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diff --git a/19487.txt b/19487.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed81e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/19487.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4067 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of +Hereford, A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal +See by A. Hugh Fisher + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Hereford, A Description + Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See + +Author: A. Hugh Fisher + +Release Date: October 7, 2006 [Ebook #19487] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE*** + + + + + + [Illustration: HEREFORD FROM THE WYE.] + + HEREFORD FROM THE WYE. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + + + + +The Cathedral Church Of Hereford + +A Description Of Its Fabric And A Brief History Of The Episcopal See +By A. Hugh Fisher + +London +George Bell and Sons + +1898 + + + + + +GENERAL PREFACE. + + +This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great +English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books at a +popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work compiled +with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of +Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use +of an ordinary visitor or tourist. + +To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case +would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general +sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful +are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in +questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) the +numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the +Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3) the +important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master of +the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the English +Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the +Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray; to which the reader +may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in reference +to the histories of the respective sees. + + GLEESON WHITE. + EDWARD F. STRANGE. + _Editors of the Series_. + + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE. + + +In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the General Preface, the +"Monastic Chronicles" and many other works named in the text, some dealing +especially with Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in +preparing this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies +of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive "Statement of +the Condition and Circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the +Year 1841," and "The Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H.W. Phillott. + +My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company for their excellent +photographs. + + A. HUGH FISHER. + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +GENERAL PREFACE. +AUTHOR'S PREFACE. +CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. +CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR. +CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. +CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE. + + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + +HEREFORD FROM THE WYE. +HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. +A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. +THE AUDLEY CHAPEL. +THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT). +THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END. +THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. +BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT. +GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST. +EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. +THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR. +THE NORTH PORCH. +THE NAVE. +THE CHOIR SCREEN. +SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS. +NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320. +THE NORTH TRANSEPT. +THE CANTILUPE SHRINE. +EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT. +THE LADY CHAPEL. +SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT. +ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL. +SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN. +THE CRYPT. +VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, +1830. +COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE. +COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE. +EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841. +EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING. +THE REREDOS. +ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL. +MONUMENTAL CROCKET. +EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING. +A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. +TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON. +A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. +A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. +BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT. +PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. + + + + + + + [Illustration: HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.] + + HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. + + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + + + + +HEREFORD CATHEDRAL + + + + + +CHAPTER I. - THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. + + +The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of cathedral +churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful speculation and shadowy +tradition. Although the see had existed from the sixth century, it is not +till much later that we have any information concerning the cathedral +itself. + +From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most powerful and +important rulers of those times,--King Offa. He was a contemporary of +Charles the Great, and more than once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts +and letters. Under Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in +addition to much fighting with the West Saxons and the Kentish men he +wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn from the +Welsh, took the chief town of the district which was afterwards called +Shrewsbury, and like another Severus made a great dyke from the mouth of +the Wye to that of the Dee which became henceforth the boundary between +Wales and England, a position it has held with few changes to the present +day. In church history Offa is of no less importance than in secular, for +as the most powerful King in England he seems to have determined that +ecclesiastical affairs in this country should be more under his control, +or at least supervision, than they could possibly be with the Mercian +church subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore, he +persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield. Although +Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death when Lichfield was +shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired honours, the position gained +for the latter see by Offa, though temporary in itself, must have had +lasting and important influence. Offa is generally held responsible for +the murder, about 793, of AEthelberht, King of the East Angles, who had +been promised his daughter, AEthelthryth, in marriage. + +Had AEthelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future events (which would +not have been a more wonderful attribute than many of the virtues which +were ascribed afterwards to his dead body), he could hardly have desired a +more glorious fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal +glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier auspices. +Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died by the order of a +man whose memory is sullied by no other stain, a man renowned in war, a +maker of laws for the good of his people, and eminent in an ignorant age +as one who encouraged learning. + +Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that beyond the bare fact +of the murder nothing can be positively asserted, and the brief statement +of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians, +commanded the head of King AEthelberht to be struck off," contains all that +we may be certain of. + +One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the crime at the +door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to have insinuated that the +marriage was only sought as a pretext to occupy the Mercian throne. +Finding her lord's courage not equal to the occasion, she herself arranged +the end of AEthelberht. There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber +and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of luxurious +comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was, according to one writer, +privately buried on the bank of the river "Lugg," near Hereford. + +"On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, "a column of +light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven"; and three nights +afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King AEthelberht appeared to Brithfrid, +a nobleman, and commanded him to convey the body to a place called +"Stratus Waye," and to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by +another column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the head on +a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell from the vehicle, but +having been discovered by a "blind man," to whom it miraculously +communicated sight, was restored by him to the careless driver. Arrived at +his place of destination, then called "Fernlega" or "Saltus Silicis," and +which has since been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever +the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Offa's subsequent +remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and churches, and is even said +by some to have gone on a pilgrimage to Rome, though this rests on slight +evidence. + +The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King were, according to +Asser, so numerous and incredible that Offa, who had appropriated +AEthelberht's kingdom, was induced to send two bishops to Hereford to +ascertain the truth of them, and it is generally agreed that about A.D. +825 Milfrid, who was Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of +Offa and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in building +"_Ecclesiam egregiam, lapidea structura_" at Hereford, which he +consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed with lands and enriched +with ornaments. + +Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of stone, it is +quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or architectural character +of this edifice. It seems, however, that by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan +was promoted to the see, it had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate, +sufficient decay to necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no +clearer account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church. Soon +after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son of the Earl of +Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in London, and (though his +guilt is still disputed) was outlawed by Edward the Confessor. He hired a +fleet of Danish pirate ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in +Wales, and marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make war +upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory about two miles from +Hereford over the Earl of that shire who was a Frenchman, and tried to +make his men fight on horseback in the French fashion, which they did not +understand,--the English way being for the great men to ride to the field +of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy axes on foot. +Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's head and fled the field, and +the English, encumbered with their long spears and swords, followed helter +skelter. After killing some five hundred, AElfgar and Gruffydd turned to +Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athelstan had caused to be +built. There they met with a spirited resistance: amongst other victims +seven of the canons were killed in an attempt to hold the great door of +the minster; but, ultimately, the church and town were burned. + +Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too late, came with +half of his army to Hereford, and with his usual predilection for peace +(notwithstanding his valour) soon after removed the outlawry from AElfgar, +and quiet was restored. + +In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop Athelstan +died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen years before his death, +and a Welsh bishop had acted for him. His body was interred in the church +which he had "built from the foundations," and we may therefore suppose +that the "minster" was not entirely destroyed. + +In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so important was +Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh borders, and, since it +had been strengthened by Harold, such an important military post was the +town of Hereford, that it became part of his earldom. + +From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in ruins. At the latter +date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga) began to rebuild the cathedral, and +there are vague accounts that it was in the form of a round church in +imitation of a basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at +Aix-la-Chapelle between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it must +have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman period that +remains is clearly English both in treatment and in detail. If this could +be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had no similarity to the Roman +style. The building begun by him was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who +held the see from 1107 to 1115, and placed on a more regular basis the +establishment of canons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons +did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses near the +church. Whether he completed the building or not, Bishop Raynelm +undoubtedly made many additions and alterations. + +We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of the cathedral +treasurer, which were probably settled about this time. They throw a +curious and suggestive light on the ceremonies of the period. "At +Hereford," says Walcott, "he found all the lights; three burning day and +night before the high altar; two burning there at matins daily, and at +mass, and the chief hours on festivals; three burning perpetually, viz., +in the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and the third +before the cross in the rood-loft; four before the high altar, and altar +on "_Minus Duplicia_," and five tapers in basons, on principles, and +doubles, at mass, prime, and second vespers, four tapers before the high +altar, five in the basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the +candelabra; the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the +keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and the plate, +of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean and chapter. He found +three clerks to ring the bells, light the candles, and suspend the palls +and curtains on solemn days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir +and chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves; and on +All Saints' day he provided mats."(1) + +The next great changes were made under Bishop William de Vere (1186-1199). +His work was of transitional character, and bears much resemblance to the +beautiful transitional work at Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman +apsidal terminations at the east end, doubled the presbytery aisles, thus +making two side chapels in each transept which have since been replaced by +the Lady Chapel with its vestibule. + +In a paper read before the Archaeological Institute in 1877, Sir G. G. +Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay beyond the sides; +but this is merely conjecture. A curious feature in De Vere's work was his +putting columns in the middle of the central arch. It is probable that the +part of the presbytery we now have was but the beginning of a larger +scheme never carried out, which included building the presbytery and +dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at Lichfield +and Exeter. + +According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English Lady Chapel was +an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere: it is especially interesting, +and an unique example of its date in being raised upon a crypt. + +At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems likely De +Vere was the builder,--at any rate he must have been the first or second +occupier. It was of noble dimensions, being 110 feet in length, consisting +of a nave 23 feet broad, with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the +columns. This was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber +arches formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the present +Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied by this grand hall. + +In 1188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into Wales on behalf of +the crusade, he was entertained in this hall by Bishop de Vere, and +doubtless some of those who devoted themselves to the work were Hereford +men. + +The central tower of the cathedral, that fine example of decorated work, +covered with its profusion of ball-flower ornament, was built by, or at +any rate during the episcopate of, Giles de Braose (1200-1215), an ardent +opponent of King John. + +The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner north porch (as +distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) and what remains of the +beautifully designed chapter-house, a decagon in plan, each side except +the one occupied by the entrance being subdivided into five seats. + +During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a tooth of St. +AEthelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely destroyed by AElfgar and +Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the cathedral. The donor of this precious +relic was Philip de Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of +Huntingdon. + +The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, presented some +service-books to the cathedral. + +In 1240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners, appointed +to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally known as Bishop +Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace, near Chambery. He it was who +rebuilt the north transept. He was one of the best hated men in England, +and not content with showering benefices upon his relations, he +perpetrated one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money +to aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alexander IV. Of +these, however, full particulars will be found in a chapter on the +Diocese. + +While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended by a guard of +soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to resist the encroachments of +Llewellyn, King of Wales, found there neither bishop, dean, nor canons +resident. For this they earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the +Bishop returned to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the +cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party, together +with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations). They were +carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had just brought from +Ireland was divided among the insurgents. + +Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268. He was endowed +with a character full of contradictions, extreme aggressiveness, mingled +with remarkable tact. + +When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their attempt to +encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one full half of their +fine and devoted the other to the cathedral building. While he was showing +in his life a disgraceful example to the clergy of the country, at the +same time he gave liberally to the cathedral foundation in books, +ornaments, money, and land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting +monument in the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself. + +With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the nave and +choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether demolished, and +replaced by another consisting of two bays with an eastern aisle. Over the +latter was built a story now used as the cathedral library, which is +approached from the north aisle of the presbytery by a staircase turret. +His tomb is one of the finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with +those of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the +heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country of Savoy. + +In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric Thomas de +Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever held that office, a man +whose life was in almost every way a remarkable contrast to that of his +predecessor, Bishop Aquablanca. It is said that the Bishop of Worcester, +his great-uncle, asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession, +and that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then, sweetheart," +his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be a soldier to serve the +King of Kings, and fight under the banner of the glorious martyr, St. +Thomas." Regular attendance at mass was his custom from earliest years. +Both at Oxford and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of +M.A. at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of the +university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the office of +chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular courage and determination +in repressing a brawl between the southern scholars and those of the +north, in which we are told he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a +whole coat. + +He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England under Simon de +Montfort, at whose death, however, he was deprived of the office. It was +some years after this that he became Bishop of Hereford, and was +consecrated at Canterbury, September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended +the consecration. + +After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and showed ever +intense devotion in his celebration of divine service. He was remarkable +in the steadfastness and ability he displayed in maintaining the rights of +the see. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace" +near Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found a +relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was prepared with the +customary "pugil" or champion (who received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his +services were not required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to +the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his right to +capture "buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all birds pertaining +thereto," and as a result of the verdict being in his favour, caused a +long trench to be dug on the crest of the Malvern Hills as a boundary +line, which is still traceable. + +Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors of which he had +obtained unlawful possession; and Lord Clifford, for cattle-lifting and +maltreating the Bishop's tenants, was compelled to walk barefoot to the +high altar in the cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him +with a rod. + +Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest struggle was on +a question of testamentary jurisdiction with Peckham, Archbishop of +Canterbury, by whom he was ultimately excommunicated and obliged to leave +the country, attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain. + +He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV., but died on the +homeward journey on August 25th, 1282. He was buried in the church of St. +Severus, near Florence; but his bones having been divided from the flesh +by boiling, were later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady +Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester, with whom +Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the chace, attended the +ceremony, and that blood began to flow from the bones when he approached +the casket containing them; upon which the Earl immediately restored the +property he had taken unjustly from the church. + +Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is said, amongst +other evidences of his saintliness, that he never allowed his sister to +kiss him. Three hundred sick people are said to have been cured at the +place of his interment, and so many candles were presented by the crowds +of visitors that Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a +dispute with the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being +finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the prebendaries. + +After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to the Chapel of +St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on Maundy Thursday, April 6th, +1287, in presence of King Edward I. They were again twice moved in the +sixteenth century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west +transept. + +The building of the chapter-house may have spread over some part of +Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the cloisters were erected +about this time. + +The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St. Cantilupe are +both many and various. More than sixty-six dead people are said to have +been restored to life. The saint's intervention appears to have been +extended even to animals, as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick +falcons to be cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint +that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change its armorial +bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its bishops have since +borne. + +Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain, Richard Swinfield, +an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable manners. Bishop Swinfield, +like his predecessor, stoutly vindicated the rights and discipline of his +diocese, once against a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant +benefice, another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman in +her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of Ludlow for +violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases against abuses of all +sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors, a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who +had obtained from the Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton, +interrupted the installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop +Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice, and was +formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance of the Chapter. He +held his place by force of arms during that day and the next, but later +submitted to the Bishop. + +Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles and of the +two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a remodelling of the work of +De Vere. The bases of his piers and responds were retained and may still +be seen, and upon the former octagonal columns were erected to carry the +vaulting. The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that the +"_Mappa Mundi_," the curious map of the world designed by Richard of +Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of Hereford in 1305, now +preserved in the cathedral, came into possession of the Chapter. + +Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield, and when it was +necessary for him to send representatives to a provincial Council in +London, A.D. 1313, Haldingham was deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton, +a place belonging to the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of +Herefordshire. + +Three years later (1316), on the death of Bishop Swinfield at his chief +residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded him in the bishopric. + +King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a friend of Roger +Mortimer to this important position, and, failing to persuade Adam to +decline the bishopric, he appealed to the Pope, begging him to cancel the +appointment, but with no more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of +Hereford became identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return +from France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth, then +fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the kingdom under the +direction of his mother. + +The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at Neath Abbey, and +the great seal taken from him by Bishop Adam Orleton, while the +Chancellor, Hugh Despenser, was conveyed to Hereford, where he was crowned +with nettles and dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from +Psalm lii. beginning, "Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant: that thou +canst do mischief." Amid the howlings of a great multitude who mocked his +name by shrieking "Hue!" he was finally hanged on a gallows 50 feet high +and then quartered. Among the prisoners were two wearing holy orders, and +these the Bishop of Hereford claimed as his perquisite. + + [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.] + + A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. + + +Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time vigorous and of +unusual ability, played a great part in politics to the end of the +wretched King's life. Some historians still believe that he recommended +the murder; he certainly supported the deposition in Parliament, and went +to Kenilworth as one of the commissioners to force the King's resignation. +If thus interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and +vigilant in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral. + +The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a source of such +anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the restorer, was even at this +early date showing signs of dilapidation, and Bishop Orleton obtained from +Pope John XXII. a grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and +Swalefeld (Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following +petition:--"That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of the fabric +of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super-structure of sumptuous +work to be built, to the adornment of the House of God, upon an ancient +foundation; which in the judgment of masons or architects, who were +considered skilful in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the +cost of 20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the +weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was placed upon +it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar judgment no other remedy +could be applied short of an entire renovation of the fabric from the +foundation,--which, on account of the expenses incurred in prosecution of +the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed +memory, they were unable to undertake." The "sumptuous work" alluded to +was evidently the central tower and the north transept; which latter had +been built, as mentioned before, for the remains and shrine of Bishop +Cantilupe. + +When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was examining the +confused and unsorted mass of charters and grants in the possession of the +cathedral, he found a parchment (which bore the two beautiful episcopal +seals of Bishop Roger le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of +Hereford) that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the +sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms the +backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was translated to +Worcester. + +During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed with prayers +for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still darkened the +political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt filled the cathedral. It +is said that when the "Black Death" reached Hereford in 1349, to retard +its progress in the city the shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried +in procession. + +About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the calamity of this +terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a mandate prohibiting the +performance of "theatrical plays and interludes" in churches as "contrary +to the practice of religion." The exact character of these performances is +doubtful, and the prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular +mumming. The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in an +annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi Day, to assist +in which some of the city guilds were obliged by the rules of their +incorporation. + +The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about his rights of +jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency. It must certainly have +been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck "_gratus, prudens, pius_" as the +mutilated inscription on his effigy describes him, when one William Corbet +forced his way into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him +in the city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace. + +On the second visitation of the "Black Death," 1361-2, it is said that the +city market was removed from Hereford to a place about a mile on the west +of the town, still marked by a cross called the "White Cross" bearing the +arms of Bishop Charleton. + +If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of King Edward +II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant, who was appointed in +1389 by papal provision, was no less active in the deposition of King +Richard II., and was sent to the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry +IV. to explain his title to the Crown and announce his accession. + +In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest vicars of the +cathedral were formed into a college by Royal Charter, and the first +warden or "_custos_" was appointed by the King to show that the right of +appointment was vested in the Crown. The college was to have a common +seal, and to exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to +be subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its members were the +priests of the chantry chapels in the cathedral, at this time apparently +twenty-seven in number. + +In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its present site, so +that the vicars should be able more comfortably to attend the night +services. An order was also made about this time concerning the +celebration of mass at the altar of St. John Baptist in the cathedral, an +arrangement which shows that then as now the parish of St. John had no +church of its own outside the cathedral walls. + +About 1418, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with the cathedral +was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest in the cathedral +although he never visited his diocese. It was upon this work of the +cloisters that 2800 marks were expended by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in +whose time the great west window was erected by William Lochard, the +precentor. The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury, +approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added between 1453 +and 1474. + +In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was translated to +Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the two-storied chantry chapel +south of the Lady Chapel and near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe. +The upper story was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop +himself. Bishop Audley also presented to the cathedral a silver shrine. + + [Illustration: THE AUDLEY CHAPEL.] + + THE AUDLEY CHAPEL. + + +The next important alteration was the lengthening of the great north porch +which bears the date 1519 and the shields of Bishop Booth and his +predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a very fine piece of Perpendicular work, +somewhat similar in design to the porch in the middle of the west front of +Peterborough Cathedral. At his death Bishop Booth left various books to +the cathedral library and some tapestry for the high altar, together with +silver and gold ornaments for the Cantilupe Shrine. The tapestry displayed +the story of David and Nabal. He also bequeathed, amongst other things to +his successor, the gold ring with which he was consecrated, but +notwithstanding his forethought in specifying that these articles were not +to be taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they have +disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined, in the enthusiasm of +his building operations, the changes to follow so closely upon his death. +Yet the papal supremacy had been abolished in this country in 1534, and +though the church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had been +published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at Winchester, to the +See of Hereford, one of the most "excellent instruments" of the +Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the following year the suppression of the +monasteries began in serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be +spared for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were then no +less than twenty-one in the cathedral. + +In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches, chapels, +guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take inventories of +their treasures, leaving to each parish church or chapel "one or two +chalices according to the multitude of people." In Hereford Cathedral, +amongst other valuable ornaments, was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs. +9-1/2 oz., two basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in +five pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is not +possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the cathedral +alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country were estimated at +4860-1/4 ounces, in value about L1213, 1s. 3d. + +On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set up at Nottingham, +and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst over the country. Bishop Coke +of Hereford had been one of the twelve churchmen most active against the +Bill for excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons in +May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to the Tower by the +joint sentence of the Lords and Commons on charge of treason. + +The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one with its Bishop, but +so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford, with two troops of cavalry and a +single infantry regiment, entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of +Essex and quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained till +December 14th without, however, any serious plundering in the town itself. +In April 1643, Waller took the city for the second time, and again without +much resistance, a condition of the surrender being the immunity of the +Bishop and cathedral clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his +leaving Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became an +asylum for fugitive Roman Catholics. So it went on, being held first by +one side and then by the other. In the autumn of 1645 Hereford was +besieged by Lord Leven with the Scottish army, who were driven off by +Colonel Barnabas Scudamore with heavy loss. + +The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury during the siege. +The defenders used the lead from the chapter-house roof to cover the keep +of the castle, and possibly also to make bullets. Finally, on December +18th, through the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city, +Hereford was once more taken, and this time the whole place was overrun by +a rabble of plundering soldiery. + +No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral during the +Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian captain, one Silas +Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated in this military loot. "The +storied windows richly dight" were smashed to bits, monumental brasses +torn up, the library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments +stolen. + +Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by the cathedral +clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, and gentry of the +county for help towards restoring the cathedral, though it is not known +with what welcome the appeal was received. + +Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm was done to the +cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one of those irritating people who +mean well but act abominably. He spent much, both on the palace and the +cathedral, employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the +chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not irreparably +so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of masonry intended to +support the central tower, which was, however, nothing but a hideous +architectural blunder. In itself it was ugly to behold, and actually +weakened by lateral pressure that which it was intended to support. He +also presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with scenic +decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains, and wooden +imitations of tassels which hung immediately over the heads of the +ministering priests as they stood at the altar. These were found later on +to be hung on rusty nails by twine "little better than pack thread." + + [Illustration: THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT).] + + THE WEST FRONT (FROM AN OLD PRINT). + + +During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723-1746, an ancient +building of early Norman date used as a chapel for the palace was pulled +down. It consisted of an upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel +dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part +of one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on Easter +Monday 1786, that a terrible calamity occurred,--the fall of the great +western tower. Directly and indirectly this was the worst accident that +has happened to Hereford Cathedral. The west front was utterly destroyed, +and a great part of the nave seriously injured, while the injudicious +restoration begun in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for +architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall of the +tower. + + [Illustration: THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END.] + + THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END. + +_From a drawing by T. Hearne_, 1806. + + +Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable deeds of +vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous efforts in this +direction. He altered the whole proportion of the building, shortening the +nave by a bay of 15 feet, erected a new west front on a "neat Gothic +pattern," and availed himself of the chance of removing all the Norman +work in the nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own. + +One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hod moulding round +each of the arches above the arcade. These eccentricities were removed not +long since, but the roughened lines for adhesion of the plaster still +remain. Inside the west front may also still be seen large spaces of wall +painted to represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the +wall of any stucco residence. + +It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless insipidity of +Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved in his own day, and +that the public generally were as much to blame as himself. + +The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and in order to give +it apparent height the roofs of both nave and choir were lowered in pitch, +its parapet was raised, and some pinnacles were added. + +At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new burying-grounds +provided for the city elsewhere. + +In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of Hereford. He was a +man of sound judgment and of much practical ability, and it was during his +episcopacy that a serious competent and thorough repair of the cathedral +was at last undertaken at a cost of L27,000, to which no one devoted more +loving care or more untiring energy than Dean Merewether. + +"Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses and this house +lie waste?" he quotes in the beginning of his exhaustive "Statement of the +condition and circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the +year 1841." In this statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in +the eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and the +dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash and plaster, became +visible in the soffit of each of the window arches. + +In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed of hewn stone, +making a kind of casing at each side, called ashlar, the interval being +filled with rubble masonry cemented with lime and loam. This stuffing +having deteriorated the weight above had split the outer wall, though most +fortunately the interior face was perfectly sound and upright. + +To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove the oak +panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and the heavy bookcases +filling up a great part of the area were taken away with the lath and +plaster partition from the sides of the pillar at the west end of the +chapel. + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH + CENTURY.] + + THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. + + +By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured became again +manifest: its symmetrical proportions, the remains of its ancient +painting, the disclosure of two most interesting monuments, two aumbries, +a double piscina, the chapel of Bishop Audley, but more important than +all, two of the most beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found +anywhere, Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with the +Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corresponding with the +remarkable union of the Norman intersecting arches on the exterior of the +building, with its pointed characteristics. + +The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr. Cottingham, the +architect, showed that the great central tower of the cathedral was in +imminent danger of falling, and might at any moment entirely collapse. + +Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were struck by the +traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing the clerestory gallery +the remains of Norman ornaments were everywhere to be found, the gallery +itself being still existent at each side, returned behind the wooden +coverings, up to the splays of the eastern windows. + +The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir shown on p. 77 +was then removed, and the change effected was most striking. It was +evident that long before the introduction of the Grecian screen in 1717, +the original arrangement had been disturbed by the insertion of a +Perpendicular window, to support which the low circular arch in the centre +had been constructed; on either side of this window were now to be seen +the mouldings and featherings of the original early decorated lights, on a +level with the lateral clerestory range; below these the Norman arcade, +based upon a string course of nebule ornaments. + +"But below," says Dean Merewether, "the beauty of beauties was to be +traced,--the thickness of that part of the wall is 8 feet; on either side +of the arch, 24 feet in span, were portions of shafts, corresponding with +the pair of Norman shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of +these (standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through those +already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most curious detail, +were perfect, and upon them were visible as far as the level of the window +above, the remaining stones which formed the architecture of the exterior +arch, from which it was evident that its crown must have risen to the +height of 30 feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was +discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite and +grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly +impossible to account for, was, in fact, made up of five arches, the +interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns already described, +and each of the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon +square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being +beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four +lateral arches, the two first had been not only hidden by the oak +panelling of the screen, but were also, like the two others, closed up +with lath and plaster, as the central arch; and when these incumbrances +and desecrations were taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately +the glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the +appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, +and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these massive arches, of which, +together with the noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan +had probably been the founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the +completer and restorer after that era." + +Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made, though it cannot be said +that all the work he did was good either in design or execution. The +beautiful lantern of the central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was +satisfactorily strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of Dean +Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be done, and in 1857 a +further scheme was set going under the financial management of Dean +Richard Dawes, and the architectural direction of Mr., afterwards Sir +Gilbert, Scott, who restored the north transepts, the north porch, the +choir, and Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and fitted +up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St. John the Baptist. + +Altogether in these two works of repair about L45,000 was expended, and +the cathedral was opened for service on June 30th, 1863. + + + + + +CHAPTER II. - THE CATHEDRAL - EXTERIOR. + + +Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of Hereford +Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence of that quality dear to +a purist is not more than compensated for by the fine examples of +different periods, which make the massive pile as a whole a valuable +record of historical progress. And surely it is more fitting that a great +ecclesiastical edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts, +and bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through which it +has passed. + +Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the cathedral building +reposes in a secluded close, from which the best general view is obtained. +The close is entered either from Broad Street, near the west window, or +from Castle Street; the whole of the building lying on the south side of +the close between the path and the river. The space between the Wye and +the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and the college of the +Vicars Choral. + +On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was formerly one of +the strongest on the Welsh marches. + +The cathedral is especially rich in architecture of the Norman, Early +English, and Early Decorated periods. + +The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the interior, survives +in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy" quality remaining through +the subsequent building being imposed upon the old foundations. The side +apses of the original triple eastern termination were converted into the +present eastern transept; an operation, the result of which helps to +produce an intricate outline already irregular through the projections of +the porch of Bishop Booth. + +The *Central Tower*, a splendid example of Decorated work, is of two +stages above the roofs, with buttresses at the angles. It is covered with +a profusion of ball-flower ornament, which, except in the south nave aisle +of Gloucester Cathedral, is nowhere else so freely used. + + [Illustration: BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT.] + + BISHOP BOOTH'S PORCH AND NORTH TRANSEPT. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the disposition of the +upper windows of the central tower and the style and position of the +dividing pilasters and bands of ornament, it seems likely that the earlier +lantern of Pershore is partly responsible for its design. + +In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which formerly +existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered with lead. When this +was taken down at the time of the great repairs and rebuilding of the west +end, a stunted, squat appearance was given to the building. In the year +1830 Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and Chapter to +build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles. + +The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar in design to +the central one, but rose only one stage above the leads of the nave. This +seems to have been used as a belfry; whereas the central tower was a +lantern. + +The large projecting *North Porch*, completed in 1530 by Bishop Booth, is +Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, though it is later in date, the +porch in the centre of the west front at Peterborough. The front entrance +archway has highly enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase +buttress turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the upper +portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This outer porch consists +of two stories, the lower of which is formed by three wide, open arches, +springing from four piers at the extreme angles, two of which are united +with the staircase turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The +upper story, containing an apartment, is sustained on a vaulted and +groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate tracery. + +In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled angles, of +which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral cappings, the +remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and rising nearly the whole +height of the building, show to great advantage. The clerestory windows, +like those in the outer wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster, +are triangular on the exterior. + +On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is an unusual +architectural feature. The windows of the triforium have semi-circular +arched mouldings, enclosing a window of three lights of lancet-shaped +arches. Beneath the aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was +probably an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe. + +In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the bottom and +polygonal above; and this probably was an access to a private apartment +for a monk over the aisle of the transept containing the sacred shrine. + +Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathedral one notices +the buttresses of the north-east transept, the Stanbury Chapel, the +windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle, the clerestory windows with +arcade dressings to the walls, and the modern parapet above the whole. + + [Illustration: GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST.] + + GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank window or double +arch, with two smaller arches within the clerestory wall, claims especial +attention, as well as the ribbed roof rising above the Norman triforium. + +We now come to the Early English work of the *Lady Chapel*, the east end +of which is especially noticeable, with its bold angular buttresses rising +from immense bases. The numerous and large base mouldings running round +the wall of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and +ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting peculiarities of +design. + +The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular, embattled +parapet at the end is a modern addition. + +The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by the public, +being shut within the walls of a garden between the Bishop's and the +Vicars' Cloisters. + +The *Bishop's Cloisters* consist of two walks only, or covered corridors, +though that on the west, which was pulled down in the reign of Edward VI. +to make room for a pile of brick building appropriated to the Grammar +School, and in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of +restoration. + +It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the north side +against the cathedral. + +These cloisters are of Perpendicular date, and between a continued series +of buttresses are windows of large dimensions, with mullions and tracery. + +The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed mouldings, at the +intersections of which are shields charged with sculptured figures, +foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring from slender pillars between the +windows and corbels heads on the other side: over the exterior of the +windows are carved grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations. +The south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the +south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small chamber, +which has been carefully and completely restored. It has always been +called the "Ladye Arbour," although no one has been able to discover the +origin of this name or the use to which the chamber was put; many +antiquarians suggest a possible reference to the Virgin. + + [Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.] + + EXTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. + + +The entrance doorway to the *Chapter-house* from the east walk still +remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed arch under a lofty, +richly ornamented pedimental moulding, having clustered shafts on the +sides, with foliated capitals. The archway is divided by a slender pillar +into two smaller openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this +doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton asserts, +"beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian soldiers," was certainly +neglected; and then, as long as any material could be got from it, treated +as a stone quarry by Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house +appears to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated +period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress at each +angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the entrance, was sub-divided +into five panels or seats. Remains of three sides only are left, and these +only as far as the window-sills. + +Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end, are some +remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other. The lower was +dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to St. Mary Magdalene. + +"The form, excepting a portico and choir (_i.e._ chancel) was an exact +square; four pillars in the middle, with arches every way, supported the +roof; the portico was composed of a succession of arches retiring inwards, +and had a grandeur in imitation of Roman works; two pillars on each side +consisted of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the +lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made of single +stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle pillars. The walls were +much painted, and the arched roof was turned with great skill, and +resembled the architecture which prevailed during the declension of the +Roman Empire (see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.). + +Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small windows in the +remaining north wall, the author of _The Picturesque Antiquities of +Hereford_ proceeds to say: "These are extremely interesting, as they +pertained to an edifice which once stood on the south side of this wall, +and is believed to have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron +saint of the cathedral before the translation of the body of St. +Ethelbert. It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences +in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of marriages +there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent in the Dean's +archives." + +A second cloister, known as the *Vicars' Cloister*, connects the Vicars' +College with the south-east transept. The arrangement here may be compared +with that of Chichester, as showing the most probable plan of the latter +before the destruction of the south walk and its connection with the +cloister of the Vicars Choral. + +In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching cross, which +fell into a decayed state during the latter part of the last century. +Beneath it was a dome of masonry which closed the aperture to a well of +considerable depth, which had been formed with great exactness. This well +still exists beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according to +Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green, with a +handsome stone arch over it. + + [Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR.] + + THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it was proposed +to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a special restoration, +dealing principally with the west end and central tower. + + + + + +CHAPTER III. - THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. + + +The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through the beautiful +parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage of this porch is formed by +three arches with octagonal turrets at their outer angles. These turrets +are each capped by a lantern. The second stage has three fine +Perpendicular windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church, +belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner porch is of +the Decorated period. There is some particularly good iron-work on the +doors, made by Messrs Potter from designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior. + +Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two sister +cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent. + + [Illustration: THE NORTH PORCH.] + + THE NORTH PORCH. + + +The *Nave*, which is separated from the aisles by eight massive Norman +piers (part of the original church), of which the capitals are worthy of +notice, has somewhat suffered by restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The +triforium, the clerestory, the vaulting of the roof and the western wall +and doorway are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he +shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the west end, +from which the best general view is to be obtained, one is impressed by +the striking effect of the great Norman piers and arches and the gloom of +the choir beyond. Through the noble circular arches, which support the +central tower and the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the +eastern wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and below +by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A central pillar divides +this lower arch, two pointed arches springing from its capital and leaving +a spandrel between them, which is covered with modern sculpture. In the +far distance may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and its +brilliant lancet lights. + +Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable for the richness of +its ornament as compared with other buildings of the same date, such as +Peterborough or Ely. + +The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet and other +beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers and shafts are also +elaborately decorated. The double half shafts set against the north and +south fronts of the huge circular piers are in the greater part +restorations. + +Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated from the Early +English of Salisbury. They are divided by slender pillars, but there is no +triforium passage. + +During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were practically rebuilt, +the existing walls and windows being erected upon the bases of the Norman +walls, which were retained for a few feet above the foundations. The +vaulting of the roofs of the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself +were coloured under the direction of Mr. Cottingham. + +*The Font*, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century, is in the +second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west. + +The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough for the total +immersion of children. Beneath arches round the basin are figures of the +twelve Apostles. These, however, with one exception, have been much +broken. The most curious feature of this interesting font is the base with +four demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is protected +by a mosaic platform. + +*Monuments in the Nave.*--The first monument on the south side as we walk +from the western end is the fine effigy in alabaster of Sir Richard +Pembridge in plate and mail armour with his greyhound. This monument was +formerly at the Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the +Suppression. Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd of +that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at Poitiers. He +died in 1375. There are still traces of colour on this monument and gold +remains on the points of the cap to which the camail is fastened, as also +on the jewelled sword-belt. A sheaf of green coloured leathers is +separated from the tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet +of open roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg left, +and that the gartered one. A wooden limb was carved, and the workman +showed such accuracy in duplicating the stone leg that the Knight was +adorned with a pair of garters for many years until Lord Saye and Sele, +Canon Residentiary, presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and +the wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library. + + [Illustration: THE NAVE.] + + THE NAVE. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay is the carved +figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy is headless and otherwise +much mutilated. + +In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure, under a +foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head wearing a cap. It is +thought to be the monument of a former treasurer. + +In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the Bishop's +Cloister. This has a square heading which rises above the sill of the +window over it. There is an interesting series of heads in the hollow +moulding, which are said to be copies of earlier work in the same +position. The iron-work of the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty +Norman arch leads from this aisle into the south transept. + +The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south. It contains +six memorial windows to Canon Clutton and his wife, with subjects by +Warrenton from the life of St. John the Baptist. + +In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the nave is the effigy +and tomb under which is buried Bishop Booth (1535), the builder of the +large projecting porch which bears his name. The recumbent figure of the +Bishop is fully vested with a _mitra pretiosa_ with pendent fillets. He +wears a cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and +chasuble with orfrays in front. On his feet are broad-toed sandals; his +hands are gloved; a crozier (the head of which has been broken) is veiled +on the right. At this side is a feathered angel. The original inscription, +cut into stone and fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured: + + + "Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et + totidem dies Ecclesiae huic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii + 1535 defunctus sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet." + + +The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in the Cathedral +which has not been disturbed, although Mr. Havergal says "most of our +large ancient monuments were protected by iron railings." It is divided +into six square panels, having shields and heraldic ornaments. + +The beautiful wrought iron *Screen*, an elaborate example of artistic +metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skidmore of Coventry, +from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands between the eastern piers of the +central tower, a little towards the nave. The first great piece of +metal-work of this kind executed in England in modern times was the choir +screen at Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the +Hereford screen; though the latter and subsequent production transcends +that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty. + +It has five main arches, each subdivided into two sub-arches by a slender +shaft. The central arch is larger and higher than the others, is gabled +and surmounted by a richly jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on +either side, to a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are +filled with tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the +arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline. + + [Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.] + + THE CHOIR SCREEN. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin plates of copper +and hammered iron, in imitation of natural specimens, and throughout the +screen the passion flower is prominent in the decoration. It is composed +of 11,200 lbs. of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of +vitreous and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about 300 +cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze figures, three single +figures, and two groups. Of these the _Times_, May 29, 1862, well said: +"These figures are perfect studies in themselves. Every one can understand +them at a glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of +the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt without the +aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set forth who or what they +are." + + [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS.] + + SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS. + + +The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is no less worthy +of inspection. Over the gates the large oval space is filled with the +sacred monogram I.H.C. The base consists of polished Devonshire marble. +The diversity of tint of the metals used is in itself a source of colour, +but the whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been painted +with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour scheme is further carried +out in the mosaics. + +The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is perhaps the +best example of this kind of work produced in modern times. The cost of +the screen was L3000, though the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance +with their agreement was only L1500. The same firm, the Skidmore Art +Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and gasfittings. + +A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the Cathedral, is placed +near the south-west corner of the screen; it was designed by Cottingham. + +*The Central Tower.*--Immediately above the four great arches of the +central tower, the interior walls are, says Professor Willis in his report +on the Cathedral, "Of a very singular construction; twelve piers of +compact masonry on each side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the +height of 26 ft., and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of +stone, in long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round +immediately under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone gratings, +if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall of the tower rests, +and they also carry the entire weight of the bell-chamber and bells. + +The whole space is now completely open from the floor of the Cathedral to +the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which is painted underneath in blue +and gold. From this floor hangs, the handsome corona of wrought iron. + +Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843, however, the +whole appearance of the central tower was different, and the beautiful +lantern with its many shafts was hidden from view by a vault of the +fifteenth century, which rose above the great arches and completely +concealed the upper portion of the tower. + +In his specific report of the condition of the central tower in +particular, which he was instructed to deliver in writing, Mr. Cottingham +said: + +"To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the honour of +reporting, I have carefully examined the construction of the four great +piers which support the tower; they are of Norman workmanship, and +sufficient in bulk to carry a much greater weight than the present tower, +had the masonry been more carefully constructed; they consist of a series +of semi-circular columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which surrounds +the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled with a rubble +core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime grouting; this was +undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Norman tower, but when the great +Early English shaft was added on the top of this work the pressure became +too great for such kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns, +not being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores, split and +bulged, and the cores, for want of a proper proportion of lime, diminished +and crushed to pieces. To remedy these defects, a second facing of ashlar +has been attached to the piers, in some places by cutting out a part of +the old ashlar, and in others by merely fixing long slips of stone round +the pier with iron plugs, run in with lead,--these most unsightly +excrescences have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without +adding any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked up +all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with the tower piers +and communicating with the aisles, choir, and transepts, leaving only a +small passage-way in each. + +"The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the south +transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed up with +masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich work which lies +concealed behind it. These injudicious performances have tended to weaken +instead of strengthen the tower. The interior walls above the main arches +of the tower, up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the +bellringers' chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the +four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, have +been made large enough for a man to creep in,--these unaccountable holes +have tended very much to increase the danger, as all the masonry connected +with them is drawn off its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces +by the enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the pillars, +is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of the bell floor. +On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful monument of the fallibility +of human skill than the tower of Hereford Cathedral at this moment +presents." + +In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed themselves, +on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion of Professor Willis, of +Cambridge. This gentleman, after the most minute scrutiny and +indefatigable labour, produced his elaborate and well-known report. He +essentially corroborated the architect, especially as to the general state +of the tower; and, under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the +great work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a fine peal of +ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected in 1861, which strikes +the hours and quarter-hours. + +*The North Transept.*--Passing through the north arch of the tower we come +into some of the most interesting parts of the Cathedral. The transept +beyond was entirely rebuilt for the reception of the shrine of Bishop +Cantilupe, when his body was removed from the Lady Chapel in 1287, after +the miracles reported at his tomb had already largely increased the +revenues of the Cathedral. The unusual shape of the arches and the fine +and effective windows of this transept render it one of the most +distinguished English specimens of the style. + +[Illustration: NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT + 1320.] + + NORTH ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, SHOWING MASONRY ERECTED ABOUT 1320. + + +On the north is a window with triple lights on each side of a group of +banded shafts, the tracery above being formed of circles enclosing +trefoils. The heads of the lights are sharply pointed. + +The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside triangular-headed +arches, which completely fill the two bays. They have three lights each, +and are exactly similar to the windows on the north side of the transept. + +Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark marble, a clustered +pier divides the eastern aisle of the transept into two bays. These shafts +have foliated capitals, and the bases have knots of foliage between them. + +With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the mouldings of +the main arches are plain. + +Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the Norman arch +opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept itself. There are in each +bay two pointed arches, each containing three smaller arches with foiled +headings surmounted by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the +arches are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back in +the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over-lapping +courses, which incline forward to the string course above the triforium. + +The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and the triangular +arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar to those in the clerestory +of Worcester Cathedral on the south side of the nave. These are, however, +of later date, and may have been imitated by the Worcester architect. + +The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was +satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general effect. + +*Monuments in the North Transept.*--The great north stained-glass window by +Hardman was placed there as a memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died +in 1863. Underneath this window, which is described later on in the +section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop +Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt, and the effigy +is now leaning on its side against the wall. There is an undoubted +original half-length portrait of this bishop in the Hall of Jesus College, +Oxford. There are monuments to other members of the family in the church +at Ross. + +In the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John Philips, the +author of _The Splendid Shilling_ and of _Cyder_, a poem endearing him to +Herefordshire. His family belonged to this county, although he himself was +born in Oxfordshire. There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner, +Westminster Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32. + + [Illustration: THE NORTH TRANSEPT.] + + THE NORTH TRANSEPT. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of Bishop Thomas +Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This effigy and its richly decorated +alcove or canopy was most luckily not touched by Wyatt. + +Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost in an avalanche; +Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Headmaster of Battersea College. + +In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most important +monument in the north transept, viz.:--the pedestal of the celebrated +shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282, who died at Civita Vecchia, near +Florence, on his way to Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to +Ashridge in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto; and +the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the Lady Chapel. + +The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at the lower end. +It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two stages, the lower having a +series of cinquefoiled niches and fourteen figures of Templars in chain +armour in different attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand +Master of the Knights Templars in England. + +All the figures are seated with various monsters under their feet. The +filling of the spandrels between these niches and that of the spandrels +between the arches of the upper stage is especially noteworthy. It belongs +to the first Decorated period, and while the arrangement is still somewhat +stiff or formal, the forms are evidently directly copied from nature. + +The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage, still bears +the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having traces of the arms +of the See (_i.e._, the arms of Cantilupe). + +By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop Cantilupe was +avoided the secondary part which his shrine must have played if it had +been placed in the usual post of honour at the back of the high altar. The +shrine of St. Ethelbert was probably already there, and wisely enough a +distinguished position was specially created by rebuilding the north +transept for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford +Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south transept of +Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la Wych. + +We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and another to Richard +Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435). + +Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died 1636), and on +the floor is an effigy of John D'Acquablanca, a Dean of Hereford (died +1320), and nephew of Bishop D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is +close to it, between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the +transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are reminded of +the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry of the same period (1262) +in the south choir transept of Salisbury to Bishop Giles de Bridport. + +Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of minute +ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck marble support a gabled +canopy, each gable of which is surmounted by a finial in the form of a +floriated cross. + +This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861 a feeble attempt +was made to restore it, which was, however, not carried out. Bishop +Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had been steward of the household to his +relative, William of Savoy, the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of +the noteworthy instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop +of Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him his treasurer +and consulted him on all matters of state. At his death, says the Rev. H. +W. Phillott,(2) "He was probably little regretted in his cathedral city, +whose citizens he had defeated in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal +rights. But he used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one +half of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the +cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the north-west +transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful shrine, probably +erected by himself, under which repose the remains of his nephew, John, +Dean of Hereford, as well as his own, his heart excepted, which, with a +pathetic yearning of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the +church which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle, in +Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at the hands of +historians and song-writers of his day, though his example did much to +swell the tide of ill-repute in which many of the clergy of all ranks were +held (for the laity, says the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention +to the doctrine than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave +out of sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral, and +bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books, ornaments, and +land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor of the diocese." + + [Illustration: THE CANTILUPE SHRINE.] + + THE CANTILUPE SHRINE. + + +In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower. + +*South Transept.*--Crossing the Cathedral in front of the Skidmore screen +it is a relief to turn from the nave with its sham triforium to the south +transept with its fine three stage Norman east side. The groining, +although incongruous, is still beautiful, and does not irritate in the +same way as Wyatt's abominations in the nave. This transept contains +several disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to +whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the Cathedral. "At +any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan,(3) "this transept seems to have been +the happy hunting-ground of successive races of builders, who have left +the side-walls in admired confusion." + +Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular period much of +the Norman work remains. The east wall is in the best preservation, and is +certainly entirely Norman with the exception of the groining. It is +covered with five series of arcades, which may be divided into three +stages. In the middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very +short Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those at the +level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the transept is lighted +from the clerestory by two Norman windows. + +In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman moulded double +arch. + +In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the Norman work, and +a large Perpendicular window nearly fills the south wall with panelling +round it of the same period. + +*Monuments in the South Transept.*--There is an interesting altar-tomb of +Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady +and a child in swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the +transept. The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of +colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a double chain +and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons were ancestors of the Coke +family, now Earls of Leicester. The swaddled body of the child lies to the +left of its mother, its head resting on a little double pillow by her +knee, and a part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower +part of the babe. + +To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the composition, lie +his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have been much scratched with +names. + +The head of the knight rests upon his helmet. + +Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription: + + + "Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of + Buckingham, and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard + Willyson of Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford; which Anne + deceased the 29th of October, A.D. 1566 the 18th yere of her Age, + the 23rd of his Age." + + +"But," says Browne Willis, "this was but a caenotaph, for Alexander Denton, +the husband, who lived some years after, and marry'd another lady, was +bury'd with her at Hillesden, Co. Bucks; where he died January the 18th, +1576." + +Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant (1389-1404), the +builder of the Perpendicular alterations in this transept. The effigy is +unfortunately headless and has lost its hands. The feet are resting on a +lion. + +There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral (1877). + +The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the west side of the +south transept. + +They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault behind. This was +doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular window was placed above on this +side. + +From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the lantern +arches. + + [Illustration: EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.] + + EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +The *Organ*, which occupies the first archway on the south side of the +choir, contains work by Renatus Harris. Mr. Phillips Bevan(4) writes of +it, "It was the gift of Charles II., and was very nearly destroyed by the +fall of the central tower. It has twice been enlarged since, once by Gray +and Davidson, and lastly by Willis. It has 16 great organ stops, 11 swell, +7 choir, 7 solo, 8 pedals, with 2672 pipes. A great feature in Willis's +improvements is the tubular pneumatic action, which does away with +trackers and other troublesome internals. Sir F. Gore Ouseley having been +precentor of the Cathedral, it goes without saying that he made everything +about the organ as nearly perfect as possible, and, for the matter of +that, no lover of music should omit to hear the _Unaccompanied_ service +usually held on Friday morning." + +In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated arched +recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to the +Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed, beginning from +the west, to R. de Melun, 1167; Robert De Bethune (died 1148), the last +Norman builder; Hugh Foliot (died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 1186); and +William De Vere (died 1199). + +On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the tomb of Bishop +De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who superintended the building of the +fine west front of the cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy +also belongs to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball +flower and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs is +noticeable. + +Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy and brass to +Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504-1516). The effigy is wearing a +mitre, and is fully vested. In front of the monument are panels filled +with figures of saints, and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which +has been restored. + +In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives access to +two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, to enter which you +pass beneath the bellows of the organ. Exhibited in cases in one of these +rooms are some of the treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the +Scriptures, chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close +of this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the Norman +work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as the cathedral treasury. + +Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass windows with +figures restored by Warrington should be noticed, and the celebrated *Map +of the World* is well worth some study. It was discovered under the floor +of Bishop Audley's Chapel during the last century, and appears from +internal evidence to have been probably designed about 1314 by a certain +Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham and Sleaford in +Lincolnshire). + + "Tuz ki cest estorie ont + Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront, + Prient a Jhesu en deyte + De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pite + Ki l'at fet e compasse + Ke joie en cel li seit done." + +Prebendary Havergal says: "It is believed to be one of the very oldest +maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full of the deepest +interest. It is founded on the cosmographical treatises of the time, which +generally commence by stating that Augustus Caesar sent out three +philosophers, Nichodoxus, Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey +the world, and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the +left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the philosophers +written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediaeval seal. The world is here +represented as round, surrounded by the ocean. At the top of the map is +represented Paradise, with its rivers and trees; also the eating of the +forbidden fruit and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a +remarkable representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary +interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their graves and +being led within the walls of heaven. + +"The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus, Solinus, +Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There are numerous figures +of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with grotesque customs, such as the +mediaeval geographers believed to exist in different parts of the world; +Babylon with its famous tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the +inscription--_'Roma, caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi'_; and Troy as +'_civitas bellicosissima_.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals are +mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known very little. + +"Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of Hercules, the +Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the house of bondage, the +journeys of the Children of Israel, the Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a +figure of Moses and his supposed place of burial, the Phoenician Jews +worshipping the molten image, Lot's wife," etc. + +*Bishop's Cloisters.*--At the eastern end of the south nave aisle a door +opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral with the episcopal palace. +In the cloister is placed a monument and inscription to Colonel John +Matthews of Belmont, near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, "Grief +consoled by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone. + +Other monuments are:--one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D., formerly Bishop of +Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July 1837, and is buried beneath the +bishop's throne. A monument to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815 +to 1832. He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried at +Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke Whitfield, an +organist of the cathedral. + +The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a gravestone +near the west part of the cathedral, which, being taken off, was kept in +the city tolsey or hall for some time until it was finally fastened to a +freestone on the west side of the Bishop's Cloisters:-- + + "Good Christeyn People of your Charite + That here abide in this transitorye life, + For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye, + And also of Anne his dere beloved wife, + Which here togeder continued without stryfe + In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name, + He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same: + Further, to declare of his port and fame, + His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe, + To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame, + Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe + Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe. + The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land + For that intent perpetually to remain and stand. + Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand, + Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same, + Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band + Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame. + Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame, + Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company. + There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with them eternally! + Amen." + +*The South-east Transept*, lying between the retro-choir and the +chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main Decorated, though its +window tracery is perhaps somewhat later, being almost flamboyant in +character. It was altered from the original Norman apse, and in the walls +bases of the earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from +it by a single octagonal pillar. + +Before the aisles were added the now open window looking into the Lady +Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the chapel, and was glazed. +There is a lovely view from this transept, looking slantwise into the Lady +Chapel. In this transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings, +stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis Charleton, 1369. +His effigy lies under the wall dividing the transept from the vestibule of +the Lady Chapel. Above it is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop +Coke, died 1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of +State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels. + +A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the spot where the +remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence +of the dean, archdeacon, and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for +them; and there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D., +Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of the University in +1687, when James II. seized upon the venerable foundation of Magdalen +College and sent his commissioners to Oxford to expel the Fellows. + +In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and resolute spirit +in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal to dine with the +commissioners on the day of the Magdalen expulsion is described thus by +Macaulay:--"I am not," he said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my +meals with appetite under a gallows." + +The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to "eat his meals" much longer +in his beautiful college hall. William III., almost immediately after his +accession, made him Bishop of Bristol, whence he was translated to +Hereford, and, dying in 1701 at the London residence of the Bishops of +Hereford, in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church. + +It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of Wadham College that +the Dean and Chapter of Hereford consented to the proposal that the +remains and marble slab should be removed to the precincts of their +cathedral. + +St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church closed under the +Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act, and when it was dismantled and +the dead removed from their vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of +Bishop Ironside were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in +the vault having been previously removed or stolen. + +For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened by the Burial +Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal, "so perfect were the remains +that the skin was not broken, and the features of the placid-looking +bishop were undisturbed." In a square recess on the east wall is a bust +which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cowper, Garrick, +and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr. James Thomas, a citizen +of Hereford, who is buried near this place. Under it is a brass to Sir +Richard Delabere, 1514, his two wives and twenty-one children; the +inscription is as follows:-- + +"Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere, Knight, late +of the Countie of Hereford; Anne, daughter of the Lord Audley, and +Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late sergeant of the hall to King +Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of +July, A.D. 1513, on whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen." + +The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory of Bishop +Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed to represent St. John +the Baptist. + +*The Lady Chapel.*--The elaborate and beautiful Early English work of this +chapel, which dates from the first half of the thirteenth century, about +1220, was twice under the restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof +having been rebuilt by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir +G. G. Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On the +north side each of these bays contains two large windows, and on the south +side two of the bays contain each two windows, while the third is filled +by the Audley Chapel. + +In 1841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by Professor Willis to +be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of this portion was one of the +first works undertaken by Mr. Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the +pavement and other restorations. + +The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets recessed within +arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall above being perforated with +five quatrefoil openings, of which the outside ones are circular and the +centre three are oval. + +Fergusson(5) remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such combinations to +be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east end of Ely, or such a group +as that which terminates the east end of Hereford." + +Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed by the +clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean Merewether wrote:-- + + [Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.] + + THE LADY CHAPEL. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +"Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt; the remnants of +its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath the whitewash; the fair +disclosure of the monuments of Joanna de Kilpec, a benefactress to this +very edifice, and Humphry de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding +interest; the discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the +stones composing it reversed; the double piscina on the south side, the +chapel of Bishop Audley; but especially two of the most beautiful +specimens of transition arches which can be found in any edifice, bearing +the Early English form, the shafts and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch +above, but ornamented in their soffits with the Norman moulding, and the +zig-zag decoration, corresponding with the remarkable union of the Norman +intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed +characteristics. The appearance of the central column with a base in the +Early English and its capital with the Norman ornament might be added: the +stairs to the crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics +in the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original +level." + + [Illustration: SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT.] + + SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT. + + + [Illustration: ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL.] + + ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF LADY CHAPEL. + + +It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the cathedral owes so +much, that the stained glass designed by Cottingham was placed in the east +windows in the narrow lancets that he loved so dearly. It represents +scenes in the early life of the Virgin and the life of Christ; the last +being the supper in the house of Mary and Martha. In the side windows the +visitor should especially notice the rich clustered shafts and arches, the +Early English capitals, and the ornamentation of the arches. Above these +windows, corresponding to the openings above the east window, a quatrefoil +opening enclosed by a circle pierces the wall. The quadripartite vaulting +springs from slender shafts, which descend upon a slightly raised base. + +The double piscina and aumbry south of the altar are restorations +necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals. + +*Monuments in the Lady Chapel.*--Of great beauty and interest is the +Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the north side of the Lady +Chapel, in which is the recumbent effigy which tradition has assigned +without evidence to Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the +46th year of the reign of Edward III., 1372. He was, however, buried in +the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey, Essex. + +The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monument of Peter, +Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any case, the knight was probably +one of the Bohun family, and husband of the lady whose effigy lies under +an arch in the wall adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the +fourteenth century; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a +cyclass, a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign. +This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer behind. The +visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at the knees. + +The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work, now +containing a series of figures representing the crowning of the Virgin; on +one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St. John the Baptist, and on +the other St. Thomas a Becket (with double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de +Cantilupe. Of these, however, only the two central carvings are in their +original positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham +when the oak choir-screen was removed. + +In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of Joanna de Bohun, +Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote from Dean Merewether: "The effigy of +the lady, there can be scarcely a doubt, represents 'Johanna de Bohun, +Domina de Kilpec.' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett or +Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name distinguished in the +annals of his times; and of his possessions, his sister doing her homage, +had livery 19 Edward II. + +"In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter of Hereford, the +church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of Llangarren, St. Waynards and +Henthland, with all the small chapels belonging to them, which donation +was confirmed by the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de +Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford; and the Bishop of Hereford further +confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed, dated Lugwas, 22nd July, +1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomae Chorleton, Epi.): And afterwards the Bishop, +Dean and Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar +to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England the Mother of +God had better and more serious service, but in the Church of Hereford the +Ladye's sustenance for her prieste was so thinne and small, that out of +their respect they add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at +Hereford, April 10th, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.) + +"Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, 1 Edward III., 1327, the donation +of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying bequest. On the 17th of October in +that year, she constituted John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give +possession to the Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and +the advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it. This +instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was appended, of which a +sketch is preserved by Taylor, in whose possession this document appears +to have been in 1655, and a transcript of it will be found Harl. MS. 6868, +f. 77 (see also 6726, f. 109, which last has been printed in _Shaw's +Topographer_, 1. 280). + +"In the tower is preserved the patent 1 Edward III., pro Ecclesia de +Lugwarden cum capellis donandis a Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8 +capellanos et 2 diaconos approprianda (Tanner's _Notitia Monast._). + + [Illustration: SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN.] + + SEAL OF JOHANNA DE BOHUN. + + +"The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to explain why the +memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in the Lady Chapel, to which +especially she had been a benefactress. They also explain the original +ornaments of this tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years +since under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately concealed +by a coat of plaster, of which sufficient has been removed to prove that +Gough's description of the original state of the painting is correct. He +says, 'The Virgin is represented sitting, crowned with a nimbus; a lady +habited in a mantle and wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers +to her a church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire--and +behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting a gorge +deployee after the foremost, who holds up a book, on which are seen +musical notes and "salve sca parens." Fleur-de-lys are painted about both +within and without this arch, and on the spandrils two shields; on the +left, a bend cotised between twelve Lioncels (Bohun); and on the right, +Ermines, a bend indented, Gules.' This description was published 1786. + +"By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation of the church of +Lugwardine was represented; the eleven or twelve vociferous choristers +were the eight chaplains and two deacons mentioned in the patent, who were +set apart for the peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for +from the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields mentioned by +Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter side bearing the arms of +Bohun, Azure a bend, Argent between two cotises, and six lions rampant, +or.--The other, Ermines, a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the +bearings of Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons +of Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire, whose +descent is traced to the same source. In the list of obits observed in +Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the Lady Kilpeck, and out of +Lugwardine was paid yearly for her obit forty pence." + +The effigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a specimen of costume. +Its curious decoration of human heads is also noteworthy. + +Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the north-east angle +of the chapel, is a black marble slab with a brass by Hardman bearing an +inscription, which records that to the restoration of the cathedral "he +devoted the unwearied energies of his life till its close on the 4th of +April 1850." + +The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew or Beaurieu (died +1462) in the south wall of the vestibule. This is one of the best +specimens of monumental sculpture in the cathedral. The face, which is +well modelled, and the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are +especially noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole +monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen boars with rue +leaves in their mouths, forming a "rebus" of the dean's name. + +To the west of this monument is the effigy of a priest, supposed to be +Canon de la Barr, 1386. + +*The Audley Chantry.*--In the central bay on the south side of the wall is +the Audley Chantry--a beautiful little chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley +(1492-1502), with an upper chamber to which access is obtained by a +circular staircase at the south-west angle. + +After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502 he erected a +similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he was buried, so that the +object of the Hereford Chantry as the place for his interment was of +course never fulfilled. + +The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an ancient +missal:--"_Secundum usum Herefordensem_," which notes a number of +"_obiits_" or commemorations of benefactors, chiefly between the times of +Henry I. and Edward II. "_X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam +Sarum Episcopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum Canonicis +et Clericis in anniversario suo presentibus, quique capellam novam juxta +Feretrum Sancti Thomae Confessoris e fundo construxit, et in eadem +Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit, etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum +in modum Ecclesiae fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi +contulit beneficia._" + +The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a screen of painted +stone with open-work panelling in two stages. The chapel is a pentagon in +plan, and has two windows, while a third opens into the Lady Chapel +through the screen. The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having +in former times been elaborately painted. + +There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the groined roof is +distinctly good. The boss in the centre represents the Virgin crowned in +glory. On other parts of the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and +those of the Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The +upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady Chapel by the +top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail, may have been used as an +oratory; but no remains of an altar have been found. On the door opening +on the staircase is some good iron-work, and Bishop Audley's initials may +be noticed on the lock. + +Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely view +westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the top of the +reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north transept, and further +on still the nave. + +The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library, and after 1862 +as the church of the parish of St. John the Baptist, which surrounds the +cathedral, and claimed to hold its service in some part of the building. + +*The Crypt* is entered from the south side of the Lady Chapel where a +porch opens to a staircase leading down. The porch is deeply in-set, and +like the crypt itself and the Lady Chapel, Early English. Professor Willis +points out that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is +later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known examples at +Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, and Gloucester all belonging +to earlier times. A flight of twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which +is now light and dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations +it was utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There is +another approach to it from the interior of the church. + + [Illustration: THE CRYPT.] + + THE CRYPT. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles marked out by +undecorated columns. It runs beneath the whole extent of the Lady Chapel. + +This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the "Golgotha." +In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a large and elaborately +decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of preservation. It bears an +incised representation of Andrew Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife, +with an inscription setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497. +Scrolls proceeding from the mouths of the figures bear the following +lines:-- + + "Remember thy life may not ever endure, + That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre. + + But and thou leve thi will to other menis cure, + And thou have it after, it is but a venture." + +At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P. for the county, +whose bust formerly stood here, but was removed to a more fitting position +in the county hall. + +*The Vicars' Cloisters.*--The entrance to the college of Vicars Choral is +from the south side of the Lady Chapel. Leading from the south-east +transept of the cathedral to the quadrangle of the college is a long +cloister walk. + +In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its richly carved +roof may be best seen. The western wall, with the exception of a few +mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The eastern wall is pierced with eight +three-light windows, between which are the remains of small niches. + +Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is of oak, the +wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded and the tie-beams and +principals are richly carved on both sides with various patterns and +devices. + +The Rev. F. Havergal says:--"The late William Cooke acquired an immense +amount of information relating to the college and the vicars in olden +time. His biographical notices of them are most curious and amusing, +giving a complete insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the +place." He goes on to quote from the _Lansdowne Manuscript_ in the British +Museum, 213, p. 333. + +"Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a captain, a +lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military company in Norwich. + +"Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place, through the +Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house, called the Vicars +Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve of the singing men, all in +orders, most of them Masters in Arts, of a Gentile garbe, have their +convenient several dwellings, and a fayre Hall, with richly painted +windows, colledge like, wherein they constantly dyet together, and have +their cooke, butler, and other officers, with a fayre library to +themselves, consisting all of English books, wherein (after we had freely +tasted of their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell +toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most sweet Organ, +and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor, Treble, and Base; and +amongst that orderly shewy crew of Queristers our landlord guide did act +his part in a deep and sweet Diapason." + +*The North-East Transept.*--This transept shows ample evidence of the +original Norman plan, although its present character is Early Decorated. + +Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably terminated--an +arrangement similar to the eastern apses of Gloucester and Norwich +Cathedrals--portions remain in the walls of the vestibule to the Lady +Chapel, and in this, the north-east transept, still remain parts of the +apses which opened from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than +the nave and belong to the Transition period. + +After the completion of the great north transept for the reception of the +shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal apses of the choir aisles +were almost entirely removed, and the present north-east transept erected. + +In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which helps to +carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches in the west wall +doubtless formed part of the original apse. The windows belong to the +Early Decorated period. Sir G. G. Scott was responsible for the +restoration of the transept. + +*Monuments in the North-East Transept.*--Under the north-west window is the +canopied tomb of Bishop Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost, +and in its place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was found +buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched canopy the +ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and behind the tomb a carving +of the crucifixion is still visible, though nearly obliterated by the +chisel of the Puritans. The beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has, +however, been happily spared; it is similar to the leafage on the +Cantilupe shrine. + +The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active of the modern +restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G. Scott, with effigy by +Noble. + +Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown bishop. It has +been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but is probably much earlier. + +There is also an old stained glass window, restored by Warrington, with +figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael, Thomas, and a modern one, by +Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss. + +In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the original Norman +arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In +style it is late Perpendicular (1470). The roof is a good specimen of +fan-vaulting, and the walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its +dimensions are 8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the +north side, the entrance being on the south. + +At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of the altar, and +the west is covered with shields in panels and tracery. + +The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by grotesques, and +over the arch on the south side are shields with emblems of St. Matthias, +St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew. The Lancaster rose is prominent in the +decoration, and there is much under-cutting in the carving. + +The stained windows, which form an interesting collection of arms and +legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave, once Bishop of Hereford, to +whom there is also another window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle +above the chantry, which is only 11 feet in height. The subjects are taken +from the life of St. Paul. + +Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 1115, one of the chief of the Norman +builders of Hereford. + +In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to the turret +staircase which leads to the archive room and chapter library is an effigy +said to be of Bishop Hugh de Mapenore, 1219. Above is a stained glass +window by Clayton and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt, +organist, who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass plate +at the side of the window, from which we learn that the nephew James died +"of grief three days after his uncle." + +[Illustration: VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. + H. BARTLETT, 1830.] + + VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY W. H. BARTLETT, + 1830. + + +In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the monument of Bishop +Bennett (1617), who was buried here. He wears a close black cap, and the +rochet and his feet are resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine +view of the Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side +of the choir. + +In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the series of +arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral ornament in the +mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120), +and in the same bay of the choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of +a bishop, fully vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to +Bishop Giles De Braose (died 1215), who was erroneously thought to have +been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1786). This effigy +belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number of memorials were +erected to earlier bishops. + +In the calendar of the ancient missal "_Secundum usum Herefordensem_," +previously quoted, occurs the following entry:--"_XV. Kal. Decem. Obitus +pie memorie Egidii de Breusa Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona +decimas omnium molendinorum maneriorium suorum Herefordensi Ecclesie +contulit, et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit omnes +homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liberantur._" + +In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy of Bishop +Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry already described. It +is a fine alabaster effigy with accompanying figures. The bishop wears +alb, stole, and chasuble. + +Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a Perpendicular effigy +under an arch which is assigned to Bishop Richard de Capella (died 1127). + +On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck (died 1360). + +In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian remains:--Two +altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed:-- + +Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably buried in or near +the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the south side of the Bishop's +Cloisters, A.D. 1820, and brought inside the cathedral A.D. 1862. + +Two matrices of brasses; also a small one on the wall. + +The wooden pulpit--very late Perpendicular work from which every canon on +his appointment formerly had to preach forty sermons on forty different +days in succession. + +We may also notice two rich pieces of iron-work from Sir A. Denton's tomb: +the head of a knight or templar's effigy and several heraldic shields from +monuments in the cathedral--especially seven in alabaster now placed +against the east wall. + + [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.] + + COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, NORTH SIDE. + + +*The Choir*, with its details of architecture and its individual +accessories, is very beautiful, notwithstanding an unusual deficiency of +light, caused by the position of the transepts, which practically +intercept all light except that from the clerestory. It consists of three +lofty Norman bays of three stages. The middle of the three stages has some +exquisite dwarfed Norman arches with no triforium passages; but there is +one in the upper stage, with slender and graceful Early English arches and +stained glass at back. The vaulting is also Early English, and dates from +about the middle of the thirteenth century. + + [Illustration: COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE.] + + COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, NORTH SIDE. + + +The principal arches of the choir are supported by massive piers with +square bases. The shafts are semi-detached and bear capitals enriched with +foliated and grotesque ornament. In each bay on the triforium level a wide +Norman arch envelops two smaller arches, supported by semi-circular piers +on each side. + +A richly carved square-string course runs along the base of the triforium. + +The east end of the choir was covered before 1841 by the "Grecian" screen, +a wooden erection placed there by Bishop Bisse in 1717, and above it a +Decorated window containing a stained glass representation of the Last +Supper after the picture by Benjamin West. The improvement effected by the +removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was immense. The +great Norman arch was once more exposed to view; and, in place of the +Decorated window, we now have three lancets at the back of the clerestory +passage. + +In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of the old screen, +Dean Merewether says: "By cautious examination of the parts walled up it +was discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite +and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is +utterly impossible to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the +interior and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of the +others increasing in span as it approached the front upon square and +circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being beautifully +decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four lateral arches, +the two first had been not only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, +but were also, like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the +central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were taken away +it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious effect produced, +rendered more solemn and impressive by the appearance of the ancient +monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest +beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium +above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the founder, and +the former of those just mentioned, the completer and restorer after that +era." + +The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed by Mr. +Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey, 1850, who +represented the county for several years in Parliament. + +The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion, in five +deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided by small shafts +supporting angels, who carry the instruments of the Passion. The subjects +in the separate panels are:--1. The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing +the Cross; 3. The Crucifixion; 4. The Resurrection; and 5. The Three Women +at the Sepulchre. + + [Illustration: EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841.] + + EAST END OF THE CHOIR IN 1841. + + +Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches springing +from a central pier fills the upper part of the Norman arch. The pier +itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration of Mr. Cottingham's. +The spandrel is covered with modern sculpture, as may be seen in the +illustration. The subject is the Saviour in Majesty, the four evangelists +holding scrolls; and below a figure of King Ethelbert. + +An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small effigy on a bracket +against the easternmost pier south of the choir, close to the head of the +tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had desired in his will to be buried by the image +of King Ethelbert. It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to +the Lady Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated +condition when the edict went forth for the destruction of shrines and +images. + + [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING.] + + EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW MOULDING. + + +Originally there were other representations of St. Ethelbert: on the tombs +of Bishops Cantilupe and Mayo, Dean Frowcester, Archdeacon Rudhale, +Praecentor Porter; in colour on the walls of the chapter-house and the tomb +of Joanna de Kilpec; in ancient glass, recently restored, in a window in +the south aisle of the choir; and in a stone-carving over the door of the +Bishop's Cloister, and the effigy formerly on the west front. + +Opposite the throne a slab of marble, from designs by Scott, marks the +spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was buried. + +*The Choir-stalls* are largely ancient, belonging to the Decorated period. +They have good canopy work, and are otherwise excellent in detail. Some of +the _misereres_ are quaint, among them being found several examples of the +curiously secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers of +the period. + +In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth century, +there is, on the north side of the sacrarium, a very old episcopal chair, +concerning which a tradition remains that King Stephen sat in it when he +visited Hereford. Be this as it may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of +very great antiquity, and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the +earliest kind of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of the +chair are--height, 3 feet 9 inches; breadth, 33 inches; front to back, 22 +inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces, without including the +seat of two boards and the two small circular heads in front. + +Traces of ancient colour--vermilion and gold--may still be seen in several +of the narrow bands: a complete list of other painted work which has been +recorded or still exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E. +Keyser.(6) + +*The Cathedral Library.*--The Archive Chamber, on the Library. This room, +which has been restored by Sir G. G. Scott, is now approached by a winding +stone staircase. + +In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw-bridge or +some other movable appliance crossing the great north window. The Library +(which Botfield(7) calls "a most excellent specimen of a genuine monastic +library") contains about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting +manuscripts, most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every chain +is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel in the +middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by metal-work at one end +of the bookcase. There are in this chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards, +which contain the whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean +and Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries. + + [Illustration: THE REREDOS.] + + THE REREDOS. + +_Photochrom Co., Ld., Photo._ + + +Among the most remarkable printed books are:--A series of Bibles, 1480 to +1690; Caxton's _Legenda Aurea_, 1483; Higden's _Polychronicon_, by Caxton, +1495; Lyndewode, _Super Constitutiones Provinciales,_ 1475; Nonius +Marcellus, _De proprietate sermonum_, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas +Jenson; and the _Nuremberg Chronicle_, completed July 1493. Of the +manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient _Antiphonarium_, +containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents attached to this +volume states: "The Dean and Chapter of Hereford purchased this book of Mr +William Hawes at the price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some +years since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his +notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed in it." + +The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of Peter de +Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the hand of the original +scribe and the following obit in another hand. + +The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathedral, being +certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin version of the Four +Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters. + +The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it: "This MS. is written on stout +vellum, and measures about 9 x 7 inches. It consists of 135 leaves. Three +coloured titles remain, those to the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and +St. John. Two illuminated leaves are missing--those that would follow folio +1 and folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunae, the MS. contains +the whole of the Four Gospels. + +No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent authorities agree that +it is the work of the eighth or ninth century. + +It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known MS. of that +period, having a peculiar character of its own. + +From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have been written in +the country, probably in Mercia, and not at any of the great monasteries. + +The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valuable example of +the Irish (or British) recension of the original African text. Thus it has +a large proportion of readings in common with the Cambridge Gospels, St. +Chad's Gospels, the Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir. + +On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of a deed in +Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which the following is a +translation:-- + +"Note of a Shire-mote held at AEgelnoth's Stone in Herefordshire in the +reign of King Cnut, at which were present the Bishop Athelstan, the +Sheriff Bruning, and AEgelgeard of Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric +of Stoke, and all the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine, +son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning certain lands at +Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked who should answer for the +mother, which Thurcyl the White proffered to do if he knew the cause of +accusation. + +"Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to ask her what the +cause of complaint was. Then she declared that she had no land that +pertained in ought to her son, and was very angry with him, and calling +Leofloeda, her relative, she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her +after her own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and +desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and desire them to +witness it. They did so; after which Thurcyl the White (who was husband of +Leofloeda) stood up, and requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to +his wife all the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did. +And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and by leave and +witness of all the folk caused the transaction to be recorded in a book of +the Gospels." + +*An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary* is shown among the treasures of the +cathedral, which was looked upon for a long time as a representation of +the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this is only an example of the many +traditional tales which modern study and research are compelled to +discard. It undoubtedly represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of +Canterbury. On the lower part is the murder; on the upper, the entombment +of the saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the +thirteenth century. + +The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description, which we have +condensed to the following:-- + +This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with copper +plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8-1/4 inches high, 7 long and +3-1/2 broad. The back opens on hinges and fastens with a lock and key, and +the upper part sloped so as to form an acutely-pointed roof; above this is +a ridge-piece; the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine:--Here +are two compartments; the lower one shows on the right side an altar, of +which the south end faces the spectator; it is supported on four legs and +has an antependium. Upon the altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal +base, and in front of it a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or +technically speaking, in the midst of the altar stands a bishop +celebrating mass, having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he +were about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and moustache. He +wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple, and an alb. + +In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a hand pointing +towards the figure just described. + +Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has just thrust the +point of a large double-edged sword, with a plain cross hilt, through the +neck of the bishop from back to front. + + [Illustration: ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL.] + + ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL. + + +The upper compartment represents the entombment of the bishop. The middle +of the design is occupied by an altar tomb, into which the body, swathed +in a diapered winding-sheet, is being lowered. + +The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling figures. + +On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a bishop or abbot +without the mitre looking toward a figure on his right, who carries a +tablet or open book with some words upon it. + +At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the corpse with +a circular thurible. + +The border of each compartment is formed by a double invected pattern of +gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper perforated with eight +keyhole ornaments. + +The back of the shrine is also divided into two compartments, and is +decorated with quatrefoils. + +It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole communicating +with a lock on the inside. + +The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female saint. The left +gable is occupied by the figure of a male saint. + +A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs round the +margins of the two ends and four back plates. + +Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled are gilded, while +the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are light-blue, green, +yellow, red, chocolate, and white. + +In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate corresponds, +is a cross _pattee fitchee_ painted in red upon oak, which oak bears +traces of having been stained with blood or some other liquid. The wood at +the bottom is evidently modern. This reliquary is said to have been +originally placed upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved +by some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the possession of +the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him to the authorities of the +cathedral. + +The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced from +Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the close of the tenth +century. After this time Greek artists are known to have visited this +country, and to have carried on a lucrative trade in the manufacture of +sacred vessels, shrines, etc. + +*Ancient Gold Rings.* One of pure gold, supposed to have been worn by a +knight templar, was ploughed up near Hereford. The device on the raised +besel is a cross pattee in a square compartment, on each side of which are +a crescent and a triple-thonged scourge. + +Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character "_Sancte Michael_." +Date about 1380. + +A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was found in the tomb +of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold tan cross with a bell is engraved. +These were originally filled with green enamel. Inside is engraved and +enamelled "Ave Maria." + +A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb, on the north side +of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect sapphire, and flowers and +foliage are beautifully worked in black enamel on each side of the stone. + +A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave in 1813, but +was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was never recovered, though +_L_30 was offered as a reward. + +*The Stained Glass* has survived only in a few fragments, scattered about +the eastern end of the cathedral. + +Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, is in one +of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel, west of the Audley +Chapel. The subjects are: + +1. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists; 2. Lamb and flag; +3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre; 4. Crucifixion; 5. Christ bearing +His cross. + +In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, restored and +entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the Dean and Chapter, Oct. +1864. It is a fairly good specimen of fourteenth century work. For many +years it was hidden away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of +the windows on the south side of the nave. + +The figures represent--1. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3. St. Gregory; 4. +St. Thomas of Canterbury. + +In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient glass, erected +under the same circumstances. The figures in this case represent--1. St. +Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert; 3. St. Augustine; 4. St. George. + +In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by Warrington. It was +erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs. +Clutton. The subjects are from the life of St. John the Baptist. + +In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to Archdeacon Lane +Freer, erected at a cost of L1316. The window is one of the largest of the +Geometric period (_temp._ Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6 +inches in height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six shades +each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating colours. Plain white +glass has also been wisely used in the upper part of the window. It was +designed and erected by Messrs. Hardman. + +There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north aisle of the +choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of the cathedral. The subjects, +in eight medallions, are:--1, 2. King David; 3, 4. Jubal; 5, 6. Zachariah +the Jewish Priest; 7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel +is a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the subjects are:--1. +St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S. Stephen; 2. Conversion of St. +Paul; 3. The Apostle consecrating Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with +Blindness. In the lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and +Barnabas at Lystra; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem; 7. His +Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom. + + [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CROCKET.] + + MONUMENTAL CROCKET. + + + [Illustration: EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING.] + + EARLY ENGLISH BASEMENT MOULDING. + + +The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed by Mr. +Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the memory of Dean +Merewether. + +A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected with the life of +our Lord. These windows were erected in 1852. + +In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop Huntingford, +1816 to 1832. It was designed and manufactured by Warrington at the sole +cost of Lord Saye and Sele. + +The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of George III., +those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Hereford, Winchester College, +and of the bishop's family. + +The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are:-- + +1. His Call; 2. Walking on the Sea; 3. Receiving the Keys; 4. Denial of +our Lord; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate of the Temple; 6. Baptism of +Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas; 8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel. + +In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir are simple +stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns. They were +manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel. + +The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous gift in 1851, +executed by Hardman. + +Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the ground. The +circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the subjects being:-- + +1. The Ascension; 2. The Resurrection; 3. The Crucifixion. + +The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and demoniacs; the +lower, His being taken down from the Cross, and Mary with the box of +precious ointment. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. - HISTORY OF THE SEE. + + +The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote antiquity. +However, it seems probable from the researches of many antiquarians that +when Putta came to preside here in the seventh century the see was +re-established. + +The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the beginning of his +_Fasti Herefordenses_. + +"The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the recognised centre of +Christianity in this district. Archbishop Usher asserts that it was the +seat of an Episcopal See in the sixth century, when one of its bishops +attended a synod convened by the Archbishop of Caerleon (A.D. 544). In the +_Lives of the British Saints_ (Rev. W. J. Reeves, 1853), we learn that +Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died A.D. 542, is said to +have founded a church at Caerffawydd, the ancient British name for +Hereford. In Wilkin's _Concilia_, I. 24, it is recorded that beyond all +doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present at the conference with St. +Augustine, A.D. 601. Full particulars are given of the supposed time and +place of this conference. It is also stated--'_In secunda affuisse +perhibentur septem hi Britannici episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias +Llantavensis, Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Elinensis, +Uniacensis alias Wiccensis, Morganensis._' It is styled '_Synodus +Wigornensis_,' or according to Spelman, '_Pambritannicam_.' Nothing +whatever is known of the names or of the number of British bishops who +presided over the earliest church at Hereford." + +The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are defined in +Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the _Mundy Gospels_, now in the +library of Pembroke College, Cambridge. + +"The condition of the Church of Hereford (_circa_ 1290 A.D.) gave clear +testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the extensiveness of its +lands. The diocese itself was richly endowed by nature, and enviably +situated. Those of St. Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St. +David's, were its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the +Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the south by the +influx of the Wye. From the west to the east perhaps its greatest width +might have been found from a point where the latter river, near Hay, +leaves the counties of Radnor and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at +Gloucester. It embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery, +Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of Brecon. It +included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes, in its neighbourhood. +The Severn environed its upper part. Almost midway it was traversed by the +Teme, and the Wye pursued its endless windings through the lower +district,--a region altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and +beauty, abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive forests, +and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of it Episcopal manors +had been allotted, furnishing abundant supplies to the occupiers of the +see."(8) + +In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries were so +vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest of the bishops +holding office prior to the landing of Augustine was one Dubric, son of +Brychan, who established a sort of college at Hentland, near Ross, and +later on removed to another spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace, +being guided thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of +piglings in a meadow; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba +Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises. + +Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his see in 512, and +died in Bardsey Island, A.D. 522. + +It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at Cirencester, A.D. +506. When he became bishop he moved to Caerleon, and was succeeded there +by Dewi, or David, who removed the see to Menevia (St. David's). + +The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and more to the west, +and before the close of the sixth century they had founded the Mercian +kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn, and in some places beyond the Wye. + +The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lichfield, as +Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford Putta, Bishop of +Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed by the Mercian King Ethelred. + +From Bede we learn that in 668 A.D. Putta died, and that one Tyrhtel +succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere. + +Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both Florence of +Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as Bede. We also hear of him +in the writings of Cuthbert, who followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in +some verses that Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent +cross, which he, Cuthbert, completed. + +Cuthbert died, A.D. 758, and was followed by Podda, A.D. 746. The names of +these early Bishops cannot all be regarded as certain, and their dates +are, in many cases, only approximate. Some of them may have been merely +assistants or suffragans to other Bishops of Hereford. + +The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we give in the +same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his valuable little _Diocesan +History_. + +A.D. 758, Hecca. +777, Aldberht. +781, Esne. +793, Cedmand (doubtful). +796, Edulf. +798, Uttel. +803, Wulfheard. +824, Beonna. +825, Eadulf (doubtful). +833, Cedda. +836, Eadulf. +838, Cuthwulf. +866, Deorlaf. +868, Ethelbert. +888, Cynemund. +895, Athelstane I. +901, Edgar. +930, Tidhelm. +935, Wulfhelm. +941, Elfric. +966, Ethelwolf. +1016, Athelstane II.: he rebuilt the cathedral "from the foundations";(9) +but also saw it destroyed in a raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar. +1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh. + +*Walter of Lorraine*, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had been administered +for the last four years by the Bishop of Worcester, when Queen Edith's +chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond +a probably satirical reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known +of Walter is an account of a discreditable death. + +*Robert de Losinga*, A.D. 1079-1095. A man of much learning and ability. +During his episcopate, according to William of Malmsbury, the cathedral +was rebuilt after the pattern of Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle. +In his time also Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford. +He was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he was open +to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible with his intimate +companionship with the high-minded Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, the date +of whose death, January 19, 1095, is included in the calendar of the +Hereford Service-Book. + + [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.] + + A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. + + +*Gerard*, A.D. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of William Rufus had +been brought from the forest to Winchester by Purkiss, the charcoal +burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the +coronation of Henry I., for which service it was said he was promised the +first vacant archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few +years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the value of +that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained his promotion. + +*Reynelm*, A.D. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda; he resigned his +appointment as soon as it was conferred, on account of the King's quarrel +with Anselm on the question of investiture, was banished for six years, +and was only consecrated in 1107. He is said to have been the founder of +the hospital of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral +begun by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of prebendaries +and canons living under a rule. + +*Geoffrey de Clive*, A.D. 1115-1119. During the latter years of this +episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over the districts of Ergyng and +Ewias, which had begun in the previous century, was revived between the +Bishop of Llandaff and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's. + +*Richard de Capella*, A.D. 1120-1127, King's chaplain and keeper of the +Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to build at Hereford a bridge +over the Wye. + +During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the annual holding +of a three days' fair (increased to nine days later) commencing on the +evening of the 19th of May, called St. Ethelbert's Day. + +Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and the rest to +the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff held a court within the +palace precincts, with pillory and stocks. The bishop also had a gaol for +the incarceration of offenders against his rights during fair-time. + +Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension of civic +authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of frequent +quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad-singer was punished +by the bishop's officers. + +The wreck of the "White Ship" occurred during this episcopate (Nov. 25th, +1120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Hereford. + +*Robert de Bethune*, A.D. 1131-1148, had become prior of his monastery at +his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders, and thence had gone to +Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the Hatteral Hills in the disputed +district of Ewias. + +When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the bitter struggle +for the Crown, Bishop Robert, who was a personal friend of Henry, Bishop +of Winchester, the King's brother, sided with Stephen. + +Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by Geoffrey de +Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks for the Empress Matilda. +It was then captured by Stephen, and the victory celebrated in the +cathedral on Whitsunday (A.D. 1138), when the King attended mass wearing +his crown, and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an +earlier chapter. + +In 1139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and seizing the +cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used it as a vantage +ground from which to attack the castle. The tower was used as a platform, +from which missiles were thrown, and the nave as a stable; while a trench +and rampart was carried across the graveyard. + +Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress was accepted +there by the clergy, and returned thence to Hereford to purify the +cathedral. He died at Chalons of a disease contracted while attending a +council of Pope Eugenius III. + +The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Hereford, and it was +enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey. Both at Canterbury and at +London were great demonstrations of grief, which were again repeated at +Ross, and on a still larger scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was +undoubtedly a great man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery, +and ability was well deserved. + +*Gilbert Foliot*, A.D. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been consecrated as +Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop Robert, with whom he had +contracted an early friendship as far back as 1139. + +On the death of Bishop Robert, he was consecrated at St. Omer. He assisted +at the consecration of Becket at Canterbury, and the next year was +transferred to the See of London. He was followed by *Robert of Maledon*, +A.D. 1163-1168, said to have been remarkably wise. + +Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He attended the council +of Clarendon, A.D. 1162, and in 1164 was present at the meeting at +Northampton between Becket and the King. + +Such was the fury and importance of the Becket controversy that even +distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two Hereford Bishops took part in +the quarrel, and it was through this that the see continued vacant for six +years after Bishop Robert's death. + +Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., A.D. 1538, for the +destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop Becket, there still +existed in the cathedral, till late in the seventeenth century, a wall +painting of the Archbishop, and even yet in the north-east transept there +remains a figure of him in one of the windows in good preservation. The +enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Becket's murder and +entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already been described +among the treasures of the cathedral. + +Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still remaining in a +well-preserved window of painted glass at Credenhill, a part of which +represents the murdered Becket. Lastly, the festival of the translation of +St. Thomas of Canterbury, July 7, is still included in the cathedral +calendar. + +*Robert Foliot*, A.D. 1174-1186, had been a friend of Becket's, and may +have had some share in his education. + +*William de Vere*, A.D. 1186-1199, removed the apsidal termination at the +east end of the cathedral, and is said to have erected chapels, since +replaced by the Lady Chapel and its vestibule. + +*Giles de Braose*, A.D. 1200-1215, a stubborn opponent of King John. + +*Hugh de Mapenor*, A.D. 1216-1219, received his appointment by the +influence of the papal legate, who, after King John's submission, claimed +the right of nomination to all vacant sees and benefices. + +*Hugh Foliot*, A.D. 1219-1234, founded the Hospital of St. Katherine at +Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of him, painted from an older +picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert was presented to the cathedral during +his episcopacy. He endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St. +Katherine, in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace, +destroyed in the eighteenth century. + +*Ralph de Maydenstan*, A.D. 1234-1239, presented to the see a house in +Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence for the bishops when in the +metropolis. He also made various gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and +the college of vicars choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to +settle the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence. + +*Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca)*, A.D. 1240-1268, a native of Aqua Bella, +near Chambery, whose appointment was an instance of the preference Henry +III. showed for foreigners. One of the most unpopular men in England; he +was hand in glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes for +money getting. + +Bishop Aquablanca probably built the graceful north-west transept of the +cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie the remains of his +nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with his own, except the heart. This +was carried, as he had requested it should be, to the church he had +founded in his native place. + +*John de Breton*, or Bruton, A.D. 1268-1275. + +*Thomas de Cantilupe*, A.D. 1275-1282. Born A.D. 1220, he showed, as a +child, unusual religious zeal, was educated at Oxford and Paris, and for +some years filled the office of Chancellor of England at the choice of the +barons. This post he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was +elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair on De +Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with difficulty. + +Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and devotional habits. +In a dispute concerning the chace of Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from +which was derived the Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully +the episcopal rights. He was also triumphant in a more important quarrel +with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful appropriation of three +manors. + +When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle and +maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal chastisement +upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The clergy no less than laymen did +he subdue, appealing when necessary to the Pope. + +In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the defendant +appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the sub-dean of Hereford, he +was at last excommunicated by the Archbishop for refusing to go to discuss +the affair with him at Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree, +but died in Tuscany on the homeward journey. + +As already described, his remains were finally laid with great pomp in the +Lady Chapel. + +Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved to the Chapel of +St. Katherine, in the north-west transept. Twice more were they moved, +finally resting in the same Chapel of St. Katherine. + +*Richard Swinfield*, A.D. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had been Bishop +Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely aloof from politics, but +offered a keen resistance to any infringement on the rights of his +diocese. Several boundary questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and +in 1289-90 he made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to +us a journal of daily expenses. + +Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles and two +easternmost transepts. In his time the "_Mappa Mundi_" came into +possession of the Chapter. + +He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious predecessor, +but it was not till four years after his death that Pope John XXII. +granted an act for the purpose. He was buried in the cathedral. + +*Adam Orleton*, A.D. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger Mortimer, and +consequently was opposed to Edward II. Throughout the struggle of those +many miserable years the affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire +of civil war. It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath Abbey, took the +King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the Great Seal. The +Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither many of the King's adherents +were taken with the Chancellor and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was +hanged in the town, decapitated, and quartered. + +Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs of the cathedral. +He obtained a grant of revenues of two churches from Pope John XXII. for +monies necessary for the dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for +repairs in the cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester +by + +*Thomas Charleton*, A.D. 1328-1343, who was made treasurer of England in +1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as chancellor. He died in 1343. + +*John Trilleck*, A.D. 1344-1360. The Black Death reached Herefordshire in +1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to have kept it at bay in the city by a +procession of the shrine of the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford. + +Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass effigy was +placed on his grave. "Gratus, prudens, pius" are among the words which may +be still read from the mutilated inscription, and they appear to have had +more justification than the rhetoric of the average epitaph. + + [Illustration: TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON.] + + TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON. + + +*Lewis Charleton*, A.D. 1361-1369, was appointed by papal provision. The +Black Death made a second visitation in the first year of his episcopate, +and it was then that the market was removed to some distance from the town +on the west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms of +Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed money and some books to +the cathedral. + +*William Courtenay*, A.D. 1370-1375, was also appointed by papal +provision, which was necessary in consequence of his youth. Although he +had already held a canonry of York and prebends in Exeter and Wells in +addition to the Chancellorship of Oxford University, he was but +twenty-eight years of age. At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the +friars, though he afterwards turned against his former ally. + +*John Gilbert*, A.D. 1375-1389, with partial success, went to make terms +of peace with Charles VI., the French King. He became treasurer of England +in 1386, an office of which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before +his translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathedral +Grammar School. + +*Thomas Trevenant*, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician, this Bishop +assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and was one of the +commissioners to the Pope to announce the accession of Henry IV. + +*Robert Mascall*, A.D. 1404-1416, was employed as a foreign ambassador by +Henry IV., who also made him his confessor. He attended the council of +Constance in 1414. + +*Edmund Lacy*, A.D. 1417-1420. This Bishop began to build the cloister +connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal palace. + +*Thomas Polton*, A.D. 1420-1421, was consecrated at Florence, and the next +year was translated to Chichester. + +*Thomas Spofford*, A.D. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's at York, to which +post he returned on resigning his see in 1448. According to a papal bull +he laid out 2,800 marks on the buildings of the cathedral,--probably +completing the cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was +L100 per annum. The great west window of the cathedral was put up in his +time by William Lochard. + +*Richard Beauchamp*, A.D. 1448-1450. Son of Sir Walter, and grandson of +Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a great architect in his day, although +his chief work was done after his translation to Salisbury, when he was +appointed by Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which included +the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was buried. It is said he +was the first Chancellor of the Order of the Garter. + +*Reginald Buller*, A.D. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, was +translated to Lichfield. He was buried in Hereford Cathedral. + +*John Stanberry*, A.D. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar at Oxford, and was +chosen by King Henry VI. to be his confessor, and also first Provost of +Eton. In 1448 he was made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was +translated to Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he +was taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick Castle. +On his release he retired to the convent of his order at Ludlow, where he +died in May, 1474. He was buried at Hereford, near his own Chantry Chapel, +which still bears his name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's +palace for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was +completed in 1475. + +*Thomas Mylling*, A.D. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was Abbot of St. +Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk. King Edward IV. made him a +Privy Councillor and gave him the see of Hereford in remembrance of his +services to Elizabeth Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her +husband had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried to +Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is said to have +enclosed his remains. + +*Edmund Audley*, A.D. 1492-1502, a prebendary of Lichfield, of Lincoln, +and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480, translated to Hereford in +1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The beautiful chantry chapel on the south +side of the Lady Chapel, near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was +founded by him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and a +pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift. + +*Adrian de Castello*, A.D. 1503-1504. He conducted the negotiations +between Henry VII. and the Pope; and he was translated from Hereford to +Bath and Wells, but never visited either see. + +*Richard Mayhew*, A.D. 1504-1516, was made in 1480 the first regular +president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of St. Mary Magdalene at +Oxford. He was also Chancellor of the University, and almoner to King +Henry VII., by whom he had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta +Katharine of Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur. + +He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south side of the +choir, where his tomb is still to be seen. + +*Charles Booth*, A.D. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Buckingham, and Chancellor +of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting memorial in the north porch of the +cathedral, which bears upon it the date of his death. He seems to have +been much in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make one of +the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was attached +to the company of Henry's "dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied +by thirty "tall personages." + +On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a tapestry for +the high altar; also to his successor a gold ring and other articles which +have disappeared. + +*Edward Foxe*, A.D. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of the Reformation," +as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have been "an excellent +instrument" in its general progress. + +A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in that county, he +was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge, becoming, in 1528, Provost +of King's College. In 1531 he succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of +Leicester. For many years almoner to the King, he was employed in +embassies to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these +diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent to Rome with +Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's separation from his +"dearest wife." + +Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King; and he, again, wrote the book +called _The Difference between the Kingly and the Ecclesiastical Power_, +which Henry wished people to think he had partly written himself, +intended, as it was, to make easier his assumption of ecclesiastical +supremacy. + +In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation of the diocese +for the valuation of all church property therein, in accordance with the +order referred to above. Dr. Coren, his vicar-general, actually carried +out the valuation, and its results are to be found in the pages of _Valor +Ecclesiasticus_, printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802. + +In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting to the King all +religious houses possessing a revenue under L200 per annum. There were +about eighteen houses in the diocese, excluding the cathedral, and of +these only the priories of Wenlock, Wigmore, and Leominster possessed +revenues exempting them from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in +May, 1538, and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt. + +*John Skypp*, A.D. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of Leicester, Edmund Bonner, +was appointed to the see on Foxe's death, but was removed to London before +his consecration, and John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset, +and chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop. + +He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's execution for +high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became distant towards him. He was +the part compiler with Foxe of the _Institution of a Christian Man_, +published in 1537, of the _Erudition_ or _King's Book_, published in 1543, +and was probably one of the committee employed to draw up the first Common +Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on its completion, he +protested against its publication. He died in 1552 at the episcopal +residence in London. + +*John Harley*, A.D. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward VI. to hold the see +"during good behaviour." He was consecrated on May 26, 1553, but only to +be deposed in March, 1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she +appointed a commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during +the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially on that of +"inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric of Harley was declared +void. He is said to have spent the remainder of his life wandering about +in woods "instructing his flock, and administering the sacrament according +to the order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his +deposition, a wretched exile in his own land." + +*Robert Parfew*, A.D. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton, was instituted to +the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church, Southwark, by Lord Chancellor +Gardiner. He had been Abbat of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as +Bishop of St. Asaph, attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of +those concerned in the production of the _Bishop's Book_. On his death, +September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and other ornaments to +Hereford Cathedral, though whether he was buried there or in Mold Church +seems doubtful. The Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to +succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the accession of +Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and died there in 1559. Fuller, +in his _Church History of Britain_, remarks: "I take the Marshalsea to be, +in those times, the best for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of +God's poor saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler! More cruel than +his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in Lollard's Tower, the +Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place which minded them of the manner of +their death, first kept amongst coals before they were burnt to +ashes."(10) + +*John Scory*, A.D. 1559-1585, was translated from Chichester. On the +accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to have done penance for his marriage, +and generally reconciled himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to +Friesland and retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the +English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the throne he returned, +preached before her by appointment in Lent, 1558, was restored to +Chichester, and later on was elected to Hereford. + +During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop Scory to +surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors belonging to the +see, and to receive in exchange advowsons and other less valuable +possessions. In these transactions it is possible he thought more of his +own interest than that of his successors; in any case, serious charges +were brought against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into +verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs:-- + + Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne, + And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine; + And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues, + Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges. + +Bishop Scory was succeeded by *Harberd (or Herbert) Westphaling*, A.D. +1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church, Oxford: a man remarkable for the +immoderate length of his speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and +unsmiling gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker, +and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's and Dean +of Windsor. + +According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was once preaching in +his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow fell upon the roof from the +tower, creating a panic among the frightened congregration[**typo: +congregation]. But the Bishop, remaining in his pulpit, exhorted them to +keep their places and fear not. He spent all that he had in revenues from +the see in charity and good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a +well-gotten estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum to +Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of the cathedral, +where his effigy can still be seen. + +*Robert Bennett*, A.D. 1602-1617, a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, +was a famous tennis player. + +Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for preaching against +her projected marriage with the Duke of Anjou, but made him Dean of +Windsor towards the close of her reign. He is said to have been vain, and +especially fond of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In +1607 the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's +fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett. He spent +large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace. Bishop Bennett was +buried on the north side of the choir, where his tomb remains with effigy. + +*Francis Godwin*, A.D. 1617-1633, translated to Hereford from Llandaff, +which preferment he is said to have obtained from the Queen on account of +his commentary _De Praesulibus Angliae_. He also wrote other historical +works, including a life of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, "He was +stored with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the +study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff (whereof he +well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for his other learned +writings, so especially for his catalogue of Bishops." He was buried at +Whitbourn, in a residence belonging to the see of Hereford, on April 29, +1633. + +*William Juxon*, Dean of Worcester, and President of St. John's College, +Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin, but before consecration was +called to London. During his episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop +Laud's procurement made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his +administration of these duties that "No hands, having so much money +passing through them, had their fingers less soiled therewith." + +*Augustine Lindsell*, A.D. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peterborough, was +confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November of the following year was +found dead in his study. + +*Matthew Wren*, A.D. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held a still briefer +episcopate, and in the same year as his consecration to Hereford was +translated to Norwich. + +*Theophilus Field*, A.D. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop of Llandaff and of +St. David's, died a year after his translation, and thereby saved the +diocese the ill effects of a longer term of servile and corrupt +management. + +*George Coke*, A.D. 1636-1646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, became +Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was translated to Hereford in 1636. He was +a grave and studious man, and well loved in his diocese, but in the +troubled days of the Civil War was deprived of his see. + +*Nicholas Monk*, A.D. 1661-1661, who followed, was brother to the Duke of +Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in the December following his +consecration, at Westminster, where he was buried. + +*Herbert Croft*, A.D. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert Croft, of an +ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was brought up at Douai and +St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored to the English Church through the +influence of Bishop Morton, of Durham. He became a determined opponent of +Romanism, and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there +seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of the county for +help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop Croft was buried in the +cathedral, and joined to his gravestone is that of his intimate friend +George Benson, the Dean. He left by his will a sum of money for the relief +of widows, and for apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese. + +*Gilbert Ironside*, A.D. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was +translated to Hereford from Bristol. He died in London, and was buried in +the church of St. Mary, Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but +the Rev. F. T. T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and +tomb-stone removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867. + +*Humphrey Humphreys*, A.D. 1701-1712, a Welshman, was translated to +Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been a good antiquary. Again, in +the early days of the eighteenth century, was the old contest revived +between citizens and Bishop as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair +of St. Ethelbert. The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in +form, down to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act +of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for the profits +arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 12-1/2 bushels of wheat +or its equivalent in money value, according to the price current. This has +now been transferred to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair +limited to two days' duration. + +*Philip Bisse*, A.D. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's, was a man of +great munificence, and of the best intentions, of whom it may be said he +spent "not wisely but too well." He was entirely devoid of any aesthetic +feeling or of architectural fitness, and in the most religious spirit +committed acts of wholesale sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the +work of restoration in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at +that time much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a +hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the cathedral, +and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality, presented the church with +the most dreadful, ponderous, and unsuitable altar-piece that could well +have been devised. In an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues +are recorded. It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the +three choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place. + +*Benjamin Hoadley*, A.D. 1721-1723, translated from Bangor, was again +translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over Hereford was too +short for him to have influenced it for good or evil, and his history +belongs rather to Salisbury and Winchester. + +*Hon. Henry Egerton*, A.D. 1723-1746, fifth son of the third Earl of +Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is chiefly to be remembered for +an attempt to destroy the early Norman building adjoining the Bishop's +Palace, and thought to have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of +its two stories containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot. + +*Lord James Beauclerk*, A.D. 1746-1787, grandson of Charles II. and Nell +Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop. It was during the last +year of his episcopate on Easter Monday, April 17, 1786, that occurred the +fall of the western tower of the cathedral, causing much injury. The west +front of the church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was +seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this calamity. +The see was next occupied for six weeks only by the Hon. J. Harley. + +*John Butler*, A.D. 1788-1802. By birth a German, was an active political +supporter of the Government of the day. + +He contributed largely to the repair of the cathedral. + +*Folliott Herbert Cornewall*, A.D. 1802-1808. He was a member of an +ancient family in the county of Hereford. Translated from Bristol to +Hereford, he was again translated in 1808 to Worcester. + +*John Luxmoore*, A.D. 1808-1815, was translated to Hereford from Bristol, +and again translated in 1815 to St. Asaph. He helped to establish national +schools in the diocese. + +*Isaac Huntingford*, A.D. 1815-1832, warden of Winchester College, was +translated from Gloucester to Hereford, and still continued his duties at +Winchester. During his episcopate an incongruous painted window was placed +by Dean Carr at the east end of the choir in 1822. He was author of +several classical and theological works. He died April 29, 1832, in his +eighty-fourth year, and was buried at Compton, near Winchester. There is a +monument in the Bishop's cloister and a window in the south-east transept +to his memory. + + [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.] + + A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. + + +*Edward Grey, D.D.*, of Christ Church, Oxford, A.D. 1832-1837. He was Dean +of Hereford in 1831. He was buried in the choir of the cathedral, eastward +of the throne, on July 24, 1837, aged fifty-five years. A brass plate on +the wall marks the spot. There is also a monument to his memory now in the +Bishop's cloister. + +*Thomas Musgrave, D.D.*, A.D. 1837-1847, Fellow of Trinity College, +Cambridge; Dean of Bristol; consecrated Bishop of Hereford, October 1, +1837; promoted to the Archbishopric of York, December, 1847. He died in +London, May 4, 1860, aged seventy-two years, and was buried at Kensal +Green, where there is a tomb with a short inscription. In York Minster a +monument in the shape of an altar tomb was erected to him, and in the +north choir aisle of Hereford Cathedral are three stained-glass windows to +his memory. + + [Illustration: A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER.] + + A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. + + +*Renn Dickson Hampden, D.D.*, A.D. 1848-1868, Fellow of Oriel College; +Principal of St. Mary's Hall; Regius Professor of Divinity; and Canon of +Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed in 1847 by Lord John Russell, and +for the first time since the Reformation "a struggle took place between +the recommending minister and a large and influential part of the clergy +and laity of the church, who regarded Dr. Hampden's opinions as +heretical."(11) Lord John Russell refused to withdraw the appointment, and +it was eventually carried out in spite of all remonstrances; not, however, +until the question had been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of +Queen's Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion. He +died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal Green, close to +the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy was said by Hallam to be +the only work of deep metaphysical research on the subject to be found in +the English language. + + [Illustration: BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT.] + + BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT. + + +*James Atlay*, A.D. 1868-1895, second son of the Rev. Henry Atlay, M.A., +formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was born July 3, +1817; graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was +afterwards Fellow, appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel +Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of Ripon, 1861; +nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at Westminster on June 24, and +enthroned in Hereford Cathedral, July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by +the Right Rev. *John Percival*, D.D., the present holder of the see. + + [Illustration: PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.] + + PLAN OF HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. + + +The dimensions of the cathedral are:-- + + Ft. In. +Total length about 342 0 +outside, +Total length about 327 5 +inside, +Length of Nave about 158 6 +to Screen +Gates, +Length of about 75 6 +Choir-Screen to +Reredos, +Length of Lady about 93 5 +Chapel from +Reredos, +Breadth of Nave about 31 4 +(span of roof), +Breadth of Nave about 73 4 +and Aisles +(internally), +Breadth of about 146 2 +Central +Transepts, +Breadth of about 110 6 +North-East +Transepts (each +about 35 ft. +sq.), +Height of about 62 6 +Choir, +Height of Nave, about 64 0 +Height of about 96 0 +Lantern, +Height of Tower about 140 6 +(top of +_leads_), +Height of Tower about 165 0 +(top of +_pinnacles_), +Height of old about 240 0 +central timber +Spire, + +NEILL AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 --_Cathedralia_, p. 59. + + 2 --_The Diocese of Hereford_, H. W. Phillott. + + 3 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips + Bevan, F.S.S. + + 4 --_Guide to the Wye and its Neighbourhood_, by the late G. Phillips + Bevan, F.S.S. + + 5 --_History of Architecture_, ii. 38. + + 6 --_List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural, + etc., Decorations._ London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128. + + 7 Botfield, _Cathedral Libraries_, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the + collection it was in the Lady Chapel. + + 8 Rev. J. Webb's _Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield_, + xviii. + + 9 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. + + 10 Fuller's _Church History of Britain_, Brewer's ed., iv. 198. + + 11 --_History of the Church of England from 1660._ By W. N. Molesworth, + M.A. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF HEREFORD, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE*** + + + +CREDITS + + +September 2006 + + Project Gutenberg Edition + Jonathan Ingram + Joshua Hutchinson + Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 19487.txt or 19487.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/4/8/19487/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. 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