,
+and not content with showering benefices upon his relations, he
+perpetrated one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money
+to aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander IV. Of
+these, however, full particulars will be found in a chapter on the
+Diocese.
+
+While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended by a guard of
+soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to resist the encroachments of
+Llewellyn, King of Wales, found there neither bishop, dean, nor canons
+resident. For this they earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the
+Bishop returned to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the
+cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party, together
+with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations). They were
+carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had just brought from
+Ireland was divided among the insurgents.
+
+Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268. He was endowed
+with a character full of contradictions, extreme aggressiveness, mingled
+with remarkable tact.
+
+When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their attempt to
+encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one full half of their
+fine and devoted the other to the cathedral building. While he was showing
+in his life a disgraceful example to the clergy of the country, at the
+same time he gave liberally to the cathedral foundation in books,
+ornaments, money, and land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting
+monument in the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself.
+
+With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the nave and
+choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether demolished, and
+replaced by another consisting of two bays with an eastern aisle. Over the
+latter was built a story now used as the cathedral library, which is
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery by a staircase turret.
+His tomb is one of the finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with
+those of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the
+heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country of Savoy.
+
+In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric Thomas de
+Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever held that office, a man
+whose life was in almost every way a remarkable contrast to that of his
+predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca. It is said that the Bishop of Worcester,
+his great-uncle, asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession,
+and that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then, sweetheart,"
+his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be a soldier to serve the
+King of Kings, and fight under the banner of the glorious martyr, St.
+Thomas." Regular attendance at mass was his custom from earliest years.
+Both at Oxford and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of
+M.A. at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of the
+university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the office of
+chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular courage and determination
+in repressing a brawl between the southern scholars and those of the
+north, in which we are told he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a
+whole coat.
+
+He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England under Simon de
+Montfort, at whose death, however, he was deprived of the office. It was
+some years after this that he became Bishop of Hereford, and was
+consecrated at Canterbury, September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended
+the consecration.
+
+After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and showed ever
+intense devotion in his celebration of divine service. He was remarkable
+in the steadfastness and ability he displayed in maintaining the rights of
+the see. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace"
+near Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found a
+relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was prepared with the
+customary "pugil" or champion (who received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his
+services were not required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to
+the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his right to
+capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all birds pertaining
+thereto," and as a result of the verdict being in his favour, caused a
+long trench to be dug on the crest of the Malvern Hills as a boundary
+line, which is still traceable.
+
+Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors of which he had
+obtained unlawful possession; and Lord Clifford, for cattle-lifting and
+maltreating the Bishop's tenants, was compelled to walk barefoot to the
+high altar in the cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him
+with a rod.
+
+Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest struggle was on
+a question of testamentary jurisdiction with Peckham, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately excommunicated and obliged to leave
+the country, attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain.
+
+He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV., but died on the
+homeward journey on August 25th, 1282. He was buried in the church of St.
+Severus, near Florence; but his bones having been divided from the flesh
+by boiling, were later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady
+Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester, with whom
+Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the chace, attended the
+ceremony, and that blood began to flow from the bones when he approached
+the casket containing them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the
+property he had taken unjustly from the church.
+
+Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is said, amongst
+other evidences of his saintliness, that he never allowed his sister to
+kiss him. Three hundred sick people are said to have been cured at the
+place of his interment, and so many candles were presented by the crowds
+of visitors that Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a
+dispute with the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being
+finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries.
+
+After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to the Chapel of
+St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on Maundy Thursday, April 6th,
+1287, in presence of King Edward I. They were again twice moved in the
+sixteenth century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west
+transept.
+
+The building of the chapter-house may have spread over some part of
+Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the cloisters were erected
+about this time.
+
+The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St. Cantilupe are
+both many and various. More than sixty-six dead people are said to have
+been restored to life. The saint's intervention appears to have been
+extended even to animals, as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick
+falcons to be cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint
+that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change its armorial
+bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its bishops have since
+borne.
+
+Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain, Richard Swinfield,
+an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable manners. Bishop Swinfield,
+like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated the rights and discipline of his
+diocese, once against a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant
+benefice, another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman in
+her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of Ludlow for
+violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases against abuses of all
+sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors, a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who
+had obtained from the Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton,
+interrupted the installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop
+Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice, and was
+formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance of the Chapter. He
+held his place by force of arms during that day and the next, but later
+submitted to the Bishop.
+
+Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles and of the
+two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a remodelling of the work of
+De Vere. The bases of his piers and responds were retained and may still
+be seen, and upon the former octagonal columns were erected to carry the
+vaulting. The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that the
+"_Mappa Mundi_," the curious map of the world designed by Richard of
+Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of Hereford in 1305, now
+preserved in the cathedral, came into possession of the Chapter.
+
+Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield, and when it was
+necessary for him to send representatives to a provincial Council in
+London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton,
+a place belonging to the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of
+Herefordshire.
+
+Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield at his chief
+residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded him in the bishopric.
+
+King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a friend of Roger
+Mortimer to this important position, and, failing to persuade Adam to
+decline the bishopric, he appealed to the Pope, begging him to cancel the
+appointment, but with no more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of
+Hereford became identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return
+from France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth, then
+fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the kingdom under the
+direction of his mother.
+
+The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at Neath Abbey, and
+the great seal taken from him by Bishop Adam Orleton, while the
+Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed to Hereford, where he was crowned
+with nettles and dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from
+Psalm lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that thou
+canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude who mocked his
+name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally hanged on a gallows 50 feet high
+and then quartered. Among the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and
+these the Bishop of Hereford claimed as his perquisite.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time vigorous and of
+unusual ability, played a great part in politics to the end of the
+wretched King's life. Some historians still believe that he recommended
+the murder; he certainly supported the deposition in Parliament, and went
+to Kenilworth as one of the commissioners to force the King's resignation.
+If thus interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and
+vigilant in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral.
+
+The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a source of such
+anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the restorer, was even at this
+early date showing signs of dilapidation, and Bishop Orleton obtained from
+Pope John XXII. a grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and
+Swalefeld (Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following
+petition:--"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of the fabric
+of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure of sumptuous
+work to be built, to the adornment of the House of God, upon an ancient
+foundation; which in the judgment of masons or architects, who were
+considered skilful in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the
+cost of 20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the
+weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was placed upon
+it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar judgment no other remedy
+could be applied short of an entire renovation of the fabric from the
+foundation,--which, on account of the expenses incurred in prosecution of
+the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed
+memory, they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work" alluded to
+was evidently the central tower and the north transept; which latter had
+been built, as mentioned before, for the remains and shrine of Bishop
+Cantilupe.
+
+When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was examining the
+confused and unsorted mass of charters and grants in the possession of the
+cathedral, he found a parchment (which bore the two beautiful episcopal
+seals of Bishop Roger le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of
+Hereford) that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the
+sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms the
+backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was translated to
+Worcester.
+
+During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed with prayers
+for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still darkened the
+political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt filled the cathedral. It
+is said that when the "Black Death" reached Hereford in 1349, to retard
+its progress in the city the shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried
+in procession.
+
+About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the calamity of this
+terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a mandate prohibiting the
+performance of "theatrical plays and interludes" in churches as "contrary
+to the practice of religion." The exact character of these performances is
+doubtful, and the prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular
+mumming. The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in an
+annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi Day, to assist
+in which some of the city guilds were obliged by the rules of their
+incorporation.
+
+The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about his rights of
+jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency. It must certainly have
+been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck "_gratus, prudens, pius_" as the
+mutilated inscription on his effigy describes him, when one William Corbet
+forced his way into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him
+in the city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace.
+
+On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is said that the
+city market was removed from Hereford to a place about a mile on the west
+of the town, still marked by a cross called the "White Cross" bearing the
+arms of Bishop Charleton.
+
+If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of King Edward
+II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant, who was appointed in
+1389 by papal provision, was no less active in the deposition of King
+Richard II., and was sent to the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry
+IV. to explain his title to the Crown and announce his accession.
+
+In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest vicars of the
+cathedral were formed into a college by Royal Charter, and the first
+warden or "_custos_" was appointed by the King to show that the right of
+appointment was vested in the Crown. The college was to have a common
+seal, and to exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to
+be subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its members were the
+priests of the chantry chapels in the cathedral, at this time apparently
+twenty-seven in number.
+
+In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its present site, so
+that the vicars should be able more comfortably to attend the night
+services. An order was also made about this time concerning the
+celebration of mass at the altar of St. John Baptist in the cathedral, an
+arrangement which shows that then as now the parish of St. John had no
+church of its own outside the cathedral walls.
+
+About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with the cathedral
+was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest in the cathedral
+although he never visited his diocese. It was upon this work of the
+cloisters that 2800 marks were expended by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in
+whose time the great west window was erected by William Lochard, the
+precentor. The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury,
+approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added between 1453
+and 1474.
+
+In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was translated to
+Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the two-storied chantry chapel
+south of the Lady Chapel and near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe.
+The upper story was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop
+himself. Bishop Audley also presented to the cathedral a silver shrine.
+
+ [Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.]
+
+ THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.
+
+
+The next important alteration was the lengthening of the great north porch
+which bears the date 1519 and the shields of Bishop Booth and his
+predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a very fine piece of Perpendicular work,
+somewhat similar in design to the porch in the middle of the west front of
+Peterborough Cathedral. At his death Bishop Booth left various books to
+the cathedral library and some tapestry for the high altar, together with
+silver and gold ornaments for the Cantilupe Shrine. The tapestry displayed
+the story of David and Nabal. He also bequeathed, amongst other things to
+his successor, the gold ring with which he was consecrated, but
+notwithstanding his forethought in specifying that these articles were not
+to be taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they have
+disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined, in the enthusiasm of
+his building operations, the changes to follow so closely upon his death.
+Yet the papal supremacy had been abolished in this country in 1534, and
+though the church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had been
+published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at Winchester, to the
+See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent instruments" of the
+Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the following year the suppression of the
+monasteries began in serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be
+spared for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were then no
+less than twenty-one in the cathedral.
+
+In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches, chapels,
+guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take inventories of
+their treasures, leaving to each parish church or chapel "one or two
+chalices according to the multitude of people." In Hereford Cathedral,
+amongst other valuable ornaments, was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs.
+9-1/2 oz., two basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in
+five pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is not
+possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the cathedral
+alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country were estimated at
+4860-1/4 ounces, in value about L1213, 1s. 3d.
+
+On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set up at Nottingham,
+and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst over the country. Bishop Coke
+of Hereford had been one of the twelve churchmen most active against the
+Bill for excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons in
+May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to the Tower by the
+joint sentence of the Lords and Commons on charge of treason.
+
+The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one with its Bishop, but
+so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford, with two troops of cavalry and a
+single infantry regiment, entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of
+Essex and quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained till
+December 14th without, however, any serious plundering in the town itself.
+In April 1643, Waller took the city for the second time, and again without
+much resistance, a condition of the surrender being the immunity of the
+Bishop and cathedral clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his
+leaving Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became an
+asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being held first by
+one side and then by the other. In the autumn of 1645 Hereford was
+besieged by Lord Leven with the Scottish army, who were driven off by
+Colonel Barnabas Scudamore with heavy loss.
+
+The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury during the siege.
+The defenders used the lead from the chapter-house roof to cover the keep
+of the castle, and possibly also to make bullets. Finally, on December
+18th, through the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city,
+Hereford was once more taken, and this time the whole place was overrun by
+a rabble of plundering soldiery.
+
+No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral during the
+Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian captain, one Silas
+Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated in this military loot. "The
+storied windows richly dight" were smashed to bits, monumental brasses
+torn up, the library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments
+stolen.
+
+Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by the cathedral
+clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, and gentry of the
+county for help towards restoring the cathedral, though it is not known
+with what welcome the appeal was received.
+
+Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm was done to the
+cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one of those irritating people who
+mean well but act abominably. He spent much, both on the palace and the
+cathedral, employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the
+chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not irreparably
+so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of masonry intended to
+support the central tower, which was, however, nothing but a hideous
+architectural blunder. In itself it was ugly to behold, and actually
+weakened by lateral pressure that which it was intended to support. He
+also presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with scenic
+decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains, and wooden
+imitations of tassels which hung immediately over the heads of the
+ministering priests as they stood at the altar. These were found later on
+to be hung on rusty nails by twine "little better than pack thread."
+
+ [Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).]
+
+ THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).
+
+
+During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746, an ancient
+building of early Norman date used as a chapel for the palace was pulled
+down. It consisted of an upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel
+dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part
+of one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on Easter
+Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,--the fall of the great
+western tower. Directly and indirectly this was the worst accident that
+has happened to Hereford Cathedral. The west front was utterly destroyed,
+and a great part of the nave seriously injured, while the injudicious
+restoration begun in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for
+architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall of the
+tower.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.]
+
+ THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.
+
+_From a drawing by T. Hearne_, 1806.
+
+
+Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable deeds of
+vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous efforts in this
+direction. He altered the whole proportion of the building, shortening the
+nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected a new west front on a "neat Gothic
+pattern," and availed himself of the chance of removing all the Norman
+work in the nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own.
+
+One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod moulding round
+each of the arches above the arcade. These eccentricities were removed not
+long since, but the roughened lines for adhesion of the plaster still
+remain. Inside the west front may also still be seen large spaces of wall
+painted to represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the
+wall of any stucco residence.
+
+It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless insipidity of
+Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved in his own day, and
+that the public generally were as much to blame as himself.
+
+The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and in order to give
+it apparent height the roofs of both nave and choir were lowered in pitch,
+its parapet was raised, and some pinnacles were added.
+
+At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new burying-grounds
+provided for the city elsewhere.
+
+In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of Hereford. He was a
+man of sound judgment and of much practical ability, and it was during his
+episcopacy that a serious competent and thorough repair of the cathedral
+was at last undertaken at a cost of L27,000, to which no one devoted more
+loving care or more untiring energy than Dean Merewether.
+
+"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses and this house
+lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his exhaustive "Statement of the
+condition and circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the
+year 1841." In this statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in
+the eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and the
+dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash and plaster, became
+visible in the soffit of each of the window arches.
+
+In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed of hewn stone,
+making a kind of casing at each side, called ashlar, the interval being
+filled with rubble masonry cemented with lime and loam. This stuffing
+having deteriorated the weight above had split the outer wall, though most
+fortunately the interior face was perfectly sound and upright.
+
+To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove the oak
+panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and the heavy bookcases
+filling up a great part of the area were taken away with the lath and
+plaster partition from the sides of the pillar at the west end of the
+chapel.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH
+ CENTURY.]
+
+ THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured became again
+manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains of its ancient
+painting, the disclosure of two most interesting monuments, two aumbries,
+a double piscina, the chapel of Bishop Audley, but more important than
+all, two of the most beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found
+anywhere, Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with the
+Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding with the
+remarkable union of the Norman intersecting arches on the exterior of the
+building, with its pointed characteristics.
+
+The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr. Cottingham, the
+architect, showed that the great central tower of the cathedral was in
+imminent danger of falling, and might at any moment entirely collapse.
+
+Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were struck by the
+traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing the clerestory gallery
+the remains of Norman ornaments were everywhere to be found, the gallery
+itself being still existent at each side, returned behind the wooden
+coverings, up to the splays of the eastern windows.
+
+The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir shown on p. 77
+was then removed, and the change effected was most striking. It was
+evident that long before the introduction of the Grecian screen in 1717,
+the original arrangement had been disturbed by the insertion of a
+Perpendicular window, to support which the low circular arch in the centre
+had been constructed; on either side of this window were now to be seen
+the mouldings and featherings of the original early decorated lights, on a
+level with the lateral clerestory range; below these the Norman arcade,
+based upon a string course of nebule ornaments.
+
+"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties was to be
+traced,--the thickness of that part of the wall is 8 feet; on either side
+of the arch, 24 feet in span, were portions of shafts, corresponding with
+the pair of Norman shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of
+these (standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through those
+already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most curious detail,
+were perfect, and upon them were visible as far as the level of the window
+above, the remaining stones which formed the architecture of the exterior
+arch, from which it was evident that its crown must have risen to the
+height of 30 feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was
+discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite and
+grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly
+impossible to account for, was, in fact, made up of five arches, the
+interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns already described,
+and each of the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon
+square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being
+beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four
+lateral arches, the two first had been not only hidden by the oak
+panelling of the screen, but were also, like the two others, closed up
+with lath and plaster, as the central arch; and when these incumbrances
+and desecrations were taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately
+the glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the
+appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury,
+and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these massive arches, of which,
+together with the noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan
+had probably been the founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the
+completer and restorer after that era."
+
+Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made, though it cannot be said
+that all the work he did was good either in design or execution. The
+beautiful lantern of the central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was
+satisfactorily strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of Dean
+Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be done, and in 1857 a
+further scheme was set going under the financial management of Dean
+Richard Dawes, and the architectural direction of Mr., afterwards Sir
+Gilbert, Scott, who restored the north transepts, the north porch, the
+choir, and Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and fitted
+up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St. John the Baptist.
+
+Altogether in these two works of repair about L45,000 was expended, and
+the cathedral was opened for service on June 30th, 1863.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR.
+
+
+Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of Hereford
+Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence of that quality dear to
+a purist is not more than compensated for by the fine examples of
+different periods, which make the massive pile as a whole a valuable
+record of historical progress. And surely it is more fitting that a great
+ecclesiastical edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts,
+and bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through which it
+has passed.
+
+Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the cathedral building
+reposes in a secluded close, from which the best general view is obtained.
+The close is entered either from Broad Street, near the west window, or
+from Castle Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of
+the close between the path and the river. The space between the Wye and
+the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and the college of the
+Vicars Choral.
+
+On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was formerly one of
+the strongest on the Welsh marches.
+
+The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the Norman, Early
+English, and Early Decorated periods.
+
+The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the interior, survives
+in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy" quality remaining through
+the subsequent building being imposed upon the old foundations. The side
+apses of the original triple eastern termination were converted into the
+present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which helps to
+produce an intricate outline already irregular through the projections of
+the porch of Bishop Booth.
+
+The *Central Tower*, a splendid example of Decorated work, is of two
+stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the angles. It is covered with
+a profusion of ball-flower ornament, which, except in the south nave aisle
+of Gloucester Cathedral, is nowhere else so freely used.
+
+ [Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the disposition of the
+upper windows of the central tower and the style and position of the
+dividing pilasters and bands of ornament, it seems likely that the earlier
+lantern of Pershore is partly responsible for its design.
+
+In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which formerly
+existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered with lead. When this
+was taken down at the time of the great repairs and rebuilding of the west
+end, a stunted, squat appearance was given to the building. In the year
+1830 Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and Chapter to
+build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles.
+
+The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar in design to
+the central one, but rose only one stage above the leads of the nave. This
+seems to have been used as a belfry; whereas the central tower was a
+lantern.
+
+The large projecting *North Porch*, completed in 1530 by Bishop Booth, is
+Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, though it is later in date, the
+porch in the centre of the west front at Peterborough. The front entrance
+archway has highly enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase
+buttress turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the upper
+portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This outer porch consists
+of two stories, the lower of which is formed by three wide, open arches,
+springing from four piers at the extreme angles, two of which are united
+with the staircase turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The
+upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted and
+groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate tracery.
+
+In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled angles, of
+which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral cappings, the
+remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and rising nearly the whole
+height of the building, show to great advantage. The clerestory windows,
+like those in the outer wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster,
+are triangular on the exterior.
+
+On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is an unusual
+architectural feature. The windows of the triforium have semi-circular
+arched mouldings, enclosing a window of three lights of lancet-shaped
+arches. Beneath the aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was
+probably an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe.
+
+In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the bottom and
+polygonal above; and this probably was an access to a private apartment
+for a monk over the aisle of the transept containing the sacred shrine.
+
+Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral one notices
+the buttresses of the north-east transept, the Stanbury Chapel, the
+windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle, the clerestory windows with
+arcade dressings to the walls, and the modern parapet above the whole.
+
+ [Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.]
+
+ GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank window or double
+arch, with two smaller arches within the clerestory wall, claims especial
+attention, as well as the ribbed roof rising above the Norman triforium.
+
+We now come to the Early English work of the *Lady Chapel*, the east end
+of which is especially noticeable, with its bold angular buttresses rising
+from immense bases. The numerous and large base mouldings running round
+the wall of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and
+ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting peculiarities of
+design.
+
+The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular, embattled
+parapet at the end is a modern addition.
+
+The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by the public,
+being shut within the walls of a garden between the Bishop's and the
+Vicars' Cloisters.
+
+The *Bishop's Cloisters* consist of two walks only, or covered corridors,
+though that on the west, which was pulled down in the reign of Edward VI.
+to make room for a pile of brick building appropriated to the Grammar
+School, and in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of
+restoration.
+
+It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the north side
+against the cathedral.
+
+These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a continued series
+of buttresses are windows of large dimensions, with mullions and tracery.
+
+The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed mouldings, at the
+intersections of which are shields charged with sculptured figures,
+foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring from slender pillars between the
+windows and corbels heads on the other side: over the exterior of the
+windows are carved grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations.
+The south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the
+south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small chamber,
+which has been carefully and completely restored. It has always been
+called the "Ladye Arbour," although no one has been able to discover the
+origin of this name or the use to which the chamber was put; many
+antiquarians suggest a possible reference to the Virgin.
+
+ [Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+The entrance doorway to the *Chapter-house* from the east walk still
+remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed arch under a lofty,
+richly ornamented pedimental moulding, having clustered shafts on the
+sides, with foliated capitals. The archway is divided by a slender pillar
+into two smaller openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this
+doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton asserts,
+"beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian soldiers," was certainly
+neglected; and then, as long as any material could be got from it, treated
+as a stone quarry by Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house
+appears to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated
+period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress at each
+angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the entrance, was sub-divided
+into five panels or seats. Remains of three sides only are left, and these
+only as far as the window-sills.
+
+Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end, are some
+remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other. The lower was
+dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to St. Mary Magdalene.
+
+"The form, excepting a portico and choir (_i.e._ chancel) was an exact
+square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every way, supported the
+roof; the portico was composed of a succession of arches retiring inwards,
+and had a grandeur in imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side
+consisted of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the
+lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made of single
+stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle pillars. The walls were
+much painted, and the arched roof was turned with great skill, and
+resembled the architecture which prevailed during the declension of the
+Roman Empire (see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.).
+
+Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small windows in the
+remaining north wall, the author of _The Picturesque Antiquities of
+Hereford_ proceeds to say: "These are extremely interesting, as they
+pertained to an edifice which once stood on the south side of this wall,
+and is believed to have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron
+saint of the cathedral before the translation of the body of St.
+Ethelbert. It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences
+in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of marriages
+there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent in the Dean's
+archives."
+
+A second cloister, known as the *Vicars' Cloister*, connects the Vicars'
+College with the south-east transept. The arrangement here may be compared
+with that of Chichester, as showing the most probable plan of the latter
+before the destruction of the south walk and its connection with the
+cloister of the Vicars Choral.
+
+In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching cross, which
+fell into a decayed state during the latter part of the last century.
+Beneath it was a dome of masonry which closed the aperture to a well of
+considerable depth, which had been formed with great exactness. This well
+still exists beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according to
+Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green, with a
+handsome stone arch over it.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.]
+
+ THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it was proposed
+to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a special restoration,
+dealing principally with the west end and central tower.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through the beautiful
+parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage of this porch is formed by
+three arches with octagonal turrets at their outer angles. These turrets
+are each capped by a lantern. The second stage has three fine
+Perpendicular windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church,
+belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner porch is of
+the Decorated period. There is some particularly good iron-work on the
+doors, made by Messrs Potter from designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior.
+
+Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two sister
+cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH.]
+
+ THE NORTH PORCH.
+
+
+The *Nave*, which is separated from the aisles by eight massive Norman
+piers (part of the original church), of which the capitals are worthy of
+notice, has somewhat suffered by restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The
+triforium, the clerestory, the vaulting of the roof and the western wall
+and doorway are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he
+shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the west end,
+from which the best general view is to be obtained, one is impressed by
+the striking effect of the great Norman piers and arches and the gloom of
+the choir beyond. Through the noble circular arches, which support the
+central tower and the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the
+eastern wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and below
+by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A central pillar divides
+this lower arch, two pointed arches springing from its capital and leaving
+a spandrel between them, which is covered with modern sculpture. In the
+far distance may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and its
+brilliant lancet lights.
+
+Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable for the richness of
+its ornament as compared with other buildings of the same date, such as
+Peterborough or Ely.
+
+The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet and other
+beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers and shafts are also
+elaborately decorated. The double half shafts set against the north and
+south fronts of the huge circular piers are in the greater part
+restorations.
+
+Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated from the Early
+English of Salisbury. They are divided by slender pillars, but there is no
+triforium passage.
+
+During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were practically rebuilt,
+the existing walls and windows being erected upon the bases of the Norman
+walls, which were retained for a few feet above the foundations. The
+vaulting of the roofs of the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself
+were coloured under the direction of Mr. Cottingham.
+
+*The Font*, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century, is in the
+second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west.
+
+The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough for the total
+immersion of children. Beneath arches round the basin are figures of the
+twelve Apostles. These, however, with one exception, have been much
+broken. The most curious feature of this interesting font is the base with
+four demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is protected
+by a mosaic platform.
+
+*Monuments in the Nave.*--The first monument on the south side as we walk
+from the western end is the fine effigy in alabaster of Sir Richard
+Pembridge in plate and mail armour with his greyhound. This monument was
+formerly at the Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the
+Suppression. Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd of
+that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at Poitiers. He
+died in 1375. There are still traces of colour on this monument and gold
+remains on the points of the cap to which the camail is fastened, as also
+on the jewelled sword-belt. A sheaf of green coloured leathers is
+separated from the tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet
+of open roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg left,
+and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved, and the workman
+showed such accuracy in duplicating the stone leg that the Knight was
+adorned with a pair of garters for many years until Lord Saye and Sele,
+Canon Residentiary, presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and
+the wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NAVE.]
+
+ THE NAVE.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay is the carved
+figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy is headless and otherwise
+much mutilated.
+
+In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure, under a
+foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head wearing a cap. It is
+thought to be the monument of a former treasurer.
+
+In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the Bishop's
+Cloister. This has a square heading which rises above the sill of the
+window over it. There is an interesting series of heads in the hollow
+moulding, which are said to be copies of earlier work in the same
+position. The iron-work of the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty
+Norman arch leads from this aisle into the south transept.
+
+The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south. It contains
+six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his wife, with subjects by
+Warrenton from the life of St. John the Baptist.
+
+In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the nave is the effigy
+and tomb under which is buried Bishop Booth (1535), the builder of the
+large projecting porch which bears his name. The recumbent figure of the
+Bishop is fully vested with a _mitra pretiosa_ with pendent fillets. He
+wears a cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and
+chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed sandals; his
+hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which has been broken) is veiled
+on the right. At this side is a feathered angel. The original inscription,
+cut into stone and fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured:
+
+
+ "Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et
+ totidem dies Ecclesiae huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii
+ 1535 defunctus sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet."
+
+
+The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in the Cathedral
+which has not been disturbed, although Mr. Havergal says "most of our
+large ancient monuments were protected by iron railings." It is divided
+into six square panels, having shields and heraldic ornaments.
+
+The beautiful wrought iron *Screen*, an elaborate example of artistic
+metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore of Coventry,
+from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands between the eastern piers of the
+central tower, a little towards the nave. The first great piece of
+metal-work of this kind executed in England in modern times was the choir
+screen at Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the
+Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production transcends
+that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty.
+
+It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches by a slender
+shaft. The central arch is larger and higher than the others, is gabled
+and surmounted by a richly jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on
+either side, to a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are
+filled with tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the
+arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.]
+
+ THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin plates of copper
+and hammered iron, in imitation of natural specimens, and throughout the
+screen the passion flower is prominent in the decoration. It is composed
+of 11,200 lbs. of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of
+vitreous and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about 300
+cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze figures, three single
+figures, and two groups. Of these the _Times_, May 29, 1862, well said:
+"These figures are perfect studies in themselves. Every one can understand
+them at a glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of
+the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt without the
+aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set forth who or what they
+are."
+
+ [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.]
+
+ SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.
+
+
+The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is no less worthy
+of inspection. Over the gates the large oval space is filled with the
+sacred monogram I.H.C. The base consists of polished Devonshire marble.
+The diversity of tint of the metals used is in itself a source of colour,
+but the whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been painted
+with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour scheme is further carried
+out in the mosaics.
+
+The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is perhaps the
+best example of this kind of work produced in modern times. The cost of
+the screen was L3000, though the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance
+with their agreement was only L1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art
+Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and gasfittings.
+
+A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the Cathedral, is placed
+near the south-west corner of the screen; it was designed by Cottingham.
+
+*The Central Tower.*--Immediately above the four great arches of the
+central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor Willis in his report
+on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular construction; twelve piers of
+compact masonry on each side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the
+height of 26 ft., and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of
+stone, in long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round
+immediately under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone gratings,
+if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall of the tower rests,
+and they also carry the entire weight of the bell-chamber and bells.
+
+The whole space is now completely open from the floor of the Cathedral to
+the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which is painted underneath in blue
+and gold. From this floor hangs, the handsome corona of wrought iron.
+
+Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843, however, the
+whole appearance of the central tower was different, and the beautiful
+lantern with its many shafts was hidden from view by a vault of the
+fifteenth century, which rose above the great arches and completely
+concealed the upper portion of the tower.
+
+In his specific report of the condition of the central tower in
+particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr. Cottingham
+said:
+
+"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the honour of
+reporting, I have carefully examined the construction of the four great
+piers which support the tower; they are of Norman workmanship, and
+sufficient in bulk to carry a much greater weight than the present tower,
+had the masonry been more carefully constructed; they consist of a series
+of semi-circular columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds
+the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled with a rubble
+core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime grouting; this was
+undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman tower, but when the great
+Early English shaft was added on the top of this work the pressure became
+too great for such kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns,
+not being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores, split and
+bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion of lime, diminished
+and crushed to pieces. To remedy these defects, a second facing of ashlar
+has been attached to the piers, in some places by cutting out a part of
+the old ashlar, and in others by merely fixing long slips of stone round
+the pier with iron plugs, run in with lead,--these most unsightly
+excrescences have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without
+adding any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked up
+all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with the tower piers
+and communicating with the aisles, choir, and transepts, leaving only a
+small passage-way in each.
+
+"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the south
+transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed up with
+masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich work which lies
+concealed behind it. These injudicious performances have tended to weaken
+instead of strengthen the tower. The interior walls above the main arches
+of the tower, up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the
+bellringers' chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the
+four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, have
+been made large enough for a man to creep in,--these unaccountable holes
+have tended very much to increase the danger, as all the masonry connected
+with them is drawn off its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces
+by the enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the pillars,
+is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of the bell floor.
+On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful monument of the fallibility
+of human skill than the tower of Hereford Cathedral at this moment
+presents."
+
+In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed themselves,
+on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion of Professor Willis, of
+Cambridge. This gentleman, after the most minute scrutiny and
+indefatigable labour, produced his elaborate and well-known report. He
+essentially corroborated the architect, especially as to the general state
+of the tower; and, under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the
+great work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a fine peal of
+ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected in 1861, which strikes
+the hours and quarter-hours.
+
+*The North Transept.*--Passing through the north arch of the tower we come
+into some of the most interesting parts of the Cathedral. The transept
+beyond was entirely rebuilt for the reception of the shrine of Bishop
+Cantilupe, when his body was removed from the Lady Chapel in 1287, after
+the miracles reported at his tomb had already largely increased the
+revenues of the Cathedral. The unusual shape of the arches and the fine
+and effective windows of this transept render it one of the most
+distinguished English specimens of the style.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT
+ 1320.]
+
+ NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320.
+
+
+On the north is a window with triple lights on each side of a group of
+banded shafts, the tracery above being formed of circles enclosing
+trefoils. The heads of the lights are sharply pointed.
+
+The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside triangular-headed
+arches, which completely fill the two bays. They have three lights each,
+and are exactly similar to the windows on the north side of the transept.
+
+Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark marble, a clustered
+pier divides the eastern aisle of the transept into two bays. These shafts
+have foliated capitals, and the bases have knots of foliage between them.
+
+With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the mouldings of
+the main arches are plain.
+
+Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the Norman arch
+opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept itself. There are in each
+bay two pointed arches, each containing three smaller arches with foiled
+headings surmounted by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the
+arches are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back in
+the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping
+courses, which incline forward to the string course above the triforium.
+
+The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and the triangular
+arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar to those in the clerestory
+of Worcester Cathedral on the south side of the nave. These are, however,
+of later date, and may have been imitated by the Worcester architect.
+
+The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was
+satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general effect.
+
+*Monuments in the North Transept.*--The great north stained-glass window by
+Hardman was placed there as a memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died
+in 1863. Underneath this window, which is described later on in the
+section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop
+Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt, and the effigy
+is now leaning on its side against the wall. There is an undoubted
+original half-length portrait of this bishop in the Hall of Jesus College,
+Oxford. There are monuments to other members of the family in the church
+at Ross.
+
+In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John Philips, the
+author of _The Splendid Shilling_ and of _Cyder_, a poem endearing him to
+Herefordshire. His family belonged to this county, although he himself was
+born in Oxfordshire. There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner,
+Westminster Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32.
+
+ [Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ THE NORTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of Bishop Thomas
+Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This effigy and its richly decorated
+alcove or canopy was most luckily not touched by Wyatt.
+
+Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost in an avalanche;
+Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster of Battersea College.
+
+In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most important
+monument in the north transept, viz.:--the pedestal of the celebrated
+shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282, who died at Civita Vecchia, near
+Florence, on his way to Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to
+Ashridge in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto; and
+the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the Lady Chapel.
+
+The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at the lower end.
+It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two stages, the lower having a
+series of cinquefoiled niches and fourteen figures of Templars in chain
+armour in different attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand
+Master of the Knights Templars in England.
+
+All the figures are seated with various monsters under their feet. The
+filling of the spandrels between these niches and that of the spandrels
+between the arches of the upper stage is especially noteworthy. It belongs
+to the first Decorated period, and while the arrangement is still somewhat
+stiff or formal, the forms are evidently directly copied from nature.
+
+The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage, still bears
+the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having traces of the arms
+of the See (_i.e._, the arms of Cantilupe).
+
+By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop Cantilupe was
+avoided the secondary part which his shrine must have played if it had
+been placed in the usual post of honour at the back of the high altar. The
+shrine of St. Ethelbert was probably already there, and wisely enough a
+distinguished position was specially created by rebuilding the north
+transept for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford
+Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south transept of
+Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la Wych.
+
+We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and another to Richard
+Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435).
+
+Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died 1636), and on
+the floor is an effigy of John D'Acquablanca, a Dean of Hereford (died
+1320), and nephew of Bishop D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is
+close to it, between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the
+transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are reminded of
+the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry of the same period (1262)
+in the south choir transept of Salisbury to Bishop Giles de Bridport.
+
+Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of minute
+ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck marble support a gabled
+canopy, each gable of which is surmounted by a finial in the form of a
+floriated cross.
+
+This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861 a feeble attempt
+was made to restore it, which was, however, not carried out. Bishop
+Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had been steward of the household to his
+relative, William of Savoy, the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of
+the noteworthy instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop
+of Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him his treasurer
+and consulted him on all matters of state. At his death, says the Rev. H.
+W. Phillott,(2) "He was probably little regretted in his cathedral city,
+whose citizens he had defeated in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal
+rights. But he used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one
+half of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the
+cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the north-west
+transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful shrine, probably
+erected by himself, under which repose the remains of his nephew, John,
+Dean of Hereford, as well as his own, his heart excepted, which, with a
+pathetic yearning of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the
+church which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle, in
+Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at the hands of
+historians and song-writers of his day, though his example did much to
+swell the tide of ill-repute in which many of the clergy of all ranks were
+held (for the laity, says the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention
+to the doctrine than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave
+out of sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral, and
+bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books, ornaments, and
+land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor of the diocese."
+
+ [Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.]
+
+ THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.
+
+
+In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower.
+
+*South Transept.*--Crossing the Cathedral in front of the Skidmore screen
+it is a relief to turn from the nave with its sham triforium to the south
+transept with its fine three stage Norman east side. The groining,
+although incongruous, is still beautiful, and does not irritate in the
+same way as Wyatt's abominations in the nave. This transept contains
+several disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to
+whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the Cathedral. "At
+any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,(3) "this transept seems to have been
+the happy hunting-ground of successive races of builders, who have left
+the side-walls in admired confusion."
+
+Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular period much of
+the Norman work remains. The east wall is in the best preservation, and is
+certainly entirely Norman with the exception of the groining. It is
+covered with five series of arcades, which may be divided into three
+stages. In the middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very
+short Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those at the
+level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the transept is lighted
+from the clerestory by two Norman windows.
+
+In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman moulded double
+arch.
+
+In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the Norman work, and
+a large Perpendicular window nearly fills the south wall with panelling
+round it of the same period.
+
+*Monuments in the South Transept.*--There is an interesting altar-tomb of
+Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady
+and a child in swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the
+transept. The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of
+colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a double chain
+and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons were ancestors of the Coke
+family, now Earls of Leicester. The swaddled body of the child lies to the
+left of its mother, its head resting on a little double pillow by her
+knee, and a part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower
+part of the babe.
+
+To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the composition, lie
+his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have been much scratched with
+names.
+
+The head of the knight rests upon his helmet.
+
+Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription:
+
+
+ "Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of
+ Buckingham, and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard
+ Willyson of Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne
+ deceased the 29th of October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age,
+ the 23rd of his Age."
+
+
+"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a caenotaph, for Alexander Denton,
+the husband, who lived some years after, and marry'd another lady, was
+bury'd with her at Hillesden, Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th,
+1576."
+
+Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant (1389-1404), the
+builder of the Perpendicular alterations in this transept. The effigy is
+unfortunately headless and has lost its hands. The feet are resting on a
+lion.
+
+There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral (1877).
+
+The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the west side of the
+south transept.
+
+They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault behind. This was
+doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular window was placed above on this
+side.
+
+From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the lantern
+arches.
+
+ [Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.]
+
+ EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+The *Organ*, which occupies the first archway on the south side of the
+choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr. Phillips Bevan(4) writes of
+it, "It was the gift of Charles II., and was very nearly destroyed by the
+fall of the central tower. It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray
+and Davidson, and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11 swell,
+7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great feature in Willis's
+improvements is the tubular pneumatic action, which does away with
+trackers and other troublesome internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been
+precentor of the Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything
+about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the matter of
+that, no lover of music should omit to hear the _Unaccompanied_ service
+usually held on Friday morning."
+
+In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated arched
+recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to the
+Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed, beginning from
+the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De Bethune (died 1148), the last
+Norman builder; Hugh Foliot (died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and
+William De Vere (died 1199).
+
+On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the tomb of Bishop
+De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who superintended the building of the
+fine west front of the cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy
+also belongs to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball
+flower and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs is
+noticeable.
+
+Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy and brass to
+Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516). The effigy is wearing a
+mitre, and is fully vested. In front of the monument are panels filled
+with figures of saints, and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which
+has been restored.
+
+In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives access to
+two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, to enter which you
+pass beneath the bellows of the organ. Exhibited in cases in one of these
+rooms are some of the treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the
+Scriptures, chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close
+of this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the Norman
+work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as the cathedral treasury.
+
+Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass windows with
+figures restored by Warrington should be noticed, and the celebrated *Map
+of the World* is well worth some study. It was discovered under the floor
+of Bishop Audley's Chapel during the last century, and appears from
+internal evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a certain
+Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham and Sleaford in
+Lincolnshire).
+
+ "Tuz ki cest estorie ont
+ Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront,
+ Prient a Jhesu en deyte
+ De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pite
+ Ki l'at fet e compasse
+ Ke joie en cel li seit done."
+
+Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the very oldest
+maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full of the deepest
+interest. It is founded on the cosmographical treatises of the time, which
+generally commence by stating that Augustus Caesar sent out three
+philosophers, Nichodoxus, Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey
+the world, and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the
+left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the philosophers
+written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediaeval seal. The world is here
+represented as round, surrounded by the ocean. At the top of the map is
+represented Paradise, with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the
+forbidden fruit and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a
+remarkable representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary
+interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their graves and
+being led within the walls of heaven.
+
+"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus, Solinus,
+Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There are numerous figures
+of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with grotesque customs, such as the
+mediaeval geographers believed to exist in different parts of the world;
+Babylon with its famous tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the
+inscription--_'Roma, caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi'_; and Troy as
+'_civitas bellicosissima_.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals are
+mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known very little.
+
+"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of Hercules, the
+Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the house of bondage, the
+journeys of the Children of Israel, the Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a
+figure of Moses and his supposed place of burial, the Phoenician Jews
+worshipping the molten image, Lot's wife," etc.
+
+*Bishop's Cloisters.*--At the eastern end of the south nave aisle a door
+opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral with the episcopal palace.
+In the cloister is placed a monument and inscription to Colonel John
+Matthews of Belmont, near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief
+consoled by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone.
+
+Other monuments are:--one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D., formerly Bishop of
+Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July 1837, and is buried beneath the
+bishop's throne. A monument to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815
+to 1832. He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried at
+Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke Whitfield, an
+organist of the cathedral.
+
+The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a gravestone
+near the west part of the cathedral, which, being taken off, was kept in
+the city tolsey or hall for some time until it was finally fastened to a
+freestone on the west side of the Bishop's Cloisters:--
+
+ "Good Christeyn People of your Charite
+ That here abide in this transitorye life,
+ For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye,
+ And also of Anne his dere beloved wife,
+ Which here togeder continued without stryfe
+ In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name,
+ He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same:
+ Further, to declare of his port and fame,
+ His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe,
+ To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame,
+ Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe
+ Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe.
+ The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land
+ For that intent perpetually to remain and stand.
+ Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand,
+ Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same,
+ Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band
+ Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame.
+ Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame,
+ Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company.
+ There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally!
+ Amen."
+
+*The South-east Transept*, lying between the retro-choir and the
+chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main Decorated, though its
+window tracery is perhaps somewhat later, being almost flamboyant in
+character. It was altered from the original Norman apse, and in the walls
+bases of the earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from
+it by a single octagonal pillar.
+
+Before the aisles were added the now open window looking into the Lady
+Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the chapel, and was glazed.
+There is a lovely view from this transept, looking slantwise into the Lady
+Chapel. In this transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings,
+stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis Charleton, 1369.
+His effigy lies under the wall dividing the transept from the vestibule of
+the Lady Chapel. Above it is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop
+Coke, died 1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of
+State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels.
+
+A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the spot where the
+remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence
+of the dean, archdeacon, and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for
+them; and there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D.,
+Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of the University in
+1687, when James II. seized upon the venerable foundation of Magdalen
+College and sent his commissioners to Oxford to expel the Fellows.
+
+In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and resolute spirit
+in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal to dine with the
+commissioners on the day of the Magdalen expulsion is described thus by
+Macaulay:--"I am not," he said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my
+meals with appetite under a gallows."
+
+The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his meals" much longer
+in his beautiful college hall. William III., almost immediately after his
+accession, made him Bishop of Bristol, whence he was translated to
+Hereford, and, dying in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of
+Hereford, in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church.
+
+It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of Wadham College that
+the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented to the proposal that the
+remains and marble slab should be removed to the precincts of their
+cathedral.
+
+St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church closed under the
+Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act, and when it was dismantled and
+the dead removed from their vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of
+Bishop Ironside were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in
+the vault having been previously removed or stolen.
+
+For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened by the Burial
+Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal, "so perfect were the remains
+that the skin was not broken, and the features of the placid-looking
+bishop were undisturbed." In a square recess on the east wall is a bust
+which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper, Garrick,
+and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr. James Thomas, a citizen
+of Hereford, who is buried near this place. Under it is a brass to Sir
+Richard Delabere, 1514, his two wives and twenty-one children; the
+inscription is as follows:--
+
+"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere, Knight, late
+of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the Lord Audley, and
+Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late sergeant of the hall to King
+Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of
+July, A.D. 1513, on whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen."
+
+The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory of Bishop
+Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed to represent St. John
+the Baptist.
+
+*The Lady Chapel.*--The elaborate and beautiful Early English work of this
+chapel, which dates from the first half of the thirteenth century, about
+1220, was twice under the restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof
+having been rebuilt by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir
+G. G. Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On the
+north side each of these bays contains two large windows, and on the south
+side two of the bays contain each two windows, while the third is filled
+by the Audley Chapel.
+
+In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by Professor Willis to
+be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of this portion was one of the
+first works undertaken by Mr. Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the
+pavement and other restorations.
+
+The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets recessed within
+arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall above being perforated with
+five quatrefoil openings, of which the outside ones are circular and the
+centre three are oval.
+
+Fergusson(5) remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such combinations to
+be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east end of Ely, or such a group
+as that which terminates the east end of Hereford."
+
+Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed by the
+clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean Merewether wrote:--
+
+ [Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+ THE LADY CHAPEL.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the remnants of
+its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath the whitewash; the fair
+disclosure of the monuments of Joanna de Kilpec, a benefactress to this
+very edifice, and Humphry de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding
+interest; the discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the
+stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south side, the
+chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the most beautiful
+specimens of transition arches which can be found in any edifice, bearing
+the Early English form, the shafts and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch
+above, but ornamented in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the
+zig-zag decoration, corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman
+intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed
+characteristics. The appearance of the central column with a base in the
+Early English and its capital with the Norman ornament might be added: the
+stairs to the crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics
+in the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original
+level."
+
+ [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.]
+
+ SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+ ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.
+
+
+It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the cathedral owes so
+much, that the stained glass designed by Cottingham was placed in the east
+windows in the narrow lancets that he loved so dearly. It represents
+scenes in the early life of the Virgin and the life of Christ; the last
+being the supper in the house of Mary and Martha. In the side windows the
+visitor should especially notice the rich clustered shafts and arches, the
+Early English capitals, and the ornamentation of the arches. Above these
+windows, corresponding to the openings above the east window, a quatrefoil
+opening enclosed by a circle pierces the wall. The quadripartite vaulting
+springs from slender shafts, which descend upon a slightly raised base.
+
+The double piscina and aumbry south of the altar are restorations
+necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals.
+
+*Monuments in the Lady Chapel.*--Of great beauty and interest is the
+Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the north side of the Lady
+Chapel, in which is the recumbent effigy which tradition has assigned
+without evidence to Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the
+46th year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however, buried in
+the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey, Essex.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument of Peter,
+Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any case, the knight was probably
+one of the Bohun family, and husband of the lady whose effigy lies under
+an arch in the wall adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the
+fourteenth century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a
+cyclass, a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign.
+This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer behind. The
+visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at the knees.
+
+The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work, now
+containing a series of figures representing the crowning of the Virgin; on
+one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St. John the Baptist, and on
+the other St. Thomas a Becket (with double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de
+Cantilupe. Of these, however, only the two central carvings are in their
+original positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham
+when the oak choir-screen was removed.
+
+In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of Joanna de Bohun,
+Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of
+the lady, there can be scarcely a doubt, represents 'Johanna de Bohun,
+Domina de Kilpec.' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett or
+Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name distinguished in the
+annals of his times; and of his possessions, his sister doing her homage,
+had livery 19 Edward II.
+
+"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter of Hereford, the
+church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of Llangarren, St. Waynards and
+Henthland, with all the small chapels belonging to them, which donation
+was confirmed by the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de
+Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford further
+confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed, dated Lugwas, 22nd July,
+1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomae Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop,
+Dean and Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar
+to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England the Mother of
+God had better and more serious service, but in the Church of Hereford the
+Ladye's sustenance for her prieste was so thinne and small, that out of
+their respect they add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at
+Hereford, April 10th, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.)
+
+"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III., 1327, the donation
+of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying bequest. On the 17th of October in
+that year, she constituted John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give
+possession to the Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and
+the advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it. This
+instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was appended, of which a
+sketch is preserved by Taylor, in whose possession this document appears
+to have been in 1655, and a transcript of it will be found Harl. MS. 6868,
+f. 77 (see also 6726, f. 109, which last has been printed in _Shaw's
+Topographer_, 1. 280).
+
+"In the tower is preserved the patent 1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de
+Lugwarden cum capellis donandis a Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8
+capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda (Tanner's _Notitia Monast._).
+
+ [Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.]
+
+ SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.
+
+
+"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to explain why the
+memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in the Lady Chapel, to which
+especially she had been a benefactress. They also explain the original
+ornaments of this tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years
+since under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately concealed
+by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been removed to prove that
+Gough's description of the original state of the painting is correct. He
+says, 'The Virgin is represented sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady
+habited in a mantle and wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers
+to her a church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire--and
+behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting a gorge
+deployee after the foremost, who holds up a book, on which are seen
+musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys are painted about both
+within and without this arch, and on the spandrils two shields; on the
+left, a bend cotised between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right,
+Ermines, a bend indented, Gules.' This description was published 1786.
+
+"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation of the church of
+Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or twelve vociferous choristers
+were the eight chaplains and two deacons mentioned in the patent, who were
+set apart for the peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for
+from the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields mentioned by
+Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter side bearing the arms of
+Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between two cotises, and six lions rampant,
+or.--The other, Ermines, a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the
+bearings of Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons
+of Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire, whose
+descent is traced to the same source. In the list of obits observed in
+Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the Lady Kilpeck, and out of
+Lugwardine was paid yearly for her obit forty pence."
+
+The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen of costume.
+Its curious decoration of human heads is also noteworthy.
+
+Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the north-east angle
+of the chapel, is a black marble slab with a brass by Hardman bearing an
+inscription, which records that to the restoration of the cathedral "he
+devoted the unwearied energies of his life till its close on the 4th of
+April 1850."
+
+The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew or Beaurieu (died
+1462) in the south wall of the vestibule. This is one of the best
+specimens of monumental sculpture in the cathedral. The face, which is
+well modelled, and the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are
+especially noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole
+monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen boars with rue
+leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of the dean's name.
+
+To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest, supposed to be
+Canon de la Barr, 1386.
+
+*The Audley Chantry.*--In the central bay on the south side of the wall is
+the Audley Chantry--a beautiful little chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley
+(1492-1502), with an upper chamber to which access is obtained by a
+circular staircase at the south-west angle.
+
+After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502 he erected a
+similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he was buried, so that the
+object of the Hereford Chantry as the place for his interment was of
+course never fulfilled.
+
+The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an ancient
+missal:--"_Secundum usum Herefordensem_," which notes a number of
+"_obiits_" or commemorations of benefactors, chiefly between the times of
+Henry I. and Edward II. "_X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam
+Sarum Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum Canonicis
+et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique capellam novam juxta
+Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e fundo construxit, et in eadem
+Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit, etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum
+in modum Ecclesiae fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi
+contulit beneficia._"
+
+The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a screen of painted
+stone with open-work panelling in two stages. The chapel is a pentagon in
+plan, and has two windows, while a third opens into the Lady Chapel
+through the screen. The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having
+in former times been elaborately painted.
+
+There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the groined roof is
+distinctly good. The boss in the centre represents the Virgin crowned in
+glory. On other parts of the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and
+those of the Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The
+upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady Chapel by the
+top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail, may have been used as an
+oratory; but no remains of an altar have been found. On the door opening
+on the staircase is some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley's initials may
+be noticed on the lock.
+
+Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely view
+westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the top of the
+reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north transept, and further
+on still the nave.
+
+The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library, and after 1862
+as the church of the parish of St. John the Baptist, which surrounds the
+cathedral, and claimed to hold its service in some part of the building.
+
+*The Crypt* is entered from the south side of the Lady Chapel where a
+porch opens to a staircase leading down. The porch is deeply in-set, and
+like the crypt itself and the Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis
+points out that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is
+later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known examples at
+Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, and Gloucester all belonging
+to earlier times. A flight of twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which
+is now light and dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations
+it was utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There is
+another approach to it from the interior of the church.
+
+ [Illustration: THE CRYPT.]
+
+ THE CRYPT.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles marked out by
+undecorated columns. It runs beneath the whole extent of the Lady Chapel.
+
+This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the "Golgotha."
+In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a large and elaborately
+decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of preservation. It bears an
+incised representation of Andrew Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife,
+with an inscription setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497.
+Scrolls proceeding from the mouths of the figures bear the following
+lines:--
+
+ "Remember thy life may not ever endure,
+ That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre.
+
+ But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure,
+ And thou have it after, it is but a venture."
+
+At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P. for the county,
+whose bust formerly stood here, but was removed to a more fitting position
+in the county hall.
+
+*The Vicars' Cloisters.*--The entrance to the college of Vicars Choral is
+from the south side of the Lady Chapel. Leading from the south-east
+transept of the cathedral to the quadrangle of the college is a long
+cloister walk.
+
+In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its richly carved
+roof may be best seen. The western wall, with the exception of a few
+mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The eastern wall is pierced with eight
+three-light windows, between which are the remains of small niches.
+
+Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is of oak, the
+wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded and the tie-beams and
+principals are richly carved on both sides with various patterns and
+devices.
+
+The Rev. F. Havergal says:--"The late William Cooke acquired an immense
+amount of information relating to the college and the vicars in olden
+time. His biographical notices of them are most curious and amusing,
+giving a complete insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the
+place." He goes on to quote from the _Lansdowne Manuscript_ in the British
+Museum, 213, p. 333.
+
+"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a captain, a
+lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military company in Norwich.
+
+"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place, through the
+Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house, called the Vicars
+Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve of the singing men, all in
+orders, most of them Masters in Arts, of a Gentile garbe, have their
+convenient several dwellings, and a fayre Hall, with richly painted
+windows, colledge like, wherein they constantly dyet together, and have
+their cooke, butler, and other officers, with a fayre library to
+themselves, consisting all of English books, wherein (after we had freely
+tasted of their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell
+toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most sweet Organ,
+and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor, Treble, and Base; and
+amongst that orderly shewy crew of Queristers our landlord guide did act
+his part in a deep and sweet Diapason."
+
+*The North-East Transept.*--This transept shows ample evidence of the
+original Norman plan, although its present character is Early Decorated.
+
+Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably terminated--an
+arrangement similar to the eastern apses of Gloucester and Norwich
+Cathedrals--portions remain in the walls of the vestibule to the Lady
+Chapel, and in this, the north-east transept, still remain parts of the
+apses which opened from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than
+the nave and belong to the Transition period.
+
+After the completion of the great north transept for the reception of the
+shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal apses of the choir aisles
+were almost entirely removed, and the present north-east transept erected.
+
+In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which helps to
+carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches in the west wall
+doubtless formed part of the original apse. The windows belong to the
+Early Decorated period. Sir G. G. Scott was responsible for the
+restoration of the transept.
+
+*Monuments in the North-East Transept.*--Under the north-west window is the
+canopied tomb of Bishop Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost,
+and in its place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was found
+buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched canopy the
+ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and behind the tomb a carving
+of the crucifixion is still visible, though nearly obliterated by the
+chisel of the Puritans. The beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has,
+however, been happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the
+Cantilupe shrine.
+
+The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active of the modern
+restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G. Scott, with effigy by
+Noble.
+
+Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown bishop. It has
+been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but is probably much earlier.
+
+There is also an old stained glass window, restored by Warrington, with
+figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael, Thomas, and a modern one, by
+Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss.
+
+In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the original Norman
+arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In
+style it is late Perpendicular (1470). The roof is a good specimen of
+fan-vaulting, and the walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its
+dimensions are 8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the
+north side, the entrance being on the south.
+
+At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of the altar, and
+the west is covered with shields in panels and tracery.
+
+The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by grotesques, and
+over the arch on the south side are shields with emblems of St. Matthias,
+St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew. The Lancaster rose is prominent in the
+decoration, and there is much under-cutting in the carving.
+
+The stained windows, which form an interesting collection of arms and
+legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave, once Bishop of Hereford, to
+whom there is also another window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle
+above the chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are taken
+from the life of St. Paul.
+
+Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of the Norman
+builders of Hereford.
+
+In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to the turret
+staircase which leads to the archive room and chapter library is an effigy
+said to be of Bishop Hugh de Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass
+window by Clayton and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt,
+organist, who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass plate
+at the side of the window, from which we learn that the nephew James died
+"of grief three days after his uncle."
+
+[Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W.
+ H. BARTLETT, 1830.]
+
+ VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT,
+ 1830.
+
+
+In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the monument of Bishop
+Bennett (1617), who was buried here. He wears a close black cap, and the
+rochet and his feet are resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine
+view of the Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side
+of the choir.
+
+In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the series of
+arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral ornament in the
+mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120),
+and in the same bay of the choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of
+a bishop, fully vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to
+Bishop Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to have
+been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786). This effigy
+belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number of memorials were
+erected to earlier bishops.
+
+In the calendar of the ancient missal "_Secundum usum Herefordensem_,"
+previously quoted, occurs the following entry:--"_XV. Kal. Decem. Obitus
+pie memorie Egidii de Breusa Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona
+decimas omnium molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie
+contulit, et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes
+homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur._"
+
+In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy of Bishop
+Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry already described. It
+is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying figures. The bishop wears
+alb, stole, and chasuble.
+
+Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a Perpendicular effigy
+under an arch which is assigned to Bishop Richard de Capella (died 1127).
+
+On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck (died 1360).
+
+In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:--Two
+altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:--
+
+Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably buried in or near
+the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the south side of the Bishop's
+Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought inside the cathedral A.D. 1862.
+
+Two matrices of brasses; also a small one on the wall.
+
+The wooden pulpit--very late Perpendicular work from which every canon on
+his appointment formerly had to preach forty sermons on forty different
+days in succession.
+
+We may also notice two rich pieces of iron-work from Sir A. Denton's tomb:
+the head of a knight or templar's effigy and several heraldic shields from
+monuments in the cathedral--especially seven in alabaster now placed
+against the east wall.
+
+ [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+ COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+
+
+*The Choir*, with its details of architecture and its individual
+accessories, is very beautiful, notwithstanding an unusual deficiency of
+light, caused by the position of the transepts, which practically
+intercept all light except that from the clerestory. It consists of three
+lofty Norman bays of three stages. The middle of the three stages has some
+exquisite dwarfed Norman arches with no triforium passages; but there is
+one in the upper stage, with slender and graceful Early English arches and
+stained glass at back. The vaulting is also Early English, and dates from
+about the middle of the thirteenth century.
+
+ [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+ COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.
+
+
+The principal arches of the choir are supported by massive piers with
+square bases. The shafts are semi-detached and bear capitals enriched with
+foliated and grotesque ornament. In each bay on the triforium level a wide
+Norman arch envelops two smaller arches, supported by semi-circular piers
+on each side.
+
+A richly carved square-string course runs along the base of the triforium.
+
+The east end of the choir was covered before 1841 by the "Grecian" screen,
+a wooden erection placed there by Bishop Bisse in 1717, and above it a
+Decorated window containing a stained glass representation of the Last
+Supper after the picture by Benjamin West. The improvement effected by the
+removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was immense. The
+great Norman arch was once more exposed to view; and, in place of the
+Decorated window, we now have three lancets at the back of the clerestory
+passage.
+
+In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of the old screen,
+Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination of the parts walled up it
+was discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite
+and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is
+utterly impossible to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the
+interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of the
+others increasing in span as it approached the front upon square and
+circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being beautifully
+decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four lateral arches,
+the two first had been not only hid by the oak panelling of the screen,
+but were also, like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the
+central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were taken away
+it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious effect produced,
+rendered more solemn and impressive by the appearance of the ancient
+monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest
+beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium
+above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the founder, and
+the former of those just mentioned, the completer and restorer after that
+era."
+
+The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed by Mr.
+Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey, 1850, who
+represented the county for several years in Parliament.
+
+The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion, in five
+deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided by small shafts
+supporting angels, who carry the instruments of the Passion. The subjects
+in the separate panels are:--1. The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing
+the Cross; 3. The Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women
+at the Sepulchre.
+
+ [Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.]
+
+ EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.
+
+
+Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches springing
+from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman arch. The pier
+itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration of Mr. Cottingham's.
+The spandrel is covered with modern sculpture, as may be seen in the
+illustration. The subject is the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists
+holding scrolls; and below a figure of King Ethelbert.
+
+An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small effigy on a bracket
+against the easternmost pier south of the choir, close to the head of the
+tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had desired in his will to be buried by the image
+of King Ethelbert. It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to
+the Lady Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated
+condition when the edict went forth for the destruction of shrines and
+images.
+
+ [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.]
+
+ EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.
+
+
+Originally there were other representations of St. Ethelbert: on the tombs
+of Bishops Cantilupe and Mayo, Dean Frowcester, Archdeacon Rudhale,
+Praecentor Porter; in colour on the walls of the chapter-house and the tomb
+of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient glass, recently restored, in a window in
+the south aisle of the choir; and in a stone-carving over the door of the
+Bishop's Cloister, and the effigy formerly on the west front.
+
+Opposite the throne a slab of marble, from designs by Scott, marks the
+spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was buried.
+
+*The Choir-stalls* are largely ancient, belonging to the Decorated period.
+They have good canopy work, and are otherwise excellent in detail. Some of
+the _misereres_ are quaint, among them being found several examples of the
+curiously secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers of
+the period.
+
+In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth century,
+there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old episcopal chair,
+concerning which a tradition remains that King Stephen sat in it when he
+visited Hereford. Be this as it may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of
+very great antiquity, and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the
+earliest kind of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the
+chair are--height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front to back, 22
+inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces, without including the
+seat of two boards and the two small circular heads in front.
+
+Traces of ancient colour--vermilion and gold--may still be seen in several
+of the narrow bands: a complete list of other painted work which has been
+recorded or still exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E.
+Keyser.(6)
+
+*The Cathedral Library.*--The Archive Chamber, on the Library. This room,
+which has been restored by Sir G. G. Scott, is now approached by a winding
+stone staircase.
+
+In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge or
+some other movable appliance crossing the great north window. The Library
+(which Botfield(7) calls "a most excellent specimen of a genuine monastic
+library") contains about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting
+manuscripts, most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every chain
+is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel in the
+middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by metal-work at one end
+of the bookcase. There are in this chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards,
+which contain the whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean
+and Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries.
+
+ [Illustration: THE REREDOS.]
+
+ THE REREDOS.
+
+_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._
+
+
+Among the most remarkable printed books are:--A series of Bibles, 1480 to
+1690; Caxton's _Legenda Aurea_, 1483; Higden's _Polychronicon_, by Caxton,
+1495; Lyndewode, _Super Constitutiones Provinciales,_ 1475; Nonius
+Marcellus, _De proprietate sermonum_, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas
+Jenson; and the _Nuremberg Chronicle_, completed July 1493. Of the
+manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient _Antiphonarium_,
+containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents attached to this
+volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of Hereford purchased this book of Mr
+William Hawes at the price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some
+years since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his
+notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed in it."
+
+The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of Peter de
+Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the hand of the original
+scribe and the following obit in another hand.
+
+The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral, being
+certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin version of the Four
+Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters.
+
+The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written on stout
+vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists of 135 leaves. Three
+coloured titles remain, those to the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and
+St. John. Two illuminated leaves are missing--those that would follow folio
+1 and folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunae, the MS. contains
+the whole of the Four Gospels.
+
+No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent authorities agree that
+it is the work of the eighth or ninth century.
+
+It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known MS. of that
+period, having a peculiar character of its own.
+
+From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have been written in
+the country, probably in Mercia, and not at any of the great monasteries.
+
+The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable example of
+the Irish (or British) recension of the original African text. Thus it has
+a large proportion of readings in common with the Cambridge Gospels, St.
+Chad's Gospels, the Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir.
+
+On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of a deed in
+Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which the following is a
+translation:--
+
+"Note of a Shire-mote held at AEgelnoth's Stone in Herefordshire in the
+reign of King Cnut, at which were present the Bishop Athelstan, the
+Sheriff Bruning, and AEgelgeard of Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric
+of Stoke, and all the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine,
+son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning certain lands at
+Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked who should answer for the
+mother, which Thurcyl the White proffered to do if he knew the cause of
+accusation.
+
+"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to ask her what the
+cause of complaint was. Then she declared that she had no land that
+pertained in ought to her son, and was very angry with him, and calling
+Leofloeda, her relative, she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her
+after her own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and
+desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and desire them to
+witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl the White (who was husband of
+Leofloeda) stood up, and requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to
+his wife all the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did.
+And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and by leave and
+witness of all the folk caused the transaction to be recorded in a book of
+the Gospels."
+
+*An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary* is shown among the treasures of the
+cathedral, which was looked upon for a long time as a representation of
+the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this is only an example of the many
+traditional tales which modern study and research are compelled to
+discard. It undoubtedly represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of
+Canterbury. On the lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment
+of the saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the
+thirteenth century.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description, which we have
+condensed to the following:--
+
+This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with copper
+plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches high, 7 long and
+3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and fastens with a lock and key, and
+the upper part sloped so as to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is
+a ridge-piece; the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:--Here
+are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side an altar, of
+which the south end faces the spectator; it is supported on four legs and
+has an antependium. Upon the altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal
+base, and in front of it a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or
+technically speaking, in the midst of the altar stands a bishop
+celebrating mass, having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he
+were about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and moustache. He
+wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple, and an alb.
+
+In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a hand pointing
+towards the figure just described.
+
+Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has just thrust the
+point of a large double-edged sword, with a plain cross hilt, through the
+neck of the bishop from back to front.
+
+ [Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.]
+
+ ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The upper compartment represents the entombment of the bishop. The middle
+of the design is occupied by an altar tomb, into which the body, swathed
+in a diapered winding-sheet, is being lowered.
+
+The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling figures.
+
+On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a bishop or abbot
+without the mitre looking toward a figure on his right, who carries a
+tablet or open book with some words upon it.
+
+At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the corpse with
+a circular thurible.
+
+The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected pattern of
+gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper perforated with eight
+keyhole ornaments.
+
+The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments, and is
+decorated with quatrefoils.
+
+It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole communicating
+with a lock on the inside.
+
+The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female saint. The left
+gable is occupied by the figure of a male saint.
+
+A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs round the
+margins of the two ends and four back plates.
+
+Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are gilded, while
+the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are light-blue, green,
+yellow, red, chocolate, and white.
+
+In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate corresponds,
+is a cross _pattee fitchee_ painted in red upon oak, which oak bears
+traces of having been stained with blood or some other liquid. The wood at
+the bottom is evidently modern. This reliquary is said to have been
+originally placed upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved
+by some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the possession of
+the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him to the authorities of the
+cathedral.
+
+The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced from
+Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the close of the tenth
+century. After this time Greek artists are known to have visited this
+country, and to have carried on a lucrative trade in the manufacture of
+sacred vessels, shrines, etc.
+
+*Ancient Gold Rings.* One of pure gold, supposed to have been worn by a
+knight templar, was ploughed up near Hereford. The device on the raised
+besel is a cross pattee in a square compartment, on each side of which are
+a crescent and a triple-thonged scourge.
+
+Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character "_Sancte Michael_."
+Date about 1380.
+
+A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was found in the tomb
+of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold tan cross with a bell is engraved.
+These were originally filled with green enamel. Inside is engraved and
+enamelled "Ave Maria."
+
+A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb, on the north side
+of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect sapphire, and flowers and
+foliage are beautifully worked in black enamel on each side of the stone.
+
+A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave in 1813, but
+was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was never recovered, though
+_L_30 was offered as a reward.
+
+*The Stained Glass* has survived only in a few fragments, scattered about
+the eastern end of the cathedral.
+
+Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, is in one
+of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel, west of the Audley
+Chapel. The subjects are:
+
+1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists; 2. Lamb and flag;
+3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4. Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing
+His cross.
+
+In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored and
+entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the Dean and Chapter, Oct.
+1864. It is a fairly good specimen of fourteenth century work. For many
+years it was hidden away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of
+the windows on the south side of the nave.
+
+The figures represent--1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3. St. Gregory; 4.
+St. Thomas of Canterbury.
+
+In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient glass, erected
+under the same circumstances. The figures in this case represent--1. St.
+Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert; 3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George.
+
+In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by Warrington. It was
+erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs.
+Clutton. The subjects are from the life of St. John the Baptist.
+
+In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to Archdeacon Lane
+Freer, erected at a cost of L1316. The window is one of the largest of the
+Geometric period (_temp._ Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6
+inches in height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six shades
+each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating colours. Plain white
+glass has also been wisely used in the upper part of the window. It was
+designed and erected by Messrs. Hardman.
+
+There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north aisle of the
+choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of the cathedral. The subjects,
+in eight medallions, are:--1, 2. King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah
+the Jewish Priest; 7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel
+is a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the subjects are:--1.
+St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S. Stephen; 2. Conversion of St.
+Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with
+Blindness. In the lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and
+Barnabas at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His
+Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom.
+
+ [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET.]
+
+ MONUMENTAL CROCKET.
+
+
+ [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.]
+
+ EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.
+
+
+The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed by Mr.
+Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the memory of Dean
+Merewether.
+
+A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected with the life of
+our Lord. These windows were erected in 1852.
+
+In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop Huntingford,
+1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured by Warrington at the sole
+cost of Lord Saye and Sele.
+
+The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of George III.,
+those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford, Winchester College,
+and of the bishop's family.
+
+The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:--
+
+1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys; 4. Denial of
+our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate of the Temple; 6. Baptism of
+Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas; 8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel.
+
+In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir are simple
+stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns. They were
+manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel.
+
+The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous gift in 1851,
+executed by Hardman.
+
+Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the ground. The
+circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the subjects being:--
+
+1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion.
+
+The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and demoniacs; the
+lower, His being taken down from the Cross, and Mary with the box of
+precious ointment.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE.
+
+
+The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote antiquity.
+However, it seems probable from the researches of many antiquarians that
+when Putta came to preside here in the seventh century the see was
+re-established.
+
+The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the beginning of his
+_Fasti Herefordenses_.
+
+"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the recognised centre of
+Christianity in this district. Archbishop Usher asserts that it was the
+seat of an Episcopal See in the sixth century, when one of its bishops
+attended a synod convened by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the
+_Lives of the British Saints_ (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that
+Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542, is said to
+have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient British name for
+Hereford. In Wilkin's _Concilia_, I. 24, it is recorded that beyond all
+doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present at the conference with St.
+Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars are given of the supposed time and
+place of this conference. It is also stated--'_In secunda affuisse
+perhibentur septem hi Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias
+Llantavensis, Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis,
+Uniacensis alias Wiccensis, Morganensis._' It is styled '_Synodus
+Wigornensis_,' or according to Spelman, '_Pambritannicam_.' Nothing
+whatever is known of the names or of the number of British bishops who
+presided over the earliest church at Hereford."
+
+The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are defined in
+Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the _Mundy Gospels_, now in the
+library of Pembroke College, Cambridge.
+
+"The condition of the Church of Hereford (_circa_ 1290 A.D.) gave clear
+testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the extensiveness of its
+lands. The diocese itself was richly endowed by nature, and enviably
+situated. Those of St. Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St.
+David's, were its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the
+Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the south by the
+influx of the Wye. From the west to the east perhaps its greatest width
+might have been found from a point where the latter river, near Hay,
+leaves the counties of Radnor and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at
+Gloucester. It embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery,
+Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of Brecon. It
+included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes, in its neighbourhood.
+The Severn environed its upper part. Almost midway it was traversed by the
+Teme, and the Wye pursued its endless windings through the lower
+district,--a region altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and
+beauty, abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive forests,
+and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of it Episcopal manors
+had been allotted, furnishing abundant supplies to the occupiers of the
+see."(8)
+
+In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries were so
+vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest of the bishops
+holding office prior to the landing of Augustine was one Dubric, son of
+Brychan, who established a sort of college at Hentland, near Ross, and
+later on removed to another spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace,
+being guided thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of
+piglings in a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba
+Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises.
+
+Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his see in 512, and
+died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522.
+
+It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at Cirencester, A.D.
+506. When he became bishop he moved to Caerleon, and was succeeded there
+by Dewi, or David, who removed the see to Menevia (St. David's).
+
+The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and more to the west,
+and before the close of the sixth century they had founded the Mercian
+kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn, and in some places beyond the Wye.
+
+The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield, as
+Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford Putta, Bishop of
+Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed by the Mercian King Ethelred.
+
+From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that one Tyrhtel
+succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere.
+
+Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both Florence of
+Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as Bede. We also hear of him
+in the writings of Cuthbert, who followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in
+some verses that Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent
+cross, which he, Cuthbert, completed.
+
+Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D. 746. The names of
+these early Bishops cannot all be regarded as certain, and their dates
+are, in many cases, only approximate. Some of them may have been merely
+assistants or suffragans to other Bishops of Hereford.
+
+The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we give in the
+same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his valuable little _Diocesan
+History_.
+
+A.D. 758, Hecca.
+777, Aldberht.
+781, Esne.
+793, Cedmand (doubtful).
+796, Edulf.
+798, Uttel.
+803, Wulfheard.
+824, Beonna.
+825, Eadulf (doubtful).
+833, Cedda.
+836, Eadulf.
+838, Cuthwulf.
+866, Deorlaf.
+868, Ethelbert.
+888, Cynemund.
+895, Athelstane I.
+901, Edgar.
+930, Tidhelm.
+935, Wulfhelm.
+941, Elfric.
+966, Ethelwolf.
+1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the foundations";(9)
+but also saw it destroyed in a raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar.
+1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh.
+
+*Walter of Lorraine*, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had been administered
+for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester, when Queen Edith's
+chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond
+a probably satirical reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known
+of Walter is an account of a discreditable death.
+
+*Robert de Losinga*, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much learning and ability.
+During his episcopate, according to William of Malmsbury, the cathedral
+was rebuilt after the pattern of Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle.
+In his time also Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford.
+He was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he was open
+to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible with his intimate
+companionship with the high-minded Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, the date
+of whose death, January 19, 1095, is included in the calendar of the
+Hereford Service-Book.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Gerard*, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of William Rufus had
+been brought from the forest to Winchester by Purkiss, the charcoal
+burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the
+coronation of Henry I., for which service it was said he was promised the
+first vacant archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few
+years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the value of
+that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained his promotion.
+
+*Reynelm*, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda; he resigned his
+appointment as soon as it was conferred, on account of the King's quarrel
+with Anselm on the question of investiture, was banished for six years,
+and was only consecrated in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of
+the hospital of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral
+begun by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of prebendaries
+and canons living under a rule.
+
+*Geoffrey de Clive*, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter years of this
+episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over the districts of Ergyng and
+Ewias, which had begun in the previous century, was revived between the
+Bishop of Llandaff and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's.
+
+*Richard de Capella*, A.D. 1120-1127, King's chaplain and keeper of the
+Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to build at Hereford a bridge
+over the Wye.
+
+During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the annual holding
+of a three days' fair (increased to nine days later) commencing on the
+evening of the 19th of May, called St. Ethelbert's Day.
+
+Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and the rest to
+the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff held a court within the
+palace precincts, with pillory and stocks. The bishop also had a gaol for
+the incarceration of offenders against his rights during fair-time.
+
+Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension of civic
+authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of frequent
+quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer was punished
+by the bishop's officers.
+
+The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate (Nov. 25th,
+1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Hereford.
+
+*Robert de Bethune*, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of his monastery at
+his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders, and thence had gone to
+Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the Hatteral Hills in the disputed
+district of Ewias.
+
+When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the bitter struggle
+for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a personal friend of Henry, Bishop
+of Winchester, the King's brother, sided with Stephen.
+
+Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by Geoffrey de
+Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks for the Empress Matilda.
+It was then captured by Stephen, and the victory celebrated in the
+cathedral on Whitsunday (A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing
+his crown, and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an
+earlier chapter.
+
+In 1139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and seizing the
+cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used it as a vantage
+ground from which to attack the castle. The tower was used as a platform,
+from which missiles were thrown, and the nave as a stable; while a trench
+and rampart was carried across the graveyard.
+
+Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress was accepted
+there by the clergy, and returned thence to Hereford to purify the
+cathedral. He died at Chalons of a disease contracted while attending a
+council of Pope Eugenius III.
+
+The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford, and it was
+enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey. Both at Canterbury and at
+London were great demonstrations of grief, which were again repeated at
+Ross, and on a still larger scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was
+undoubtedly a great man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery,
+and ability was well deserved.
+
+*Gilbert Foliot*, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been consecrated as
+Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop Robert, with whom he had
+contracted an early friendship as far back as 1139.
+
+On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St. Omer. He assisted
+at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury, and the next year was
+transferred to the See of London. He was followed by *Robert of Maledon*,
+A.D. 1163-1168, said to have been remarkably wise.
+
+Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He attended the council
+of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was present at the meeting at
+Northampton between Becket and the King.
+
+Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy that even
+distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two Hereford Bishops took part in
+the quarrel, and it was through this that the see continued vacant for six
+years after Bishop Robert's death.
+
+Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D. 1538, for the
+destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop Becket, there still
+existed in the cathedral, till late in the seventeenth century, a wall
+painting of the Archbishop, and even yet in the north-east transept there
+remains a figure of him in one of the windows in good preservation. The
+enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket's murder and
+entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already been described
+among the treasures of the cathedral.
+
+Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still remaining in a
+well-preserved window of painted glass at Credenhill, a part of which
+represents the murdered Becket. Lastly, the festival of the translation of
+St. Thomas of Canterbury, July 7, is still included in the cathedral
+calendar.
+
+*Robert Foliot*, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of Becket's, and may
+have had some share in his education.
+
+*William de Vere*, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal termination at the
+east end of the cathedral, and is said to have erected chapels, since
+replaced by the Lady Chapel and its vestibule.
+
+*Giles de Braose*, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent of King John.
+
+*Hugh de Mapenor*, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment by the
+influence of the papal legate, who, after King John's submission, claimed
+the right of nomination to all vacant sees and benefices.
+
+*Hugh Foliot*, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of St. Katherine at
+Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of him, painted from an older
+picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert was presented to the cathedral during
+his episcopacy. He endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St.
+Katherine, in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace,
+destroyed in the eighteenth century.
+
+*Ralph de Maydenstan*, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to the see a house in
+Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence for the bishops when in the
+metropolis. He also made various gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and
+the college of vicars choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to
+settle the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence.
+
+*Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)*, A.D. 1240-1268, a native of Aqua Bella,
+near Chambery, whose appointment was an instance of the preference Henry
+III. showed for foreigners. One of the most unpopular men in England; he
+was hand in glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes for
+money getting.
+
+Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west transept of the
+cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie the remains of his
+nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with his own, except the heart. This
+was carried, as he had requested it should be, to the church he had
+founded in his native place.
+
+*John de Breton*, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275.
+
+*Thomas de Cantilupe*, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D. 1220, he showed, as a
+child, unusual religious zeal, was educated at Oxford and Paris, and for
+some years filled the office of Chancellor of England at the choice of the
+barons. This post he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was
+elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair on De
+Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with difficulty.
+
+Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and devotional habits.
+In a dispute concerning the chace of Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from
+which was derived the Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully
+the episcopal rights. He was also triumphant in a more important quarrel
+with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful appropriation of three
+manors.
+
+When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle and
+maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal chastisement
+upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The clergy no less than laymen did
+he subdue, appealing when necessary to the Pope.
+
+In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the defendant
+appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the sub-dean of Hereford, he
+was at last excommunicated by the Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss
+the affair with him at Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree,
+but died in Tuscany on the homeward journey.
+
+As already described, his remains were finally laid with great pomp in the
+Lady Chapel.
+
+Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved to the Chapel of
+St. Katherine, in the north-west transept. Twice more were they moved,
+finally resting in the same Chapel of St. Katherine.
+
+*Richard Swinfield*, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had been Bishop
+Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely aloof from politics, but
+offered a keen resistance to any infringement on the rights of his
+diocese. Several boundary questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and
+in 1289-90 he made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to
+us a journal of daily expenses.
+
+Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles and two
+easternmost transepts. In his time the "_Mappa Mundi_" came into
+possession of the Chapter.
+
+He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious predecessor,
+but it was not till four years after his death that Pope John XXII.
+granted an act for the purpose. He was buried in the cathedral.
+
+*Adam Orleton*, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger Mortimer, and
+consequently was opposed to Edward II. Throughout the struggle of those
+many miserable years the affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire
+of civil war. It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the
+King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the Great Seal. The
+Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither many of the King's adherents
+were taken with the Chancellor and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was
+hanged in the town, decapitated, and quartered.
+
+Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs of the cathedral.
+He obtained a grant of revenues of two churches from Pope John XXII. for
+monies necessary for the dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for
+repairs in the cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester
+by
+
+*Thomas Charleton*, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made treasurer of England in
+1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as chancellor. He died in 1343.
+
+*John Trilleck*, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death reached Herefordshire in
+1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to have kept it at bay in the city by a
+procession of the shrine of the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford.
+
+Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass effigy was
+placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are among the words which may
+be still read from the mutilated inscription, and they appear to have had
+more justification than the rhetoric of the average epitaph.
+
+ [Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.]
+
+ TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.
+
+
+*Lewis Charleton*, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by papal provision. The
+Black Death made a second visitation in the first year of his episcopate,
+and it was then that the market was removed to some distance from the town
+on the west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms of
+Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed money and some books to
+the cathedral.
+
+*William Courtenay*, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed by papal
+provision, which was necessary in consequence of his youth. Although he
+had already held a canonry of York and prebends in Exeter and Wells in
+addition to the Chancellorship of Oxford University, he was but
+twenty-eight years of age. At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the
+friars, though he afterwards turned against his former ally.
+
+*John Gilbert*, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success, went to make terms
+of peace with Charles VI., the French King. He became treasurer of England
+in 1386, an office of which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before
+his translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral
+Grammar School.
+
+*Thomas Trevenant*, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician, this Bishop
+assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and was one of the
+commissioners to the Pope to announce the accession of Henry IV.
+
+*Robert Mascall*, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a foreign ambassador by
+Henry IV., who also made him his confessor. He attended the council of
+Constance in 1414.
+
+*Edmund Lacy*, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to build the cloister
+connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal palace.
+
+*Thomas Polton*, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at Florence, and the next
+year was translated to Chichester.
+
+*Thomas Spofford*, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's at York, to which
+post he returned on resigning his see in 1448. According to a papal bull
+he laid out 2,800 marks on the buildings of the cathedral,--probably
+completing the cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was
+L100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral was put up in his
+time by William Lochard.
+
+*Richard Beauchamp*, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir Walter, and grandson of
+Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a great architect in his day, although
+his chief work was done after his translation to Salisbury, when he was
+appointed by Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which included
+the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was buried. It is said he
+was the first Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.
+
+*Reginald Buller*, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, was
+translated to Lichfield. He was buried in Hereford Cathedral.
+
+*John Stanberry*, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar at Oxford, and was
+chosen by King Henry VI. to be his confessor, and also first Provost of
+Eton. In 1448 he was made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was
+translated to Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he
+was taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick Castle.
+On his release he retired to the convent of his order at Ludlow, where he
+died in May, 1474. He was buried at Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel,
+which still bears his name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's
+palace for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was
+completed in 1475.
+
+*Thomas Mylling*, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was Abbot of St.
+Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk. King Edward IV. made him a
+Privy Councillor and gave him the see of Hereford in remembrance of his
+services to Elizabeth Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her
+husband had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried to
+Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is said to have
+enclosed his remains.
+
+*Edmund Audley*, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield, of Lincoln,
+and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480, translated to Hereford in
+1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The beautiful chantry chapel on the south
+side of the Lady Chapel, near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was
+founded by him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and a
+pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift.
+
+*Adrian de Castello*, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the negotiations
+between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated from Hereford to
+Bath and Wells, but never visited either see.
+
+*Richard Mayhew*, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480 the first regular
+president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of St. Mary Magdalene at
+Oxford. He was also Chancellor of the University, and almoner to King
+Henry VII., by whom he had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta
+Katharine of Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur.
+
+He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south side of the
+choir, where his tomb is still to be seen.
+
+*Charles Booth*, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham, and Chancellor
+of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting memorial in the north porch of the
+cathedral, which bears upon it the date of his death. He seems to have
+been much in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make one of
+the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was attached
+to the company of Henry's "dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied
+by thirty "tall personages."
+
+On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a tapestry for
+the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring and other articles which
+have disappeared.
+
+*Edward Foxe*, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of the Reformation,"
+as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have been "an excellent
+instrument" in its general progress.
+
+A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in that county, he
+was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge, becoming, in 1528, Provost
+of King's College. In 1531 he succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of
+Leicester. For many years almoner to the King, he was employed in
+embassies to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these
+diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent to Rome with
+Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's separation from his
+"dearest wife."
+
+Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again, wrote the book
+called _The Difference between the Kingly and the Ecclesiastical Power_,
+which Henry wished people to think he had partly written himself,
+intended, as it was, to make easier his assumption of ecclesiastical
+supremacy.
+
+In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation of the diocese
+for the valuation of all church property therein, in accordance with the
+order referred to above. Dr. Coren, his vicar-general, actually carried
+out the valuation, and its results are to be found in the pages of _Valor
+Ecclesiasticus_, printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802.
+
+In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting to the King all
+religious houses possessing a revenue under L200 per annum. There were
+about eighteen houses in the diocese, excluding the cathedral, and of
+these only the priories of Wenlock, Wigmore, and Leominster possessed
+revenues exempting them from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in
+May, 1538, and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt.
+
+*John Skypp*, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of Leicester, Edmund Bonner,
+was appointed to the see on Foxe's death, but was removed to London before
+his consecration, and John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset,
+and chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop.
+
+He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's execution for
+high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became distant towards him. He was
+the part compiler with Foxe of the _Institution of a Christian Man_,
+published in 1537, of the _Erudition_ or _King's Book_, published in 1543,
+and was probably one of the committee employed to draw up the first Common
+Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on its completion, he
+protested against its publication. He died in 1552 at the episcopal
+residence in London.
+
+*John Harley*, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward VI. to hold the see
+"during good behaviour." He was consecrated on May 26, 1553, but only to
+be deposed in March, 1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she
+appointed a commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during
+the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially on that of
+"inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric of Harley was declared
+void. He is said to have spent the remainder of his life wandering about
+in woods "instructing his flock, and administering the sacrament according
+to the order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his
+deposition, a wretched exile in his own land."
+
+*Robert Parfew*, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton, was instituted to
+the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church, Southwark, by Lord Chancellor
+Gardiner. He had been Abbat of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as
+Bishop of St. Asaph, attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of
+those concerned in the production of the _Bishop's Book_. On his death,
+September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and other ornaments to
+Hereford Cathedral, though whether he was buried there or in Mold Church
+seems doubtful. The Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to
+succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the accession of
+Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and died there in 1559. Fuller,
+in his _Church History of Britain_, remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be,
+in those times, the best for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of
+God's poor saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel than
+his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in Lollard's Tower, the
+Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place which minded them of the manner of
+their death, first kept amongst coals before they were burnt to
+ashes."(10)
+
+*John Scory*, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from Chichester. On the
+accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to have done penance for his marriage,
+and generally reconciled himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to
+Friesland and retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the
+English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the throne he returned,
+preached before her by appointment in Lent, 1558, was restored to
+Chichester, and later on was elected to Hereford.
+
+During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop Scory to
+surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors belonging to the
+see, and to receive in exchange advowsons and other less valuable
+possessions. In these transactions it is possible he thought more of his
+own interest than that of his successors; in any case, serious charges
+were brought against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into
+verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:--
+
+ Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne,
+ And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine;
+ And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues,
+ Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges.
+
+Bishop Scory was succeeded by *Harberd (or Herbert) Westphaling*, A.D.
+1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church, Oxford: a man remarkable for the
+immoderate length of his speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and
+unsmiling gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker,
+and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's and Dean
+of Windsor.
+
+According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was once preaching in
+his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow fell upon the roof from the
+tower, creating a panic among the frightened congregration[**typo:
+congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his pulpit, exhorted them to
+keep their places and fear not. He spent all that he had in revenues from
+the see in charity and good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a
+well-gotten estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum to
+Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of the cathedral,
+where his effigy can still be seen.
+
+*Robert Bennett*, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
+was a famous tennis player.
+
+Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for preaching against
+her projected marriage with the Duke of Anjou, but made him Dean of
+Windsor towards the close of her reign. He is said to have been vain, and
+especially fond of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In
+1607 the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's
+fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett. He spent
+large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace. Bishop Bennett was
+buried on the north side of the choir, where his tomb remains with effigy.
+
+*Francis Godwin*, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford from Llandaff,
+which preferment he is said to have obtained from the Queen on account of
+his commentary _De Praesulibus Angliae_. He also wrote other historical
+works, including a life of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was
+stored with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the
+study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff (whereof he
+well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for his other learned
+writings, so especially for his catalogue of Bishops." He was buried at
+Whitbourn, in a residence belonging to the see of Hereford, on April 29,
+1633.
+
+*William Juxon*, Dean of Worcester, and President of St. John's College,
+Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin, but before consecration was
+called to London. During his episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop
+Laud's procurement made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his
+administration of these duties that "No hands, having so much money
+passing through them, had their fingers less soiled therewith."
+
+*Augustine Lindsell*, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough, was
+confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November of the following year was
+found dead in his study.
+
+*Matthew Wren*, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held a still briefer
+episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration to Hereford was
+translated to Norwich.
+
+*Theophilus Field*, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop of Llandaff and of
+St. David's, died a year after his translation, and thereby saved the
+diocese the ill effects of a longer term of servile and corrupt
+management.
+
+*George Coke*, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, became
+Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated to Hereford in 1636. He was
+a grave and studious man, and well loved in his diocese, but in the
+troubled days of the Civil War was deprived of his see.
+
+*Nicholas Monk*, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother to the Duke of
+Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in the December following his
+consecration, at Westminster, where he was buried.
+
+*Herbert Croft*, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert Croft, of an
+ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was brought up at Douai and
+St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored to the English Church through the
+influence of Bishop Morton, of Durham. He became a determined opponent of
+Romanism, and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there
+seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of the county for
+help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop Croft was buried in the
+cathedral, and joined to his gravestone is that of his intimate friend
+George Benson, the Dean. He left by his will a sum of money for the relief
+of widows, and for apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese.
+
+*Gilbert Ironside*, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was
+translated to Hereford from Bristol. He died in London, and was buried in
+the church of St. Mary, Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but
+the Rev. F. T. T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and
+tomb-stone removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867.
+
+*Humphrey Humphreys*, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was translated to
+Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been a good antiquary. Again, in
+the early days of the eighteenth century, was the old contest revived
+between citizens and Bishop as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair
+of St. Ethelbert. The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in
+form, down to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act
+of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for the profits
+arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2 bushels of wheat
+or its equivalent in money value, according to the price current. This has
+now been transferred to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair
+limited to two days' duration.
+
+*Philip Bisse*, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's, was a man of
+great munificence, and of the best intentions, of whom it may be said he
+spent "not wisely but too well." He was entirely devoid of any aesthetic
+feeling or of architectural fitness, and in the most religious spirit
+committed acts of wholesale sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the
+work of restoration in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at
+that time much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a
+hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the cathedral,
+and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality, presented the church with
+the most dreadful, ponderous, and unsuitable altar-piece that could well
+have been devised. In an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues
+are recorded. It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the
+three choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place.
+
+*Benjamin Hoadley*, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor, was again
+translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over Hereford was too
+short for him to have influenced it for good or evil, and his history
+belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester.
+
+*Hon. Henry Egerton*, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the third Earl of
+Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is chiefly to be remembered for
+an attempt to destroy the early Norman building adjoining the Bishop's
+Palace, and thought to have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of
+its two stories containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot.
+
+*Lord James Beauclerk*, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles II. and Nell
+Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop. It was during the last
+year of his episcopate on Easter Monday, April 17, 1786, that occurred the
+fall of the western tower of the cathedral, causing much injury. The west
+front of the church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was
+seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this calamity.
+The see was next occupied for six weeks only by the Hon. J. Harley.
+
+*John Butler*, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was an active political
+supporter of the Government of the day.
+
+He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral.
+
+*Folliott Herbert Cornewall*, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a member of an
+ancient family in the county of Hereford. Translated from Bristol to
+Hereford, he was again translated in 1808 to Worcester.
+
+*John Luxmoore*, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford from Bristol,
+and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph. He helped to establish national
+schools in the diocese.
+
+*Isaac Huntingford*, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester College, was
+translated from Gloucester to Hereford, and still continued his duties at
+Winchester. During his episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed
+by Dean Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of
+several classical and theological works. He died April 29, 1832, in his
+eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton, near Winchester. There is a
+monument in the Bishop's cloister and a window in the south-east transept
+to his memory.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Edward Grey, D.D.*, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837. He was Dean
+of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in the choir of the cathedral, eastward
+of the throne, on July 24, 1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on
+the wall marks the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in the
+Bishop's cloister.
+
+*Thomas Musgrave, D.D.*, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of Hereford, October 1,
+1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of York, December, 1847. He died in
+London, May 4, 1860, aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal
+Green, where there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a
+monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him, and in the
+north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three stained-glass windows to
+his memory.
+
+ [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.]
+
+ A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.
+
+
+*Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.*, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow of Oriel College;
+Principal of St. Mary's Hall; Regius Professor of Divinity; and Canon of
+Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and
+for the first time since the Reformation "a struggle took place between
+the recommending minister and a large and influential part of the clergy
+and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden's opinions as
+heretical."(11) Lord John Russell refused to withdraw the appointment, and
+it was eventually carried out in spite of all remonstrances; not, however,
+until the question had been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of
+Queen's Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion. He
+died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal Green, close to
+the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy was said by Hallam to be
+the only work of deep metaphysical research on the subject to be found in
+the English language.
+
+ [Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.]
+
+ BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.
+
+
+*James Atlay*, A.D. 1868-1895, second son of the Rev. Henry Atlay, M.A.,
+formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was born July 3,
+1817; graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was
+afterwards Fellow, appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel
+Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of Ripon, 1861;
+nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at Westminster on June 24, and
+enthroned in Hereford Cathedral, July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by
+the Right Rev. *John Percival*, D.D., the present holder of the see.
+
+ [Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.]
+
+ PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+The dimensions of the cathedral are:--
+
+ Ft. In.
+Total length about 342 0
+outside,
+Total length about 327 5
+inside,
+Length of Nave about 158 6
+to Screen
+Gates,
+Length of about 75 6
+Choir-Screen to
+Reredos,
+Length of Lady about 93 5
+Chapel from
+Reredos,
+Breadth of Nave about 31 4
+(span of roof),
+Breadth of Nave about 73 4
+and Aisles
+(internally),
+Breadth of about 146 2
+Central
+Transepts,
+Breadth of about 110 6
+North-East
+Transepts (each
+about 35 ft.
+sq.),
+Height of about 62 6
+Choir,
+Height of Nave, about 64 0
+Height of about 96 0
+Lantern,
+Height of Tower about 140 6
+(top of
+_leads_),
+Height of Tower about 165 0
+(top of
+_pinnacles_),
+Height of old about 240 0
+central timber
+Spire,
+
+NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+ 1 --_Cathedralia_, p. 59.
+
+ 2 --_The Diocese of Hereford_, H. W. Phillott.
+
+ 3 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips
+ Bevan, F.S.S.
+
+ 4 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips
+ Bevan, F.S.S.
+
+ 5 --_History of Architecture_, ii. 38.
+
+ 6 --_List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural,
+ etc., Decorations._ London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128.
+
+ 7 Botfield, _Cathedral Libraries_, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the
+ collection it was in the Lady Chapel.
+
+ 8 Rev. J. Webb's _Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield_,
+ xviii.
+
+ 9 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
+
+ 10 Fuller's _Church History of Britain_, Brewer's ed., iv. 198.
+
+ 11 --_History of the Church of England from 1660._ By W. N. Molesworth,
+ M.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE***
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