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diff --git a/19488-h/19488-h.htm b/19488-h/19488-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..652176c --- /dev/null +++ b/19488-h/19488-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,38963 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of Joan of Arc (Contents), by Anatole France. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .floatl {float: left; + clear: left; + text-align: center; + border: none; + padding: 2px; + margin: 0 4px 0 0; /* right margin to keep out from body */ + } + + .footnotes {border: none;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {font-weight: bold; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Joan of Arc, Vol. 1 and 2 (of 2), by +Anatole France + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life of Joan of Arc, Vol. 1 and 2 (of 2) + +Author: Anatole France + +Translator: Winifred Stephens + +Release Date: October 17, 2006 [EBook #19488] +Last Updated: February 26, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF JOAN OF ARC *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +This updated HTML file provided by David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1>THE LIFE OF JOAN OF ARC</h1> + + +<h2>BY ANATOLE FRANCE</h2> + + +<h3>A TRANSLATION BY WINIFRED STEPHENS</h3> + +<h3>IN TWO VOLS.</h3> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<img src="images/image01.jpg" width="179" height="200" alt="coat of arms" title="coat of arms" /></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +LONDON: JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD<br /> +NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY: MCMIX<br /> +</p> + +<p class="notes"><i>Transcriber's Note:</i> In the original text, the name "Trémouille" is sometimes +rendered as "Trémoïlle." In this e-text, the variant has been preserved as it appears in the original.</p> +<p><a name="contents" id="contents"></a></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<h3><span class="smcap"><a href="#joan1">Volume I</a></span></h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">CHAP.</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_v">v</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">List of Illustrations</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_lxxvii">lxxvii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">I.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_I">Childhood</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">II.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_II">Voices</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">III.<br /> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_III">First Visit to Vaucouleurs. Flight to Neufchâteau. Journey to Toul.<br />Second Visit to Vaucouleurs</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> <br /> + <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Journey to Nancy. Itinerary from Vaucouleurs to Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.91">91</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">V.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Siege of Orléans from the 12th of October, 1428, to the 6th of March, 1429</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_VI">The Maid at Chinon—Prophecies</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_VII">The Maid at Poitiers</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">The Maid at Poitiers</span> (<i>continued</i>)</a></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IX.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_IX">The Maid at Tours</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">X.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_X">The Siege of Orléans from the 7th of March to the 28th of April, 1429</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.230">230</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XI">The Maid at Blois. Letter to the English. Departure for Orléans</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XII">The Maid at Orléans</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">The Taking of Les Tourelles and the Deliverance of Orléans</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">The Maid at Tours and Selles-en-Berry. Treatises of Jacques Gélu and Jean Gerson</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Taking of Jargeau. The Meung Bridge. Beaugency</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">The Battle of Patay. Opinions of Italian and German Clerks. The Gien Army</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">The Auxerre Convention. Friar Richard. The Surrender of Troyes</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">The Surrender of Châlons and of Reims. The Coronation</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIX.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">Rise of the Legend</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> +  </td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> + + +<h3><span class="smcap"><a href="#joan2">Volume II</a></span></h3> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr><td style="text-align: left">CHAP.</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">List of Illustrations</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">I.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_I">The Royal Army from Soissons to Compiègne. Poem and Prophecy</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">II.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_II">The Maid's First Visit to Compiègne. The Three Popes. Saint-Denys. Truces</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">III.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_III">The Attack on Paris</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IV.<br /> + </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_IV">The Taking Of Saint-Pierre-le-Moustier. Friar Richard's Spiritual Daughters.<br /> + The Siege of La Charité</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><br /> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">V.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_V">Letter to the Citizens of Reims. Letter to the Hussites. Departure from Sully</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_VI">The Maid in the Trenches of Melun. Le Seigneur de l'Ours. The Child of Lagny</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_VII">Soissons and Compiègne. Capture of the Maid</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_VIII">The Maid at Beaulieu. The Shepherd of Gévaudan</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IX.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_IX">The Maid at Beaurevoir. Catherine de la Rochelle at Paris. Execution of La Pierronne</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">X.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_X">Beaurevoir. Arras. Rouen. The Trial for Lapse</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.188">188</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XI.</td><td style="text-align: left"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">The Trial for Lapse</span> (<i>continued</i>)</a></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.227">227</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XII.</td><td style="text-align: left"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">The Trial for Lapse</span> (<i>continued</i>)</a></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XIII">The Abjuration. The First Sentence</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XIV">The Trial for Relapse. Second Sentence. Death of the Maid</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.323">323</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XV">After the Death of the Maid. The End of the Shepherd. La Dame des Armoises</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.343">343</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVI.<br /> + <br /> + </td><td style="text-align: left"><a href="#V2CHAPTER_XVI"><span class="smcap">After the Death of the Maid</span> (<i>continued</i>). <span class="smcap">The Rouen Judges at the Council of Bâle<br /> + and the Pragmatic Sanction. The Rehabilitation Trial. The Maid of Sarmaize.<br /> + The Maid of Le Mans</span></a></td><td style="text-align: right"><br /> + <br /> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.378">378</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: center"><b> + <a href="#V2APPENDICES">APPENDICES</a></b></td><td style="text-align: right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">I.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_I">Letter from Doctor G. Dumas</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">II.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_II">The Farrier of Salon</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">III.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_III">Martin de Gallardon</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.413">413</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_IV">Iconographical Note</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> +  </td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<h3><a href="#joanindex"><span class="smcap">Index</span></a></h3> + + +<p><a name="joan1" id="joan1"></a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="Joan"> +<img src="images/image02.jpg" width="334" height="400" alt="Joan of Arc" title="Joan of Arc" /></a></p> + + +<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image02a.jpg">Enlarge</a></p> + + + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<img src="images/sign.jpg" width="132" height="125" alt="Jehanne" title="Jehanne" /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + +<h3>TO THE ENGLISH EDITION</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/caps.jpg" width="111" height="125" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" />CHOLARS have been good enough to notice this book; and the majority +have treated it very kindly, doubtless because they have perceived +that the author has observed all the established rules of historical +research and accuracy. Their kindness has touched me. I am especially +grateful to MM. Gabriel Monod, Solomon Reinach and Germain +Lefèvre-Pontalis, who have discovered in this work certain errors, +which will not be found in the present edition.</p> + +<p>My English critics have a special claim to my gratitude. To the memory +of Joan of Arc they consecrate a pious zeal which is almost an +expiatory worship. Mr. Andrew Lang's praiseworthy scruples with regard +to my references have caused me to correct some and to add several.</p> + +<p>The hagiographers alone are openly hostile. They reproach me, not with +my manner of explaining the facts, but with having explained them at +all. And the more my explanations are clear, natural, rational and +derived from the most authoritative sources, the more these +explanations displease them. They would wish the history of Joan of +Arc to remain mysterious and entirely supernatural. I have restored +the Maid to life and to humanity. That is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> my crime. And these zealous +inquisitors, so intent on condemning my work, have failed to discover +therein any grave fault, any flagrant inexactness. Their severity has +had to content itself with a few inadvertences and with a few +printer's errors. What flatterers could better have gratified "the +proud weakness of my heart?"<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, <i>January, 1909</i>.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p><img src="images/capm.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="M" title="M" class="floatl" />Y first duty should be to make known the authorities for this +history. But L'Averdy, Buchon, J. Quicherat, Vallet de Viriville, +Siméon Luce, Boucher de Molandon, MM. Robillard de Beaurepaire, Lanéry +d'Arc, Henri Jadart, Alexandre Sorel, Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, L. +Jarry, and many other scholars have published and expounded various +documents for the life of Joan of Arc. I refer my readers to their +works which in themselves constitute a voluminous literature,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> and +without entering on any new examination of these documents, I will +merely indicate rapidly and generally the reasons for the use I have +chosen to make of them. They are: first, the trial which resulted in +her condemnation; second, the chronicles; third, the trial for her +rehabilitation; fourth, letters, deeds, and other papers.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> +<p>First, in the trial<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> which resulted in her condemnation the +historian has a mine of rich treasure. Her cross-examination cannot be +too minutely studied. It is based on information, not preserved +elsewhere, gathered from Domremy and the various parts of France +through which she passed. It is hardly necessary to say that all the +judges of 1431 sought to discover in Jeanne was idolatry, heresy, +sorcery and other crimes against the Church. Inclined as they were, +however, to discern evil in every one of the acts and in each of the +words of one whom they desired to ruin, so that they might dishonour +her king, they examined all available information concerning her life. +The high value to be set upon the Maid's replies is well known; they +are heroically sincere, and for the most part perfectly lucid. +Nevertheless they must not all be interpreted literally. Jeanne, who +never regarded either the bishop or the promoter as her judge, was not +so simple as to tell them the whole truth. It was very frank of her to +warn them that they would not know all.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> That her memory was +curiously defective must also be admitted. I am aware that the clerk +of the court was astonished that after a fortnight she should remember +exactly the answers she had given in her cross-examination.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> That +may be possible, although she did not always say the same thing. It is +none the less certain that after the lapse of a year she retained but +an indistinct recollection of some of the important acts of her life. +Finally, her constant hallucinations generally rendered her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> incapable +of distinguishing between the true and the false.</p> + +<p>The record of the trial is followed by an examination of Jeanne's +sayings in <i>articulo mortis</i>.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> This examination is not signed by the +clerks of the court. Hence from a legal point of view the record is +out of order; nevertheless, regarded as a historical document, its +authenticity cannot be doubted. In my opinion the actual occurrences +cannot have widely differed from what is related in this unofficial +report. It tells of Jeanne's second recantation, and of this +recantation there can be no question, for Jeanne received the +communion before her death. The veracity of this document was never +assailed,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> even by those who during the rehabilitation trial pointed +out its irregularity.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Secondly, the chroniclers of the period, both French and Burgundian, +were paid chroniclers, one of whom was attached to every great baron. +Tringant says that his master did not expend any money in order to +obtain mention in the chronicles,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> and that therefore he is omitted +from them. The earliest chronicle in which the Maid occurs is that of +Perceval de Cagny, who was in the service of the house of Alençon and +Duke John's master of the house.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> It was drawn up in the year 1436, +that is, only six years after Jeanne's death. But it was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> written +by him. According to his own confession he had "not half the sense, +memory, or ability necessary for putting this, or even a matter of +less than half its importance, down in writing."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> This chronicle is +the work of a painstaking clerk. One is not surprised to find a +chronicler in the pay of the house of Alençon representing the +differences concerning the Maid, which arose between the Sire de la +Trémouille and the Duke of Alençon, in a light most unfavourable to +the King. But from a scribe, supposed to be writing at the dictation +of a retainer of Duke John, one would have expected a less inaccurate +and a less vague account of the feats of arms accomplished by the Maid +in company with him whom she called her fair duke. Although this +chronicle was written at a time when no one dreamed that the sentence +of 1431 would ever be revoked, the Maid is regarded as employing +supernatural means, and her acts are stripped of all verisimilitude by +being recorded in the manner of a hagiography. Further, that portion +of the chronicle attributed to Perceval de Cagny, which deals with the +Maid, is brief, consisting of twenty-seven chapters of a few lines +each. Quicherat is of opinion that it is the best chronicle of Jeanne +d'Arc<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> existing, and the others may indeed be even more worthless.</p> + +<p>Gilles le Bouvier,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> king at arms of the province of Berry, who was +forty-three in 1429, is somewhat more judicious than Perceval de +Cagny; and, in spite of some confusion of dates, he is better +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>formed of military proceedings. But his story is of too summary a +nature to tell us much.</p> + +<p>Jean Chartier,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> precentor of Saint-Denys, held the office of +chronicler of France in 1449. Two hundred years later he would have +been described as historiographer royal. His office may be divined +from the manner in which he relates Jeanne's death. After having said +that she had been long imprisoned by the order of John of Luxembourg, +he adds: "The said Luxembourg sold her to the English, who took her to +Rouen, where she was harshly treated; in so much that after long +delay, they had her publicly burnt in that town of Rouen, without a +trial, of their own tyrannical will, which was cruelly done, seeing +the life and the rule she lived, for every week she confessed and +received the body of Our Lord, as beseemeth a good catholic."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> When +Jean Chartier says that the English burned her without trial, he means +apparently that the Bailie of Rouen did not pronounce sentence. +Concerning the ecclesiastical trial and the two accusations of lapse +and relapse he says not a word; and it is the English whom he accuses +of having burnt a good Catholic without a trial. This example proves +how seriously the condemnation of 1431 embarrassed the government of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +King Charles. But what can be thought of a historian who suppresses +Jeanne's trial because he finds it inconvenient? Jean Chartier was +extremely weak-minded and trivial; he seems to believe in the magic of +Catherine's sword and in Jeanne's loss of power when she broke it;<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +he records the most puerile of fables. Nevertheless it is interesting +to note that the official chronicler of the Kings of France, writing +about 1450, ascribes to the Maid an important share in the delivery of +Orléans, in the conquest of fortresses on the Loire and in the victory +of Patay, that he relates how the King formed the army at Gien "by the +counsel of the said maid,"<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> and that he expressly states that +Jeanne caused<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> the coronation and consecration. Such was certainly +the opinion which prevailed at the Court of Charles VII. All that we +have to discover is whether that opinion was sincere and reasonable or +whether the King of France may not have deemed it to his advantage to +owe his kingdom to the Maid. She was held a heretic by the heads of +the Church Universal, but in France her memory was honoured, rather, +however, by the lower orders than by the princes of the blood and the +leaders of the army. The services of the latter the King was not +desirous to extol after the revolt of 1440. During this +<i>Praguerie</i>,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> the Duke of Bourbon, the Count of Vendôme, the Duke +of Alençon, whom the Maid called her fair duke,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> and even the cautious +Count Dunois had been seen joining hands with the plunderers and +making war on the sovereign with an ardour they had never shown in +fighting against the English.</p> + +<p>"Le Journal du Siège"<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> was doubtless kept in 1428 and 1429; but the +edition that has come down to us dates from 1467.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> What relates to +Jeanne before her coming to Orléans is interpolated; and the +interpolator was so unskilful as to date Jeanne's arrival at Chinon in +the month of February, while it took place on March 6, and to assign +Thursday, March 10, as the date of the departure from Blois, which did +not occur until the end of April. The diary from April 28 to May 7 is +less inaccurate in its chronology, and the errors in dates which do +occur may be attributed to the copyist. But the facts to which these +dates are assigned, occasionally in disagreement with financial +records and often tinged with the miraculous, testify to an advanced +stage of Jeanne's legend. For example, one cannot possibly attribute +to a witness of the siege the error made by the scribe concerning the +fall of the Bridge of Les Tourelles.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> What is said on page 97 of P. +Charpentier's and C. Cuissart's edition concerning the relations of +the inhabitants and the men-at-arms seems out of place, and may very +likely have been inserted there to efface the memory of the grave +dissensions which had occurred during the last week. From the 8th of +May the diary ceases to be a diary; it becomes a series of extracts +borrowed from Chartier,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> from Berry, and from the rehabilitation +trial. The episode of the big fat Englishman slain by Messire Jean de +Montesclère at the Siege of Jargeau is obviously taken from the +evidence of Jean d'Aulon in 1446; and even this plagiarism is +inaccurate, since Jean d'Aulon expressly says he was slain at the +Battle of Les Augustins.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>The chronicle entitled <i>La Chronique de la Pucelle</i>,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> as if it were +the chief chronicle of the heroine, is taken from a history entitled +<i>Geste des nobles François</i>, going back as far as Priam of Troy. But +the extract was not made until the original had been changed and added +to. This was done after 1467. Even if it were proved that <i>La +Chronique de la Pucelle</i> is the work of Cousinot, shut up in Orléans +during the siege, or even of two Cousinots, uncle and nephew according +to some, father and son according to others, it would remain none the +less true that this chronicle is largely copied from Jean Chartier, +the <i>Journal du Siège</i> and the rehabilitation trial. Whoever the +author may have been, this work reflects no great credit upon him: no +very high praise can be given to a fabricator of tales, who, without +appearing in the slightest degree aware of the fact, tells the same +stories twice over, introducing each time different and contradictory +circumstances. <i>La Chronique de la Pucelle</i> ends abruptly with the +King's return to Berry after his defeat before Paris.</p> + +<p><i>Le Mystère du siège</i><a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> must be classed with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> chronicles. It is +in fact a rhymed chronicle in dialogue, and it would be extremely +interesting for its antiquity alone were it possible to do what some +have attempted and to assign to it the date 1435. The editors, and +following them several scholars, have believed it possible to identify +this poem of 20,529 lines with a <i>certain mistaire</i><a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> played on the +sixth anniversary of the delivery of the city. They have drawn their +conclusions from the following circumstances: the Maréchal de Rais, +who delighted to organise magnificent farces and mysteries, was in +Duke Charles's city expending vast sums<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> there from September, +1434, till August, 1435; in 1439 the city purchased out of its +municipal funds "a standard and a banner, which had belonged to +Monseigneur de Reys and had been used by him to represent the manner +of the storming of Les Tourelles and their capture from the +English."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> From such a statement it is impossible to prove that in +1435 or in 1439, on May 8, there was acted a play having the Siege for +its subject and the Maid for its heroine. If, however, we take "the +manner of the storming of Les Tourelles" to mean a mystery rather than +a pageant or some other form of entertainment, and if we consider the +<i>certain mistaire</i> of 1435 as indicating a representation of that +siege which had been laid and raised by the English, we shall thus +arrive at a mystery of the siege. But even then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> we must examine +whether it be that mystery the text of which has come down to us.</p> + +<p>Among the one hundred and forty speaking personages in this work is +the Maréchal de Rais. Hence it has been concluded that the mystery was +written and acted before the lawsuit ended by that sentence to which +effect was given above the Nantes Bridge, on October 20, 1440. How, +indeed, it has been asked, after so ignominious a death could the +vampire of Machecoul have been represented to the people of Orléans as +fighting for their deliverance? How could the Maid and Blue Beard be +associated in a heroic action? It is hard to answer such a question, +because we cannot possibly tell how much of that kind of thing could +be tolerated by the barbarism of those rude old times. Perhaps our +text itself, if properly examined, will be found to contain internal +evidence as to whether it is of an earlier or later date than 1440.</p> + +<p>The bastard of Orléans was created Count of Dunois on July 14, +1439.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The lines of the mystery, in which he is called by this +title, cannot therefore be anterior to that date. They are numerous, +and, by a singularity which has never been explained, are all in the +first third of the book. When Dunois reappears later he is the Bastard +again. From this fact the editors of 1862 concluded that five thousand +lines were prefixed to the primitive text subsequently, although they +in no way differ from the rest, either in language, style, or prosody. +But may the rest of the poem be assigned to 1435 or 1439?</p> + +<p>That is not my opinion. In the lines 12093 and 12094 the Maid tells +Talbot he will die by the hand of the King's men. This prophecy must +have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> made after the event: it is an obvious allusion to the +noble captain's end, and these lines must have been written after +1453.</p> + +<p>Six years after the siege no clerk of Orléans would have thought of +travestying Jeanne as a lady of noble birth.</p> + +<p>In line 10199 and the following of the "<i>Mistère du Siège</i>" the Maid +replies to the first President of the Parlement of Poitiers when he +questions her concerning her family:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"As for my father's mansion, it is in the Bar country; and +he is of gentle birth and rank right noble, a good Frenchman +and a loyal."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p></div> + +<p>Before a clerk would write thus, Jeanne's family must have been long +ennobled and the first generation must have died out, which happened +in 1469; there must have come into existence that numerous family of +the Du Lys, whose ridiculous pretensions had to be humoured. Not +content with deriving their descent from their aunt, the Du Lys +insisted on connecting the good peasant Jacquot d'Arc with the old +nobility of Bar.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding that Jeanne's reference to "her father's mansion" +conflicts with other scenes in the same mystery, this lengthy work +would appear to be all of a piece.</p> + +<p>It was apparently compiled during the reign of Louis XI, by a citizen +of Orléans who was a fair master of his subject. It would be +interesting to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> make a more detailed study of his authorities than has +been done hitherto. This poet seems to have known a <i>Journal du siège</i> +very different from the one we possess.</p> + +<p>Was his mystery acted during the last thirty years of the century at +the festival instituted to commemorate the taking of Les Tourelles? +The subject, the style, and the spirit are all in harmony with such an +occasion. But it is curious that a poem composed to celebrate the +deliverance of Orléans on May 8 should assign that deliverance to May +9. And yet this is what the author of the mystery does when he puts +the following lines into the mouth of the Maid:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Remember how Orléans was delivered in the year one thousand +four hundred and twenty-nine, and forget not also that of +May it was the ninth day."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p></div> + +<p>Such are the chief chroniclers on the French side who have written of +the Maid. Others who came later or who have only dealt with certain +episodes in her life, need not be quoted here; their testimony will be +best examined when we come to that of the facts in detail. Placing on +one side any information to be obtained from <i>La Chronique de +l'établissement de la fête</i>,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> from <i>La Relation</i><a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> of the Clerk +of La<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span> Rochelle and other contemporary documents, we are now in a +position to realise that if we depended on the French chroniclers for +our knowledge of Jeanne d'Arc we should know just as much about her as +we know of Sakya Muni.</p> + +<p>We shall certainly not find her explained by the Burgundian +chroniclers. They, however, furnish certain useful information. The +earliest of these Burgundian chroniclers is a clerk of Picardy, the +author of an anonymous chronicle, called <i>La Chronique des +Cordeliers</i>,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> because the only copy of it comes from a house of the +Cordeliers at Paris. It is a history of the world from the creation to +the year 1431. M. Pierre Champion<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> has proved that Monstrelet made +use of it. This clerk of Picardy knew divers matters, and was +acquainted with sundry state documents. But facts and dates he +curiously confuses. His knowledge of the Maid's military career is +derived from a French and a popular source. A certain credence has +been attached to his story of the leap from Beaurevoir; but his +account if accurate destroys the idea that Jeanne threw herself from +the top of the keep in a fit of frenzy or despair.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> And it does not +agree with what Jeanne said herself.</p> + +<p>Monstrelet,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> "more drivelling at the mouth than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span> a +mustard-pot,"<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> is a fountain of wisdom in comparison with Jean +Chartier. When he makes use of <i>La Chronique des Cordeliers</i> he +rearranges it and presents its facts in order. What he knew of Jeanne +amounts to very little. He believed that she was an inn servant. He +has but a word to say of her indecision at Montépilloy, but that word, +to be found nowhere else, is extremely significant. He saw her in the +camp at Compiègne; but unfortunately he either did not realise or did +not wish to say what impression she made upon him.</p> + +<p>Wavrin du Forestel,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> who edited additions to Froissart, Monstrelet, +and Mathieu d'Escouchy, was at Patay; he never saw Jeanne there. He +knows her only by hearsay and that but vaguely. We do not therefore +attach great importance to what he relates concerning Robert de +Baudricourt, who, according to him, indoctrinated the Maid and taught +her how to appear "inspired by Divine Providence."<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> On the other +hand, he gives valuable information concerning the war immediately +after the deliverance of Orléans.</p> + +<p>Le Fèvre de Saint-Rémy, Counsellor to the Duke of Burgundy and +King-at-arms of the Golden Fleece,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> was possibly at Compiègne when +Jeanne was taken; and he speaks of her as a brave girl.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span></p> +<p>Georges Chastellain copies Le Fèvre de Saint Remy.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p>The author of <i>Le Journal</i> ascribed to <i>un Bourgeois de Paris</i>,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> +whom we identify as a Cabochien clerk, had only heard Jeanne spoken of +by the doctors and masters of the University of Paris. Moreover he was +very ill-informed, which is regrettable. For the man stands alone in +his day for energy of feeling and language, for passion of wrath and +of pity, and for intense sympathy with the people.</p> + +<p>I must mention a document which is neither French nor Burgundian, but +Italian. I refer to the <i>Chronique d'Antonio Morosini</i>, published and +annotated with admirable erudition by M. Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis. +This chronicle, or to be more precise, the letters it contains, are +very valuable to the historian, but not on account of the veracity of +the deeds here attributed to the Maid, which on the contrary are all +imaginary and fabulous. In the <i>Chronique de Morosini</i>,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> every +single fact concerning Jeanne is presented in a wrong character and in +a false light. And yet Morosini's correspondents are men of business, +thoughtful, subtle Venetians. These letters reveal how there were +being circulated throughout Christendom a whole multitude of +fictitious stories, imitated some from the Romances of Chivalry, +others from the Golden Legend, con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span>cerning that <i>Demoiselle</i> as she is +called, at once famous and unknown.</p> + +<p>Another document, the diary of a German merchant, one Eberhard de +Windecke,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> a conscientious and clever edition of which has also +been published by M. Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, presents the same +phenomenon. Nothing here related of the Maid is even probable. As soon +as she appears a whole cycle of popular stories grow up round her +name. Eberhard obviously delights to relate them. Thus we learn from +these good foreign merchants that at no period of her existence was +Jeanne known otherwise than by fables, and that if she moved +multitudes it was by the spreading abroad of countless legends which +sprang up wherever she passed and made way before her. And indeed, +there is much food for thought in that dazzling obscurity, which from +the very first enwrapped the Maid, in those radiant clouds of myth, +which, while concealing her, rendered her all the more imposing.</p> + +<p>Thirdly, with its memoranda, its consultations, and its one hundred +and forty depositions, furnished by one hundred and twenty-three +deponents, the rehabilitation trial forms a very valuable collection +of documents.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> M. Lanéry d'Arc has done well to publish in their +entirety the memoranda of the doctors as well as the treatise of the +Archbishop of Embrun, the propositions of Master Heinrich von Gorcum +and the <i>Sibylla Francica</i>.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> From the trial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span> of 1431 we learn what +theologians on the English side thought of the Maid. But were it not +for the consultations of Théodore de Leliis and of Paul Pontanus and +the opinions included in the later trial we should not know how she +was regarded by the doctors of Italy and France. It is important to +ascertain what were the views held by the whole Church concerning a +damsel condemned during her lifetime, when the English were in power, +and rehabilitated after her death when the French were victorious.</p> + +<p>Doubtless many matters were elucidated by the one hundred and +twenty-three witnesses heard at Domremy, at Vaucouleurs, at Toul, at +Orléans, at Paris, at Rouen, at Lyon, witnesses drawn from all ranks +of life—churchmen, princes, captains, burghers, peasants, artisans. +But we are bound to admit that they come far short of satisfying our +curiosity, and for several reasons. First, because they replied to a +list of questions drawn up with the object of establishing a certain +number of facts within the scope of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The +Holy Inquisitor who conducted the trial was curious, but his curiosity +was not ours. This is the first reason for the insufficiency of the +evidence from our point of view.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<p>But there are other reasons. Most of the witnesses appear excessively +simple and lacking in discernment. In so large a number of men of all +ages and of all ranks it is sad to find how few were equipped with +lucid and judicial minds. It would seem as if the human intellect of +those days was enwrapped in twilight and incapable of seeing anything +distinctly. Thought as well as speech was curiously puerile. Only a +slight acquaintance with this dark age is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span> enough to make one feel as +if among children. Want and ignorance and wars interminable had +impoverished the mind of man and starved his moral nature. The scanty, +slashed, ridiculous garments of the nobles and the wealthy betray an +absurd poverty of taste and weakness of intellect.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> One of the most +striking characteristics of these small minds is their triviality; +they are incapable of attention; they retain nothing. No one who reads +the writings of the period can fail to be struck by this almost +universal weakness.</p> + +<p>By no means all the evidence given in these one hundred and forty +depositions can be treated seriously. The daughter of Jacques Boucher, +steward to the Duke of Orléans, depones in the following terms: "At +night I slept alone with Jeanne. Neither in her words or her acts did +I ever observe anything wrong. She was perfectly simple, humble, and +chaste."<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>This young lady was nine years old when she perceived with a +discernment somewhat precocious that her sleeping companion was +simple, humble, and chaste.</p> + +<p>That is unimportant. But to show how one may sometimes be deceived by +the witnesses whom one would expect to be the most reliable, I will +quote Brother Pasquerel.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Brother Pasquerel is Jeanne's chaplain. +He may be expected to speak as one who has seen and as one who knows. +Brother Pasquerel places the examination at Poitiers before the +audience<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span> granted by the King to the Maid in the château of +Chinon.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>Forgetting that the whole relieving army had been in Orléans since May +4, he supposes that, on the evening of Friday the 6th, it was still +expected.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> From such blunders we may judge of the muddled condition +of this poor priest's brain. His most serious shortcoming, however, is +the invention of miracles. He tries to make out that when the convoy +of victuals reached Orléans, there occurred, by the Maid's special +intervention, and in order to carry the barges up the river, a sudden +flood of the Loire which no one but himself saw.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> + +<p>The evidence of Dunois<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> is also somewhat deceptive. We know that +Dunois was one of the most intelligent and prudent men of his day, and +that he was considered a good speaker. In the defence of Orléans and +in the coronation campaign he had displayed considerable ability. +Either his evidence must have seriously suffered at the hands of the +translator and the scribes, or he must have caused it to be given by +his chaplain. He speaks of the "great number of the enemy" in terms +more appropriate to a canon of a cathedral or a woollen draper than to +a captain entrusted with the defence of a city and expected to know +the actual force of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span> the besiegers. All his evidence dealing with the +transport of victuals on April 28 is well-nigh unintelligible. And +Dunois is unable to state that Troyes was the first stage in the +army's march from Gien.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> Relating a conversation he held with the +Maid after the coronation, he makes her speak as if her brothers were +awaiting her at Domremy, whereas they were with her in France.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> +Curiously blundering, he attempts to prove that Jeanne had visions by +relating a story much more calculated to give the impression that the +young peasant girl was an apt feigner and that at the request of the +nobles she reproduced one of her ecstasies, like the Esther of the +lamented Doctor Luys.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p> + +<p>In that portion of this work which deals with the rehabilitation trial +I have given my opinion of the evidence of the clerks of the court, of +the usher Massieu, of the Brothers Isambard de la Pierre and Martin +Ladvenu.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> All these burners of witches and avengers of God worked +as heartily at Jeanne's rehabilitation as they had at her +condemnation.</p> + +<p>In many cases and often on events of importance, the evidence of +witnesses is in direct conflict with the truth. A woollen draper of +Orléans, one Jean Luillier, comes before the commissioners and as bold +as brass maintains that the garrison could not hold out against so +great a besieging force.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> Now this statement is proved to be false +by the most authentic documents, which show that the English round +Orléans were very weak and that their resources were greatly +reduced.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span></p><p>When the evidence given at the second trial has obviously been dressed +up to suit the occasion, or even when it is absolutely contrary to the +truth, we must blame not only those who gave it, but those who +received it. In its elicitation the latter were too artful. This +evidence has about as much value as the evidence in a trial by the +Inquisition. In certain matters it may represent the ideas of the +judges as much as those of the witnesses.</p> + +<p>What the judges in this instance were most desirous to establish was +that Jeanne had not understood when she was spoken to of the Church +and the Pope, that she had refused to obey the Church Militant because +she believed the Church Militant to be Messire Cauchon and his +assessors. In short, it was necessary to represent her as almost an +imbecile. In ecclesiastical procedure this expedient was frequently +adopted. And there was yet another reason, a very strong one, for +passing her off as an innocent, a damsel devoid of intelligence. This +second trial, like the first, had been instituted with a political +motive; its object was to make known that Jeanne had come to the aid +of the King of France not by devilish incitement, but by celestial +inspiration. Consequently in order that divine wisdom might be made +manifest in her she must be shown to have had no wisdom of her own. On +this string the examiners were constantly harping. On every occasion +they drew from the witnesses the statement that she was simple, very +simple. <i>Una simplex bergereta</i>,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> says one. <i>Erat multum simplex et +ignorans</i>,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> says another.</p> + +<p>But since, despite her ignorance, this innocent damsel had been sent +of God to deliver or to capture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[Pg xxviii]</a></span> towns and to lead men at arms, there +must needs be innate in her a knowledge of the art of war, and in +battle she must needs manifest the strength and the counsel she had +received from above. Wherefore it was necessary to obtain evidence to +establish that she was more skilled in warfare than any man.</p> + +<p>Damoiselle Marguerite la Touroulde makes this affirmation.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> The +Duke of Alençon declares that the Maid was apt alike at wielding the +lance, ranging an army, ordering a battle, preparing artillery, and +that old captains marvelled at her skill in placing cannon.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> The +Duke quite understands that all these gifts were miraculous and that +to God alone was the glory. For if the merit of the victories had been +Jeanne's he would not have said so much about them.</p> + +<p>And if God had chosen the Maid to perform so great a task, it must +have been because in her he beheld the virtue which he preferred above +all others in his virgins. Henceforth it sufficed not for her to have +been chaste; her chastity must become miraculous, her chastity and her +moderation in eating and drinking must be exalted into sanctity. +Wherefore the witnesses are never tired of stating: <i>Erat casta, erat +castissima. Ille loquens non credit aliquam mulierem plus esse castam +quam ista Puella erat. Erat sobria in potu et cibo. Erat sobria in +cibo et potu.</i><a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[Pg xxix]</a></span></p> +<p>The heavenly source of such purity must needs have been made manifest +by Jeanne's possessing singular immunities. And on this point there is +a mass of evidence. Rough men at arms, Jean de Novelompont, Bertrand +de Poulengy, Jean d'Aulon; great nobles, the Count of Dunois and the +Duke of Alençon, come forward and affirm on oath that in them Jeanne +never provoked any carnal desires. Such a circumstance fills these old +captains with astonishment; they boast of their past vigour and wonder +that for once their youthful ardour should have been damped by a maid. +It seems to them most unnatural and humanly impossible. Their +description of the effect Jeanne produced upon them recalls Saint +Martha's binding of the Tarascon beast. Dunois in his evidence is very +much occupied with miracles. He points to this one as, to human +reason, the most incomprehensible of all. If he neither desired nor +solicited this damsel, of this unique fact he can find but one +explanation, it is that Jeanne was holy, <i>res divina</i>. When Jean de +Novelompont and Bertrand de Poulengy describe their sudden continence, +they employ identical forms of speech, affected and involved. And then +there comes a king's equerry, Gobert Thibaut, who declares that in the +army there was much talk of this divine grace, vouchsafed to the +Armagnacs<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> and denied to English and Burgundians, at least, so the +behaviour of a certain knight of Picardy, and of one Jeannotin, a +tailor of Rouen, would lead us to believe.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> + +<p>Such evidence obviously answers to the ideas of the judges, and turns, +so to speak, on theological rather than on natural facts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[Pg xxx]</a></span></p> + +<p>In inquisitorial inquiries there abound such depositions as those of +Jean de Novelompont and of Bertrand de Poulengy, containing passages +drawn up in identical terms. But I must admit that in the +rehabilitation trial they are rare, partly because the witnesses were +heard at long intervals of time and in different countries, and partly +because in the Maid's case no elaborate proceedings were necessary +owing to her adversaries not being represented.</p> + +<p>It is to be regretted that all the evidence given at this trial, with +the exception of that of Jean d'Aulon, should have been translated +into Latin. This process has obscured fine shades of thought and +deprived the evidence of its original flavour.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the clerk contents himself with saying that the depositions +of a witness were like those of his predecessor. Thus on the raising +of the siege of Orléans all the burgesses depone like the woollen +draper, who himself was not thoroughly conversant with the +circumstances in which his town had been delivered. Thus the Sire de +Gaucourt, after a brief declaration, gives the same evidence as +Dunois, although the Count had related matters so strikingly +individual that it seems strange they should have been common to two +witnesses.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> + +<p>Certain evidence would appear to have been cut short. Brother +Pasquerel's abruptly comes to an end at Paris. This circumstance, if +we did not possess his signature at the conclusion of the Latin letter +to the Hussites, would lead us to believe that the good Brother left +the Maid immediately after the attack on La Porte Saint-Honoré. It +surely cannot have chanced that in so long a series of questions and +answers not one word was said of the departure from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[Pg xxxi]</a></span> Sully or of the +campaign which began at Lagny and ended at Compiègne.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> + +<p>We conclude, therefore, that in the study of this voluminous evidence +we must exercise great judgment and that we must not expect it to +enlighten us on all the circumstances of Jeanne's life.</p> + +<p>Fourthly. On certain points of the Maid's history the only exact +information is to be obtained from account-books, letters, deeds, and +other authentic documents of the period. The records published by +Siméon Luce and the lease of the Château de l'Île inform us of the +circumstances among which Jeanne grew up.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> Neither the two trials +nor the chronicles had revealed the terrible conditions prevailing in +the village of Domremy from 1412 to 1425.</p> + +<p>The fortress accounts kept at Orléans<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> and the documents of the +English administration<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> enable us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">[Pg xxxii]</a></span> to estimate approximately the +respective forces of defenders and besiegers of the city. On this +point also they enable us to correct the statements of chroniclers and +witnesses in the rehabilitation trial.</p> + +<p>From the letters in the archives at Reims, copied by Rogier in the +seventeenth century, we learn how Troyes, Châlons, and Reims +surrendered to the King. From these letters also we see how very far +from accurate is Jean Chartier's account of the capitulation of the +city and how insufficient, especially considering the character of the +witness, is the evidence of Dunois on this subject.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> + +<p>Four or five records throw a faint light here and there on the +obscurity which shrouds the unfortunate campaign on the Aisne and the +Oise.</p> + +<p>The registers of the chapter of Rouen, the wills of canons and sundry +other documents, discovered by M. Robillard de Beaurepaire in the +archives of Seine-Inférieure, serve to correct certain errors in the +two trials.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>How many other detached papers, all valuable to the historian, might I +not enumerate! Surely this is another reason for mistrusting records +false or falsified, as, for example, the patent of nobility of Guy de +Cailly.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> + +<p>Rapid as this examination of authorities has been, I think nothing +essential has been omitted. To<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiii" id="Page_xxxiii">[Pg xxxiii]</a></span> sum up, even in her lifetime the Maid +was scarce known save by fables. Her oldest chroniclers were devoid of +any critical sense, for the early legends concerning her they relate +as facts.</p> + +<p>The Rouen trial, certain accounts, a few letters, sundry deeds, public +and private, are the most trustworthy documents. The rehabilitation +trial is also useful to the historian, provided always that we +remember how and why that trial was conducted.</p> + +<p>By means of such records we may attain to a pretty accurate knowledge +of Jeanne d'Arc's life and character.</p> + +<p>The salient fact which results from a study of all these authorities +is that she was a saint. She was a saint with all the attributes of +fifteenth-century sanctity. She had visions, and these visions were +neither feigned nor counterfeited. She really believed that she heard +the voices which spoke to her and came from no human lips. These +voices generally addressed her clearly and in words she could +understand. She heard them best in the woods and when the bells were +ringing. She saw forms, she said, like myriads of tiny shapes, like +sparks on a dazzling background. There is no doubt she had visions of +another nature, since she tells us how she beheld Saint Michael in the +guise of a <i>prud'homme</i>, that is as a good knight, and Saint Catherine +and Saint Margaret, wearing crowns. She saw them saluting her; she +kissed their feet and inhaled their sweet perfume.</p> + +<p>What does this mean if not that she was subject to hallucinations of +hearing, sight, touch, and smell? But the most strongly affected of +her senses was her hearing. She says that her voices appear to her; +she sometimes calls them her council. She hears<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiv" id="Page_xxxiv">[Pg xxxiv]</a></span> them very plainly +unless there is a noise around her. Generally she obeys them; but +sometimes she resists. We may doubt whether her visions were really so +distinct as she makes out. Because she either could not, or would not, +she never gave her judges at Rouen any very clear or precise +description of them. The angel she described most in detail was the +one which brought the crown, and which she afterwards confessed to +have seen only in imagination.</p> + +<p>At what age did she become subject to these trances? We cannot say +exactly. But it was probably towards the end of her childhood, +notwithstanding that according to Jean d'Aulon, childhood was a state +out of which she never completely developed.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> + +<p>Although it is always hazardous to found a medical diagnosis on +documents purely historical, several men of science have attempted to +define the pathological conditions which rendered the young girl +subject to false perceptions of sight and hearing.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> Owing to the +rapid strides made by psychiatry during recent years, I have consulted +an eminent man of science, who is thoroughly conversant with the +present stage attained by this branch of pathology, to which he has +himself rendered important service. I asked Doctor Georges Dumas, +Professor at the Sorbonne, whether sufficient material exists for +science to make a retrospective diagnosis of Jeanne's case. He replied +to my inquiry in a letter which appears as the first Appendix to this +work.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxv" id="Page_xxxv">[Pg xxxv]</a></span></p><p>With such a subject I am not qualified to deal. But it does lie within +my province to make an observation concerning the hallucinations of +Jeanne d'Arc, which has been suggested to me by a study of the +documents. This observation is of infinite significance. I shall be +careful to restrict it to the limits prescribed by the object and the +nature of this work.</p> + +<p>Those visionaries, who believe they are entrusted with a divine +mission, are distinguished by certain characteristics from other +inspired persons. When mystics of this class are studied and compared +with one another, resemblances are found to exist which may extend to +very slight details: certain of their words and acts are identical. +Indeed as we come to recognise how vigorous is the determinism +controlling the actions of these visionaries, we are astonished to +find the human machine, when impelled by the same mysterious agent, +performing its functions with inevitable uniformity. To this group of +the religious Jeanne belongs. In this connection it is interesting to +compare her with Saint Catherine of Sienna,<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> Saint Colette of +Corbie,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> Yves Nicolazic, the peasant of Kernanna,<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> Suzette +Labrousse, the inspired woman of the Revolution Church,<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvi" id="Page_xxxvi">[Pg xxxvi]</a></span> with +many other seers and seeresses of this order, who all bear a family +likeness to one another.</p> + +<p>Three visionaries especially are closely related to Jeanne. The +earliest in date is a vavasour of Champagne, who had a mission to speak +to King John; of this holy man I have written sufficiently in the +present work. The second is a farrier of Salon, who had a mission to +speak to Louis XIV; the third, a peasant of Gallardon, named Martin, +who had a mission to speak to Louis XVIII. Articles on the farrier and +the farmer, who both saw apparitions and showed signs to their +respective kings, will be found in the <a href="#V2APPENDICES">appendices</a> at the end of this +work.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> In spite of difference in sex, the points of similarity +between Jeanne d'Arc and these three men are very close and very +significant; they are inherent in the very nature of Jeanne and her +fellow visionaries; and the variations, which at a first glance might +seem to separate widely the latter from Jeanne, are æsthetic, social, +historical, and consequently external and contingent. Between them and +her there are of course striking contrasts in appearance and in +fortune. They were entirely wanting in that charm which she never +failed to exercise; and it is a fact that while they failed miserably +she grew in strength and flowered in legend. But it is the duty of the +scientific mind to recognise common characteristics, proving identity +of origin alike in the noblest individual and in the most wretched +abortion of the same species.</p> + +<p>The free-thinkers of our day, imbued as they are,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvii" id="Page_xxxvii">[Pg xxxvii]</a></span> for the most part, +with transcendentalism, refuse to recognise in Jeanne not merely that +automatism which determines the acts of such a seeress, not only the +influence of constant hallucination, but even the suggestions of the +religious spirit. What she achieved through saintliness and +devoutness, they make her out to have accomplished by intelligent +enthusiasm. Such a disposition is manifest in the excellent and +erudite Quicherat, who all unconsciously introduces into the piety of +the Maid a great deal of eclectic philosophy. This point was not +without its drawbacks. It led free-thinking historians to a ridiculous +exaggeration of Jeanne's intellectual faculties, to the absurdity of +attributing military talent to her and to the substitution of a kind +of polytechnic phenomenon for the fifteenth century's artless marvel. +The Catholic historians of the present day when they make a saint of +the Maid are much nearer to nature and to truth. Unfortunately the +Church's idea of saintliness has grown insipid since the Council of +Trent, and orthodox historians are disinclined to study the variations +of the Catholic Church down the ages. In their hands therefore she +becomes sanctimonious and bigoted. So much so that in a search for the +most curiously travestied of all the Jeannes d'Arc we should have been +driven to choose between their miraculous protectress of Christian +France, the patroness of officers, the inimitable model of the pupils +of Saint-Cyr, and the romantic Druidess, the inspired woman-soldier of +the national guard, the patriot gunneress of the Republicans, had +there not arisen a Jesuit Father to create an ultramontane Jeanne +d'Arc.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxviii" id="Page_xxxviii">[Pg xxxviii]</a></span></p> +<p>On the subject of Jeanne's sincerity I have raised no doubts. It is +impossible to suspect her of lying; she firmly believed that she +received her mission from her voices. But whether she were not +unconsciously directed is more difficult to ascertain. What we know of +her before her arrival at Chinon comes to very little. One is inclined +to believe that she had been subject to certain influences; it is so +with all visionaries: some unseen director leads them. Thus it must +have been with Jeanne. At Vaucouleurs she was heard to say that the +Dauphin held the kingdom in fief (<i>en commende</i>).<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> Such a term she +had not learnt from the folk of her village. She uttered a prophecy +which she had not invented and which had obviously been fabricated for +her.</p> + +<p>She must have associated with priests who were faithful to the cause +of the Dauphin Charles, and who desired above all things the end of +the war. Abbeys were being burned, churches pillaged, divine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxix" id="Page_xxxix">[Pg xxxix]</a></span> service +discontinued.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> Those pious persons who sighed for peace, now that +they saw the Treaty of Troyes failing to establish it, looked for the +realisation of their hopes to the expulsion of the English. And the +wonderful, the unique point about this young peasant girl—a point +suggesting the ecclesiastic and the monk—is not that she felt herself +called to ride forth and fight, but that in "her great pity" she +announced the approaching end of the war, by the victory and +coronation of the King, at a time when the nobles of the two +countries, and the men-at-arms of the two parties, neither expected +nor desired the war ever to come to an end.</p> + +<p>The mission, with which she believed the angel had entrusted her and +to which she consecrated her life, was doubtless extraordinary, +marvellous; and yet it was not unprecedented: it was no more than +saints, both men and women, had already endeavoured to accomplish in +human affairs. Jeanne d'Arc arose in the decline of the great Catholic +age, when sainthood, usually accompanied by all manner of oddities, +manias, and illusions, still wielded sovereign power over the minds of +men. And of what miracles was she not capable when acting according to +the impulses of her own heart, and the grace of her own mind? From the +thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries God's servants perform wondrous +works. Saint Dominic, possessed by holy wrath, exterminates heresy +with fire and sword; Saint Francis of Assisi for the nonce founds +poverty as an institution of society; Saint Antony of Padua defends +merchants and artisans against the avarice and cruelty of nobles and +bishops; Saint Catherine brings the Pope back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xl" id="Page_xl">[Pg xl]</a></span> to Rome. Was it +impossible, therefore, for a saintly damsel, with God's aid, to +re-establish within the hapless realm of France that royal power +instituted by our Lord Himself and to bring to his coronation a new +Joash snatched from death for the salvation of the holy people?</p> + +<p>Thus did pious French folk, in the year 1428, regard the mission of +the Maid. She represented herself as a devout damsel inspired by God. +There was nothing incredible in that. When she announced that she had +received revelations touching the war from my Lord Saint Michael, she +inspired the men-at-arms of the Armagnac party and the burghers of the +city of Orléans with a confidence as great as could have been +communicated to the troops, marching along the Loire in the winter of +1871, by a republican engineer who had invented a smokeless powder or +an improved form of cannon. What was expected from science in 1871 was +expected from religion in 1428, so that the Bastard of Orléans would +as naturally employ Jeanne as Gambetta would resort to the technical +knowledge of M. de Freycinet.</p> + +<p>What has not been sufficiently remarked upon is that the French party +made a very adroit use of her. The clerks at Poitiers, while inquiring +at great length into her religion and her morals, brought her into +evidence. These Poitiers clerks were no monks ignorant of the world; +they constituted the Parliament of the lawful King; they were the +banished members of the University, men deeply involved in political +affairs, compromised by revolutions, despoiled and ruined, and very +impatient to regain possession of their property. They were directed +by the cleverest man in the King's Coun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xli" id="Page_xli">[Pg xli]</a></span>cil, the Duke Archbishop of +Reims, the Chancellor of the kingdom. By the ceremoniousness and the +deliberation of their inquiries, they drew upon Jeanne the curiosity, +the interest, and the hopes of minds lost in amazement.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p> + +<p>The defences of the city of Orléans consisted in its walls, its +trenches, its cannon, its men-at-arms, and its money. The English had +failed both to surround it and to take it by assault. Convoys and +companies passed between their bastions. Jeanne was introduced into +the town with a strong relieving army. She brought flocks of oxen, +sheep, and pigs. The townsfolk believed her to be an angel of the +Lord. Meanwhile the men and the money of the besiegers were waxing +scant. They had lost all their horses. Far from being in a position to +attempt a new attack, they were not likely to be able to hold out long +in their bastions. At the end of April there were four thousand +English before Orléans and perhaps less, for, as it was said, soldiers +were deserting every day; and companies of these deserters went +plundering through the villages. At the same time the city was +defended by six thousand men-at-arms and archers, and by more than +three thousand men of the town bands. At Saint Loup, there were +fifteen hundred French against four hundred English; at Les Tourelles, +there were five thousand French against four or five hundred English. +By their retreat from Orléans the <i>Godons</i> abandoned to their fate the +small garrisons of Jargeau, Meung, and Beau<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlii" id="Page_xlii">[Pg xlii]</a></span>gency.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> The Battle of +Patay gives us some idea of the condition of the English army. It was +no battle but a massacre, and one which Jeanne only reached in time to +mourn over the cruelty of the conquerors. And yet the King, in his +letters to his good towns, attributed to her a share in the victory. +Evidently the Royal Council made a point of glorifying its Holy Maid.</p> + +<p>But at heart what did they really think, those who employed her, those +Regnaults de Chartres, those Roberts le Maçon, those Gérards Machet? +They were certainly in no position to discuss the origin of the +illusions which enveloped her. And, albeit there were atheists even +among churchmen, to the majority there would be nothing to cause +astonishment in the appearance of Saint Michael, the Archangel. In +those days nothing appeared more natural than a miracle. But a miracle +vanishes when closely observed. And they had the damsel before their +very eyes. They perceived that good and saintly as she was, she +wielded no supernatural power.</p> + +<p>While the men-at-arms and all the common folk welcomed her as the maid +of God and an angel sent from heaven for the salvation of the realm, +these good lords thought only of profiting from the sentiments of +confidence which she inspired and in which they had little share. +Finding her as ignorant as possible, and doubtless deeming her less +intelligent than she really was, they intended to do as they liked +with her. They must soon have discovered that it was not always easy. +She was a saint, saints are intractable. What were the true relations +between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliii" id="Page_xliii">[Pg xliii]</a></span> the Royal Council and the Maid? We do not know; and it is a +mystery which will never be solved. The judges at Rouen thought they +knew that she received letters from Saint Michael.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> It is possible +that her simplicity was sometimes taken advantage of. We have reason +for believing that the march to Reims was not suggested to her in +France; but there is no doubt that the Chancellor of the kingdom, +Messire Regnault de Chartres, Archbishop of Reims, eagerly desired his +restoration to the see of the Blessed Saint Remi and the enjoyment of +his benefices.</p> + +<p>The coronation campaign was really nothing but a series of +negotiations, backed by an army. Its object was to show the good towns +a king saintly and pacific. Had there been any idea of fighting, the +campaign would have been directed against Paris or against Normandy.</p> + +<p>At the inquiry of 1456, five or six witnesses, captains, magistrates, +ecclesiastics, and an honest widow, gave evidence that Jeanne was well +versed in the art of war. They agreed in saying that she rode a horse +and wielded a lance better than any one. A master of requests stated +that she amazed the army by the length of time she could remain in the +saddle. Such qualities we are not entitled to deny her, neither can we +dispute the diligence and the ardour which Dunois praised in her, on +the occasion of a demonstration by night before Troyes.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> As to the +opinion that this damsel was clever in arraying and leading an army +and especially skilled in the management of artillery, that is more +difficult to credit and would require to be vouched for by some one +more trustworthy than the poor Duke of Alençon, who was never +considered a very rational person.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> What we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliv" id="Page_xliv">[Pg xliv]</a></span> have said about the +rehabilitation trial sufficiently explains this curious glorification +of the Maid. It was understood that Jeanne's military inspiration came +from God. Henceforth there was no danger of its being too much admired +and it came to be praised somewhat at random.</p> + +<p>After all the Duke of Alençon was quite moderate when he represented +her as a distinguished artillery-woman. As early as 1429, a humanist +on the side of Charles VII asserted in Ciceronian language that in +military glory she equalled and surpassed Hector, Alexander, Hannibal +and Cæsar: "Non Hectore reminiscat et gaudeat Troja, exultet Græcia +Alexandro, Annibale Africa, Italia Cæsare et Romanis ducibus omnibus +glorietur, Gallia etsi ex pristinis multos habeat, hac tamen una +Puella contenta, audebit se gloriari et laude bellica caeteris +nationibus se comparare, verum quoque, si expediet, se anteponere."<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>For ever praying and for ever wrapped in ecstasy, Jeanne never +observed the enemy; she did not know the roads; she paid no heed to +the number of troops engaged; she did not take into account either the +height of walls or the breadth of trenches. Even to-day officers are +to be heard discussing the Maid's military tactics.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> Those tactics +were simple; they consisted in preventing men from blaspheming against +God and consorting with light women. She believed that for their sins +they would be destroyed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlv" id="Page_xlv">[Pg xlv]</a></span> but that if they fought in a state of grace +they would win the victory. Therein lay all her military science, save +that she never feared danger.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> She displayed a courage which was at +once proud and gentle; she was more valiant, more constant, more noble +than the men and in that worthy to lead them. And is it not admirable +and rare to find such heroism united to such innocence?</p> + +<p>Certain of the leaders indeed, and notably the princes of the blood +royal, knew no more than she. The art of war in those days resolved +itself into the art of riding. Any idea of marching along converging +lines, of concentrated movements, of a campaign methodically planned, +of a prolonged effort with a view to some great result was unknown. +Military tactics were nothing more than a collection of peasants' +stratagems and a few rules of chivalry. The freebooters, captains, and +soldiers of fortune were all acquainted with the tricks of the trade, +but they recognised neither friend nor foe; and their one desire was +pillage. The nobles affected great concern for honour and praise; in +reality they thought of nothing but gain. Alain Chartier said of them: +"They cry 'to arms,' but they fight for money."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>Seeing that war was to last as long as life, it was waged with +deliberation. Men-at-arms, horse-soldiers and foot, archers, +cross-bowmen, Armagnacs as well as English and Burgundians, fought +with no great ardour. Of course they were brave: but they were +cautious too and were not ashamed to confess it. Jean Chartier, +precentor of Saint-Denys, chronicler of the Kings of France, relating +how on a day<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvi" id="Page_xlvi">[Pg xlvi]</a></span> the French met the English near Lagny, adds: "And there +the battle was hard and fierce, for the French were barely more than +the English."<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> These simple folk, seeing that one man is as good as +another, admitted the risk of fighting one to one. Their minds had not +fed on Plutarch as had those of the Revolution and the Empire. And for +their encouragement they had neither the <i>carmagnoles</i> of Barrère, nor +the songs of Marie-Joseph Chénier, nor the bulletins of <i>la grande +armée</i>. Why did these captains, these men-at-arms go and fight in one +place rather than in another seems to be a natural question.... +Because they wanted goods.</p> + +<p>This perpetual warfare was not sanguinary. During what was described +as Jeanne d'Arc's mission, that is from Orléans to Compiègne, the +French lost barely a few hundred men. The English suffered much more +heavily, because they were the fugitives, and in a rout it was the +custom for the conquerors to kill all those who were not worth holding +to ransom. But battles were rare, and so consequently were defeats, +and the number of the combatants was small. There were but a handful +of English in France. And they may be said to have fought only for +plunder. Those who suffered from the war were those who did not fight, +burghers, priests, and peasants. The peasants endured terrible +hardships, and it is quite conceivable that a peasant girl should have +displayed a firmness in war, a persistence and an ardour unknown +throughout the whole of chivalry.</p> + +<p>It was not Jeanne who drove the English from France. If she +contributed to the deliverance of Orléans, she retarded the ultimate +salvation of France by causing the opportunity of conquering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvii" id="Page_xlvii">[Pg xlvii]</a></span> Normandy +to be lost through the coronation campaign. The misfortunes of the +English after 1428 are easily explained. While in peaceful Guyenne +they engaged in agriculture, in commerce, in navigation, and set the +finances in good order, the country which they had rendered prosperous +was strongly attached to them. On the banks of the Seine and the Loire +it was very different; there they had never taken root; in numbers +they were always too few, and they had never obtained any hold on the +country. Shut up in fortresses and châteaux, they did not cultivate +the country enough to conquer it, for one must work on the land if one +would take possession of it. They left it waste and abandoned it to +the soldiers of fortune by whom it was ravaged and exhausted. Their +garrisons, absurdly small, were prisoners in the country they had +conquered. The English had long teeth, but a pike cannot swallow an +ox. That they were too few and that France was too big had been +plainly seen after Crécy and after Poitiers. Then, after Verneuil, +during the troubled reign of a child, weakened by civil discord, +lacking men and money, and bound to keep in subjection the countries +of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, were they likely to succeed better? +In 1428, they were but a handful in France, and to maintain themselves +there they depended on the help of the Duke of Burgundy, who +henceforth deserted them and wished them every possible harm.</p> + +<p>They lacked means alike for the capture of new provinces and the +pacification of those they had already conquered. The very character +of the sovereignty their princes claimed, the nature of the rights +they asserted, which were founded on institutions common to the two +countries, rendered the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlviii" id="Page_xlviii">[Pg xlviii]</a></span> organisation of their conquest difficult +without the consent and even, one may say, without the loyal +concurrence and friendship of the conquered. The Treaty of Troyes did +not subject France to England, it united one country to the other. +Such a union occasioned much anxiety in London. The Commons did not +conceal their fear that Old England might become a mere isolated +province of the new kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> France for her part did not concur in +the union. It was too late. During all the time that they had been +making war on these <i>Coués</i><a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> they had grown to hate them. And +possibly there already existed an English character and a French +character which were irreconcilable. Even in Paris, where the +Armagnacs were as much feared as the Saracens, the <i>Godons</i><a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> met +with very unwilling support. What surprises us is not that the English +should have been driven from France, but that it should have happened +so slowly. Does this amount to saying that the young saint had no part +whatever in the work of deliverance? By no means. Hers was the nobler, +the better part; the part of sacrifice; she set the example of the +highest courage and displayed heroism in a form unexpected and +charming. The King's cause, which was indeed the national cause, she +served in two ways: by giving confidence to the men-at-arms of her +party, who believed her to be a bringer of good fortune, and by +striking fear into the English, who imagined her to be the devil.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlix" id="Page_xlix">[Pg xlix]</a></span></p><p>Our best historians cannot forgive the ministers and captains of 1428 +for not having blindly obeyed the Maid. But that was not at all the +advice given at the time by the Archbishop of Embrun to King Charles; +he, on the contrary, recommended him not to abandon the means inspired +by human reason.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> + +<p>It has frequently been repeated that the lords and captains were +jealous of her, especially old Gaucourt.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> But such a statement +shows an absolute ignorance of human nature. They were envious one of +another; this and no other sentiment was the jealousy that made them +tolerate the Maid's assuming the title of commander in war.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p> + +<p>Those secret intrigues on the part of the King and his captains, who +are said to have plotted together the destruction of the saint, I +admit having found it impossible to discover. To certain historians +they appear very obvious: for my part, do what I may, I cannot discern +them. The Chamberlain, the Sire de la Trémouille, had no pretensions +to nobility of character; and the Chancellor Regnault de Chartres was +hard-hearted, but what strikes me is that the Sire de la Trémouille +refused to give up this valuable damsel to the Duke of Alençon when he +asked for her, and that the Chancellor retained her in order to make +use of her.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> I am not of the opinion that Jeanne was a prisoner at +Sully. I be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_l" id="Page_l">[Pg l]</a></span>lieve that when she went to join the Chancellor, who +employed her until her capture by the Burgundians, she quitted the +castle in estate, with trumpeters, and banners flying. After the girl +saint he employed a boy saint, a shepherd who had stigmata; which +proves that he did not regret having made use of a devout person to +fight against the King's enemies and to recover his own archbishopric.</p> + +<p>The excellent Quicherat and the magnanimous Henri Martin are very hard +on the Government of 1428. According to them it was a treacherous +Government. Yet the only reproach they bring against Charles VII and +his councillors is that they did not understand the Maid as they +themselves understood her. But such an understanding has required the +lapse of four hundred years. To arrive at the illuminated ideas of a +Quicherat and a Henri Martin concerning Jeanne d'Arc, three centuries +of absolute monarchy, the Reformation, the Revolution, the wars of the +Republic and of the Empire, and the sentimental Neo-Catholicism of +'48, have all been necessary. Through all these brilliant prisms, +through all these succeeding lights do romantic historians and +broad-minded paleographers view the figure of Jeanne d'Arc; and we ask +too much from the poor Dauphin Charles, from La Trémouille, from +Regnault de Chartres, from the Lord of Trèves, from old Gaucourt, when +we require them to have seen Jeanne as centuries have made and moulded +her.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> + +<p>This, however, remains: after having made so much use of her, the +Royal Council did nothing to save her.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_li" id="Page_li">[Pg li]</a></span></p> + +<p>Must the disgrace of such neglect fall upon the whole Council and upon +the Council alone? Who ought really to have interfered? And how? What +ought King Charles to have done? Should he have offered to ransom the +Maid? She would not have been surrendered to him at any price. As for +capturing her by force, that is a mere child's dream. Had they entered +Rouen, the French would not have found her there; Warwick would always +have had time to put her in a place of safety, or to drown her in the +river. Neither money nor arms would have availed to recapture her.</p> + +<p>But this was no reason for standing with folded arms. Influence could +have been brought to bear on those who were conducting the trial. +Doubtless they were all on the side of the <i>Godons</i>; that old +<i>Cabochien</i> of a Pierre Cauchon was very much committed to them; he +detested the French; the clerks, who owed allegiance to Henry VI, +were naturally inclined to please the Great Council of England which +disposed of patronage; the doctors and masters of the University of +France greatly hated and feared the Armagnacs. And yet the judges of +the trial were not all infamous prevaricators; the chapter of Rouen +lacked neither courage nor independence.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Among those members of +the University who were so bitter against Jeanne, there were men +highly esteemed for doctrine and character. They for the most part +believed this trial to be a purely religious one. By dint of seeking +for witches, they had come to find them everywhere. These females, as +they called them, they were sending to the stake every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lii" id="Page_lii">[Pg lii]</a></span> day, and +receiving nothing but thanks for it. They believed as firmly as Jeanne +in the possibility of the apparitions which she said had been +vouchsafed to her, only they were persuaded either that she lied or +that she saw devils. The Bishop, the Vice-Inquisitor and the +assessors, to the number of forty and upwards, were unanimous in +declaring her heretical and devilish. There were doubtless many who +imagined that by passing sentence against her they were maintaining +Catholic orthodoxy and unity of obedience against the abettors of +schism and heresy; they wished to judge wisely. And even the boldest +and the most unscrupulous, the Bishop and the Promoter, would not have +dared too openly to infringe the rules of ecclesiastical justice in +order to please the English. They were priests, and they preserved +priestly pride and respect for formality. Here was their weak point; +in this respect for formality they might have been struck. Had the +other side instituted vigorous legal proceedings, theirs might +possibly have been thwarted, arrested, and the fatal sentence +prevented. If the metropolitan of the Bishop of Beauvais, the +Archbishop of Reims, had intervened in the trial, if he had suspended +his suffragan for abuse of authority, or some other reason, Pierre +Cauchon would have been greatly embarrassed; if, as he decided to do +later, King Charles VII had brought about the intervention of the +mother and brothers of the Maid; if Jacques d'Arc and la Romée had +protested in due form against an action so manifestly one-sided; if +the register of Poitiers<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_liii" id="Page_liii">[Pg liii]</a></span> sent for inclusion among the +documents of the trial; if the high prelates subject to King Charles +VII had asked for a safe conduct in order to come and give evidence in +Jeanne's favour at Rouen; finally, if the King, his Council, and the +whole Church of France had demanded an appeal to the Pope, as they +were legally entitled to do, then the trial might have had a different +issue.</p> + +<p>But they were afraid of the University of Paris. They feared lest +Jeanne might be after all what so many learned doctors maintained her +to be, a heretic, a miscreant seduced by the prince of darkness. Satan +transforms himself into an angel of light, and it is difficult to +distinguish the true prophets from the false. The hapless Maid was +deserted by the very clergy whose croziers had so recently been +carried before her; of all the Poitiers masters not one was found to +testify in the château of Rouen to that innocence which they had +officially recognised eighteen months before.</p> + +<p>It would be very interesting to trace the reputation of the Maid down +the ages. But to do so would require a whole book. I shall merely +indicate the most striking revolutions of public opinion concerning +her. The humanists of the Renaissance display no great interest in +her: she was too Gothic for them. The Reformers, for whom she was +tainted with idolatry, could not tolerate her picture.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> It seems +strange to us to-day, but it is none the less certain, and in +conformity with all we know of French feeling for royalty, that whilst +the monarchy endured it was the memory of Charles VII that kept alive +the memory of Jeanne d'Arc and saved her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_liv" id="Page_liv">[Pg liv]</a></span> from oblivion.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> Respect +due to the Prince generally hindered his faithful subjects from too +closely inquiring into the legends of Jeanne as well as into those of +the Holy Ampulla, the cures for King's evil, the <i>oriflamme</i> and all +other popular traditions relating to the antiquity and celebrity of +the royal throne of France. In 1609, when in a college of Paris, the +Maid was the subject of sundry literary themes in which she was +unfavourably treated,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> a certain lawyer, Jean Hordal, who boasted +that he came of the same race as the heroine, complained of these +academic disputes as being derogatory to royal majesty—"I am greatly +astonished," he said, "that ... public declamations against the honour +of France, of King Charles VII and his Council,<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> should be +suffered in France." Had Jeanne not been so closely associated with +royalty, her memory would have been very much neglected by the wits of +the seventeenth century. In the minds of scholars, Catholics and +Protestants alike, who considered the life of St. Margaret as mere +superstition,<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lv" id="Page_lv">[Pg lv]</a></span> apparitions did her harm. In those days even +the <i>Sorbonagres</i> themselves were expurgating the martyrology and the +legends of saints. One of them, Edmond Richer, like Jeanne a native of +Champagne, the censor of the university in 1600, and a zealous +Gallican, wrote an apology for the Maid who had defended the Crown of +Charles VII.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> with her sword. Albeit a firm upholder of the +liberties of the French Church, Edmond Richer was a good Catholic. He +was pious and of sound doctrine; he firmly believed in angels, but he +did not believe either in Saint Catherine or Saint Margaret, and their +appearing to the Maid greatly embarrassed him. He solved the +difficulty by supposing that the angels had represented themselves to +the Maid as the two saints, whom in her ignorance she devoutly +worshipped. The hypothesis seemed to him satisfactory, "all the more +so," he said, "because the Spirit of God, which governs the Church, +accommodates himself to our infirmity." Thirty or forty years later, +another doctor of the Sorbonne, Jean de Launoy, who was always +ferreting after saints, completed the discrediting of Saint +Catherine's legend.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> The voices of Domremy were falling into +disrepute.</p> + +<p>Take Chapelain, for example, whose poem was first published in 1656. +Chapelain is unconsciously burlesque; he is a Scarron without knowing +it. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lvi" id="Page_lvi">[Pg lvi]</a></span> is none the less interesting to learn from him that he merely +treated his subject as an occasion for glorifying the Bastard of +Orléans. He expressly says in his preface: "I did not so much regard +her (the Maid) as the chief character of the poem, who, strictly +speaking, is the Comte de Dunois." Chapelain was in the pay of the Duc +de Longueville, a descendant of Dunois.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> It is of Dunois that he +sings; "the illustrious shepherdess" contributes the marvellous +element to his poem, and, according to the good man's own expression, +furnishes <i>les machines nécessaires</i> for an epic. Saint Catherine and +Saint Margaret are too commonplace to be included among <i>ces +machines</i>. Chapelain tells us that he took particular care so to +arrange his poem that "everything which happens in it by divine favour +might be believed to have taken place through human agency carried to +the highest degree to which nature is capable of ascending." Herein we +discern the dawn of the modern spirit.</p> + +<p>Bossuet also is careful not to mention Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret. The four or five quarto pages which he devotes to Jeanne +d'Arc in his "Abrégé de l'Histoire de France pour l'instruction du +Dauphin"<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> are very interesting, not for his statement of facts, +which is confused and inexact,<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> but for the care the author takes +to represent the miraculous deeds attributed to Jeanne in an +inciden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lvii" id="Page_lvii">[Pg lvii]</a></span>tal and dubious manner. In Bossuet's opinion, as in Gerson's, +these things are matters of edification, not of faith. Writing for the +instruction of a prince, Bossuet was bound to abridge; but his +abridgment goes too far when, representing Jeanne's condemnation to be +the work of the Bishop of Beauvais, he omits to say that the Bishop of +Beauvais pronounced this sentence with the unanimous concurrence of +the University of Paris, and in conjunction with the Vice-Inquisitor.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p> + +<p>The eighteenth-century philosophers did not descend on France like a +cloud of locusts; they were the result of two centuries of the +critical spirit. If the story of Jeanne d'Arc contained too much +monkish superstition for their taste, it was because they had learned +their ecclesiastical history from the Baillets and the Tillemonts, who +were pious indeed, but very critical of legends. Voltaire, writing of +Jeanne, jeered at the rascally monks and their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lviii" id="Page_lviii">[Pg lviii]</a></span> dupes. But if we quote +the lines of <i>La Pucelle</i>, why not also the article<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> in the +<i>Dictionnaire Philosophique</i>, which contains three pages of profounder +truth and nobler thought than certain voluminous modern works in which +Voltaire is insulted in clerical jargon?</p> + +<p>It was precisely at the end of the eighteenth century that Jeanne +began to be better known and more justly appreciated, first through a +little book, which the Abbé Lenglet du Fresnoy derived almost wholly +from the unpublished history of old Richer,<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> then by l'Averdy's +erudite researches into the two trials.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless humanism, and after humanism the Reformation, and after +the Reformation Cartesianism, and after Cartesianism experimental +philosophy had banished the old credulity from thoughtful minds. When +the Revolution came, the bloom had already long faded from the flower +of Gothic legend.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lix" id="Page_lix">[Pg lix]</a></span> It seemed as if the glory of Jeanne d'Arc, so +intimately related to the traditions of the royal house of France, +could not survive the monarchy, and as if the tempest which scattered +the royal ashes of Saint Denys and the treasure of Reims, would also +bear away the frail relics and the venerated images of the saint of +the Valois. The new <i>régime</i> did indeed refuse to honour a memory so +inseparable from royalty and from religion. The festival of Jeanne +d'Arc at Orléans, shorn of ecclesiastical pomp in 1791, was +discontinued in 1793. Later the Maid's history appeared somewhat too +Gothic even to the <i>emigrés</i>; Chateaubriand did not dare to introduce +her into his "Génie du Christianisme."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> + +<p>But in the year XI the First Consul, who had just concluded the +Concordat and was meditating the restoration of all the pageantry of +the coronation, reinstituted the festival of the Maid with its incense +and its crosses. Glorified of old in Charles VII's letters to his good +towns, Jeanne was now exalted in <i>Le Moniteur</i> by Bonaparte.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p> + +<p>Only by constant transformation do the figures of poetry and history +live in the minds of nations. Humanity cannot be interested in a +personage of old time unless it clothe it in its own sentiments and in +its own passions. After having been associated with the monarchy of +divine right, the memory of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lx" id="Page_lx">[Pg lx]</a></span> Jeanne d'Arc came to be connected with +the national unity which that monarchy had rendered possible; in +Imperial and Republican France she became the symbol of <i>la patrie</i>. +Certainly the daughter of Isabelle Romée had no more idea of <i>la +patrie</i> as it is conceived to-day than she had of the idea of landed +property which lies at its base. She never imagined anything like what +we call the nation. That is something quite modern; but she did +conceive of the heritage of kings and of the domain of the House of +France. And it was there, in that domain and in that heritage, that +the French gathered together before forming themselves into <i>la +patrie</i>.</p> + +<p>Under influences which it is impossible for us exactly to discover, +the idea came to her of re-establishing the Dauphin in his +inheritance; and this idea appeared to her so grand and so beautiful +that in the fulness of her very ingenuous pride, she believed it to +have been suggested to her by angels and saints from Paradise. For +this idea she gave her life. That is why she has survived the cause +for which she suffered. The very highest enterprises perish in their +defeat and even more surely in their victory. The devotion, which +inspired them, remains as an immortal example. And if the illusion, +under which her senses laboured, helped her to this act of +self-consecration, was not that illusion the unconscious outcome of +her own heart? Her foolishness was wiser than wisdom, for it was that +foolishness of martyrdom, without which men have never yet founded +anything great or useful. Cities, empires, republics rest on +sacrifice. It is not without reason therefore, not without justice +that, transformed by enthusiastic imagination, she became the symbol +of <i>la patrie</i> in arms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxi" id="Page_lxi">[Pg lxi]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1817, Le Brun de Charmettes,<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> a royalist jealous of imperial +glory, wrote the first patriotic history of Jeanne d'Arc. The history +is an able work. It has been followed by many others, conceived in the +same spirit, composed on the same plan, written in the same style. +From 1841 to 1849, Jules Quicherat, by his publication of the two +trials and the evidence, worthily opened an incomparable period of +research and discovery. At the same time, Michelet in the fifth volume +of his "Histoire de France," wrote pages of high colour and rapid +movement, which will doubtless remain the highest expression of the +romantic art as applied to the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> + +<p>But of all the histories written between 1817 and 1870, or at least of +all those with which I have made acquaintance, for I have not +attempted to read them all, the most discerning in my opinion is the +fourth book of Vallet de Viriville's "Histoire de Charles VII" in +which his chief preoccupation is to place the Maid in that group of +visionaries to which she really belongs.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> + +<p>Wallon's book has been widely circulated if not widely read. A +monotonous, conscientious work moderately enthusiastic, it owes its +success to its unimpeachable exactitude.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> If there must be an +orthodox Jeanne d'Arc to suit fashionable persons, then for such a +purpose, M. Marius Sepet's representation of the Maid would be equally +exact and more graceful.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxii" id="Page_lxii">[Pg lxii]</a></span></p><p>After the war of 1871, the twofold influence of the patriotic spirit, +exalted by defeat, and the revival of Catholicism among the middle +class gave a new impetus to admiration of the Maid. Arts and letters +completed the transfiguration of Jeanne.</p> + +<p>Catholics, like the learned Canon Dunand,<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> vie in zeal and +enthusiasm with free-thinking idealists like M. Joseph Fabre.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> By +reproducing the two trials in a very artistic manner, in modern French +and in a direct form of speech, M. Fabre has popularised the most +ancient and the most touching impression of the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p> + +<p>From this period date almost innumerable works of erudition, among +which must be noted those of Siméon Luce, which henceforth no one who +would treat of Jeanne's early years can afford to neglect.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p> + +<p>We are equally indebted to M. Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis for his fine +editions and his discerning studies so eruditely graceful and exact.</p> + +<p>Throughout this period of romantic and Neo-Catholic enthusiasm the +arts of painting and sculpture produced numerous representations of +Jeanne, which had hitherto been very rare. Now everywhere were to be +found Jeanne in armour and on horseback, Jeanne in prayer, Jeanne in +captivity, Jeanne suffering martyrdom. Of all these images expressing +in different manners and with varying merit the taste and the +sentiment of the period, one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxiii" id="Page_lxiii">[Pg lxiii]</a></span> work only appears great and true, and of +striking beauty: Rude's Jeanne d'Arc beholding a vision.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p> + +<p>The word <i>patrie</i> did not exist in the days of the Maid. People spoke +of the kingdom of France.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> No one, not even jurists, knew exactly +what were its limits, which were constantly changing. The diversity of +laws and customs was infinite, and quarrels between nobles were +constantly arising. Nevertheless, men felt in their hearts that they +loved their native land and hated the foreigner. If the Hundred Years' +War did not create the sentiment of nationality in France, it fostered +it. In his "Quadrilogue Invectif" Alain Chartier represents France, +indicated by her robe sumptuously adorned with the emblems of the +nobility, of the clergy and of the <i>tiers état</i>, but lamentably soiled +and torn, adjuring the three orders not to permit her to perish. +"After the bond of the Catholic faith," she says to them, "Nature has +called you before all things to unite for the salvation of your native +land, and for the defence of that lordship under which God has caused +you to be born and to live."<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> And these are not the mere maxims of +a humourist versed in the virtues of antiquity. On the hearts of +humble Frenchmen it was laid to serve the country of their birth. +"Must the King be driven from his kingdom, and must we become +English?" cried a man-at-arms of Lorraine in 1428.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> The subjects +of the Lilies, as well as those of the Leopard, felt it incumbent +upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxiv" id="Page_lxiv">[Pg lxiv]</a></span> them to be loyal to their liege lord. But if any change for the +worse occurred in the lordships to which they belonged, they were +quite ready to make the best of it, because a lordship must increase +or decrease, according to power and fortune, according to the good +right or the good pleasure of the holder; it may be dismembered by +marriages, or gifts, or inheritance, or alienated by various +contracts. On the occasion of the Treaty of Bretigny, which seriously +narrowed the dominions of King John, the folk of Paris strewed the +streets with grass and flowers as a sign of rejoicing.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> As a +matter of fact, nobles changed their allegiance as often as it was +necessary. Juvénal des Ursins relates in his Journal<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> how at the +time of the English conquest of Normandy, a young widow was known to +quit her domain with her three children in order to escape doing +homage to the King from beyond the seas. But how many Norman nobles +were like her in refusing to swear fealty to the former enemies of the +kingdom? The example of fidelity to the king was not always set by +those of his own family. The Duke of Bourbon, in the name of all the +princes of the blood royal, prisoners with him in the hands of the +English, proposed to Henry V that they should go and negotiate in +France for the cession of Harfleur, promising that if the Royal +Council met them with refusal they would acknowledge Henry V to be +King of France.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p> + +<p>Every one thought first of himself. Whoever possessed land owed +himself to his land; his neighbour was his enemy. The burgher thought +only of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxv" id="Page_lxv">[Pg lxv]</a></span> his town. The peasant changed his master without knowing it. +The three orders were not yet united closely enough to form, in the +modern sense of the word, a state.</p> + +<p>Little by little the royal power united the French. This union became +stronger in proportion as royalty grew more powerful. In the sixteenth +and seventeenth centuries, that desire to think and act in common, +which creates great nations, became very strong among us—at least in +those families which furnished officers to the Crown—and it even +spread among the lower orders of society. Rabelais introduces François +Villon and the King of England into a tale so inflamed with military +bravado that it might have been told over the camp fire in an almost +identical manner by one of Napoleon's grenadiers.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> In his preface +to the poem we have just quoted, Chapelain writes of the occasions +when "<i>la patrie</i> who is our common mother, has need of all her +children." Already the old poet expresses himself like the author of +the <i>Marseillaise</i>.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p> + +<p>It cannot be denied that the feeling for <i>la patrie</i> did exist under +the old <i>régime</i>. The impulse imparted to this sentiment by the +Revolution was none the less immense. It added to it the idea of +national unity and national territorial integrity. It extended to all +the right of property hitherto reserved to a small number, and thus, +so to speak, divided <i>la patrie</i> among the citizens. While rendering +the peasant capable of possessing, the new <i>régime</i> imposed upon him +the obligations of defending his actual or potential possessions. +Recourse to arms is a necessity alike for whomsoever acquires or +wishes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxvi" id="Page_lxvi">[Pg lxvi]</a></span> to acquire territory. Hardly had the Frenchman come to enjoy +the rights of a man and of a citizen, hardly had he entered into +possession or thought he might enter into possession of a home and +lands of his own, when the armies of the Coalition arrived "to drive +him back to ancient slavery." Then the patriot became a soldier. +Twenty-three years of warfare, with the inevitable alternations of +victories and defeats, built up our fathers in their love of <i>la +patrie</i> and their hatred of the foreigner.</p> + +<p>Since then, as the result of industrial progress, there have arisen in +one country and another, rivalries which are every day growing more +bitter. The present methods of production by multiplying antagonism +among nations, have given rise to imperialism, to colonial expansion +and to armed peace.</p> + +<p>But how many contrary forces are at work in this formidable creation +of a new order of things! In all countries the great development of +trade and manufactures has given birth to a new class. This class, +possessing nothing, having no hope of ever possessing anything, +enjoying none of the good things of life, not even the light of day, +does not share the fear which haunted the peasant and burgher of the +Revolution, of being despoiled by an enemy coming from abroad; the +members of this new class, having no wealth to defend, regard foreign +nations with neither terror nor hatred. At the same time over all the +markets of the world there have arisen financial powers, which, +although they often affect respect for old traditions, are by their +very functions essentially destructive of the national and patriotic +spirit. The universal capitalist system has created in France, as +everywhere else, the internationalism of the workers and the +cosmopolitanism of the financiers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxvii" id="Page_lxvii">[Pg lxvii]</a></span></p> + +<p>To-day, just as two thousand years ago, in order to discern the +future, we must regard not the enterprises of the great but the +confused movements of the working classes. The nations will not +indefinitely endure this armed peace which weighs so heavily upon +them. Every day we behold the organising of an universal community of +workers.</p> + +<p>I believe in the future union of nations, and I long for it with that +ardent charity for the human race, which, formed in the Latin +conscience in the days of Epictetus and Seneca, and through so many +centuries extinguished by European barbarism, has been revived in the +noblest breasts of modern times. And in vain will it be argued against +me that these are the mere dream-illusions of desire: it is desire +that creates life and the future is careful to realise the dreams of +philosophers. Nevertheless, that we to-day are assured of a peace that +nothing will disturb, none but a madman would maintain. On the +contrary, the terrible industrial and commercial rivalries growing up +around us indicate future conflicts, and there is nothing to assure us +that France will not one day find herself involved in a great European +or world conflagration. Her obligation to provide for her defence +increases not a little those difficulties which arise from a social +order profoundly agitated by competition in production and antagonism +between classes.</p> + +<p>An absolute empire obtains its defenders by inspiring fear; democracy +only by bestowing benefits. Fear or interest lies at the root of all +devotion. If the French proletariat is to defend the Republic +heroically in the hour of peril, then it must either be happy or have +the hope of becoming so. And what use is it to deceive ourselves? The +lot of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxviii" id="Page_lxviii">[Pg lxviii]</a></span> workman to-day is no better in France than in Germany, and +not so good as in England or America.</p> + +<p>On these important subjects I have not been able to forbear expressing +the truth as it appears to me; there is a great satisfaction in saying +what one believes useful and just.</p> + +<p>It now only remains for me to submit to my readers a few reflections +on the difficult art of writing history, and to explain certain +peculiarities of form and language which will be found in this work.</p> + +<p>To enter into the spirit of a period that has passed away, to make +oneself the contemporary of men of former days, deliberate study and +loving care are necessary. The difficulty lies not so much in what one +must know as in what one must not know. If we would really live in the +fifteenth century, how many things we must forget: knowledge, methods, +all those acquisitions which make moderns of us. We must forget that +the earth is round, and that the stars are suns, and not lamps +suspended from a crystal vault; we must forget the cosmogony of +Laplace, and believe in the science of Saint Thomas, of Dante, and of +those cosmographers of the Middle Age who teach the Creation in seven +days and the foundation of kingdoms by the sons of Priam, after the +destruction of Great Troy. Such and such a historian or paleographer +is powerless to make us understand the contemporaries of the Maid. It +is not knowledge he lacks, but ignorance—ignorance of modern warfare, +of modern politics, of modern religion.</p> + +<p>But when we have forgotten, as far as possible, all that has happened +since the youth of Charles VII,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxix" id="Page_lxix">[Pg lxix]</a></span> in order to think like a clerk in +exile at Poitiers, or a burgher at Orléans serving on the ramparts of +his city, we must recover all our intellectual resources in order to +embrace the entirety of events, and discover that sequence between +cause and effect which escape the clerk or the burgher. "I have +contracted my horizon," says the Chatterton of Alfred de Vigny, when +he explains how he is conscious of nothing that has happened since the +days of the old Saxons. But Chatterton wrote poems, pseudo chronicles, +and not history. The historian must alternately contract his horizon +and widen it. If he undertake to tell an old story, he must needs +successively—or sometimes at one and the same moment—assume the +credulity of the folk he restores to life, and the discernment of the +most accomplished critic. By a strange process, he must divide his +personality. He must be at once the ancient man and the modern man; he +must live on two different planes, like that curious character in a +story by Mr. H.G. Wells, who lives and moves in a little English town, +and all the time sees herself at the bottom of the ocean.</p> + +<p>I have carefully visited cities and countries in which the events I +propose to relate took place. I have seen the valley of the Meuse +amidst the flowers and perfumes of spring, and I have seen it again +beneath a mass of mist and cloud. I have travelled along the smiling +banks of the Loire, so full of renown; through La Beauce, with its +vast horizons bordered with snow-topped mountains; through +l'Île-de-France, where the sky is serene; through La Champagne, with +its stony hills covered with those low vines which, trampled upon by +the coronation army, bloomed again into leaves and fruit, says the +legend, and by St. Martin's Day yielded a late but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxx" id="Page_lxx">[Pg lxx]</a></span> rich vintage.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> +I have lingered in barren Picardy, along the Bay of the Somme so sad +and bare beneath the flight of its birds of passage. I have wandered +through the fat meadows of Normandy to Rouen with its steeples and +towers, its ancient charnel houses, its damp streets, its last +remaining timbered houses with high gables. I have imagined these +rivers, these lands, these châteaux and these towns as they were five +hundred years ago.</p> + +<p>I have accustomed my gaze to the forms assumed by the beings and the +objects of those days. I have examined all that remains of stone, of +iron, or of wood worked by the hands of those old artisans, who were +freer and consequently more ingenious than ours, and whose handicraft +reveals a desire to animate and adorn everything. To the best of my +ability I have studied figures carved and painted, not exactly in +France—for there, in those days of misery and death, art was little +practised—but in Flanders, in Burgundy, in Provence, where the +workmanship is often in a style at once affected and <i>naif</i>, and +frequently beautiful. As I gazed at the old miniatures, they seemed to +live before me, and I saw the nobles in the absurd magnificence of +their <i>étoffes à tripes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> the dames and the damoiselles somewhat +devilish with their horned caps and their pointed shoes; clerks seated +at the desk, men-at-arms riding their chargers and merchants their +mules, husbandmen performing from April till March all the tasks of +the rural calendar; peasant women, whose broad coifs are still worn by +nuns. I drew near to these folk, who were our fellows, and who yet +differed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxi" id="Page_lxxi">[Pg lxxi]</a></span> from us by a thousand shades of sentiment and of thought; I +lived their lives; I read their hearts.</p> + +<p>It is hardly necessary to say that there exists no authentic +representation of Jeanne. In the art of the fifteenth century all that +relates to her amounts to very little: hardly anything remains—a +small piece of <i>bestion</i> tapestry, a slight pen-and-ink figure on a +register, a few illuminations in manuscripts of the reigns of Charles +VII, Louis XI, and Charles VIII, that is all. I have found it +necessary to contribute to this very meagre iconography of Jeanne +d'Arc, not because I had anything to add to it, but in order to +expunge the contributions of the forgers of that period. In Appendix +IV, at the end of this work, will be found the short article in which +I point out the forgeries which, for the most part, are already old, +but had not been previously denounced. I have limited my researches to +the fifteenth century, leaving to others the task of studying those +pictures of the Renaissance in which the Maid appears decked out in +the German fashion, with the plumed hat and slashed doubtlet of a +Saxon ritter or a Swiss mercenary.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> I cannot say who served as a +prototype for these portraits, but they closely resemble the woman +accompanying the mercenaries in <i>La Danse des morts</i>, which Nicholas +Manuel painted at Berne, on the wall of the Dominican Monastery, +between 1515 and 1521.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> In <i>le Grand</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxii" id="Page_lxxii">[Pg lxxii]</a></span> <i>Siècle</i> Jeanne d'Arc becomes +Clorinda, Minerva, Bellona in ballet costume.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p> + +<p>To my mind a continuous story is more likely than any controversy or +discussion to make my subject live, and bring home its verities to my +readers. It is true that the documents relating to the Maid do not +lend themselves very easily to this kind of treatment. As I have just +shown, they may nearly all be regarded as doubtful from several points +of view, and objections to them arise at every moment. Nevertheless, I +think that by making a cautious and judicious use of these documents +one may obtain material sufficient for a truthful history of +considerable extent. Besides, I have always indicated the sources of +my facts, so that every one may judge for himself of the +trustworthiness of my authorities.</p> + +<p>In the course of my story I have related many incidents which, without +having a direct relation to Jeanne, reveal the spirit, the morals, and +the beliefs of her time. These incidents are usually of a religious +order. They must necessarily be so, for Jeanne's story—and I cannot +repeat it too often—is the story of a saint, just like that of +Colette of Corbie, or of Catherine of Sienna.</p> + +<p>I have yielded frequently, perhaps too frequently, to the desire to +make the reader live among the men and things of the fifteenth +century. And in order not to distract him suddenly from them, I have +avoided suggesting any comparison with other periods, although many +such occurred to me.</p> + +<p>My history is founded on the form and substance of ancient documents; +but I have hardly ever introduced into it literal quotations; I +believe that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxiii" id="Page_lxxiii">[Pg lxxiii]</a></span> unless it possesses a certain unity of language a book +is unreadable, and I want to be read.</p> + +<p>It is neither affectation of style nor artistic taste that has led me +to adhere as far as possible to the tone of the period and to prefer +archaic forms of language whenever I thought they would be +intelligible, it is because ideas are changed when words are changed +and because one cannot substitute modern for ancient expressions +without altering sentiments and characters.</p> + +<p>I have endeavoured to make my style simple and familiar. History is +too often written in a high-flown manner that renders it wearisome and +false. Why should we imagine historical facts to be out of the +ordinary run of things and on a scale different from every-day +humanity?</p> + +<p>The writer of a history such as this is terribly tempted to throw +himself into the battle. There is hardly a modern account of these old +contests, in which the author, be he ecclesiastic or professor, does +not with pen behind ear, rush into the <i>mêlée</i> by the side of the +Maid. Even at the risk of missing the revelation of some of the +beauties of her nature, I deem it better to keep one's own personality +out of the action.</p> + +<p>I have written this history with a zeal ardent and tranquil; I have +sought truth strenuously, I have met her fearlessly. Even when she +assumed an unexpected aspect, I have not turned from her. I shall be +reproached for audacity, until I am reproached for timidity.</p> + +<p>I have pleasure in expressing my gratitude to my illustrious +<i>confrères</i>, MM. Paul Meyer and Ernest Lavisse, who have given me +valuable advice. I owe much to M. Petit Dutaillis for certain kindly +observations which I have taken into consideration.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxiv" id="Page_lxxiv">[Pg lxxiv]</a></span> I am also greatly +indebted to M. Henri Jadart, Secretary of the Reims Academy; M. E. +Langlois, Professor at the Faculté des Lettres of Lille; M. Camille +Bloch, some time archivist of Loiret, M. Noël Charavay, autographic +expert, and M. Raoul Bonnet.</p> + +<p>M. Pierre Champion, who albeit still young is already known as the +author of valuable historical works, has placed the result of his +researches at my disposal with a disinterestedness I shall never be +able adequately to acknowledge. He has also carefully read the whole +of my work. M. Jean Brousson has given me the advantage of his +perspicacity which far surpasses what one is entitled to expect from +one's secretary.</p> + +<p>In the century which I have endeavoured to represent in this work, +there was a fiend, by name Titivillus. Every evening this fiend put +into a sack all the letters omitted or altered by the copyists during +the day. He carried them to hell, in order that, when Saint Michael +weighed the souls of these negligent scribes, the share of each one +might be put in the scale of his iniquities. Should he have survived +the invention of printing, surely this most properly meticulous fiend +must to-day be assuming the heavy task of collecting the misprints +scattered throughout the books which aspire to exactitude; it would be +very foolish of him to trouble about others. As occasion requires he +will place those misprints to the account of reader or author. I am +infinitely indebted to my publishers and friends MM. Calmann, Lévy and +to their excellent collaborators for the care and experience they have +employed in lightening the burden, which Titivillus will place on my +back on the Day of Judgment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, February, 1908.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxv" id="Page_lxxv">[Pg lxxv]</a></span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Vol</span>. I</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">CHAP.</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_v">v</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">I.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_I">Childhood</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">II.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_II">Voices</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">III.<br /> </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_III">First Visit to Vaucouleurs. Flight to Neufchâteau. Journey to Toul.<br />Second Visit to Vaucouleurs</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> <br /> + <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Journey to Nancy. Itinerary from Vaucouleurs to Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.91">91</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">V.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Siege of Orléans from the 12th of October, 1428, to the 6th of March, 1429</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_VI">The Maid at Chinon—Prophecies</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_VII">The Maid at Poitiers</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">The Maid at Poitiers</span> (<i>continued</i>)</a></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IX.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_IX">The Maid at Tours</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">X.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_X">The Siege of Orléans from the 7th of March to the 28th of April, 1429</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.230">230</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XI">The Maid at Blois. Letter to the English. Departure for Orléans</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XII">The Maid at Orléans</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">The Taking of Les Tourelles and the Deliverance of Orléans</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">The Maid at Tours and Selles-en-Berry. Treatises of Jacques Gélu and Jean Gerson</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Taking of Jargeau. The Meung Bridge. Beaugency</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxvi" id="Page_lxxvi">[Pg lxxvi]</a></span>XVI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">The Battle of Patay. Opinions of Italian and German Clerks. The Gien Army</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">The Auxerre Convention. Friar Richard. The Surrender of Troyes</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">The Surrender of Châlons and of Reims. The Coronation</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIX.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">Rise of the Legend</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">List of Illustrations</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joan2">Volume II</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joanindex">Index</a></b></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxvii" id="Page_lxxvii">[Pg lxxvii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Vol</span>. I</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Joan">Joan of Arc</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From a painting by Deruet.</span></td> + <td><i>Frontispiece</i><br /> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>To face page</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="#House"><span class="smcap">House of Joan of Arc at Domremy in</span> 1419</a></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#Page_i.12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="#View"><span class="smcap">View of Orléans</span>, 1428-1429</a></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plan">Plan of Orléans</a></span></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#Page_i.258">258</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="#Charles"><span class="smcap">Charles</span> VII</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From an old engraving.</span></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#Page_i.444">444</a><br /> + </td> + </tr> +</tbody> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.1" id="Page_i.1">[Pg i.1]</a></span></p> +<h2>JOAN OF ARC</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>CHILDHOOD</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capf.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="F" title="F" class="floatl" />ROM Neufchâteau to Vaucouleurs the clear waters of the Meuse flow +freely between banks covered with rows of poplar trees and low bushes +of alder and willow. Now they wind in sudden bends, now in gradual +curves, for ever breaking up into narrow streams, and then the threads +of greenish waters gather together again, or here and there are +suddenly lost to sight underground. In the summer the river is a lazy +stream, barely bending in its course the reeds which grow upon its +shallow bed; and from the bank one may watch its lapping waters kept +back by clumps of rushes scarcely covering a little sand and moss. But +in the season of heavy rains, swollen by sudden torrents, deeper and +more rapid, as it rushes along, it leaves behind it on the banks a +kind of dew, which rises in pools of clear water on a level with the +grass of the valley.</p> + +<p>This valley, two or three miles broad, stretches unbroken between low +hills, softly undulating, crowned with oaks, maples, and birches. +Although strewn with wild-flowers in the spring, it looks severe, +grave, and sometimes even sad. The green grass imparts to it a +monotony like that of stagnant water. Even on fine days one is +conscious of a hard, cold climate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.2" id="Page_i.2">[Pg i.2]</a></span> The sky seems more genial than the +earth. It beams upon it with a tearful smile; it constitutes all the +movement, the grace, the exquisite charm of this delicate tranquil +landscape. Then when winter comes the sky merges with the earth in a +kind of chaos. Fogs come down thick and clinging. The white light +mists, which in summer veil the bottom of the valley, give place to +thick clouds and dark moving mountains, but slowly scattered by a red, +cold sun. Wanderers ranging the uplands in the early morning might +dream with the mystics in their ecstasy that they are walking on +clouds.</p> + +<p>Thus, after having passed on the left the wooded plateau, from the +height of which the château of Bourlémont dominates the valley of the +Saonelle, and on the right Coussey with its old church, the winding +river flows between le Bois Chesnu on the west and the hill of Julien +on the east. Then on it goes, passing the adjacent villages of Domremy +and Greux on the west bank and separating Greux from Maxey-sur-Meuse. +Among other hamlets nestling in the hollows of the hills or rising on +the high ground, it passes Burey-la-Côte, Maxey-sur-Vaise, and +Burey-en-Vaux, and flows on to water the beautiful meadows of +Vaucouleurs.<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p> + +<p>In this little village of Domremy, situated at least seven and a half +miles further down the river than Neufchâteau and twelve and a half +above Vaucouleurs, there was born, about the year 1410 or 1412,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.3" id="Page_i.3">[Pg i.3]</a></span> +a girl who was destined to live a remarkable life. She was born poor. +Her father,<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> Jacques or Jacquot d'Arc, a native of the village of +Ceffonds in Champagne,<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> was a small farmer and himself drove his +horses at the plough.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> His neighbours, men and women alike, held +him to be a good Christian and an industrious workman.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> His wife +came from Vouthon, a village nearly four miles northwest of Domremy, +beyond the woods of Greux. Her name being Isabelle or Zabillet, she +received at some time, exactly when is uncertain, the surname of +Romée.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> That name was given to those who had been to Rome or on +some other important pilgrimage;<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> and it is possible that Isabelle +may have acquired her name of Romée by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.4" id="Page_i.4">[Pg i.4]</a></span> assuming the pilgrim's shell +and staff.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> One of her brothers was a parish priest, another a +tiler; she had a nephew who was a carpenter.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> She had already +borne her husband three children: Jacques or Jacquemin, Catherine, and +Jean.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p> + +<p>Jacques d'Arc's house was on the verge of the precincts of the parish +church, dedicated to Saint Remi, the apostle of Gaul.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> There was +only the graveyard to cross when the child was carried to the font. It +is said that in those days and in that country the form of exorcism +pronounced by the priest during the baptismal ceremony was much longer +for girls than for boys.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> We do not know whether Messire Jean +Minet,<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> the parish priest, pronounced it over the child in all its +literal fulness, but we notice the custom as one of the numerous signs +of the Church's invincible mistrust of woman.</p> + +<p>According to the custom then prevailing the child<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.5" id="Page_i.5">[Pg i.5]</a></span> had several +godfathers and godmothers.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> The men-gossips were Jean Morel, of +Greux,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> husbandman; Jean Barrey, of Neufchâteau; Jean Le Langart +or Lingui, and Jean Rainguesson; the women, Jeannette, wife of +Thévenin le Royer, called Roze, of Domremy; Béatrix, wife of +Estellin,<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> husbandman in the same village; Edite, wife of Jean +Barrey; Jeanne, wife of Aubrit, called Jannet and described as Maire +Aubrit when he was appointed secretary to the lords of Bourlémont; +Jeannette, wife of Thiesselin de Vittel, a scholar of Neufchâteau. She +was the most learned of all, for she had heard stories read out of +books. Among the godmothers there are mentioned also the wife of +Nicolas d'Arc, Jacques' brother, and two obscure Christians, one +called Agnes, the other Sibylle.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> Here, as in every group of good +Catholics, we have a number of Jeans, Jeannes, and Jeannettes. St. +John the Baptist was a saint of high repute; his festival, kept on the +24th of June, was a red-letter day in the calendar, both civil and +religious; it marked the customary date for leases, hirings, and +contracts of all kinds. In the opinion of certain ecclesiastics, +especially of the mendicant orders, St. John the Evangelist, whose +head had rested on the Saviour's breast and who was to return to earth +when the ages should have run their course, was the greatest saint in +Paradise.<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Wherefore, in honour of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.6" id="Page_i.6">[Pg i.6]</a></span> the Precursor of the Saviour +or of his best beloved disciple, when babes were baptised the name +Jean or Jeanne was frequently preferred to all others. To render these +holy names more in keeping with the helplessness of childhood and the +humble destiny awaiting most of us, they were given the diminutive +forms of Jeannot and Jeannette. On the banks of the Meuse the peasants +had a particular liking for these diminutives at once unpretentious +and affectionate: Jacquot, Pierrollot, Zabillet, Mengette, +Guillemette.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> After the wife of the scholar, Thiesselin, the child +was named Jeannette. That was the name by which she was known in the +village. Later, in France, she was called Jeanne.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> + +<p>She was brought up in her father's house, in Jacques' poor +dwelling.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> In the front there were two windows admitting but a +scanty light. The stone roof forming one side of a gable on the garden +side sloped almost to the ground. Close by the door, as was usual in +that country, were the dung-heap, a pile of firewood, and the farm +tools covered with rust and mud. But the humble enclosure, which +served<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.7" id="Page_i.7">[Pg i.7]</a></span> as orchard and kitchen-garden, in the spring bloomed in a +wealth of pink and white flowers.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> + +<p>These good Christians had one more child, the youngest, Pierre, who +was called Pierrelot.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p> + +<p>Fed on light wine and brown bread, hardened by a hard life, Jeanne +grew up in an unfruitful land, among people who were rough and sober. +She lived in perfect liberty. Among hard-working peasants the children +are left to themselves. Isabelle's daughter seems to have got on well +with the village children.</p> + +<p>A little neighbour, Hauviette, three or four years younger than she, +was her daily companion. They liked to sleep together in the same +bed.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> Mengette, whose parents lived close by, used to come and +spin at Jacques d'Arc's house. She helped Jeanne with her household +duties.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> Taking her distaff with her, Jeanne used often to go and +pass the evening at Saint-Amance, at the house of a husbandman +Jacquier, who had a young daughter.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> Boys and girls grew up as a +matter of course side by side. Being neighbours, Jeanne and Simonin +Musnier's son were brought up together. When Musnier's son was still a +child he fell ill, and Jeanne nursed him.<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p> + +<p>In those days it was not unprecedented for village maidens to know +their letters. A few years earlier Maître Jean Gerson had counselled +his sisters, peasants of Champagne, to learn to read, and had +promised, if they succeeded, to give them edifying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.8" id="Page_i.8">[Pg i.8]</a></span> books.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> Albeit +the niece of a parish priest, Jeanne did not learn her horn-book, thus +resembling most of the village children, but not all, for at Maxey +there was a school attended by boys from Domremy.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p> + +<p>From her mother she learnt the Paternoster, Ave Maria, and the +credo.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> She heard a few beautiful stories of the saints. That was +her whole education. On holy days, in the nave of the church, beneath +the pulpit, while the men stood round the wall, she, in the manner of +the peasant women, squatted on her toes, listening to the priest's +sermon.<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></p> + +<p>As soon as she was old enough she laboured in the fields, weeding, +digging, and, like the Lorraine maidens of to-day, doing the work of a +man.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> + +<p>The river meadows were the chief source of wealth to the dwellers on +the banks of the Meuse. When the hay harvest was over, according to +his share of the arable land, each villager in Domremy had the right +to turn so many head of cattle into the meadows of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.9" id="Page_i.9">[Pg i.9]</a></span> the village. Each +family took its turn at watching the flocks and herds in the meadows. +Jacques d'Arc, who had a little grazing land of his own, turned out +his oxen and his horses with the others. When his turn came to watch +them, he delegated the task to his daughter Jeanne, who went off into +the meadow, distaff in hand.<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p> + +<p>But she would rather do housework or sew or spin. She was pious. She +swore neither by God nor his saints; and to assert the truth of +anything she was content to say: "There's no mistake."<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> When the +bells rang for the <i>Angelus</i>, she crossed herself and knelt.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> On +Saturday, the Holy Virgin's day, she climbed the hill overgrown with +grass, vines, and fruit-trees, with the village of Greux nestling at +its foot, and gained the wooded plateau, whence she could see on the +east the green valley and the blue hills. On the brow of the hill, +barely two and a half miles from the village, in a shaded dale full of +murmuring sounds, from beneath beeches, ash-trees, and oaks gush forth +the clear waters of the Saint-Thiébault spring, which cure fevers and +heal wounds. Above the spring rises the chapel of Notre-Dame de +Bermont. In fine weather it is pervaded by the scent of fields and +woods, and winter wraps this high ground in a mantle of sadness and +silence. In those days, clothed in a royal cloak and wearing a crown, +with her divine child in her arms, Notre-Dame de Bermont received the +prayers and the offerings of young men and maidens. She worked +miracles. Jeanne used to visit her with her sister Catherine and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.10" id="Page_i.10">[Pg i.10]</a></span> +boys and girls of the neighbourhood, or quite alone. And as often as +she could she lit a candle in honour of the heavenly lady.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p> + +<p>A mile and a quarter west of Domremy was a hill covered with a dense +wood, which few dared enter for fear of boars and wolves. Wolves were +the terror of the countryside. The village mayors gave rewards for +every head of a wolf or wolf-cub brought them.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> This wood, which +Jeanne could see from her threshold, was the Bois Chesnu, the wood of +oaks, or possibly the hoary [<i>chenu</i>] wood, the old forest.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> We +shall see later how this Bois Chesnu was the subject of a prophecy of +Merlin the Magician.</p> + +<p>At the foot of the hill, towards the village, was a spring<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> on the +margin of which gooseberry bushes intertwined their branches of +greyish green. It was called the Gooseberry Spring or the Blackthorn +Spring.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> If, as was thought by a graduate of the University of +Paris,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> Jeanne described it as <i>La +Fontaine-aux-Bonnes-Fées-Notre-Seigneur</i>, it must have been because +the village people called it by that name. By making use of such a +term it would seem as if those rustic souls were trying to +Christianise the nymphs of the woods and waters, in whom certain +teachers discerned the demons which the heathen once worshipped as +goddesses.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> It was quite true.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.11" id="Page_i.11">[Pg i.11]</a></span> Goddesses as much feared and +venerated as the Parcæ had come to be called Fates,<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> and to them +had been attributed power over the destinies of men. But, fallen long +since from their powerful and high estate, these village fairies had +grown as simple as the people among whom they lived. They were invited +to baptisms, and a place at table was laid for them in the room next +the mother's. At these festivals they ate alone and came and went +without any one's knowing; people avoided spying upon their movements +for fear of displeasing them. It is the custom of divine personages to +go and come in secret. They gave gifts to new-born infants. Some were +very kind, but most of them, without being malicious, appeared +irritable, capricious, jealous; and if they were offended even +unintentionally, they cast evil spells. Sometimes they betrayed their +feminine nature by unaccountable likes and dislikes. More than one +found a lover in a knight or a churl; but generally such loves came to +a bad end. And, when all is said, gentle or terrible, they remained +the Fates, they were always the Destinies.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p> + +<p>Near by, on the border of the wood, was an ancient beech, overhanging +the highroad to Neufchâteau and casting a grateful shade.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> The +beech was venerated almost as piously as had been those trees which +were held sacred in the days before apostolic missionaries evangelised +Gaul.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> No hand dared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.12" id="Page_i.12">[Pg i.12]</a></span> touch its branches, which swept the ground. +"Even the lilies are not more beautiful,"<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> said a rustic. Like the +spring the tree had many names. It was called <i>l'Arbre-des-Dames</i>, +<i>l'Arbre-aux-Loges-les-Dames</i>, <i>l'Arbre-des-Fées</i>, +<i>l'Arbre-Charmine-Fée-de-Bourlémont</i>, <i>le Beau-Mai</i>.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p> + +<p>Every one at Domremy knew that fairies existed and that they had been +seen under <i>l'Arbre-aux-Loges-les-Dames</i>. In the old days, when Berthe +was spinning, a lord of Bourlémont, called Pierre Granier,<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> became +a fairy's knight, and kept his tryst with her at eve under the +beech-tree. A romance told of their loves. One of Jeanne's godmothers, +who was a scholar at Neufchâteau, had heard this story, which closely +resembled that tale of Melusina so well known in Lorraine.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> But a +doubt remained as to whether fairies still frequented the beech-tree. +Some believed they did, others thought they did not. Béatrix, another +of Jeanne's godmothers, used to say: "I have heard tell that fairies +came to the tree in the old days. But for their sins they come there +no longer."<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p> + +<p>This simple-minded woman meant that the fairies were the enemies of +God and that the priest had driven them away. Jean Morel, Jeanne's +godfather, believed the same.<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="House"> +<img src="images/image03.jpg" width="400" height="257" alt="House of Joan of Arc" title="House of Joan of Arc" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE HOUSE OF JOAN OF ARC AT DOMREMY IN 1419</b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.13" id="Page_i.13">[Pg i.13]</a></span></p> + +<p>Indeed on Ascension Eve, on Rogation days and Ember days, crosses were +carried through the fields and the priest went to <i>l'Arbre-des-Fées</i> +and chanted the Gospel of St. John. He chanted it also at the +Gooseberry Spring and at the other springs in the parish.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> For the +exorcising of evil spirits there was nothing like the Gospel of St. +John.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> + +<p>My Lord Aubert d'Ourches held that there had been no fairies at +Domremy for twenty or thirty years.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> On the other hand there were +those in the village who believed that Christians still held converse +with them and that Thursday was the trysting day.</p> + +<p>Yet another of Jeanne's godmothers, the wife of the mayor Aubrit, had +with her own eyes seen fairies under the tree. She had told her +goddaughter. And Aubrit's wife was known to be no witch or soothsayer +but a good woman and a circumspect.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p> + +<p>In all this Jeanne suspected witchcraft. For her own part she had +never met the fairies under the tree. But she would not have said that +she had not seen fairies elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> Fairies are not like angels; +they do not always appear what they really are.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p> + +<p>Every year, on the fourth Sunday in Lent,—called by the Church +"<i>Lætare</i> Sunday," because during the mass of the day was chanted the +passage beginning <i>Lætare Jerusalem</i>,—the peasants of Bar held a +rustic festival. This was their well-dressing when they went together +to drink from some spring and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.14" id="Page_i.14">[Pg i.14]</a></span> dance on the grass. The peasants of +Greux kept their festival at the Chapel of Notre-Dame de Bermont; +those of Domremy at the Gooseberry Spring and at +<i>l'Arbre-des-Fées</i>.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> They used to recall the days when the lord +and lady of Bourlémont themselves led the young people of the village. +But Jeanne was still a babe in arms when Pierre de Bourlémont, lord of +Domremy and Greux, died childless, leaving his lands to his niece +Jeanne de Joinville, who lived at Nancy, having married the +chamberlain of the Duke of Lorraine.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p> + +<p>At the well-dressing the young men and maidens of Domremy went to the +old beech-tree together. After they had hung it with garlands of +flowers, they spread a cloth on the grass and supped off nuts, +hard-boiled eggs, and little rolls of a curious form, which the +housewives had kneaded on purpose.<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Then they drank from the +Gooseberry Spring, danced in a ring, and returned to their own homes +at nightfall.</p> + +<p>Jeanne, like all the other damsels of the countryside, took her part +in the well-dressing. Although she came from the quarter of Domremy +nearest Greux, she kept her feast, not at Notre-Dame de Bermont, but +at the Gooseberry Spring and <i>l'Arbre-des-Fées</i>.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p> + +<p>In her early childhood she danced round the tree with her companions. +She wove garlands for the image of Notre-Dame de Domremy, whose +chapel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.15" id="Page_i.15">[Pg i.15]</a></span> crowned a neighbouring hill. The maidens were wont to hang +garlands on the branches of <i>l'Arbre-des-Fées</i>. Jeanne, like the +others, bewreathed the tree's branches; and, like the others, +sometimes she left her wreaths behind and sometimes she carried them +away. No one knew what became of them; and it seems their +disappearance was such as to cause wise and learned persons to wonder. +One thing, however, is sure: that the sick who drank from the spring +were healed and straightway walked beneath the tree.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p> + +<p>To hail the coming of spring they made a figure of May, a mannikin of +flowers and foliage.<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p> + +<p>Close by <i>l'Arbre-des-Dames</i>, beneath a hazel-tree, there was a +mandrake. He promised wealth to whomsoever should dare by night, and +according to the prescribed rites, to tear him from the ground,<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> +not fearing to hear him cry or to see blood flow from his little human +body and his forked feet.</p> + +<p>The tree, the spring, and the mandrake caused the inhabitants of +Domremy to be suspected of holding converse with evil spirits. A +learned doctor said plainly that the country was famous for the number +of persons who practised witchcraft.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> + +<p>When quite a little girl, Jeanne journeyed several times to Sermaize +in Champagne, where dwelt certain of her kinsfolk. The village priest, +Messire Henri de Vouthon, was her uncle on her mother's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.16" id="Page_i.16">[Pg i.16]</a></span> side. She had +a cousin there, Perrinet de Vouthon, by calling a tiler, and his son +Henri.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p> + +<p>Full thirty-seven and a half miles of forest and heath lie between +Domremy and Sermaize. Jeanne, we may believe, travelled on horseback, +riding behind her brother on the little mare which worked on the +farm.<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a></p> + +<p>At each visit the child spent several days at her cousin Perrinet's +house.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p> + +<p>With regard to feudal overlordship the village of Domremy was divided +into two distinct parts. The southern part, with the château on the +Meuse and some thirty homesteads, belonged to the lords of Bourlémont +and was in the domain of the castellany of Grondrecourt, held in fief +from the crown of France. It was a part of Lorraine and of Bar. The +northern half of the village, in which the monastery was situated, was +subject to the provost of Montéclaire and Andelot and was in the +bailiwick of Chaumont in Champagne.<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> It was sometimes called +Domremy de Greux because it seemed to form a part of the village of +Greux adjoining it on the highroad in the direction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.17" id="Page_i.17">[Pg i.17]</a></span> of +Vaucouleurs.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> The serfs of Bourlémont were separated from the +king's men by a brook, close by towards the west, flowing from a +threefold source and hence called, so it is said, the Brook of the +Three Springs. Modestly the stream flowed beneath a flat stone in +front of the church, and then rushed down a rapid incline into the +Meuse, opposite Jacques d'Arc's house, which it passed on the left, +leaving it in the land of Champagne and of France.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> So far we may +be fairly certain; but we must beware of knowing more than was known +in that day. In 1429 King Charles' council was uncertain as to whether +Jacques d'Arc was a freeman or a serf.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> And Jacques d'Arc himself +doubtless was no better informed. On both banks of the brook, the men +of Lorraine and Champagne were alike peasants leading a life of toil +and hardship. Although they were subject to different masters they +formed none the less one community closely united, one single rural +family. They shared interests, necessities, feelings—everything. +Threatened by the same dangers, they had the same anxieties.</p> + +<p>Lying at the extreme south of the castellany of Vaucouleurs, the +village of Domremy was between Bar and Champagne on the east, and +Lorraine on the west.<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> They were terrible neighbours,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.18" id="Page_i.18">[Pg i.18]</a></span> always +warring against each other, those dukes of Lorraine and Bar, that +Count of Vaudémont, that Damoiseau of Commercy, those Lord Bishops of +Metz, Toul, and Verdun. But theirs were the quarrels of princes. The +villagers observed them just as the frog in the old fable looked on at +the bulls fighting in the meadow. Pale and trembling, poor Jacques saw +himself trodden underfoot by these fierce warriors. At a time when the +whole of Christendom was given up to pillage, the men-at-arms of the +Lorraine Marches were renowned as the greatest plunderers in the +world. Unfortunately for the labourers of the castellany of +Vaucouleurs, close to this domain, towards the north, there lived +Robert de Saarbruck, Damoiseau of Commercy, who, subsisting on +plunder, was especially given to the Lorraine custom of marauding. He +was of the same way of thinking as that English king who said that +warfare without burnings was no good, any more than chitterlings +without mustard.<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> One day, when he was besieging a little +stronghold in which the peasants had taken refuge, the Damoiseau set +fire to the crops of the neighbourhood and let them burn all night +long, so that he might see more clearly how to place his men.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p> + +<p>In 1419 this baron was making war on the brothers Didier and Durand of +Saint-Dié. It matters not for what reason. For this war as for every +war the villagers had to pay. As the men-at-arms were fighting +throughout the whole castellany of Vau<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.19" id="Page_i.19">[Pg i.19]</a></span>couleurs, the inhabitants of +Domremy began to devise means of safety, and in this wise. At Domremy +there was a castle built in the meadow at the angle of an island +formed by two arms of the river, one of which, the eastern arm, has +long since been filled up.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> Belonging to this castle was a chapel +of Our Lady, a courtyard provided with means of defence, and a large +garden surrounded by a moat wide and deep. This castle, once the +dwelling of the Lords of Bourlémont, was commonly called the Fortress +of the Island. The last of the lords having died without children, his +property had been inherited by his niece Jeanne de Joinville. But soon +after Jeanne d'Arc's birth she married a Lorraine baron, Henri +d'Ogiviller, with whom she went to reside at the castle of Ogiviller +and at the ducal court of Nancy. Since her departure the fortress of +the island had remained uninhabited. The village folk decided to rent +it and to put their tools and their cattle therein out of reach of the +plunderers. The renting was put up to auction. A certain Jean Biget of +Domremy and Jacques d'Arc, Jeanne's father, being the highest bidders, +and having furnished sufficient security, a lease was drawn up between +them and the representatives of Dame d'Ogiviller. The fortress, the +garden, the courtyard, as well as the meadows belonging to the domain, +were let to Jean Biget and Jacques d'Arc for a term of nine years +beginning on St. John the Baptist's Day, 1419, and in consideration of +a yearly rent of fourteen <i>livres tournois</i><a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> and three <i>imaux</i> of +wheat.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> Besides<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.20" id="Page_i.20">[Pg i.20]</a></span> the two tenants in chief there were five +sub-tenants, of whom the first mentioned was Jacquemin, the eldest of +Jacques d'Arc's sons.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a></p> + +<p>The precaution proved to be useful. In that very year, 1419, Robert de +Saarbruck and his company met the men of the brothers Didier and +Durand at the village of Maxey, the thatched roofs of which were to be +seen opposite Greux, on the other bank of the Meuse, along the foot of +wooded hills. The two sides here engaged in a battle, in which the +victorious Damoiseau took thirty-five prisoners, whom he afterwards +liberated after having exacted a high ransom, as was his wont. Among +these prisoners was the Squire Thiesselin de Vittel, whose wife had +held Jacques d'Arc's second daughter over the baptismal font. From one +of the hills of her village, Jeanne, who was then seven or a little +older, could see the battle in which her godmother's husband was taken +prisoner.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile matters grew worse and worse in the kingdom of France. This +was well known at Domremy, situated as it was on the highroad, and +hearing the news brought by wayfarers.<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> Thus it was that the +villagers heard of the murder of Duke<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.21" id="Page_i.21">[Pg i.21]</a></span> John of Burgundy on the Bridge +at Montereau, when the Dauphin's Councillors made him pay the price of +the blood he had shed in the Rue Barbette. These Councillors, however, +struck a bad bargain; for the murder on the Bridge brought their young +Prince very low. There followed the war between the Armagnacs and the +Burgundians. From this war the English, the obstinate enemies of the +kingdom, who for two hundred years had held Guyenne and carried on a +prosperous trade there,<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> sucked no small advantage. But Guyenne +was far away, and perhaps no one at Domremy knew that it had once been +a part of the domain of the kings of France. On the other hand every +one was aware that during the recent trouble the English had recrossed +the sea and had been welcomed by my Lord Philip, son of the late Duke +John. They occupied Normandy, Maine, Picardy, l'Île-de-France, and +Paris the great city.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> Now in France the English were bitterly +hated and greatly feared on account of their reputation for cruelty. +Not that they were really more wicked than other nations.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> In +Normandy, their king, Henry, had caused women and property to be +respected in all places under his dominion. But war is in itself +cruel, and whosoever wages war in a country is rightly hated by the +people of that country. The English were accused of treachery, and +not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.22" id="Page_i.22">[Pg i.22]</a></span> always wrongly accused, for good faith is rare among men. They +were ridiculed in various ways. Playing upon their name in Latin and +in French, they were called angels. Now if they were angels they were +assuredly bad angels. They denied God, and their favorite oath +<i>Goddam</i><a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> was so often on their lips that they were called +<i>Godons</i>. They were devils. They were said to be <i>coués</i>, that is, to +have tails behind.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> There was mourning in many a French household +when Queen Ysabeau delivered the kingdom of France to the +<i>coués</i>,<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> making of the noble French lilies a litter for the +leopard. Since then, only a few days apart, King Henry V of Lancaster +and King Charles VI of Valois, the victorious king and the mad king, +had departed to present themselves before God, the Judge of the good +and the evil, the just and the unjust, the weak and the powerful. The +castellany of Vaucouleurs was French.<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> Dwelling there were clerks +and nobles who pitied that later Joash, torn from his enemies in +childhood, an orphan spoiled of his heritage, in whom centred the hope +of the kingdom. But how can we imagine that poor husbandmen had +leisure to ponder on these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.23" id="Page_i.23">[Pg i.23]</a></span> things? How can we really believe that the +peasants of Domremy were loyal to the Dauphin Charles, their lawful +lord, while the Lorrainers of Maxey, following their Duke, were on the +side of the Burgundians?</p> + +<p>Only the river divided Maxey on the right bank from Domremy. The +Domremy and Greux children went there to school. There were quarrels +between them; the little Burgundians of Maxey fought pitched battles +with the little Armagnacs of Domremy. More than once Joan, at the +Bridge end in the evening, saw the lads of her village returning +covered with blood.<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> It is quite possible that, passionate as she +was, she may have gravely espoused these quarrels and conceived +therefrom a bitter hatred of the Burgundians. Nevertheless, we must +beware of finding an indication of public opinion in these boyish +games played by the sons of villeins. For centuries the brats of these +two parishes were to fight and to insult each other.<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> Insults and +stones fly whenever and wherever children gather in bands, and those +of one village meet those of another. The peasants of Domremy, Greux, +and Maxey, we may be sure, vexed themselves little about the affairs +of dukes and kings. They had learnt to be as much afraid of the +captains of their own side as of the captains of the opposite party, +and not to draw any distinction between the men-at-arms who were their +friends and those who were their enemies.</p> + +<p>In 1429 the English occupied the bailiwick of Chaumont and garrisoned +several fortresses in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.24" id="Page_i.24">[Pg i.24]</a></span> Bassigny. Messire Robert, Lord of Baudricourt +and Blaise, son of the late Messire Liébault de Baudricourt, was then +captain of Vaucouleurs and bailie of Chaumont for the Dauphin Charles. +He might be reckoned a great plunderer, even in Lorraine. In the +spring of this year, 1420, the Duke of Burgundy having sent an embassy +to the Lord Bishop of Verdun, as the ambassadors were returning they +were taken prisoners by Sire Robert in league with the Damoiseau of +Commercy. To avenge this offence the Duke of Burgundy declared war on +the Captain of Vaucouleurs, and the castellany was ravaged by bands of +English and Burgundians.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p> + +<p>In 1423 the Duke of Lorraine was waging war with a terrible man, one +Étienne de Vignolles, a Gascon soldier of fortune already famous under +the dreaded name of La Hire,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> which he was to leave after his +death to the knave of hearts in those packs of cards marked by the +greasy fingers of many a mercenary. La Hire was nominally on the side +of the Dauphin Charles, but in reality he only made war on his own +account. At this time he was ravaging Bar west and south, burning +churches and laying waste villages.</p> + +<p>While he was occupying Sermaize, the church of which was fortified, +Jean, Count of Salm, who was governing the Duchy of Bar for the Duke +of Lorraine, laid siege to it with two hundred horse. Collot Turlaut, +who two years before had married Mengette,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.25" id="Page_i.25">[Pg i.25]</a></span> daughter of Jean de +Vouthon and Jeanne's cousin-german,<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> was killed there by a bomb +fired from a Lorraine mortar.</p> + +<p>Jacques d'Arc was then the elder (<i>doyen</i>) of the community. Many +duties fell to the lot of the village elder, especially in troubled +times. It was for him to summon the mayor and the aldermen to the +council meetings, to cry the decrees, to command the watch day and +night, to guard the prisoners. It was for him also to collect taxes, +rents, and feudal dues, an ungrateful office in a ruined country.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p> + +<p>Under pretence of safeguarding and protecting them, Robert de +Saarbruck, Damoiseau of Commercy, who for the moment was Armagnac, was +plundering and ransoming the villages belonging to Bar, on the left +bank of the Meuse.<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> On the 7th of October, 1423, Jacques d'Arc, as +elder, signed below the mayor and sheriff the act by which the Squire +extorted from these poor people the annual payment of two <i>gros</i> from +each complete household and one from each widow's household, a tax +which amounted to no less than two hundred and twenty golden crowns, +which the elder was charged to collect before the winter feast of +Saint-Martin.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a></p> + +<p>The following year was bad for the Dauphin Charles, for the French and +Scottish horsemen of his party met with the worst possible treatment +at Verneuil. This year the Damoiseau of Commercy turned Burgundian and +was none the better or the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.26" id="Page_i.26">[Pg i.26]</a></span> worse for it.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> Captain La Hire was +still fighting in Bar, but now it was against the young son of Madame +Yolande, the Dauphin Charles's brother-in-law, René d'Anjou, who had +lately come of age and was now invested with the Duchy of Bar. At the +point of the lance Captain La Hire was demanding certain sums of money +that the Cardinal Duke of Bar owed him.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p> + +<p>At the same time Robert, Sire de Baudricourt, was fighting with Jean +de Vergy, lord of Saint-Dizier, Seneschal of Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> It was a +fine war. On both sides the combatants laid hands on bread, wine, +money, silver-plate, clothes, cattle big and little, and what could +not be carried off was burnt. Men, women, and children were put to +ransom. In most of the villages of Bassigny agriculture was suspended, +nearly all the mills were destroyed.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p> + +<p>Ten, twenty, thirty bands of Burgundians were ravaging the castellany +of Vaucouleurs, laying it waste with fire and sword. The peasants hid +their horses by day, and by night got up to take them to graze. At +Domremy life was one perpetual alarm.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> All day and all night there +was a watchman stationed on the square tower of the monastery. Every +villager, and, if the prevailing custom were observed, even the +priest, took his turn as watchman, peering for the glint of lances +through the dust and sunlight down the white ribbon of the road, +searching the horrid depths of the wood, and by night trembling to see +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.27" id="Page_i.27">[Pg i.27]</a></span> villages on the horizon bursting into flame. At the approach of +men-at-arms the watchman would ring a noisy peal of those bells, which +in turn celebrated births, mourned for the dead, summoned the people +to prayer, dispelled storms of thunder and lightning, and warned of +danger. Half clothed the awakened villagers would rush to stable, to +cattle-shed, and pell-mell drive their flocks and herds to the castle +between the two arms of the River Meuse.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p> + +<p>One day in the summer of 1425, there fell upon the villages of Greux +and Domremy a certain chief of these marauding bands, who was +murdering and plundering throughout the land, by name Henri d'Orly, +known as Henri de Savoie. This time the island fortress was of no use +to the villagers. Lord Henri took all the cattle from the two villages +and drove them fifteen or twenty leagues<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> away to his <i>château</i> of +Doulevant. He had also captured much furniture and other property; and +the quantity of it was so great that he could not store it all in one +place; wherefore he had part of it carried to Dommartin-le-Franc, a +neighbouring village, where there was a <i>château</i> with so large a +court in front that the place was called Dommartin-la-Cour. The +peasants cruelly despoiled were dying of hunger. Happily for them, at +the news of this pillage, Dame d'Ogiviller sent to the Count of +Vaudémont in his <i>château</i> of Joinville, complaining to him, as her +kinsman, of the wrong done her, since she was lady of Greux and +Domremy. The <i>château</i> of Doulevant was under the immediate suzerainty +of the Count of Vaudémont. As soon as he received his kinswoman's +message he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.28" id="Page_i.28">[Pg i.28]</a></span> sent a man-at-arms with seven or eight soldiers to +recapture the cattle. This man-at-arms, by name Barthélemy de +Clefmont, barely twenty years of age, was well skilled in deeds of +war. He found the stolen beasts in the <i>château</i> of +Dommartin-le-Franc, took them and drove them to Joinville. On the way +he was pursued and attacked by Lord d'Orly's men and stood in great +danger of death. But so valiantly did he defend himself that he +arrived safe and sound at Joinville, bringing the cattle, which the +Count of Vaudémont caused to be driven back to the pastures of Greux +and Domremy.<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a></p> + +<p>Unexpected good fortune! With tears the husbandman welcomed his +restored flocks and herds. But was he not likely to lose them for ever +on the morrow?</p> + +<p>At that time Jeanne was thirteen or fourteen. War everywhere around +her, even in the children's play; the husband of one of her godmothers +taken and ransomed by men-at-arms; the husband of her cousin-german +Mengette killed by a mortar;<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> her native land overrun by +marauders, burnt, pillaged, laid waste, all the cattle carried off; +nights of terror, dreams of horror,—such were the surroundings of her +childhood.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.29" id="Page_i.29">[Pg i.29]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>JEANNE'S VOICES</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capn.jpg" width="112" height="125" alt="N" title="N" class="floatl" />OW, when she was about thirteen, it befell one summer day, at noon, +that while she was in her father's garden she heard a voice that +filled her with a great fear. It came from the right, from towards the +church, and at the same time in the same direction there appeared a +light. The voice said: "I come from God to help thee to live a good +and holy life.<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> Be good, Jeannette, and God will aid thee."</p> + +<p>It is well known that fasting conduces to the seeing of visions. +Jeanne was accustomed to fast. Had she abstained from food that +morning and if so when had she last partaken of it? We cannot +say.<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p> + +<p>On another day the voice spoke again and repeated, "Jeannette, be +good."</p> + +<p>The child did not know whence the voice came. But the third time, as +she listened, she knew it was an angel's voice and she even recognised +the angel to be St. Michael. She could not be mistaken, for she knew +him well. He was the patron saint of the duchy of Bar.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> She +sometimes saw him on the pillar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.30" id="Page_i.30">[Pg i.30]</a></span> of church or chapel, in the guise of +a handsome knight, with a crown on his helmet, wearing a coat of mail, +bearing a shield, and transfixing the devil with his lance.<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> +Sometimes he was represented holding the scales in which he weighed +souls, for he was provost of heaven and warden of paradise;<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> at +once the leader of the heavenly hosts and the angel of judgment.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> +He loved high lands.<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> That is why in Lorraine a chapel had been +dedicated to him on Mount Sombar, north of the town of Toul. In very +remote times he had appeared to the Bishop of Avranches and commanded +him to build a church on Mount Tombe, in such a place as he should +find a bull hidden by thieves; and the site of the building was to +include the whole area overtrodden by the bull. The Abbey of +Mont-Saint-Michel-au-Péril-de-la-Mer was erected in obedience to this +command.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a></p> + +<p>About the time when the child was having these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.31" id="Page_i.31">[Pg i.31]</a></span> visions, the defenders +of Mont-Saint-Michel discomfited the English who were attacking the +fortress by land and sea. The French attributed this victory to the +all-powerful intercession of the archangel.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> And why should he not +have favoured the French who worshipped him with peculiar devoutness? +Since my Lord St. Denys had permitted his abbey to be taken by the +English, my Lord St. Michael, who carefully guarded his, was in a fair +way to become the true patron saint of the kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> In the year +1419 the Dauphin Charles had had escutcheons painted, representing St. +Michael fully armed, holding a naked sword and in the act of slaying a +serpent.<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> The maid of Domremy, however, knew but little of the +miracles worked by my Lord St. Michael in Normandy. She recognised the +angel by his weapons, his courtesy, and the noble words that fell from +his lips.<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p> + +<p>One day he said to her: "Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret will come +to thee. Act according to their advice; for they are appointed to +guide thee and counsel thee in all thou hast to do, and thou mayest +believe what they shall say unto thee." And these things came to pass +as the Lord had ordained.<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a></p> + +<p>This promise filled her with great joy, for she loved them both. +Madame Sainte Marguerite was highly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.32" id="Page_i.32">[Pg i.32]</a></span> honoured in the kingdom of +France, where she was a great benefactress. She helped women in +labour,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> and protected the peasant at work in the fields. She was +the patron saint of flax-spinners, of procurers of wet-nurses, of +vellum-dressers, and of bleachers of wool. Her precious relics in a +reliquary, carried on a mule's back, were paraded by ecclesiastics +through towns and villages. Plenteous alms<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> were showered upon the +exhibitors in return for permission to touch the relics. Many times +had Jeanne seen Madame Sainte Marguerite at church, painted life-size, +a holy-water sprinkler in her hand, her foot on a dragon's head.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> +She was acquainted with her history as it was related in those days, +somewhat on the lines of the following narrative.</p> + +<p>The blessed Margaret was born at Antioch. Her father, Theodosius, was +a priest of the Gentiles. She was put out to nurse and secretly +baptised. One day when she was in her fifteenth year, as she was +watching the flock belonging to her nurse, the governor Olibrius saw +her, and, struck by her great beauty, conceived a great passion for +her. Wherefore he said to his servants: "Go, bring me that girl, in +order that if she be free I may marry her, or if she be a slave I may +take her into my service."</p> + +<p>And when she was brought he inquired of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.33" id="Page_i.33">[Pg i.33]</a></span> her country, her name, +and her religion. She replied that she was called Margaret and that +she was a Christian.</p> + +<p>And Olibrius said unto her: "How comes it that so noble and beautiful +a girl as you can worship Jesus the Crucified?"</p> + +<p>And because she replied that Jesus Christ was alive for ever, the +governor in wrath had her thrown into prison.</p> + +<p>The next day he summoned her to appear before him and said: "Unhappy +girl, have pity on your own beauty and for your own sake worship our +gods. If you persist in your blindness I will have your body rent in +pieces."</p> + +<p>And Margaret made answer: "Jesus suffered death for me, and I would +fain die for him."</p> + +<p>Then the governor commanded her to be hung from the wooden horse, to +be beaten with rods, and her flesh to be torn with iron claws. And the +blood flowed from the virgin's body as from a pure spring of fresh +water.</p> + +<p>Those who stood by wept, and the governor covered his face with his +cloak that he might not see the blood. And he commanded to unloose her +and take her back to prison.</p> + +<p>There she was tempted by the Spirit, and she prayed the Lord to reveal +to her the enemy whom she had to withstand. Thereupon a huge dragon, +appearing before her, rushed forward to devour her, but she made the +sign of the cross and he disappeared. Then, in order to seduce her, +the devil assumed the form of a man. He came to her gently, took her +hands in his and said: "Margaret, what you have done sufficeth." But +she seized him by the hair, threw him to the ground, placed her right +foot upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.34" id="Page_i.34">[Pg i.34]</a></span> his head and cried: "Tremble, proud enemy, thou liest +beneath a woman's foot."</p> + +<p>The next day, in the presence of the assembled people, she was brought +before the judge, who commanded her to sacrifice to idols. And when +she refused he had her body burned with flaming pine-wood, but she +seemed to suffer no pain. And fearing lest, amazed at this miracle, +all the people should be converted, Olibrius commanded that the +blessed Margaret should be beheaded. She spoke unto the executioner +and said: "Brother, take your axe and strike me." With one blow he +struck off her head. Her soul took flight to heaven in the form of a +dove.<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p> + +<p>This story had been told in songs and mysteries.<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> It was so well +known that the name of the governor, jestingly vilified and fallen +into ridicule, was in common parlance bestowed on braggarts and +blusterers. A fool who posed as a wicked person was called <i>an +olibrius</i>.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p> + +<p>Madame Sainte Catherine, whose coming the angel had announced to +Jeanne at the same time as that of Madame Sainte Marguerite, was the +protectress of young girls and especially of servants and spinsters.</p> + +<p>Orators and philosophers too had chosen as their patron saint the +virgin who had confounded the fifty doctors and triumphed over the +magi of the east.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.35" id="Page_i.35">[Pg i.35]</a></span> In the Meuse valley rhymed prayers like the +following were addressed to her:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Ave, très sainte Catherine,<br /> +Vierge pucelle nette et fine.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>This fine lady was no stranger to Jeanne; she had her church at Maxey, +on the opposite bank of the river; and her name was borne by Isabelle +Romée's eldest daughter.<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne certainly did not know the story of Saint Catherine as it was +known to illustrious clerks; as, for example, about this time it was +committed to writing by Messire Jean Miélot, the secretary of the Duke +of Burgundy. Jean Miélot told how the virgin of Alexandria +controverted the subtle arguments of Homer, the syllogisms of +Aristotle, the very learned reasonings of the famous physicians +Æsculapius and Galen, practised the seven liberal arts, and disputed +according to the rules of dialectics.<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> Jacques d'Arc's daughter +had heard nothing of all that; she knew Saint Catherine from stories +out of some history written in the vulgar tongue, in verse or in +prose, so many of which were in circulation at that time.<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a></p> + +<p>Catherine, daughter of King Costus and Queen Sabinella, as she grew in +years, became proficient in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.36" id="Page_i.36">[Pg i.36]</a></span> the arts, and a skilful embroiderer in +silk. While her body was resplendent with beauty, her soul was clouded +by the darkness of idolatry. Many barons of the empire sought her in +marriage; she scorned them and said: "Find me a husband wise, +handsome, noble, and rich." Now in her sleep she had a vision. Holding +the Child Jesus in her arms, the Virgin Mary appeared unto her and +said: "Catherine, will you take him for your husband? And you, my +sweet son, will you have this virgin for your bride?"</p> + +<p>The Child Jesus made answer: "Mother, I will not have her; bid her +depart from you, for she is a worshipper of idols. But if she will be +baptised I will consent to put the nuptial ring on her finger."</p> + +<p>Desiring to marry the King of Heaven, Catherine went to ask for +baptism at the hands of the hermit Ananias, who lived in Armenia on +Mount Negra. A few days afterwards, when she was praying in her room, +she saw Jesus Christ appear in the midst of a numerous choir of angels +and of saints. He drew near unto her and placed his ring upon her +finger. Then only did Catherine know that her bridal was a spiritual +bridal.</p> + +<p>In those days Maxentius was Emperor of the Romans. He commanded the +people of Alexandria to offer great sacrifices to the idols. +Catherine, as she was at prayer in her oratory, heard the chanting of +the priests and the bellowing of the victims. Straightway she went to +the public square, and beholding Maxentius at the gate of the temple, +she said unto him: "How comes it that thou art so foolish as to +command this people to offer incense to idols? Thou admirest this +temple built by the hands of thy workmen. Thou admirest these +ornaments which are but dust blown away by the wind. Thou shouldest +rather admire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.37" id="Page_i.37">[Pg i.37]</a></span> the sky, and the earth, and the sea, and all that is +therein. Thou shouldest rather admire the ornaments of the heavens: +the sun, the moon, and the stars, and those circling planets, which +from the beginning of the world move from the west and return to the +east and never grow weary. And when thou hast observed all these +things, ask and learn who is their Creator. It is our God, the Lord of +Hosts, and the God of gods."</p> + +<p>"Woman," replied the emperor, "leave us to finish our sacrifice; +afterwards we will make answer unto thee."</p> + +<p>And he commanded Catherine to be taken into the palace and strictly +guarded, because he marvelled at the great wisdom and the wonderful +beauty of this virgin. He summoned fifty doctors well versed in the +knowledge of the Egyptians and the liberal arts; and, when they were +gathered together, he said unto them: "A maiden of subtle mind +maintains that our gods are but demons. I could have forced her to +sacrifice or have made her pay the penalty of her disobedience; I +judged it better that she should be confounded by the power of your +reasoning. If you triumph over her, you will return to your homes +laden with honours."</p> + +<p>And the wise men made answer: "Let her be brought, that her rashness +may be made manifest, that she may confess that never until now has +she met men of wisdom."</p> + +<p>And when she learned that she was to dispute with wise men, Catherine +feared lest she should not worthily defend the gospel of Jesus Christ. +But an angel appeared to her and said: "I am the Archangel Saint +Michael, sent by God to make known unto thee that from this strife +thou shalt come forth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.38" id="Page_i.38">[Pg i.38]</a></span> victorious and worthy of our Lord Jesus Christ, +the hope and crown of those who strive for him."</p> + +<p>And the virgin disputed with the doctors. When they maintained that it +was impossible for God to become man, and be acquainted with grief, +Catherine showed how the birth and passion of Jesus Christ had been +announced by the Gentiles themselves, and prophesied by Plato and the +Sibyl.</p> + +<p>The doctors had nothing to oppose to arguments so convincing. +Therefore the chief among them said to the emperor: "Thou knowest that +up till now no one has disputed with us without being straightway +confounded. But this maid, through whom the Spirit of God speaks, +fills us with wonder, and we know nothing nor dare we say anything +against Christ. And we boldly confess that if thou hast no stronger +arguments to bring forth in favour of the gods, whom hitherto we have +worshipped, we will all of us embrace the Christian religion."</p> + +<p>On hearing these words, the tyrant was so transported with wrath that +he had the fifty doctors burned in the middle of the town. But as a +sign that they suffered for the truth, neither their garments nor the +hairs of their heads were touched by the fire.</p> + +<p>Afterwards Maxentius said unto Catherine: "O virgin, issue of a noble +line, and worthy of the imperial purple, take counsel with thy youth, +and sacrifice to our gods. If thou dost consent, thou shalt take rank +in my palace after the empress, and thy image, placed in the middle of +the town, shall be worshipped by all the people like that of a +goddess."</p> + +<p>But Catherine answered: "Speak not of such things. The very thought of +them is sin. Jesus Christ hath chosen me for his bride. He is my love, +my glory, and all my delight."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.39" id="Page_i.39">[Pg i.39]</a></span></p> + +<p>Finding it impossible to flatter her with soft words, the tyrant hoped +to reduce her to obedience through fear; therefore he threatened her +with death.</p> + +<p>Catherine's courage did not waver. "Jesus Christ," she said, "offered +himself to his Father as a sacrifice for me; it is my great joy to +offer myself as an agreeable sacrifice to the glory of his name."</p> + +<p>Straightway Maxentius commanded that she should be scourged with rods, +and then cast into a dark dungeon and left there without food. +Thereupon, at the call of urgent affairs, Maxentius set out for a +distant province.</p> + +<p>Now the empress, who was a heathen, had a vision, in which Saint +Catherine appeared to her surrounded by a marvellous light. Angels +clad in white were with her, and their faces could not be looked upon +by reason of the brightness that proceeded from them. And Catherine +told the empress to draw near. Taking a crown from the hand of one of +the angels who attended her, she placed it upon the head of the +empress, saying: "Behold a crown sent down to thee from heaven, in the +name of Jesus Christ, my God, and my Lord."</p> + +<p>The heart of the empress was troubled by this wonderful dream. +Wherefore, attended by Porphyrius, a knight who was commander-in-chief +of the army, in the early hours of night she repaired to the prison in +which Catherine was confined. Here in her cell a dove brought her +heavenly food, and angels dressed the virgin's wounds. The empress and +Porphyrius found the dungeon bathed in a light so bright that it +filled them with a great fear, and they fell prostrate on the ground. +But there straightway<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.40" id="Page_i.40">[Pg i.40]</a></span> filled the dungeon an odour marvellously sweet, +which comforted them and gave them courage.</p> + +<p>"Arise," said Catherine, "and be not afraid, for Jesus Christ calleth +you."</p> + +<p>They arose, and beheld Catherine in the midst of a choir of angels. +The saint took from the hands of one among them a crown, very +beautiful and shining like gold, and she put it upon the empress's +head. This crown was the sign of martyrdom. For indeed the names of +this queen and of the knight Porphyrius were already written in the +book of eternal rewards.</p> + +<p>On his return Maxentius commanded Catherine to be brought before him, +and said unto her: "Choose between two things: to sacrifice and live, +or to die in torment."</p> + +<p>Catherine made answer: "It is my desire to offer to Jesus Christ my +flesh and my blood. He is my lover, my shepherd, and my husband."</p> + +<p>Then the provost of the city of Alexandria, whose name was Chursates, +commanded to be made four wheels furnished with very sharp iron +spikes, in order that upon these wheels the blessed Catherine should +die a miserable and a cruel death. But an angel broke the machine, and +with such violence that the parts of it flying asunder killed a great +number of the Gentiles. And the empress, who beheld these things from +the top of her tower, came down and reproached the emperor for his +cruelty. Full of wrath, Maxentius commanded the empress to sacrifice; +and when she refused, he commanded her breasts to be torn out and her +head to be cut off. And while she was being taken to the torturer, +Catherine exhorted her, saying: "Go, rejoice, queen beloved of God, +for to-day thou shalt exchange for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.41" id="Page_i.41">[Pg i.41]</a></span> perishable kingdom an +everlasting empire, and a mortal husband for an immortal lover."</p> + +<p>And the empress was taken to suffer death outside the walls. +Porphyrius carried away the body and had it buried reverently as that +of a servant of Jesus Christ. Wherefore Maxentius had Porphyrius put +to death, and his body cast to the dogs. Then, summoning Catherine +before him, he said unto her: "Since, by thy magic arts thou hast +caused the empress to perish, now if thou repent thou shalt be first +in my palace. To-day, therefore, sacrifice to the gods, or thy head +shall be struck off."</p> + +<p>She made answer: "Do as thou hast resolved that I may take my place in +the band of maidens who are around the Lamb of God."</p> + +<p>The emperor sentenced her to be beheaded. And when they had led her +outside the city of Alexandria, to the place of death, she raised her +eyes to heaven and said: "Jesus, hope and salvation of the faithful, +glory and beauty of virgins, I pray thee to listen and to answer the +prayer of whomsoever, in memory of my martyrdom, shall invoke me in +death or in peril whatsoever."</p> + +<p>And a voice from heaven made answer: "Come, my beloved bride; the gate +of heaven is open to thee. And to those who shall invoke me through +thy intercession, I promise help from on high." From the riven neck of +the virgin flowed forth milk instead of blood.</p> + +<p>Thus Madame Sainte Catherine passed from this world to celestial +happiness, on the twenty-fifth day of the month of November, which was +a Friday.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.42" id="Page_i.42">[Pg i.42]</a></span></p> +<p>My Lord Saint Michael, the Archangel, did not forget his promise. The +ladies Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret came as he had said. On +their very first visit the young peasant maid vowed to them to +preserve her virginity as long as it should please God.<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> If there +were any meaning in such a promise, Jeanne, however old she may then +have been, could not have been quite a child. And it seems probable +that the angel and the saints appeared to her first when she was on +the threshold of womanhood, that is, if she ever became a woman.<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a></p> + +<p>The saints soon entered into familiar relations with her.<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> They +came to the village every day, and often several times a day. When she +saw them appear in a ray of light coming down from heaven, shining and +clad like queens, with golden crowns on their heads, wearing rich and +precious jewels, the village maiden crossed herself devoutly and +curtsied low.<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> And because they were ladies of good breeding, they +returned her salutation. Each one had her own particular manner of +greeting, and it was by this manner that Jeanne distinguished one from +the other, for the dazzling light of their countenances rendered it +impossible for her to look them in the face. They graciously permitted +their earth-born friend to touch their feet, to kiss the hems of their +garments, and to inhale rapturously the sweet perfume they +emitted.<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.43" id="Page_i.43">[Pg i.43]</a></span> They addressed her courteously,<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> as it seemed to +Jeanne. They called the lowly damsel daughter of God. They taught her +to live well and go to church. Without always having anything very new +to say to her, since they came so constantly, they spoke to her of +things which filled her with joy, and, after they had disappeared, +Jeanne ardently pressed her lips to the ground their feet had +trodden.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a></p> + +<p>Oftentimes she received the heavenly ladies in her little garden, +close to the precincts of the church. She used to meet them near the +spring; often they even appeared to their little friend surrounded by +heavenly companies. "For," Isabelle's daughter used to say, "angels +are wont to come down to Christians without being seen, but I see +them."<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> It was in the woods, amid the light rustling of the +leaves, and especially when the bells rang for matins or compline, +that she heard the sweet words most distinctly. And so she loved the +sound of the bells, with which her Voices mingled. So, when at nine +o'clock in the evening, Perrin le Drapier, sexton of the parish, +forgot to ring for compline, she reproached him with his negligence, +and scolded him for not doing his duty. She promised him cakes if in +the future he would not forget to ring the bells.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p> + +<p>She told none of these things to her priest; for this, according to +some good doctors, she must be censured, but, according to others +equally excellent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.44" id="Page_i.44">[Pg i.44]</a></span> she must be commended. For if on the one hand we +are to consult our ecclesiastical superiors in matters of faith, on +the other, where the gift of the Holy Ghost is poured out, there +reigns perfect liberty.<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a></p> + +<p>Since the two saints had been visiting Jeanne, my Lord Saint Michael +had come less often; but he had not forsaken her. There came a time +when he talked to her of love for the kingdom of France, of that love +which she felt in her heart.<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a></p> + +<p>And the holy visitants, whose voices grew stronger and more ardent as +the maiden's soul grew holier and more heroic, revealed to her her +mission. "Daughter of God," they said, "thou must leave thy village, +and go to France."<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a></p> + +<p>Had this idea of a holy militant mission, conceived by Jeanne through +the intermediary of her Voices, come into her mind spontaneously +without the intervention of any outside will, or had it been suggested +to her by some one who was influencing her? It would be impossible to +solve this problem were there not a slight indication to direct us. +Jeanne at Domremy was acquainted with a prophecy foretelling that +France would be ruined by a woman and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.45" id="Page_i.45">[Pg i.45]</a></span> saved by a maiden.<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> It made +an extraordinary impression upon her; and later she came to speak in a +manner which proved that she not only believed it, but was persuaded +that she herself was the maiden designated by the prophecy.<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> Who +taught her this? Some peasant? We have reason to believe that the +peasants did not know it, and that it was current among +ecclesiastics.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> Besides, it is important to notice in this +connection that Jeanne was acquainted with a particular form of this +prophecy, obviously arranged for her benefit, since it specified that +the Maiden Redemptress should come from the borders of Lorraine. This +local addition is not the work of a cowherd; it suggests rather a mind +apt to direct souls and to inspire deeds. It is no longer possible to +doubt that the prophecy thus revised is the work of an ecclesiastic +whose intentions may be easily divined. Henceforth one is conscious of +an idea agitating and possessing the young seer of visions.</p> + +<p>On the banks of the Meuse, among the humble folk of the countryside, +some churchman, preoccupied with the lot of the poor people of France, +directed Jeanne's visions to the welfare of the kingdom and to the +conclusion of peace. He carried the ardour of his pious zeal so far as +to collect prophecies concerning the salvation of the French crown, +and to add to them with an eye to the accomplishment of his design. +For such an ecclesiastic we must seek<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.46" id="Page_i.46">[Pg i.46]</a></span> among the priests of Lorraine +or Champagne upon whom the national misfortunes imposed cruel +sufferings.<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> Merchants and artizans, crushed under the burden of +taxes and subsidies, and ruined by changes in the coinage,<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> +peasants, whose houses, barns, and mills had been destroyed, and whose +fields had been laid waste, no longer contributed to the expenses of +public worship.<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> Canons and ecclesiastics, deprived both of their +feudal dues and of the contributions of the faithful, quitted the +religious houses and set out to beg their bread from door to door, +leaving behind in the monasteries only two or three old monks, and a +few children. The fortified abbeys attracted captains and soldiers of +both sides. They entrenched themselves within the walls; they +plundered and burnt. When one of those holy houses succeeded in +remaining standing, the wandering village folk made it their place of +refuge, and it was impossible to prevent the refectories and +dormitories from being invaded by women.<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> In the midst of this +obscure throng of souls afflicted by the sufferings and the scandals +of the Church may be divined the prophet and the director of the Maid.</p> + +<p>We shall not be tempted to recognise him in Messire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.47" id="Page_i.47">[Pg i.47]</a></span> Guillaume +Frontey, priest of Domremy. The successor of Messire Jean Minet, if we +may judge from his conversation which has been preserved, was as +simple as his flock.<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> Jeanne saw many priests and monks. She was +in the habit of visiting her uncle, the priest of Sermaize, and of +seeing in the Abbey of Cheminon,<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> her cousin, a young ecclesiastic +in minor orders, who was soon to follow her into France. She was in +touch with a number of priests who would be very quick to recognise +her exceptional piety, and her gift of beholding things invisible to +the majority of Christians. They engaged her in conversations, which, +had they been preserved, would doubtless present to us one of the +sources whence she derived inspiration for her marvellous vocation. +One among them, whose name will never be known, raised up an angelic +deliverer for the king and the kingdom of France.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Jeanne was living a life of illusion. Knowing nothing of the +influences she was under, incapable of recognising in her Voices the +echo of a human voice or the promptings of her own heart, she +responded timidly to the saints when they bade her fare forth into +France: "I am a poor girl, and know not how to ride a horse or how to +make war."<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a></p> + +<p>As soon as she began to receive these revelations she gave up her +games and her excursions. Henceforth she seldom danced round the +fairies' tree, and then only in play with the children.<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> It would +seem that she also took a dislike to working in the fields,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.48" id="Page_i.48">[Pg i.48]</a></span> and +especially to herding the flocks. From early childhood she had shown +signs of piety. Now she gave herself up to extreme devoutness; she +confessed frequently, and communicated with ecstatic fervour; she +heard mass in her parish church every day. At all hours she was to be +found in church, sometimes prostrate on the ground, sometimes with her +hands clasped, and her face turned towards the image of Our Lord or of +Our Lady. She did not always wait for Saturday to visit the chapel at +Bermont. Sometimes, when her parents thought she was tending the +herds, she was kneeling at the feet of the miracle-working Virgin. The +village priest, Messire Guillaume Frontey, could do nothing but praise +the most guileless of his parishioners.<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> One day he happened to +say with a sigh: "If Jeannette had money she would give it to me for +the saying of masses."<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a></p> + +<p>As for the good man, Jacques d'Arc, it is possible that he may have +occasionally complained of those pilgrimages, those meditations, and +those other practices which ill accorded with the ordinary tenor of +country life. Every one thought Jeanne odd and erratic. Mengette and +her friends, when they found her so devout, said she was too +pious.<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a> They scolded her for not dancing with them. Among others, +Isabellette, the young wife of Gérardin d'Epinal, the mother of little +Nicholas, Jeanne's godson, roundly condemned a girl who cared so +little for dancing.<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> Colin, son of Jean Colin, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.49" id="Page_i.49">[Pg i.49]</a></span> all the +village lads made fun of her piety. Her fits of religious ecstasy +raised a smile. She was regarded as a little mad. She suffered from +this persistent raillery.<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> But with her own eyes she beheld the +dwellers in Paradise. And when they left her she would cry and wish +that they had taken her with them.</p> + +<p>"Daughter of God, thou must leave thy village and go forth into +France."<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a></p> + +<p>And the ladies Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret spoke again and +said: "Take the standard sent down to thee by the King of Heaven, take +it boldly and God will help thee." As she listened to these words of +the ladies with the beautiful crowns, Jeanne was consumed with a +desire for long expeditions on horseback, and for those battles in +which angels hover over the heads of the warriors. But how was she to +go to France? How was she to associate with men-at-arms? Ignorant and +generously impulsive like herself, the Voices she heard merely +revealed to her her own heart, and left her in sad agitation of mind: +"I am a poor girl, knowing neither how to bestride a horse nor how to +make war."<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne's native village was named after the blessed Remi;<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> the +parish church bore the name of the great apostle of the Gauls, who, in +baptising King Clovis, had anointed with holy oil the first Christian +prince of the noble House of France, descended from the noble King +Priam of Troy.</p> + +<p>Thus runs the legend of Saint Remi as it was told by churchmen. In +those days the pious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.50" id="Page_i.50">[Pg i.50]</a></span> hermit Montan, who lived in the country of Laon, +beheld a choir of angels and an assembly of saints; and he heard a +voice full and sweet saying: "The Lord hath looked down upon the +earth. That he might hear the groans of them that are in fetters: that +he might release the children of the slain: that they may declare the +name of the Lord in Sion: and his praise in Jerusalem. When the people +assemble together, and kings to serve the Lord.<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> And Cilinia shall +bring forth a son for the saving of the people."</p> + +<p>Now Cilinia was old, and her husband Emilius was blind. Yet Cilinia, +having conceived, brought forth a son; and with the milk with which +she nourished her babe she rubbed the eyes of the father, and +straightway his eyes were opened, and he saw.</p> + +<p>This child, whose birth had been foretold by angels, was called Remi, +which, being interpreted, means oar; for by his teaching, as with a +well-cut oar, he was to guide the Church of God, and especially the +church of Reims, over the stormy sea of life, and by his merits and +his prayers bring it into the heaven of eternal salvation.</p> + +<p>In retirement and in the practice of holy and Christian observances, +Cilinia's son passed his pious youth at Laon. Hardly had he entered +his twenty-second year, when the episcopal seat of Reims fell vacant +on the death of the blessed Bishop Bennade. An immense concourse of +people nominated Remi the shepherd of the flock. He refused a burden +which he said was too heavy for the weakness of his youth. But +suddenly there fell upon his forehead a ray of celestial light, and a +divine liquid was shed upon his hair, and scented it with a strange +perfume. Wherefore, without further delay, the bishops of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.51" id="Page_i.51">[Pg i.51]</a></span> +province of Reims, with one consent, consecrated him their bishop. +Established in the seat of Saint Sixtus, the blessed Remi revealed +himself liberal in almsgiving, assiduous in vigilance, fervent in +prayer, perfect in charity, marvellous in doctrine, and holy in all +his conversation. Like a city built on the top of a mountain, he was +admired of all men.</p> + +<p>In those days, Clovis, King of France, was a heathen, with all his +knights. But he had won a great victory over the Germans by invoking +the name of Christ. Wherefore, at the entreaty of the saintly Queen +Clotilde, his wife, he resolved to ask baptism at the hands of the +blessed Bishop of Reims. When this pious desire had been made known to +him, Saint Remi taught the King and his subjects that, renouncing +Satan and his pomps and his works, they must believe in God and in +Jesus Christ his Son. And as the solemn festival of Easter was +approaching, he commanded them to fast according to the custom of the +faithful. On the day of the Passion of Our Lord, the eve of the day on +which Clovis was to be baptised, early in the morning the Bishop went +to the King and Queen and led them to an oratory dedicated to the +blessed Peter, Prince of the Apostles. Suddenly the chapel was filled +with a light so brilliant that the sunshine became as shadow, and from +the midst of this light there came a voice saying: "Peace be with you, +it is I, fear not and abide in my love." After these words the light +faded, but there remained in the chapel an odour of ineffable +sweetness. Then, with his face shining like the countenance of Moses, +and illuminated within by a divine brightness, the holy Bishop +prophesied and said: "Clovis and Clotilde, your descendants shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.52" id="Page_i.52">[Pg i.52]</a></span> set +back the boundaries of the kingdom. They shall raise the church of +Jesus Christ and triumph over foreign nations provided they fall not +from virtue and depart not from the way of salvation, neither enter +upon the sinful road leading to destruction and to those snares of +deadly vices which overthrow empires and cause dominion to pass from +one nation to another."</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the way is being prepared from the King's palace to the +baptistry; curtains and costly draperies are hung up: the houses on +each side of the street are covered with hangings; the church is +decorated, and the baptistry is strewn with balsam and all manner of +sweet-smelling herbs. Overwhelmed with the Lord's favour the people +seem already to taste the delights of Paradise. The procession sets +out from the palace; the clergy lead with crosses and banners, singing +hymns and sacred canticles; then comes the Bishop leading the King by +the hand; and lastly the Queen follows with the people. By the way the +King asked the Bishop if yonder was the kingdom of God he had promised +him. "No," answered the blessed Remi, "but it is the beginning of the +road that leads to it." When they had reached the baptistry, the +priest who bore the holy chrism was hindered by the crowd from +reaching the sacred font; so that, as God had ordained, there was no +holy oil for the benediction at the font. Then the Pontiff raises his +eyes to heaven, and prays in silence and in tears. Straightway there +descends a dove white as snow, bearing in its beak an ampulla full of +chrism sent from heaven. The heavenly oil emits a delicious perfume, +which intoxicates the multitude with a delight such as they had never +experienced before that hour. The holy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.53" id="Page_i.53">[Pg i.53]</a></span> Bishop takes the ampulla, +sprinkles the baptismal water with chrism, and straightway the dove +vanishes.</p> + +<p>At the sight of so great a miracle of grace, the King, transported +with joy, renounces Satan and his pomps and his works. He demands +instant baptism, and bends over the fountain of life.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a></p> + +<p>Ever since then the kings of France have been anointed with the divine +oil which the dove brought down from heaven. The holy ampulla +containing it is kept in the church of Saint Remi at Reims. And by +God's grace on the day of the King's anointing this ampulla is always +found full.<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a></p> + +<p>Such was the clerks' story; and doubtless the peasants of Domremy on a +humbler note might have said as much or even more. We may believe that +they used to sing the complaint of Saint Remi. Every year, when on the +1st of October the festival of the patron saint came round, the priest +was wont to pronounce an eulogium on the saint.<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a></p> + +<p>About this time a mystery was performed at Reims in which the miracles +of the apostle of Gaul were fully represented.<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.54" id="Page_i.54">[Pg i.54]</a></span></p> +<p>And among them were some which would appeal strongly to rustic souls. +In his mortal life my Lord Saint Remi had healed a blind man possessed +of devils. A man bestowed his goods on the chapter of Reims for the +salvation of his soul and died; ten years after his death Saint Remi +restored him to life, and made him declare his gift. Being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.55" id="Page_i.55">[Pg i.55]</a></span> +entertained by persons who had nothing to drink, the saint filled +their cask with miraculous wine. He received from King Clovis the gift +of a mill; but when the miller refused to yield it up to him, my Lord +Saint Remi, by the power of God, threw down the mill, and cast it into +the centre of the earth. One night when the Saint was alone in his +chapel, while all his clerks were asleep, the glorious apostles Peter +and Paul came down from Paradise to sing matins with him.</p> + +<p>Who better than the folk of Domremy should know of the baptism of King +Clovis of France, and of the descent of the Holy Ghost, at the singing +of Veni Creator Spiritus, bearing in its beak the holy ampulla, full +of chrism blessed by Our Lord?<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a></p> + +<p>Who better than they should understand the words addressed to the very +Christian King, by my Lord Saint Remi, not doubtless in the Church's +Latin, but in the good tongue of the people and very much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.56" id="Page_i.56">[Pg i.56]</a></span> like the +following: "Now, Sire, take knowledge and serve God faithfully and +judge justly, that thy kingdom may prosper. For if justice depart from +it then shall this kingdom be in danger of perdition."<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a></p> + +<p>In short, in one way or another, whether through the clerks who +directed her or through the peasants among whom she dwelt, Jeanne had +knowledge of the good Archbishop Remi, who so dearly cherished the +royal blood in the holy ampulla at Reims, and of the anointing of the +very Christian kings.<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a></p> + +<p>And the Angel appeared unto her and said: "Daughter of God, thou shalt +lead the Dauphin to Reims that he may there receive worthily his +anointing."<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a></p> + +<p>The maid understood. The scales fell from her eyes; a bright light was +shed abroad in her mind. Behold wherefore God had chosen her. Through +her the Dauphin Charles was to be anointed at Reims. The white dove, +which of old was sent to the blessed Remi, was to come down again at +the Virgin's call. God, who loves the French, marks their king with a +sign, and when there is no sign the royal power has departed. The +anointing alone makes the king, and Messire Charles de Valois had not +been anointed. Notwithstanding the father lies becrowned and +be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.57" id="Page_i.57">[Pg i.57]</a></span>sceptred in the basilica of Saint-Denys in France, the son is but +the dauphin and will not enter into his inheritance till the day when +the oil of the inexhaustible ampulla shall flow over his forehead. And +God has chosen her, a young, ignorant peasant maid, to lead him, +through the ranks of his enemies, to Reims, where he shall receive the +unction poured upon Saint Louis. Unfathomable ways of God! The humble +maid, knowing not how to ride a horse, unskilled in the arts of war, +is chosen to bring to Our Lord his temporal vicar of Christian France.</p> + +<p>Henceforth Jeanne knew what great deeds she was to bring to pass. But +as yet she discerned not the means by which she was to accomplish +them.</p> + +<p>"Thou must fare forth into France," Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret +said to her.</p> + +<p>"Daughter of God, thou shalt lead the Dauphin to Reims<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> that he +may there receive worthily his anointing," the Archangel Michael said +to her.</p> + +<p>She must obey them—but how? If at that time there were not just at +hand some devout adviser to direct her, one incident quite personal +and unimportant, which then occurred in her father's house, may have +sufficed to point out the way to the young saint.</p> + +<p>Tenant-in-chief of the Castle on the island in 1419, and in 1423 elder +of the community, Jacques d'Arc was one of the notables of Domremy. +The village folk held him in high esteem and readily entrusted him +with difficult tasks. Towards the end of March, 1427, they sent him to +Vaucouleurs as their authorised proxy in a lawsuit they were +conducting before Robert de Baudricourt. It was a question of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.58" id="Page_i.58">[Pg i.58]</a></span> +payment of damages required at once from the lord and the inhabitants +of Greux and Domremy by a certain Guyot Poignant, of Montigny-le-Roi. +These damages went back four years to when, as a return for his +protection, the Damoiseau of Commercy had extorted from Greux and +Domremy a sum amounting to two hundred and twenty golden crowns.</p> + +<p>Guyot Poignant had become security for this sum which had not been +paid by the time fixed. The Damoiseau seized Poignant's wood, hay, and +horses to the value of one hundred and twenty golden crowns, which +amount the said Poignant reclaimed from the nobles and villeins of +Greux and Domremy. The suit was still pending in 1427, when the +community nominated Jacques d'Arc its authorised proxy, and sent him +to Vaucouleurs. The result of the dispute is not known; but it is +sufficient to note that Jeanne's father saw Sire Robert and had speech +with him.<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a></p> + +<p>On his return home he must have more than once related these +interviews, and told of the manners and words of so great a personage. +And doubtless Jeanne heard many of these things. Assuredly she must +have pricked up her ears at the name of Baudricourt. Then it was that +her dazzling friend, the Archangel Knight, came once more to awaken +the obscure thought slumbering within her: "Daughter of God," he said, +"go thou to the Captain Robert de Baudricourt, in the town of +Vaucouleurs, that he may grant unto thee men who shall take thee to +the gentle Dauphin."<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a></p> + +<p>Resolved to obey faithfully the behest of the Arch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.59" id="Page_i.59">[Pg i.59]</a></span>angel which +accorded with her own desire, Jeanne foresaw that her mother, albeit +pious, would grant her no aid in her design and that her father would +strongly oppose it. Therefore she refrained from confiding it to +them.<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a></p> + +<p>She thought that Durand Lassois would be the man to give her the +succour of which she had need. In consideration of his age she called +him uncle,—he was her elder by sixteen years.</p> + +<p>Their kinship was by marriage: Lassois had married one Jeanne, +daughter of one Le Vauseul, husbandman, and of Aveline, sister of +Isabelle de Vouthon, and consequently cousin-german of Isabelle's +daughter.<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a></p> + +<p>With his wife, his father-in-law, and his mother-in-law, Lassois dwelt +at Burey-en-Vaulx, a hamlet of a few homesteads, lying on the left +bank of the Meuse, in the green valley, five miles from Domremy, and +less than two and a half miles from Vaucouleurs.<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne went to see him, told him of her design, and showed him that +she must needs see Sire Robert de Baudricourt. That her kind kinsman +might the more readily believe in her, she repeated to him the strange +prophecy, of which we have already made mention: "Was it not known of +old," she said, "that a woman should ruin the kingdom of France and +that a woman should re-establish it?"<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p> + +<p>This prognostication, it appears, caused Durand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.60" id="Page_i.60">[Pg i.60]</a></span> Lassois to reflect. +Of the two facts foretold therein, the first, the evil one, had come +to pass in the town of Troyes, when Madame Ysabeau had given the +Kingdom of the Lilies and Madame Catherine of France to the King of +England. It only remained to hope that the second, the good, would +likewise come to pass. If in the heart of Durand Lassois there were +any love for the Dauphin Charles, such must have been his desire; but +on this point history is silent.</p> + +<p>During this visit to her cousin, Jeanne met with others besides her +kinsfolk, the Vouthons and their children. She visited a young +nobleman, by name Geoffroy de Foug, who dwelt in the parish of +Maxey-sur-Vayse, of which the hamlet of Burey formed part. She +confided to him that she wanted to go to France. My Lord Geoffroy did +not know much of Jeanne's parents; he was ignorant even of their +names. But the damsel seemed to him good, simple, pious, and he +encouraged her in her marvellous undertaking.<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a> A week after her +arrival at Burey she attained her object: Durand Lassois consented to +take her to Vaucouleurs.<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a></p> + +<p>Before starting she asked a favour from her aunt Aveline who was with +child; she said to her: "If the babe you bear is a daughter, call her +Catherine in memory of my dead sister."</p> + +<p>Catherine, who had married Colin de Greux, had just died.<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.61" id="Page_i.61">[Pg i.61]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>FIRST VISIT TO VAUCOULEURS—FLIGHT TO NEUFCHÂTEAU—JOURNEY TO +TOUL—SECOND VISIT TO VAUCOULEURS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capr.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="R" title="R" class="floatl" />OBERT de Baudricourt, who in those days commanded the town of +Vaucouleurs for the Dauphin Charles, was the son of Liébault de +Baudricourt deceased, once chamberlain of Robert, Duke of Bar, +governor of Pont-à-Mousson, and of Marguerite d'Aunoy, Lady of Blaise +in Bassigny. Fourteen or fifteen years earlier he had succeeded his +two uncles, Guillaume, the Bastard of Poitiers, and Jean d'Aunoy as +Bailie of Chaumont and Commander of Vaucouleurs. His first wife had +been a rich widow; after her death he had married, in 1425, another +widow, as rich as the first, Madame Alarde de Chambley. And it is a +fact that the peasants of Uruffe and of Gibeaumex stole the cart +carrying the cakes ordered for the wedding feast. Sire Robert was like +all the warriors of his time and country; he was greedy and cunning; +he had many friends among his enemies and many enemies among his +friends; he fought now for his own side, now against it, but always +for his own advantage. For the rest he was no worse than his fellows, +and one of the least stupid.<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.62" id="Page_i.62">[Pg i.62]</a></span></p> +<p>Clad in a poor red gown,<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> but her heart bright with mystic love, +Jeanne climbed the hill dominating the town and the valley. Without +any difficulty she entered the castle, for its gates were opened as +freely as if it had been a fair; and she was led into the hall where +was Sire Robert among his men-at-arms. She heard the Voice saying to +her: "That is he!"<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> And immediately she went straight to him, and +spoke to him fearlessly, beginning, doubtless, by saying what she +deemed to be most urgent: "I am come to you, sent by Messire," she +said, "that you may send to the Dauphin and tell him to hold himself +in readiness, but not to give battle to his enemies."<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p> + +<p>Assuredly she must thus have spoken, prompted by a new revelation from +her Voices. And it is important to notice that she repeated word for +word what had been said seventy-five years earlier, not far from +Vaucouleurs, by a peasant of Champagne who was a vavasour, that is, a +freeman. This peasant's career had begun like Jeanne's, but had come +to a much more abrupt conclusion. Jacques d'Arc's daughter had not +been the first to say that revelations had been made to her concerning +the war. Periods of great distress are the times when inspired persons +most commonly appear. Thus it came to pass that in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.63" id="Page_i.63">[Pg i.63]</a></span> days of the +Plague and of the Black Prince the vavasour of Champagne heard a voice +coming forth from a beam of light.</p> + +<p>While he was at work in the fields the voice had said to him: "Go +thou, and warn John, King of France, that he fight not against any of +his enemies." It was a few days before the Battle of Poitiers.<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a></p> + +<p>Then the counsel was wise; but in the month of May, 1428, it seemed +less wise, and appeared to have little bearing on the state of affairs +at that time. Since the disaster of Verneuil, the French had not felt +equal to giving battle to their enemies; and they were not thinking of +it. Towns were taken and lost, skirmishes were fought, sallies were +attempted, but the enemy was not engaged in pitched battles. There was +no need to restrain the Dauphin Charles, whom in those days nature and +fortune rendered unadventurous.<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> About the time that Jeanne was +uttering these words before Sire Robert, the English in France were +preparing an expedition, and were hesitating, unable to decide whether +to march on Angers or on Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne gave utterance according to the promptings of her Archangel and +her Saints, and touching warfare and the condition of the kingdom they +knew neither more nor less than she. But it is not surprising that +those who believe themselves sent by God should ask to be waited for. +And again in the damsel's fear lest the French knights should once +more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.64" id="Page_i.64">[Pg i.64]</a></span> give battle after their own guise there was much of the sound +common sense of the people. They were only too well acquainted with +knightly warfare.</p> + +<p>Perfectly calm and self-possessed, Jeanne went on and uttered a +prophecy concerning the Dauphin: "Before mid Lent my Lord will grant +him aid." Then straightway she added: "But in very deed the realm +belongs not to the Dauphin. Nathless it is Messire's will that the +Dauphin should be king and receive the kingdom in trust—<i>en +commande</i>.<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> Notwithstanding his enemies, the Dauphin shall be +king; and it is I who shall lead him to his anointing."</p> + +<p>Doubtless the title Messire, in the sense in which she employed it, +sounded strange and obscure, since Sire Robert, failing to understand +it, asked: "Who is Messire?"</p> + +<p>"The King of Heaven," the damsel answered.</p> + +<p>She had made use of another term, concerning which, as far as we know, +Sire Robert made no remark; and yet it is suggestive.<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a></p> + +<p>That word <i>commande</i> employed in matters connected with inheritance +signified something given in trust.<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> If the King received the +kingdom <i>en commande</i> he would merely hold it in trust. Thus the +maid's utterance agreed with the views of the most pious concerning +Our Lord's government of kingdoms. By herself she could not have +happened on the word or the idea; she had obviously been instructed by +one of those churchmen whose influence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.65" id="Page_i.65">[Pg i.65]</a></span> we have discerned already<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a> +in the Lorraine prophecy, but the trace of whom has completely +vanished.</p> + +<p>Touching things spiritual Jeanne held converse with several priests; +among others with Messire Arnolin, of Gondrecourt-le-Château, and +Messire Dominique Jacob, priest of Moutier-sur-Saulx, who was her +confessor.<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> It is a pity we do not know what these ecclesiastics +thought of the insatiable cruelty of the English, of the pride of my +Lord Duke of Burgundy, of the misfortunes of the Dauphin, and whether +they did not hope that one day Our Lord Jesus Christ at the prayer of +the common folk would condescend to grant the kingdom <i>en commande</i> to +Charles, son of Charles. It was possibly from one of these that Jeanne +derived her theocratic ideas.<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a></p> + +<p>While she was speaking to Sire Robert there was present, and not by +chance merely, a certain knight of Lorraine, Bertrand de Poulengy, who +possessed lands near Gondrecourt and held an office in the provostship +of Vaucouleurs.<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> He was then about thirty-six years of age. He was +a man who associated with churchmen; at least he was familiar with the +manner of speech of devout persons.<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> Perhaps he now saw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.66" id="Page_i.66">[Pg i.66]</a></span> Jeanne +for the first time; but he must certainly have heard of her; and he +knew her to be good and pious. Twelve years before he had frequently +visited Domremy; he knew the country well; he had sat beneath <i>l'Arbre +des Dames</i>, and had been several times to the house of Jacques d'Arc +and Romée, whom he held to be good honest farmer folk.<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p> + +<p>It may be that Bertrand de Poulengy was struck by the damsel's speech +and bearing; it is more likely that the knight was in touch with +certain ecclesiastics unknown to us, who were instructing the peasant +seeress with an eye to rendering her better able to serve the realm of +France and the Church. However that may be, in Bertrand she had a +friend who was to be her strong support in the future.</p> + +<p>For the nonce, however, if our information be correct, he did nothing +and spoke not a word. Perhaps he judged it best to wait until the +commander of the town should be ready to grant a more favourable +hearing to the saint's request. Sire Robert understood nothing of all +this; one point only appeared plain to him, that Jeanne would make a +fine camp-follower and that she would be a great favourite with the +men-at-arms.<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a></p> + +<p>In dismissing the villein who had brought her, he gave him a piece of +advice quite in keeping with the wisdom of the time concerning the +chastising of daughters: "Take her back to her father and box her ears +well."</p> + +<p>Sire Robert held such discipline to be excellent, for more than once +he urged Uncle Lassois to take Jeanne home well whipped.<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.67" id="Page_i.67">[Pg i.67]</a></span></p> +<p>After a week's absence she returned to the village. Neither the +Captain's contumely nor the garrison's insults had humiliated or +discouraged her. Imagining that her Voices had foretold them,<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> she +held them to be proofs of the truth of her mission. Like those who +walk in their sleep she was calm in the face of obstacles and yet +quietly persistent. In the house, in the garden, in the meadow, she +continued to sleep that marvellous slumber, in which she dreamed of +the Dauphin, of his knights, and of battles with angels hovering +above.</p> + +<p>She found it impossible to be silent; on all occasions her secret +escaped from her. She was always prophesying, but she was never +believed. On St. John the Baptist's Eve, about a month after her +return, she said sententiously to Michel Lebuin, a husbandman of +Burey, who was quite a boy: "Between Coussey and Vaucouleurs is a girl +who in less than a year from now will cause the Dauphin to be anointed +King of France."<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a></p> + +<p>One day meeting Gérardin d'Epinal, the only man at Domremy not of the +Dauphin's party, whose head according to her own confession she would +willingly have cut off, although she was godmother to his son, she +could not refrain from announcing even to him in veiled words her +mystic dealing with God: "Gossip, if you were not a Burgundian there +is something I would tell you."<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a></p> + +<p>The good man thought it must be a question of an approaching betrothal +and that Jacques d'Arc's daughter was about to marry one of the lads +with whom she had broken bread under <i>l'Arbre</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.68" id="Page_i.68">[Pg i.68]</a></span> <i>des Fées</i> and drunk +water from the Gooseberry Spring.</p> + +<p>Alas! how greatly would Jacques d'Arc have desired the secret to be of +that nature. This upright man was very strict; he was careful +concerning his children's conduct; and Jeanne's behaviour caused him +anxiety. He knew not that she heard Voices. He had no idea that all +day Paradise came down into his garden, that from Heaven to his house +a ladder was let down, on which there came and went without ceasing +more angels than had ever trodden the ladder of the Patriarch Jacob; +neither did he imagine that for Jeannette alone, without any one else +perceiving it, a mystery was being played, a thousand times richer and +finer than those which on feast days were acted on platforms, in towns +like Toul and Nancy. He was miles away from suspecting such incredible +marvels. But what he did see was that his daughter was losing her +senses, that her mind was wandering, and that she was giving utterance +to wild words. He perceived that she could think of nothing but +cavalcades and battles. He must have known something of the escapade +at Vaucouleurs. He was terribly afraid that one day the unhappy child +would go off for good on her wanderings. This agonising anxiety +haunted him even in his sleep. One night he dreamed that he saw her +fleeing with men-at-arms; and this dream was so vivid that he +remembered it when he awoke. For several days he said over and over +again to his sons, Jean and Pierre: "If I really believed that what I +dreamed of my daughter would ever come true, I would rather see her +drowned by you; and if you would not do it I would drown her +myself."<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a></p> + +<p>Isabelle repeated these words to her daughter hop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.69" id="Page_i.69">[Pg i.69]</a></span>ing that they might +alarm her and cause her to correct her ways. Devout as she was, +Jeanne's mother shared her father's fears. The idea that their +daughter was in danger of becoming a worthless creature was a cruel +thought to these good people. In those troubled times there was a +whole multitude of these wild women whom the men-at-arms carried with +them on horseback. Each soldier had his own.</p> + +<p>It is not uncommon for saints in their youth by the strangeness of +their behaviour to give rise to such suspicions. And Jeanne displayed +those signs of sainthood. She was the talk of the village. Folk +pointed at her mockingly, saying: "There goes she who is to restore +France and the royal house."<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a></p> + +<p>The neighbours had no difficulty in finding a cause for the +strangeness which possessed the damsel. They attributed it to some +magic spell. She had been seen beneath the <i>Beau Mai</i> bewreathing it +with garlands. The old beech was known to be haunted as well as the +spring near by. It was well known, too, that the fairies cast spells. +There were those who discovered that Jeanne had met a wicked fairy +there. "Jeannette has met her fate beneath <i>l'Arbre des Fées</i>,"<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> +they said. Would that none but peasants had believed that story!</p> + +<p>On the 22nd of June, from the Duke of Bedford, Regent of France for +Henry VI, Antoine de Vergy, Governor of Champagne, received a +commission to furnish forth a thousand men-at-arms for the purpose of +bringing the castellany of Vaucouleurs into subjection to the English. +Three weeks later, commanded by the two Vergy, Antoine and Jean, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.70" id="Page_i.70">[Pg i.70]</a></span> +little company set forth. It consisted of four knights-banneret, +fourteen knights-bachelor, and three hundred and sixty-three +men-at-arms. Pierre de Trie, commander of Beauvais, Jean, Count of +Neufchâtel and Fribourg, were ordered to join the main body.<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a></p> + +<p>On the march, as was his custom, Antoine de Vergy laid waste all the +villages of the castellany with fire and sword. Threatened once again +with a disaster with which they were only too well acquainted, the +folk of Domremy and Greux already beheld their cattle captured, their +barns set on fire, their wives and daughters ravished. Having +experienced before that the Castle on the Island was not secure +enough, they determined to flee and seek refuge in their market town +of Neufchâteau, only five miles away from Domremy. Thus they set out +towards the middle of July. Abandoning their houses and fields and +driving their cattle before them, they followed the road, through the +fields of wheat and rye and up the vine-clad hills to the town, +wherein they lodged as best they could.<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a></p> + +<p>The d'Arc family was taken in by the wife of Jean Waldaires, who was +called La Rousse. She kept an inn, where lodged soldiers, monks, +merchants, and pilgrims. There were some who suspected her of +harbouring bad women.<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> And there is reason to believe that certain +of her women customers were of doubtful reputation. Albeit she herself +was of good standing, that is to say, she was rich. She had money<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.71" id="Page_i.71">[Pg i.71]</a></span> +enough to lend sometimes to her fellow-citizens.<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> Although +Neufchâteau belonged to the Duke of Lorraine, who was of the +Burgundian party, it has been thought that the hostess of this inn +inclined towards the Armagnacs; but it is vain to attempt to discover +the sentiments of La Rousse concerning the troubles of the kingdom of +France.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a></p> + +<p>At Neufchâteau as at Domremy Jeanne drove her father's beasts to the +field and kept his flocks.<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> Handy and robust she used also to help +La Rousse in her household duties.<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> This circumstance gave rise to +the malicious report set on foot by the Burgundians that she had been +serving maid in an inn frequented by drunkards and bad women.<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> The +truth is that Jeanne, when she was not tending the cattle, and helping +her hostess, passed all her time in church.<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a></p> + +<p>There were two fine religious houses in the town, one belonging to the +Grey Friars, the other to the Sisters of St. Claire, the sons and +daughters of good St. Francis.<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> The monastery of the Grey Friars +had been built two hundred years earlier by Mathieu II of Lorraine. +The reigning duke had recently added richly to its endowments. Noble +ladies, great lords, and among others a Bourlémont lord of Domremy and +Greux lay there beneath brasses.<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a></p> + +<p>In the flower of their history these mendicant monks of old had +welcomed to their third order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.72" id="Page_i.72">[Pg i.72]</a></span> crowds of citizens and peasants as well +as multitudes of princes and kings.<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a> Now they languished corrupt +and decadent among the French friars. Quarrels and schisms were +frequent. Notwithstanding Colette of Corbie's attempted restoration of +the rule, the old discipline was nowhere observed.<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> These +mendicants distributed leaden medals, taught short prayers to serve as +charms, and vowed special devotion to the holy name of Jesus.<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a></p> + +<p>During the fortnight Jeanne spent in the town of Neufchâteau,<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> she +frequented the church of the Grey Friars monastery, and two or three +times confessed to brethren of the order.<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> It has been stated that +she belonged to the third order of St. Francis, and the inference has +been drawn that her affiliation dated from her stay at Neufchâteau.<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a></p> + +<p>Such an inference is very doubtful; and in any case the affiliation +cannot have been very ceremoni<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.73" id="Page_i.73">[Pg i.73]</a></span>ous. It is difficult to see how in so +short a time the friars could have instructed her in the practices of +Franciscan piety. She was far too imbued with ecclesiastical notions +concerning the spiritual and the temporal power, she was too full of +mysteries and revelations to imbibe their spirit. Besides, her sojourn +at Neufchâteau was troubled by anxiety and broken by absences.</p> + +<p>In this town she received a summons to appear before the official of +Toul, in whose jurisdiction she was, as a native of Domremy-de-Greux. +A young bachelor of Domremy alleged that a promise of marriage had +been given him by Jacques d'Arc's daughter. Jeanne denied it. He +persisted in his statement, and summoned her to appear before the +official.<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> To this ecclesiastical tribunal such cases belonged; it +pronounced judgment on questions of nullity of marriage or validity of +betrothal.</p> + +<p>The curious part of Jeanne's case is that her parents were against +her, and on the side of the young man. It was in defiance of their +wishes that she defended the suit and appeared before the official. +Later she declared that in this matter she had disobeyed them, and +that it was the only time she had failed in the submission she owed +her parents.<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a></p> + +<p>The journey from Neufchâteau to Toul and back involved travelling more +than twenty leagues on foot, over roads infested with bands of armed +men, through a country desolated by fire and sword, from which the +peasants of Domremy had recently fled in a panic. To such a journey, +however, she made up her mind against the will of her parents.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.74" id="Page_i.74">[Pg i.74]</a></span></p> + +<p>Possibly she may have appeared before the judge at Toul, not once but +two or three times. And there was a great chance of her having to +journey day and night with her so-called betrothed, for he was passing +over the same road at the same time. Her Voices bade her fear nothing. +Before the judge she swore to speak the truth, and denied having made +any promise of marriage.</p> + +<p>She had done nothing wrong. But an evil interpretation was set upon +conduct which proceeded alone from an innocence both singular and +heroic. At Neufchâteau it was said that on those journeys she had +consumed all her substance. But what was her substance? Alas! she had +set out with nothing. She may have been driven to beg her bread from +door to door. Saints receive alms as they give them: for the love of +God. There was a story that her betrothed seeing her living during the +trial in company with bad women, had abandoned his demand for justice, +renouncing a bride of such bad repute.<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> Such calumnies were only +too readily believed.</p> + +<p>After a fortnight's sojourn at Neufchâteau, Jacques d'Arc and his +family returned to Domremy. The orchard, the house, the monastery, the +village, the fields,—in what a state of desolation did they behold +them! The soldiers had plundered, ravaged, burnt everything. Unable to +exact ransom from the villeins who had taken flight, the men-at-arms +had destroyed all their goods. The monastery once as proud as a +fortress, with its watchman's tower, was now nothing but a heap of +blackened ruins. And<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.75" id="Page_i.75">[Pg i.75]</a></span> now on holy days the folk of Domremy must needs +go to hear mass in the church of Greux.<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a></p> + +<p>So full of danger were the times that the villagers were ordered to +keep in fortified houses and castles.<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the English were laying siege to the town of Orléans, which +belonged to their prisoner Duke Charles. By so doing they acted badly, +for, having possession of his body, they ought to have respected his +property.<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a> They built fortified towers round the city of Orléans, +the very heart of France; and it was said that they had entrenched +themselves there in great strength.<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> Now Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret loved the Land of the Lilies; they were the sworn friends and +gentle cousins of the Dauphin Charles. They talked to the shepherd +maid of the misfortunes of the kingdom and continued to say: "Leave +thy village and go into France."<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne was all the more impatient to set forth because she had herself +announced the time of her arrival in France, and that time was drawing +near. She had told the Commander of Vaucouleurs that succour should +come to the Dauphin before mid Lent. She did not want to make her +Voices lie.<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a></p> + +<p>Towards the middle of January occurred the opportunity she was looking +for of returning to Burey. At this time Durand Lassois' wife, Jeanne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.76" id="Page_i.76">[Pg i.76]</a></span> +le Vauseul, was brought to bed.<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> It was the custom in the country +for the young kinswomen and friends of the mother to attend and wait +upon her and her babe. A good and kindly custom, followed all the more +readily because of the opportunity it gave of pleasant meetings and +cheerful gossip.<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> Jeanne urged her uncle to ask her father that +she might be sent to tend the sick woman, and Lassois consented: he +was always ready to do what his niece asked him, and perhaps his +complaisance was encouraged by pious persons of some importance.<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> +But how this father, who shortly before had said that he would throw +his daughter into the Meuse rather than that she should go off with +men-at-arms, should have allowed her to go to the gates of the town, +protected by a kinsman of whose weakness he was well aware, is hard to +understand. However so he did.<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a></p> + +<p>Leaving the home of her childhood, which she was never to see again, +Jeanne, in company with Durand Lassois, passed down her native valley +in its winter bareness. As she went by the house of the husbandman +Gérard Guillemette of Greux, whose children and Jacques d'Arc's were +great friends, she cried: "Good-bye! I am going to Vaucouleurs."<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a></p> + +<p>A few paces further she saw her friend Mengette: "Good-bye, Mengette," +she said. "God bless thee."<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a></p> + +<p>And by the way, on the doorsteps of the houses, whenever she saw faces +she knew, she bade them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.77" id="Page_i.77">[Pg i.77]</a></span> farewell.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> But she avoided Hauviette with +whom she had played and slept in childhood and whom she dearly loved. +If she were to bid her good-bye she feared that her heart would fail +her. It was not till later that Hauviette heard of her friend's +departure and then she wept bitterly.<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a></p> + +<p>On her second arrival at Vaucouleurs, Jeanne imagined that she was +setting foot in a town belonging to the Dauphin, and, in the language +of the day, entering the royal antechamber.<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> She was mistaken. +Since the beginning of August, 1428, the Commander of Vaucouleurs had +yielded the fortress to Antoine de Vergy, but had not yet surrendered +it to him.</p> + +<p>It was one of those promises to capitulate at the end of a given time. +They were not uncommon in those days, and they ceased to be valid if +the fortress were relieved before the day fixed for its +surrender.<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne went to Sire Robert in his castle just as she had done nine +months before; and this was the revelation she made to him: "My Lord +Captain," she said, "know that God has again given me to wit, and +commanded me many times to go to the gentle Dauphin, who must be and +who is the true King of France, and that he shall grant me men-at-arms +with whom I shall raise the siege of Orléans and take him to his +anointing at Reims."<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.78" id="Page_i.78">[Pg i.78]</a></span></p> +<p>This time she announces that it is her mission to deliver Orléans. And +the anointing is not to come to pass until this the first part of her +task shall have been accomplished. We cannot fail to recognise the +readiness and the tact with which the Voices altered their commands +previously given, according to the necessities of the moment. Robert's +manner towards Jeanne had completely changed. He said nothing about +boxing her ears and sending her back to her parents. He no longer +treated her roughly; and if he did not believe her announcement at +least he listened to it readily.</p> + +<p>In one of her conversations with him she spoke of strange matters: +"Once I have accomplished the behest Messire has given me, I shall +marry and I shall bear three sons, the eldest of whom shall be pope, +the second emperor, and the third king."</p> + +<p>Sire Robert answered gayly: "Since thy sons are to be such great +personages, I should like to give thee one. Thereby should I myself +have honour."</p> + +<p>Jeanne replied: "Nay, gentle Robert, nay. It is not yet time. The Holy +Ghost shall appoint the time."<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p> + +<p>To judge from the few of her words handed down to us, in the early +days of her mission the young prophetess spoke alternately two +different languages. Her speech seemed to flow from two distinct +sources. The one ingenuous, candid, naïve, concise, rustically simple, +unconsciously arch, sometimes rough, alike<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.79" id="Page_i.79">[Pg i.79]</a></span> chivalrous and holy, +generally bearing on the inheritance and the anointing of the Dauphin +and the confounding of the English. This was the language of her +Voices, her own, her soul's language. The other, more subtle, +flavoured with allegory and flowers of speech, critical with +scholastic grace, bearing on the Church, suggesting the clerk and +betraying some outside influence. The words she uttered to Sire Robert +touching the children she should bear are of the second sort. They are +an allegory. Her triple birth signifies that the peace of Christendom +shall be born of her work, that after she shall have fulfilled her +divine mission, the Pope, the Emperor, and the King—all three sons of +God—shall cause concord and love to reign in the Church of Jesus +Christ. The apologue is quite clear; and yet a certain amount of +intelligence is necessary for its comprehension. The Captain failed to +understand it; he interpreted it literally and answered accordingly, +for he was a simple fellow and a merry.<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne lodged in the town with humble folk, Henri Leroyer and his wife +Catherine, friends of her cousin Lassois. She used to occupy her time +in spinning, being a good spinster; and the little she had she gave to +the poor. With Catherine she went to the parish church.<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> In the +morning, in her most devout moods, she would climb the hill, round the +foot of which cluster the roofs of the town, and enter the chapel of +Sainte Marie-de-Vaucouleurs. This collegiate church, built in the +reign of Philippe VI, adjoined the <i>château</i> wherein dwelt the +Commander of Vaucouleurs. The venerable stone nave rose up boldly +towards the east, overlooking the vast extent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.80" id="Page_i.80">[Pg i.80]</a></span> of hills and meadows, +and dominating the valley where Jeanne had been born and bred. She +used to hear mass and remain long in prayer.<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a></p> + +<p>Under the chapel, in the crypt, there was an image of the Virgin, +ancient and deeply venerated, called Notre-Dame-de-la-Voûte.<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> It +worked miracles, but especially on behalf of the poor and needy. +Jeanne delighted to remain in this dark and lonely crypt, where the +saints preferred to visit her.</p> + +<p>One day a young clerk, barely more than a child, who waited in the +chapel, saw the damsel motionless, with hands clasped, head thrown +back, eyes full of tears raised to heaven; and as long as he lived the +vision of that rapture remained imprinted on his mind.<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a></p> + +<p>She confessed often, usually to Jean Fournier, priest of +Vaucouleurs.<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a></p> + +<p>Her hostess was touched by the goodness and gentleness of her manner +of life; but she was profoundly agitated when one day the damsel said +to her: "Dost thou not know it hath been prophesied that France ruined +by a woman shall be saved by a maiden from the Lorraine Marches?"</p> + +<p>Leroyer's wife knew as well as Durand Lassois that Madame Ysabeau, as +full of wickedness as Herodias, had delivered up Madame Catherine of +France and the Kingdom of the Lilies to the King of England. And +henceforth she was almost persuaded to believe that Jeanne was the +maid announced by the prophecy.<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.81" id="Page_i.81">[Pg i.81]</a></span></p> +<p>This pious damsel held converse with devout persons and also with men +of noble rank. To all alike she said: "I must to the gentle Dauphin. +It is the will of Messire, the King of Heaven, that I wend to the +gentle Dauphin. I am sent by the King of Heaven. I must go even if I +go on my knees."<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a></p> + +<p>Revelations of this nature she made to Messire Aubert, Lord of +Ourches. He was a good Frenchman and of the Armagnac party, since four +years earlier he had made war against the English and Burgundians. She +told him that she must go to the Dauphin, that she demanded to be +taken to him, and that to him should redound profit and honour +incomparable.</p> + +<p>At length through her illuminations and her prophecies, her fame was +spread abroad in the town; and her words were found to be good.<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a></p> + +<p>In the garrison there was a man-at-arms of about twenty-eight years of +age, Jean de Novelompont or Nouillompont, who was commonly called Jean +de Metz. By rank a freeman, albeit not of noble estate, he had +acquired or inherited the lordship of Nouillompont and Hovecourt, +situate in that part of Barrois which was outside the Duke's domain; +and he bore its name.<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> Formerly in the pay of Jean de Wals, +Captain and Provost of Stenay, he was now, in 1428, in the service of +the Commander of Vaucouleurs.</p> + +<p>Of his morals and manner of life we know nothing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.82" id="Page_i.82">[Pg i.82]</a></span> except that three +years before he had sworn a vile oath and been condemned to pay a fine +of two <i>sols</i>.<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> Apparently when he took the oath he was in great +wrath.<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> He was more or less intimate with Bertrand de Poulengy, +who had certainly spoken to him of Jeanne.</p> + +<p>One day he met the damsel and said to her: "Well, <i>ma mie</i>, what are +you doing here? Must the King be driven from his kingdom and we all +turn English?"<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a></p> + +<p>Such words from a young Lorraine warrior are worthy of notice. The +Treaty of Troyes did not subject France to England; it united the two +kingdoms. If war continued after as before, it was merely to decide +between the two claimants, Charles de Valois and Henry of Lancaster. +Whoever gained the victory, nothing would be changed in the laws and +customs of France. Yet this poor freebooter of the German Marches +imagined none the less that under an English king he would be an +Englishman. Many French of all ranks believed the same and could not +suffer the thought of being Anglicised; in their minds their own fates +depended on the fate of the kingdom and of the Dauphin Charles.</p> + +<p>Jeanne answered Jean de Metz: "I came hither to the King's territory +to speak with Sire Robert, that he may take me or command me to be +taken to the Dauphin; but he heeds neither me nor my words."</p> + +<p>Then, with the fixed idea welling up in her heart that her mission +must be begun before the middle of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.83" id="Page_i.83">[Pg i.83]</a></span> Lent: "Notwithstanding, ere mid +Lent, I must be before the Dauphin, were I in going to wear my legs to +the knees."<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a></p> + +<p>A report ran through the towns and villages. It was said that the son +of the King of France, the Dauphin Louis, who had just entered his +fifth year, had been recently betrothed to the daughter of the King of +Scotland, the three-year-old Madame Margaret, and the common people +celebrated this royal union with such rejoicings as were possible in a +desolated country.<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> Jeanne, when she heard these tidings, said to +the man-at-arms: "I must go to the Dauphin, for no one in the world, +no king or duke or daughter of the King of Scotland, can restore the +realm of France."</p> + +<p>Then straightway she added: "In me alone is help, albeit for my part, +I would far rather be spinning by my poor mother's side, for this life +is not to my liking. But I must go; and so I will, for it is Messire's +command that I should go."</p> + +<p>She said what she thought. But she did not know herself; she did not +know that her Voices were the cries of her own heart, and that she +longed to quit the distaff for the sword.</p> + +<p>Jean de Metz asked, as Sire Robert had done: "Who is Messire?"</p> + +<p>"He is God," she replied.</p> + +<p>Then straightway, as if he believed in her, he said with a sudden +impulse: "I promise you, and I give you my word of honour, that God +helping me I will take you to the King."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.84" id="Page_i.84">[Pg i.84]</a></span></p> + +<p>He gave her his hand as a sign that he pledged his word and asked: +"When will you set forth?"</p> + +<p>"This hour," she answered, "is better than to-morrow; to-morrow is +better than after to-morrow."</p> + +<p>Jean de Metz himself, twenty-seven years later, reported this +conversation.<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> If we are to believe him, he asked the damsel in +conclusion whether she would travel in her woman's garb. It is easy to +imagine what difficulties he would foresee in journeying with a +peasant girl clad in a red frock over French roads infested with +lecherous fellows, and that he would deem it wiser for her to disguise +herself as a boy. She promptly divined his thought and replied: "I +will willingly dress as a man."<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a></p> + +<p>There is no reason why these things should not have occurred. Only if +they did, then a Lorraine freebooter suggested to the saint that idea +concerning her dress which later she will think to have received from +God.<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a></p> + +<p>Of his own accord, or rather, acting by the advice of some wise +person, Sire Robert desired to know whether Jeanne was not being +inspired by an evil spirit. For the devil is cunning and sometimes +assumes the mark of innocence. And as Sire Robert was not learned in +such matters, he determined to take counsel with his priest.</p> + +<p>Now one day when Catherine and Jeanne were at home spinning, they +beheld the Commander coming accompanied by the priest, Messire Jean +Fournier. They asked the mistress of the house to withdraw; and when +they were left alone with the damsel, Messire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.85" id="Page_i.85">[Pg i.85]</a></span> Jean Fournier put on +his stole and pronounced some Latin words which amounted to saying: +"If thou be evil, away with thee; if thou be good, draw nigh."<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a></p> + +<p>It was the ordinary formula of exorcism or, to be more exact, of +conjuration. In the opinion of Messire Jean Fournier these words, +accompanied by a few drops of holy water, would drive away devils, if +there should unhappily be any in the body of this village maiden.</p> + +<p>Messire Jean Fournier was convinced that devils were possessed by an +uncontrollable desire to enter the bodies of men, and especially of +maidens, who sometimes swallowed them with their bread. They dwelt in +the mouth under the tongue, in the nostrils, or penetrated down the +throat into the stomach. In these various abodes their action was +violent; and their presence was discerned by the contortions and +howlings of the miserable victims who were possessed.</p> + +<p>Pope St. Gregory, in his Dialogues, gives a striking example of the +facility with which devils insinuate themselves into women. He tells +how a nun, being in the garden, saw a lettuce which she thought looked +tender. She plucked it, and, neglecting to bless it by making the sign +of the cross, she ate of it and straightway fell possessed. A man of +God having drawn near unto her, the demon began to cry out: "It is I! +It is I who have done it! I was seated upon that lettuce. This woman +came and she swallowed me." But the prayers of the man of God drove +him out.<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a></p> + +<p>The caution required in such a matter was therefore not exaggerated by +Messire Jean Fournier.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.86" id="Page_i.86">[Pg i.86]</a></span> Possessed by the idea that the devil is subtle +and woman corrupt, carefully and according to prescribed rules he +proceeded to solve a difficult problem. It was generally no easy +matter to recognise one possessed by the devil and to distinguish +between a demoniac and a good Christian. Very great saints had not +been spared the trial to which Jeanne was to be subjected.</p> + +<p>Having recited the formula and sprinkled the holy water, Messire Jean +Fournier expected, if the damsel were possessed, to see her struggle, +writhe, and endeavour to take flight. In such a case he must needs +have made use of more powerful formulæ, have sprinkled more holy +water, and made more signs of the cross, and by such means have driven +out the devils until they were seen to depart with a terrible noise +and a noxious odour, in the shape of dragons, camels, or fish.<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a></p> + +<p>There was nothing suspicious in Jeanne's attitude. No wild agitation, +no frenzy. Merely anxious and intreating, she dragged herself on her +knees towards the priest. She did not flee before God's holy name. +Messire Jean Fournier concluded that no devil was within her.</p> + +<p>Left alone in the house with Catherine, Jeanne, who now understood the +meaning of the ceremony, showed strong resentment towards Messire Jean +Fournier. She reproached him with having suspected her: "It was wrong +of him," she said to her hostess, "for, having heard my confession, he +ought to have known me."<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a></p> + +<p>She would have thanked the priest of Vaucouleurs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.87" id="Page_i.87">[Pg i.87]</a></span> had she known how he +was furthering the fulfilment of her mission by subjecting her to this +ordeal. Convinced that this maiden was not inspired by the devil, Sire +Robert must have been driven to conclude that she might be inspired by +God; for apparently he was a man of simple reasoning. He wrote to the +Dauphin Charles concerning the young saint; and doubtless he bore +witness to the innocence and goodness he beheld in her.<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a></p> + +<p>Although it looked as if the Captain would have to resign his command +to my Lord de Vergy, Sire Robert did not intend to quit his country +where he had dealings with all parties. Indeed he cared little enough +about the Dauphin Charles, and it is difficult to see what personal +interest he can have had in recommending him a prophetess. Without +pretending to discover what was passing in his mind, one may believe +that he wrote to the Dauphin on Jeanne's behalf at the request of some +of those persons who thought well of her, probably of Bertrand de +Poulengy and of Jean de Metz. These two men-at-arms, seeing that the +Dauphin's cause was lost in the Lorraine Marches, had every reason for +proceeding to the banks of the Loire, where they might still fight +with the hope of advantage.</p> + +<p>On the eve of setting out, they appeared disposed to take the seeress +with them, and even to defray all her expenses, reckoning on repaying +themselves from the royal coffers at Chinon, and deriving honour and +advantage from so rare a marvel. But they waited to be assured of the +Dauphin's consent.<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.88" id="Page_i.88">[Pg i.88]</a></span></p> +<p>Meanwhile Jeanne could not rest. She came and went from Vaucouleurs to +Burey and from Burey to Vaucouleurs. She counted the days; time +dragged for her as for a woman with child.<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a></p> + +<p>At the end of January, feeling she could wait no longer, she resolved +to go to the Dauphin Charles alone. She clad herself in garments +belonging to Durand Lassois, and with this kind cousin set forth on +the road to France.<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> A man of Vaucouleurs, one Jacques Alain, +accompanied them.<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> Probably these two men expected that the damsel +would herself realise the impossibility of such a journey and that +they would not go very far. That is what happened. The three +travellers had barely journeyed a league from Vaucouleurs, when, near +the Chapel of Saint Nicholas, which rises in the valley of Septfonds, +in the middle of the great wood of Saulcy, Jeanne changed her mind and +said to her comrades that it was not right of her to set out thus. +Then they all three returned to the town.<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a></p> + +<p>At length a royal messenger brought King Charles's reply to the +Commander of Vaucouleurs. The messenger was called Colet de +Vienne.<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> His name indicates that he came from the province which +the Dauphin had governed before the death of the late King, and which +had remained unswervingly faithful to the unfortunate prince. The +reply was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.89" id="Page_i.89">[Pg i.89]</a></span> that Sire Robert should send the young saint to +Chinon.<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a></p> + +<p>That which Jeanne had demanded and which it had seemed impossible to +obtain was granted. She was to be taken to the King as she had desired +and within the time fixed by herself. But this departure, for which +she had so ardently longed, was delayed several days by a remarkable +incident. The incident shows that the fame of the young prophetess had +gone out through Lorraine; and it proves that in those days the great +of the land had recourse to saints in their hour of need.</p> + +<p>Jeanne was summoned to Nancy by my Lord the Duke of Lorraine. +Furnished with a safe-conduct that the Duke had sent her, she set +forth in rustic jerkin and hose on a nag given her by Durand Lassois +and Jacques Alain. It had cost them twelve francs which Sire Robert +repaid them later out of the royal revenue.<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> From Vaucouleurs to +Nancy is twenty-four leagues. Jean de Metz accompanied her as far as +Toul; Durand Lassois went with her the whole way.<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a></p> + +<p>Before going to the Duke of Lorraine's palace, Jeanne ascended the +valley of the Meurthe and went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.90" id="Page_i.90">[Pg i.90]</a></span> to worship at the shrine of the great +Saint Nicholas, whose relics were preserved in the Benedictine chapel +of Saint-Nicholas-du-Port. She did well; for Saint Nicholas was the +patron saint of travellers.<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.91" id="Page_i.91">[Pg i.91]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>THE JOURNEY TO NANCY—THE ITINERARY OF VAUCOULEURS—TO +SAINTE-CATHERINE-DE-FIERBOIS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capb.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="B" title="B" class="floatl" />Y giving his eldest daughter, Isabelle, the heiress of Lorraine, in +marriage to René, the second son of Madame Yolande, Queen of Sicily +and of Jerusalem, and Duchess of Anjou,<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> Duke Charles II of +Lorraine, who was in alliance with the English, had recently done his +cousin and friend, the Duke of Burgundy, a bad turn. René of Anjou, +now in his twentieth year, was a man of culture as much in love with +sound learning as with chivalry, and withal kind, affable, and +gracious. When not engaged in some military expedition and in wielding +the lance he delighted to illuminate manuscripts. He had a taste for +flower-decked gardens and stories in tapestry; and like his fair +cousin the Duke of Orléans he wrote poems in French.<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> Invested +with the duchy of Bar by the Cardinal Duke<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.92" id="Page_i.92">[Pg i.92]</a></span> of Bar, his great-uncle, +he would inherit the duchy of Lorraine after the death of Duke Charles +which could not be far off. This marriage was rightly regarded as a +clever stroke on the part of Madame Yolande. But he who reigns must +fight. The Duke of Burgundy, ill content to see a prince of the house +of Anjou, the brother-in-law of Charles of Valois, established between +Burgundy and Flanders, stirred up against René the Count of Vaudémont, +who was a claimant of the inheritance of Lorraine. The Angevin policy +rendered a reconciliation between the Duke of Burgundy and the King of +France difficult. Thus was René of Anjou involved in the quarrels of +his father-in-law of Lorraine. It befell that in this year, 1429, he +was waging war against the citizens of Metz, the War of the Basketful +of Apples.<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> It was so called because the cause of war was a +basketful of apples which had been brought into the town of Metz +without paying duty to the officers of the Duke of Lorraine.<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile René's mother was sending convoys of victuals from Blois to +the citizens of Orléans, besieged by the English.<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a> Although she +was not then on good terms with the counsellors of her son-in-law, +King Charles, she was vigilant in opposing the enemies of the kingdom +when they threatened her own duchy of Anjou. René, Duke of Bar, had +therefore ties of kindred, friendship, and interest binding him at the +same time to the English and Burgundian party as well as to the party +of France. Such was the situation of most of the French nobles. René's +communications with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.93" id="Page_i.93">[Pg i.93]</a></span> Commander of Vaucouleurs were friendly and +constant.<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a> It is possible that Sire Robert may have told him that +he had a damsel at Vaucouleurs who was prophesying concerning the +realm of France. It is possible that the Duke of Bar, curious to see +her, may have had her sent to Nancy, where he was to be towards the +20th of February. But it is much more likely that René of Anjou +thought less about the Maid of Vaucouleurs, whom he had never seen, +than about the little Moor and the jester who enlivened the ducal +palace.<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> In this month of February, 1429, he was neither desirous +nor able to concern himself greatly with the affairs of France; and +although brother-in-law to King Charles, he was preparing not to +succour the town of Orléans, but to besiege the town of Metz.<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a></p> + +<p>Old and ill, Duke Charles dwelt in his palace with his paramour Alison +du Mai, a bastard and a priest's daughter, who had driven out the +lawful wife, Dame Marguerite of Bavaria. Dame Marguerite was pious and +high-born, but old and ugly, while Madame Alison was pretty. She had +borne Duke Charles several children.<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a></p> + +<p>The following story appears the most authentic. There were certain +worthy persons at Nancy who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.94" id="Page_i.94">[Pg i.94]</a></span> wanted Duke Charles to take back his good +wife. To persuade him to do so they had recourse to the exhortations +of a saint, who had revelations from Heaven, and who called herself +the Daughter of God. By these persons the damsel of Domremy was +represented to the enfeebled old Duke as being a saint who worked +miracles of healing. By their advice he had her summoned in the hope +that she possessed secrets which should alleviate his sufferings and +keep him alive.</p> + +<p>As soon as he saw her he asked whether she could not restore him to +his former health and strength.</p> + +<p>She replied that "of such things" she knew nothing. But she warned him +that his ways were evil, and that he would not be cured until he had +amended them. She enjoined upon him to send away Alison, his +concubine, and to take back his good wife.<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a></p> + +<p>No doubt she had been told to say something of this kind; but it also +came from her own heart, for she loathed bad women.</p> + +<p>Jeanne had come to the Duke because it was his due, because a little +saint must not refuse when a great lord wishes to consult her, and +because in short she had been brought to Nancy. But her mind was +elsewhere; of nought could she think but of saving the realm of +France.</p> + +<p>Reflecting that Madame Yolande's son with a goodly company of +men-at-arms would be of great aid to the Dauphin, she asked the Duke +of Lorraine, as she took her leave, to send this young knight with her +into France.</p> + +<p>"Give me your son," she said, "with men-at-arms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.95" id="Page_i.95">[Pg i.95]</a></span> as my escort. In +return I will pray to God for your restoration to health."</p> + +<p>The Duke did not give her men-at-arms; neither did he give her the +Duke of Bar, the heir of Lorraine, the ally of the English, who was +nevertheless to join her soon beneath the standard of King Charles. +But he gave her four francs and a black horse.<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps it was on her return from Nancy that she wrote to her parents +asking their pardon for having left them. The fact that they received +a letter and forgave is all that is known.<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> One cannot forbear +surprise that Jacques d'Arc, all through the month that his daughter +was at Vaucouleurs, should have remained quietly at home, when +previously, after having merely dreamed of her being with men-at-arms, +he had threatened that if his sons did not drown her he would with his +own hands. For he must have been aware that at Vaucouleurs she was +living with men-at-arms. Knowing her temperament, he had displayed +great simplicity in letting her go. One cannot help supposing that +those pious persons who believed in Jeanne's goodness, and desired her +to be taken into France for the saving of the kingdom, must have +undertaken to reassure her father and mother concerning their +daughter's manner of life; perhaps they even gave the simple folk to +understand that if Jeanne did go to the King her family would derive +therefrom honour and advantage.</p> + +<p>Before or after her journey to Nancy (which is not known), certain of +the townsfolk of Vaucouleurs who believed in the young prophetess +either had made, or purchased for her ready made, a suit of masculine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.96" id="Page_i.96">[Pg i.96]</a></span> +clothing, a jerkin, cloth doublet, hose laced on to the coat, gaiters, +spurs, a whole equipment of war. Sire Robert gave her a sword.<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a></p> + +<p>She had her hair cut round like a boy.<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> Jean de Metz and Bertrand +de Poulengy, with their servants Jean de Honecourt and Julien, were to +accompany her as well as the King's messenger, Colet de Vienne, and +the bowman Richard.<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> There was still some delay and councils were +held, for the soldiers of Antoine de Lorraine, Lord of Joinville, +infested the country. Throughout the land there was nothing but +pillage, robbery, murder, cruel tyranny, the ravishing of women, the +burning of churches and abbeys, and the perpetration of horrible +crimes. Those were the hardest times ever known to man.<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a> But the +damsel was not afraid, and said: "In God's name! take me to the gentle +Dauphin, and fear not any trouble or hindrance we may meet."<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a></p> + +<p>At length, on a day in February, so it is said, the little company +issued forth from Vaucouleurs by La Porte de France.<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.97" id="Page_i.97">[Pg i.97]</a></span></p> +<p>A few friends who had followed her so far watched her go. Among them +were her hosts, Henri Leroyer and Catherine, and Messire Jean Colin, +canon of Saint-Nicolas, near Vaucouleurs, to whom Jeanne had confessed +several times.<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> They trembled for their saint as they thought of +the perils of the way and the length of the journey.</p> + +<p>"How can you," they asked her, "set forth on such a journey when there +are men-at-arms on every hand?" But out of the serene peace of her +heart she answered them:</p> + +<p>"I do not fear men-at-arms; my way has been made plain before me. If +there be men-at-arms my Lord God will make a way for me to go to my +Lord Dauphin. For that am I come."<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a></p> + +<p>Sire Robert was present at her departure. According to the customary +formula he took an oath from each of the men-at-arms that they would +surely and safely conduct her whom he confided to them. Then, being a +man of little faith, he said to Jeanne in lieu of farewell: "Go! and +come what may."<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> And the little company went off into the mist, +which at that season envelops the meadows of the Meuse.</p> + +<p>They were obliged to avoid frequented roads and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.98" id="Page_i.98">[Pg i.98]</a></span> to beware especially +of passing by Joinville, Montiers-en-Saulx and Sailly, where there +were soldiers of the hostile party. Sire Bertrand and Jean de Metz +were accustomed to such stealthy expeditions; they knew the byways and +were acquainted with useful precautions, such as binding up the +horses' feet in linen so as to deaden the sound of hoofs on the +ground.<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a></p> + +<p>At nightfall, having escaped all danger, the company approached the +right bank of the Marne and reached the Abbey of Saint-Urbain.<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a> +From time immemorial it had been a place of refuge, and in those days +its abbot was Arnoult of Aulnoy, a kinsman of Robert of +Baudricourt.<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> The gate of the plain edifice opened for the +travellers who passed beneath the groined vaulting of its roof.<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a> +The abbey included a building set apart for strangers. There they +found the resting-place of the first stage of their journey.</p> + +<p>On the right of the outer door was the abbey church wherein were +preserved the relics of Pope Saint Urbain. On the 24th of February, in +the morning, Jeanne attended conventual mass there.<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a> Then she and +her companions took horse again. Crossing the Marne by the bridge +opposite Saint-Urbain, they pressed on towards France.</p> + +<p>They had still one hundred and twenty-five leagues to cover and three +rivers to cross, in a country infested with brigands. Through fear of +the enemy they journeyed by night.<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> When they lay down on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.99" id="Page_i.99">[Pg i.99]</a></span> the +straw the damsel, keeping her hose laced to her coat, slept in her +clothes, under a covering, between Jean de Metz and Bertrand de +Poulengy in whom she felt confidence. They said afterwards that they +never desired the damsel because of the holiness they beheld in +her;<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> that may or may not be believed.</p> + +<p>Jean de Metz was filled with no such ardent faith in the prophetess, +since he inquired of her: "Will you really do what you say?"</p> + +<p>To which she replied: "Have no fear. I do what I am commanded to do. +My brethren in Paradise tell me what I have to do. It is now four or +five years since my brethren in Paradise and Messire told me that I +must go forth to war to deliver the realm of France."<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a></p> + +<p>These rude comrades did not all preserve an attitude of religious +respect in her presence. Certain mocked her and diverted themselves by +talking before her as if they belonged to the English party. +Sometimes, as a joke, they got up a false alarm and pretended to turn +back. Their jests were wasted. She believed them, but she was not +afraid, and would say gravely to those who thought to frighten her +with the English: "Be sure not to flee. I tell you in God's name, they +will not harm you."<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a></p> + +<p>Ever at the approach of danger whether real or feigned, there came to +her lips the words of encouragement: "Do not be afraid. You will see +how graciously the fair Dauphin will look upon us when we come to +Chinon."<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a></p> + +<p>Her greatest grief was that she could not pray in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.100" id="Page_i.100">[Pg i.100]</a></span> church as often as +she would like. Every day she repeated: "If we could, we should do +well to hear mass."<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a></p> + +<p>As they avoided high roads they were not often in the way of bridges; +and they were frequently forced to ford rivers in flood. They crossed +the Aube, near Bar-sur-Aube, the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine, the Yonne +opposite Auxerre, where Jeanne heard mass in the church of +Saint-Etienne; then they reached the town of Gien, on the right bank +of the Loire.<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a></p> + +<p>At length these Lorrainers beheld a French town loyal to the King of +France. They had travelled seventy-five leagues through the enemy's +country without being attacked or molested. Afterwards this was +considered miraculous. But was it impossible for seven or eight +Armagnac horsemen to traverse English and Burgundian lands without +misadventure? The Commander of Vaucouleurs frequently sent letters to +the Dauphin which reached him, and the Dauphin was in the habit of +despatching messengers to the Commander; Colet de Vienne had just +borne his message.<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a></p> + +<p>In point of fact the followers of the Dauphin ran risks well nigh as +great in the provinces under his sway as in lands subject to other +masters.<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.101" id="Page_i.101">[Pg i.101]</a></span></p> +<p>Freebooters in the pay of King Charles, when they pillaged travellers +and held them to ransom, did not stay to ask whether they were +Armagnacs or Burgundians. Indeed, it was after their passage of the +Loire that Bertrand de Poulengy and his companions found themselves +exposed to the greatest danger.</p> + +<p>Informed of their approach, certain men-at-arms of the French party +went before and lay in ambush, waiting to surprise them. They intended +to capture the damsel, cast her into a pit, and keep her there beneath +a great stone, in the hope that the King who had sent for her would +give a large sum for her rescue.<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a> It was the custom for +freebooters and mercenaries thus to cast travellers into pits +delivering them on payment of ransom. Eighteen years before, at +Corbeil, five men had been kept in a pit on bread and water by +Burgundians. Three of them died, being unable to pay the ransom.<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a> +Such a fate very nearly befell Jeanne. But the wretches who were lying +in wait for her, at the moment when they should have struck did +nothing, wherefore is unknown, perhaps because they were afraid of not +being the stronger.<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a></p> + +<p>From Gien, the little company followed the northern boundary of the +duchy of Berry, crossed into Blésois, possibly passed through +Selles-sur-Cher and Saint-Aignan, then, having entered Touraine, +reached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.102" id="Page_i.102">[Pg i.102]</a></span> the green slopes of Fierbois.<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> There one of the two +heavenly ladies, who daily discoursed familiarly with the peasant +girl, had her most famous sanctuary; there it was that Saint Catherine +received multitudes of pilgrims and worked great miracles. According +to popular belief the origin of her worship in this place was warlike +and national and dated back to the beginning of French history. It was +known that after his victory over the Saracens at Poitiers Charles +Martel had placed his sword in the oratory of the Blessed +Catherine.<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> But it must be admitted that since then the sanctuary +had long suffered from desertion and neglect. Rather more than forty +years before the coming of the damsel from Domremy, its walls in the +depths of a wood were overrun by briers and brambles.</p> + +<p>In those days it was not uncommon for saints of both sexes, if they +had suffered from some unjust neglect, to come and complain to some +pious person of the wrong being done them on earth. They appeared +possibly to a monk, to a peasant or a citizen, denounced the impiety +of the faithful in terms urgent and sometimes violent, and commanded +him to reinstate their worship and restore their sanctuary. And this +is what Madame Saint Catherine did. In the year 1375 she entrusted a +knight of the neighbourhood of Fierbois, one Jean Godefroy, who was +blind and paralysed, with the restoration of her oratory to its old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.103" id="Page_i.103">[Pg i.103]</a></span> +brilliance and fame, promising to cure him if he would pray for nine +days in the place where Charles Martel had put his sword. Jean +Godefroy had himself carried to the deserted chapel, but beforehand +his servants must perforce hew a way through the thicket with their +axes. Madame Saint Catherine restored to Jean Godefroy the use of his +eyes and his limbs, and it was by this benefit that she recalled to +the people of Touraine the glory they had slighted. The oratory was +repaired; the faithful again wended their way thither, and miracles +abounded. At first the saint healed the sick; then, when the land was +ravaged by war, it was her office more especially to deliver from the +hands of the English such prisoners as had recourse to her. Sometimes +she rendered captives invisible to their guards; sometimes she broke +bonds, chains, and locks; to wit, those of a nobleman by name Cazin du +Boys, who in 1418 was taken with the garrison of Beaumont-sur-Oise. +Locked in an iron cage, bound with a strong rope on which slept a +Burgundian, he thought on Madame Saint Catherine, and dedicated +himself to this glorious virgin. Immediately the cage was opened. +Sometimes she even constrained the English to unchain their prisoners +themselves and set them free without ransom. That was a great miracle. +One no less great was worked by her on Perrot Chapon, of +Saint-Sauveur, near Luzarches. For a month Perrot had been in bonds in +an English prison, when he dedicated himself to Saint Catherine and +fell asleep. He awoke, still bound, in his own house.</p> + +<p>Generally she helped those who helped themselves. Such was the case of +Jean Ducoudray, citizen of Saumur, a prisoner in the castle of Bellême +in 1429. He commended his soul devoutly to Saint Catherine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.104" id="Page_i.104">[Pg i.104]</a></span> then +leapt forth, throttled the guard, climbed the ramparts, dropped the +height of two lances, and went out a free man into the country.<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps these miracles would have been less frequent had the English +been in greater force in France; but their men were few: in Normandy +they intrenched themselves in towns, abandoning the open country to +soldiers of fortune who ranged the district and captured convoys, thus +greatly promoting the intervention of Madame Saint Catherine.<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a></p> + +<p>The prisoners, who had become her votaries and whom she had delivered, +discharged their vows by making the pilgrimage to Fierbois. In her +chapel there, they hung the cords and chains with which they had been +bound, their armour, and sometimes, in special cases, the armour of +the enemy.</p> + +<p>This had been done nine months before Jeanne's coming to Fierbois by a +certain knight, Jean du Chastel. He had escaped from the hands of a +captain, who accused him of having committed treason thereby, alleging +that du Chastel had given him his word of honour. Du Chastel on the +other hand maintained that he had not sworn, and he challenged the +captain to meet him in single combat. The issue of the combat proved +right to be on the side of the French knight; for with the aid of +Madame Saint Catherine he was victorious. In return he came to +Fierbois to offer to his holy protectress the armour of the vanquished +Englishman, in the presence of my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.105" id="Page_i.105">[Pg i.105]</a></span> Lord, the Bastard of Orléans, of +Captain La Hire and several other nobles.<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne must have delighted to hear tell of such miracles, or others +like them, and to see so many weapons hanging from the chapel walls. +She must have been well pleased that the saint who visited her at all +hours and gave her counsel should so manifestly appear the friend of +poor soldiers and peasants cast into bonds, cages and pits, or hanged +on trees by the <i>Godons</i>.</p> + +<p>She prayed in the chapel and heard two masses.<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.106" id="Page_i.106">[Pg i.106]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>THE SIEGE OF ORLÉANS FROM THE 12TH OF OCTOBER, 1428, TILL THE 6TH OF +MARCH, 1429</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/caps.jpg" width="111" height="125" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" />INCE the victory of Verneuil and the conquest of Maine, the English +had advanced but little in France and their actual possessions there +were becoming less and less secure.<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> If they spared the lands of +the Duke of Orléans it was not on account of any scruple. Albeit on +the banks of the Loire it was held dishonourable to seize the domains +of a noble when he was a prisoner,<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a> everything is fair in war. The +Regent had not scrupled to seize the duchy of Alençon when its duke +was a prisoner.<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> The truth is that by bribes and entreaties the +good Duke Charles dissuaded the English from attacking his duchy. From +1424 until 1426 the citizens of Orléans purchased peace by money +payments.<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.107" id="Page_i.107">[Pg i.107]</a></span> <i>Godons</i>, not being in a position to take the +field, were all the more ready to enter into such agreements. During +the minority of their half English and half French King, the Duke of +Gloucester, the brother and deputy of the Regent, and his uncle, the +Bishop of Winchester, Chancellor of the Kingdom, were tearing out each +other's hair, and their disputes were the occasion of bloodshed in the +London streets.<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> Towards the end of the year 1425 the Regent +returned to England, where he spent seventeen months reconciling uncle +and nephew and restoring public peace. By dint of craft and vigour he +succeeded so far as to render his fellow countrymen desirous and +hopeful of completing the conquest of France. With that object, in +1428, the English Parliament voted subsidies.<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="View"> +<img src="images/image04.jpg" width="500" height="224" alt="View of Orleans" title="View of Orleans" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>VIEW OF ORLÉANS, 1428-1429</b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p>Now the most cunning, the most expert, the most fortunate in arms of +all the English captains and princes was Thomas Montacute, Earl of +Salisbury and of Perche.<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> He had long waged war in Normandy, in +Champagne, and in Maine. At present he was gathering an army in +England, intended for the banks of the Loire. He got as many bowmen as +he wanted; but of horse and men-at-arms he was disappointed. Only +those of low estate were willing to go and fight in a land ravaged by +famine.<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> At length the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.108" id="Page_i.108">[Pg i.108]</a></span> noble earl, the fair cousin of King Henry, +crossed the sea with four hundred and forty-nine men-at-arms and two +thousand two hundred and fifty archers.<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> In France he found troops +recruited by the Regent, four hundred horse of whom two hundred were +Norman, with three bowmen to each horseman, according to the English +custom.<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> He led his men to Paris where irrevocable resolutions +were taken.<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> Hitherto the plan had been to attack Angers; at the +last moment it was decided to lay siege to Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a></p> + +<p>Between la Beauce and la Sologne, at the entrance to the loyal +provinces Touraine, Blésois, and Berry, the ducal city confronted the +enemy, lying on a bend of the Loire, just as the arrow's point is +lodged on the taut bow.<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a> Bishopric, university, market of the +country far and wide, on its belfries, towers, and steeples it raised +proudly towards heaven the cross of Our Lord, the three <i>cœurs de +lis</i> of the city and the three <i>fleurs de lis</i> of the dukes. Beneath +the high slate roofs of its houses of stone or wood, built along +winding streets or dark alleys, Orléans sheltered fifteen thousand +souls. There were to be found officers of justice and of the treasury, +goldsmiths, druggists, grocers, tanners, butchers, fishmongers, rich +citizens as delicate as amber, who loved fine clothes, fine houses, +music and dancing; priests, canons, wardens, and fellows of the +university; book<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.109" id="Page_i.109">[Pg i.109]</a></span>sellers, scriveners, illuminators, painters, scholars +who were not all founts of learning, but who played prettily on the +flute; monks of every habit, Black-friars, Grey-friars, Mathurins, +Carmelites, Augustinians, and artisans and labourers to boot, smiths, +coopers, carpenters, boatmen, fishermen.<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a></p> + +<p>Of Roman origin, the form of the town was still the same as in the +days of the Emperor Aurelian. The southern side along the Loire and +the northern side extended to some three thousand feet. The eastern +and western boundaries were only one hundred and fifty feet long. The +city was surrounded by walls six feet thick and from eighteen to +thirty-three feet high above the moat. These walls were flanked by +thirty-four towers, pierced with five gates and two posterns.<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> The +following is the description of the situation of these gates, +posterns, and towers, with the names of those which became famous +during the siege.</p> + +<p>Passing from the south east to the south west angle of the wall, were: +La Tour Neuve, round and huge, washed by the Loire; three other towers +on the river bank; the postern Chesneau, the only one opening on to +the water and defended by a portcullis; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.110" id="Page_i.110">[Pg i.110]</a></span> tower of La +Croiche-Meuffroy, so called from the crook or spur which protruded +from the foot of the tower into the river; two other towers washed by +the Loire; La Port du Pont, with drawbridge and flanked by two towers; +La Tour de l'Abreuvoir; la Tour de Notre-Dame, deriving its name from +a chapel built against the city walls; la Tour de la Barre-Flambert, +the last on this side, at the south west angle of the ramparts and +commanding the river. All along the Loire the walls had a stone +parapet with machicolated battlements, whence pavingstones could be +thrown, and whence, when attempts were made to scale the walls, the +enemy's ladders could be hurled down. The distance between the towers +was about a bow-shot.</p> + +<p>On the western side were first three towers, then two gate towers +called Regnard or Renard from the name of citizens to whom had once +belonged the adjoining palace, where in 1428 dwelt Jacques Boucher, +Treasurer of the Duke of Orléans. Then came another tower and lastly +La Porte Bernier or Bannier, at the north west angle of the ramparts. +On this side the walls had been constructed in the days of the +cross-bow, which shot a greater distance than the bow. The towers +here, therefore, were farther apart at the distance of a cross-bow +shot one from the other, and the walls were lower than elsewhere. On +the northern side, looking towards the forest, were ten towers at a +bow-shot's interval. The second, that of Saint-Samson, was used as an +arsenal. The sixth and seventh flanked the Paris Gate.</p> + +<p>On the eastern side were likewise ten towers at the same distance one +from the other as those on the north. The fifth and sixth were those +of the Burgundian Gate, also called the Gate of Saint-Aignan,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.111" id="Page_i.111">[Pg i.111]</a></span> because +it was close to the church of Saint-Aignan without the walls; the last +was the great corner tower, called La Tour Neuve, which thus comes to +have been twice counted.</p> + +<p>The stone bridge lined with houses which led from the town to the left +bank of the Loire was famous all over the world. It had nineteen +arches of varying breadth. The first, on leaving the town by La Porte +du Pont, was called l'Allouée or Pont Jacquemin-Rousselet; here was a +drawbridge. The fifth arch abutted on an island which was long, +narrow, and in the form of a boat, like all river islands. Above the +bridge it was called Motte-Saint-Antoine, from a chapel built upon it +dedicated to that saint; and below, Motte-des-Poissonniers, because in +order to keep captured fish alive boats with holes in them were moored +to it. In 1447, to provide against the occupation of this island by +the enemy, the people of Orléans had constructed a tower, the tower or +fortress of Saint-Antoine, beyond the sixth arch and occupying the +whole breadth of the bridge. On the buttress between the eleventh and +twelfth arch was a cross of gilded bronze, supported by a pedestal of +stone. It was indeed what it was called, the Cross Beautiful,—La +Belle-Croix. The buttresses of the eighteenth arch were extended, and +on the abutment there rose a little castle formed of two towers joined +by a vaulted porch. This little castle was called Les Tourelles. +Between the nineteenth and the twentieth arch as in the first was a +drawbridge. Outside it was Le Portereau; and thence ran the road to +Toulouse, which beyond the Loiret on the heights of Olivet joined the +road to Blois.<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.112" id="Page_i.112">[Pg i.112]</a></span></p> +<p>In those days the lazy waters of the Loire flowed midst osier-beds and +birchen thickets, since removed for purposes of navigation. Two and a +half miles east of Orléans, on the height of Chécy, l'Île aux Bourdons +was separated from the Sologne bank by a thin arm of the river and by +a narrow channel from l'Île Charlemagne and l'Île-aux-Bœufs, with +their green grass and underwood facing Combleux on the La Beauce bank. +A boat dropping down the river would next come to the two islands +Saint-Loup, and, doubling La Tour Neuve, would glide between the two +Martinet Islets on the right and l'Île-aux-Toiles on the left. Thence +it would pass under the bridge which overspanned, as we have seen, an +island called above bridge Motte-Saint-Antoine and below, +Motte-des-Poissonniers. At length, below the ramparts, opposite +Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils, it would come to two islets Biche-d'Orge +and another, the name of which is unknown, possibly it was +nameless.<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a></p> + +<p>The suburbs of Orléans were the finest in the kingdom. On the south +the fishermen's suburb of Le Portereau, with its Augustinian church +and monastery, extended along the river at the foot of the vineyards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.113" id="Page_i.113">[Pg i.113]</a></span> +of Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, which produced the best wine in the +country.<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> Above, on the gentle slopes ascending to the bleak +plateau of Sologne, the Loiret, with its torrential springs, its +limpid waters, its shady banks, the gardens and the brooks of Olivet, +smiled beneath a mild and showery sky.</p> + +<p>The <i>faubourg</i> of the Burgundian gate stretching eastwards was the +best built and the most populous. There were the wonderful churches of +Saint-Michel and of Saint-Aignan. The cloister of the latter was held +to be marvellous.<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a> Leaving this suburb and passing by the +vineyards along the sandy branch of the Loire extending between the +bank of the river and l'Île-aux-Bœufs about a quarter of a league +further on, one comes to the steep slope of Saint-Loup; and, advancing +still further towards the east, the belfries of Saint-Jean-de-Bray, +Combleux and Chécy may be seen rising one beyond the other between the +river and the Roman road from Autun to Paris. On the north of the city +were fine monasteries and beautiful churches, the chapel of +Saint-Ladre, in the cemetery; the Jacobins, the Cordeliers, the church +of Saint-Pierre-Ensentelée. Directly north, the <i>faubourg</i> of La Porte +Bernier lay along the Paris road, and close by there stretched the +sombre city of the wolves, the deep forest of oaks, horn-beams, +beeches, and willows, wherein<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.114" id="Page_i.114">[Pg i.114]</a></span> were hidden, like wood-cutters and +charcoal-burners, the villages of Fleury and Samoy.<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a></p> + +<p>Towards the west the <i>faubourg</i> of La Porte Renard stretched out into +the fields along the road to Châteaudun, and the hamlet of +Saint-Laurent along the road to Blois.<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a></p> + +<p>These <i>faubourgs</i> were so populous and so extensive that when, on the +approach of the English, the people from the suburbs took refuge +within the city the number of its inhabitants was doubled.<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a></p> + +<p>The inhabitants of Orléans were resolved to fight, not for their +honour indeed; in those days no honour redounded to a citizen from the +defence of his own city; his only reward was the risk of terrible +danger. When the town was captured the great and wealthy had but to +pay ransom and the conqueror entertained them well; the lesser and +poorer nobility ran greater risks. In this year, 1428, the knights, +who defended Melun and surrendered after having eaten their horses and +their dogs, were drowned in the Seine. "Nobility was worth nothing," +ran a Burgundian song.<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a></p> + +<p>But generally being of noble birth saved one's life. As for those +burghers brave enough to defend themselves, they were likely to +perish. There were no fixed rules with regard to them; sometimes +several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.115" id="Page_i.115">[Pg i.115]</a></span> were hanged; sometimes only one, sometimes all. It was also +lawful to cut off their heads or to throw them into the water, sewn in +a sack. In that same year, 1428, Captains La Hire and Poton had failed +in their assault on Le Mans and decamped just in time. The citizens who +had aided them were beheaded in the square du Cloître-Saint-Julien, on +the Olet stone, by order of William Pole, Earl of Suffolk, who had +already arrived at Olivet, and of John Talbot, the most courteous of +English knights, who was shortly to come there too.<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> Such an +example was sufficient to warn the people of Orléans.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding that it was under the control of the Governor, the +town administered its own affairs by means of twelve magistrates +elected for two years by the citizens, subject to the governor's +approbation.<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> These magistrates risked more than the other +citizens. One of them, as he passed the monastery of Saint-Sulpice, +where was the place of execution, might well reflect that before the +year was out he might have justice executed on him there for having +defended his lord's inheritance. Yet the twelve were resolved to +defend this inheritance; and they acted for the common weal with +promptness and with wisdom.</p> + +<p>The people of Orléans were not taken by surprise. Their fathers had +watched the English closely, and put their city in a state of defence. +They themselves, in the year 1425, had so firmly expected a siege that +they had collected arms in the Tower of Saint-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.116" id="Page_i.116">[Pg i.116]</a></span>Samson, while all, rich +and poor alike, had been required to dig dykes and build +ramparts.<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> War has always been costly. They devoted three quarters +of the yearly revenue of the town to keeping up the ramparts and other +preparations for war. Hearing of the approach of the Earl of +Salisbury, with marvellous energy they prepared to receive him.</p> + +<p>The walls, except those along the river, were devoid of breastwork; +but in the shops were stakes and cross-beams intended for the +manufacture of balustrades. These were put up on the fortifications to +form parapets, with barbicans of a pent-house shape so as to provide +with cover the defenders firing from the walls.<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> At the entrance +to each suburb wooden barriers were erected, with a lodge for the +porter whose duty it was to open and shut them. On the tops of the +ramparts and in the towers were seventy-one pieces of artillery, +including cannons and mortars, without counting culverins. The quarry +of Montmaillard, three leagues from the town, produced stones which +were made into cannon balls. At great expense there were brought into +the city lead, powder, and sulphur which the women prepared for use in +the cannons and culverins. Every day there were manufactured in +thousands, arrows, darts, stacks of bolts,<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> armed with iron points +and feathered with parchment, numbers of <i>pavas</i>, great shields made +of pieces of wood mortised one into the other and covered with +leather. Corn, wine, and cattle were purchased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.117" id="Page_i.117">[Pg i.117]</a></span> in great quantities +both for the inhabitants and the men-at-arms, the King's men, and +adventurers who were expected.<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a></p> + +<p>By a jealously guarded privilege the inhabitants had the right of +defending the ramparts. According to their trades they were divided +into as many companies as there were towers. Thus defending themselves +they had the right to refuse to admit any garrison within the walls. +They held to this right because it delivered them from the pillage, +the rapine, the burnings and constant molestations inflicted by the +King's men. But now they were eager to renounce it; for they realised +that alone with only the town bands and those from the neighbouring +villages, mere peasants, they could not sustain the siege; to resist +the enemy they must have horsemen, skilled in wielding the lance, and +foot, skilled in the use of the cross-bow. While their Governor the +Sire de Gaucourt and my Lord, the Bastard of Orléans, the King's +Lieutenant General, went to Chinon and Poitiers to obtain supplies of +men and money<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a> from the King, the citizens in commissions of two +and two went forth asking help of the towns, travelling as far as +Bourbonnais and Languedoc.<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.118" id="Page_i.118">[Pg i.118]</a></span> The magistrates appealed to those +soldiers of fortune who held the neighbouring country for the King of +France. By the mouths of the two heralds of the city, Orléans and +Cœur-de-Lis, they proclaimed that within the city walls were gold +and silver in abundance and such good provision of victuals and arms +as would nourish and accoutre two thousand combatants for two years, +and that every gentle, honest knight who would might share in the +defence of the city and wage battle to the death.<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a></p> + +<p>The inhabitants of Orléans feared God. In those days God was greatly +to be feared; he was almost as terrible as in the days of the +Philistines. The poor fisher folk were afraid of being repulsed if +they addressed him in their affliction; they thought it better to take +a roundabout road and to seek the intercession of Our Lady and the +saints. God respected his Mother and sought to please her on every +occasion. Likewise he deferred to the wishes of the Blessed, seated on +his right hand and on his left in Paradise, and he inclined his ear to +listen to the petitions they presented to him. Thus in cases of dire +necessity it was customary to solicit the favour of the saints by +presenting prayers and offerings. Then also did the citizens of +Orléans remember Saint Euverte and Saint-Aignan, the patrons of their +town. In very ancient days Saint Euverte had sat upon that episcopal +seat, now, in 1428, occupied by a Scot. Messire Jean de Saint Michel, +and Saint Euverte had shone with all the glory of apostolic +virtue.<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a> His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.119" id="Page_i.119">[Pg i.119]</a></span> successor, Saint-Aignan had prayed to God. He had +regarded the city in a peril like unto that of which it was now in +danger.</p> + +<p>The following is his story as it was known to the people of Orléans. +When still young, Saint-Aignan had withdrawn to a solitary place near +Orléans. There Saint Euverte, at that time bishop of the city, +discovered him. He ordained him priest, appointed him Abbot of +Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils, and elected him to succeed him in the +government of the faithful. And when Saint Euverte had passed from +this life to the other, the blessed Aignan, with the consent of the +people of Orléans, was proclaimed bishop by the voice of a little +child. For God, who is praised out of the mouths of babes, permitted +one of them, borne in his swaddling clothes to the altar, to speak and +say: "Aignan, Aignan is chosen of God to be bishop of this town." Now +in the sixtieth year of his pontificate, the Huns invaded Gaul, led by +their King Attila, who boasted that wherever he went the stars fell +and the earth trembled beneath him, that he was the hammer of the +world, <i>stellas pre se cadere, terram tremere, se malleum esse +universi orbis</i>. Every town on his march had been destroyed by him, +and now he was advancing against Orléans. Then the blessed Aignan went +forth into the city of Arles, to the Patrician Aëtius, who commanded +the Roman army, and implored his aid in so great a peril. Having +obtained of the Patrician promise of succour, Aignan returned to his +episcopal see, which he found surrounded by barbarian warriors. The +Huns, having made breaches in the walls, were preparing an assault. +The blessed saint went up on to the ramparts, knelt and prayed, and +then, having prayed, spat upon the enemy. By God's will that drop of +his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.120" id="Page_i.120">[Pg i.120]</a></span> saliva was followed by all the raindrops in the sky. A tempest +arose: the rain fell in such torrents on the barbarians that their +camp was flooded; their tents were overturned by the power of the +winds, and many among them perished by lightning. The rain lasted for +three days, after which time Attila assailed the ramparts with +powerful engines of war. When they saw the walls fall down the +inhabitants were terrified. All hope of resistance being at an end, +the holy bishop, clad in his episcopal robes, went to the King of the +Huns and adjured him to take pity on the people of Orléans, +threatening him with the wrath of God if he dealt hardly with the +conquered. These prayers and these threats did not soften Attila's +heart. On his return to the faithful, the bishop warned them that +henceforth nothing remained to them but trust in God; divine succour, +however, would not fail them. And soon, according to the promise he +had given them, God delivered the town by means of the Romans and the +Franks, who defied the Huns in a great battle. Not long after the +miraculous deliverance of his beloved city, Saint Aignan fell asleep +in the Lord.<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a></p> + +<p>Wherefore, in this great peril of the English, the citizens of Orléans +resorted to Saint Euverte and Saint-Aignan for succour and relief. +According to the marvels accomplished by Saint-Aignan in this mortal +life they measured his power of working miracles now that he was in +Paradise. These two confessors had each his church in the faubourg de +Bourgogne, wherein their bodies were jealously guarded.<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> In those +days the bones of martyrs and confessors were devoutly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.121" id="Page_i.121">[Pg i.121]</a></span> worshipped. It +was said that sometimes they shed abroad a healing odour which +represented the virtues proceeding from them. They were enclosed in +gilded reliquaries adorned with precious stones, and no miracle was +thought too great to be accomplished by these holy relics. On the 6th +of August, 1428, the clergy of the city went to the church wherein was +the reliquary of Saint Euverte and bore it round the walls, that they +might be strengthened. And the holy reliquary made the round of the +whole city, followed by all the people. On the 8th of September a +<i>tortis</i> weighing one hundred and ten livres<a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> was offered to +Saint-Aignan. In time of need the favour of the saints was solicited +by all kinds of gifts, garments, jewels, coins, houses, lands, woods, +ponds; but natural wax was thought to be especially grateful to them. +A <i>tortis</i> was a wheel of wax on which candles were placed and two +escutcheons bearing the arms of the city.<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a></p> + +<p>Thus did the people of Orléans strive to provision and protect their +town.</p> + +<p>Adventurers from all parts responded to the magistrates' appeal. The +first to hasten to the city were: Messire Archambaud de Villars, +Governor of Montargis; Guillaume de Chaumont, Lord of Guitry; Messire +Pierre de la Chapelle, a baron of La Beauce; Raimond Arnaud de +Corraze, knight of Béarn; Don Matthias of Aragon; Jean de Saintrailles +and Poton de Saintrailles. The Abbot of Cerquenceaux, sometime student +at the University of Orléans, arrived at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.122" id="Page_i.122">[Pg i.122]</a></span> the head of a band of +followers.<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> Thus the number of friends who entered the city was +well-nigh as great as that of the expected foe. The defenders were +paid; they were furnished with bread, meat, fish, forage in plenty, +and casks of wine were broached for them. In the beginning the +inhabitants treated them like their own children. The citizens all +contributed to the entertainment of the strangers, and gave them what +they had. But this concord did not long endure. Whatever tradition +alleges as to the friendly relations subsisting between the citizens +and their military guests,<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a> affairs in Orléans were in truth not +different from what they were in other besieged towns; before long the +inhabitants began to complain of the garrison.</p> + +<p>On the 5th of September the Earl of Salisbury reached Janville, having +taken with ease towns, fortified churches or castles to the number of +forty. But that was not his greatest achievement; for, although he had +left but few men in each place, he had by that means rid himself on +the march of that portion of his army which had already shown itself +ready to drop away.<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a></p> + +<p>From Janville he sent two heralds to Orléans to summon the inhabitants +to surrender. The magistrates lodged these heralds honourably in the +faubourg Bannier, at the Hôtel de la Pomme and confided to them a +present of wine for the Earl of Salisbury; they knew their duty to so +great a prince. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.123" id="Page_i.123">[Pg i.123]</a></span> they refused to open their gates to the English +garrison, alleging, doubtless, as was the custom of citizens in those +days, that they were not able to open them, having those within who +were stronger than they.<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a></p> + +<p>Now that the danger was drawing near, on the 6th of October, priests, +burgesses, notables, merchants, mechanics, women and children walked +in solemn procession with crosses and banners, singing psalms and +invoking the heavenly guardians of the city.<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a></p> + +<p>On Tuesday, the 12th of this month, at the news that the enemy was +coming through Sologne, the magistrates sent soldiers to pull down the +houses of Le Portereau, the suburb on the left bank, also the +Augustinian church and monastery of that suburb, as well as all other +buildings in which the enemy might lodge or entrench himself. But the +soldiers were taken by surprise. That very day the English occupied +Olivet and appeared in Le Portereau.<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> With them were the victors +of Verneuil, the flower of English knighthood: Thomas, Lord of Scales +and of Nucelles, Governor of Pontorson, whom the King of England +called cousin; William Neville; Baron Falconbridge; William Gethyn, a +Welsh knight, Bailie of Évreux; Lord Richard Gray, nephew of the Earl +of Salisbury; Gilbert Halsall, Richard Panyngel, Thomas Guérard, +knights, and many others of great renown.</p> + +<p>Over the two hundred lances from Normandy there floated the standards +of William Pole, Earl of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.124" id="Page_i.124">[Pg i.124]</a></span> Suffolk, and of John Pole, two brothers +descended from a comrade-in-arms of Duke William; of Thomas Rampston, +knight banneret, the Regent's chamberlain; of Richard Walter, squire, +Governor of Conches, Bailie and Captain of Évreux; of William Mollins, +knight; of William Glasdale, whom the French called Glacidas, squire, +Bailie of Alençon, a man of humble birth.<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a></p> + +<p>The archers were all on horseback. There were practically no +foot-soldiers. In carts drawn by oxen were barrels of powder, +cross-bows, arrows, cannon-balls, and guns of all kinds, muskets, +fowling-pieces, and large cannon. The two English master-gunners, +Philibert de Moslant and William Appleby, accompanied the troops. +There were also two masters of mining with thirty-eight workmen. Of +women there were not a few, some of them acting as spies.<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a></p> + +<p>When the army arrived it was greatly diminished by desertions, having +shed runaways at each victory. Some returned to England, others roamed +through the realm of France robbing and plundering. That very 12th of +October orders had been despatched from Rouen to the Bailies and +Governors of Normandy to arrest those English who had departed from +the company of my Lord, the Earl of Salisbury.<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a></p> + +<p>The fort of Les Tourelles and its outworks barred the entrance to the +bridge. The English established themselves in Le Portereau, placed their +cannon and their mortars on the rising ground of Saint-Jean-le-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.125" id="Page_i.125">[Pg i.125]</a></span>Blanc,<a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> +and, on the following Sunday, they hurled down upon the city a shower +of stone cannon-balls, which did great damage to the houses, but +killed no one save a woman of Orléans, named Belles, who dwelt near +the Chesneau postern on the river bank. Thus the siege, which was to +be ended by a woman's victory, began with a woman's death.</p> + +<p>That same week the English cannon destroyed twelve water mills near La +Tour Neuve. Whereupon the people of Orléans constructed within the +city eleven mills worked by horses,<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> in order that there might be +no lack of flour. There were a few skirmishes at the bridge. Then on +Thursday, the 21st of October, the English attempted to storm the +outworks of Les Tourelles. The little band of adventurers in the +service of the town and the city troops made a gallant defence. The +women helped; throughout the four hours that the assault lasted long +lines of gossips might be seen hurrying to the bridge, bearing their +pots and pans filled with burning coals and boiling oil and fat, +frantic with joy at the idea of scalding the <i>Godons</i>.<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a> The attack +was repulsed; but two days later the French perceived that the +outworks were undermined; the English had dug subterranean passages, +to the props of which they had afterwards set fire. The outworks +having become untenable in the opinion of the soldiers, they were +destroyed and abandoned. It was deemed impossible to defend Les +Tourelles thus dismantled. Those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.126" id="Page_i.126">[Pg i.126]</a></span> towers which would once have +arrested an army's progress for a whole month were now useless against +cannon. In front of La Belle Croix the townsfolk erected a rampart of +earth and wood. Beyond this outwork two arches of the bridge were cut +and replaced by a movable platform. And when this was done, the fort +of Les Tourelles was abandoned to the English with no great regret. +The latter set up a rampart of earth and faggots on the bridge, +breaking two of its arches, one in front, the other behind their +earthwork.<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a></p> + +<p>On the Sunday, towards evening, a few hours after the flag of St. +George had been planted on the fort, the Earl of Salisbury, with +William Glasdale and several captains, went up one of the towers to +observe the lie of the city. Looking from a window he beheld the walls +armed with cannon; the towers vanishing into pinnacles or with +terraces on their flat roofs; the battlements dry and grey; the +suburbs adorned for a few days longer with the fine stone-work of +their churches and monasteries; the vineyards and the woods yellow +with autumn tints; the Loire and its oval-shaped islands,—all +slumbering in the evening calm. He was looking for the weak point in +the ramparts, the place where he might make a breach and put up his +scaling ladders. For his plan was to take Orléans by assault. William +Glasdale said to him, "My Lord, look well at your city. You have a +good bird's-eye view of it from here."</p> + +<p>At this moment a cannon-ball breaks off a corner of the window recess, +a stone from the wall strikes Salisbury, carrying away one eye and one +side of his face. The shot had been fired from La Tour Notre-Dame. +That at least was generally believed. It was never known who had fired +it. A townsman,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.127" id="Page_i.127">[Pg i.127]</a></span> alarmed by the noise, hastened to the spot, saw a +child coming out of the tower and the cannon deserted. It was thought +that the hand of an innocent child had fired the bullet by the +permission of the Mother of God, who had been irritated by the Earl of +Salisbury's despoiling monks and pillaging the Church of Notre Dame de +Cléry. It was said also that he was punished for having broken his +oath, for he had promised the Duke of Orléans to respect his lands and +his towns. Borne secretly to Meung-sur-Loire, he died there on +Wednesday the 27th of October; and the English were very +sorrowful.<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a> Most of them felt that loss to be irreparable which +had deprived them of a chief who was conducting the siege vigorously, +and who in less than twelve days had captured Les Tourelles, the very +corner-stone of the city's defence. But there were others who +reflected that he must have been very simple to imagine that thick +ramparts could be overthrown by stone balls, the force of which had +already been spent in crossing the wide stretches of the river, and +that he must have been mad to attempt to storm a city which could only +be reduced by famine. Then they thought: "He is dead. God receive his +soul! But he has brought us into a sorry plight."</p> + +<p>Men told how Maître Jean de Builhons, a famous astrologer, had +prophesied this death,<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> and how in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.128" id="Page_i.128">[Pg i.128]</a></span> night before the fatal +day, the Earl of Salisbury himself had dreamed that he was being +clawed by a wolf. A Norman clerk composed two songs on this sad death, +one against the English, the other for them. The first, which is the +better, closes with a couplet, worthy in its profound wisdom of King +Solomon himself:<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +Certes le duc de Bedefort<br /> +Se sage est, il se tendra<br /> +Avec sa femme en ung fort,<br /> +Chaudement le mieulx<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a> que il porra,<br /> +De bon ypocras finera,<br /> +Garde son corps, lesse la guerre:<br /> +Povre et riche porrist en terre.<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>The day after the taking of Les Tourelles and when its loss had been +remedied as best might be, the King's lieutenant-general entered the +town. He was le Seigneur Jean, Count of Porcien and of Montaing, Grand +Chamberlain of France, son of Duke Louis of Orléans, who had been +assassinated in 1407 by order of Jean-Sans-Peur, and whose death had +armed the Armagnacs against the Burgundians. Dame de Cany was his +mother, but he ought to have been the son of the Duchess of Orléans +since the Duke was his father. Not only was it no drawback to children +to be born outside wedlock and of an adulterous union, but it was a +great honor to be called the bastard of a prince. There have never +been so many bastards as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.129" id="Page_i.129">[Pg i.129]</a></span> during these wars, and the saying ran: +"Children are like corn: sow stolen wheat and it will sprout as well +as any other."<a name="FNanchor_522_522" id="FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a> The Bastard of Orléans was then twenty-six at the +most. The year before, with a small company, he had hastened to +revictual the inhabitants of Montargis, who were besieged by the Earl +of Warwick. He had not only revictualled the town; but with the help +of Captain La Hire had driven away the besiegers. This augured well +for Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_523_523" id="FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> The Bastard was the cleverest baron of his day. He +knew grammar and astrology, and spoke more correctly than any +one.<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> In his affability and intelligence he resembled his father, +but he was more cautious and more temperate. His amiability, his +courtesy and his discretion caused it to be said that he was in favour +with all the ladies, even with the Queen.<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> In everything he was +apt, in war as well as in diplomacy, marvellously adroit, and a +consummate dissembler.</p> + +<p>My Lord the Bastard brought in his train several knights, captains, +and squires of renown, that is to say, of high birth or of great +valour: the Marshal de Boussac, Messire Jacques de Chabannes, +Seneschal of Bourbonnais, the Lord of Chaumont, Messire Théaulde of +Valpergue, a Lombard knight, Captain La Hire, wondrous in war and in +pillage, who had lately done so well in the relief of Montargis, and +Jean, Sire de Bueil, one of those youths who had come to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.130" id="Page_i.130">[Pg i.130]</a></span> King on +a lame horse and who had taken lessons from two wise women, Suffering +and Poverty. These knights came with a company of eight hundred men, +archers, arbalesters, and Italian foot, bearing broad shields like +those of St. George in the churches of Venice and Florence. They +represented all the nobles and free-lances who for the moment could be +gathered together.<a name="FNanchor_526_526" id="FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a></p> + +<p>After the death of its chief, Salisbury's army was paralysed by +disunion and diminished by desertions. Winter was coming: the +captains, seeing there was nothing to be done for the present, broke +up their camp, and, with such men as remained to them, went off to +shelter behind the walls of Meung and Jargeau.<a name="FNanchor_527_527" id="FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> On the evening of +the 8th of November all that remained before the city was the garrison +of Les Tourelles, consisting of five hundred Norman horse, commanded +by William Molyns and William Glasdale. The French might besiege and +take them: they would not budge. The Governor, the old Sire de +Gaucourt, had just fallen on the pavement in La Rue des Hôtelleries +and broken his arm; he couldn't move.<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> But what about the rest of +the defenders?</p> + +<p>The truth is, no one knew what to do. These warriors were doubtless +acquainted with many measures for the succour of a besieged town, but +they were all measures of surprise.<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> Their only devices were +sallies, ambuscades, skirmishes, and other such valiant feats<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.131" id="Page_i.131">[Pg i.131]</a></span> of +arms. Should they fail in raising a siege by surprise, then they +remained inactive,—at the end of their ideas and of their resources. +Their most experienced captains were incapable of any common +effort,—of any concerted action, of any enterprise in short, +requiring a continuous mental effort and the subordination of all to +one. Each was for his own hand and thought of nothing but booty. The +defence of Orléans was altogether beyond their intelligence.</p> + +<p>For twenty-one days Captain Glasdale remained entrenched, with his +five hundred Norman horse, under the battered walls of Les Tourelles, +between his earthworks on Le Portereau side, which couldn't have +become very formidable as yet, and his barrier on the bridge, which +being but wood, a spark could easily have set on fire.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the citizens were at work. After the departure of the +English they performed a huge and arduous task. Concluding, and +rightly, that the enemy would return not through La Sologne this time, +but through La Beauce, they destroyed all their suburbs on the west, +north, and east, as they had already destroyed or begun to destroy Le +Portereau. They burned and pulled down twenty-two churches and +monasteries, among others the church of Saint-Aignan and its +monastery, so beautiful that it was a pity to see it spoiled, the +church of Saint Euverte, the church of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils, not +without promising the blessed patrons of the town that when they +should have delivered the city from the English, the citizens would +build them new and more beautiful churches.<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.132" id="Page_i.132">[Pg i.132]</a></span></p> +<p>On the 30th of November Captain Glasdale beheld Sir John Talbot +approaching Les Tourelles. He brought three hundred men furnished with +cannon, mortars, and other engines of war. Thenceforward the +bombardment was resumed more violently than before: roofs were broken +through, walls were battered, but there was more noise than work. In +La Rue Aux-Petits-Souliers a cannon-ball fell on to a table, round +which five persons were dining, and no one was hurt. It was thought to +have been a miracle of Our Lord worked at the intercession of Saint +Aignan, the patron saint of the city.<a name="FNanchor_531_531" id="FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> The people of Orléans had +wherewith to answer the besiegers. For the seventy cannon and mortars, +of which the city artillery consisted, there were twelve professional +gunners with servants to wait on them. A very clever founder named +Guillaume Duisy had cast a mortar which from its position at the crook +or spur by the Chesneau postern, hurled stone bullets of one hundred +and twenty <i>livres</i> on to Les Tourelles. Near this mortar were two +cannon, one called Montargis because the town of Montargis had lent +it, the other named <i>Rifflart</i><a name="FNanchor_532_532" id="FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> after a very popular demon. A +culverin firer, a Lorrainer living at Angers, had been sent by the +King to Orléans, where he was paid twelve <i>livres</i><a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> a month. His +name was Jean de Montesclère. He was held to be the best master of his +trade. He had in his charge a huge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.133" id="Page_i.133">[Pg i.133]</a></span> culverin which inflicted great +damage on the English.<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a></p> + +<p>A jovial fellow was Maître Jean. When a cannon-ball happened to fall +near him he would tumble to the ground and be carried into the town to +the great joy of the English who believed him dead. But their joy was +short-lived, for Maître Jean soon returned to his post and bombarded +them as before.<a name="FNanchor_535_535" id="FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> These culverins were loaded with leaden bullets +by means of an iron ramrod. They were tiny cannon or rather large guns +on gun-carriages. They could be moved easily.<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> And so Maître +Jean's culverin was brought wherever it was needed.</p> + +<p>On the 25th of December a truce was proclaimed for the celebration of +the Nativity of Our Lord. Of one faith and one religion, on feast days +the hostility of the combatants ceased, and courtesy reconciled the +knights of the two camps whenever the calendar reminded them that they +were Christians. Noël is a gay feast. Captain Glasdale wanted to +celebrate it with carol singing according to the English custom. He +asked my Lord Jean, the Bastard of Orléans, and Marshal de Boussac to +send him a band of musicians, which they graciously did. The Orléans +players went forth to Les Tourelles with their clarions and their +trumpets; and they played the English such carols as rejoiced their +hearts. To the folk of Orléans, who came on to the bridge to listen to +the music, it sounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.134" id="Page_i.134">[Pg i.134]</a></span> very melodious; but no sooner had the truce +expired than every man looked to himself. For from one bank to the +other the cannon burst from their slumber, hurling balls of stone and +copper with renewed vigour.<a name="FNanchor_537_537" id="FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a></p> + +<p>That which the people of Orléans had foreseen happened on the 30th of +December. On that day the English came in great force through La +Beauce to Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils.<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> All the French knights went +out to meet them and performed great feats of arms; but the English +occupied Saint-Laurent, and then the siege really began. They erected +a bastion on the left bank of the Loire, west of Le Portereau, in a +place called the Field of Saint-Privé. Another they erected in the +little island to the right of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils.<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> On the +right bank, at Saint-Laurent, they constructed an entrenched camp. At +a bow-shot's distance on the road to Blois, in a place called la +Croix-Boissée, they built another bastion. Two bow-shots away, towards +the north on the road to Mans, at a spot called Les Douze-Pierres, +they raised a fort which they called London.<a name="FNanchor_540_540" id="FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a></p> + +<p>By these works half of Orléans was invested, which was as good as +saying that it was not invested at all. People went in and out as they +pleased. Small relieving companies despatched by the King arrived +without let or hindrance. On the 5th of January, 1429, Admiral de +Culant with five hundred men-at-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.135" id="Page_i.135">[Pg i.135]</a></span>arms crosses the Loire opposite +Saint-Loup and enters the city by the Burgundian Gate. On the 8th of +February there enters William Stuart, brother of the Constable of +Scotland, at the head of a thousand combatants well accoutred, and +accompanied by several knights and squires. On the morrow they are +followed by three hundred and twenty soldiers. Victuals and ammunition +are constantly arriving; on the 3rd of January, nine hundred and +fifty-four pigs and four hundred sheep; on the 10th, powder and +victuals; on the 12th, six hundred pigs; on the 24th, six hundred head +of fat cattle and two hundred pigs; on the 31st, eight horses loaded +with oil and fat.<a name="FNanchor_541_541" id="FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a></p> + +<p>It became evident to Lord Scales, William Pole, and Sir John Talbot, +who since Salisbury's<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> death had been conducting the siege, that +months and months must elapse ere the investment could be completed +and the city surrounded by a ring of forts connected by a moat. +Meanwhile the miserable <i>Godons</i>, up to the ears in mud and snow, were +freezing in their wretched hovels,—mere shelters of wood and earth. +If things went on thus they were in danger of being worse off and more +starved than the besieged. Therefore, following the example of the +late Earl, from time to time they tried to bring matters to a crisis; +without great hope of success they endeavoured to take the town by +assault.<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a></p> + +<p>On the side of the Renard Gate the wall was lower than elsewhere; and, +as their strongest force lay in this direction, they preferred to +attack this part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.136" id="Page_i.136">[Pg i.136]</a></span> ramparts. They stormed the Renard Gate, +rushing against the barriers with loud cries of Saint George; but the +king's men and the city bands drove them back to their bastions.<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a> +Each of these ill planned and useless assaults cost them many men. And +they already lacked both soldiers and horses.</p> + +<p>Neither had they succeeded in alarming the people of Orléans by their +double bombardment on the south and on the west. There was a joke in +the town that a great cannon-ball had fallen near La Porte Bannière +into the midst of a crowd of a hundred people without touching one, +except a fellow who had his shoe taken off by it, but suffered no +further hurt than having to put it on again.<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the French, English, and Burgundian knights took delight in +performing valiant deeds of prowess. Whenever the whim took them, and +under the slightest protest, they sallied forth into the country, but +always with the object of capturing some booty, for they thought of +little else. One day, for instance, towards the end of January, when +it was bitterly cold, a little band of English marauders entered the +vineyards of Saint-Ladre and Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle to gather sticks +for firewood. The watchman no sooner announces them than behold all +the banners flying to the wind. Marshal de Boussac, Messire Jacques de +Chabannes, Seneschal of Bourbonnais, Messire Denis de Chaîlly, and +many another baron, and with them captains and free-lances, make forth +into the fields. Not one of them can have commanded as many as twenty +men.<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a></p> + +<p>The King's council was making every effort to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.137" id="Page_i.137">[Pg i.137]</a></span> succour Orléans. The +King summoned the nobles of Auvergne. They had been true to the Lilies +ever since the day when the Dauphin, Canon of Notre-Dame-d'Ancis, and +barely more than a child, had travelled over wild peaks to subdue two +or three rebellious barons.<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a> At the royal call the nobles of +Auvergne came forth from their mountains. Beneath the standard of the +Count of Clermont, in the early days of February, they reached Blois, +where they joined the Scottish force of John Stuart of Darnley, the +Constable of Scotland, and a company from Bourbonnais, under the +command of the barons La Tour-d'Auvergne and De Thouars.<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a></p> + +<p>Just at this time tidings were received of a convoy of victuals and +ammunition which Sir John Fastolf was bringing from Paris to the +English at Orléans. With two hundred men-at-arms the Bastard started +from Orléans to concert measures with the Count of Clermont. It was +decided to attack the convoy. Commanded by the Count of Clermont and +the Bastard the whole army from Blois marched towards Étampes with the +object of encountering Sir John Fastolf.<a name="FNanchor_549_549" id="FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a></p> + +<p>On the 11th of February there sallied forth from Orléans fifteen +hundred fighting men commanded by Messire Guillaume d'Albret, Sir +William Stuart, brother of the Constable of Scotland, the Marshal de +Boussac, the Lord of Gravelle, the two Captains Saintrailles, Captain +La Hire, the Lord of Verduzan, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.138" id="Page_i.138">[Pg i.138]</a></span> sundry other knights and squires. +They were summoned by the Bastard and ordered to join the Count of +Clermont's army on the road to Étampes, at the village of +Rouvray-Saint-Denis, near Angerville.<a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a></p> + +<p>The next day, Saturday, the eve of the first Sunday in Lent, when the +Count of Clermont's army was still some distance away, they reached +Rouvray. There, early in the morning, the Gascons of Poton and La Hire +perceived the head of the convoy advancing into the plain, along the +Étampes road.</p> + +<p>There they were, a line of three hundred carts and wagons full of arms +and victuals conducted by English soldiers and merchants and peasants +from Normandy, Picardy, and Paris, fifteen hundred men at the most, +all tranquil and unsuspecting. There naturally occurred to the Gascons +the idea of falling upon these people and making short work with them +at the moment when they least expected it.<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a> In great haste they +sent to the Count of Clermont for permission to attack. As handsome as +Absalom and Paris of Troy, full of words and eaten up of vanity, the +Count of Clermont, who was but a lad and none of the wisest, had that +very day received his spurs and was at his first engagement.<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a> He +foolishly sent word to the Gascons not to attack before his arrival. +The Gascons obeyed greatly disappointed; they saw what was being lost +by waiting. And at length, perceiving that they have walked into the +lion's mouth, the Eng<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.139" id="Page_i.139">[Pg i.139]</a></span>lish leaders, Sir John Fastolf, Sir Richard +Gethyn, Bailie of Évreux, Sir Simon Morhier, Provost of Paris, place +themselves in good battle array. With their wagons they make a long +narrow enclosure in the plain. There they entrench their horsemen, +posting the archers in front, behind stakes planted in the ground with +their points inclined towards the enemy.<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> Seeing these +preparations, the Constable of Scotland loses patience and leads his +four hundred horsemen in a rush upon the stakes, where the horses' +legs are broken.<a name="FNanchor_554_554" id="FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> The English, discovering that it is only a small +company they have to deal with, bring out their cavalry and charge +with such force that they overthrow the French and slay three hundred. +Meanwhile the men of Auvergne had reached Rouvray and were scouring +the village, draining the cellars. The Bastard left them and came to +the help of the Scots with four hundred fighting men. But he was +wounded in the foot, and in great danger of being taken.<a name="FNanchor_555_555" id="FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a></p> + +<p>There fell in this combat Lord William Stuart and his brother, the +Lords of Verduzan, of Châteaubrun, of Rochechouart, Jean Chabot with +many others of high nobility and great valour.<a name="FNanchor_556_556" id="FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a> The English, not +yet satiated with slaughter, scattered in pursuit of the fugitives. La +Hire and Poton, beholding the enemy's standards dispersed over the +plain, gathered together as many men as they could, between sixty and +eighty, and threw themselves on a small part of the English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.140" id="Page_i.140">[Pg i.140]</a></span> force, +which they overcame. If at this juncture the rest of the French had +rallied they might have saved the honour and advantage of the +day.<a name="FNanchor_557_557" id="FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a> But the Count of Clermont, who had not attempted to come to +the aid of the Bastard and the Constable of Scotland, displayed his +unfailing cowardice to the end. Having seen them all slain, he +returned with his army to Orléans, where he arrived well on into the +night of the 12th of February.<a name="FNanchor_558_558" id="FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a> There followed him with their +troops in disorder, the Baron La Tour-d'Auvergne, the Viscount of +Thouars, the Marshal de Boussac, the Lord of Gravelle and the Bastard, +who with the greatest difficulty kept in the saddle. Jamet du Tillay, +La Hire, and Poton came last, watching to see that the English did not +complete their discomfiture by falling upon them from the forts.<a name="FNanchor_559_559" id="FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a></p> + +<p>Because the Lenten fast was beginning, the victuals which Sir John +Fastolf was bringing from Paris to the English round Orléans, +consisted largely of red herrings, which had suffered during the +battle from the casks containing them having been broken in. To honour +the French for having discomfited so many natives of Dieppe the +delighted English merrily named the combat the Battle of the +Herrings.<a name="FNanchor_560_560" id="FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a></p> + +<p>Albeit the Count of Clermont was the King's cousin, the people of +Orléans received him but coldly. He was held to have acted shamefully +and treacherously; and there were those who let him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.141" id="Page_i.141">[Pg i.141]</a></span> know what they +thought. On the morrow he made off with his men of Auvergne and +Bourbonnais amidst the rejoicings of the townsfolk who did not want to +support those who would not fight.<a name="FNanchor_561_561" id="FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a> At the same time there left +the city Sire Louis de Culant, High Admiral of France and Captain La +Hire, with two thousand men-at-arms. At their departure there arose +from the citizens such howls of displeasure, that to appease them it +was necessary to explain that the captains were going to fetch fresh +supplies of men and victuals, which was the actual truth. My Lord +Regnault de Chartres, the date of whose arrival at Orléans is +uncertain, departed with them; but he could not be reproached for +going, since as Chancellor of France his place was in the King's +Council. But what must indeed have appeared strange was that my Lord +Saint-Michel, the successor of Saint-Euverte and Saint-Aignan, should +quit his episcopal see and desert his afflicted spouse.<a name="FNanchor_562_562" id="FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a> When the +rats go the vessel is on the point of sinking. Only the Lord Bastard +and the Marshal de Boussac were left in the city. And even the Marshal +was not to stay long. A month later he went, saying that the King had +need of him and that he must go and take possession of broad lands +fallen to him through his wife, by the death of his brother-in-law, +the Lord of Châteaubrun, at the Battle of the Herrings.<a name="FNanchor_563_563" id="FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a> The +townsfolk deemed the reason a good one. He promised to return before +long, and they were content. Now the Marshal de Boussac was one of the +barons who had the welfare of the kingdom most at heart.<a name="FNanchor_564_564" id="FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.142" id="Page_i.142">[Pg i.142]</a></span> But he +who has lands must needs do his duty by them.</p> + +<p>Believing that they were betrayed and abandoned, the citizens +bethought them of securing their own safety. Since the King was not +able to protect them, they resolved that in order to escape from the +English, they would give themselves to one more powerful than he. +Therefore, to Lord Philip, Duke of Burgundy, they despatched Captain +Poton of Saintrailles, who was known to him because he had been his +prisoner, and two magistrates of the city, Jean de Saint-Avy and Guion +du Fossé. Their mission was to pray and entreat the Duke to look +favourably on the town, and for the sake of his good kinsman, their +Lord, Charles, Duke of Orléans, a prisoner in England, and thus +prevented from defending his own domain, to induce the English to +raise the siege until such time as the troubles of the realm should be +set at rest.<a name="FNanchor_565_565" id="FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a> Thus they were offering to place their town as a +pledge in the hands of the Duke of Burgundy. Such an offer was in +accordance with the secret desire of the Duke, who, having sent a few +hundred Burgundian horse to the walls of Orléans, was helping the +English, and did not intend to do it for nothing.<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a></p> + +<p>Pending the uncertain and distant day when they might be thus +protected, the people of Orléans continued to protect themselves as +best they could. But they were anxious and not without reason. For +although they might prevent the enemy from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.143" id="Page_i.143">[Pg i.143]</a></span> entering within the city, +they could devise no means for speedily driving him away. In the early +days of March they observed with concern that the English were digging +a ditch to serve them as cover in passing from one bastion to another, +from la Croix-Boissée to Saint-Ladre. This work they attempted to +destroy. They vigorously attacked the <i>Godons</i> and took a few +prisoners. With two shots from his culverin Maître Jean killed five +persons, including Lord Gray, the nephew of the late Earl of +Salisbury.<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> But they could not hinder the English from completing +their work. The siege continued with terrible vigour. Agitated by +doubts and fears, consumed with anxiety, without sleep, without rest, +and succeeding in nothing, they began to despair. Suddenly a strange +rumour arises, spreads, and gains credence.</p> + +<p>It is told that there had lately passed through the town of Gien a +maid (<i>une pucelle</i>), who proclaimed that she was on her way to Chinon +to the gentle Dauphin, and said that she had been sent by God to raise +the siege of Orléans and take the King to his anointing at Reims.<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a></p> + +<p>In colloquial language, a maid (<i>une pucelle</i>) was a girl of humble +birth, who earned her livelihood by manual work and was generally a +servant. Thus the leaden pumps used in kitchens were usually called +<i>pucelles</i>. The term was doubtless vulgar, but it had no evil meaning. +In spite of Clopinel's naughty saying: "<i>Je légue ma pucelle à mon +curé</i>," it was used to describe a respectable girl of good +morals.<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.144" id="Page_i.144">[Pg i.144]</a></span></p> +<p>The tidings that a little saint of lowly origin, one of Our Lord's +poor, was bringing divine help to Orléans made a great impression on +minds excited by the fevers of the siege and rendered religious +through fear. The Maid inspired them with a burning curiosity, which +the Lord Bastard, like a wise man, deemed it prudent to encourage. He +despatched to Chinon two knights charged to inquire concerning the +damsel. One was Sire Archambaud of Villars, Governor of Montargis, +whom the Bastard had already sent to the King during the siege; he was +an aged knight, once the intimate friend of Duke Louis of Orléans, and +one of the seven Frenchmen who fought against the seven Englishmen at +Montendre,<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> in 1402: an Orléans citizen of the early days, +notwithstanding his great age he had vigourously defended Les +Tourelles on the 21st of October. The other, Messire Jamet du Tillay, +a Breton squire, had recently won great honour by covering the retreat +of Rouvray with his men. They set forth and the whole town anxiously +awaited their return.<a name="FNanchor_571_571" id="FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.145" id="Page_i.145">[Pg i.145]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT CHINON—PROPHECIES</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capf.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="F" title="F" class="floatl" />ROM the village of Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois, Jeanne dictated a +letter to the King, for she did not know how to write. In this letter +she asked permission to come to him, and told him that to bring him +aid she had travelled over one hundred and fifty leagues, and that she +knew of many things for his good. She was said to have added that were +he hidden amidst many others she would recognise him;<a name="FNanchor_572_572" id="FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> but later, +when she was questioned on this matter, she replied that she had no +recollection of it.</p> + +<p>Towards noon, when the letter had been sealed, Jeanne and her escort +set out for Chinon.<a name="FNanchor_573_573" id="FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a> She went to the King, just as in those days +there went to him the sons of poor widows of Azincourt and Verneuil +riding lame horses found in some meadow,—fifteen-year-old lads coming +forth from their ruined towers to mend their own fortunes and those of +France; just as Loyalty, Desire, and Famine went to him.<a name="FNanchor_574_574" id="FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a> Charles +VII was France, the image and symbol of France. Yet he was but a poor +creature withal, the eleventh of the miserable children born to the +mad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.146" id="Page_i.146">[Pg i.146]</a></span> Charles VI and his prolific Bavarian Queen.<a name="FNanchor_575_575" id="FNanchor_575_575"></a><a href="#Footnote_575_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a> He had grown up +among disasters, and had survived his four elder brethren. But he +himself was badly bred, knock-kneed, and bandy-legged;<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a> a +veritable king's son, if his looks only were considered, and yet it +was impossible to swear to his descent.<a name="FNanchor_577_577" id="FNanchor_577_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a> Through his presence on +the bridge at Montereau on that day, when, according to a wise man, it +were better to have died than to have been there,<a name="FNanchor_578_578" id="FNanchor_578_578"></a><a href="#Footnote_578_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a> he had grown +pale and trembling, looking dully at everything going to wrack and +ruin around him. After their victory of Verneuil and their partial +conquest of Maine, the English had left him four years' respite. But +his friends, his defenders, his deliverers had alike been terrible. +Pious and humble, well content with his plain wife, he led a sad, +anxious life in his châteaux on the Loire. He was timid. And well +might he be so, for no sooner did he show friendship towards or +confidence in one of the nobility than that noble was killed. The +Constable de Richemont and the Sire de la Trémouille had drowned the +Lord de Giac after a mock trial.<a name="FNanchor_579_579" id="FNanchor_579_579"></a><a href="#Footnote_579_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.147" id="Page_i.147">[Pg i.147]</a></span> Marshal de Boussac, by +order of the Constable, had slain Lecamus de Beaulieu with even less +ceremony. Lecamus was riding his mule in a meadow on the bank of the +Clain, when he was set upon, thrown down, his head split open, and his +hand cut off. The favourite's mule was taken back to the King.<a name="FNanchor_580_580" id="FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a> +The Constable de Richemont had given Charles in his stead La +Trémouille, a very barrel of a man, a toper, a kind of Gargantua who +devoured the country. La Trémouille having driven away Richemont, the +King kept La Trémouille until the Constable, of whom he was greatly in +dread, should return. And indeed so meek and fearful a prince had +reason to dread this Breton, always defeated, always furious, bitter, +ferocious, whose awkwardness and violence created an impression of +rude frankness.<a name="FNanchor_581_581" id="FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a></p> + +<p>In 1428 Richemont wanted to resume his influence over the King. The +Counts of Clermont and of Pardiac united to aid him. The King's +mother-in-law, Yolande of Aragon, the kingdomless Queen of Sicily and +Jerusalem, and the Duchess of Anjou, took the part of the discontented +barons.<a name="FNanchor_582_582" id="FNanchor_582_582"></a><a href="#Footnote_582_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a> The Count of Clermont took prisoner the Chancellor of +France, the first minister of the crown, and held him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.148" id="Page_i.148">[Pg i.148]</a></span> to ransom. The +King had to pay for the restoration of his Chancellor.<a name="FNanchor_583_583" id="FNanchor_583_583"></a><a href="#Footnote_583_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a> In Poitou +the Constable was warring against the King's men, while the provinces +which remained loyal were being wasted by free lances in the King's +pay, while the English were advancing towards the Loire.</p> + +<p>In the midst of such miseries, King Charles, thin, dwarfed in mind and +body, cowering, timorous, suspicious, cut a sorry figure. Yet he was +as good as another; and perhaps at that time he was just the king that +was needed. A Philippe of Valois or a Jean le Bon would have amused +himself by losing his provinces at the point of the sword. Poor King +Charles had neither their means nor their desire to perform deeds of +prowess, or to press to the front of the battle by riding down the +common herd. He had one good point: he did not love feats of prowess +and it was impossible for him to be one of those chivalrous knights +who make war for the love of it. His grandfather before him, who had +been equally lacking in chivalrous graces, had greatly damaged the +English. The grandson had not Charles V's wisdom, but he also was not +free from guile and was inclined to believe that more may be gained by +the signing of a treaty than at the point of the lance.<a name="FNanchor_584_584" id="FNanchor_584_584"></a><a href="#Footnote_584_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a></p> + +<p>Concerning his poverty ridiculous stories were in circulation. It was +said that a shoemaker, to whom he could not pay ready money, had torn +from his leg the new gaiter he had just put on, and gone off, leav<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.149" id="Page_i.149">[Pg i.149]</a></span>ing +the King with his old ones.<a name="FNanchor_585_585" id="FNanchor_585_585"></a><a href="#Footnote_585_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a> It was related how one day La Hire +and Saintrailles, coming to see him, had found him dining with the +Queen, with two chickens and a sheep's tail as their only +entertainment.<a name="FNanchor_586_586" id="FNanchor_586_586"></a><a href="#Footnote_586_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a> But these were merely good stories. The King still +possessed domains wide and rich; Auvergne, Lyonnais, Dauphiné, +Touraine, Anjou, all the provinces south of the Loire, except Guyenne +and Gascony.<a name="FNanchor_587_587" id="FNanchor_587_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a></p> + +<p>His great resource was to convoke the States General. The nobility +gave nothing, alleging that it was beneath their dignity to pay money. +When, notwithstanding their poverty, the clergy did contribute +something, it was still, always the third estate that bore more than +its share of the financial burden. That extraordinary tax, the +<i>taille</i>,<a name="FNanchor_588_588" id="FNanchor_588_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a> became annual. The King summoned the Estates every +year, sometimes twice a year. They met not without difficulty.<a name="FNanchor_589_589" id="FNanchor_589_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a> +The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.150" id="Page_i.150">[Pg i.150]</a></span> roads were dangerous. At every corner travellers might be robbed +or murdered. The officers, who journeyed from town to town collecting +the taxes, had an armed escort for fear of the Scots and other +men-at-arms in the King's service.<a name="FNanchor_590_590" id="FNanchor_590_590"></a><a href="#Footnote_590_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a></p> + +<p>In 1427 a free lance, Sabbat by name, in garrison at Langeais, was the +terror of Touraine and Anjou. Thus the representatives of the towns +were in no hurry to present themselves at the meeting of the Estates. +It might have been different had they believed that their money would +be employed for the good of the realm. But they knew that the King +would first use it to make gifts to his barons. The deputies were +invited to come and devise means for the repression of the pillage and +plunder from which they were suffering;<a name="FNanchor_591_591" id="FNanchor_591_591"></a><a href="#Footnote_591_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a> and, when at the risk of +their lives they did come to the royal presence, they were forced to +consent to the <i>taille</i> in silence. The King's officers threatened to +have them drowned if they opened their mouths. At the meeting of the +Estates held at Mehun-sur-Yèvre in 1425 the men from the good towns +said they would be glad to help the King, but first they desired that +an end be put to pillage, and my Lord Bishop of Poitiers, Hugues de +Comberel, said likewise. On hearing his words the Sire de Giac said to +the King: "If my advice were taken, Comberel would be thrown into the +river with the others of his opinion." Whereupon the men from the good +towns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.151" id="Page_i.151">[Pg i.151]</a></span> voted two hundred and sixty thousand livres.<a name="FNanchor_592_592" id="FNanchor_592_592"></a><a href="#Footnote_592_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a> In September, +1427, assembled at Chinon, they granted five hundred thousand livres +for the war.<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a> By writs issued on the 8th of January, 1428, the +King summoned the States General to meet six months hence, on the +following 18th of July, at Tours.<a name="FNanchor_594_594" id="FNanchor_594_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a> On the 18th of July no one +attended. On the 22nd of July came a new summons from the King, +commanding the Estates to meet at Tours on the 10th of September.<a name="FNanchor_595_595" id="FNanchor_595_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a> +But the meeting did not take place until October, at Chinon, just when +the Earl of Salisbury was marching on the Loire. The States granted +five hundred thousand livres.<a name="FNanchor_596_596" id="FNanchor_596_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a></p> + +<p>But the time could not be far off when the good people would be unable +to pay any longer. In those days of war and pillage many a field was +lying fallow, many a shop was closed, and few were the merchants +ambling on their nags from town to town.<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a></p> + +<p>The tax came in badly, and the King was actually suffering from want +of money. To extricate himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.152" id="Page_i.152">[Pg i.152]</a></span> from this embarrassment he employed +three devices, of which the best was useless. First, as he owed every +one money,—the Queen of Sicily,<a name="FNanchor_598_598" id="FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a> La Trémouille,<a name="FNanchor_599_599" id="FNanchor_599_599"></a><a href="#Footnote_599_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a> his +Chancellor,<a name="FNanchor_600_600" id="FNanchor_600_600"></a><a href="#Footnote_600_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a> his butcher,<a name="FNanchor_601_601" id="FNanchor_601_601"></a><a href="#Footnote_601_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a> the chapter of Bourges, which +provided him with fresh fish,<a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a> his cooks,<a name="FNanchor_603_603" id="FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a> his footmen,<a name="FNanchor_604_604" id="FNanchor_604_604"></a><a href="#Footnote_604_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a>—he +made over the proceeds of the tax to his creditors.<a name="FNanchor_605_605" id="FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_605_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a> Secondly, he +alienated the royal domain: his towns and his lands belonged to every +one save himself.<a name="FNanchor_606_606" id="FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a> Thirdly, he coined false money. It was not with +evil intent, but through necessity, and the practice was quite +usual.<a name="FNanchor_607_607" id="FNanchor_607_607"></a><a href="#Footnote_607_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a></p> + +<p>The only title borne by La Trémouille was that of +Conseiller-Chambellan, but he was also the Grand Usurer of the +kingdom. His debtors were the King and a multitude of nobles high and +low.<a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a> He was therefore a powerful personage. In those difficult<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.153" id="Page_i.153">[Pg i.153]</a></span> +days he rendered the crown services self-interested, but none the less +valuable. From January to August, 1428, he advanced sums amounting to +about twenty-seven thousand livres for which he received lands and +castles as security.<a name="FNanchor_609_609" id="FNanchor_609_609"></a><a href="#Footnote_609_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a> Fortunately the Royal Council included a +number of Jurists and Churchmen who were good business men. One of +them, an Angevin, Robert Le Maçon, Lord of Trèves, of plebeian birth, +had entered the Council during the Regency. He was the first among +those of lowly origin who served Charles VII so ably that he came to +be called The Well Served (<i>Le Bien Servi</i>).<a name="FNanchor_610_610" id="FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a> Another, the Sire de +Gaucourt, had aided his King in war.<a name="FNanchor_611_611" id="FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a></p> + +<p>There is yet a third whom we must learn to know as well as possible. +For he will play an important part in this story; and his part would +appear greater still if it were laid bare in its entirety. This is +Regnault de Chartres, whom we have already seen promoted to be +minister of finance.<a name="FNanchor_612_612" id="FNanchor_612_612"></a><a href="#Footnote_612_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a> Son of Hector de Chartres, master of Woods +and Waters in Normandy, he took orders, became archdeacon of Beauvais, +then chamberlain of Pope John XXIII, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.154" id="Page_i.154">[Pg i.154]</a></span> 1414, at about +thirty-four, was raised to the archiepiscopal see of Reims.<a name="FNanchor_613_613" id="FNanchor_613_613"></a><a href="#Footnote_613_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a> The +following year three of his brothers fell on the gory field of +Azincourt. In 1418 Hector de Chartres perished at Paris, assassinated +by the Butchers.<a name="FNanchor_614_614" id="FNanchor_614_614"></a><a href="#Footnote_614_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a> Regnault himself, cast into prison by the +Cabochiens, expected to be put to death. He vowed that if he escaped +he would fast every Wednesday, and drink water for breakfast every +Friday and Saturday, for the rest of his life.<a name="FNanchor_615_615" id="FNanchor_615_615"></a><a href="#Footnote_615_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a> One must not judge +a man by an act prompted by fear. Nevertheless we may well hesitate to +rank the author of this vow with those Epicureans who did not believe +in God, of whom there were said to be many among the clerks. We may +conclude rather that his intelligence submitted to the common beliefs.</p> + +<p>A tragic fidelity, an inherited loyalty to the Armagnacs recommended +my Lord Regnault to the Dauphin, who entrusted him with important +missions to various parts of Christendom, Languedoc, Scotland, +Brittany, and Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_616_616" id="FNanchor_616_616"></a><a href="#Footnote_616_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a> The Archbishop of Reims acquitted himself +with rare skill and indefatigable zeal. In December he prayed the Holy +Father to dispense him from the fulfilment of the vow taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.155" id="Page_i.155">[Pg i.155]</a></span> in the +Butchers' prison,<a name="FNanchor_617_617" id="FNanchor_617_617"></a><a href="#Footnote_617_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a> on the grounds of his feeble health and his +services rendered to the Dauphin, who required him to undertake +frequent journeys and arduous embassies.</p> + +<p>In 1425, when the King and the kingdom were governed by President +Louvet,<a name="FNanchor_618_618" id="FNanchor_618_618"></a><a href="#Footnote_618_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a> a learned lawyer, who may well have been a rogue, my Lord +Regnault was appointed Chancellor of France in the place of my Lord +Martin Gouges of Charpaigne, Bishop of Clermont.<a name="FNanchor_619_619" id="FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a> But shortly +afterwards, when the Constable of France, Arthur of Brittany, had +dismissed Louvet, Regnault sold his appointment to Martin Gouges for a +pension of two thousand five hundred <i>livres tournois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_620_620" id="FNanchor_620_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a></p> + +<p>The Reverend Father in God, my Lord the Archbishop of Reims, was not +as rich, far from it, as my Lord de la Trémouille; but he made the +best of what he had. Like the Sire de la Trémouille he lent money to +the King.<a name="FNanchor_621_621" id="FNanchor_621_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a> But in those days who did not lend the King money? +Charles VII gave him the town and castle of Vierzon in payment of a +debt of sixteen thousand <i>livres tournois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a> When La Trémouille +had treated the Constable as the Constable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.156" id="Page_i.156">[Pg i.156]</a></span> had treated Louvet, +Regnault de Chartres became Chancellor again. He entered into his +office on the 8th of November, 1428. By this time the Council had sent +men-at-arms and cannon to Orléans. No sooner was my Lord of Reims +appointed than he threw himself into the city and spared no +trouble.<a name="FNanchor_623_623" id="FNanchor_623_623"></a><a href="#Footnote_623_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> He was keenly attached to the goods of this world and +might pass for a miser.<a name="FNanchor_624_624" id="FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a> But there can be no doubt of his devotion +to the royal cause, nor of his hatred of those who fought under the +Leopard and the Red Cross.<a name="FNanchor_625_625" id="FNanchor_625_625"></a><a href="#Footnote_625_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a></p> + +<p>After eleven days' journey, Jeanne reached Chinon on the 6th of +March.<a name="FNanchor_626_626" id="FNanchor_626_626"></a><a href="#Footnote_626_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a> It was the fourth Sunday in Lent, that very Sunday on +which the lads and lasses of Domremy went forth in bands, into the +country still grey and leafless, to eat their nuts and hard-boiled +eggs, with the rolls their mothers had kneaded. That was what they +called their well-dressing. But Jeanne was not to recollect past +well-dressings nor the home she had left without a word of +farewell.<a name="FNanchor_627_627" id="FNanchor_627_627"></a><a href="#Footnote_627_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a> Ignoring those rustic, well-nigh pagan festivals which +poor Christians introduced into the penance of the holy forty days, +the Church had named this Sunday <i>Lætare</i> Sunday, from the first word +in the introit for the day: <i>Lætare, Jerusalem</i>. On that Sunday the +priest, ascending the altar steps, says low mass; and at high mass the +choir sings the following words from Scripture: "<i>Lætare, Jerusalem; +et conventum facite,</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.157" id="Page_i.157">[Pg i.157]</a></span> <i>omnes qui diligitis eam ...</i>: Rejoice ye with +Jerusalem, and be glad with her, all ye that love her: rejoice for joy +with her all ye that mourn for her: That ye may suck, and be satisfied +with the breasts of her consolations; ..."<a name="FNanchor_628_628" id="FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#Footnote_628_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a> That day priests, +monks, and clerks versed in holy Scripture, as in the churches with +the people assembled they sang <i>Lætare, Jerusalem</i>, had present before +their minds the virgin announced by prophecy, raised up for the +deliverance of the kingdom, marked with a sign, who was then making +her humble entrance into the town. Perhaps more than one applied what +that passage of Scripture says of the Holy Nation to the realm of +France, and in the coincidence of that liturgical text and the happy +coming of the Maid found occasion for hope. <i>Lætare, Jerusalem!</i> +Rejoice ye, O people, in your true King and your rightful sovereign. +<i>Et conventum facite</i>: and come together. Unite all your strength +against the enemy. <i>Gaudete cum laetitia, qui in tristitia fuistis</i>: +after your long mourning, rejoice. The Lord sends you succour and +consolation.</p> + +<p>By the intercession of Saint Julien, and probably with the aid of +Collet de Vienne, the King's messenger, Jeanne found a lodging in the +town, near the castle, in an inn kept by a woman of good repute.<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a> +The spits were idle. And the guests, deep in the chimney-corner, were +watching the grilling of Saint Herring, who was suffering worse +torments than Saint Lawrence.<a name="FNanchor_630_630" id="FNanchor_630_630"></a><a href="#Footnote_630_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a> In those times no one in +Christendom neglected the Church's injunctions concerning the fasts +and abstinences of Holy Lent. Following the exam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.158" id="Page_i.158">[Pg i.158]</a></span>ple of Our Lord Jesus +Christ who fasted forty days in the desert, the faithful observed the +fast from Quadragesima Sunday until Easter Sunday, making forty days +after abstracting the Sundays when the fast was broken but not the +abstinence. Thus fasting and with her soul comforted, Jeanne listened +to the soft whisper of her Voices.<a name="FNanchor_631_631" id="FNanchor_631_631"></a><a href="#Footnote_631_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a> The two days she spent in the +inn were passed in retirement, on her knees.<a name="FNanchor_632_632" id="FNanchor_632_632"></a><a href="#Footnote_632_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a> The banks of the +Vienne and the broad meadows, still in their black wintry garb, the +hill-slopes over which light mists floated, did not tempt her. But +when, on her way to church, climbing up a steep street, or merely +grooming her horse in the inn yard, she raised her eyes to the north, +there on a mountain close at hand, just about the distance that would +be traversed by one of those stone cannon-balls which had been in use +for the last fifty or sixty years, she saw the towers of the finest +castle of the realm. Behind its proud walls there breathed that King +to whom she had journeyed, impelled by a miraculous love.</p> + +<p>There were three castles merging before her into one long mass of +embattled walls, of keeps, towers, turrets, curtains, barbicans, +ramparts, and watch-towers; three castles separated one from the other +by dykes, barriers, posterns, and portcullis. On her left, towards +sunset, crowded, one behind the other, the eight towers of Coudray, +one of which had been built for a king of England, while the newest +were more than two hundred years old. On the right could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.159" id="Page_i.159">[Pg i.159]</a></span> plainly +seen the middle castle, with its ancient walls and its towers crowned +with machicolated battlements. There was the chamber of Saint Louis, +the King's chamber, the apartment of him whom Jeanne called the Gentle +Dauphin. And there also, close to the rush-strewn room, was the great +hall in which she was to be received. Towards the town the site of the +hall was indicated by an adjoining tower, square and very old. On the +right extended a vast bailey or stronghold, intended as a lodging for +the garrison, and a defence of the middle part of the castle. Near by +a large chapel raised its roof, in the form of an inverted keel, above +the ramparts. This chapel, built by Henry II of England, was under the +patronage of Saint George, and from it the bailey received its name of +Fort Saint George.<a name="FNanchor_633_633" id="FNanchor_633_633"></a><a href="#Footnote_633_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a> In those days every one knew the story of +Saint George the valiant knight, who with his lance transfixed a +dragon and delivered a King's daughter, and then suffered martyrdom +confessing his faith. Like Saint Catherine he had been bound to a +wheel with sharp spikes, and the wheel had been miraculously broken +like that on which the executioners had bound the Virgin of +Alexandria. And like her Saint George had suffered death by means of +an axe, thus proving that he was a great saint.<a name="FNanchor_634_634" id="FNanchor_634_634"></a><a href="#Footnote_634_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a> In one thing, +however, he was wrong; he was of the party of the <i>Godons</i>, who for +more than three hundred years had kept his feast as that of all the +English. They held him to be their patron saint and invoked him before +all other saints. Thus his name was pronounced as constantly by the +vilest Welsh archer as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.160" id="Page_i.160">[Pg i.160]</a></span> by a knight of the Garter. In truth no one +knew what he thought and whether he did not condemn all these +marauders who were fighting for a bad cause; but there was reason to +fear that such great honours would affect him. The saints of Paradise +are generally ready to take the side of those who invoke them most +devoutly. And Saint George, after all, was just as English as Saint +Michael was French. That glorious archangel had appeared as the most +vigilant protector of the Lilies ever since my Lord Saint Denys, the +patron saint of the kingdom, had permitted his abbey to be taken. And +Jeanne knew it.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the despatches brought from the Commander of Vaucouleurs by +Colet de Vienne were presented to the King.<a name="FNanchor_635_635" id="FNanchor_635_635"></a><a href="#Footnote_635_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a> These despatches +instructed him concerning the deeds and sayings of the damsel. This +was one of those countless matters to be examined by the Council, one +which, it appears, the King must himself investigate, as pertaining to +his royal office and as interesting him especially, since it might be +a question of a damsel of remarkable piety, and he was himself the +highest ecclesiastical personage in France.<a name="FNanchor_636_636" id="FNanchor_636_636"></a><a href="#Footnote_636_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a> His grandfather, wise +prince that he was, would have been far from scorning the counsel of +devout women in whom was the voice of God. About the year 1380 he had +summoned to Paris Guillemette de la Rochelle, who led a solitary and +contemplative life, and acquired such great power therefrom, so it was +said, that during her transports she raised herself more than two feet +from the ground. In many a church King Charles V had beautiful +oratories built,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.161" id="Page_i.161">[Pg i.161]</a></span> where she might pray for him.<a name="FNanchor_637_637" id="FNanchor_637_637"></a><a href="#Footnote_637_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a> The grandson +should do no less, for his need was still greater. There were still +more recent examples in his family of dealings between kings and +saints. His father, the poor King Charles VI, when he was passing +through Tours, had caused Louis, Duke of Orléans, to present to him +Dame Marie de Maillé. She had taken a vow of virginity and had +transformed the spouse, who approached her like a devouring lion, into +a timorous lamb. She revealed secrets to the King, and he was pleased +with her, for three years later he wanted to see her again at Paris. +This time they talked long together in private, and she revealed more +secrets to the King, so that he sent her away with gifts.<a name="FNanchor_638_638" id="FNanchor_638_638"></a><a href="#Footnote_638_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> This +same Prince had granted an audience to a poor knight of Caux, one +Robert le Mennot, to whom, when he was in danger of shipwreck near the +coast of Syria, had been vouchsafed a vision. He proclaimed that God +had sent him to restore peace.<a name="FNanchor_639_639" id="FNanchor_639_639"></a><a href="#Footnote_639_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a> Still more favourably had the King +received a woman, Marie Robine, who was commonly called la Gasque of +Avignon.<a name="FNanchor_640_640" id="FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> In 1429, there were those at court who remembered the +prophetess sent to Charles VI to confirm him in his subjection to Pope +Benedict XIII. This pope was held to be an antipope; nevertheless, La +Gasque was regarded as a prophetess. Like Jeanne she had had many +visions concerning the desolation of the realm of France; and she had +seen weapons in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.162" id="Page_i.162">[Pg i.162]</a></span> sky.<a name="FNanchor_641_641" id="FNanchor_641_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a> The kings of England were no less ready +than the kings of France to heed the words of those saintly men and +women, multitudes of whom were at that time uttering prophecies. Henry +V consulted the hermit of Sainte-Claude, Jean de Gand, who foretold +the King's approaching death; and on his death-bed he again had the +stern prophet summoned.<a name="FNanchor_642_642" id="FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a> It was the custom of saints to speak to +kings and of kings to listen to them. How could a pious prince disdain +so miraculous a source of counsel? Had he done so he would have +incurred the censure of the wisest.</p> + +<p>King Charles read the Commander of Vaucouleur's letters, and had the +damsel's escort examined before him. Of her mission and her miracles +they could say nothing. But they spoke of the good they had seen in +her during the journey, and affirmed that there was no evil in +her.<a name="FNanchor_643_643" id="FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a></p> + +<p>Of a truth, God speaketh through the mouths of virgins. But in such +matters it is necessary to act with extreme caution, to distinguish +carefully between the true prophetesses and the false, not to take for +messengers from heaven the heralds of the devil. The latter sometimes +create illusions. Following the example of Simon the Magician, who +worked wonders vying with the miracles of St. Peter, these creatures +have recourse to diabolical arts for the seduction of men. Twelve +years before, there had prophesied a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.163" id="Page_i.163">[Pg i.163]</a></span> woman, likewise from the +Lorraine Marches, Catherine Suave, a native of Thons near Neufchâteau, +who lived as a recluse at Port de Lates, yet most certainly did the +Bishop of Maguelonne know her to be a liar and a sorceress, wherefore +she was burned alive at Montpellier in 1417.<a name="FNanchor_644_644" id="FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a> Multitudes of women, +or rather of females, <i>mulierculæ</i>,<a name="FNanchor_645_645" id="FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> lived like this Catherine and +ended like her.</p> + +<p>Certain ecclesiastics briefly interrogated Jeanne and asked her +wherefore she had come. At first she replied that she would say +nothing save to the King. But when the clerks represented to her that +they were questioning her in the King's name, she told them that the +King of Heaven had bidden her do two things: one was to raise the +siege of Orléans, the other to lead the King to Reims for his +anointing and his coronation.<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a> Just as at Vaucouleurs before Sire +Robert, so before these Churchmen she repeated very much what the +vavasour of Champagne had said formerly, when he had been sent to Jean +le Bon, as she was now sent to the Dauphin Charles.</p> + +<p>Having journeyed as far as the Plain of Beauce, where King John, +impatient for battle, was encamped with his army, the vavasour of +Champagne entered the camp and asked to see the wisest and best of the +King's liegemen at court. The nobles, to whom this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.164" id="Page_i.164">[Pg i.164]</a></span> request was +carried, began to laugh. But one among them, who had with his own eyes +seen the vavasour, recognised at once that he was a good, simple man +and without guile. He said to him: "If thou hast any advice to give, +go to the King's chaplain." The vavasour therefore went to King John's +chaplain and said to him: "Obtain for me an audience of the King; I +have something to tell that I will say to no one but to him." "What is +it?" asked the chaplain. "Tell me what is in your heart." But the good +man would not reveal his secret. The chaplain went to King John and +said to him: "Sire, there is a worthy man here who seems to me wise in +his way. He desires to say to you something that he will tell to you +alone." King John refused to see the good man. He summoned his +confessor, and, accompanied by the chaplain, sent him to learn the +vavasour's secret. The two priests went to the man and told him that +the King had appointed them to hear him. At this announcement, +despairing of ever seeing King John, and trusting to the Confessor and +the chaplain not to reveal his secret to any but the King, he uttered +these words: "While I was alone in the fields, a voice spake unto me +three times, saying: 'Go unto King John of France and warn him that he +fight not with any of his enemies.' Obedient to that voice am I come +to bring the tidings to King John." Having heard the vavasour's secret +the confessor and the chaplain took him to the King, who laughed at +him. With his comrades-in-arms he advanced to Poitiers, where he met +the Black Prince. He lost his whole army in battle, and, twice wounded +in the face, was taken prisoner by the English.<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.165" id="Page_i.165">[Pg i.165]</a></span></p> +<p>The ecclesiastics, who had examined Jeanne, held various opinions +concerning her. Some declared that her mission was a hoax, and that +the King ought to beware of her.<a name="FNanchor_648_648" id="FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a> Others on the contrary held +that, since she said she was sent of God, and that she had something +to tell the King, the King should at least hear her.</p> + +<p>Two priests who were then with the King, Jean Girard, President of the +Parlement of Grenoble, and Pierre l'Hermite, later subdean of +Saint-Martin-de-Tours, judged the case difficult and interesting +enough to be submitted to Messire Jacques Gélu, that Armagnac prelate +who had long served the house of Orléans and the Dauphin of France +both in council and in diplomacy. When he was nearly sixty, Gélu had +withdrawn from the Council, and exchanged the archiepiscopal see of +Tours for the bishopric of Embrun, which was less exalted and more +retired. He was illustrious and venerable.<a name="FNanchor_649_649" id="FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a> Jean Girard and Pierre +l'Hermite informed him of the coming of the damsel in a letter, +wherein they told him also that, having been questioned in turn by +three professors of theology, she had been found devout, sober, +temperate, and in the habit of participating once a week in the +sacraments of confession and communion. Jean Girard thought she might +have been sent by the God who raised up Judith and Deborah, and who +spoke through the mouths of the Sibyls.<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.166" id="Page_i.166">[Pg i.166]</a></span></p><p>Charles was pious, and on his knees devoutly heard three masses a day. +Regularly at the canonical hours he repeated the customary prayers in +addition to prayers for the dead and other orisons. Daily he +confessed, and communicated on every feast day.<a name="FNanchor_651_651" id="FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> But he believed +in foretelling events by means of the stars, in which he did not +differ from other princes of his time. Each one of them had an +astrologer in his service.<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a></p> + +<p>The late Duke of Burgundy had been constantly accompanied by a Jewish +soothsayer, Maître Mousque. On that day, the end of which he was never +to see, as he was going to the Bridge of Montereau, Maître Mousque +counselled him not to advance any further, prophesying that he would +not return. The Duke continued on his way and was killed.<a name="FNanchor_653_653" id="FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a> The +Dauphin Charles confided in Jean des Builhons, in Germain de +Thibonville and in all others of the peaked cap.<a name="FNanchor_654_654" id="FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a></p> + +<p>He always had two or three astrologers at court. These almanac makers +drew up schemes of nativity, cast horoscopes and read in the sky the +approach of wars and revolutions. One of them, Maître Rolland the +Scrivener, a fellow of the University of Paris, was one night, at a +certain hour, observing the heavens from his roof, when he saw the +apex of Virgo in the ascendant, Venus, Mercury, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.167" id="Page_i.167">[Pg i.167]</a></span> sun half way +up the sky.<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a> This his colleague, Guillaume Barbin of Geneva, +interpreted to mean that the English would be driven from France and +the King restored by the hand of a mere maid.<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a> If we may believe +the Inquisitor Bréhal, some time before Jeanne's coming into France, a +clever astronomer of Seville, Jean de Montalcin by name, had written +to the King among other things the following words: "By a virgin's +counsel thou shalt be victorious. Continue in triumph to the gates of +Paris."<a name="FNanchor_657_657" id="FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a></p> + +<p>At that very time the Dauphin Charles had with him at Chinon an old +Norman astrologer, one Pierre, who may have been Pierre de +Saint-Valerien, canon of Paris. The latter had recently returned from +Scotland, whither, accompanied by certain nobles, he had gone to fetch +the Lady Margaret, betrothed to the Dauphin Louis. Not long afterwards +this Maître Pierre was, rightly or wrongly, believed to have read in +the sky that the shepherdess from the Meuse valley was appointed to +drive out the English.<a name="FNanchor_658_658" id="FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne had not long to wait in her inn. Two days after her arrival, +what she had so ardently desired came to pass: she was taken to the +King.<a name="FNanchor_659_659" id="FNanchor_659_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a> In the last century near the Grand-Carroy, opposite a +wooden-fronted house, there was shown a well on the edge of which, +according to tradition, Jeanne set foot when she alighted from her +horse, before climbing the steep ascent leading to the Castle. +Through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.168" id="Page_i.168">[Pg i.168]</a></span> La Vieille Porte,<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a> she was already crossing the moat when +the King was still hesitating as to whether he would receive her. Many +of his familiar advisers, and those not the least important, +counselled him to beware of a strange woman whose designs might be +evil. There were others who put it before him that this shepherdess +was introduced by letters from Robert de Baudricourt carried through +hostile provinces; that in journeying to the King she had forded many +rivers in a manner almost miraculous. On these considerations the King +consented to receive her.<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a></p> + +<p>The great hall was crowded. As at every audience given by the King the +room was close with the breath of the assembled multitude. The vast +chamber presented that aspect of a market-house or of a rout which was +so familiar to courtiers. It was evening; fifty torches flamed beneath +the painted beams of the roof.<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a> Men of middle age in robes and +furs, young, smooth-faced nobles, thin and narrow shouldered, of +slender build, their lean legs in tight hose, their feet in long, +pointed shoes; barons fully armed to the number of three hundred, +according to Aulic custom, pushed, crowded and elbowed each other +while the usher was here and there striking the courtiers on the head +with his rod.<a name="FNanchor_663_663" id="FNanchor_663_663"></a><a href="#Footnote_663_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.169" id="Page_i.169">[Pg i.169]</a></span></p><p>Besides the two ambassadors from Orléans, Messire Jamet du Tillay and +the old baron Archambaud de Villars, governor of Montargis, there were +present Simon Charles, Master of Requests, as well as certain great +nobles, the Count of Clermont, the Sire de Gaucourt, and probably the +Sire de La Trémouille and my Lord the Archbishop of Reims, Chancellor +of the kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_664_664" id="FNanchor_664_664"></a><a href="#Footnote_664_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a> On hearing of Jeanne's approach, King Charles +buried himself among his retainers, either because he was still +mistrustful and hesitating, or because he had other persons to speak +to, or for some other reason.<a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> Jeanne was presented by the Count +of Vendôme.<a name="FNanchor_666_666" id="FNanchor_666_666"></a><a href="#Footnote_666_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a> Robust, with a firm, short neck, her figure appeared +full, although confined by her man's jerkin. She wore breeches like a +man,<a name="FNanchor_667_667" id="FNanchor_667_667"></a><a href="#Footnote_667_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a> but still more surprising than her hose was her head-gear +and the cut of her hair. Beneath a woollen hood, her dark hair hung +cut round in soup-plate fashion like a page's.<a name="FNanchor_668_668" id="FNanchor_668_668"></a><a href="#Footnote_668_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a> Women of all ranks +and all ages were careful to hide their hair so that not one lock of +it should escape from beneath the coif, the veil, or the high +head-dress which was then the mode. Jeanne's flowing locks looked +strange to the folk of those days.<a name="FNanchor_669_669" id="FNanchor_669_669"></a><a href="#Footnote_669_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a> She went straight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.170" id="Page_i.170">[Pg i.170]</a></span> to the +King, took off her cap, curtsied, and said: "God send you long life, +gentle Dauphin."<a name="FNanchor_670_670" id="FNanchor_670_670"></a><a href="#Footnote_670_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a></p> + +<p>Afterwards there were those who marvelled that she should have +recognised him in the midst of nobles more magnificently dressed than +he. It is possible that on that day he may have been poorly attired. +We know that it was his custom to have new sleeves put to his old +doublets.<a name="FNanchor_671_671" id="FNanchor_671_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a> And in any case he did not show off his clothes. Very +ugly, knock-kneed, with emaciated thighs, small, odd, blinking eyes, +and a large bulbous nose, on his bony, bandy legs tottered and +trembled this prince of twenty-six.<a name="FNanchor_672_672" id="FNanchor_672_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a></p> + +<p>That Jeanne should have seen his picture already and recognised him by +it is hardly likely. Portraits of princes were rare in those days. +Jeanne had never handled one of those precious books in which King +Charles may have been painted in miniature as one of the Magi offering +gifts to the Child Jesus.<a name="FNanchor_673_673" id="FNanchor_673_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a> It was not likely that she had ever +seen one of those figures painted on wood in the semblance of her +King, with hands clasped, beneath the curtains of his oratory.<a name="FNanchor_674_674" id="FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.171" id="Page_i.171">[Pg i.171]</a></span> +And if by chance some one had shown her one of these portraits her +untrained eyes could have discerned but little therein. Neither need +we inquire whether the people of Chinon had described to her the +costume the King usually wore and the shape of his hat: for like every +one else he kept his hat on indoors even at dinner. What is most +probable is that those who were kindly disposed towards her pointed +out the King. At any rate he was not difficult to distinguish, since +those who saw her go up to him were in no wise astonished.</p> + +<p>When she had made her rustic curtsey, the King asked her name and what +she wanted. She replied: "Fair Dauphin, my name is Jeanne the Maid; +and the King of Heaven speaks unto you by me and says that you shall +be anointed and crowned at Reims, and be lieutenant of the King of +Heaven, who is King of France." She asked to be set about her work, +promising to raise the siege of Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_675_675" id="FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a></p> + +<p>The King took her apart and questioned her for some time. By nature he +was gentle, kind to the poor and lowly, but not devoid of mistrust and +suspicion.</p> + +<p>It is said that during this private conversation, addressing him with +the familiarity of an angel, she made him this strange announcement: +"My Lord bids me say unto thee that thou art indeed the heir of France +and the son of a King; he has sent me to thee to lead thee to Reims to +be crowned there and anointed if thou wilt."<a name="FNanchor_676_676" id="FNanchor_676_676"></a><a href="#Footnote_676_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a> Afterwards the +Maid's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.172" id="Page_i.172">[Pg i.172]</a></span> chaplain reported these words, saying he had received them +from the Maid herself. All that is certain is that the Armagnacs were +not slow to turn them into a miracle in favour of the Line of the +Lilies. It was asserted that these words spoken by God himself, by the +mouth of an innocent girl, were a reply to the carking, secret anxiety +of the King. Madame Ysabeau's son, it was said, distracted and +saddened by the thought that perhaps the royal blood did not flow in +his veins, was ready to renounce his kingdom and declare himself a +usurper, unless by some heavenly light his doubts concerning his birth +should be dispelled.<a name="FNanchor_677_677" id="FNanchor_677_677"></a><a href="#Footnote_677_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a> Men told how his face shone with joy<a name="FNanchor_678_678" id="FNanchor_678_678"></a><a href="#Footnote_678_678" class="fnanchor">[678]</a> +when it was revealed to him that he was the true heir of France.</p> + +<p>Doubtless the Armagnac preachers were in the habit of speaking of +Queen Ysabeau as "<i>une grande gorre</i>" and a Herodias of +licentiousness; but one would like to know whence her son derived his +curious misgiving. He had not manifested it on entering into his +inheritance; and, had occasion required, the jurists of his party +would have proved to him by reasons derived from laws and customs that +he was by birth the true heir and the lawful successor of the late +King; for filiation must be proved not by what is hidden, but by what +is manifest, otherwise it would be impossible to assign the legal heir +to a kingdom or to an acre of land. Nevertheless it must be borne in +mind that the King was very unfortunate at this time. Now misfortune +agitates the conscience and raises<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.173" id="Page_i.173">[Pg i.173]</a></span> scruples; and he might well doubt +the justice of his cause since God was forsaking him. But if he were +indeed assailed by painful doubts, how can he have been relieved from +them by the words of a damsel who, as far as he then knew, might be +mad or sent to him by his enemies? It is hard to reconcile such +credulity with what we know of his suspicious nature. The first +thought that occurred to him must have been that ecclesiastics had +instructed the damsel.</p> + +<p>A few moments after he had dismissed her, he assembled the Sire de +Gaucourt and certain other members of his Council and repeated to them +what he had just heard: "She told me that God had sent her to aid me +to recover my kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_679_679" id="FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a> He did not add that she had revealed to +him a secret known to himself alone.<a name="FNanchor_680_680" id="FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a></p> + +<p>The King's Counsellors, knowing little of the damsel, decided that +they must have her before them to examine her concerning her life and +her belief.<a name="FNanchor_681_681" id="FNanchor_681_681"></a><a href="#Footnote_681_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a></p> + +<p>The Sire de Gaucourt took her from the inn and lodged her in a tower +of that Castle of Coudray, which for the last three days she had seen +dominating the town.<a name="FNanchor_682_682" id="FNanchor_682_682"></a><a href="#Footnote_682_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a> One of the three castles, Le Coudray was +only separated from the middle château in which the King dwelt by a +moat and fortifications.<a name="FNanchor_683_683" id="FNanchor_683_683"></a><a href="#Footnote_683_683" class="fnanchor">[683]</a> The Sire de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.174" id="Page_i.174">[Pg i.174]</a></span> Gaucourt confided her to +the care of the lieutenant of the Town of Chinon, Guillaume Bellier, +the King's Major Domo.<a name="FNanchor_684_684" id="FNanchor_684_684"></a><a href="#Footnote_684_684" class="fnanchor">[684]</a> He gave her for her servant one of his own +pages, a child of fifteen, Immerguet, sometimes called Minguet, and +sometimes Mugot. His real name was Louis de Coutes, and he came of an +old warrior family which had been in the service of the house of +Orléans for a century. His father, Jean, called Minguet, Lord of +Fresnay-le-Gelmert, of la Gadelière and of Mitry, Chamberlain to the +Duke of Orléans, had died in great poverty the year before. He had +left a widow and five children, three boys and two girls, one of whom, +Jeanne by name, had since 1421 been the wife of Messire Florentin +d'Illiers, Governor of Châteaudun. Thus the little page, Louis de +Coutes, and his mother, Catherine le Mercier, Dame de Noviant, who +came of a noble Scottish family, were both in a state of penury, +albeit the Duke of Orléans in acknowledgment of his Chamberlain's +faithful services had from his purse granted aid to the Lady of +Noviant.<a name="FNanchor_685_685" id="FNanchor_685_685"></a><a href="#Footnote_685_685" class="fnanchor">[685]</a> Jeanne kept Minguet with her all day, but at night she +slept with the women.</p> + +<p>The wife of Guillaume Bellier, who was good and pious, at least so it +was said, watched over her.<a name="FNanchor_686_686" id="FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a> At Coudray the page saw her many a +time on her knees. She prayed and often wept many tears.<a name="FNanchor_687_687" id="FNanchor_687_687"></a><a href="#Footnote_687_687" class="fnanchor">[687]</a> For +several days persons of high estate came to speak with her. They found +her dressed as a boy.<a name="FNanchor_688_688" id="FNanchor_688_688"></a><a href="#Footnote_688_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.175" id="Page_i.175">[Pg i.175]</a></span></p><p>Since she had been with the King, divers persons asked her whether +there were not in her country a wood called "Le Bois-Chenu."<a name="FNanchor_689_689" id="FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a> This +question was put to her because a prophecy of Merlin concerning a maid +who should come from "Le Bois-Chenu" was then in circulation. And folk +were impressed by it; for in those days every one gave heed to +prophecies and especially to those of Merlin the Magician.<a name="FNanchor_690_690" id="FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a></p> + +<p>Begotten of a woman by the Devil, it was from him that Merlin derived +his profound wisdom. To the science of numbers, which is the key to +the future, he added a knowledge of physics, by means of which he +worked his enchantments. Thus it was easy for him to transform rocks +into giants. And yet he was conquered by a woman; the fairy Vivien +enchanted the enchanter and kept him in a hawthorn bush under a spell. +This is only one of many examples of the power of women.</p> + +<p>Famous doctors and illustrious masters held that Merlin had laid bare +many future events and prophesied many things which had not yet +happened. To such as were amazed that the son of the Devil should have +received the gift of prophecy they replied that the Holy Ghost is able +to reveal his secrets to whomsoever he pleases, for had he not caused +the Sibyls to speak, and opened the mouth of Balaam's ass?</p> + +<p>Merlin had seen in a vision Sire Bertrand du Guesclin in the guise of +a warrior bearing an eagle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.176" id="Page_i.176">[Pg i.176]</a></span> on his shield. This was remembered after +the Constable had wrought his great deeds.<a name="FNanchor_691_691" id="FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a></p> + +<p>In the prophecies of this Wise Man the English believed no less firmly +than the French. When Arthur of Brittany, Count of Richemont, was +taken prisoner, held to ransom, and brought before King Henry, the +latter, when he perceived a boar on the arms of the Duke, broke forth +into rejoicing; for he called to mind the words of Merlin who had +said, "A Prince of Armorica, called Arthur, with a boar for his crest, +shall conquer England, and when he shall have made an end of the +English folk he shall re-people the land with a Breton race."<a name="FNanchor_692_692" id="FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a></p> + +<p>Now during the Lent of 1429 there was circulated among the Armagnacs +this prophecy, taken from a book of the prophecies of Merlin: "From +the town of the Bois-Chenu there shall come forth a maid for the +healing of the nation. When she hath stormed every citadel, with her +breath she shall dry up all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.177" id="Page_i.177">[Pg i.177]</a></span> springs. Bitter tears shall she shed +and fill the Island with a terrible noise. Then shall she be slain by +the stag with ten antlers, of which six branches shall bear crowns of +gold, and the other six shall be changed into the horns of oxen; and +with a horrible sound they shall shake the Isles of Britain. The +forest of Denmark shall rise up and with a human voice say: 'Come, +Cambria, and take Cornwall unto thyself.'"<a name="FNanchor_693_693" id="FNanchor_693_693"></a><a href="#Footnote_693_693" class="fnanchor">[693]</a></p> + +<p>In these mysterious words Merlin dimly foretells that a virgin shall +perform great and wonderful deeds before perishing by the hand of the +enemy. On one point only is he clear, or so it seems; that is, when he +says that this virgin shall come from the town of the Bois-Chenu.</p> + +<p>If this prophecy had been traced back to its original source and read +in the fourth book of the <i>Historia Britonum</i>, where it is to be found +under the title of <i>Guyntonia Vaticinium</i>, it would have been seen to +refer to the English city of Winchester, and it would have appeared +that in the version then in circulation in France, the original +meaning had been garbled, distorted, and completely metamorphosed. But +no one thought of verifying the text. Books were rare and minds +uncritical. This deliberately falsified prophecy was accepted as the +pure word of Merlin and numerous copies of it were spread abroad.</p> + +<p>Whence came these copies? Their origin doubtless will remain a mystery +for ever; but one point is certain: they referred to La Romée's +daughter, to the damsel who, from her father's house, could see the +edge of "Le Bois-Chenu." Thus they came from close at hand and were of +recent circulation.<a name="FNanchor_694_694" id="FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a> If this amended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.178" id="Page_i.178">[Pg i.178]</a></span> prophecy of Merlin be not +the one that reached Jeanne in her village, forecasting that a Maid +should come from the Lorraine Marches for the saving of the kingdom, +then it was closely related to it. The two prognostications have a +family likeness.<a name="FNanchor_695_695" id="FNanchor_695_695"></a><a href="#Footnote_695_695" class="fnanchor">[695]</a> They were uttered in the same spirit and with +the same intention; and they indicate that the ecclesiastics of the +Meuse valley and those of the Loire had agreed to draw attention to +the inspired damsel of Domremy.</p> + +<p>As Merlin had foretold the works of Jeanne, so Bede must also have +predicted them, for Bede and Merlin were always together in matters of +prophecy.</p> + +<p>The Monk of Wearmouth, the Venerable Bede, who had been dead six +centuries, had been a veritable mine of knowledge in his lifetime. He +had written on theology and chronology; he had discoursed of night and +day, of weeks and months, of the signs of the zodiac, of epacts, of +the lunar cycle, and of the movable feasts of the Church. In his book +<i>De temporum ratione</i> he had treated of the seventh and eighth ages of +the world, which were to follow the age in which he lived. He had +prophesied. During the siege of Orléans, churchmen were circulating +these obscure lines attributed to him, and foretelling the coming of +the Maid:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Bis sex cuculli, bis septem se sociabunt,</i><a name="FNanchor_696_696" id="FNanchor_696_696"></a><a href="#Footnote_696_696" class="fnanchor">[696]</a><br /> +<i>Gallorum pulli Tauro nova bella parabunt<br /> +Ecce beant bella, tunc fert vexilla Puella.</i><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>The first of these lines is a chronogram, that is, it contains a date. +To decipher it you take the numeral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.179" id="Page_i.179">[Pg i.179]</a></span> letters of the line and add them +together; the total gives the date.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center">bIs seX CVCVLLI, bIs septeM se soCIabVnt.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center">1 + 10 + 100 + 5 + 100 + 5 + 50 + 50 + 1 + 1 + 1000 + 100 + +1 + 5 = 1429.</p> + +<p>Had any one sought these lines in the works of the Venerable Bede they +would not have found them, because they are not there; but no one +thought of looking for them any more than they thought of looking for +the Forêt Chenue in Merlin.<a name="FNanchor_697_697" id="FNanchor_697_697"></a><a href="#Footnote_697_697" class="fnanchor">[697]</a> And it was understood that both Bede +and Merlin had foretold the coming of the Maid. In those days +prophecies, chronograms, and charms flew like pigeons from the banks +of the Loire and spread abroad throughout the realm. Not later than +the May or June of this year the pseudo Bede will reach Burgundy. +Earlier still he will be heard of in Paris. The aged Christine de +Pisan, living in retirement in a French abbey, before the last day of +July, 1429, will write that Bede and Merlin had beheld the Maid in a +vision.<a name="FNanchor_698_698" id="FNanchor_698_698"></a><a href="#Footnote_698_698" class="fnanchor">[698]</a></p> + +<p>The clerks, who were busy forging prophecies for the Maid's benefit, +did not stop at a pseudo Bede and a garbled Merlin. They were truly +indefatigable, and by a stroke of good luck we possess a piece of +their workmanship which has escaped the ravages of time. It is a short +Latin poem written in the obscure prophetic style, of which the +following is a translation through the old French.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.180" id="Page_i.180">[Pg i.180]</a></span></p> + +<p>"A virgin clothed in man's attire, with the body of a maid, at God's +behest goes forth to raise the downcast King, who bears the lilies, +and to drive out his accursed enemies, even those who now beleaguer +the city of Orléans and strike terror into the hearts of its +inhabitants. And if the people will take heart and go out to battle, +the treacherous English shall be struck down by death, at the hand of +the God of battles who fights for the Maid, and the French shall cause +them to fall, and then shall there be an end of the war; and the old +covenants and the old friendship shall return. Pity and righteousness +shall be restored. There shall be a treaty of peace, and all men shall +of their own accord return to the King, which King shall weigh justice +and administer it unto all men and preserve his subjects in beautiful +peace. Henceforth no English foe with the sign of the leopard shall +dare to call himself King of France [added by the translator] and +adopt the arms of France, which arms are borne by the holy Maid."<a name="FNanchor_699_699" id="FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a></p> + +<p>These false prophecies give some idea of the means employed for the +setting to work of the inspired damsel. Such methods may be somewhat +too crafty for our liking. These clerks had but one object,—the peace +of the realm and of the church. The miraculous deliverance of the +people had to be prepared. We must not be too hasty to condemn those +pious frauds without which the Maid could not have worked her +miracles. Much art and some guile are necessary to contrive for +innocence a hearing.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, on a steep rock, on the bank of the Durance, in the remote +see of Saint-Marcellin, Jacques Gélu remained faithful to the King he +had served and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.181" id="Page_i.181">[Pg i.181]</a></span> careful for the interests of the house of Orléans and +of France. To the two churchmen, Jean Girard and Pierre l'Hermite, he +replied that, for the sake of the orphan and the oppressed, God would +doubtless manifest himself, and would frustrate the evil designs of +the English; yet one should not easily and lightly believe the words +of a peasant girl bred in solitude, for the female sex was frail and +easily deceived, and France must not be made ridiculous in the eyes of +the foreigner. "The French," he added, "are already famous for the +ease with which they are duped." He ended by advising Pierre l'Hermite +that it would be well for the King to fast and do penance so that +Heaven might enlighten him and preserve him from error.<a name="FNanchor_700_700" id="FNanchor_700_700"></a><a href="#Footnote_700_700" class="fnanchor">[700]</a></p> + +<p>But the mind of the oracle and ex-councillor could not rest. He wrote +direct to King Charles and Queen Marie to warn them of the danger. To +him it seemed that there could be no good in the damsel. He mistrusted +her for three reasons: first, because she came from a country in the +possession of the King's enemies, Burgundians and Lorrainers; +secondly, she was a shepherdess and easily deceived; thirdly, she was +a maid. He cited as an example Alexander of Macedon, whom a Queen +endeavoured to poison. She had been fed on venom by the King's enemies +and then sent to him in the hope that he would fall a victim to the +wench's<a name="FNanchor_701_701" id="FNanchor_701_701"></a><a href="#Footnote_701_701" class="fnanchor">[701]</a> wiles. But Aristotle dismissed the seductress and thus +delivered his prince from death. The Archbishop of Embrun, as wise as +Aristotle, warned the King against conversing with the damsel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.182" id="Page_i.182">[Pg i.182]</a></span> in +private. He advised that she should be kept at a distance and +examined, but not repulsed.</p> + +<p>A prudent answer to those letters reassured Gélu. In a new epistle he +testified to the King his satisfaction at hearing that the damsel was +regarded with suspicion and left in uncertainty as to whether she +would or would not be believed. Then, with a return to his former +misgivings, he added: "It behoves not that she should have frequent +access to the King until such time as certainty be established +concerning her manner of life and her morals."<a name="FNanchor_702_702" id="FNanchor_702_702"></a><a href="#Footnote_702_702" class="fnanchor">[702]</a></p> + +<p>King Charles did indeed keep Jeanne in uncertainty as to what was +believed of her. But he did not suspect her of craftiness and he +received her willingly. She talked to him with the simplest +familiarity. She called him gentle Dauphin, and by that term she +implied nobility and royal magnificence.<a name="FNanchor_703_703" id="FNanchor_703_703"></a><a href="#Footnote_703_703" class="fnanchor">[703]</a> She also called him her +<i>oriflamme</i>, because he was her <i>oriflamme</i>, or, as in modern language +she would have expressed it, her standard.<a name="FNanchor_704_704" id="FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a> The <i>oriflamme</i> was +the royal banner. No one at Chinon had seen it, but marvellous things +were told of it. The <i>oriflamme</i> was in the form of a gonfanon with +two wings, made of a costly silk, fine and light, called +<i>sandal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_705_705" id="FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a> and it was edged with tassels of green silk. It had +come down from heaven; it was the banner of Clovis and of Saint +Charlemagne. When the King went to war it was carried before him. So +great was its virtue that the enemy at its approach became pow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.183" id="Page_i.183">[Pg i.183]</a></span>erless +and fled in terror. It was remembered how, when in 1304 Philippe le +Bel defeated the Flemings, the knight who bore it was slain. The next +day he was found dead, but still clasping the standard in his +arms.<a name="FNanchor_706_706" id="FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a> It had floated in front of King Charles VI before his +misfortunes, and since then it had never been unfurled.</p> + +<p>One day when the Maid and the King were talking together, the Duke of +Alençon entered the hall. When he was a child, the English had taken +him prisoner at Verneuil and kept him five years in the Crotoy +Tower.<a name="FNanchor_707_707" id="FNanchor_707_707"></a><a href="#Footnote_707_707" class="fnanchor">[707]</a> Only recently set at liberty, he had been shooting quails +near Saint-Florent-lès-Saumur, when a messenger had brought the +tidings that God had sent a damsel to the King to turn the English out +of France.<a name="FNanchor_708_708" id="FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a> This news interested him as much as any one because he +had married the Duke of Orléans' daughter; and straightway he had come +to Chinon to see for himself. In the days of his graceful youth the +Duke of Alençon appeared to advantage, but he was never renowned for +his wisdom. He was weak-minded, violent, vain, jealous, and extremely +credulous. He believed that ladies find favour by means of a certain +herb, the mountain-heath; and later he thought himself bewitched. He +had a disagreeable, harsh voice; he knew it, and the knowledge annoyed +him.<a name="FNanchor_709_709" id="FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a> As soon as she saw him approaching, Jeanne asked who this +noble was. When the King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.184" id="Page_i.184">[Pg i.184]</a></span> replied that it was his cousin Alençon, she +curtsied to the Duke and said: "Be welcome. The more representatives +of the blood royal are here the better."<a name="FNanchor_710_710" id="FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a> In this she was +completely mistaken. The Dauphin smiled bitterly at her words. Not +much of the royal blood of France ran in the Duke's veins.</p> + +<p>On the next day Jeanne went to the King's mass. When she approached +her Dauphin she bowed before him. The King took her into a room and +sent every one away except the Sire de la Trémouille and the Duke of +Alençon.</p> + +<p>Then Jeanne addressed to him several requests. More especially did she +ask him to give his kingdom to the King of Heaven. "And afterwards," +she added, "the King of Heaven will do for you what he has done for +your predecessors and will restore you to the condition of your +fathers."<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a></p> + +<p>In discoursing thus of things spiritual, in giving utterance to those +precepts of reformation and of a new life, she was repeating what the +clerks had taught her. Nevertheless she was by no means imbued with +this doctrine. It was too subtle for her, and it was shortly to fade +from her mind and give place to an ardour less monastic but more +chivalrous.</p> + +<p>That same day she rode out with the King and threw a lance in the +meadow with so fine a grace that the Duke of Alençon, marvelling, made +her a present of a horse.<a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a></p> + +<p>A few days later this young noble took her to the Abbey of +Saint-Florent-lès-Saumur,<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> the church of which was so greatly +admired that it was called La Belle d'Anjou. Here in this abbey there +dwelt at that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.185" id="Page_i.185">[Pg i.185]</a></span> time his mother and his wife. It is said that they were +glad to see Jeanne. But they had no great faith in the issue of the +war. The young Dame of Alençon said to her: "Jeannette, I am full of +fear for my husband. He has just come out of prison, and we have had +to give so much money for his ransom that gladly would I entreat him +to stay at home." To which Jeanne replied: "Madame, have no fear. I +will bring him back to you in safety, and either such as he is now or +better."<a name="FNanchor_714_714" id="FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a></p> + +<p>She called the Duke of Alençon her fair Duke,<a name="FNanchor_715_715" id="FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a> and loved him for +the sake of the Duke of Orléans, whose daughter he had married. She +loved him also because he believed in her when all others doubted or +denied, and because the English had done him wrong. She loved him too +because she saw he had a good will to fight. It was told how when he +was a captive in the hands of the English at Verneuil, and they +proposed to give him back his liberty and his goods if he would join +their party, he had rejected their offer.<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a> He was young like her; +she thought that he like her must be sincere and noble. And perhaps in +those days he was, for doubtless he was not then seeking to discover +powders with which to dry up the King.<a name="FNanchor_717_717" id="FNanchor_717_717"></a><a href="#Footnote_717_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a></p> + +<p>It was decided that Jeanne should be taken to Poitiers to be examined +by the doctors there.<a name="FNanchor_718_718" id="FNanchor_718_718"></a><a href="#Footnote_718_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a> In this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.186" id="Page_i.186">[Pg i.186]</a></span> town the Parlement met. Here also +were gathered together many famous clerks learned in theology, secular +as well as regular,<a name="FNanchor_719_719" id="FNanchor_719_719"></a><a href="#Footnote_719_719" class="fnanchor">[719]</a> and grave doctors and masters were summoned +to join them. Jeanne set out under escort. At first she thought she +was being taken to Orléans. Her faith was like that of the ignorant +but believing folk, who, having taken the cross, went forth and +thought every town they approached was Jerusalem. Half way she +inquired of her guides where they were taking her. When she heard that +it was to Poitiers: "In God's name!" she said, "much ado will be +there, I know. But my Lord will help me. Now let us go on in God's +strength!"<a name="FNanchor_720_720" id="FNanchor_720_720"></a><a href="#Footnote_720_720" class="fnanchor">[720]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.187" id="Page_i.187">[Pg i.187]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT POITIERS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capf.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="F" title="F" class="floatl" />OR fourteen years the town of Poitiers had been the capital of that +part of France which belonged to the French. The Dauphin Charles had +transferred his Parlement there, or rather had assembled there those +few members who had escaped from the Parlement of Paris. The Parlement +of Poitiers consisted of two chambers only. It would have judged as +wisely as King Solomon had there been any questions on which to +pronounce judgment, but no litigants presented themselves—they were +afraid of being captured on the way by freebooters and captains in the +King's pay; besides, in the disturbed state of the kingdom justice had +little to do with the settlement of disputes. The councillors, who for +the most part had lands near Paris, were hard put to it for food and +clothing. They were rarely paid and there were no perquisites. In vain +they had inscribed their registers with the formula: <i>Non deliberetur +donec solvantur species</i>; no payments were forthcoming from the +suitors.<a name="FNanchor_721_721" id="FNanchor_721_721"></a><a href="#Footnote_721_721" class="fnanchor">[721]</a> The Attorney General, Messire Jean Jouvenel des Ursins, +who owned rich lands and houses in Île-de-France, Brie, and Champagne, +was filled with pity at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.188" id="Page_i.188">[Pg i.188]</a></span> sight of that good and honourable lady +his wife, his eleven children, and his three sons-in-law going +barefoot and poorly clad through the streets of the town.<a name="FNanchor_722_722" id="FNanchor_722_722"></a><a href="#Footnote_722_722" class="fnanchor">[722]</a> As for +the doctors and professors who had followed the King's fortunes, in +vain were they wells of knowledge and springs of clerkly learning, +since, for lack of a University to teach in, they reaped no advantage +from their eloquence and their erudition. The town of Poitiers, having +become the first city in the realm, had a Parlement but no University, +like a lady highly born but one-eyed withal, for the Parlement and the +University are the two eyes of a great city. Thus in their doleful +leisure they were consumed with a desire, if it were God's will, to +restore the King's fortunes as well as their own. Meanwhile, shivering +with cold and emaciated with hunger, they groaned and lamented. Like +Israel in the desert they sighed for the day when the Lord, inclining +his ear to their supplications, should say: "At even ye shall eat +flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread: and ye shall +know that I am the Lord your God." <i>Vespere comedetis carnes et mane +saturabimini panibus: scietisque quod ego sum Dominus deus vester.</i> +(Exodus xvi, 12.) It was from among these poor and faithful servants +of a poverty-stricken King that were chosen for the most part the +doctors and clerks charged with the examination of the Maid. They +were: the Lord Bishop of Poitiers;<a name="FNanchor_723_723" id="FNanchor_723_723"></a><a href="#Footnote_723_723" class="fnanchor">[723]</a> the Lord Bishop of +Maguelonne;<a name="FNanchor_724_724" id="FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a> Maître<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.189" id="Page_i.189">[Pg i.189]</a></span> Jean Lombard, doctor in theology, sometime +professor of theology at the University of Paris;<a name="FNanchor_725_725" id="FNanchor_725_725"></a><a href="#Footnote_725_725" class="fnanchor">[725]</a> Maître +Guillaume le Maire, bachelor of theology, canon of Poitiers;<a name="FNanchor_726_726" id="FNanchor_726_726"></a><a href="#Footnote_726_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a> +Maître Gérard Machet, the King's Confessor;<a name="FNanchor_727_727" id="FNanchor_727_727"></a><a href="#Footnote_727_727" class="fnanchor">[727]</a> Maître Jourdain +Morin;<a name="FNanchor_728_728" id="FNanchor_728_728"></a><a href="#Footnote_728_728" class="fnanchor">[728]</a> Maître Jean Érault, professor of theology;<a name="FNanchor_729_729" id="FNanchor_729_729"></a><a href="#Footnote_729_729" class="fnanchor">[729]</a> Maître +Mathieu Mesnage, bachelor of theology;<a name="FNanchor_730_730" id="FNanchor_730_730"></a><a href="#Footnote_730_730" class="fnanchor">[730]</a> Maître Jacques +Meledon;<a name="FNanchor_731_731" id="FNanchor_731_731"></a><a href="#Footnote_731_731" class="fnanchor">[731]</a> Maître Jean Maçon, a very famous doctor of civil law and +of canon law;<a name="FNanchor_732_732" id="FNanchor_732_732"></a><a href="#Footnote_732_732" class="fnanchor">[732]</a> Brother Pierre de Versailles, a monk of Saint-Denys +in France, of the order of Saint Benedict, professor of theology, +Prior of the Priory of Saint-Pierre de Chaumont, Abbot of Talmont in +the diocese of Laon, Ambassador of his most Christian Majesty the King +of France;<a name="FNanchor_733_733" id="FNanchor_733_733"></a><a href="#Footnote_733_733" class="fnanchor">[733]</a> Brother Pierre Turelure, of the Order of Saint +Dominic, Inquisitor at Toulouse;<a name="FNanchor_734_734" id="FNanchor_734_734"></a><a href="#Footnote_734_734" class="fnanchor">[734]</a> Maître Simon Bonnet;<a name="FNanchor_735_735" id="FNanchor_735_735"></a><a href="#Footnote_735_735" class="fnanchor">[735]</a> +Brother Guillaume Aimery, of the Order of Saint-Dominic, doctor and +professor of theology;<a name="FNanchor_736_736" id="FNanchor_736_736"></a><a href="#Footnote_736_736" class="fnanchor">[736]</a> Brother Seguin of Seguin of the Order of +Saint Dominic, doctor and professor of theology;<a name="FNanchor_737_737" id="FNanchor_737_737"></a><a href="#Footnote_737_737" class="fnanchor">[737]</a> Brother Pierre +Seguin, Carmelite;<a name="FNanchor_738_738" id="FNanchor_738_738"></a><a href="#Footnote_738_738" class="fnanchor">[738]</a> several of the King's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.190" id="Page_i.190">[Pg i.190]</a></span> Councillors, +licentiates of civil as well as of canon law.</p> + +<p>Here was a large assembly of doctors for the cross-examination of one +shepherdess. But we must remember that in those days theology subtle +and inflexible dominated all human knowledge and forced the secular +arm to give effect to its judgment. Therefore, as soon as an ignorant +girl caused it to be believed that she had seen God, the Virgin, the +saints, and the angels, she must either pass from miracle to miracle, +through an edifying death to beatification, or from heresy to heresy +through an ecclesiastical prison, to be burnt as a witch. And, as the +holy inquisitors were fully persuaded that the Devil easily entered +into a woman, the unhappy creature was more likely to be burnt alive +than to die in an odour of sanctity. But Jeanne before the doctors at +Poitiers was an exception; she ran no risk of being suspected in +matters of faith. Even Brother Pierre Turelure himself had no desire +to find in her one of those heretics he zealously sought to discover +at Toulouse. In her presence the illustrious masters drew in their +theological claws. They were churchmen, but they were Armagnacs, for +the most part business men, diplomatists, old councillors of the +Dauphin.<a name="FNanchor_739_739" id="FNanchor_739_739"></a><a href="#Footnote_739_739" class="fnanchor">[739]</a> As priests, doubtless they were possessed of a certain +body of dogma and morality, and of a code of rules for judging matters +of faith. But now it was a question not of curing the disease of +heresy, but of driving out the English. Jeanne was in favour with my +Lord the Duke of Alençon and with my Lord the Bastard; the inhabitants +of Orléans were looking to her for their deliv<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.191" id="Page_i.191">[Pg i.191]</a></span>erance. She promised to +take the King to Reims; and it happened that the cleverest and the +most powerful man in France, the Chancellor of the kingdom, my Lord +Regnault de Chartres, was Archbishop and Count of Reims; and that had +great weight.<a name="FNanchor_740_740" id="FNanchor_740_740"></a><a href="#Footnote_740_740" class="fnanchor">[740]</a></p> + +<p>If it should be as she said, if God had verily sent her to the aid of +the Lilies, to the mind of whomsoever possessed sense and learning it +appeared marvellous but not incredible. No one denied that God could +directly intervene in the affairs of kingdoms, for he himself had +said: <i>Per me reges regnant</i>.</p> + +<p>In this Church holy and indivisible, there were the doctors of +Poitiers who deliberately pronounced God to be on the side of the +Dauphin, while the University of Paris as deliberately pronounced God +to be on the side of the Burgundians and the English. His messenger +need not necessarily be an angel. He might employ a creature human or +not human, like the raven that fed Elijah. And that a woman should +engage in war accorded with what was written in books concerning +Camilla, the Amazons, and Queen Penthesilea, and with what the Bible +says of the strong women, Deborah, Jahel, Judith of Bethulia, raised +up by God for the salvation of Israel. For it is written: "The mighty +one did not fall by the young men, neither did the sons of Titans +smite him, nor high giants set upon him; but Judith the daughter of +Merari weakened him with the beauty of her countenance."<a name="FNanchor_741_741" id="FNanchor_741_741"></a><a href="#Footnote_741_741" class="fnanchor">[741]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne was taken to the mansion where dwelt Maître Jean Rabateau, not +far from the law-courts, in the heart of the town.<a name="FNanchor_742_742" id="FNanchor_742_742"></a><a href="#Footnote_742_742" class="fnanchor">[742]</a> Maître Jean +Rabateau was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.192" id="Page_i.192">[Pg i.192]</a></span> Lay Attorney General; all criminal cases went to him, +while civil cases went to the ecclesiastical Attorney General, Jean +Jouvenel. Alike King's advocates, in the King's service, they both +represented him in cases wherein he was concerned. The King was an +unprofitable client. For representing him in criminal trials Maître +Jean Rabateau received four hundred livres a year. He was forbidden to +appear in any but crown cases; and no one suspected him of receiving +many bribes. If in addition he held the office of Councillor to the +Duke of Orléans he gained little by it. Like most Parlement officials +he was for the moment very poor. A stranger in Poitiers, he had no +house there, but lodged in a mansion, which, because it belonged to a +family named Rosier, was called the Hôtel de la Rose. It was a large +dwelling. Witnesses whom it was necessary to keep securely and deal +with honourably were entertained there. Jeanne was taken there +although the Parlement had nothing to do with her cross-examination.<a name="FNanchor_743_743" id="FNanchor_743_743"></a><a href="#Footnote_743_743" class="fnanchor">[743]</a> +Once again she was placed in charge of a man who served both the Duke +of Orléans and the King of France.</p> + +<p>Jean Rabateau's wife, in common with the wives of all lawyers, was a +woman of good reputation.<a name="FNanchor_744_744" id="FNanchor_744_744"></a><a href="#Footnote_744_744" class="fnanchor">[744]</a> While she was at La Rose, Jeanne would +stay long on her knees every day after dinner. At night she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.193" id="Page_i.193">[Pg i.193]</a></span> would +rise from her bed to pray, and pass long hours in the little oratory +of the mansion. It was in this house that the doctors conducted her +examination. When their coming was announced she was seized with cruel +anxiety. The Blessed Saint Catherine was careful to reassure her.<a name="FNanchor_745_745" id="FNanchor_745_745"></a><a href="#Footnote_745_745" class="fnanchor">[745]</a> +She likewise had disputed with doctors and confounded them. True, +those doctors were heathen, but they were learned and their minds were +subtle; for in the life of the Saint it is written: "The Emperor +summoned fifty doctors versed in the lore of the Egyptians and the +liberal arts. And when she heard that she was to dispute with the wise +men, Catherine feared lest she should not worthily defend the Gospel +of Jesus Christ. But an angel appeared unto her and said: 'I am the +Archangel Saint Michael, and I am come to tell thee that thou shalt +come forth from the strife victorious and worthy of Our Lord Jesus +Christ, the hope and crown of those who strive for him.' And the +Virgin disputed with the doctors."<a name="FNanchor_746_746" id="FNanchor_746_746"></a><a href="#Footnote_746_746" class="fnanchor">[746]</a></p> + +<p>The grave doctors and masters and the principal clerks of the +Parlement of Poitiers, in companies of two and three, repaired to the +house of Jean Rabateau, and each one of them in turn questioned +Jeanne. The first to come were Jean Lombard, Guillaume le Maire, +Guillaume Aimery, Pierre Turelure, and Jacques Meledon. Brother Jean +Lombard asked: "Wherefore have you come? The King desires to know what +led you to come to him."</p> + +<p>Jeanne's reply greatly impressed these clerks: "As I kept my flocks a +<i>Voice appeared to me</i>. The Voice said: 'God has great pity on the +people of France. Jeanne, thou must go into France.' On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.194" id="Page_i.194">[Pg i.194]</a></span> hearing these +words I began to weep. Then the Voice said unto me: 'Go to +Vaucouleurs. There shalt thou find a captain, who will take thee +safely into France, to the King. Fear not.' I did as I was bidden, and +I came to the King without hindrance."<a name="FNanchor_747_747" id="FNanchor_747_747"></a><a href="#Footnote_747_747" class="fnanchor">[747]</a></p> + +<p>Then the word fell to Brother Guillaume Aimery: "According to what you +have said, the Voice told you that God will deliver the people of +France from their distress; but if God will deliver them he has no +need of men-at-arms."</p> + +<p>"In God's name," replied the Maid, "the men-at-arms will fight, and +God will give the victory."</p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume declared himself satisfied.<a name="FNanchor_748_748" id="FNanchor_748_748"></a><a href="#Footnote_748_748" class="fnanchor">[748]</a></p> + +<p>On the 22nd of March, Maître Pierre de Versailles and Maître Jean +Érault went together to Jean Rabateau's lodging. The squire, Gobert +Thibault, whom Jeanne had already seen at Chinon, came with them. He +was a young man and very simple, one who believed without asking for a +sign. As they came in Jeanne went to meet them, and, striking the +squire on the shoulder, in a friendly manner, she said: "I wish I had +many men as willing as you."<a name="FNanchor_749_749" id="FNanchor_749_749"></a><a href="#Footnote_749_749" class="fnanchor">[749]</a></p> + +<p>With men-at-arms she felt at her ease. But the doctors she could not +tolerate, and she suffered torture when they came to argue with her. +Although these theologians showed her great consideration, their +eternal questions wearied her; their slowness and heaviness +exasperated her. She bore them a grudge for not believing in her +straightway, without proof, and for asking her for a sign, which she +could not give them, since neither Saint Michael nor Saint Catherine +nor Saint Margaret appeared during the exam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.195" id="Page_i.195">[Pg i.195]</a></span>ination. In retirement, in +the oratory, and in the lonely fields the heavenly visitants came to +her in crowds; angels and saints, descending from heaven, flocked +around her. But when the doctors came, immediately the Jacob's ladder +was drawn up. Besides, the clerks were theologians, and she was a +saint. Relations are always strained between the heads of the Church +Militant and those devout women who communicate directly with the +Church Triumphant. She realised that the revelations granted to her so +abundantly inspired her most favourable judges with doubts, suspicion, +and even mistrust. She dared not confide to them much of the mystery +of her Voices, and when the Churchmen were not present she told +Alençon, her fair Duke, that she knew more and could do more than she +had ever told all those clerks.<a name="FNanchor_750_750" id="FNanchor_750_750"></a><a href="#Footnote_750_750" class="fnanchor">[750]</a> It was not to them she had been +sent; it was not for them that she had come. She felt awkward in their +presence, and their manners were the occasion of that irritation which +is discernible in more than one of her replies.<a name="FNanchor_751_751" id="FNanchor_751_751"></a><a href="#Footnote_751_751" class="fnanchor">[751]</a> Sometimes when +they questioned her she retreated to the end of her bench and sulked.</p> + +<p>"We come to you from the King," said Maître Pierre de Versailles.</p> + +<p>She replied with a bad grace: "I am quite aware that you are come to +question me again. I don't know A from B."<a name="FNanchor_752_752" id="FNanchor_752_752"></a><a href="#Footnote_752_752" class="fnanchor">[752]</a> But to the question: +"Wherefore do you come?" she made answer eagerly: "I come from the +King of Heaven to raise the siege of Orléans, and take the King to be +crowned and anointed at Reims. Maître Jean Érault, have you ink and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.196" id="Page_i.196">[Pg i.196]</a></span> +paper? Write what I shall tell you." And she dictated a brief +manifesto to the English captains: "You, Suffort, Clasdas, and La +Poule, in the name of the King of Heaven I call upon you to return to +England."<a name="FNanchor_753_753" id="FNanchor_753_753"></a><a href="#Footnote_753_753" class="fnanchor">[753]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Jean Érault, who wrote at her dictation, was, like most of the +clerks, favourably disposed towards her. Further, he had his own +ideas. He recollected that Marie of Avignon, surnamed La Gasque, had +uttered true and memorable prophecies to King Charles VI. Now La +Gasque had told the King that the realm was to suffer many sorrows; +and she had seen weapons in the sky. Her story of her vision had +concluded with these words: "While I was afeard, believing myself +called upon to take these weapons, a voice comforted me, saying: 'They +are not for thee, but for a Virgin, who shall come and with these +weapons deliver the realm of France.'" Maître Jean Érault meditated on +these marvellous revelations and came to believe that Jeanne was the +Virgin announced by Marie of Avignon.<a name="FNanchor_754_754" id="FNanchor_754_754"></a><a href="#Footnote_754_754" class="fnanchor">[754]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Gérard Machet, the King's Confessor, had found it written that +a Maid should come to the help of the King of France. He remarked on +it to Gobert Thibault, the Squire, who was no very great +personage;<a name="FNanchor_755_755" id="FNanchor_755_755"></a><a href="#Footnote_755_755" class="fnanchor">[755]</a> and he certainly spoke of it to several others.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.197" id="Page_i.197">[Pg i.197]</a></span> +Gérard Machet, Doctor of Theology, sometime Vice Chancellor of the +University, from which he was now excluded, was regarded as one of the +lights of the Church. He loved the court,<a name="FNanchor_756_756" id="FNanchor_756_756"></a><a href="#Footnote_756_756" class="fnanchor">[756]</a> although he would not +admit it, and enjoyed the favour of the King, who had just rewarded +his services by giving him money with which to purchase a mule.<a name="FNanchor_757_757" id="FNanchor_757_757"></a><a href="#Footnote_757_757" class="fnanchor">[757]</a> +All doubts concerning the disposition of these doctors are removed by +the discovery that the King's Confessor himself put into circulation +those prophecies which had been distorted in favour of the Maid from +the Bois-Chenu.</p> + +<p>The damsel was interrogated concerning her Voices, which she called +her Council, and her saints, whom she imagined in the semblance of +those sculptured or painted figures peopling the churches.<a name="FNanchor_758_758" id="FNanchor_758_758"></a><a href="#Footnote_758_758" class="fnanchor">[758]</a> The +doctors objected to her having cast off woman's clothing and had her +hair cut round in the manner of a page. Now it is written: "The woman +shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man +put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the +Lord thy God" (Deuteronomy xxii, 5). The Council of Gangres, held in +the reign of the Emperor Valens, had anathematised women who dressed +as men and cut short their hair.<a name="FNanchor_759_759" id="FNanchor_759_759"></a><a href="#Footnote_759_759" class="fnanchor">[759]</a> Many saintly women, impelled by +a strange inspiration of the Holy Ghost, had concealed their sex by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.198" id="Page_i.198">[Pg i.198]</a></span> +masculine garb. At Saint-Jean-des-Bois, near Compiègne, was preserved +the reliquary of Saint Euphrosyne of Alexandria, who lived for +thirty-eight years in man's attire in the monastery of the Abbot +Theodosius.<a name="FNanchor_760_760" id="FNanchor_760_760"></a><a href="#Footnote_760_760" class="fnanchor">[760]</a> For these reasons, and because of these precedents, +the doctors argued: since Jeanne had put on this clothing not to +offend another's modesty but to preserve her own, we will put no evil +interpretation on an act performed with good intent, and we will +forbear to condemn a deed justified by purity of motive.</p> + +<p>Certain of her questioners inquired why she called Charles Dauphin +instead of giving him his title of King. This title had been his by +right since the 30th of October, 1422; for on that day, the ninth +since the death of the King his father, at Mehun-sur-Yèvre, in the +chapel royal, he had put off his black gown and assumed the purple +robe, while the heralds, raising aloft the banner of France, cried: +"Long live the King!"</p> + +<p>She answered: "I will not call him King until he shall have been +anointed and crowned at Reims. To that city I intend to take +him."<a name="FNanchor_761_761" id="FNanchor_761_761"></a><a href="#Footnote_761_761" class="fnanchor">[761]</a></p> + +<p>Without this anointing there was no king of France for her. Of the +miracles which had followed that anointing she had heard every year +from the mouth of her priest as he recited the glorious deeds of the +Blessed Saint Remi, the patron saint of her parish. This reply was +such as to satisfy the interrogators because, both for things +spiritual and temporal, it was important that the King should be +anointed at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.199" id="Page_i.199">[Pg i.199]</a></span> Reims.<a name="FNanchor_762_762" id="FNanchor_762_762"></a><a href="#Footnote_762_762" class="fnanchor">[762]</a> And Messire Regnault de Chartres must have +ardently desired it.</p> + +<p>Contradicted by the clerks, she opposed the Church's doctrine by the +inspiration of her own heart, and said to them: "There is more in the +Book of Our Lord than in all yours."<a name="FNanchor_763_763" id="FNanchor_763_763"></a><a href="#Footnote_763_763" class="fnanchor">[763]</a></p> + +<p>This was a bold and biting reply, which would have been dangerous had +the theologians been less favourably inclined to her. Otherwise they +might have held it to be trespassing on the rights of the Church, who, +as the guardian of the Holy Books, is their jealous interpreter, and +does not suffer the authority of Scripture to be set up against the +decisions of Councils.<a name="FNanchor_764_764" id="FNanchor_764_764"></a><a href="#Footnote_764_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a> What were those books, which without +having read she judged to be contrary to those of Our Lord, wherein +with mind and spirit she seemed to read plainly? They would seem to be +the Sacred Canons and the Sacred Decretals. This child's utterance +sapped the very foundations of the Church. Had the doctors of Poitiers +been less zealously Armagnac they would henceforth have mistrusted +Jeanne and suspected her of heresy. But they were loyal servants of +the houses of Orléans and of France. Their cassocks were ragged and +their larders empty;<a name="FNanchor_765_765" id="FNanchor_765_765"></a><a href="#Footnote_765_765" class="fnanchor">[765]</a> their only hope was in God, and they feared +lest in rejecting this damsel they might be denying the Holy Ghost. +Besides, everything went to prove that these words of Jeanne were +uttered without guile and in all ignorance and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.200" id="Page_i.200">[Pg i.200]</a></span> simplicity. No doubt +that is why the doctors were not shocked by them.</p> + +<p>Brother Seguin of Seguin in his turn questioned the damsel. He was +from Limousin, and his speech betrayed his origin. He spoke with a +drawl and used expressions unknown in Lorraine and Champagne. Perhaps +he had that dull, heavy air, which rendered the folk of his province +somewhat ridiculous in the eyes of dwellers on the Loire, the Seine, +and the Meuse. To the question: "What language do your Voices speak?" +Jeanne replied: "A better one than yours."<a name="FNanchor_766_766" id="FNanchor_766_766"></a><a href="#Footnote_766_766" class="fnanchor">[766]</a></p> + +<p>Even saints may lose patience. If Brother Seguin did not know it +before, he learnt it that day. And what business had he to doubt that +Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, who were on the side of the +French, spoke French? Such a doubt Jeanne could not bear, and she gave +her questioner to understand that when one comes from Limousin one +does not inquire concerning the speech of heavenly ladies. +Notwithstanding he pursued his interrogation: "Do you believe in God?" +"Yes, more than you do," said the Maid, who, knowing nothing of the +good Brother, was somewhat hasty in esteeming herself better grounded +in the faith than he.</p> + +<p>But she was vexed that there should be any question of her belief in +God, who had sent her. Her reply, if favourably interpreted, would +testify to the ardour of her faith. Did Brother Seguin so understand +it? His contemporaries represented him as being of a somewhat bitter +disposition. On the contrary, there is reason to believe that he was +good-natured.<a name="FNanchor_767_767" id="FNanchor_767_767"></a><a href="#Footnote_767_767" class="fnanchor">[767]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.201" id="Page_i.201">[Pg i.201]</a></span></p> +<p>"But after all," he said, "it cannot be God's will that you should be +believed unless some sign appear to make us believe in you. On your +word alone we cannot counsel the King to run the risk of granting you +men-at-arms."</p> + +<p>"In God's name," she answered, "it was not to give a sign that I came +to Poitiers. But take me to Orléans and I will show you the signs +wherefore I am sent. Let me be given men, it matters not how many, and +I will go to Orléans."</p> + +<p>And she repeated what she was continually saying: "The English shall +all be driven out and destroyed. The siege of Orléans shall be raised +and the city delivered from its enemies, after I shall have summoned +it to surrender in the name of the King of Heaven. The Dauphin shall +be anointed at Reims, the town of Paris shall return to its allegiance +to the King, and the Duke of Orléans shall come back from +England."<a name="FNanchor_768_768" id="FNanchor_768_768"></a><a href="#Footnote_768_768" class="fnanchor">[768]</a></p> + +<p>Long did the doctors and masters, following the example of Brother +Seguin of Seguin, urge her to show a sign of her mission. They thought +that if God had chosen her to deliver the French nation he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.202" id="Page_i.202">[Pg i.202]</a></span> would not +fail to make his choice manifest by a sign, as he had done for Gideon, +the son of Joash. When Israel was sore pressed by the Midianites, and +when God's chosen people hid from their enemies in the caves of the +mountains, the Angel of the Lord appeared to Gideon under an oak, and +said unto him: "Surely I will be with thee and thou shalt smite the +Midianites as one man." To which Gideon made answer: "If now I have +found grace in thy sight, then shew me a sign that thou talkest with +me." And Gideon made ready a kid and kneaded unleavened cakes; the +flesh he put in a basket, and he put the broth in a pot and brought +the pot and the basket beneath the oak. Then the Angel of God said +unto him: "Take the flesh and the unleavened cakes, and lay them upon +this rock, and pour out the broth." And he did so. Then the angel of +the Lord put forth the end of the staff that was in his hand, and +touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and there rose up fire out +of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the unleavened cakes. When +Gideon perceived that he had seen an angel of the Lord, he cried out: +"Alas, O Lord God! for because I have seen an angel of the Lord face +to face."<a name="FNanchor_769_769" id="FNanchor_769_769"></a><a href="#Footnote_769_769" class="fnanchor">[769]</a> With three hundred men Gideon subdued the Midianites. +This example the doctors had before their minds.<a name="FNanchor_770_770" id="FNanchor_770_770"></a><a href="#Footnote_770_770" class="fnanchor">[770]</a></p> + +<p>But for the Maid the sign of victory was victory itself. She said +without ceasing: "The sign that I will show you shall be Orléans +relieved and the siege raised."<a name="FNanchor_771_771" id="FNanchor_771_771"></a><a href="#Footnote_771_771" class="fnanchor">[771]</a></p> + +<p>Such persistency made an impression on most of her interrogators. They +determined to make of it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.203" id="Page_i.203">[Pg i.203]</a></span> not a stone of stumbling, but rather an +example of zeal and a subject of edification. Since she promised them +a sign it behoved them in all humility to ask God to send it, and, +filled with a like hope, joining with the King and all the people, to +pray to the God, who delivered Israel, to grant them the banner of +victory. Thus were overcome the arguments of Brother Seguin and of +those who, led away by the precepts of human wisdom, desired a sign +before they believed.</p> + +<p>After an examination which had lasted six weeks, the doctors declared +themselves satisfied.<a name="FNanchor_772_772" id="FNanchor_772_772"></a><a href="#Footnote_772_772" class="fnanchor">[772]</a></p> + +<p>There was one point it was necessary to ascertain; they must know +whether Jeanne was, as she said, a virgin. Matrons had indeed already +examined her on her arrival at Chinon. Then there was a doubt as to +whether she were man or maid; and it was even feared that she might be +an illusion in woman's semblance, produced by the art of demons, which +scholars considered by no means impossible.<a name="FNanchor_773_773" id="FNanchor_773_773"></a><a href="#Footnote_773_773" class="fnanchor">[773]</a> It was not long since +the death of that canon who held that now and again knights are +changed into bears and spirits travel a hundred leagues in one night, +then suddenly become sows or wisps of straw.<a name="FNanchor_774_774" id="FNanchor_774_774"></a><a href="#Footnote_774_774" class="fnanchor">[774]</a> Suitable measures +had therefore been taken. But they must be carried out exactly, +wisely, and cautiously, for the matter was of great importance.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.204" id="Page_i.204">[Pg i.204]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT POITIERS (<i>continued</i>)</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capa.jpg" width="117" height="125" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" /> +BELIEF, common to learned and ignorant alike, ascribed special +virtues to the state of virginity. Such ideas had been handed down +from a remote antiquity; their origin was pre-Christian; they were an +immemorial inheritance, one part of which came from the Gauls and +Germans, the other from the Romans and Greeks. In the land of Gaul +there still lingered a memory of the sacred beauty of the white +priestesses of the forest; and sometimes in the Island of Sein, along +the misty shores of the Ocean, there wandered the shades of those nine +sisters at whose bidding, in days of yore, the tempest raged and was +stilled.</p> + +<p>According to these beliefs, which had dawned in the childhood of +races, the gift of prophecy is bestowed on virgins alone. It is the +heritage of a Cassandra or a Velleda. It was said that Sibyls had +prophesied the coming of Jesus Christ. In the Church they were +considered the first witnesses of Christ among the Gentiles, and they +were venerated as the august sisters of the prophets of Israel. The +<i>Dies Iræ</i> mentions one of them in the same breath with King David +himself. By what pious frauds their fame for prophecy was established, +we cannot tell any more than Jean Gerson or Gérard Machet. With the +doctors of the fifteenth century we must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.205" id="Page_i.205">[Pg i.205]</a></span> look upon these virgins as +speaking the word of truth to the nations, who venerated but did not +understand them. Such was the ancient tradition of the Christian +Church. The most ancient fathers of the Church, Justin, Origen, +Clement of Alexandria, frequently made use of the Sibylline oracles; +and the heathen were at a loss for a reply when Lactantius confronted +them with these prophetesses of the nations. Trusting in the word of +Varro, Saint Jerome firmly believed in their existence. Into <i>The City +of God</i> Saint Augustine introduces the Erythrean Sibyl, who, he says, +faithfully foretold the Life of the Saviour. As early as the +thirteenth century, these virgins of old had their places in +cathedrals by the side of patriarchs and prophets. But it was not +until the fifteenth century that multitudes of them were represented; +sculptured on church porches, carved on choir stalls, painted on +chapel walls or glass windows. Each one has her distinctive attribute. +The Persian holds the lantern and the Libyan the torch, which +illuminated the darkness of the Gentiles. The Agrippine, the European, +and Erythrean are armed with the sword; the Phrygian bears the Paschal +cross; the Hellespontine presents a rose tree in flower; the others +display the visible signs of the mystery they foretell: the Cumæan a +manger; the Delphian, the Samian, the Tiburtine, the Cimmerian a crown +of thorns, a sceptre of reeds, scourges, a cross.<a name="FNanchor_775_775" id="FNanchor_775_775"></a><a href="#Footnote_775_775" class="fnanchor">[775]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.206" id="Page_i.206">[Pg i.206]</a></span></p> +<p>The very economy of the Christian religion—the ordering of its +mysteries, wherein humanity is represented as ruined by a woman and +saved by a virgin, and all flesh is involved in Eve's curse—led to +the triumph of virginity and the exaltation of a condition which, in +the words of a Father of the Church, is in the flesh, yet not of the +flesh.</p> + +<p>"It is because of virginity," says Saint Gregory of Nyssa, "that God +vouchsafes to dwell with men. It is virginity which gives men wings to +soar towards heaven." Celibacy raises the Apostle John above the +Prince of the Apostles himself. At the funeral of the Virgin Mary, +Peter gave John a palm branch, saying: "It becometh one who is +celibate to bear the Virgin's palm."<a name="FNanchor_776_776" id="FNanchor_776_776"></a><a href="#Footnote_776_776" class="fnanchor">[776]</a></p> + +<p>Throughout western Christendom the Virgin Mary—the Virgin <i>par +excellence</i>—had been the object of zealous devout worship<a name="FNanchor_777_777" id="FNanchor_777_777"></a><a href="#Footnote_777_777" class="fnanchor">[777]</a> ever +since the twelfth century. The great cathedrals of northern France, +dedicated to Our Lady, celebrated the feast of their patron saint on +the day of the Assumption. On the sculptured pillar of the central +porch was the Virgin, with her divine Child and the Virgin's lily. +Sometimes Eve figured beneath, in order to represent at once sin and +its redemption: the second Eve redeeming the first, the Virgin exalted +the woman humbled. Marvellous scenes are portrayed on the tympanums of +porches. The Virgin is kneeling; at her side is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.207" id="Page_i.207">[Pg i.207]</a></span> flowering lily in a +vase. The Angel, book in hand, greets her with an AVE, thus +transposing the name EVA, <i>mutans Evæ nomen</i>. Or again, with her feet +resting on the crescent moon, she rises to the highest heaven: +<i>Exaltata est super choros angelorum</i>. Further, from Jesus Christ she +receives the precious crown: <i>Posuit in capite ejus coronam de lapide +pretioso</i>. In gems of painted glass, church windows portrayed the +figures of Mary's virginity; the stone which Daniel saw dug from the +mountain by no human hand, Gideon's fleece, Moses' burning bush, and +Aaron's budding rod.</p> + +<p>In an inexhaustible flow of images, expressed in hymns, sequences, and +litanies, she was the Mystic Rose, the Ivory Tower, the Ark of the +Covenant, the Gate of Heaven, the Morning Star. She was the Well of +Living Water, the Fountain of the Garden, the Walled Orchard, the +Bright and Shining Stone, the Flower of Virtue, the Palm of Sweetness, +the Myrtle of Temperance, the Sweet Ointment.</p> + +<p>In the Golden Legend, images rich and charming clothed the idea that +grace and power resided in virginity. The hagiographers burst forth in +loving praise of the brides of Jesus Christ; of those especially who +put on the white robe of virginity and the red roses of martyrdom. It +was during the passion of virgins that miracles of the most abounding +grace were worked. Angels bring down to Dorothea celestial roses, +which she scatters over her executioners. Virgin martyrs exercise +their power over beasts. The lions of the amphitheatre lick the feet +of Saint Thecla. The wild beasts of the circus gather together, and +with tails interlaced, prepare a throne for Saint Euphemia; in the +pit, aspics form a pleasing necklace for Saint Christina. It is not +the will of the divine Spouse for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.208" id="Page_i.208">[Pg i.208]</a></span> whom they endure anguish that they +should suffer in their modesty. When the executioner tears off Saint +Agnes's garments, her hair grows thicker and clothes her in a +miraculous garment. When Saint Barbara is to be taken naked through +the streets, an angel brings her a white tunic. These Agneses and +these Dorotheas, these Catherines and these Margarets, this legion of +innocent conquerors prepared men's minds to believe in the miracle of +a virgin stronger than armed men. Had not Saint Geneviève turned away +Attila and his barbarian warriors from Paris?</p> + +<p>The fable of the Maid and the Unicorn, so widely known in those days, +is a lively expression of this belief in a special virtue residing in +the state of virginity.</p> + +<p>The unicorn was half goat and half horse, of immaculate whiteness; it +bore a marvellous sword upon its forehead. Hunters, when they saw it +pass in the thicket, had never been able to reach it, so rapid was its +course. But if a virgin in the forest called the unicorn, the creature +obeyed, came and laid its head on her lap, and allowed such feeble +hands to take and bind it. If however a damsel corrupt and no longer a +maid approached it, the unicorn slew her immediately.<a name="FNanchor_778_778" id="FNanchor_778_778"></a><a href="#Footnote_778_778" class="fnanchor">[778]</a></p> + +<p>It was even said that a virgin had the power to cure king's evil, by +reciting, fasting and naked, certain magic words; but they were not +words from the Gospel.<a name="FNanchor_779_779" id="FNanchor_779_779"></a><a href="#Footnote_779_779" class="fnanchor">[779]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.209" id="Page_i.209">[Pg i.209]</a></span></p> +<p>While mystics and visionaries were glorifying virginity, the Church, +bent on governing the body as well as the soul, condemned opinions +denying the lawfulness of marriage, which she had constituted a +sacrament. Those who would anathematise all works of the flesh she +held to be abominable and impious. A maid deserved praise for +preserving her virginity, provided always that her motives were +praiseworthy. Two hundred years before the reign of Charles VII, a +young girl of Reims realised that a grave sin may be committed against +the Church of God by refusing the solicitations of a clerk in a +vineyard. Here is the damsel's story as related by the canon Gervais.</p> + +<p>"On a day, Guillaume with the White Hands, Uncle of King Philippe of +France, for his pleasure rode forth from his town. A clerk of his +following, Gervais by name, who was in the heat of youth, saw a maiden +walking alone in a vineyard. He went to her, greeted her and asked: +'What are you doing in such great haste?' And with fitting words he +courteously solicited her.</p> + +<p>"Without even looking at him, calmly and gravely she replied: 'God +forbid, youth, that I should ever be yours or any man's, for if I were +to lose my virginity and my body its purity, I should inevitably fall +into eternal damnation.'</p> + +<p>"Such words caused the clerk to suspect that the maiden belonged to +the impious sect of the Cathari, whom the Church was in those days +pursuing relentlessly and punishing severely. One of the errors of +these heretics was indeed to condemn all carnal intercourse. Impatient +to resolve his doubts, Gervais straightway provoked the damsel to a +discussion on the Church's teaching in this matter. Mean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.210" id="Page_i.210">[Pg i.210]</a></span>while, the +Archbishop, Guillaume with the White Hands, turned his steed, and, +followed by his monks, came to the vineyard where the clerk and the +maiden were disputing together. When he learnt the cause of their +disagreement he ordered the maiden to be seized and brought into the +town. There he exhorted her, and, in charity, endeavoured to convert +her to the Catholic Faith.</p> + +<p>"She would not submit, however. 'I am not well enough grounded in +doctrine to defend myself,' she said to him. 'But in the town I have a +mistress, who, with good reasons, will easily refute all your +arguments. She it is who lodges in that house.'</p> + +<p>"The Archbishop Guillaume straightway sent to inquire after this +woman; and, having questioned her, perceived that what the maiden had +said concerning her was true. The very next day he convoked an +assembly of clerks and nobles to judge the two women. Both of them +were condemned to be burnt. The mistress contrived to escape, but +promises and persuasions having failed to turn the maiden from the +pernicious error of her ways, she was delivered up to the executioner. +She died without shedding a tear, without uttering a complaint."<a name="FNanchor_780_780" id="FNanchor_780_780"></a><a href="#Footnote_780_780" class="fnanchor">[780]</a></p> + +<p>In the year 1416 there was a certain woman, a native of the Duchy of +Bar, Catherine Sauve by name. She was then a solitary, living at +Montpellier, on the road to Lattes. Having been publicly accused, she +was examined by the Inquisitor's Vicar, Maître Raymond Cabasse, and +found to be infected with the heresy of the Cathari. Among other +errors she maintained that all carnal intercourse is sinful, even in +wedlock. Wherefore she was delivered to the secular arm and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.211" id="Page_i.211">[Pg i.211]</a></span> burned at +the stake on the 2nd of November in that year.<a name="FNanchor_781_781" id="FNanchor_781_781"></a><a href="#Footnote_781_781" class="fnanchor">[781]</a></p> + +<p>It was then commonly believed that such maidens as gave themselves to +the devil were straightway stripped of their virginity; and that thus +he obtained power over these unhappy creatures.<a name="FNanchor_782_782" id="FNanchor_782_782"></a><a href="#Footnote_782_782" class="fnanchor">[782]</a> Such ways +accorded with what was known of his libidinous disposition. These +pleasures were tempered to his woeful state. And thereby he gained a +further advantage,—that of unarming his victim,—for virginity is as +a coat of mail against which the darts of hell are but blades of +straw. Hence it was all but certain that a soul vowed to the devil +could not reside within a maid.<a name="FNanchor_783_783" id="FNanchor_783_783"></a><a href="#Footnote_783_783" class="fnanchor">[783]</a> Wherefore, there was one +infallible way of proving that the peasant girl from Vaucouleurs was +not given up to magic or to sorcery, and had made no pact with the +Evil One. Recourse was had to it.</p> + +<p>Jeanne was seen, visited, privately inspected, and thoroughly examined +by wise women, <i>mulieres doctas</i>; by knowing virgins, <i>peritas +virgines</i>; by widows and wives, <i>viduas et conjugates</i>. First among +these matrons were: the Queen of Sicily and of Jerusalem, Duchess of +Anjou; Dame Jeanne de Preuilly, wife of the Sire de Gaucourt, Governor +of Orléans, who was about fifty-seven years of age; and Dame Jeanne de +Mortemer, wife of Messire Robert le Maçon, Lord of Trèves, a man full +of years.<a name="FNanchor_784_784" id="FNanchor_784_784"></a><a href="#Footnote_784_784" class="fnanchor">[784]</a> The last was only eighteen, and one would have expected +her to be better acquainted with the <i>Calendrier des Vieillards</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.212" id="Page_i.212">[Pg i.212]</a></span> than +with the formulary of matrons. It is strange with what assurance the +good wives of those days undertook the solution of a problem which had +appeared difficult to King Solomon in all his wisdom.</p> + +<p>Jeanne of Domremy was found to be a maid pure and intact.<a name="FNanchor_785_785" id="FNanchor_785_785"></a><a href="#Footnote_785_785" class="fnanchor">[785]</a></p> + +<p>While she herself was being subjected to the interrogatories of +doctors and the examination of matrons, certain clerics who had been +despatched to her native province were there prosecuting an inquiry +concerning her birth, her life, and her morals.<a name="FNanchor_786_786" id="FNanchor_786_786"></a><a href="#Footnote_786_786" class="fnanchor">[786]</a> The ecclesiastics +had been chosen from those mendicant Friars<a name="FNanchor_787_787" id="FNanchor_787_787"></a><a href="#Footnote_787_787" class="fnanchor">[787]</a> who could pass freely +along the highways and byways of the enemy's country without exciting +the suspicion of English and Burgundians. And, indeed, they were in no +way molested. From Domremy and from Vaucouleurs they brought back sure +testimony to the humility, the devotion, the honesty, and the +simplicity of Jeanne. But, most important, they had found no +difficulty in gleaning certain pious tales, such as commonly adorned +the childhood of saints. To these monks we must attribute an important +share in the development of those legends of Jeanne's early years, +which were so soon to become popular. From this time, apparently, +dates the story that when Jeanne was in her seventh year, wolves +spared her sheep, and birds of the woods came at her call and ate +crumbs from her lap.<a name="FNanchor_788_788" id="FNanchor_788_788"></a><a href="#Footnote_788_788" class="fnanchor">[788]</a> Such saintly flowers sug<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.213" id="Page_i.213">[Pg i.213]</a></span>gest a Franciscan +origin; among them are the wolf of Gubbio and the birds preached to by +Saint Francis. These mendicants may also have furnished examples of +the Maid's prophetic gift. They may have spread abroad the story that, +when she was at Vaucouleurs, on the day of the Battle of the Herrings, +she knew of the great hurt inflicted on the French at Rouvray.<a name="FNanchor_789_789" id="FNanchor_789_789"></a><a href="#Footnote_789_789" class="fnanchor">[789]</a> +The success of such little stories was immediate and complete.</p> + +<p>After this examination and inquiry, the doctors came to the following +conclusions: "The King, beholding his own need and that of his realm, +and considering the constant prayers to God of his poor subjects and +all others who love peace and justice, ought not to repulse or reject +the Maid who says that God has sent her to bring him succour, albeit +these promises may be nothing<a name="FNanchor_790_790" id="FNanchor_790_790"></a><a href="#Footnote_790_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a> but the works of man; neither ought +he lightly or hastily to believe in her. But, according to Holy +Scripture he must try her in two ways: to wit, with human wisdom, by +inquiring of her life, her morals, and her motive, as saith Saint Paul +the Apostle: <i>Probate spiritus, si ex Deo sunt</i>; and by earnest prayer +to ask for a sign of her work and her divine hope, by which to tell +whether it is by God's will that she is come. Thus God commanded Ahaz +that he should ask for a sign when God promised him victory, saying +unto him: <i>Pete signum a Domino</i>; and Gideon did likewise when he +asked for a sign and many others, etc. Since the coming of the said +Maid, the King hath observed her in the two manners aforesaid: to wit, +by trial of human wisdom and by prayer, asking God for a sign. As for +the first, which is trial by human wisdom, he has tested the said Maid +in her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.214" id="Page_i.214">[Pg i.214]</a></span> life, her origin, her morals, her intention; and has kept her +near him for the space of six weeks to show her to all people, whether +clerks, ecclesiastics, monks, men-at-arms, wives, widows or others. In +public and in private she hath conversed with persons of all +conditions. But there hath been found no evil in her, nothing but +good, humility, virginity, devoutness, honesty, simplicity. Of her +birth, as well as of her life, many marvellous things are related."</p> + +<p>"As for the second ordeal, the King asked her for a sign, to which she +replied that before Orléans she would give it, but neither earlier nor +elsewhere, for thus it is ordained of God.</p> + +<p>"Now, seeing that the King hath made trial of the aforesaid Maid as +far as it was in his power to do, that he findeth no evil in her, and +that her reply is that she will give a divine sign before Orléans; +seeing her persistency, and the consistency of her words, and her +urgent request that she be sent to Orléans to show there that the aid +she brings is divine, the King should not hinder her from going to +Orléans with men-at-arms, but should send her there in due state +trusting in God. For to fear her or reject her when there is no +appearance of evil in her would be to rebel against the Holy Ghost, +and to render oneself unworthy of divine succour, as Gamaliel said of +the Apostles in the Council of the Jews."<a name="FNanchor_791_791" id="FNanchor_791_791"></a><a href="#Footnote_791_791" class="fnanchor">[791]</a></p> + +<p>In short, the doctors' conclusion was that as yet nothing divine +appeared in the Maid's promises, but that she had been examined and +been found humble, a virgin, devout, honest, simple, and wholly good; +and that, since she had promised to give a sign from God before +Orléans, she must be taken there, for fear that in her the gift of the +Holy Ghost should be rejected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.215" id="Page_i.215">[Pg i.215]</a></span></p> + +<p>Of these conclusions a great number of copies were made and sent to +the towns of the realm as well as to the princes of Christendom. The +Emperor Sigismond, for example, received a copy.<a name="FNanchor_792_792" id="FNanchor_792_792"></a><a href="#Footnote_792_792" class="fnanchor">[792]</a></p> + +<p>If the doctors of Poitiers had intended this six weeks inquiry, +culminating in a favourable and solemn conclusion, to bring about the +glorification of the Maid and the heartening of the French people by +the preparation and announcement of the marvel they had before them, +then they succeeded perfectly.<a name="FNanchor_793_793" id="FNanchor_793_793"></a><a href="#Footnote_793_793" class="fnanchor">[793]</a></p> + +<p>That prolonged investigation, that minute examination reassured those +doubting minds among the French, who suspected a woman dressed as a +man of being a devil; they flattered men's imaginations with the hope +of a miracle; they appealed to all hearts to judge favourably of the +damsel who came forth radiant from the fire of ordeal and appeared as +if glorified with a celestial halo. Her vanquishing the doctors in +argument made her seem like another Saint Catherine.<a name="FNanchor_794_794" id="FNanchor_794_794"></a><a href="#Footnote_794_794" class="fnanchor">[794]</a> But that she +should have met difficult questions with wise answers was not enough +for a multitude eager for marvels. It was imagined that she had been +subjected to a strange probation from which she had come forth by +nothing short of a miracle. Thus a few weeks after the inquiry, the +following wonderful story was related in Brittany and in Flanders: +when at Poitiers she was preparing to receive the communion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.216" id="Page_i.216">[Pg i.216]</a></span> the +priest had one wafer that was consecrated and another that was not. He +wanted to give her the unconsecrated wafer. She took it in her hand +and told the priest that it was not the body of Christ her Redeemer, +but that the body was in the wafer which the priest had covered with +the corporal.<a name="FNanchor_795_795" id="FNanchor_795_795"></a><a href="#Footnote_795_795" class="fnanchor">[795]</a> After that there could be no doubt that Jeanne was +a great saint.</p> + +<p>At the termination of the inquiries, a favourable opportunity for +introducing the Maid into Orléans arrived in the beginning of April. +For her arming and her accoutring she was sent first to Tours.<a name="FNanchor_796_796" id="FNanchor_796_796"></a><a href="#Footnote_796_796" class="fnanchor">[796]</a></p> + +<p>Sixty-six years later, an inhabitant of Poitiers, almost a hundred +years old, told a young fellow-citizen that he had seen the Maid set +out for Orléans on horseback, in white armour.<a name="FNanchor_797_797" id="FNanchor_797_797"></a><a href="#Footnote_797_797" class="fnanchor">[797]</a> He pointed to the +very stone from which she had mounted her horse in the corner of the +Rue Saint-Etienne. Now, when Jeanne was at Poitiers, she was not in +armour. But the people of Poitou had named the stone "the Maid's +mounting stone." With what a glad eager step the Saint must have leapt +from that stone on to the horse which was to carry her away from those +furred cats to the afflicted and oppressed whom she was longing to +succour.<a name="FNanchor_798_798" id="FNanchor_798_798"></a><a href="#Footnote_798_798" class="fnanchor">[798]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.217" id="Page_i.217">[Pg i.217]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT TOURS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capa.jpg" width="117" height="125" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" />T Tours the Maid lodged in the house of a dame commonly called +Lapau.<a name="FNanchor_799_799" id="FNanchor_799_799"></a><a href="#Footnote_799_799" class="fnanchor">[799]</a> She was Eléonore de Paul, a woman of Anjou, who had been +lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie of Anjou. Married to Jean du Puy, Lord +of La Roche-Saint-Quentin, Councillor of the Queen of Sicily, she had +remained in the service of the Queen of France.<a name="FNanchor_800_800" id="FNanchor_800_800"></a><a href="#Footnote_800_800" class="fnanchor">[800]</a></p> + +<p>The town of Tours belonged to the Queen of Sicily, who grew richer and +richer as her son-in-law grew poorer and poorer. She aided him with +money and with lands. In 1424, the duchy of Touraine with all its +dependencies, except the castellany of Chinon, had come into her +possession.<a name="FNanchor_801_801" id="FNanchor_801_801"></a><a href="#Footnote_801_801" class="fnanchor">[801]</a> The burgesses and commonalty of Tours earnestly +desired peace. Meanwhile they made every effort to escape from pillage +at the hands of men-at-arms. Neither King Charles nor Queen Yolande +was able to defend them, so they must needs defend themselves.<a name="FNanchor_802_802" id="FNanchor_802_802"></a><a href="#Footnote_802_802" class="fnanchor">[802]</a> +When the town watchmen announced the approach of one of those +marauding chiefs who were ravaging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.218" id="Page_i.218">[Pg i.218]</a></span> Touraine and Anjou, the citizens +shut their gates and saw to it that the culverins were in their +places. Then there was a parley: the captain from the brink of the +moat maintained that he was in the King's service and on his way to +fight the English; he asked for a night's rest in the town for himself +and his men. From the heights of the ramparts he was politely +requested to pass on; and, in case he should be tempted to force an +entry, a sum of money was offered him.<a name="FNanchor_803_803" id="FNanchor_803_803"></a><a href="#Footnote_803_803" class="fnanchor">[803]</a> Thus the citizens fleeced +themselves for fear of being robbed. In like manner, only a few days +before Jeanne's coming, they had given the Scot, Kennedy, who was +ravaging the district, two hundred livres to go on. When they had got +rid of their defenders, their next care was to fortify themselves +against the English. On the 29th of February of this same year, 1429, +these citizens lent one hundred crowns to Captain La Hire, who was +then doing his best for Orléans. And even on the approach of the +English they consented to receive forty archers belonging to the +company of the Sire de Bueil, only on condition that Bueil should +lodge in the castle with twenty men, and that the others should be +quartered in the inns, where they were to have nothing without paying +for it. Thus it was or was not; and the Sire de Bueil went off to +defend Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_804_804" id="FNanchor_804_804"></a><a href="#Footnote_804_804" class="fnanchor">[804]</a></p> + +<p>In Jean du Puy's house, Jeanne was visited by an Augustinian monk, one +Jean Pasquerel. He was returning from the town of Puy-en-Velay where +he had met Isabelle Romée and certain of those who had conducted +Jeanne to the King.<a name="FNanchor_805_805" id="FNanchor_805_805"></a><a href="#Footnote_805_805" class="fnanchor">[805]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.219" id="Page_i.219">[Pg i.219]</a></span></p> +<p>In this town, in the sanctuary of Anis, was preserved an image of the +Mother of God, brought from Egypt by Saint Louis. It was of great +antiquity and highly venerated, for the prophet Jeremiah had with his +own hands carved it out of sycamore wood in the semblance of the +virgin yet to be born, whom he had seen in a vision.<a name="FNanchor_806_806" id="FNanchor_806_806"></a><a href="#Footnote_806_806" class="fnanchor">[806]</a> In holy week, +pilgrims flocked from all parts of France and of Europe,—nobles, +clerks, men-at-arms, citizens and peasants; and many, for penance or +through poverty, came on foot, staff in hand, begging their bread from +door to door. Merchants of all kinds betook themselves thither; and it +was at once the most popular of pilgrimages and one of the richest +fairs in the world. All round the town the stream of travellers +overflowed from the road on to vineyards, meadows, and gardens. On the +day of the Festival, in the year 1407, two hundred persons perished, +crushed to death in the throng.<a name="FNanchor_807_807" id="FNanchor_807_807"></a><a href="#Footnote_807_807" class="fnanchor">[807]</a></p> + +<p>In certain years the feast of the conception of Our Lord fell on the +same day as that of his death; and thus there coincided the promise +and the fulfilment of the promise of the greatest of mysteries. Then +Holy Friday became still holier. It was called Great Friday, and on +that day such as entered the sanctuary of Anis received plenary +indulgence. On that day the crowd of pilgrims was greater than usual. +Now, in the year 1429, Good Friday fell on the 25th of March, the day +of the Annunciation.<a name="FNanchor_808_808" id="FNanchor_808_808"></a><a href="#Footnote_808_808" class="fnanchor">[808]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.220" id="Page_i.220">[Pg i.220]</a></span></p> +<p>There is, therefore, nothing extraordinary in Brother Pasquerel's +meeting Jeanne's relatives at Puy during Holy Week. That a peasant +woman should travel two hundred and fifty miles on foot, through a +country infested with soldiers and other robbers, in a season of snows +and mist, to obtain an indulgence, was an every-day matter if we +remember the surname which had for long been hers.<a name="FNanchor_809_809" id="FNanchor_809_809"></a><a href="#Footnote_809_809" class="fnanchor">[809]</a> This was not +La Romée's first pilgrimage. As we do not know which members of the +Maid's escort the good Brother met, we are at liberty to conjecture +that Bertrand de Poulengy was among them. We know little about him, +but his speech would suggest that he was a devout person.<a name="FNanchor_810_810" id="FNanchor_810_810"></a><a href="#Footnote_810_810" class="fnanchor">[810]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne's comrades, having made friends with Pasquerel, said to him: +"You must go with us to Jeanne. We will not leave you until you have +taken us to her." They travelled together. Brother Pasquerel went with +them to Chinon, which Jeanne had left; then he went on to Tours, where +his convent was.</p> + +<p>The Augustinians, who claimed to have received their rule from St. +Francis himself, wore the grey habit of the Franciscans. It was from +their order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.221" id="Page_i.221">[Pg i.221]</a></span> that in the previous year the King had chosen a chaplain +for his young son, the Dauphin Louis. Brother Pasquerel held the +office of reader (<i>lector</i>) in his monastery.<a name="FNanchor_811_811" id="FNanchor_811_811"></a><a href="#Footnote_811_811" class="fnanchor">[811]</a> He was in priest's +orders. Quite young doubtless and of a wandering disposition, like +many mendicant monks of those days, he had a taste for the miraculous, +and was excessively credulous.</p> + +<p>Jeanne's comrades said to her: "Jeanne, we have brought you this good +father. You will like him well when you know him."</p> + +<p>She replied: "The good father pleases me. I have already heard tell of +him, and even to-morrow will I confess to him." The next day the good +father heard her in confession, and chanted mass before her. He became +her chaplain, and never left her.<a name="FNanchor_812_812" id="FNanchor_812_812"></a><a href="#Footnote_812_812" class="fnanchor">[812]</a></p> + +<p>In the fifteenth century Tours was one of the chief manufacturing +towns of the kingdom. The inhabitants excelled in all kinds of trades. +They wove tissues of silk, of gold, and of silver. They manufactured +coats of mail; and, while not competing with the armourers of Milan, +of Nuremberg, and of Augsburg, they were skilled in the forging and +hammering of steel.<a name="FNanchor_813_813" id="FNanchor_813_813"></a><a href="#Footnote_813_813" class="fnanchor">[813]</a> Here it was that, by the King's command, the +master armourer made Jeanne a suit of mail.<a name="FNanchor_814_814" id="FNanchor_814_814"></a><a href="#Footnote_814_814" class="fnanchor">[814]</a> The suit he furnished +was of wrought iron; and, according to the custom of that time, +consisted of a helmet, a cuirass in four parts, with epaulets, +armlets, elbow-pieces, fore-armlets, gaunt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.222" id="Page_i.222">[Pg i.222]</a></span>lets, cuisses, knee-pieces, +greaves and shoes.<a name="FNanchor_815_815" id="FNanchor_815_815"></a><a href="#Footnote_815_815" class="fnanchor">[815]</a> The maker had doubtless no thought of +accentuating the feminine figure. But the armour of that period, full +in the bust, slight in the waist, with broad skirts beneath the +corselet, in its slender grace and curious slimness, always has the +air of a woman's armour, and seems made for Queen Penthesilea or for +the Roman Camilla. The Maid's armour was white and unadorned, if one +may judge from its modest price of one hundred <i>livres tournois</i>. The +two suits of mail, made at the same time by the same armourer for Jean +de Metz and his comrade, were together worth one hundred and +twenty-five <i>livres tournois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_816_816" id="FNanchor_816_816"></a><a href="#Footnote_816_816" class="fnanchor">[816]</a> Possibly one of the skilful and +renowned drapers of Tours took the Maid's measure for a <i>houppelande</i> +or loose coat in silk or cloth of gold or silver, such as captains +wore over the cuirass. To look well, the coat, which was open in +front, must be cut in scallops that would float round the horseman as +he rode. Jeanne loved fine clothes but still more fine horses.<a name="FNanchor_817_817" id="FNanchor_817_817"></a><a href="#Footnote_817_817" class="fnanchor">[817]</a></p> + +<p>The King invited her to choose a horse from his stables. If we may +believe a certain Latin poet, she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.223" id="Page_i.223">[Pg i.223]</a></span> selected an animal of illustrious +origin, but very old. It was a war horse, which Pierre de Beauvau, +Governor of Maine and Anjou, had given to one of the King's two +brothers; who had both been dead, the one thirteen years, the other +twelve.<a name="FNanchor_818_818" id="FNanchor_818_818"></a><a href="#Footnote_818_818" class="fnanchor">[818]</a> This steed, or another, was brought to Lapau's house and +the Duke of Alençon went to see it. The horse must likewise be +accoutred, it must be furnished with a chanfrin to protect its head +and one of those wooden saddles with broad pommels which seemed to +encase the rider.<a name="FNanchor_819_819" id="FNanchor_819_819"></a><a href="#Footnote_819_819" class="fnanchor">[819]</a> A shield was out of the question. Since +chain-armour, which was not proof against blows, had been succeeded by +that plate-armour, on which nothing could make an impression, they had +ceased to be used save in pageants. As for the sword,—the noblest +part of her accoutrement and the bright symbol of strength joined to +loyalty,—Jeanne refused to take that from the royal armourer; she was +resolved to receive it from the hand of Saint Catherine herself.</p> + +<p>We know that on her coming into France she had stopped at Fierbois and +heard three masses in Saint Catherine's chapel.<a name="FNanchor_820_820" id="FNanchor_820_820"></a><a href="#Footnote_820_820" class="fnanchor">[820]</a> Therein the +Virgin of Alexandria had many swords, without counting the one Charles +Martel was said to have given her, and which it would not have been +easy to find again. A good Touranian in Touraine, Saint Catherine was +an Armagnac ever on the side of those who fought for the Dauphin +Charles. When captains and soldiers of fortune stood in danger of +death, or were prisoners in the hands of their enemies, she was the +saint they most willingly invoked; for they knew she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.224" id="Page_i.224">[Pg i.224]</a></span> wished them +well. She did not save them all, but she aided many. They came to +render her thanks; and as a sign of gratitude they offered her their +armour, so that her chapel looked like an armoury.<a name="FNanchor_821_821" id="FNanchor_821_821"></a><a href="#Footnote_821_821" class="fnanchor">[821]</a> The walls +bristled with swords; and, as gifts had been flowing in for half a +century, ever since the days of King Charles V, the sacristans were +probably in the habit of taking down the old weapons to make room for +the new, hoarding the old steel in some store-house until an +opportunity arrived for selling it.<a name="FNanchor_822_822" id="FNanchor_822_822"></a><a href="#Footnote_822_822" class="fnanchor">[822]</a> Saint Catherine could not +refuse a sword to the damsel, whom she loved so dearly that every day +and every hour she came down from Paradise to see and talk with her on +earth,—a maiden who in return had shown her devotion by travelling to +Fierbois to do the Saint reverence. For we must not omit to state that +Saint Catherine in company with Saint Margaret had never ceased to +appear to Jeanne both at Chinon and at Tours. She was present at all +those secret assemblies, which the Maid called sometimes her Council +but oftener her Voices, doubtless because they appealed more to her +ears and her mind than to her eyes, despite the burst of light which +sometimes dazzled her, and notwithstanding the crowns she was able to +discern on the heads of the saints. The Voices indicated one sword +among the multitude of those in the Chapel at Fierbois. Messire +Richard Kyrthrizian and Brother Gille Lecourt, both of them priests, +were then custodians of the chapel. Such is the title they assumed +when they signed the accounts of miracles worked by their saint. +Jeanne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.225" id="Page_i.225">[Pg i.225]</a></span> in a letter caused them to be asked for the sword, which had +been revealed to her. In the letter she said that it would be found +underground, not very deep down, and behind the altar. At least these +were all the directions she was able to give afterwards, and then she +could not quite remember whether it was behind the altar or in front. +Was she able to give the custodians of the chapel any signs by which +to recognise the sword? She never explained this point, and her letter +is lost.<a name="FNanchor_823_823" id="FNanchor_823_823"></a><a href="#Footnote_823_823" class="fnanchor">[823]</a></p> + +<p>It is certain, however, that she believed the sword had been shown to +her in a vision and in no other manner. An armourer of Touraine, whom +she did not know (afterwards she maintained that she had never seen +him), was appointed to carry the letter to Fierbois. The custodians of +the chapel gave him a sword marked with five crosses, or with five +little swords on the blade, not far from the hilt. In what part of the +chapel had they found it? No one knows. A contemporary says it was in +a coffer with some old iron. If it had been buried and hidden it was +not very long before, because the rust could easily be removed by +rubbing. The priests were careful to offer it to the Maid with great +ceremony<a name="FNanchor_824_824" id="FNanchor_824_824"></a><a href="#Footnote_824_824" class="fnanchor">[824]</a> before giving it to the armourer who had come for it. +They enclosed it in a sheath of red velvet, embroidered with the royal +flowers de luce. When Jeanne received it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.226" id="Page_i.226">[Pg i.226]</a></span> she recognised it to be the +one revealed to her in a celestial vision and promised her by her +Voices, and she failed not to let the little company of monks and +soldiers who surrounded her know that it was so. This they took to be +a good omen and a sign of victory.<a name="FNanchor_825_825" id="FNanchor_825_825"></a><a href="#Footnote_825_825" class="fnanchor">[825]</a> To protect Saint Catherine's +sword the priests of the town gave her a second sheath; this one was +of black cloth. Jeanne had a third made of very tough leather.<a name="FNanchor_826_826" id="FNanchor_826_826"></a><a href="#Footnote_826_826" class="fnanchor">[826]</a></p> + +<p>The story of the sword spread far and wide and was elaborated by many +a curious fable. It was said to be the sword of the great Charles +Martel, long buried and forgotten. Many believed it had belonged to +Alexander and the knights of those ancient days. Every one thought +well of it and esteemed it likely to bring good fortune. When the +English and the Burgundians heard tell of the matter, there soon +occurred to them the idea that the Maid had discovered what was hidden +beneath the earth by taking counsel of demons; or they suspected her +of having herself craftily hidden the sword in the place she had +indicated in order to deceive princes, clergy, and people. They +wondered anxiously whether those five crosses were not signs of the +devil.<a name="FNanchor_827_827" id="FNanchor_827_827"></a><a href="#Footnote_827_827" class="fnanchor">[827]</a> Thus there began to arise conflicting illusions, according +to which Jeanne appeared either saint or sorceress.<a name="FNanchor_828_828" id="FNanchor_828_828"></a><a href="#Footnote_828_828" class="fnanchor">[828]</a></p> + +<p>The King had given her no command. Acting according to the counsel of +the doctors, he did not hinder her from going to Orléans with +men-at-arms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.227" id="Page_i.227">[Pg i.227]</a></span> He even had her taken there in state in order that she +might give the promised sign. He granted her men to conduct her, not +for her to conduct. How could she have conducted them since she did +not know the way? Meanwhile she had a standard made according to the +command of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, who had said: "Take the +standard in the name of the King of Heaven!" It was of a coarse white +cloth, or buckram, edged with silk fringe. At the bidding of her +Voices, Jeanne caused a painter of the town to represent on it what +she called "the World,"<a name="FNanchor_829_829" id="FNanchor_829_829"></a><a href="#Footnote_829_829" class="fnanchor">[829]</a> that is, Our Lord seated upon his throne, +blessing with his right hand, and in his left holding the globe of the +world. On his right and on his left were angels, both painted as they +were in churches, and presenting Our Lord with flowers de luce. Above +or on one side were the names Jhesus—Maria, and the background was +strewn with the royal lilies in gold.<a name="FNanchor_830_830" id="FNanchor_830_830"></a><a href="#Footnote_830_830" class="fnanchor">[830]</a> She also had a coat-of-arms +painted: on an azure shield a silver dove, holding in its beak a +scroll on which was written: "<i>De par le Roi du Ciel</i>."<a name="FNanchor_831_831" id="FNanchor_831_831"></a><a href="#Footnote_831_831" class="fnanchor">[831]</a> This +coat-of-arms she had painted on the reverse of the standard bearing on +the front the picture of Our Lord. A servant of the Duke of Alençon, +Perceval de Cagny, says that she ordered to be made another and a +smaller standard, a banner, on which was the picture of Our Lady +receiving the angel's salutation. The Tours painter Jeanne employed +came from Scotland and was called Hamish Power. He provided the +material and executed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.228" id="Page_i.228">[Pg i.228]</a></span> paintings of the two escutcheons, of the +small one as well as of the large. For this he received from the +keeper of the war treasury twenty-five <i>livres tournois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_832_832" id="FNanchor_832_832"></a><a href="#Footnote_832_832" class="fnanchor">[832]</a> Hamish +Power had a daughter, Héliote by name, who was about to be married and +to whom Jeanne afterwards showed kindness.<a name="FNanchor_833_833" id="FNanchor_833_833"></a><a href="#Footnote_833_833" class="fnanchor">[833]</a></p> + +<p>The standard was the signal for rallying. For long only kings, +emperors, and leaders in war had had the right of raising it. The +feudal suzerain had it carried before him; vassals ranged themselves +beneath their lord's banners. But in 1429 banners had ceased to be +used save in corporations, guilds, and parishes, borne only before the +armies of peace. In war they were no longer needed. The meanest +captain, the poorest knight had his own standard. When fifty French +men-at-arms went forth from Orléans against a handful of English +marauders, a crowd of banners like a swarm of butterflies waved over +the fields. "To raise one's standard" came to be a figure of speech +for "to be puffed up."<a name="FNanchor_834_834" id="FNanchor_834_834"></a><a href="#Footnote_834_834" class="fnanchor">[834]</a> So indeed it was permissible for a +freebooter to raise his standard when he commanded scarce a score of +men-at-arms and half-naked bowmen. Even if Jeanne, as she may have +done, held her standard to be a sign of sov<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.229" id="Page_i.229">[Pg i.229]</a></span>ereign command, and if, +having received it from the King of Heaven, she thought to raise it +above all others, was there a soul in the realm to say her nay? What +had become of all those feudal banners which for eighty years had been +in the vanguard of defeat; sown over the fields of Crécy; collected +beneath bushes and hedges by Welsh and Cornish swordsmen; lost in the +vineyards of Maupertuis, trampled underfoot by English archers on the +soft earth into which sank the corpses of Azincourt; gathered in +handfuls under the walls of Verneuil by Bedford's marauders? It was +because all these banners had miserably fallen, it was because at +Rouvray a prince of the blood royal had shamefully trailed his nobles' +banners in flight, that the peasant now raised her banner.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.230" id="Page_i.230">[Pg i.230]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>THE SIEGE OF ORLÉANS FROM THE 7TH OF MARCH TO THE 28TH OF APRIL, 1429</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/caps.jpg" width="111" height="125" alt="S" title="S" class="floatl" />INCE the terrible and ridiculous discomfiture of the King's men in +the Battle of the Herrings, the citizens of Orléans had lost all faith +in their defenders.<a name="FNanchor_835_835" id="FNanchor_835_835"></a><a href="#Footnote_835_835" class="fnanchor">[835]</a> Their minds agitated, suspicious and +credulous were possessed by phantoms of fear and wrath. Suddenly and +without reason they believe themselves betrayed. One day it is +announced that a hole big enough for a man to pass through has been +made in the town wall just where it skirts the outbuildings of the +Aumône.<a name="FNanchor_836_836" id="FNanchor_836_836"></a><a href="#Footnote_836_836" class="fnanchor">[836]</a> A crowd of people hasten to the spot; they see the hole +and a piece of the wall which had been restored, with two loop-holes; +they fail to understand, and think themselves sold and betrayed into +the enemy's hands; they rave and break forth into howls, and seek the +priest in charge of the hospital to tear him to pieces.<a name="FNanchor_837_837" id="FNanchor_837_837"></a><a href="#Footnote_837_837" class="fnanchor">[837]</a> A few +days after, on Holy Thursday, a similar rumour is spread abroad: +traitors are about to deliver up the town into the hands of the +English. The folk seize their weapons; soldiers, burgesses, villeins +mount<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.231" id="Page_i.231">[Pg i.231]</a></span> guard on the outworks, on the walls and in the streets. On the +morrow, the day after that on which the panic had originated, fear +still possesses them.<a name="FNanchor_838_838" id="FNanchor_838_838"></a><a href="#Footnote_838_838" class="fnanchor">[838]</a></p> + +<p>In the beginning of March the besiegers saw approaching the Norman +vassals, summoned by the Regent. But they were only six hundred and +twenty-nine lances all told, and they were only bound to serve for +twenty-six days. Under the leadership of Scales, Pole, and Talbot, the +English continued the investment works as best they could.<a name="FNanchor_839_839" id="FNanchor_839_839"></a><a href="#Footnote_839_839" class="fnanchor">[839]</a> On the +10th of March, two and a half miles east of the city, they occupied +without opposition the steep slope of Saint-Loup and began to erect a +bastion there, which should command the upper river and the two roads +from Gien and Pithiviers, at the point where they meet near the +Burgundian gate.<a name="FNanchor_840_840" id="FNanchor_840_840"></a><a href="#Footnote_840_840" class="fnanchor">[840]</a> On the 20th of March they completed the bastion +named London, on the road to Mans. Between the 9th and 15th of April +two new bastions were erected towards the west, Rouen nine hundred +feet east of London, Paris nine hundred feet from Rouen. About the +20th they fortified Saint-Jean-le-Blanc across the Loire and +established a watch to guard the crossing of the river.<a name="FNanchor_841_841" id="FNanchor_841_841"></a><a href="#Footnote_841_841" class="fnanchor">[841]</a> This was +but little in comparison with what remained to be done, and they were +short of men; for they had less than three thousand round the town. +Wherefore they fell upon the peasants. Now that the season for tending +the vines was drawing near, the country folk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.232" id="Page_i.232">[Pg i.232]</a></span> went forth into the +fields thinking only of the land; but the English lay in wait for +them, and when they had taken them prisoners, set them to work.<a name="FNanchor_842_842" id="FNanchor_842_842"></a><a href="#Footnote_842_842" class="fnanchor">[842]</a></p> + +<p>In the opinion of those most skilled in the arts of war, these +bastions were worthless. They were furnished with no stabling for +horses. They could not be built near enough to render assistance to +each other; the besieger was in danger of being himself besieged in +them. In short, from these vexatious methods of warfare the English +reaped nothing but disappointment and disgrace. The Sire de Bueil, one +of the defenders, perceived this when he was reconnoitring.<a name="FNanchor_843_843" id="FNanchor_843_843"></a><a href="#Footnote_843_843" class="fnanchor">[843]</a> In +fact it was so easy to pass through the enemy's lines that merchants +were willing to run the risk of taking cattle to the besieged. There +entered into the town, on the 7th of March, six horses loaded with +herrings; on the 15th, six horses with powder; on the 29th, cattle and +victuals; on the 2nd of April, nine fat oxen and horses; on the 5th, +one hundred and one pigs and six fat oxen; on the 9th, seventeen pigs, +horses, sucking-pigs, and corn; on the 13th, coins with which to pay +the garrison; on the 16th, cattle and victuals; on the 23rd, powder +and victuals. And more than once the besieged had carried off, in the +very faces of the English, victuals and ammunition destined for the +besiegers and including casks of wine, game, horses, bows, forage, and +even twenty-six head of large cattle.<a name="FNanchor_844_844" id="FNanchor_844_844"></a><a href="#Footnote_844_844" class="fnanchor">[844]</a></p> + +<p>The siege was costing the English dear,—forty thousand <i>livres +tournois</i> a month.<a name="FNanchor_845_845" id="FNanchor_845_845"></a><a href="#Footnote_845_845" class="fnanchor">[845]</a> They were short of money; they were obliged to +resort to the most irritat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.233" id="Page_i.233">[Pg i.233]</a></span>ing expedients. By a decree of the 3rd of +March King Henry had recently ordered all his officers in Normandy to +lend him one quarter of their pay.<a name="FNanchor_846_846" id="FNanchor_846_846"></a><a href="#Footnote_846_846" class="fnanchor">[846]</a> In their huts of wood and +earth, the men-at-arms, who had endured much from the cold, now began +to suffer hunger.</p> + +<p>The wasted fields of La Beauce, of l'Île-de-France, and of Normandy +could furnish them with no great store of sheep or oxen. Their food +was bad, their drink worse. The vintage of 1427 had been bad, that of +the following year was poor and weak—more like sour grapes than +wine.<a name="FNanchor_847_847" id="FNanchor_847_847"></a><a href="#Footnote_847_847" class="fnanchor">[847]</a> Now an old English author has written of the soldiers of +his country:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +"They want their porridge and their fat bull-beeves:<br /> +Either they must be dieted like mules<br /> +And have their provender tied to their mouths<br /> +Or piteous they will look, like drowned mice."<a name="FNanchor_848_848" id="FNanchor_848_848"></a><a href="#Footnote_848_848" class="fnanchor">[848]</a><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>A sudden humiliation still further weakened the English. Captain Poton +de Saintrailles and the two magistrates, Guyon du Fossé and Jean de +Saint-Avy, who had gone on an embassy to the Duke of Burgundy, +returned to Orléans on the 17th of April. The Duke had granted their +request and consented to take the town under his protection. But the +Regent, to whom the offer had been made, would not have it thus.</p> + +<p>He replied that he would be very sorry if after he had beaten the bush +another should go off with the nestlings.<a name="FNanchor_849_849" id="FNanchor_849_849"></a><a href="#Footnote_849_849" class="fnanchor">[849]</a> Therefore the offer was +rejected. Never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.234" id="Page_i.234">[Pg i.234]</a></span>theless the embassy had been by no means useless, and +it was something to have raised a new cause of quarrel between the +Duke and the Regent. The ambassadors returned accompanied by a +Burgundian herald who blew his trumpet in the English camp, and, in +the name of his master, commanded all combatants who owed allegiance +to the Duke to raise the siege. Some hundreds of archers and +men-at-arms, Burgundians, men of Picardy and of Champagne, departed +forthwith.<a name="FNanchor_850_850" id="FNanchor_850_850"></a><a href="#Footnote_850_850" class="fnanchor">[850]</a></p> + +<p>On the next day, at four o'clock in the morning, the citizens +emboldened and deeming the opportunity a good one, attacked the camp +of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils. They slew the watch and entered the +camp, where they found piles of money, robes of martin, and a goodly +store of weapons. Absorbed in pillage, they paid no heed to defending +themselves and were surprised by the enemy, who in great force had +hastened to the place. They fled pursued by the English who slew many. +On that day the town resounded with the lamentations of women weeping +for a father, a husband, a brother, kinsmen.<a name="FNanchor_851_851" id="FNanchor_851_851"></a><a href="#Footnote_851_851" class="fnanchor">[851]</a></p> + +<p>Within those walls, in a space where there was room for not more than +fifteen thousand inhabitants, forty thousand<a name="FNanchor_852_852" id="FNanchor_852_852"></a><a href="#Footnote_852_852" class="fnanchor">[852]</a> were huddled +together, one vast multitude agonised by all manner of suffering; +de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.235" id="Page_i.235">[Pg i.235]</a></span>pressed by domestic sorrow; racked with anxiety; maddened by +constant danger and perpetual panic. Although the wars of those days +were not so sanguinary as they became later, the sallies of the +inhabitants of Orléans were the occasion of constant and considerable +loss of life. Since the middle of March the English bullets had fallen +more into the centre of the town; and they were not always harmless. +On the eve of Palm Sunday one stone, fired from a mortar, killed or +wounded five persons; another, seven.<a name="FNanchor_853_853" id="FNanchor_853_853"></a><a href="#Footnote_853_853" class="fnanchor">[853]</a> Many of the inhabitants, +like the provost, Alain Du Bey, died of fatigue or of the infected +air.<a name="FNanchor_854_854" id="FNanchor_854_854"></a><a href="#Footnote_854_854" class="fnanchor">[854]</a></p> + +<p>In the Christendom of those days all men were taught to believe that +earthquakes, wars, famine, pestilence are punishments for wrong-doing. +Charles, the Fair Duke of Orléans, good Christian that he was, held +that great sorrows had come upon France as chastisement for her sins, +to wit: swelling pride, gluttony, sloth, covetousness, lust, and +neglect of justice, which were rife in the realm; and in a ballad he +discoursed of the evil and its remedy.<a name="FNanchor_855_855" id="FNanchor_855_855"></a><a href="#Footnote_855_855" class="fnanchor">[855]</a> The people of Orléans +firmly believed that this war was sent to them of God to punish +sinners, who had worn out his patience. They were aware both of the +cause of their sorrows and of the means of remedying them. Such was +the teaching of the good friars preachers; and, as Duke Charles put it +in his ballad, the remedy was to live well, to amend one's life, to +have masses said and sung for the souls of those who had suffered +death in the service of the realm, to renounce the sinful life, and to +ask forgiveness of Our Lady and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.236" id="Page_i.236">[Pg i.236]</a></span> the saints.<a name="FNanchor_856_856" id="FNanchor_856_856"></a><a href="#Footnote_856_856" class="fnanchor">[856]</a> This remedy had been +adopted by the people of Orléans. They had had masses said in the +Church of Sainte-Croix for the souls of nobles, captains, and +men-at-arms killed in their service, and especially for those who had +died a piteous death in the Battle of the Herrings. They had offered +candles to Our Lady and to the patron saints of the town, and had +carried the shrine of Saint-Aignan round the walls.<a name="FNanchor_857_857" id="FNanchor_857_857"></a><a href="#Footnote_857_857" class="fnanchor">[857]</a></p> + +<p>Every time they felt themselves in great danger, they brought it forth +from the Church of Sainte-Croix, carried it in grand procession round +the town and over the ramparts,<a name="FNanchor_858_858" id="FNanchor_858_858"></a><a href="#Footnote_858_858" class="fnanchor">[858]</a> then, having brought it back to +the cathedral, they listened to a sermon preached in the porch by a +good monk chosen by the magistrates.<a name="FNanchor_859_859" id="FNanchor_859_859"></a><a href="#Footnote_859_859" class="fnanchor">[859]</a> They said prayers in public +and resolved to amend their lives. Wherefore they believed that in +Paradise Saint Euverte and Saint-Aignan, touched by their piety, must +be interceding for them with Our Lord; and they thought they could +hear the voices of the two pontiffs. Saint Euverte was saying, +"All-powerful Father, I pray and entreat thee to save the city of +Orléans. It is mine. I was its bishop. I am its patron saint. Deliver +it not up to its enemies."</p> + +<p>Then afterwards spoke Saint-Aignan: "Give peace to the people of +Orléans. Father, thou who by the mouth of a child didst appoint me +their shepherd, grant that they fall not into the hands of the enemy."</p> + +<p>The inhabitants of Orléans expected that the Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.237" id="Page_i.237">[Pg i.237]</a></span> would not at once +answer the prayers of the two confessors. Knowing the sternness of his +judgments they feared lest he would reply: "For their sins are the +French people justly chastised. They suffer because of their +disobedience to Holy Church. From the least to the greatest in the +realm each vies with the other in evil-doing. The husbandmen, +citizens, lawyers and priests are hard and avaricious; the princes, +dukes and noble lords are proud, vain, cursers, swearers, and +traitors. The corruptness of their lives infects the air. It is just +that they suffer chastisement."</p> + +<p>That the Lord should speak thus must be expected, because he was angry +and because the people of Orléans had greatly sinned. But now, behold, +Our Lady, she who loves the King of the Lilies, prays for him and for +the Duke of Orléans to the Son, whose pleasure it is to do her will in +all things: "My Son, with all my heart I entreat thee to drive the +English from the land of France; they have no right to it. If they +take Orléans, then they will take the rest at their pleasure. Suffer +it not, O my Son, I beseech thee." And Our Lord, at the prayer of his +holy Mother, forgives the French and consents to save them.<a name="FNanchor_860_860" id="FNanchor_860_860"></a><a href="#Footnote_860_860" class="fnanchor">[860]</a></p> + +<p>Thus in those days, according to their ideas of the spiritual world, +did men represent even the councils of Paradise. There were folk not a +few, and those not unlearned, who believed that as the result of these +councils Our Lord had sent his Archangel to the shepherdess. And it +might even be possible that he would save the kingdom by the hand of a +woman. Is it not in the weak things of the world that he maketh his +power manifest?</p> + +<p>Did he not allow the child David to overthrow the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.238" id="Page_i.238">[Pg i.238]</a></span> giant Goliath, and +did he not deliver into the hands of Judith the head of Holophernes? +In Orléans itself was it not by the mouth of a babe that he had caused +to be named that shepherd who was to deliver the besieged town from +Attila?<a name="FNanchor_861_861" id="FNanchor_861_861"></a><a href="#Footnote_861_861" class="fnanchor">[861]</a></p> + +<p>The Lord of Villars and Messire Jamet du Tillay, having returned from +Chinon, reported that they had with their own eyes seen the Maid; and +they told of the marvels of her coming. They related how she had +travelled far, fording rivers, passing by many towns and villages held +by the English, as well as through those French lands wherein were +rife pillage and all manner of evils. Then they went on to tell how, +when she was taken to the King, she had spoken fair words to him as +she curtsied, saying: "Gentle Dauphin, God sends me to help and +succour you. Give me soldiers, for by grace divine and by force of +arms, I will raise the siege of Orléans and then lead you to your +anointing at Reims, according as God hath commanded me, for it is his +will that the English return to their country and leave in peace your +kingdom which shall remain unto you. Or, if they do not quit the land, +then will God cause them to perish." Further, they told how, +interrogated by certain prelates, knights, squires, and doctors in +law, her bearing had been found honest and her words wise. They +extolled her piety, her candour, that simplicity which testified that +God dwelt with her, and that skill in managing a horse and wielding +weapons which caused all men to marvel.<a name="FNanchor_862_862" id="FNanchor_862_862"></a><a href="#Footnote_862_862" class="fnanchor">[862]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.239" id="Page_i.239">[Pg i.239]</a></span></p> +<p>At the end of March, tidings came, that, taken to Poitiers, she had +there been examined by doctors and famous masters, and had replied to +them with an assurance equal to that of Saint Catherine before the +doctors at Alexandria. Because her words were good and her promises +sure, it was said that the King, trusting in her, had caused her to be +armed in order that she might go to Orléans, where she would soon +appear, riding on a white horse, wearing at her side the sword of +Saint Catherine and holding in her hand the standard she had received +from the King of Heaven.<a name="FNanchor_863_863" id="FNanchor_863_863"></a><a href="#Footnote_863_863" class="fnanchor">[863]</a></p> + +<p>To the ecclesiastics what was told of Jeanne seemed marvellous but not +incredible, since parallel instances were to be found in sacred +history, which was all the history they knew. To those who were +lettered among them their erudition furnished fewer reasons for denial +than for doubt or belief. Those who were simple frankly wondered at +these things.</p> + +<p>Certain of the captains, and certain even of the people, treated them +with derision. But by so doing they ran the risk of ill usage. The +inhabitants of the city believed in the Maid as firmly as in Our Lord. +From her they expected help and deliverance. They summoned her in a +kind of mystic ecstasy and religious frenzy. The fever of the siege +had become the fever of the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_864_864" id="FNanchor_864_864"></a><a href="#Footnote_864_864" class="fnanchor">[864]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, the use made of her by the King's men proved that, +following the counsel of the theologians, they were determined to +adopt only such methods as were prompted by human prudence. She was to +enter the town with a convoy of victuals, then being prepared at Blois +by order of the King assisted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.240" id="Page_i.240">[Pg i.240]</a></span> by the Queen of Sicily.<a name="FNanchor_865_865" id="FNanchor_865_865"></a><a href="#Footnote_865_865" class="fnanchor">[865]</a> In all the +loyal provinces a new effort was being made for the relief and +deliverance of the brave city. Gien, Bourges, Blois, Châteaudun, Tours +sent men and victuals; Angers, Poitiers, La Rochelle, Albi, Moulins, +Montpellier, Clermont sulphur, saltpetre, steel, and arms.<a name="FNanchor_866_866" id="FNanchor_866_866"></a><a href="#Footnote_866_866" class="fnanchor">[866]</a> And if +the citizens of Toulouse gave nothing it was because their city, as +the notables consulted by the <i>capitouls</i><a name="FNanchor_867_867" id="FNanchor_867_867"></a><a href="#Footnote_867_867" class="fnanchor">[867]</a> ingenuously declared, +had nothing to give—<i>non habebat de quibus</i>.<a name="FNanchor_868_868" id="FNanchor_868_868"></a><a href="#Footnote_868_868" class="fnanchor">[868]</a></p> + +<p>The King's councillors, notably my Lord Regnault de Chartres, +Chancellor of the Realm, were forming a new army. What they had failed +to accomplish, by means of the men of Auvergne, they would now attempt +with troops from Anjou and Le Mans. The Queen of Sicily, Duchess of +Touraine and Anjou, willingly lent her aid. Were Orléans taken she +would be in danger of losing lands by which she set great store. +Therefore she spared neither men, money, nor victuals. After the +middle of April, a citizen of Angers, one Jean Langlois, brought +letters informing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.241" id="Page_i.241">[Pg i.241]</a></span> the magistrates of the imminent arrival of the corn +she had contributed. The town gave Jean Langlois a present, and the +magistrates entertained him at dinner at the Écu Saint-Georges. This +corn was a part of that large convoy which the Maid was to +accompany.<a name="FNanchor_869_869" id="FNanchor_869_869"></a><a href="#Footnote_869_869" class="fnanchor">[869]</a></p> + +<p>Towards the end of the month, by order of my Lord the Bastard, the +captains of the French garrisons of La Beauce and Gâtinais, betook +themselves to the town to reinforce the army of Blois, the arrival of +which was announced. On the 28th, there entered my Lord Florent +d'Illiers,<a name="FNanchor_870_870" id="FNanchor_870_870"></a><a href="#Footnote_870_870" class="fnanchor">[870]</a> Governor of Châteaudun, with four hundred fighting +men.<a name="FNanchor_871_871" id="FNanchor_871_871"></a><a href="#Footnote_871_871" class="fnanchor">[871]</a></p> + +<p>What was to become of Orléans? The siege, badly conducted, was causing +the English the most grievous disappointments. Further, their captains +perceived they would never succeed in taking the town by means of +those bastions, between which anything, either men, victuals, or +ammunition, could pass, and with an army miserably quartered in mud +hovels, ravaged by disease, and reduced by desertions to three +thousand, or at the most to three thousand two hundred men. They had +lost nearly all their horses. Far from being able to continue the +attack it was hard for them to maintain the defensive and to hold out +in those miserable wooden towers, which, as Le Jouvencel said, were +more profitable to the besieged than to the besiegers.<a name="FNanchor_872_872" id="FNanchor_872_872"></a><a href="#Footnote_872_872" class="fnanchor">[872]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.242" id="Page_i.242">[Pg i.242]</a></span></p> +<p>Their only hope, and that an uncertain and distant one, lay in the +reinforcements, which the Regent was gathering with great +difficulty.<a name="FNanchor_873_873" id="FNanchor_873_873"></a><a href="#Footnote_873_873" class="fnanchor">[873]</a> Meanwhile, time seemed to drag in the besieged town. +The warriors who defended it were brave, but they had come to the end +of their resources and knew not what more to do. The citizens were +good at keeping guard, but they would not face fire. They did not +suspect the miserable condition to which the besiegers had been +reduced. Hardship, anxiety, and an infected atmosphere depressed their +spirits. Already they seemed to see <i>Les Coués</i> taking the town by +storm, killing, pillaging, and ravaging. At every moment they believed +themselves betrayed. They were not calm and self-possessed enough to +recognise the enormous advantages of their situation. The town's means +of communication, whereby it could be indefinitely reinforced and +revictualled, were still open. Besides, a relieving army, well in +advance of that of the English, was on the point of arriving. It was +bringing a goodly drove of cattle, as well as men and ammunition +enough to capture the English fortresses in a few days.</p> + +<p>With this army the King was sending the Maid who had been promised.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.243" id="Page_i.243">[Pg i.243]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT BLOIS—THE LETTER TO THE ENGLISH—THE DEPARTURE FOR +ORLÉANS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capw.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" />ITH an escort of soldiers of fortune the Maid reached Blois at the +same time as my Lord Regnault de Chartres, Chancellor of France, and +the Sire de Gaucourt, Governor of Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_874_874" id="FNanchor_874_874"></a><a href="#Footnote_874_874" class="fnanchor">[874]</a> She was in the domain +of the Prince, whom it was her great desire to deliver: the people of +Blois owed allegiance to Duke Charles, a prisoner in the hands of the +English. Merchants were bringing cows, rams, ewes, herds of swine, +grain, powder and arms into the town.<a name="FNanchor_875_875" id="FNanchor_875_875"></a><a href="#Footnote_875_875" class="fnanchor">[875]</a> The Admiral, De Culant, and +the Lord Ambroise de Loré had come from Orléans to superintend the +preparations. The Queen of Sicily herself had gone to Blois. +Notwithstanding that at this time the King consulted her but seldom, +he now sent to her the Duke of Alençon, commissioned to concert with +her measures for the relief of the city of Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_876_876" id="FNanchor_876_876"></a><a href="#Footnote_876_876" class="fnanchor">[876]</a> There came +also the Sire de Rais, of the house of Laval and of the line of the +Dukes of Brittany, a noble scarce twenty-four, generous and +magnificent, bringing in his train, with a goodly company from Maine +and Anjou, organs for his chapel, chor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.244" id="Page_i.244">[Pg i.244]</a></span>isters, and little singing-boys +from the choir school.<a name="FNanchor_877_877" id="FNanchor_877_877"></a><a href="#Footnote_877_877" class="fnanchor">[877]</a> The Marshal de Boussac, the Captains La +Hire and Poton came from Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_878_878" id="FNanchor_878_878"></a><a href="#Footnote_878_878" class="fnanchor">[878]</a> An army of seven thousand men +assembled beneath the walls of the town.<a name="FNanchor_879_879" id="FNanchor_879_879"></a><a href="#Footnote_879_879" class="fnanchor">[879]</a> All that was now waited +for was the money necessary to pay the cost of the victuals and the +hire of the soldiers. Captains and men-at-arms did not give their +services on credit. As for the merchants, if they risked the loss of +their victuals and their life, it was only for ready money.<a name="FNanchor_880_880" id="FNanchor_880_880"></a><a href="#Footnote_880_880" class="fnanchor">[880]</a> No +cash, no cattle—and the wagons stayed where they were.</p> + +<p>In the month of March, Jeanne had dictated to one of the doctors at +Poitiers a brief manifesto intended for the English.<a name="FNanchor_881_881" id="FNanchor_881_881"></a><a href="#Footnote_881_881" class="fnanchor">[881]</a> She expanded it +into a letter, which she showed to certain of her companions and afterwards +sent by a Herald from Blois to the camp of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils. +This letter was addressed to King Henry, to the Regent and to the +three chiefs, who, since Salisbury's death, had been conducting the +siege, Scales, Suffolk, and Talbot. The following is the text of +it:<a name="FNanchor_882_882" id="FNanchor_882_882"></a><a href="#Footnote_882_882" class="fnanchor">[882]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.245" id="Page_i.245">[Pg i.245]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h3>† <span class="smcap">Jhesus Maria</span> †</h3> + +<p>King of England, and you, Duke of Bedford, who call yourself +Regent of the realm of France,—you, Guillaume de la Poule, +Earl of Sulford; Jehan, Sire de Talebot, and you Thomas, +Sire d'Escales, who call yourselves Lieutenants of the said +Duke of Bedfort, do right in the sight of the King of +Heaven. Surrender to the Maid sent hither by God, the King +of Heaven, the keys of all the good<a name="FNanchor_883_883" id="FNanchor_883_883"></a><a href="#Footnote_883_883" class="fnanchor">[883]</a> towns in France +that you have taken and ravaged.<a name="FNanchor_884_884" id="FNanchor_884_884"></a><a href="#Footnote_884_884" class="fnanchor">[884]</a> She is come here in +God's name to claim the Blood Royal.<a name="FNanchor_885_885" id="FNanchor_885_885"></a><a href="#Footnote_885_885" class="fnanchor">[885]</a> She is ready to +make peace if so be you will do her satisfaction by giving +and paying back to France what you have taken from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.246" id="Page_i.246">[Pg i.246]</a></span> +her.<a name="FNanchor_886_886" id="FNanchor_886_886"></a><a href="#Footnote_886_886" class="fnanchor">[886]</a> And you, archers, comrades-in-arms, gentle and +otherwise,<a name="FNanchor_887_887" id="FNanchor_887_887"></a><a href="#Footnote_887_887" class="fnanchor">[887]</a> who are before the town of Orléans, go ye +hence into your own land, in God's name. And if you will +not, then hear the wondrous works<a name="FNanchor_888_888" id="FNanchor_888_888"></a><a href="#Footnote_888_888" class="fnanchor">[888]</a> of the Maid who will +shortly come upon you to your very great hurt. And you, King +of England, if you do not thus, I am a Chieftain of +war,—and in whatsoever place in France I meet with your +men, I will force them to depart willy nilly; and if they +will not, then I will have them all slain. I am sent hither +by God, the King of Heaven, body for body, to drive them all +out of the whole of France. And if they obey, then will I +show them mercy. And think not in your heart that you will +hold the kingdom of France [from] God,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.247" id="Page_i.247">[Pg i.247]</a></span> the King of Heaven, +Son of the Blessed Mary, for it is King Charles, the true +heir, who shall so hold it. God, the King of Heaven, so +wills it, and he hath revealed it unto King Charles by the +Maid. With a goodly company the King shall enter Paris. If +ye will not believe these wondrous works wrought by God and +the Maid, then, in whatsoever place ye shall be, there shall +we fight. And if ye do me not right, there shall be so great +a noise as hath not been in France for a thousand years. And +know ye that the King of Heaven will send such great power +to the Maid, to her and to her good soldiers, that ye will +not be able to overcome her in any battle; and in the end +the God of Heaven will reveal who has the better right. You, +Duke of Bedfort, the Maid prays and beseeches you that you +bring not destruction upon yourself. If you do her right, +you may come in her company where the French will do the +fairest deed ever done for Christendom. And if ye will have +peace in the city of Orléans, then make ye answer; and, if +not, then remember it will be to your great hurt and that +shortly. Written this Tuesday of Holy Week.</p></div> + +<p>Such is the letter. It was written in a new spirit; for it proclaimed +the kingship of Jesus Christ and declared a holy war. It is hard to +tell whether it proceeded from Jeanne's own inspiration or was +dictated to her by the council of ecclesiastics. On first thoughts one +might be inclined to attribute to the priests the idea of a summons, +which is a literal application of the precepts of Deuteronomy:</p> + +<p>"When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim +peace unto it.</p> + +<p>"And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, +then it shall be, that all the people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.248" id="Page_i.248">[Pg i.248]</a></span> that is found therein shall be +tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.</p> + +<p>"And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against +thee, then thou shalt besiege it:</p> + +<p>"And when the Lord thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou +shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:</p> + +<p>"But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is +in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto +thyself." (Deuteronomy xx, 10-14.)</p> + +<p>But at least it is certain that on this occasion the Maid is +expressing her own sentiments. Afterwards we shall find her saying: "I +asked for peace, and when I was refused I was ready to fight."<a name="FNanchor_889_889" id="FNanchor_889_889"></a><a href="#Footnote_889_889" class="fnanchor">[889]</a> +But, as she dictated the letter and was unable to read it, we may ask +whether the clerks who held the pen did not add to it.</p> + +<p>Two or three passages suggest the ecclesiastical touch. Afterwards the +Maid did not remember having dictated "body for body," which is quite +unimportant. But she declared that she had not said: "I am chief in +war" and that she had dictated: "Surrender to the King" and not +"Surrender to the Maid."<a name="FNanchor_890_890" id="FNanchor_890_890"></a><a href="#Footnote_890_890" class="fnanchor">[890]</a> Possibly her memory failed her; it was +not always faithful. Nevertheless she appeared very certain of what +she said, and twice she repeated that "chief in war" and "surrender to +the Maid" were not in the letter. It may have been that the monks who +were with her used these expressions. To these wandering priests a +dispute over fiefs mattered little, and it was not their first concern +to bring King Charles into the possession of his inheritance. +Doubtless they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.249" id="Page_i.249">[Pg i.249]</a></span> desired the good of the kingdom of France; but +certainly they desired much more the good of Christendom; and we shall +see that, if those mendicant monks, Brother Pasquerel and later Friar +Richard, follow the Maid, it will be in the hope of employing her to +the Church's advantage. Thus it would be but natural that they should +declare her at the outset commander in war, and even invest her with a +spiritual power superior to the temporal power of the King, and +implied in the phrase: "Surrender to the Maid ... the keys of the good +towns."</p> + +<p>This very letter indicates one of those hopes which among others she +inspired. They expected that after she had fulfilled her mission in +France, she would take the cross and go forth to conquer Jerusalem, +bringing all the armies of Christian Europe in her train.<a name="FNanchor_891_891" id="FNanchor_891_891"></a><a href="#Footnote_891_891" class="fnanchor">[891]</a> At this +very time a disciple of Bernardino of Siena, Friar Richard, a +Franciscan lately come from Syria,<a name="FNanchor_892_892" id="FNanchor_892_892"></a><a href="#Footnote_892_892" class="fnanchor">[892]</a> and who was shortly to meet +the Maid, was preaching at Paris, announcing the approach of the end +of the world, and exhorting the faithful to fight against +Antichrist.<a name="FNanchor_893_893" id="FNanchor_893_893"></a><a href="#Footnote_893_893" class="fnanchor">[893]</a> It must be remembered that the Turks, who had +conquered the Christian knights at Nicopolis and at Semendria, were +threatening Constantinople and spreading terror throughout Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.250" id="Page_i.250">[Pg i.250]</a></span> +Popes, emperors, kings felt the necessity of making one great effort +against them.</p> + +<p>In England it was said that between Saint-Denys and Saint-George there +had been born to King Henry V and Madame Catherine of France a boy, +half English and half French, who would go to Egypt and pluck the +Grand Turk's beard.<a name="FNanchor_894_894" id="FNanchor_894_894"></a><a href="#Footnote_894_894" class="fnanchor">[894]</a> On his death-bed the conqueror Henry V was +listening to the priests repeating the penitential psalms. When he +heard the verse: <i>Benigne fac Domine in bona voluntate tua ut +ædificentur muri Jerusalem</i>, he murmured with his dying breath: "I +have always intended to go to Syria and deliver the holy city out of +the hand of the infidel."<a name="FNanchor_895_895" id="FNanchor_895_895"></a><a href="#Footnote_895_895" class="fnanchor">[895]</a> These were his last words. Wise men +counselled Christian princes to unite against the Crescent. In France, +the Archbishop of Embrun, who had sat in the Dauphin's Council, cursed +the insatiable cruelty of the English nation and those wars among +Christians which were an occasion of rejoicing to the enemies of the +Cross of Christ.<a name="FNanchor_896_896" id="FNanchor_896_896"></a><a href="#Footnote_896_896" class="fnanchor">[896]</a></p> + +<p>To summon the English and French to take the cross together, was to +proclaim that after ninety-one years of violence and crime the cycle +of secular warfare had come to an end. It was to bid Christendom +return to the days when Philippe de Valois and Edward Plantagenet +promised the Pope to join together against the infidel.</p> + +<p>But when the Maid invited the English to unite with the French in a +holy and warlike enterprise, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.251" id="Page_i.251">[Pg i.251]</a></span> is not difficult to imagine with what +kind of a reception the <i>Godons</i> would greet such an angelic summons. +And at the time of the siege of Orléans, the French on their side had +good reasons for not taking the cross with the <i>Coués</i>.<a name="FNanchor_897_897" id="FNanchor_897_897"></a><a href="#Footnote_897_897" class="fnanchor">[897]</a></p> + +<p>The learned did not greatly appreciate the style of this letter. The +Bastard of Orléans thought the words very simple; and a few years +later a good French jurist pronounced it coarse, heavy, and badly +arranged.<a name="FNanchor_898_898" id="FNanchor_898_898"></a><a href="#Footnote_898_898" class="fnanchor">[898]</a> We cannot aspire to judge better than the jurist and +the Bastard, both men of erudition. Nevertheless, we wonder whether it +were not that her manner of expression seemed bad to them, merely +because it differed from the style of legal documents. True it is that +the letter from Blois indicates the poverty of the French prose of +that time when not enriched by an Alain Chartier; but it contains +neither term nor expression which is not to be met with in the good +authors of the day. The words may not be correctly ordered, but the +style is none the less vivacious. There is nothing to suggest that the +writer came from the banks of the Meuse; no trace is there of the +speech of Lorraine or Champagne.<a name="FNanchor_899_899" id="FNanchor_899_899"></a><a href="#Footnote_899_899" class="fnanchor">[899]</a> It is clerkly French.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.252" id="Page_i.252">[Pg i.252]</a></span></p><p>While Isabelle de Vouthon had gone on a pilgrimage to Puy, her two +youngest children, Jean and Pierre, had set out for France to join +their sister, with the intention of making their fortunes through her +or the King. Likewise, Brother Nicolas of Vouthon, Jeanne's cousin +german, a monk in priest's orders in the Abbey of Cheminon, joined the +young saint.<a name="FNanchor_900_900" id="FNanchor_900_900"></a><a href="#Footnote_900_900" class="fnanchor">[900]</a> To have thus attracted her kinsfolk before giving +any sign of her power, Jeanne must have had witnesses on the banks of +the Meuse; and certain venerable ecclesiastical personages, as well as +noble lords of Lorraine, must have answered for her reputation in +France. Such guarantors of the truth of her mission were doubtless +those who had instructed her in and accredited her by prophecy. +Perhaps Brother Nicolas of Vouthon was himself of the number.</p> + +<p>In the army she was regarded as a holy maiden. Her company consisted +of a chaplain, Brother Jean Pasquerel;<a name="FNanchor_901_901" id="FNanchor_901_901"></a><a href="#Footnote_901_901" class="fnanchor">[901]</a> two pages, Louis de Coutes +and Raymond;<a name="FNanchor_902_902" id="FNanchor_902_902"></a><a href="#Footnote_902_902" class="fnanchor">[902]</a> her two brethren, Pierre and Jean; two heralds, +Ambleville and Guyenne;<a name="FNanchor_903_903" id="FNanchor_903_903"></a><a href="#Footnote_903_903" class="fnanchor">[903]</a> two squires, Jean de Metz and Bertrand de +Poulengy.</p> + +<p>Jean de Metz kept the purse which was filled by the crown.<a name="FNanchor_904_904" id="FNanchor_904_904"></a><a href="#Footnote_904_904" class="fnanchor">[904]</a> She +had also certain valets in her service. A squire, one Jean d'Aulon, +whom the King gave her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.253" id="Page_i.253">[Pg i.253]</a></span> for a steward, joined her at Blois.<a name="FNanchor_905_905" id="FNanchor_905_905"></a><a href="#Footnote_905_905" class="fnanchor">[905]</a> He +was the poorest squire of the realm. He was entirely dependent on the +Sire de La Trémouille, who lent him money; but he was well known for +his honour and his wisdom.<a name="FNanchor_906_906" id="FNanchor_906_906"></a><a href="#Footnote_906_906" class="fnanchor">[906]</a> Jeanne attributed the defeats of the +French to their riding forth accompanied by bad women and to their +taking God's holy name in vain. And this opinion, far from being held +by her alone, prevailed among persons of learning and religion; +according to whom the disaster of Nicopolis was occasioned by the +presence of prostitutes in the army, and by the cruelty and +dissoluteness of the knights.<a name="FNanchor_907_907" id="FNanchor_907_907"></a><a href="#Footnote_907_907" class="fnanchor">[907]</a></p> + +<p>On several occasions, between 1420 and 1425, the Dauphin had forbidden +cursing and denying and blaspheming the name of God, of the Virgin +Mary and of the saints under penalty of a fine and of corporal +punishment in certain cases. The decrees embodying this prohibition +asserted that wars, pestilence, and famine were caused by blasphemy +and that the blasphemers were in part responsible for the sufferings +of the realm.<a name="FNanchor_908_908" id="FNanchor_908_908"></a><a href="#Footnote_908_908" class="fnanchor">[908]</a> Wherefore the Maid went among the men-at-arms, +exhorting them to turn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.254" id="Page_i.254">[Pg i.254]</a></span> away the women who followed the army, and to +cease taking the Lord's name in vain. She besought them to confess +their sins and receive divine grace into their souls, maintaining that +their God would aid them and give them the victory if their souls were +right.<a name="FNanchor_909_909" id="FNanchor_909_909"></a><a href="#Footnote_909_909" class="fnanchor">[909]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne took her standard to the Church of Saint-Sauveur and gave it to +the priests to bless.<a name="FNanchor_910_910" id="FNanchor_910_910"></a><a href="#Footnote_910_910" class="fnanchor">[910]</a> The little company formed at Tours was +joined at Blois by ecclesiastics and monks, who, on the approach of +the English, had fled in crowds from the neighbouring abbeys, and were +now suffering from cold and hunger. It was generally thus. Monks were +for ever flocking to the armies. Many churches and most abbeys had +been reduced to ruin. Those of the mendicants, built outside the +towns, had all perished,—plundered and burnt by the English or pulled +down by the townsfolk; for, when threatened with siege, the +inhabitants always dealt thus with the outlying portions of their +town. The homeless monks found no welcome in the cities, which were +sparing of their goods; they must needs take the field with the +soldiers and follow the army. From such a course their rule suffered +and piety gained nothing. Among mercenaries, sumpters and camp +followers, these hungry nomad monks lived an edifying life. Those who +accompanied the Maid were doubtless neither worse nor better than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.255" id="Page_i.255">[Pg i.255]</a></span> the +rest, and as they were very hungry their first care was to eat.<a name="FNanchor_911_911" id="FNanchor_911_911"></a><a href="#Footnote_911_911" class="fnanchor">[911]</a></p> + +<p>The men-at-arms were much too accustomed to seeing monks and nuns +mingling side by side in the army to feel any surprise at the sight of +the holy damsel in the midst of a band so disreputable. It is true +that the damsel was said to work wonders. Many believed in them; +others mocked and said aloud: "Behold the brave champion and captain +who comes to deliver the realm of France."<a name="FNanchor_912_912" id="FNanchor_912_912"></a><a href="#Footnote_912_912" class="fnanchor">[912]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid had a banner made for the monks to assemble beneath and +summon the men-at-arms to prayer. This banner was white, and on it +were represented Jesus on the Cross between Our Lady and Saint +John.<a name="FNanchor_913_913" id="FNanchor_913_913"></a><a href="#Footnote_913_913" class="fnanchor">[913]</a> The Duke of Alençon went back to the King to make known to +him the needs of the company at Blois. The King sent the necessary +funds; and at length they were ready to set out.<a name="FNanchor_914_914" id="FNanchor_914_914"></a><a href="#Footnote_914_914" class="fnanchor">[914]</a> At the start +there were two roads open, one leading to Orléans along the right bank +of the Loire, the other along the left bank. At the end of twelve or +fourteen miles the road along the right bank came out on the edge of +the Plain of La Beauce, occupied by the English who had garrisons at +Marchenoir, Beaugency, Meung, Mont<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.256" id="Page_i.256">[Pg i.256]</a></span>pipeau, Saint-Sigismond, and +Janville. In that direction lay the risk of meeting the army, which +was coming to the aid of the English round Orléans. After the +experience of the Battle of the Herrings such a meeting was to be +feared. If the road along the left bank were taken, the march would +lie through the district of La Sologne, which still belonged to King +Charles; and if the river were left well on one side, the army would +be out of sight of the English garrisons of Beaugency and of Meung. +True, it would involve crossing the Loire, but by going up the river +five miles east of the besieged city a crossing could conveniently be +effected between Orléans and Jargeau. On due deliberation it was +decided that they should go by the left bank through La Sologne. It +was decided to take in the victuals in two separate lots for fear the +unloading near the enemy's bastions should take too long.<a name="FNanchor_915_915" id="FNanchor_915_915"></a><a href="#Footnote_915_915" class="fnanchor">[915]</a> On +Wednesday, the 27th of April, they started.<a name="FNanchor_916_916" id="FNanchor_916_916"></a><a href="#Footnote_916_916" class="fnanchor">[916]</a> The priests in +procession, with a banner at their head, led the march, singing the +<i>Veni creator Spiritus</i>.<a name="FNanchor_917_917" id="FNanchor_917_917"></a><a href="#Footnote_917_917" class="fnanchor">[917]</a> The Maid rode with them in white armour, +bearing her standard. The men-at-arms and the archers followed, +escorting six hundred wagons of victuals and ammunition and four +hundred head of cattle.<a name="FNanchor_918_918" id="FNanchor_918_918"></a><a href="#Footnote_918_918" class="fnanchor">[918]</a> The long line of lances, wagons, and +herds defiled over the Blois bridge into the vast plain beyond. The +first day the army covered twenty miles of rutty road. Then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.257" id="Page_i.257">[Pg i.257]</a></span> at +curfew, when the setting sun, reflected in the Loire, made the river +look like a sheet of copper between lines of dark reeds, it +halted,<a name="FNanchor_919_919" id="FNanchor_919_919"></a><a href="#Footnote_919_919" class="fnanchor">[919]</a> and the priests sang <i>Gabriel angelus</i>.</p> + +<p>That night they encamped in the fields. Jeanne, who had not been +willing to take off her armour, awoke aching in every limb.<a name="FNanchor_920_920" id="FNanchor_920_920"></a><a href="#Footnote_920_920" class="fnanchor">[920]</a> She +heard mass and received communion from her chaplain, and exhorted the +men-at-arms always to confess their sins.<a name="FNanchor_921_921" id="FNanchor_921_921"></a><a href="#Footnote_921_921" class="fnanchor">[921]</a> Then the army resumed +its march towards Orléans.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.258" id="Page_i.258">[Pg i.258]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT ORLÉANS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N the evening of Thursday, the 28th of April, Jeanne was able to +discern from the heights of Olivet the belfries of the town, the +towers of Saint-Paul and Saint-Pierre-Empont, whence the watchmen +announced her approach. The army descended the slopes towards the +Loire and stopped at the Bouchet wharf, while the carts and the cattle +continued their way along the bank as far as l'Île-aux-Bourdons, +opposite Chécy, two and a half miles further up the river.<a name="FNanchor_922_922" id="FNanchor_922_922"></a><a href="#Footnote_922_922" class="fnanchor">[922]</a> There +the unloading was to take place. At a signal from the watchmen my Lord +the Bastard, accompanied by Thibaut de Termes and certain other +captains, left the town by the Burgundian Gate, took a boat at +Saint-Jean-de-Braye, and came down to hold counsel with the Lords de +Rais and de Loré, who commanded the convoy.<a name="FNanchor_923_923" id="FNanchor_923_923"></a><a href="#Footnote_923_923" class="fnanchor">[923]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="Plan"> +<img src="images/image05.jpg" width="397" height="289" alt="Map of Orleans" title="Map of Orleans" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>PLAN D'ORLÉANS<br /> +Siège de 1429</b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image05a.jpg">Enlarge</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Maid had only just perceived that she was on the Sologne +bank,<a name="FNanchor_924_924" id="FNanchor_924_924"></a><a href="#Footnote_924_924" class="fnanchor">[924]</a> and that she had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.259" id="Page_i.259">[Pg i.259]</a></span> deceived concerning the line of +march. Sorrow and wrath possessed her. She had been misled, that was +certain. But had it been done on purpose? Had they really intended to +deceive her? It is said that she had expressed a wish to go through La +Beauce and not through La Sologne, and that she had received the +answer: "Jeanne, be reassured; we will take you through La +Beauce."<a name="FNanchor_925_925" id="FNanchor_925_925"></a><a href="#Footnote_925_925" class="fnanchor">[925]</a> Is it possible? Why should the barons have thus trifled +with the holy damsel, whom the King had confided to their care, and +who already inspired most of them with respect? Certain of them, it is +true, believing her not to be in earnest, would willingly have turned +her to ridicule; but if one of them had played her the trick of +representing La Beauce as La Sologne, how was it there was no one to +undeceive her? How could Brother Pasquerel, her chaplain, her steward, +and the honest squire d'Aulon, have become the accomplices of so +clumsy a jest? It is all very mysterious, and, when one comes to think +of it, what is most mysterious is that Jeanne should have expressly +asked to go to Orléans through La Beauce. Since she was so ignorant of +the way that when crossing the Blois bridge she never suspected that +she was going into La Sologne, there is not much likelihood of her +realising so exactly the lie of Orléans as to choose between entering +it from the south or the west. A damsel knowing naught beyond the name +of the gate through which she is to enter the city, and who is yet +persuaded by malicious captains to take one road rather than another, +sounds too much like a Mother Goose's tale.</p> + +<p>Jeanne knew no more of Orléans than she did of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.260" id="Page_i.260">[Pg i.260]</a></span> Babylon. We may +therefore conjecture that there was a misunderstanding. She had spoken +neither of Sologne nor of Beauce. Her Voices had told her that the +English would not budge. They had not shown her a picture of the town, +they had not given her either maps or plans: soldiers did not use +them. Doubtless Jeanne had said to the captains and priests what she +was soon to repeat to the Bastard: "I must go to Talbot and the +English." And the priests and soldiers had replied quite frankly: +"Jeanne, we are going to Talbot and the English."<a name="FNanchor_926_926" id="FNanchor_926_926"></a><a href="#Footnote_926_926" class="fnanchor">[926]</a> They had +thought they were speaking the truth, since Talbot, who was conducting +the siege, would be before them, so to speak, from whatever side they +approached the town. But apparently they had not thoroughly understood +what the Maid said, and the Maid had not understood what they had +replied. For now she was angry and sad at finding herself separated +from the town by the sands and waters of the river. What was there to +vex her in this? Those who were with her then did not discover; and +perhaps her reasons were misunderstood because they were spiritual and +mystic. She certainly could not have judged that a military mistake +had been made by the bringing of troops and victuals through La +Sologne. As she did not know the roads, it was impossible for her to +tell which was the best. She was ignorant alike of the enemy's +position, of the outworks of the besiegers, and of the defences of the +besieged. She had just learnt on what bank of the river the town was +situated, yet she must have thought she had good ground for complaint; +for she approached the Lord Bastard and inquired sharply: "Are you the +Bastard of Orléans?"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.261" id="Page_i.261">[Pg i.261]</a></span> "I am he. I rejoice at your coming." "Was it +through your counsel that I came hither on this side of the river, and +that I did not go straight to where Talbot and the English are?" "It +was I and those wiser than I who gave this counsel, believing we acted +for the best and for the greatest safety." But Jeanne retorted: "In +God's name! Messire's counsel is better and wiser than yours. You +thought to deceive me, but you deceive yourselves. For I bring you +surer aid than ever came yet to knight or city; it is the aid of the +King of Heaven and comes from God himself, who not merely for my sake +but at the prayer of Saint Louis and Saint Charlemagne has had pity +upon the town of Orléans, and will not suffer the enemy to hold at +once both the body and the city of the Duke."<a name="FNanchor_927_927" id="FNanchor_927_927"></a><a href="#Footnote_927_927" class="fnanchor">[927]</a></p> + +<p>One may conclude that what really vexed her was that she had not been +taken straight to Talbot and the English. She had just heard that +Talbot with his camp was on the right bank. And when she spoke of +Talbot and the English she meant only those English who were with +Talbot. For, as she came down into the Loire valley, near the ford of +Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, she must have seen the bastion of Les Augustins +and Les Tourelles at the end of the bridge; and she must have known +that there were also English on the left bank. But still, it is not +clear why she should have desired to appear first before Talbot and +his English, and why she was now so annoyed at being separated from +him by the Loire. Did she think that the entrenched camp, +Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils, commanded by Scales, Suffolk, and Talbot +would be attacked immediately? Such an idea would never of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.262" id="Page_i.262">[Pg i.262]</a></span> itself +have occurred to her, since she did not know the place, and no soldier +would ever have put such madness into her head as an attack on an +entrenched camp by a convoy of cattle and wagons. Neither, as has so +often been asserted, can she have thought of forcing a passage between +the bastion Saint-Pouair and the outskirts of the wood, since of the +bastions and of the forest she knew as little as of the rest. If such +had been her intention she would have announced it plainly to the +Bastard; for she knew how to make her meaning clear, and even educated +persons considered that she spoke well. Then what was her idea? It is +not impossible to discover it if one remembers what must have been in +the saint's mind at that time, or if one merely recollects by what +words and deeds Jeanne had announced and prepared her mission. She had +said to the doctors of Poitiers: "The siege of Orléans shall be raised +and the town delivered from the enemy after I have summoned it to +surrender in God's name."<a name="FNanchor_928_928" id="FNanchor_928_928"></a><a href="#Footnote_928_928" class="fnanchor">[928]</a> In the name of the King of Heaven she +had called upon Scales, Suffolk, and Talbot to raise the siege. She +had written that she was ready to make peace, and had bidden them +return to England. Now she asked Talbot, Suffolk, and Scales for an +answer. Since the English had not sent back her herald she herself +came to their leaders as the herald of Messire. She came to require +them to make peace, and if they would not make peace she was ready to +fight. It was not until they had refused that she could be certain of +conquering, not for any human reason, but because her Council had so +promised her. Perhaps even she may have hoped that by appearing to the +English captains, her standard in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.263" id="Page_i.263">[Pg i.263]</a></span> hand, accompanied by Saint +Catherine and Saint Margaret and Saint Michael the Archangel, she +would persuade them to leave France. She may have believed that +Talbot, falling on his knees, would obey not her, but Him who sent +her; that thus she would accomplish that for which she came, without +shedding one drop of that French blood which was so dear to her; +neither would the English whom she pitied lose their bodies or their +souls. In any case God must be obeyed and charity shown: it was only +at such a price that victory could be gained. A victory so spiritual, +a conquest so angelic, she had come to win; but now it was snatched +from her by the false wisdom of the leaders of her party. They were +hindering her from fulfilling her mission,—perhaps from giving the +promised sign,—and they were involving her with themselves in +enterprises less certain of success and less noble in spirit. Hence +her sorrow and her wrath.</p> + +<p>Even after the discomfiture of her arrival, in order that she might +please God, she did not consider herself freed from the obligation of +offering peace to her enemies.<a name="FNanchor_929_929" id="FNanchor_929_929"></a><a href="#Footnote_929_929" class="fnanchor">[929]</a> And since she could not go +straight to Talbot's camp she wanted to appear before the fort of +Saint-Jean-le-Blanc.<a name="FNanchor_930_930" id="FNanchor_930_930"></a><a href="#Footnote_930_930" class="fnanchor">[930]</a></p> + +<p>There was no one left behind the palisades. But if she had gone and +found any of the enemy there she would first have offered them peace. +Of this her subsequent behaviour within the city walls is positive +proof. Her mission was not to contribute to the defence of Orléans +plans of campaign or stratagems of war; her share in the work of +deliverance was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.264" id="Page_i.264">[Pg i.264]</a></span> higher and nobler. To suffering men, weak, unhappy, +and selfish, she brought the invincible forces of love and faith, the +virtue of sacrifice.</p> + +<p>My Lord the Bastard who regarded Jeanne's mission as purely religious, +and who would have been greatly astonished had any one told him that +he ought to consult this peasant on military matters,<a name="FNanchor_931_931" id="FNanchor_931_931"></a><a href="#Footnote_931_931" class="fnanchor">[931]</a> appeared as +if he did not understand the reproaches she addressed to him. And he +went away to see that operations were carried out according to the +plans he had made.</p> + +<p>Everything had been carefully concerted and prepared, but a slight +obstacle occurred. The barges that the people of Orléans were to send +for the victuals were not yet unmoored.<a name="FNanchor_932_932" id="FNanchor_932_932"></a><a href="#Footnote_932_932" class="fnanchor">[932]</a> They were sailing +vessels, and, as the wind was blowing from the east, they could not +set out. No one knew how long they would be delayed, and time was +precious. Jeanne said confidently to those who were growing anxious: +"Wait a little, for in God's name everything shall enter the +town."<a name="FNanchor_933_933" id="FNanchor_933_933"></a><a href="#Footnote_933_933" class="fnanchor">[933]</a></p> + +<p>She was right. The wind changed: the sails were unfurled, and the +barges were borne up the river by a favourable wind, so strong that +one boat was able to tow two or three others.<a name="FNanchor_934_934" id="FNanchor_934_934"></a><a href="#Footnote_934_934" class="fnanchor">[934]</a> Without hindrance +they passed the Saint-Loup bastion. My Lord the Bastard sailed in one +of these boats with Nicole de Giresme, Grand Prior of France of the +order of Rhodes. And the flotilla came to the port of Chécy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.265" id="Page_i.265">[Pg i.265]</a></span> where it +remained at anchor all night.<a name="FNanchor_935_935" id="FNanchor_935_935"></a><a href="#Footnote_935_935" class="fnanchor">[935]</a> It was decided that the relieving +army should that night encamp at the port of Bouchet and guard the +convoy by watching down the river, while one detachment was stationed +near the Islands of Chécy to watch up the river in the direction of +Jargeau. In company with certain captains, and with a body of +men-at-arms and archers, the Maid followed the bank as far as +l'Île-aux-Bourdons.<a name="FNanchor_936_936" id="FNanchor_936_936"></a><a href="#Footnote_936_936" class="fnanchor">[936]</a></p> + +<p>The lords who had brought the convoy decided that they would set out +immediately after the unloading. Having accomplished the first part of +its task, the army would return to Blois to fetch the remaining +victuals and ammunition, for everything had not been brought at once. +Hearing that the soldiers, with whom she had come, were going away, +Jeanne wished to go with them; and, after having so urgently asked to +be taken to Orléans, now that she was before the gates of the city, +her one idea was to go back.<a name="FNanchor_937_937" id="FNanchor_937_937"></a><a href="#Footnote_937_937" class="fnanchor">[937]</a> Thus is the soul of the mystic blown +hither and thither by the breath of the Spirit. Now as always Jeanne +was guided by impulses purely spiritual. She would not be parted from +these soldiers because she believed they had made their peace with +God, and she feared that she might not find others as contrite. For +her, victory or defeat depended absolutely on whether the combatants +were in a state of grace or of sin. To lead them to confession was her +only art of war; no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.266" id="Page_i.266">[Pg i.266]</a></span> other science did she know, whether for fighting +behind ramparts or in the open field.<a name="FNanchor_938_938" id="FNanchor_938_938"></a><a href="#Footnote_938_938" class="fnanchor">[938]</a></p> + +<p>"As for entering the town," she said, "it would hurt me to leave my +men, and I ought not to do it. They have all confessed, and in their +company I should not fear the uttermost power of the English."<a name="FNanchor_939_939" id="FNanchor_939_939"></a><a href="#Footnote_939_939" class="fnanchor">[939]</a></p> + +<p>In reality, as one may well imagine, whether or no they had confessed, +whether they were near or far from her, these mercenaries committed +all the sins compatible with the simplicity of their minds. But the +innocent damsel did not see them. Sensitive to things invisible, her +eyes were closed to things material.</p> + +<p>She was confirmed in her resolution to return to Blois by the captains +who had brought her and who wanted to take her back, alleging the +King's command. They wished to keep her because she brought good luck. +My Lord the Bastard, however, saw serious obstacles and even dangers +in the way of her return.<a name="FNanchor_940_940" id="FNanchor_940_940"></a><a href="#Footnote_940_940" class="fnanchor">[940]</a> In the state in which he had left the +people of Orléans, if their Maid were not straightway brought before +them they would rise in fury and despair, with cries, threats, +rioting, and violence; everything was to be feared, even massacres. He +entreated the captains, in the King's interest, to agree to Jeanne's +entering Orléans; and without great difficulty, he induced them to +return to Blois without her. But Jeanne did not give in so quickly. He +besought her to decide to cross the Loire. She refused and with such +insistence that he must have realised how difficult it is to influence +a saint. It was necessary for one of the lords who had brought her, +the Sire de Rais<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.267" id="Page_i.267">[Pg i.267]</a></span> or the Sire de Loré, to join his entreaties to those +of the Bastard, and to say to her: "Assuredly you must go, for we +promise to return to you shortly."<a name="FNanchor_941_941" id="FNanchor_941_941"></a><a href="#Footnote_941_941" class="fnanchor">[941]</a></p> + +<p>At last, when she heard that Brother Pasquerel would go with them to +Blois, accompanied by the priests and bearing her standard, believing +that her men would have a good spiritual director, she consented to +stay.<a name="FNanchor_942_942" id="FNanchor_942_942"></a><a href="#Footnote_942_942" class="fnanchor">[942]</a> She crossed the Loire with her brothers, her little +company, the Bastard, the Marshal de Boussac, the Captain La Hire, and +reached Chécy, which was then quite a town, with two churches, an +infirmary, and a lepers' hospital.<a name="FNanchor_943_943" id="FNanchor_943_943"></a><a href="#Footnote_943_943" class="fnanchor">[943]</a> She was received by a rich +burgess, one Guy de Cailly, in whose manor of Reuilly she passed the +night.<a name="FNanchor_944_944" id="FNanchor_944_944"></a><a href="#Footnote_944_944" class="fnanchor">[944]</a></p> + +<p>On the morning of the 29th the barges, which had been anchored at +Chécy, crossed the Loire, and those who were with the convoy loaded +them with victuals, ammunition, and cattle.<a name="FNanchor_945_945" id="FNanchor_945_945"></a><a href="#Footnote_945_945" class="fnanchor">[945]</a> The river was +high.<a name="FNanchor_946_946" id="FNanchor_946_946"></a><a href="#Footnote_946_946" class="fnanchor">[946]</a> The barges were able to drift down the navigable channel +near the left bank. The birches and osiers of l'Île-aux-Bœufs hid +them from the English in the Saint-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.268" id="Page_i.268">[Pg i.268]</a></span>Loup bastion. Besides, at that +moment, the enemy was occupied elsewhere. The town garrison was +skirmishing with them in order to distract their attention. The +fighting was somewhat hard. There were slain and wounded; prisoners +were taken on both sides; and the English lost a banner.<a name="FNanchor_947_947" id="FNanchor_947_947"></a><a href="#Footnote_947_947" class="fnanchor">[947]</a> Beneath +the deserted<a name="FNanchor_948_948" id="FNanchor_948_948"></a><a href="#Footnote_948_948" class="fnanchor">[948]</a> watch of Saint-Jean-le-Blanc the barges passed +unprotected. Between l'Île-aux-Bœufs and the Islet of Les Martinets +they turned starboard, to go down again, following the right bank, +under l'Île-aux-Toiles, as far as La Tour Neuve, the base of which was +washed by the Loire, at the south-eastern corner of the town. Then +they took shelter in the moat near the Burgundian Gate.<a name="FNanchor_949_949" id="FNanchor_949_949"></a><a href="#Footnote_949_949" class="fnanchor">[949]</a></p> + +<p>The whole day the manor of Reuilly was besieged by a procession of +citizens, who could not forbear coming at the risk of their lives to +see the promised Maid. It was six o'clock in the evening before she +left Chécy. The captains wanted her to enter the town at nightfall for +fear of disorders and lest the crush around her should be too +great.<a name="FNanchor_950_950" id="FNanchor_950_950"></a><a href="#Footnote_950_950" class="fnanchor">[950]</a> Doubtless they passed along the broad valleys leading from +Semoy towards the south, on the borders of the parishes of Saint-Marc +and Saint-Jean-de-Braye. On the way she said to those who rode with +her: "Fear nothing. No harm shall happen to you."<a name="FNanchor_951_951" id="FNanchor_951_951"></a><a href="#Footnote_951_951" class="fnanchor">[951]</a> And indeed the +only danger was for pedestrians. Horsemen ran little risk of being +pursued by the English, who were short of horses in their bastions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.269" id="Page_i.269">[Pg i.269]</a></span></p><p>On that Friday, the 29th of April, in the darkness, she entered +Orléans, by the Burgundian Gate. She was in full armour and rode a +white horse.<a name="FNanchor_952_952" id="FNanchor_952_952"></a><a href="#Footnote_952_952" class="fnanchor">[952]</a> A white horse was the steed of heralds and +archangels.<a name="FNanchor_953_953" id="FNanchor_953_953"></a><a href="#Footnote_953_953" class="fnanchor">[953]</a> The Bastard had placed her on his right. Before her +was borne her standard, on which figured two angels, each holding a +flower de luce, and her pennon, painted with the picture of the +Annunciation. Then came the Marshal de Boussac, Guy de Cailly, Pierre +and Jean d'Arc, Jean de Metz, and Bertrand de Poulengy, the Sire +d'Aulon, and those lords, captains, men-of-war, and citizens who had +come to meet her at Chécy.<a name="FNanchor_954_954" id="FNanchor_954_954"></a><a href="#Footnote_954_954" class="fnanchor">[954]</a> Bearing torches and rejoicing as +heartily as if they had seen God himself descending among them, the +townfolk of Orléans pressed around her.<a name="FNanchor_955_955" id="FNanchor_955_955"></a><a href="#Footnote_955_955" class="fnanchor">[955]</a> They had suffered great +privations, they had feared that help would never come; but now they +were heartened and felt as if the siege had been raised already by the +divine virtue, which they had been told resided in this Maid. They +looked at her with love and veneration; elbowing and pushing each +other, men, women, and children rushed forward to touch her and her +white horse, as folk touch the relics of saints. In the crush a torch +set her pennon on fire. The Maid, beholding it, spurred on her horse +and galloped to the flame, which she extinguished with a skill +apparently mirac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.270" id="Page_i.270">[Pg i.270]</a></span>ulous; for everything in her was marvellous.<a name="FNanchor_956_956" id="FNanchor_956_956"></a><a href="#Footnote_956_956" class="fnanchor">[956]</a> +Men-at-arms and citizens, enraptured, accompanied her in crowds to the +Church of Sainte-Croix, whither she went first to give thanks, then to +the house of Jacques Boucher, where she was to lodge.<a name="FNanchor_957_957" id="FNanchor_957_957"></a><a href="#Footnote_957_957" class="fnanchor">[957]</a></p> + +<p>Jacques or Jacquet Boucher, as he was called, had been the Duke of +Orléans' treasurer for several years. He was a very rich man and had +married the daughter of one of the most influential burgesses of the +city.<a name="FNanchor_958_958" id="FNanchor_958_958"></a><a href="#Footnote_958_958" class="fnanchor">[958]</a> Having stayed in the town throughout the siege, he +contributed to the defence by gifts of wheat, oats, and wine, and by +advancing funds for the purchase of ammunition and weapons. As the +care of the ramparts fell to the burgesses, it was Jacques' duty to +keep in repair and ready for defence the Renard Gate, where he dwelt, +which was the most exposed to the English attack. His mansion, one of +the finest and largest in the town, once inhabited by Regnart or +Renard, the family which had given its name to the gate, was in the +Rue des Talmeliers, quite near the fortifications. The captains held +their councils of war there, when they did not meet at the house of +Chancellor Guillaume Cousinot in the Rue de la Rose.<a name="FNanchor_959_959" id="FNanchor_959_959"></a><a href="#Footnote_959_959" class="fnanchor">[959]</a> Jacques +Boucher's dwelling was doubtless well furnished with silver plate and +storied tapestry.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.271" id="Page_i.271">[Pg i.271]</a></span> It would appear that in one of the rooms there was +a picture representing three women and bearing this inscription: +<i>Justice, Peace, Union</i>.<a name="FNanchor_960_960" id="FNanchor_960_960"></a><a href="#Footnote_960_960" class="fnanchor">[960]</a></p> + +<p>Into this house the Maid was received with her two brothers, the two +comrades who had brought her to the King, and their valets. She had +her armour taken off.<a name="FNanchor_961_961" id="FNanchor_961_961"></a><a href="#Footnote_961_961" class="fnanchor">[961]</a> Jacques Boucher's wife and daughter passed +the night with her. Jeanne shared the child's bed. She was nine years +old and was called Charlotte after Duke Charles, who was her father's +lord.<a name="FNanchor_962_962" id="FNanchor_962_962"></a><a href="#Footnote_962_962" class="fnanchor">[962]</a> It was the custom in those days for the host to share his +bed with his man guest and the hostess with her woman guest. This was +the rule of courtesy; kings observed it as well as burgesses. Children +were taught how to behave towards a sleeping companion, to keep to +their own part of the bed, not to fidget, and to sleep with their +mouths shut.<a name="FNanchor_963_963" id="FNanchor_963_963"></a><a href="#Footnote_963_963" class="fnanchor">[963]</a></p> + +<p>Thus the Duke's treasurer took the Maid into his house and entertained +her at the town's expense. Jeanne's horses were stabled by a burgess +named Jean Pillas.</p> + +<p>As for the D'Arc brothers, they did not stay with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.272" id="Page_i.272">[Pg i.272]</a></span> their sister, but +lodged in the house of Thévenin Villedart. The town paid all their +expenses; for example it furnished them with the shoes and gaiters +they needed and gave them a few gold crowns. Three of the Maid's +comrades, who were very destitute and came to see her at Orléans, +received food.<a name="FNanchor_964_964" id="FNanchor_964_964"></a><a href="#Footnote_964_964" class="fnanchor">[964]</a></p> + +<p>On the next day, the 30th of April, the town bands of Orléans were +early afoot. From morn till eve everything in the town was +topsy-turvy; the rebellion, which had been repressed so long, now +broke forth. As early as February the citizens had begun to mistrust +and hate the knights;<a name="FNanchor_965_965" id="FNanchor_965_965"></a><a href="#Footnote_965_965" class="fnanchor">[965]</a> now at last they shook off their yoke and +broke it.<a name="FNanchor_966_966" id="FNanchor_966_966"></a><a href="#Footnote_966_966" class="fnanchor">[966]</a> Henceforth they would recognise no King's lieutenant, +no governor, no lords, no generals; there was but one power and one +defence: the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_967_967" id="FNanchor_967_967"></a><a href="#Footnote_967_967" class="fnanchor">[967]</a> The Maid was the people's captain. This +damsel, this shepherdess, this nun did the knights the greatest injury +they ever experienced: she reduced them to nothing. On the morning of +the 30th they must have been convinced that the popular revolution had +taken place. The town bands were waiting for the Maid to put herself +at their head, and with her to march immediately against the <i>Godons</i>. +The captains endeavoured to make them understand that they must wait +for the army from Blois and the company of Marshal de Boussac, who +that night had set out to meet the army. The citizens in arms would +listen to nothing, and with loud cries clamoured for the Maid. She did +not appear. My Lord the Bastard, who was honey-tongued, had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.273" id="Page_i.273">[Pg i.273]</a></span> advised +her to keep away.<a name="FNanchor_968_968" id="FNanchor_968_968"></a><a href="#Footnote_968_968" class="fnanchor">[968]</a> This was the last advantage the leaders gained +over her. And now as before, when she appeared to give way to them, +she was merely doing as she liked. As for the citizens, with the Maid +or without her, they were determined to fight. The Bastard could not +hinder them. They sallied forth,<a name="FNanchor_969_969" id="FNanchor_969_969"></a><a href="#Footnote_969_969" class="fnanchor">[969]</a> accompanied by the Gascons of +Captain La Hire and the men of Messire Florent d'Illiers. They bravely +attacked the bastion Saint-Pouair, which the English called Paris, and +which was about eight hundred yards from the walls. They overcame the +outposts and approached so close to the bastion that they were already +clamouring for faggots and straw to be brought from the town to set +fire to the palisades. But at the cry "Saint George!" the English +gathered themselves together, and after a sore and sanguinary fight +repulsed the attack of the citizens and free-lances.<a name="FNanchor_970_970" id="FNanchor_970_970"></a><a href="#Footnote_970_970" class="fnanchor">[970]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid had known nothing of it. Sent from God, on her white horse, a +messenger armed yet peaceful, she held it neither just nor pious to +fight the English before they had refused her offers of peace. On that +day as before her one wish was to go in true saintly wise straight to +Talbot. She asked for tidings of her letter and learnt that the +English captains had paid no heed to it, and had detained her herald, +Guyenne.<a name="FNanchor_971_971" id="FNanchor_971_971"></a><a href="#Footnote_971_971" class="fnanchor">[971]</a> This is what had happened:</p> + +<p>That letter, which the Bastard deemed couched in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.274" id="Page_i.274">[Pg i.274]</a></span> vulgar phrase, +produced a marvellous impression on the English. It filled them with +fear and rage. They kept the herald who had brought it; and, although +use and custom insisted on the person of such officers being +respected, alleging that a sorceress's messenger must be a heretic, +they put him in chains, and after some sort of a trial condemned him +to be burnt as the accomplice of the seductress.<a name="FNanchor_972_972" id="FNanchor_972_972"></a><a href="#Footnote_972_972" class="fnanchor">[972]</a></p> + +<p>They even put up the stake to which he was to be bound. And yet, +before executing the sentence, they judged it well to consult the +University of Paris, as in like manner the Bishop of Beauvais was to +consult it eighteen months later.<a name="FNanchor_973_973" id="FNanchor_973_973"></a><a href="#Footnote_973_973" class="fnanchor">[973]</a> Their evil disposition arose +from fear. These unfortunates, who were treated as devils, were afraid +of devils. They suspected the subtle French of being necromancers and +sorcerers. They said that by repeating magic lines the Armagnacs had +compassed the death of the great King, Henry V. Fearing lest their +enemies should make use of sorcery and enchantment against them, in +order to protect themselves from all evil influences, they wore bands +of parchment inscribed with the formulæ of conjuration and called +<i>periapts</i>.<a name="FNanchor_974_974" id="FNanchor_974_974"></a><a href="#Footnote_974_974" class="fnanchor">[974]</a> The most efficacious of these amulets was the first +chapter of the Gospel of St. John. At this time the stars were +unfavourable to them, and astrologers were reading their approaching +ruin in the sky. Their late King, Henry V, when he was studying at +Oxford, had learnt there the rules of divination by the stars. For his +own special use he kept in his coffers two astrolabes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.275" id="Page_i.275">[Pg i.275]</a></span> one of silver +and one of gold. When his queen, Catherine of France, was about to be +confined, he himself cast the horoscope of the expected child. And +further, as there was a prophecy in England<a name="FNanchor_975_975" id="FNanchor_975_975"></a><a href="#Footnote_975_975" class="fnanchor">[975]</a> which said that +Windsor would lose what Monmouth had gained, he determined that the +Queen should not be confined at Windsor. But destiny cannot be +thwarted. The royal child was born at Windsor. His father was in +France when he heard the tidings. He held them to be of ill omen, and +summoned Jean Halbourd of Troyes, minister general of the Trinitarians +or Mathurins, "excellent in astrology," who, having drawn up the +scheme of nativity, could only confirm the King in his doleful +presentiments.<a name="FNanchor_976_976" id="FNanchor_976_976"></a><a href="#Footnote_976_976" class="fnanchor">[976]</a> And now the time had come. Windsor reigned; all +would be lost. Merlin had predicted that they would be driven out of +France and by a Virgin utterly undone. When the Maid appeared they +grew pale with fright, and fear fell upon captains and soldiers.<a name="FNanchor_977_977" id="FNanchor_977_977"></a><a href="#Footnote_977_977" class="fnanchor">[977]</a> +Those whom no man could make afraid, trembled before this girl whom +they held to be a witch. They could not be expected to regard her as a +saint sent of God. The best they could think of her was that she was a +very learned sorceress.<a name="FNanchor_978_978" id="FNanchor_978_978"></a><a href="#Footnote_978_978" class="fnanchor">[978]</a> To those she came to help she appeared a +daughter of God, to those she came to destroy she appeared a horrid +monster in woman's form. In this double aspect lay all her strength: +angelic for the French, devilish for the English, to one and the other +she appeared invincible and supernatural.</p> + +<p>In the evening of the 30th she sent her herald,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.276" id="Page_i.276">[Pg i.276]</a></span> Ambleville, to the +camp of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils to ask for Guyenne, who had borne +the letter from Blois and had not returned. Ambleville was also +instructed to tell Sir John Talbot, the Earl of Suffolk, and the Lord +Scales that in God's name the Maid required them to depart from France +and go to England; otherwise they would suffer hurt. The English sent +back Ambleville with an evil message.</p> + +<p>"The English," he said to the Maid, "are keeping my comrade to burn +him."</p> + +<p>She made answer: "In God's name they will do him no harm." And she +commanded Ambleville to return.<a name="FNanchor_979_979" id="FNanchor_979_979"></a><a href="#Footnote_979_979" class="fnanchor">[979]</a></p> + +<p>She was indignant, and, no doubt, greatly disappointed. In truth, she +had never anticipated that Talbot and the leaders of the siege would +give such a welcome to a letter inspired by Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret and Saint Michael; but so broad was her charity that she was +still willing to offer peace to the English. In her innocence she may +have believed that her proclamations in God's name were misunderstood +after all. Besides, whatever happened, she was determined to go +through with her duty to the end. At night she sallied forth from the +Bridge Gate and went as far as the outwork of La Belle-Croix. It was +not unusual for the two sides to address each other. La Belle-Croix +was within ear-shot of Les Tourelles. The Maid mounted the rampart and +cried to the English: "Surrender in God's name. I will grant you your +lives only."</p> + +<p>But the garrison and even the Captain, William Glasdale himself, +hurled back at her coarse insults and horrible threats.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.277" id="Page_i.277">[Pg i.277]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Milk-maid! If ever we get you, you shall be burned alive."<a name="FNanchor_980_980" id="FNanchor_980_980"></a><a href="#Footnote_980_980" class="fnanchor">[980]</a></p> + +<p>She answered that it was a lie. But they were in earnest and sincere. +They firmly believed that this damsel was arming legions of devils +against them.</p> + +<p>On Sunday, the 1st of May, my Lord the Bastard went to meet the army +from Blois.<a name="FNanchor_981_981" id="FNanchor_981_981"></a><a href="#Footnote_981_981" class="fnanchor">[981]</a> He knew the country; and, being both energetic and +cautious, he was desirous to superintend the entrance of this convoy +as he had done that of the other. He set out with a small escort. He +did not dare to take with him the Saint herself; but, in order, so to +speak, to put himself under her protection and tactfully to flatter +the piety and affections of the folk of Orléans, he took a member of +her suite, her steward, Sire Jean d'Aulon.<a name="FNanchor_982_982" id="FNanchor_982_982"></a><a href="#Footnote_982_982" class="fnanchor">[982]</a> Thus he grasped the +first opportunity of showing his good will to the Maid, feeling that +henceforth nothing could be done except with her or under her +patronage.</p> + +<p>The fervour of the citizens was not abated. That very day, in their +passionate desire to see the Saint, they crowded round Jacques +Boucher's house as turbulently as the pilgrims from Puy pressed into +the sanctuary of La Vierge Noire. There was a danger of the doors +being broken in. The cries of the townsfolk reached her. Then she +appeared: good, wise, equal to her mission, one born for the salvation +of the people. In the absence of captains and men-at-arms, this wild +multitude only awaited a sign from her to throw itself in tumult on +the bastions and perish there. Notwithstanding the visions of war +that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.278" id="Page_i.278">[Pg i.278]</a></span> haunted her, that sign she did not give. Child as she was, and +as ignorant of war as of life, there was that within her which turned +away disaster. She led this crowd of men, not to the English bastions, +but to the holy places of the city. Down the streets she rode, +accompanied by many knights and squires; men and women pressed to see +her and could not gaze upon her enough. They marvelled at the manner +of her riding and of her behaviour, in every point like a man-at-arms; +and they would have hailed her as a veritable Saint George had they +not suspected Saint George of turning Englishman.<a name="FNanchor_983_983" id="FNanchor_983_983"></a><a href="#Footnote_983_983" class="fnanchor">[983]</a></p> + +<p>That Sunday, for the second time, she went forth to offer peace to the +enemies of the kingdom. She passed out by the Renard Gate and went +along the Blois Road, through the suburbs that had been burnt down, +towards the English bastion. Surrounded by a double moat, it was +planted on a slope at the crossroads called La Croix Boissée or +Buissée, because the townsfolk of Orléans had erected a cross there, +which every Palm Sunday they dressed with a branch of box blessed by +the priest. Doubtless she intended to reach this bastion, and perhaps +to go on to the camp of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils situated between La +Croix Boissée and the Loire, where, as she had said, were Talbot and +the English. For she had not yet given up hope of gaining a hearing +from the leaders of the siege. But at the foot of the hill, at a place +called La Croix-Morin, she met some <i>Godons</i> who were keeping watch. +And there, in tones grave, pious, and noble, she summoned them to +retreat before the hosts of the Lord. "Surrender, and your lives shall +be spared. In God's name go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.279" id="Page_i.279">[Pg i.279]</a></span> back to England. If ye will not I will +make you suffer for it."<a name="FNanchor_984_984" id="FNanchor_984_984"></a><a href="#Footnote_984_984" class="fnanchor">[984]</a></p> + +<p>These men-at-arms answered her with insults as those of Les Tourelles +had done. One of them, the Bastard of Granville, cried out to her: +"Would you have us surrender to a woman?"</p> + +<p>The French, who were with her, they dubbed pimps and infidels, to +shame them for being in the company of a bad woman and a witch.<a name="FNanchor_985_985" id="FNanchor_985_985"></a><a href="#Footnote_985_985" class="fnanchor">[985]</a> +But whether because they thought her magic rendered her invulnerable, +or because they held it dishonourable to strike a messenger, now, as +on other occasions, they forbore to fire on her.</p> + +<p>That Sunday, Jacquet le Prestre, the town varlet, offered the Maid +wine.<a name="FNanchor_986_986" id="FNanchor_986_986"></a><a href="#Footnote_986_986" class="fnanchor">[986]</a> The magistrates and citizens could not have more highly +honoured her whom they regarded as their captain. Thus they treated +barons, kings and queens when they were entertained in the city. In +those days wine was highly valued on account of its beneficent power. +Jeanne, when she emphasised a wish, would say: "If I were never to +drink wine between now and Easter!..."<a name="FNanchor_987_987" id="FNanchor_987_987"></a><a href="#Footnote_987_987" class="fnanchor">[987]</a> But in reality she never +drank wine except mixed with water, and she ate little.<a name="FNanchor_988_988" id="FNanchor_988_988"></a><a href="#Footnote_988_988" class="fnanchor">[988]</a></p> + +<p>Throughout this time of waiting the Maid never rested for a moment. On +Monday, May 2nd, she mounted her horse and rode out into the country +to view the English bastions. The people followed her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.280" id="Page_i.280">[Pg i.280]</a></span> in crowds; they +had no fear and were glad to be near her. And when she had seen all +that she wanted, she returned to the city, to the cathedral church, +where she heard vespers.<a name="FNanchor_989_989" id="FNanchor_989_989"></a><a href="#Footnote_989_989" class="fnanchor">[989]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, the 3rd of May, the day of the Invention of the Holy +Cross, which was the Cathedral Festival, she followed in the +procession, with the magistrates and the townsfolk. It was then that +Maître Jean de Mâcon, the precentor of the cathedral,<a name="FNanchor_990_990" id="FNanchor_990_990"></a><a href="#Footnote_990_990" class="fnanchor">[990]</a> greeted her +with these words: "My daughter, are you come to raise the siege?"</p> + +<p>She replied: "Yea, in God's name."<a name="FNanchor_991_991" id="FNanchor_991_991"></a><a href="#Footnote_991_991" class="fnanchor">[991]</a></p> + +<p>The people of Orléans all believed that the English round the city +were as innumerable as the stars in the sky; the notary, Guillaume +Girault, expected nothing short of a miracle.<a name="FNanchor_992_992" id="FNanchor_992_992"></a><a href="#Footnote_992_992" class="fnanchor">[992]</a> Jean Luillier, +woollen draper<a name="FNanchor_993_993" id="FNanchor_993_993"></a><a href="#Footnote_993_993" class="fnanchor">[993]</a> by trade, thought it impossible for the citizens +to hold out longer against an enemy so enormously their superior.<a name="FNanchor_994_994" id="FNanchor_994_994"></a><a href="#Footnote_994_994" class="fnanchor">[994]</a> +Messire Jean de Mâcon was likewise alarmed at the power and the +numbers of the <i>Godons</i>.</p> + +<p>"My daughter," he said to the Maid, "their force is great and they are +strongly intrenched. It will be a difficult matter to turn them +out."<a name="FNanchor_995_995" id="FNanchor_995_995"></a><a href="#Footnote_995_995" class="fnanchor">[995]</a></p> + +<p>If notary Guillaume Girault, if draper Jean Luillier,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.281" id="Page_i.281">[Pg i.281]</a></span> if Messire Jean +de Mâcon, instead of fostering these gloomy ideas, had counted the +numbers of the besieged and the besieging, they would have found that +the former were more numerous than the latter; and that the army of +Scales, of Suffolk, of Talbot appeared mean and feeble when compared +with the great besieging armies of the reign of King Henry V. Had they +looked a little more closely they would have perceived that the +bastions, with the formidable names of London and of Paris, were +powerless to prevent either corn, cattle, pigs, or men-at-arms being +brought into the city; and that these gigantic dolls were being mocked +at by the dealers, who, with their beasts, passed by them daily. In +short, they would have realised that the people of Orléans were for +the moment better off than the English. But they had examined nothing +for themselves. They were content to abide by public opinion which is +seldom either just or correct. The Maid did not share Messire Jean de +Mâcon's illusions. She knew no more of the English than he did; yet +because she was a saint, she replied tranquilly: "With God all things +are possible."<a name="FNanchor_996_996" id="FNanchor_996_996"></a><a href="#Footnote_996_996" class="fnanchor">[996]</a> And Maître Jean de Mâcon thought it well that such +should be her opinion.</p> + +<p>What aggravated the trouble, the danger, and the panic of the +situation, was that the citizens believed they were betrayed. They +recollected the Count of Clermont at the Battle of the Herrings, and +they suspected the King's men of deserting them once again. After +having done so much and spent so much they saw themselves given up to +the English. This idea made them mad.<a name="FNanchor_997_997" id="FNanchor_997_997"></a><a href="#Footnote_997_997" class="fnanchor">[997]</a> There was a rumour that the +Marshal de Boussac, who had started with my Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.282" id="Page_i.282">[Pg i.282]</a></span> the Bastard to meet +the second convoy of supplies, and who was to return on Tuesday the +3rd, would not come back. It was said that the Chancellor of France +wanted to disband the army. It was absurd. On the contrary, great +efforts for the deliverance of the city were being made by the King's +Council and that of the Queen of Sicily. But the people's brains had +been turned by their long suffering and their terrible danger. A more +reasonable fear was lest any mishap should occur on the road from +Blois like that which had overtaken the force at Rouvray. The Maid's +comrades were infected with the anxieties of the townsfolk; one of +them betrayed his fears to her, but she was not affected by them. With +the radiant tranquillity of the illuminated, she said:<a name="FNanchor_998_998" id="FNanchor_998_998"></a><a href="#Footnote_998_998" class="fnanchor">[998]</a> "The +Marshal will come. I am confident that no harm will happen to +him."<a name="FNanchor_999_999" id="FNanchor_999_999"></a><a href="#Footnote_999_999" class="fnanchor">[999]</a></p> + +<p>On that day there entered into the city the little garrisons of Gien, +of Château-Regnard, and of Montargis.<a name="FNanchor_1000_1000" id="FNanchor_1000_1000"></a><a href="#Footnote_1000_1000" class="fnanchor">[1000]</a> But the Blois army did not +come. On the morrow, at daybreak, it was descried in the plain of La +Beauce. And, indeed, the Sire de Rais and his company, escorted by the +Marshal de Boussac and my Lord the Bastard, were skirting the Forest +of Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1001_1001" id="FNanchor_1001_1001"></a><a href="#Footnote_1001_1001" class="fnanchor">[1001]</a> At these tidings the citizens must needs exclaim +that the Maid had been right in wishing to march straight against +Talbot since the captains now followed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.283" id="Page_i.283">[Pg i.283]</a></span> very road she had +indicated. But in reality it was not just as they thought. Only one +part of the Blois army had risked forcing its way between the western +bastions; the convoy, with its escort, like the first convoy, was +coming through La Sologne and was to enter the town by water. Those +arrangements for the entrance of supplies, which, in the first +instance, had proved successful, were naturally now repeated.<a name="FNanchor_1002_1002" id="FNanchor_1002_1002"></a><a href="#Footnote_1002_1002" class="fnanchor">[1002]</a></p> + +<p>Captain La Hire and certain other commanders, who had remained in the +city with five hundred fighting men, went out to meet the Sire de +Rais, the Marshal de Boussac and the Bastard. The Maid mounted her +horse and went with them. They passed through the English lines; and, +a little further on, having met the army, they returned to the town +together. The priests, and among them Brother Pasquerel bearing the +banner, were the first to pass beneath the Paris bastion, singing +psalms.<a name="FNanchor_1003_1003" id="FNanchor_1003_1003"></a><a href="#Footnote_1003_1003" class="fnanchor">[1003]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne dined at Jacques Boucher's house with her steward, Jean +d'Aulon. When the table was cleared, the Bastard, who had come to the +treasurer's house, talked with her for a moment. He was gracious and +polite, but spoke with restraint.</p> + +<p>"I have heard on good authority," he remarked, "that Fastolf is soon +to join the English who are conducting the siege. He brings them +supplies and reinforcements and is already at Janville."</p> + +<p>At these tidings Jeanne appeared very glad and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.284" id="Page_i.284">[Pg i.284]</a></span> said, laughing: +"Bastard, Bastard, in God's name, I command thee to let me know as +soon as thou shalt hear of Fastolf's arrival. For should he come +without my knowledge, I warn thee thou shalt lose thy head."<a name="FNanchor_1004_1004" id="FNanchor_1004_1004"></a><a href="#Footnote_1004_1004" class="fnanchor">[1004]</a></p> + +<p>Far from betraying any annoyance at so rude a jest, he replied that +she need have no fear, he would let her know.<a name="FNanchor_1005_1005" id="FNanchor_1005_1005"></a><a href="#Footnote_1005_1005" class="fnanchor">[1005]</a></p> + +<p>The approach of Sir John Fastolf had already been announced on the +26th of April. It was expressly in order to avoid him that the army +had come through La Sologne. It is possible that on the 4th of May the +tidings of his coming had no surer foundation. But the Bastard knew +something else. The corn of the second convoy, like that of the first, +was coming down the river. It had been resolved, in a council of war, +that in the afternoon the captains should attack the Saint-Loup +bastion, and divert the English as had been done on the 29th of +April.<a name="FNanchor_1006_1006" id="FNanchor_1006_1006"></a><a href="#Footnote_1006_1006" class="fnanchor">[1006]</a> The attack had already begun. But of this the Bastard +breathed not a word to the Maid. He held her to be the one source of +strength in the town. But he believed that in war her part was purely +spiritual.<a name="FNanchor_1007_1007" id="FNanchor_1007_1007"></a><a href="#Footnote_1007_1007" class="fnanchor">[1007]</a></p> + +<p>After he had withdrawn, Jeanne, worn out by her morning's expedition, +lay down on her bed with her hostess for a short sleep. Sire Jean +d'Aulon, who was very weary, stretched himself on a couch in the same +room, thinking to take the rest he so greatly needed. But scarce had +he fallen asleep when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.285" id="Page_i.285">[Pg i.285]</a></span> Maid leapt from her bed and roused him with +a great noise. He asked her what she wanted.</p> + +<p>"In God's name," she answered in great agitation, "my Council have +told me to go against the English; but I know not whether I am to go +against their bastions or against Fastolf, who is bringing them +supplies."<a name="FNanchor_1008_1008" id="FNanchor_1008_1008"></a><a href="#Footnote_1008_1008" class="fnanchor">[1008]</a></p> + +<p>In her dreams she had been present at her Council, that is to say, she +had beheld her saints. She had seen Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret. There had happened to her what always happens. The saints +had told her no more than she herself knew. They had revealed to her +nothing of what she needed to know. They had not informed her how, at +that very moment, the French were attacking the Saint-Loup bastion and +suffering great hurt. And the Blessed Ones had departed leaving her in +error and in ignorance of what was going on, and in uncertainty as to +what she was to do. The good Sire d'Aulon was not the one to relieve +her from her embarrassment. He, too, was excluded from the Councils of +War. Now he answered her nothing, and set to arming himself as quickly +as possible. He had already begun when they heard a great noise and +cries coming up from the street. From the passers-by, they gleaned +that there was fighting near Saint-Loup and that the enemy was +inflicting great hurt on the French. Without staying to inquire +further, Jean d'Aulon went straightway to his squire to have his +armour put on. Almost at the same time Jeanne went down and asked: +"Where are my armourers? The blood of our folk is flowing."<a name="FNanchor_1009_1009" id="FNanchor_1009_1009"></a><a href="#Footnote_1009_1009" class="fnanchor">[1009]</a></p> + +<p>In the street she found Brother Pasquerel, her chaplain, with other +priests, and Mugot, her page, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.286" id="Page_i.286">[Pg i.286]</a></span> whom she cried: "Ha! cruel boy, you +did not tell me that the blood of France was being shed!... In God's +name, our people are hard put to it."<a name="FNanchor_1010_1010" id="FNanchor_1010_1010"></a><a href="#Footnote_1010_1010" class="fnanchor">[1010]</a></p> + +<p>She bade him bring her horse and leave the wife and daughter of her +host to finish arming her. On his return the page found her fully +accoutred. She sent him to fetch her standard from her room. He gave +it her through the window. She took it and spurred on her horse into +the high street, towards the Burgundian Gate, at such a pace that +sparks flashed from the pavement.</p> + +<p>"Hasten after her!" cried the treasurer's wife.<a name="FNanchor_1011_1011" id="FNanchor_1011_1011"></a><a href="#Footnote_1011_1011" class="fnanchor">[1011]</a></p> + +<p>Sire d'Aulon had not seen her start. He imagined, why, it is +impossible to say, that she had gone out on foot, and, having met a +page on horseback in the street, had made him dismount and give her +his horse.<a name="FNanchor_1012_1012" id="FNanchor_1012_1012"></a><a href="#Footnote_1012_1012" class="fnanchor">[1012]</a> The Renard Gate and the Burgundian Gate were on +opposite sides of the town. Jeanne, who for the last three days had +been going up and down the streets of Orléans, took the most direct +way. Jean d'Aulon and the page, who were hastily pursuing her, did not +come up with her until she had reached the gate. There they met a +wounded man being brought into the town. The Maid asked his bearers +who the man was. He was a Frenchman, they replied. Then she said: "I +have never seen the blood of a Frenchman flow without feeling my heart +stand still."<a name="FNanchor_1013_1013" id="FNanchor_1013_1013"></a><a href="#Footnote_1013_1013" class="fnanchor">[1013]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid and Sire d'Aulon, with a few fighting men of their company, +pressed on through the fields to Saint-Loup. On the way they saw +certain of their party. The good squire, unaccustomed to great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.287" id="Page_i.287">[Pg i.287]</a></span> +battles, never remembered having seen so many fighting men at +once.<a name="FNanchor_1014_1014" id="FNanchor_1014_1014"></a><a href="#Footnote_1014_1014" class="fnanchor">[1014]</a></p> + +<p>For an hour the Sire de Rais' Bretons and the men from Le Mans had +been skirmishing before the bastion. As the custom was those who had +arrived last were keeping watch.<a name="FNanchor_1015_1015" id="FNanchor_1015_1015"></a><a href="#Footnote_1015_1015" class="fnanchor">[1015]</a> But if these combatants, who +had reached the town only that very morning, had attacked without +taking time to breathe, they must have been hard pressed. They were +doing what had been done on the 29th of April, and for the same +reason:<a name="FNanchor_1016_1016" id="FNanchor_1016_1016"></a><a href="#Footnote_1016_1016" class="fnanchor">[1016]</a> namely, occupying the English while the barges +corn-laden were coming down the river to the moat. On the top of their +high hill, in their strong fortress, the English had easily held out +albeit they were but few; and the French King's men can hardly have +been able to make head against them, since the Maid and Sire d'Aulon +found them scattered through the fields. She gathered them together +and led them back to the attack. They were her friends: they had +journeyed together: they had sung psalms and hymns together: together +they had heard mass in the fields. They knew that she brought good +luck: they followed her. As she marched at their head her first idea +was a religious one. The bastion was built upon the church and convent +of the Ladies of Saint-Loup. With the sound of a trumpet she had it +proclaimed that nothing should be taken from the church.<a name="FNanchor_1017_1017" id="FNanchor_1017_1017"></a><a href="#Footnote_1017_1017" class="fnanchor">[1017]</a> She +remembered how Salisbury had come to a bad end for having pillaged the +Church of Notre Dame de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.288" id="Page_i.288">[Pg i.288]</a></span> Cléry; and she desired to keep her men from +an evil death.<a name="FNanchor_1018_1018" id="FNanchor_1018_1018"></a><a href="#Footnote_1018_1018" class="fnanchor">[1018]</a> This was the first time she had seen fighting; +and no sooner had she entered into the battle than she became the +leader because she was the best. She did better than others, not +because she knew more; she knew less. But her heart was nobler. When +every man thought of himself, she alone thought of others: when every +man took heed to defend himself, she defended herself not at all, +having previously offered up her life. And thus this child,—who +feared suffering and death like every human being, who knew by her +Voices and her presentiments that she would be wounded,—went straight +on and stood beneath showers of arrows and cannon-balls on the edge of +the moat, her standard in hand, rallying her men.<a name="FNanchor_1019_1019" id="FNanchor_1019_1019"></a><a href="#Footnote_1019_1019" class="fnanchor">[1019]</a> Through her +what had been merely a diversion became a serious attack. The bastion +was stormed.</p> + +<p>When he heard that the fort of Saint-Loup was being attacked, Sir John +Talbot sallied forth from the camp of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils. In +order to reach the threatened bastion he had some distance to go down +his lines and along the border of the forest. He set out, and on his +way was reinforced by the garrisons of the western bastions. The town +watchmen observed his movements and sounded the alarm. Marshal Boussac +passing through the Parisis Gate, went out to meet Talbot on the +north, towards Fleury. The English captain was preparing to break +through the French force when he saw a thick cloud<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.289" id="Page_i.289">[Pg i.289]</a></span> of smoke rising +over the fort Saint-Loup. He understood that the French had captured +and set fire to it; and sadly he returned to the camp of +Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils.<a name="FNanchor_1020_1020" id="FNanchor_1020_1020"></a><a href="#Footnote_1020_1020" class="fnanchor">[1020]</a></p> + +<p>The attack had lasted three hours. After the burning of the bastion +the English climbed into the church belfry. The French had difficulty +in dislodging them; but they ran no danger thereby. Of prisoners, they +took two score, and the rest they slew. The Maid was very sorrowful +when she saw so many of the enemy dead. She pitied these poor folk who +had died unconfessed.<a name="FNanchor_1021_1021" id="FNanchor_1021_1021"></a><a href="#Footnote_1021_1021" class="fnanchor">[1021]</a> Certain <i>Godons</i>, wearing the +ecclesiastical habit and ornaments, came to meet her. She perceived +that they were soldiers disguised in stoles and hoods taken from the +sacristy of the Abbaye aux Dames. But she pretended to take them for +what they represented themselves to be. She received them and had them +conducted to her house without allowing any harm to come to them. With +a charitable jest she said: "One should never question priests."<a name="FNanchor_1022_1022" id="FNanchor_1022_1022"></a><a href="#Footnote_1022_1022" class="fnanchor">[1022]</a></p> + +<p>Before leaving the fort she confessed to Brother<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.290" id="Page_i.290">[Pg i.290]</a></span> Pasquerel, her +chaplain. And she charged him to make the following announcement to +all the men-at-arms: "Confess your sins and thank God for the victory. +If you do not, the Maid will never help you more and will not remain +in your company."<a name="FNanchor_1023_1023" id="FNanchor_1023_1023"></a><a href="#Footnote_1023_1023" class="fnanchor">[1023]</a></p> + +<p>The Saint-Loup bastion, attacked by fifteen hundred French, had been +defended by only three hundred English. That they made no vigorous +defence is indicated by the fact that only two or three Frenchmen were +slain.<a name="FNanchor_1024_1024" id="FNanchor_1024_1024"></a><a href="#Footnote_1024_1024" class="fnanchor">[1024]</a> It was not by any severe mental effort or profound +calculation that the French King's men had gained this advantage. It +had cost them little, and yet it was immense. It meant the cutting off +of the besiegers' communications with Jargeau: it meant the opening of +the upper Loire: it was the first step towards the raising of the +siege. Better still, it afforded positive proof that these devils who +had inspired such fear were miserable creatures, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.291" id="Page_i.291">[Pg i.291]</a></span> might be +entrapped like mice and smoked out like wasps in their nest. Such +unhoped-for good fortune was due to the Maid. She had done everything, +for without her nothing would have been done. She it was, who, in +ignorance wiser than the knowledge of captains and free-lances, had +converted an idle skirmish into a serious attack and had won the +victory by inspiring confidence.</p> + +<p>That very evening the magistrates sent workmen to Saint-Loup to +demolish the captured fortifications.<a name="FNanchor_1025_1025" id="FNanchor_1025_1025"></a><a href="#Footnote_1025_1025" class="fnanchor">[1025]</a></p> + +<p>When at night she returned to her lodging, Jeanne told her chaplain +that on the morrow, which was the day of the Ascension of Our Lord, +she would keep the Festival by not wearing armour and by abstaining +from fighting. She commanded that no one should think of quitting the +town, of attacking or making an assault, until he had first confessed. +She added that the men-at-arms must pay heed that no dissolute women +followed in their train for fear lest God should cause them to be +defeated on account of their sins.<a name="FNanchor_1026_1026" id="FNanchor_1026_1026"></a><a href="#Footnote_1026_1026" class="fnanchor">[1026]</a></p> + +<p>When need was the Maid herself saw that her orders concerning bad +women and blasphemers were scrupulously obeyed. More than once she +drove away the camp-followers. She rebuked men-at-arms who swore and +blasphemed. One day, in the open street, a knight began to swear and +take God's name in vain. Jeanne heard him. She seized him by the +throat, exclaiming, "Ah, Sir! dare you take in vain the name of Our +Lord and Master? In God's name you shall take back those words before +I move from this place."</p> + +<p>A citizen's wife, passing down the street at that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.292" id="Page_i.292">[Pg i.292]</a></span> moment, beheld this +man, who seemed to her to be a great baron, humbly receiving the +Saint's reproaches and testifying his repentance.<a name="FNanchor_1027_1027" id="FNanchor_1027_1027"></a><a href="#Footnote_1027_1027" class="fnanchor">[1027]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, which was Ascension Day, the captains held a +council-of-war in the house of Chancellor Cousinot in the Rue de la +Rose.<a name="FNanchor_1028_1028" id="FNanchor_1028_1028"></a><a href="#Footnote_1028_1028" class="fnanchor">[1028]</a> There were present, as well as the Chancellor, my Lord the +Bastard, the Sire de Gaucourt, the Sire de Rais, the Sire de Graville, +Captain La Hire, my Lord Ambroise de Loré and several others. It was +decided that Les Tourelles, the chief stronghold of the besiegers, +should be attacked on the morrow. Meanwhile, it would be necessary to +hold in check the English of the camp of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils. +On the previous day, when Talbot set out from Saint-Laurent, he had +not been able to reach Saint-Loup in time because he had been obliged +to make a long circuit, going round the town from west to east. But, +although, on that previous day, the enemy had lost command of the +Loire above the town, they still held the lower river. They could +cross it between Saint-Laurent and Saint-Privé<a name="FNanchor_1029_1029" id="FNanchor_1029_1029"></a><a href="#Footnote_1029_1029" class="fnanchor">[1029]</a> as rapidly as the +French could cross it by the Île-aux-Toiles; and thus the English +might gather in force at Le Portereau. This, the French must prevent +and, if possible, draw off the garrisons from Les Augustins and Les +Tourelles to Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils. With this object it was +decided that the people of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.293" id="Page_i.293">[Pg i.293]</a></span> Orléans with the folk from the communes, +that is, from the villages, should make a feigned attack on the +Saint-Laurent camp, with mantelets, faggots, and ladders. Meanwhile, +the nobles would cross the Loire by l'Île-aux-Toiles, would land at Le +Portereau under the watch of Saint-Jean-le-Blanc which had been +abandoned by the English, and attack the bastion of Les Augustins; and +when that was taken, the fort of Les Tourelles.<a name="FNanchor_1030_1030" id="FNanchor_1030_1030"></a><a href="#Footnote_1030_1030" class="fnanchor">[1030]</a> Thus there would +be one assault made by the citizens, another by the nobles; one real, +the other feigned; both useful, but only one glorious and worthy of +knights. When the plan was thus drawn up, certain captains were of +opinion that it would be well to send for the Maid and tell her what +had been decided.<a name="FNanchor_1031_1031" id="FNanchor_1031_1031"></a><a href="#Footnote_1031_1031" class="fnanchor">[1031]</a> And, indeed, on the previous day, she had done +so well that there was no longer need to hold her aloof. Others deemed +that it would be imprudent to tell her what was contemplated +concerning Les Tourelles. For it was important that the undertaking +should be kept secret, and it was feared that the holy damsel might +speak of it to her friends among the common people. Finally, it was +agreed that she should know those decisions which affected the +train-bands of Orléans, since, indeed, she was their captain, but that +such matters as could not be safely communicated to the citizens +should be concealed from her.</p> + +<p>Jeanne was in another room of the house with the Chancellor's wife. +Messire Ambroise de Loré went to fetch her; and, when she had come, +the Chancellor told her that the camp of Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils +was to be attacked on the morrow. She divined that something was being +kept back; for she possessed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.294" id="Page_i.294">[Pg i.294]</a></span> certain acuteness. Besides, since they +had hitherto concealed everything, it was natural she should suspect +that something was still being kept from her. This mistrust annoyed +her. Did they think her incapable of keeping a secret? She said +bitterly: "Tell me what you have concluded and ordained. I could keep +a much greater secret than that."<a name="FNanchor_1032_1032" id="FNanchor_1032_1032"></a><a href="#Footnote_1032_1032" class="fnanchor">[1032]</a></p> + +<p>And refusing to sit down she walked to and fro in the room.</p> + +<p>My Lord the Bastard deemed it well to avoid exasperating her by +telling her the truth. He pacified her without incriminating anybody: +"Jeanne, do not rage. It is impossible to tell you everything at once. +What the Chancellor has said has been concluded and ordained. But if +those on the other side [of the water, the English of La Sologne] +should depart to come and succour the great bastion of Saint-Laurent +and the English who are encamped near this part of the city, we have +determined that some of us shall cross the river to do what we can +against those on the other side [those of Les Augustins and Les +Tourelles]. And it seems to us that such a decision is good and +profitable."</p> + +<p>The Maid replied that she was content, that such a decision seemed to +her good, and that it should be carried out in the manner +determined.<a name="FNanchor_1033_1033" id="FNanchor_1033_1033"></a><a href="#Footnote_1033_1033" class="fnanchor">[1033]</a></p> + +<p>It will be seen that by this proceeding the secrecy of the +deliberations had been violated, and that the nobles had not been able +to do what they had determined or at least not in the way they had +determined. On that Ascension Day the Maid for the last time sent a +message of peace to the English, which she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.295" id="Page_i.295">[Pg i.295]</a></span> dictated to Brother +Pasquerel in the following terms: <i>Ye men of England, who have no +right in the realm of France, the King of Heaven enjoins and commands +you by me, Jeanne the Maid, to leave your forts and return to your +country. If ye will not I will make so great a noise as shall remain +for ever in the memory of man: This I write to you for the third and +last time, and I will write to you no more.</i></p> + +<p>Signed thus: Jhesus—Maria. Jeanne the Maid.</p> + +<p>And below: <i>I should have sent to you with more ceremony. But you keep +my heralds. You kept my herald Guyenne. If you will send him back to +me, I will send you some of your men taken at the bastion Saint-Loup; +they are not all dead.</i><a name="FNanchor_1034_1034" id="FNanchor_1034_1034"></a><a href="#Footnote_1034_1034" class="fnanchor">[1034]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne went to La Belle Croix, took an arrow, and tied her letter to +it with a string, then told an archer to shoot it to the English, +crying: "Read! This is the message."</p> + +<p>The English received the arrow, untied the letter, and having read it +they cried: "This a message from the Armagnac strumpet."</p> + +<p>When she heard them, tears came into Jeanne's eyes and she wept. But +soon she beheld her saints, who spoke to her of Our Lord, and she was +comforted. "I have had a message from my Lord," she said +joyfully.<a name="FNanchor_1035_1035" id="FNanchor_1035_1035"></a><a href="#Footnote_1035_1035" class="fnanchor">[1035]</a></p> + +<p>My Lord the Bastard himself demanded the Maid's herald, threatening +that if he were not sent back he would keep the heralds whom the +English had sent to treat for the exchange of prisoners. It is +asserted that he even threatened to put those prisoners to death. But +Ambleville did not return.<a name="FNanchor_1036_1036" id="FNanchor_1036_1036"></a><a href="#Footnote_1036_1036" class="fnanchor">[1036]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.296" id="Page_i.296">[Pg i.296]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>THE TAKING OF LES TOURELLES AND THE DELIVERANCE OF ORLÉANS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N the morrow, Friday the 6th of May, the Maid rose at daybreak. She +confessed to her chaplain and heard mass sung before the priests and +fighting men of her company.<a name="FNanchor_1037_1037" id="FNanchor_1037_1037"></a><a href="#Footnote_1037_1037" class="fnanchor">[1037]</a> The zealous townsfolk were already +up and armed. Whether or no she had told them, the citizens, who were +strongly determined to cross the Loire and attack Les Tourelles +themselves, were pressing in crowds to the Burgundian Gate. They found +it shut. The Sire de Gaucourt was guarding it with men-at-arms. The +nobles had taken this precaution in case the citizens should discover +their enterprise and wish to take part in it. The gate was closed and +well defended. Bent on fighting and themselves recovering their +precious jewel, Les Tourelles, the citizens had recourse to her before +whom gates opened and walls fell; they sent for the Saint. She came, +frank and terrible. She went straight to the old Sire de Gaucourt, +and, refusing to listen to him, said: "You are a wicked man to try to +prevent these people from going out. But whether you will or no, they +will go and will do as well as they did the other day."<a name="FNanchor_1038_1038" id="FNanchor_1038_1038"></a><a href="#Footnote_1038_1038" class="fnanchor">[1038]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.297" id="Page_i.297">[Pg i.297]</a></span></p><p>Excited by Jeanne's voice and encouraged by her presence, the +citizens, crying slaughter, threw themselves on Gaucourt and his +men-at-arms. When the old baron perceived that he could do nothing +with them, and that it was impossible to bring them to his way of +thinking, he himself joined them. He had the gates opened wide and +cried out to the townsfolk: "Come, I will be your captain."</p> + +<p>And with the Lord of Villars and Sire d'Aulon he went out at the head +of the soldiers, who had been keeping the gate, and all the +train-bands of the town. At the foot of La Tour-Neuve, at the eastern +corner of the ramparts, there were boats at anchor. In them +l'Île-aux-Toiles was reached, and thence on a bridge formed by two +boats they crossed over the narrow arm of the river which separates +l'Île-aux-Toiles from the Sologne bank.<a name="FNanchor_1039_1039" id="FNanchor_1039_1039"></a><a href="#Footnote_1039_1039" class="fnanchor">[1039]</a> Those who arrived first +entered the abandoned fort of Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, and, while waiting +for the others, amused themselves by demolishing it.<a name="FNanchor_1040_1040" id="FNanchor_1040_1040"></a><a href="#Footnote_1040_1040" class="fnanchor">[1040]</a> Then, when +all had passed over, the townsfolk gayly marched against Les +Augustins. The bastion was situated in front of Les Tourelles, on the +ruins of the monastery; and the bastion would have to be taken before +the fortifications at the end of the bridge could be attacked. But the +enemy came out of their entrenchments and advanced within two +bow-shots of the French, upon whom from their bows and cross-bows they +let fly so thick a shower of arrows that the men of Orléans could not +stand against them. They gave way and fled to the bridge of boats: +then, afraid of being cast into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.298" id="Page_i.298">[Pg i.298]</a></span> river, they crossed over to +l'Île-aux-Toiles.<a name="FNanchor_1041_1041" id="FNanchor_1041_1041"></a><a href="#Footnote_1041_1041" class="fnanchor">[1041]</a> The fighting men of the Sire de Gaucourt were +more accustomed to war. With the Lord of Villars, Sire d'Aulon, and a +valiant Spaniard, Don Alonzo de Partada, they took their stand on the +slope of Saint-Jean-le-Blanc and resisted the enemy. Although very few +in number, they were still holding out when, about three o'clock in +the afternoon, Captain La Hire and the Maid crossed the river with the +free-lances. Seeing the French hard put to it, and the English in +battle array, they mounted their horses, which they had brought over +with them, and holding their lances in rest spurred on against the +enemy. The townsfolk, taking heart, followed them and drove back the +English. But at the foot of the bastion they were again +repulsed.<a name="FNanchor_1042_1042" id="FNanchor_1042_1042"></a><a href="#Footnote_1042_1042" class="fnanchor">[1042]</a> In great agitation the Maid galloped from the bastion +to the bank, and from the bank to the bastion, calling for the +knights; but the knights did not come. Their plans had been upset, +their order of battle reversed, and they needed time to collect +themselves. At last she saw floating over the island the banners of my +Lord the Bastard, the Marshal de Boussac, and the Lord de Rais. The +artillery came too, and Master Jean de Montesclère with his culverin +and his gunners, bringing all the engines needed for the assault. Four +thousand men assembled round Les Augustins. But much time had been +lost; they were only just beginning, and the sun was going down.<a name="FNanchor_1043_1043" id="FNanchor_1043_1043"></a><a href="#Footnote_1043_1043" class="fnanchor">[1043]</a></p> + +<p>The Sire de Gaucourt's men were ranged behind, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.299" id="Page_i.299">[Pg i.299]</a></span> cover the besiegers +in case the English from the bridge end should come to the aid of +their countrymen in Les Augustins. But a quarrel arose in de +Gaucourt's company. Some, like Sire d'Aulon and Don Alonzo, judged it +well to stay at their post. Others were ashamed to stand idle. Hence +haughty words and bravado. Finally Don Alonzo and a man-at-arms, +having challenged each other to see who would do the best, ran towards +the bastion hand in hand. At one single volley Maître Jean's culverin +overthrew the palisade. Straightway the two champions forced their way +in.<a name="FNanchor_1044_1044" id="FNanchor_1044_1044"></a><a href="#Footnote_1044_1044" class="fnanchor">[1044]</a></p> + +<p>"Enter boldly!" cried the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_1045_1045" id="FNanchor_1045_1045"></a><a href="#Footnote_1045_1045" class="fnanchor">[1045]</a> And she planted her standard on +the rampart. The Sire de Rais followed her closely.</p> + +<p>The numbers of the French were increasing. They made a strong attack +on the bastion and soon took it by storm. Then one by one they had to +assault the buildings of the monastery in which the <i>Godons</i> were +entrenched. In the end all the English were slain or taken, except a +few, who took refuge in Les Tourelles. In the huts the French found +many of their own men imprisoned. After bringing them out, they set +fire to the fort, and thus made known to the English their new +disaster.<a name="FNanchor_1046_1046" id="FNanchor_1046_1046"></a><a href="#Footnote_1046_1046" class="fnanchor">[1046]</a> It is said to have been the Maid who ordered the fire +in order to put a stop to the pillage in which her men were +mercilessly engaging.<a name="FNanchor_1047_1047" id="FNanchor_1047_1047"></a><a href="#Footnote_1047_1047" class="fnanchor">[1047]</a></p> + +<p>A great advantage had been won. But the French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.300" id="Page_i.300">[Pg i.300]</a></span> were slow to regain +confidence. When, in the darkness by the light of the fire, they +beheld for the first time close to them the bulwarks of Les Tourelles, +the men-at-arms were afraid. Certain said: "It would take us more than +a month to capture it."<a name="FNanchor_1048_1048" id="FNanchor_1048_1048"></a><a href="#Footnote_1048_1048" class="fnanchor">[1048]</a></p> + +<p>The lords, captains, and men-at-arms went back to the town to pass a +quiet night. The archers and most of the townsfolk stayed at Le +Portereau. The Maid would have liked to stay too, so as to be sure of +beginning again on the morrow.<a name="FNanchor_1049_1049" id="FNanchor_1049_1049"></a><a href="#Footnote_1049_1049" class="fnanchor">[1049]</a> But, seeing that the captains +were leaving their horses and their pages in the fields, she followed +them to Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1050_1050" id="FNanchor_1050_1050"></a><a href="#Footnote_1050_1050" class="fnanchor">[1050]</a> Wounded in the foot by a caltrop,<a name="FNanchor_1051_1051" id="FNanchor_1051_1051"></a><a href="#Footnote_1051_1051" class="fnanchor">[1051]</a> +overcome with fatigue, she felt weak, and contrary to her custom she +broke her fast, although the day was Friday.<a name="FNanchor_1052_1052" id="FNanchor_1052_1052"></a><a href="#Footnote_1052_1052" class="fnanchor">[1052]</a> According to +Brother Pasquerel, who in this matter is not very trustworthy, while +she was finishing her supper in her lodging, there came to her a noble +whose name is not mentioned and who addressed her thus: "The captains +have met in council.<a name="FNanchor_1053_1053" id="FNanchor_1053_1053"></a><a href="#Footnote_1053_1053" class="fnanchor">[1053]</a> They recognise how few we were in +comparison with the English, and that it was by God's great favour +that we won the victory. Now that the town is plentifully supplied we +may well wait for help from the King. Wherefore, the council deems it +inexpedient for the men-at-arms to make a sally to-morrow."</p> + +<p>Jeanne replied: "You have been at your council;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.301" id="Page_i.301">[Pg i.301]</a></span> I have been at mine. +Now believe me the counsel of Messire shall be followed and shall hold +good, whereas your counsel shall come to nought." And turning to +Brother Pasquerel who was with her, she said: "To-morrow rise even +earlier than to-day, and do the best you can. Stay always at my side, +for to-morrow I shall have much ado—more than I have ever had, and +to-morrow blood shall flow from my body."<a name="FNanchor_1054_1054" id="FNanchor_1054_1054"></a><a href="#Footnote_1054_1054" class="fnanchor">[1054]</a></p> + +<p>It was not true that the English outnumbered the French. On the +contrary they were far less numerous. There were scarce more than +three thousand men round Orléans. The succour from the King having +arrived, the captains could not have said that they were waiting for +it. True it is that they were hesitating to proceed forthwith to +attack Les Tourelles on the morrow; but that was because they feared +lest the English under Talbot should enter the deserted town during +the assault, since the townsfolk, refusing to march against +Saint-Laurent, had all gone to Le Portereau. The Maid's Council +troubled about none of these difficulties. No fears beset Saint<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.302" id="Page_i.302">[Pg i.302]</a></span> +Catherine and Saint Margaret. To doubt is to fear; they never doubted. +Whatever may be said to the contrary, of military tactics and strategy +they knew nothing. They had not read the treatise of Vegetius, <i>De re +militari</i>. Had they read it the town would have been lost. Jeanne's +Vegetius was Saint Catherine.</p> + +<p>During the night it was cried in the streets of the city that bread, +wine, ammunition and all things necessary must be taken to those who +had stayed behind at Le Portereau. There was a constant passing to and +fro of boats across the river. Men, women and children were carrying +supplies to the outposts.<a name="FNanchor_1055_1055" id="FNanchor_1055_1055"></a><a href="#Footnote_1055_1055" class="fnanchor">[1055]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, Saturday the 7th of May, Jeanne heard Brother Pasquerel +say mass and piously received the holy sacrament.<a name="FNanchor_1056_1056" id="FNanchor_1056_1056"></a><a href="#Footnote_1056_1056" class="fnanchor">[1056]</a> Jacques +Boucher's house was beset with magistrates and notable citizens. After +a night of fatigue and anxiety, they had just heard tidings which +exasperated them. They had heard tell that the captains wanted to +defer the storming of Les Tourelles. With loud cries they appealed to +the Maid to help the townsfolk, sold, abandoned, and betrayed.<a name="FNanchor_1057_1057" id="FNanchor_1057_1057"></a><a href="#Footnote_1057_1057" class="fnanchor">[1057]</a> +The truth was that my Lord the Bastard and the captains, having +observed during the night a great movement among the English on the +upper Loire, were confirmed in their fears that Talbot would attack +the walls near the Renard Gate while the French were occupied on the +left bank. At sunrise they had perceived that during the night the +English had demolished their outwork Saint Privé, south of +l'Île-Charlemagne.<a name="FNanchor_1058_1058" id="FNanchor_1058_1058"></a><a href="#Footnote_1058_1058" class="fnanchor">[1058]</a> That also caused<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.303" id="Page_i.303">[Pg i.303]</a></span> them to believe firmly that +in the evening the English had concentrated in the Saint-Laurent camp +and the bastion, London. The townsfolk had long been irritated by the +delay of the King's men in raising the siege. And there is no doubt +that the captains were not so eager to bring it to an end as they +were.<a name="FNanchor_1059_1059" id="FNanchor_1059_1059"></a><a href="#Footnote_1059_1059" class="fnanchor">[1059]</a> The captains lived by war, while the citizens died of +it,—that made all the difference. The magistrates besought the Maid +to complete without delay the deliverance she had already begun. They +said to her: "We have taken counsel and we entreat you to accomplish +the mission you have received from God and likewise from the King."</p> + +<p>"In God's name, I will," she said. And straightway she mounted her +horse, and uttering a very ancient phrase, she cried: "Let who loves +me follow me!"<a name="FNanchor_1060_1060" id="FNanchor_1060_1060"></a><a href="#Footnote_1060_1060" class="fnanchor">[1060]</a></p> + +<p>As she was leaving the treasurer's house a shad was brought her. She +said to her host, smiling, "In God's name! we will have it for supper. +I will bring you back a <i>Godon</i> who shall eat his share." She added: +"This evening we shall return by the bridge."<a name="FNanchor_1061_1061" id="FNanchor_1061_1061"></a><a href="#Footnote_1061_1061" class="fnanchor">[1061]</a> For the last +ninety-nine days it had been impossible. But happily her words proved +true.</p> + +<p>The townsfolk had been too quick to take alarm. Notwithstanding their +fear of Talbot and the English of the Saint-Laurent camp, the nobles +crossed the Loire in the early morning, and at Le Portereau rejoined +their horses and pages who had passed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.304" id="Page_i.304">[Pg i.304]</a></span> night there with the +archers and train-bands. They were all there, the Bastard, the Sire de +Gaucourt, and the lords of Rais, Graville, Guitry, Coarraze, Villars, +Illiers, Chailly, the Admiral de Culant, the captains La Hire, and +Poton.<a name="FNanchor_1062_1062" id="FNanchor_1062_1062"></a><a href="#Footnote_1062_1062" class="fnanchor">[1062]</a> The Maid was with them. The magistrates sent them great +store of engines of war: hurdles, all kinds of arrows, hammers, axes, +lead, powder, culverins, cannon, and ladders.<a name="FNanchor_1063_1063" id="FNanchor_1063_1063"></a><a href="#Footnote_1063_1063" class="fnanchor">[1063]</a> The attack began +early. What rendered it difficult was not the number of English +entrenched in the bulwark and lodged in the towers: there were barely +more than five hundred of them;<a name="FNanchor_1064_1064" id="FNanchor_1064_1064"></a><a href="#Footnote_1064_1064" class="fnanchor">[1064]</a> true, they were commanded by +Lord Moleyns, and under him by Lord Poynings and Captain Glasdale, who +in France was called Glassidas, a man of humble birth, but the first +among the English for courage.<a name="FNanchor_1065_1065" id="FNanchor_1065_1065"></a><a href="#Footnote_1065_1065" class="fnanchor">[1065]</a> The assailants, citizens, +men-at-arms and archers were ten times more numerous. That so many +combatants had been assembled was greatly to the credit of the French +nation; but so great an army of men could not be employed at once. +Knights were not much use against earthworks; and the townsfolk +although very zealous, were not very tenacious.<a name="FNanchor_1066_1066" id="FNanchor_1066_1066"></a><a href="#Footnote_1066_1066" class="fnanchor">[1066]</a> Finally, the +Bastard, who was prudent and thoughtful, was afraid of Talbot.<a name="FNanchor_1067_1067" id="FNanchor_1067_1067"></a><a href="#Footnote_1067_1067" class="fnanchor">[1067]</a> +Indeed if Talbot had known and if he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.305" id="Page_i.305">[Pg i.305]</a></span> had wanted he might have taken +the town while the French were trying to take Les Tourelles. War is +always a series of accidents, but on that day no attempt whatever was +made to carry out any concerted movement. This vast army was not an +irresistible force, since no one, not even the Bastard, knew how to +bring it into action. In those days the issue of a battle was in the +hands of a very few combatants. On the previous day everything had +been decided by two or three men.</p> + +<p>The French assembled before the entrenchments had the air of an +immense crowd of idlers looking on while a few men-at-arms attempted +an escalade. Notwithstanding the size of the army, for a long while +the assault resolved itself into a series of single combats. Twenty +times did the most zealous approach the rampart and twenty times they +were forced to retreat.<a name="FNanchor_1068_1068" id="FNanchor_1068_1068"></a><a href="#Footnote_1068_1068" class="fnanchor">[1068]</a> There were some wounded and some slain, +but not many. The nobles, who had been making war all their lives, +were cautious, while the soldiers of fortune were careful of their +men. The townsfolk were novices in war.<a name="FNanchor_1069_1069" id="FNanchor_1069_1069"></a><a href="#Footnote_1069_1069" class="fnanchor">[1069]</a> The Maid alone threw +herself into it with heart and soul. She was continually saying: "Be +of good cheer. Do not retreat. The fort will soon be yours."<a name="FNanchor_1070_1070" id="FNanchor_1070_1070"></a><a href="#Footnote_1070_1070" class="fnanchor">[1070]</a></p> + +<p>At noon everyone went away to dinner. Then about one o'clock they set +to work again.<a name="FNanchor_1071_1071" id="FNanchor_1071_1071"></a><a href="#Footnote_1071_1071" class="fnanchor">[1071]</a> The Maid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.306" id="Page_i.306">[Pg i.306]</a></span> carried the first ladder. As she was +putting it up against the rampart, she was struck on the shoulder over +the right breast, by an arrow shot so straight that half a foot of the +shaft pierced her flesh.<a name="FNanchor_1072_1072" id="FNanchor_1072_1072"></a><a href="#Footnote_1072_1072" class="fnanchor">[1072]</a> She knew that she was to be wounded; +she had foretold it to her King, adding that he must employ her all +the same. She had announced it to the people of Orléans and spoken of +it to her chaplain<a name="FNanchor_1073_1073" id="FNanchor_1073_1073"></a><a href="#Footnote_1073_1073" class="fnanchor">[1073]</a> on the previous day; and certainly for the +last five days she had been doing her best to make the prophecy come +true.<a name="FNanchor_1074_1074" id="FNanchor_1074_1074"></a><a href="#Footnote_1074_1074" class="fnanchor">[1074]</a> When the English saw that the arrow had pierced her flesh +they were greatly encouraged: they believed that if blood were drawn +from a witch all her power would vanish. It made the French very sad. +They carried her apart. Brother Pasquerel and Mugot, the page, were +with her. Being in pain, she was afraid and wept.<a name="FNanchor_1075_1075" id="FNanchor_1075_1075"></a><a href="#Footnote_1075_1075" class="fnanchor">[1075]</a> As was usual +when combatants were wounded in battle, a group of soldiers surrounded +her; some wanted to charm her. It was a custom with men-at-arms to +attempt to close wounds by muttering paternosters over them. Spells +were cast by means of incantations and conjurations. Certain +paternosters had the power of stopping hemorrhage. Papers covered with +magic characters were also used. But it meant having recourse to the +power of devils and committing mortal sin. Jeanne did not wish to be +charmed.</p> + +<p>"I would rather die," she said, "than do anything I knew to be sin or +contrary to God's will."</p> + +<p>Again she said: "I know that I am to die. But I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.307" id="Page_i.307">[Pg i.307]</a></span> do not know when or +how, neither do I know the hour. If my wound may be healed without sin +then am I willing to be made whole."<a name="FNanchor_1076_1076" id="FNanchor_1076_1076"></a><a href="#Footnote_1076_1076" class="fnanchor">[1076]</a></p> + +<p>Her armour was taken off. The wound was anointed with olive oil and +fat, and, when it was dressed, she confessed to Brother Pasquerel, +weeping and groaning. Soon she beheld coming to her her heavenly +counsellors, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret. They wore crowns and +emitted a sweet fragrance. She was comforted.<a name="FNanchor_1077_1077" id="FNanchor_1077_1077"></a><a href="#Footnote_1077_1077" class="fnanchor">[1077]</a> She resumed her +armour and returned to the attack.<a name="FNanchor_1078_1078" id="FNanchor_1078_1078"></a><a href="#Footnote_1078_1078" class="fnanchor">[1078]</a></p> + +<p>The sun was going down; and since morning the French had been wearing +themselves out in a vain attack upon the palisades of the bulwark. My +Lord the Bastard, seeing his men tired and night coming on, and afraid +doubtless of the English of the Saint-Laurent-des-Orgerils Camp, +resolved to lead the army back to Orléans. He had the retreat sounded. +The trumpet was already summoning the combatants to Le Portereau.<a name="FNanchor_1079_1079" id="FNanchor_1079_1079"></a><a href="#Footnote_1079_1079" class="fnanchor">[1079]</a> +The Maid came to him and asked him to wait a little.</p> + +<p>"In God's name!" she said, "you will enter very soon. Be not afraid +and the English shall have no more power over you."</p> + +<p>According to some, she added: "Wherefore, rest a little; drink and +eat."<a name="FNanchor_1080_1080" id="FNanchor_1080_1080"></a><a href="#Footnote_1080_1080" class="fnanchor">[1080]</a></p> + +<p>While they were refreshing themselves, she asked for her horse and +mounted it. Then, leaving her standard with a man of her company, she +went alone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.308" id="Page_i.308">[Pg i.308]</a></span> up the hill into the vineyards, which it had been +impossible to till this April, but where the tiny spring leaves were +beginning to open. There, in the calm of evening, among the vine props +tied together in sheaves and the lines of low vines drinking in the +early warmth of the earth, she began to pray and listened for her +heavenly voices.<a name="FNanchor_1081_1081" id="FNanchor_1081_1081"></a><a href="#Footnote_1081_1081" class="fnanchor">[1081]</a> Too often tumult and noise prevented her from +hearing what her angel and her saints had to say to her. She could +only understand them well in solitude or when the bells were tinkling +in the distance, and evening sounds soft and rhythmic were ascending +from field and meadow.<a name="FNanchor_1082_1082" id="FNanchor_1082_1082"></a><a href="#Footnote_1082_1082" class="fnanchor">[1082]</a></p> + +<p>During her absence Sire d'Aulon, who could not give up the idea of +winning the day, devised one last expedient. He was the least of the +nobles in the army; but in the battles of those days every man was a +law unto himself. The Maid's standard was still waving in front of the +bulwark. The man who bore it was dropping with fatigue and had passed +it on to a soldier, surnamed the Basque, of the company of my Lord of +Villars.<a name="FNanchor_1083_1083" id="FNanchor_1083_1083"></a><a href="#Footnote_1083_1083" class="fnanchor">[1083]</a> It occurred to Sire d'Aulon, as he looked upon this +standard blessed by priests and held to bring good luck, that if it +were borne in front, the fighting men, who loved it dearly, would +follow it and in order not to lose it would scale the bulwark. With +this idea he went to the Basque and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.309" id="Page_i.309">[Pg i.309]</a></span> said: "If I were to enter there +and go on foot up to the bulwark would you follow me?"</p> + +<p>The Basque promised that he would. Straightway Sire d'Aulon went down +into the ditch and protecting himself with his shield, which sheltered +him from the stones fired from the cannon, advanced towards the +rampart.<a name="FNanchor_1084_1084" id="FNanchor_1084_1084"></a><a href="#Footnote_1084_1084" class="fnanchor">[1084]</a></p> + +<p>After a quarter of an hour, the Maid, having offered a short prayer, +returned to the men-at-arms and said to them: "The English are +exhausted. Bring up the ladders."<a name="FNanchor_1085_1085" id="FNanchor_1085_1085"></a><a href="#Footnote_1085_1085" class="fnanchor">[1085]</a></p> + +<p>It was true. They had so little powder that their last volley fired in +an insufficient charge carried no further than a stone thrown by +hand.<a name="FNanchor_1086_1086" id="FNanchor_1086_1086"></a><a href="#Footnote_1086_1086" class="fnanchor">[1086]</a> Nothing but fragments of weapons remained to them. She +went towards the fort. But when she reached the ditch she suddenly +beheld the standard so dear to her, a thousand times dearer than her +sword, in the hands of a stranger. Thinking it was in danger, she +hastened to rescue it and came up with the Basque just as he was going +down into the ditch. There she seized her standard by the part known +as its tail, that is the end of the flag, and pulled at it with all +her might, crying:</p> + +<p>"Ha! my standard, my standard!"</p> + +<p>The Basque stood firm, not knowing who was pulling thus from above. +And the Maid would not let it go. The nobles and captains saw the +standard shake, took it for a sign and rallied. Meanwhile Sire d'Aulon +had reached the rampart. He imagined that the Basque was following +close behind. But, when he turned round he perceived that he had +stopped on the other side of the ditch, and he cried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.310" id="Page_i.310">[Pg i.310]</a></span> out to him: "Eh! +Basque, what did you promise me?"</p> + +<p>At this cry the Basque pulled so hard that the Maid let go, and he +bore the standard to the rampart.<a name="FNanchor_1087_1087" id="FNanchor_1087_1087"></a><a href="#Footnote_1087_1087" class="fnanchor">[1087]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne understood and was satisfied. To those near her she said: "Look +and see when the flag of my standard touches the bulwark."</p> + +<p>A knight replied: "Jeanne, the flag touches."</p> + +<p>Then she cried: "All is yours. Enter."<a name="FNanchor_1088_1088" id="FNanchor_1088_1088"></a><a href="#Footnote_1088_1088" class="fnanchor">[1088]</a></p> + +<p>Straightway nobles and citizens, men-at-arms, archers, townsfolk threw +themselves wildly into the ditch and climbed up the palisades so +quickly and in such numbers that they looked like a flock of birds +descending on a hedge.<a name="FNanchor_1089_1089" id="FNanchor_1089_1089"></a><a href="#Footnote_1089_1089" class="fnanchor">[1089]</a> And the French, who had now entered +within the fortifications, saw retreating before them, but with their +faces turned proudly towards the enemy, the Lords Moleyns and +Poynings, Sir Thomas Giffart, Baillie of Mantes, and Captain Glasdale, +who were covering the flight of their men to Les Tourelles.<a name="FNanchor_1090_1090" id="FNanchor_1090_1090"></a><a href="#Footnote_1090_1090" class="fnanchor">[1090]</a> In +his hand Glasdale was holding the standard of Chandos, which, after +having waved over eighty years of victories, was now retreating before +the standard of a child.<a name="FNanchor_1091_1091" id="FNanchor_1091_1091"></a><a href="#Footnote_1091_1091" class="fnanchor">[1091]</a> For the Maid was there, standing upon +the rampart. And the English, panic-stricken, wondered what kind of a +witch this could be whose powers did not depart with the flowing of +her blood, and who with charms healed her deep wounds. Meanwhile she +was looking at them kindly and sadly and crying out, her voice broken +with sobs:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.311" id="Page_i.311">[Pg i.311]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Glassidas! Glassidas! surrender, surrender to the King of Heaven. +Thou hast called me strumpet; but I have great pity on thy soul and on +the souls of thy men."<a name="FNanchor_1092_1092" id="FNanchor_1092_1092"></a><a href="#Footnote_1092_1092" class="fnanchor">[1092]</a></p> + +<p>At the same time, from the walls of the town and the bulwark of La +Belle Croix cannon balls rained down upon Les Tourelles.<a name="FNanchor_1093_1093" id="FNanchor_1093_1093"></a><a href="#Footnote_1093_1093" class="fnanchor">[1093]</a> +Montargis and Rifflart cast forth stones. Maître Guillaume Duisy's new +cannon, from the Chesneau postern, hurled forth balls weighing one +hundred and twenty pounds.<a name="FNanchor_1094_1094" id="FNanchor_1094_1094"></a><a href="#Footnote_1094_1094" class="fnanchor">[1094]</a> Les Tourelles were attacked from the +bridge side. Across the arch broken by the English a narrow footway +was thrown, and Messire Nicole de Giresme, a knight in holy orders, +was the first to pass over.<a name="FNanchor_1095_1095" id="FNanchor_1095_1095"></a><a href="#Footnote_1095_1095" class="fnanchor">[1095]</a> Those who followed him set fire to +the palisade which blocked the approach to the fort on that side. Thus +the six hundred English, their strength and their weapons alike +exhausted, found themselves assailed both in front and in the rear. In +a crafty and terrible manner they were also attacked from beneath. The +people of Orléans had loaded a great barge with pitch, tow, faggots, +horse-bones, old shoes, resin, sulphur, ninety-eight pounds of olive +oil and such other materials as might easily take fire and smoke. They +had steered it under the wooden bridge, thrown by the enemy from Les +Tourelles to the bulwark: they had anchored the barge there and set +fire to its cargo. The fire from the barge had caught the bridge just +when the English were retreating.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.312" id="Page_i.312">[Pg i.312]</a></span> Through smoke and flames the six +hundred passed over the burning platform. At length it came to the +turn of William Glasdale, Lord Poynings and Lord Moleyns, who with +thirty or forty captains, were the last to leave the lost bulwark; but +when they set foot on the bridge, its beams, reduced to charcoal, +crumbled beneath them, and they all with the Chandos standard were +engulfed in the Loire.<a name="FNanchor_1096_1096" id="FNanchor_1096_1096"></a><a href="#Footnote_1096_1096" class="fnanchor">[1096]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne moved to pity wept over the soul of Glassidas and over the +souls of those drowned with him.<a name="FNanchor_1097_1097" id="FNanchor_1097_1097"></a><a href="#Footnote_1097_1097" class="fnanchor">[1097]</a> The captains, who were with +her, likewise grieved over the death of these valiant men, reflecting +that they had done the French a great wrong by being drowned, for +their ransom would have brought great riches.<a name="FNanchor_1098_1098" id="FNanchor_1098_1098"></a><a href="#Footnote_1098_1098" class="fnanchor">[1098]</a></p> + +<p>Having escaped from the French on the bulwark, across the burning +planks the six hundred were set upon by the French on the bridge. Four +hundred were slain, the others taken. The day had cost the people of +Orléans a hundred men.<a name="FNanchor_1099_1099" id="FNanchor_1099_1099"></a><a href="#Footnote_1099_1099" class="fnanchor">[1099]</a></p> + +<p>When in the black darkness, along the fire-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.313" id="Page_i.313">[Pg i.313]</a></span>reddened banks of the +Loire, the last cries of the vanquished had died away, the French +captains, amazed at their victory, looked anxiously towards +Saint-Laurent-des Orgerils, for they were still afraid lest Sir John +Talbot should sally forth from his camp to avenge those whom he had +failed to succour. Throughout that long attack, which had lasted from +sunrise to sunset, Talbot, the Earl of Suffolk and the English of +Saint-Laurent had not left their entrenchments. Even when Les +Tourelles were taken the conquerors remained on the watch, still +expecting Talbot.<a name="FNanchor_1100_1100" id="FNanchor_1100_1100"></a><a href="#Footnote_1100_1100" class="fnanchor">[1100]</a> But this Talbot, with whose name French +mothers frightened their children, did not budge. He had been greatly +feared that day, and he himself had feared lest,<a name="FNanchor_1101_1101" id="FNanchor_1101_1101"></a><a href="#Footnote_1101_1101" class="fnanchor">[1101]</a> if he withdrew +any of his troops to succour Les Tourelles, the French would capture +his camp and his forts on the west.</p> + +<p>The army prepared to return to the town. In three hours, the bridge, +three arches of which had been broken, was rendered passable. Some +hours after darkness, the Maid entered the city by the bridge as she +had foretold.<a name="FNanchor_1102_1102" id="FNanchor_1102_1102"></a><a href="#Footnote_1102_1102" class="fnanchor">[1102]</a> In like manner all her prophecies were fulfilled +when their fulfilment depended on her own courage and determination. +The captains ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.314" id="Page_i.314">[Pg i.314]</a></span>companied her, followed by all the men-at-arms, the +archers, the citizens and the prisoners who were brought in two by +two. The bells of the city were ringing; the clergy and people sang +the Te Deum.<a name="FNanchor_1103_1103" id="FNanchor_1103_1103"></a><a href="#Footnote_1103_1103" class="fnanchor">[1103]</a> After God and his Blessed Mother, they gave thanks +in all humility to Saint Aignan and Saint Euverte, who had been +bishops in their mortal lives and were now the heavenly patrons of the +city. The townsfolk believed that both before and during the siege +they had given the saints so much wax and had paraded their relics in +so many processions that they had deserved their powerful +intercession, and that thereby they had won the victory and been +delivered out of the enemy's hand. There was no doubt about the +intervention of the saints because at the time of assault on Les +Tourelles two bishops bright and shining had been seen in the sky, +hovering over the fort.<a name="FNanchor_1104_1104" id="FNanchor_1104_1104"></a><a href="#Footnote_1104_1104" class="fnanchor">[1104]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne was brought back to Jacques Boucher's house, where a surgeon +again dressed the wound she had received above the breast. She took +four or five slices of bread soaked in wine and water, but neither ate +nor drank anything else.<a name="FNanchor_1105_1105" id="FNanchor_1105_1105"></a><a href="#Footnote_1105_1105" class="fnanchor">[1105]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, Sunday, the 8th of May, being the Feast of the +Appearance of St. Michael, it was announced in Orléans, in the +morning, that the English issuing forth from those western bastions +which were all that remained to them, were ranging themselves before +the town moat in battle array and with standards flying. The folk of +Orléans, both the men-at-arms and the train-bands, greatly desired to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.315" id="Page_i.315">[Pg i.315]</a></span> +fall upon them. At daybreak Marshal de Boussac and a number of +captains went out and took up their positions over against the +enemy.<a name="FNanchor_1106_1106" id="FNanchor_1106_1106"></a><a href="#Footnote_1106_1106" class="fnanchor">[1106]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid went out into the country with the priests. Being unable to +put on her cuirass because of the wound on her shoulder, she merely +wore one of those light coats-of-mail called <i>jaserans</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1107_1107" id="FNanchor_1107_1107"></a><a href="#Footnote_1107_1107" class="fnanchor">[1107]</a></p> + +<p>The men-at-arms inquired of her: "To-day being the Sabbath, is it +wrong to fight?"</p> + +<p>She replied: "You must hear mass."<a name="FNanchor_1108_1108" id="FNanchor_1108_1108"></a><a href="#Footnote_1108_1108" class="fnanchor">[1108]</a></p> + +<p>She did not think the enemy should be attacked.</p> + +<p>"For the sake of the holy Sabbath do not give battle. Do not attack +the English, but if the English attack you, defend yourselves stoutly +and bravely, and be not afraid, for you will overcome them."<a name="FNanchor_1109_1109" id="FNanchor_1109_1109"></a><a href="#Footnote_1109_1109" class="fnanchor">[1109]</a></p> + +<p>In the country, at the foot of a cross, where four roads met, one of +those consecrated stones, square and flat, which priests carried with +them on their journeys, was placed upon a table. Very solemnly did the +officiating ecclesiastics sing hymns, responses and prayers; and at +this altar the Maid with all the priests and all the men-at-arms heard +mass.<a name="FNanchor_1110_1110" id="FNanchor_1110_1110"></a><a href="#Footnote_1110_1110" class="fnanchor">[1110]</a></p> + +<p>After the <i>Deo gratias</i> she recommended them to observe the movements +of the English. "Now look whether their faces or their backs be +towards you."</p> + +<p>She was told that they had turned their backs and were going away.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.316" id="Page_i.316">[Pg i.316]</a></span></p> + +<p>Three times she had told them: "Depart from Orléans and your lives +shall be saved." Now she asked that they should be allowed to go +without more being required of them.</p> + +<p>"It is not well pleasing to my Lord that they should be engaged +to-day," she said. "You will have them another time. Come, let us give +thanks to God."<a name="FNanchor_1111_1111" id="FNanchor_1111_1111"></a><a href="#Footnote_1111_1111" class="fnanchor">[1111]</a></p> + +<p>The <i>Godons</i> were going. During the night they had held a council of +war and resolved to depart.<a name="FNanchor_1112_1112" id="FNanchor_1112_1112"></a><a href="#Footnote_1112_1112" class="fnanchor">[1112]</a> In order to put a bold front on +their retreat and to prevent its being cut off, they had faced the +folk of Orléans for an hour, now they marched off in good order.<a name="FNanchor_1113_1113" id="FNanchor_1113_1113"></a><a href="#Footnote_1113_1113" class="fnanchor">[1113]</a> +Captain La Hire and Sire de Loré, curious as to which way they would +take and desiring to see whether they would leave anything behind +them, rode three or four miles in pursuit with a hundred or a hundred +and twenty horse. The English were retreating towards Meung.<a name="FNanchor_1114_1114" id="FNanchor_1114_1114"></a><a href="#Footnote_1114_1114" class="fnanchor">[1114]</a></p> + +<p>A crowd of citizens, villeins and villagers rushed into the abandoned +forts. The <i>Godons</i> had left their sick and their prisoners there. The +townsfolk discovered also ammunition and even victuals, which were +doubtless not very abundant and not very excellent. "But," says a +Burgundian, "they made good cheer out of them, for they cost them +little."<a name="FNanchor_1115_1115" id="FNanchor_1115_1115"></a><a href="#Footnote_1115_1115" class="fnanchor">[1115]</a> Weap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.317" id="Page_i.317">[Pg i.317]</a></span>ons, cannons and mortars were carried into the +town. The forts were demolished so that they might henceforth be +useless to the enemy.<a name="FNanchor_1116_1116" id="FNanchor_1116_1116"></a><a href="#Footnote_1116_1116" class="fnanchor">[1116]</a></p> + +<p>On that day there were grand and solemn processions and a good +friar<a name="FNanchor_1117_1117" id="FNanchor_1117_1117"></a><a href="#Footnote_1117_1117" class="fnanchor">[1117]</a> preached. Clerks, nobles, captains, magistrates, +men-at-arms and citizens devoutly went to church and the people cried: +"Noël!"<a name="FNanchor_1118_1118" id="FNanchor_1118_1118"></a><a href="#Footnote_1118_1118" class="fnanchor">[1118]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, on the 8th of May, in the morning, was the town of Orléans +delivered, two hundred and nine days after the siege had been laid and +nine days after the coming of the Maid.</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.318" id="Page_i.318">[Pg i.318]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT TOURS AND AT SELLES-EN-BERRY—THE TREATISES OF JACQUES +GÉLU AND OF JEAN GERSON.</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N the morning of Sunday the 8th of May, the English departed, +retreating towards Meung and Beaugency. In the afternoon of the same +day, Messire Florent d'Illiers with his men-at-arms left the town and +went straight to his captaincy of Châteaudun to defend it against the +<i>Godons</i> who had a garrison at Marchenoir and were about to descend on +Le Dunois. On the next day the other captains from La Beauce and +Gâtinais returned to their towns and strongholds.<a name="FNanchor_1119_1119" id="FNanchor_1119_1119"></a><a href="#Footnote_1119_1119" class="fnanchor">[1119]</a></p> + +<p>On the ninth of the same month, the combatants brought by the Sire de +Rais, receiving neither pay nor entertainment, went off each man on +his own account; and the Maid did not stay longer.<a name="FNanchor_1120_1120" id="FNanchor_1120_1120"></a><a href="#Footnote_1120_1120" class="fnanchor">[1120]</a> After having +taken part in the procession by which the townsfolk rendered thanks to +God, she took her leave of those to whom she had come in the hour of +distress and affliction and whom she now quitted in the hour of +deliverance and rejoicing. They wept with joy and with gratitude and +offered themselves to her for her to do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.319" id="Page_i.319">[Pg i.319]</a></span> with them and their goods +whatever she would. And she thanked them kindly.<a name="FNanchor_1121_1121" id="FNanchor_1121_1121"></a><a href="#Footnote_1121_1121" class="fnanchor">[1121]</a></p> + +<p>From Chinon the King caused to be sent to the inhabitants of the towns +in his dominion and notably to those of La Rochelle and Narbonne, a +letter written at three sittings, between the evening of the 9th of +May and the morning of the 10th, as the tidings from Orléans were +coming in. In this letter he announced the capture of the forts of +Saint-Loup, Les Augustins and Les Tourelles and called upon the +townsfolk to praise God and do honour to the great feats accomplished +there, especially by the Maid, who "had always been present when these +deeds were done."<a name="FNanchor_1122_1122" id="FNanchor_1122_1122"></a><a href="#Footnote_1122_1122" class="fnanchor">[1122]</a> Thus did the royal power describe Jeanne's +share in the victory. It was in no wise a captain's share; she held no +command of any kind. But, sent by God, at least so it might be +believed, her presence was a help and a consolation.</p> + +<p>In company with a few nobles she went to Blois, stayed there two +days,<a name="FNanchor_1123_1123" id="FNanchor_1123_1123"></a><a href="#Footnote_1123_1123" class="fnanchor">[1123]</a> then went on to Tours, where the King was expected.<a name="FNanchor_1124_1124" id="FNanchor_1124_1124"></a><a href="#Footnote_1124_1124" class="fnanchor">[1124]</a> +When, on the Friday before Whitsunday, she entered the town, Charles, +who had set out from Chinon, had not yet arrived. Banner in hand, she +rode out to meet him and when she came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.320" id="Page_i.320">[Pg i.320]</a></span> to him, she took off her cap +and bowed her head as far as she could over her horse. The King lifted +his hood, bade her look up and kissed her. It is said that he felt +glad to see her, but in reality we know not what he felt.<a name="FNanchor_1125_1125" id="FNanchor_1125_1125"></a><a href="#Footnote_1125_1125" class="fnanchor">[1125]</a></p> + +<p>In this month of May, 1429, he received from Messire Jacques Gélu a +treatise concerning the Maid, which he probably did not read, but +which his confessor read for him. Messire Jacques Gélu, sometime +Councillor to the Dauphin and now my Lord Archbishop of Embrun,<a name="FNanchor_1126_1126" id="FNanchor_1126_1126"></a><a href="#Footnote_1126_1126" class="fnanchor">[1126]</a> +had at first been afraid that the King's enemies had sent him this +shepherdess to poison him, or that she was a witch possessed by +demons. In the beginning he had advised her being carefully +interrogated, not hastily repulsed, for appearances are deceptive and +divine grace moves in a mysterious manner. Now, after having read the +conclusions of the doctors of Poitiers, learnt the deliverance of +Orléans, and heard the cry of the common folk, Messire Jacques Gélu no +longer doubted the damsel's innocence and goodness. Seeing that the +doctors were divided in their opinion of her, he drew up a brief +treatise, which he sent to the King, with a very ample, a very humble, +and a very worthy dedicatory epistle.</p> + +<p>About that time, on the pavement of the cathedral of Reims a labyrinth +had been traced with compass and with square.<a name="FNanchor_1127_1127" id="FNanchor_1127_1127"></a><a href="#Footnote_1127_1127" class="fnanchor">[1127]</a> Pilgrims who were +patient and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.321" id="Page_i.321">[Pg i.321]</a></span> painstaking followed all its winding ways. The Archbishop +of Embrun's treatise is likewise a carefully planned scholastic +labyrinth. Herein one advances only to retreat and retreats only to +advance, but without entirely losing one's way provided one walks with +sufficient patience and attention. Like all scholastics, Gélu begins +by giving the reasons against his own opinion and it is not until he +has followed his opponent at some length that he returns to his own +argument. Into all the intricacies of his labyrinth it would take too +long to follow him. But since those who were round the King consulted +this theological treatise, since it was addressed to the King and +since the King and his Council may have based on it their opinion of +Jeanne and their conduct towards her, one is curious to know what, on +so singular an occasion, they found taught and recommended therein.</p> + +<p>Treating first of the Church's weal, Jacques Gélu holds that God +raised up the Maid to confound the heretics, the number of whom, +according to him, is by no means small. "To turn to confusion those +who believe in God as if they believed not," he writes, "the Almighty, +who hath on His vesture and on His thigh a name written, <i>King of +Kings and Lord of Lords</i>, was pleased to succour the King of France by +the hand of a child of low estate." The Archbishop of Embrun discerns +five reasons why the divine succour was granted to the King; to wit: +the justice of his cause, the striking merits of his predecessors, the +prayers of devout souls and the sighs of the oppressed, the injustice +of the enemies of the kingdom and the insatiable cruelty of the +English nation.</p> + +<p>That God should have chosen a maid to destroy armies in no way +surprises him. "He created insects, such as flies and fleas, with +which to humble man's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.322" id="Page_i.322">[Pg i.322]</a></span> pride." So persistently do these tiny creatures +worry and weary us that they prevent our studying or acting. However +strong his self-control, a man may not rest in a room infested with +fleas. By the hand of a young peasant, born of poor and lowly parents, +subject to menial labour, ignorant and simple beyond saying, it hath +pleased Him to strike down the proud, to humble them and make His +Majesty manifest unto them by the deliverance of the perishing.</p> + +<p>That to a virgin the Most High should have revealed His designs +concerning the Kingdom of the Lilies cannot astonish us; on virgins He +readily bestows the gift of prophecy. To the sibyls it pleased Him to +reveal mysteries hidden from all the Gentiles. On the authority of +Nicanor, of Euripides, of Chrysippus, of Nennius, of Apollodorus, of +Eratosthenes, of Heraclides Ponticus, of Marcus Varro and of +Lactantius, Messire Jacques Gélu teaches that the sibyls were ten in +number: the Persian, the Libyan, the Delphian, the Cimmerian, the +Erythrean, the Samian, the Cumæan, the Hellespontine, the Phrygian and +the Tiburtine. They prophesied to the Gentiles the glorious +incarnation of Our Lord, the resurrection of the dead and the +consummation of the ages. This example appears to him worthy of +consideration.</p> + +<p>As for Jeanne, she is in herself unknowable. Aristotle teaches: there +is nothing in the intellect which hath not first been in the senses, +and the senses cannot penetrate beyond experience. But what the mind +cannot grasp directly it may come to comprehend by a roundabout way. +When we consider her works, as far as in our human weakness we can +know, we say the Maid is of God. Albeit she hath adopted the +profession of arms, she never counsels cruelty; she is merciful to her +enemies when they throw themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.323" id="Page_i.323">[Pg i.323]</a></span> upon her mercy and she offers +peace. Finally the Archbishop of Embrun believes that this Maid is an +angel sent by God, the Lord of Hosts, for the saving of the people; +not that she has the nature, but that she does the work of an angel.</p> + +<p>Concerning the conduct to be followed in circumstances so marvellous, +the doctor is of opinion that in war the King should act according to +human wisdom. It is written: "Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God." +In vain would an active mind have been bestowed on man were he not to +make use of it in his undertakings. Long deliberation must precede +prompt execution. It is not by a woman's desires or supplications that +God's help is obtained. A prosperous issue is the fruit of action and +of counsel.</p> + +<p>But the inspiration of God must not be rejected. Wherefore the will of +the Maid must be accomplished, even should that will appear doubtful +and mistaken. If the words of the Maid are found to be stable, then +the King must follow her and confide to her as to God the conduct of +the enterprise to which she is committed. Should any doubt occur to +the King, let him incline rather towards divine than towards human +wisdom, for as there is no comparing the finite with the infinite so +there is no comparing the wisdom of man with the wisdom of God. +Wherefore we must believe that He who sent us this child is able to +impart unto her a counsel superior to man's counsel. Then from this +Aristotelian reasoning the Archbishop of Embrun draws the following +two-headed conclusion: "On the one hand we give it to be understood +that the wisdom of this world must be consulted in the ordering of +battle, the use of engines, ladders and all other implements of war, +the building of bridges, the sufficient despatch of supplies, the +raising of funds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.324" id="Page_i.324">[Pg i.324]</a></span> and in all matters without which no enterprise can +succeed save by miracle.</p> + +<p>"But when on the other hand divine wisdom is seen to be acting in some +peculiar way, then human reason must be humble and withdraw. Then it +is, we observe, that the counsel of the Maid must be asked for, sought +after and adopted before all else. He who gives life gives wherewithal +to support life. On his workers he bestows the instruments for their +work. Wherefore let us hope in the Lord. He makes the King's cause his +own. Those who support it he will inspire with the wisdom necessary to +make it triumphant. God leaves no work imperfect."</p> + +<p>The Archbishop concludes his treatise by commending the Maid to the +King because she inspires holy thoughts and makes manifest the works +of piety. "This counsel do we give the King that every day he do such +things as are well pleasing in the sight of the Lord and that he +confer with the Maid concerning them. When he shall have received her +advice let him practise it piously and devoutly; then shall not the +Lord withdraw His hand from Him but continue His loving kindness unto +him."<a name="FNanchor_1128_1128" id="FNanchor_1128_1128"></a><a href="#Footnote_1128_1128" class="fnanchor">[1128]</a></p> + +<p>The great doctor Gerson, former Chancellor of the University, was then +ending his days at Lyon in the monastery of Les Célestins, of which +his brother was prior. His life had been full of work and +weariness.<a name="FNanchor_1129_1129" id="FNanchor_1129_1129"></a><a href="#Footnote_1129_1129" class="fnanchor">[1129]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.325" id="Page_i.325">[Pg i.325]</a></span> In 1408 he was priest of Saint-Jean-en-Grève in +Paris. In that year he delivered in his parish church the funeral +oration of the Duke of Orléans, assassinated by order of the Duke of +Burgundy; and he roused the passions of the mob to such a fury that he +ran great danger of losing his life. At the Council of Constance, +possessed by a so-called "merciful cruelty"<a name="FNanchor_1130_1130" id="FNanchor_1130_1130"></a><a href="#Footnote_1130_1130" class="fnanchor">[1130]</a> which goaded him to +send a heretic to the stake, he urged the condemnation of John Huss, +regardless of the safe-conduct which the latter had received from the +Emperor; for in common with all the fathers there assembled he held +that according to natural law both divine and human, no promise should +be kept if it were prejudicial to the Catholic Faith. With a like +ardour he prosecuted in the Council the condemnation of the thesis of +Jean Petit concerning the lawfulness of tyrannicide. In things +temporal as well as spiritual he advocated uniform obedience and the +respect of established authority. In one of his sermons he likens the +kingdom of France to the statue of Nebuchadnezzar, making the +merchants and artisans the legs of the statue, "which are partly iron, +partly clay, because of their labour and humility in serving and +obeying...." Iron signifies labour, and clay humility. All the evil +has arisen from the King and the great citizens being held in +subjection by those of low estate.<a name="FNanchor_1131_1131" id="FNanchor_1131_1131"></a><a href="#Footnote_1131_1131" class="fnanchor">[1131]</a></p> + +<p>Now, crushed by suffering and sorrow, he was teaching little children. +"It is with them that reforms must begin," he said.<a name="FNanchor_1132_1132" id="FNanchor_1132_1132"></a><a href="#Footnote_1132_1132" class="fnanchor">[1132]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.326" id="Page_i.326">[Pg i.326]</a></span></p> +<p>The deliverance of the city of Orléans must have gladdened the heart +of the old Orleanist partisan. The Dauphin's Councillors, eager to set +the Maid to work, had told him of the deliberations at Poitiers, and +asked him, as a good servant of the house of France, for his opinion +concerning them. In reply he wrote a compendious treatise on the Maid.</p> + +<p>In this work he is careful from the first to distinguish between +matters of faith and matters of devotion. In questions of faith doubt +is forbidden. With regard to questions of devotion the unbeliever, to +use a colloquial expression, is not necessarily damned. Three +conditions are necessary if a question is to be considered as one of +devotion: first, it must be edifying; second, it must be probable and +attested by popular report or the testimony of the faithful; third, it +must touch on nothing contrary to faith. When these conditions are +fulfilled, it is fitting neither persistently to condemn nor to +approve, but rather to appeal to the church.</p> + +<p>For example, the conception of the very holy Virgin, indulgences, +relics, are matters of faith and not of devotion. A relic may be +worshipped in one place or another, or in several places at once. +Recently the Parlement of Paris disputed concerning the head of Saint +Denys, worshipped at Saint-Denys in France and likewise in the +cathedral at Paris. This is a matter of devotion.<a name="FNanchor_1133_1133" id="FNanchor_1133_1133"></a><a href="#Footnote_1133_1133" class="fnanchor">[1133]</a></p> + +<p>Whence it may be concluded that it is lawful to consider the question +of the Maid as a matter of devotion, especially when one reflects on +her motives, which are the restitution of his kingdom to her King and +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.327" id="Page_i.327">[Pg i.327]</a></span> very righteous expulsion or destruction of her very stubborn +enemies.</p> + +<p>And if there be those who make various statements concerning her idle +talk, her frivolity, her guile, now is the time to quote the saying of +Cato: "Common report is not our judge." According to the words of the +Apostle, it doth not become us to call in question the servant of God. +Much better is it to abstain from judgment, as is permitted, or to +submit doubtful points to ecclesiastical superiors. This is the +principle followed in the canonisation of saints. The catalogue of the +saints is not, strictly speaking, necessarily a matter of faith, but +of pious devotion. Nevertheless, it is not to be highly censured by +any manner of man.</p> + +<p>To come to the present case, the following circumstances are to be +noted: First, the royal council and the men-at-arms were induced to +believe and to obey; and they faced the risk of being put to shame by +defeat under the leadership of a girl. Second, the people rejoice, and +their pious faith seems to tend to the glory of God and the +confounding of his enemies. Third, the enemy, even his princes, are in +hiding and stricken with many terrors. They give way to weakness like +a woman with child; they are overthrown like the Egyptians in the song +sung by Miriam, sister of Moses, to the sound of the timbrel in the +midst of the women who went out with her with timbrels and with +dances: "Sing ye to the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the +horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea."<a name="FNanchor_1134_1134" id="FNanchor_1134_1134"></a><a href="#Footnote_1134_1134" class="fnanchor">[1134]</a> And let us +likewise sing the song of Miriam with the devotion which becometh our +case.</p> + +<p>Fourth, and in conclusion, this point is worthy of consideration: The +Maid and her men-at-arms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.328" id="Page_i.328">[Pg i.328]</a></span> despise not the wisdom of men; they tempt +not God. Wherefore it is plain that the Maid goes no further than what +she interprets to be the instruction or inspiration received from God.</p> + +<p>Many of the incidents of her life from childhood up have been +collected in abundance and might be set forth; but these we shall not +relate.</p> + +<p>Here may be cited the examples of Deborah and of Saint Catherine who +miraculously converted fifty doctors or rhetoricians, of Judith and of +Judas Maccabeus. As is usually the case, there were many circumstances +in their lives which were purely natural.</p> + +<p>A first miracle is not always followed by the other miracles which men +expect. Even if the Maid should be disappointed in her expectation and +in ours (which God forbid) we ought not to conclude therefrom, that +the first manifestation of her miraculous power proceeded from an evil +spirit and not from heavenly grace; we should believe rather that our +hopes have been disappointed because of our ingratitude and our +blasphemy, or by some just and impenetrable judgment of God. We +beseech him to turn away his anger from us and vouchsafe unto us his +favour.</p> + +<p>Herein we perceive lessons, first for the King and the Blood Royal, +secondly for the King's forces and the kingdom; thirdly for the clergy +and people; fourthly for the Maid. Of all these lessons the object is +the same, to wit: a good life, consecrated to God, just towards +others, sober, virtuous and temperate. With regard to the Maid's +peculiar lesson, it is that God's grace revealed in her be employed +not in caring for trifles, not in worldly advantage, nor in party +hatred, nor in violent sedition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.329" id="Page_i.329">[Pg i.329]</a></span> nor in avenging deeds done, nor in +foolish self-glorification, but in meekness, prayer, and thanksgiving. +And let every one contribute a liberal supply of temporal goods so +that peace be established and justice once more administered, and that +delivered out of the hands of our enemies, God being favourable unto +us, we may serve him in holiness and righteousness.</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of his treatise, Gerson briefly examines one point +of canon law which had been neglected by the doctors of Poitiers. He +establishes that the Maid is not forbidden to dress as a man.</p> + +<p>Firstly. The ancient law forbade a woman to dress as a man, and a man +as a woman. This restriction, as far as strict legality is concerned, +ceases to be enforced by the new law.</p> + +<p>Secondly. In its moral bearing this law remains binding. But in such a +case it is merely a matter of decency.</p> + +<p>Thirdly. From a legal and moral standpoint this law does not refuse +masculine and military attire to the Maid, whom the King of Heaven +appoints His standard-bearer, in order that she may trample underfoot +the enemies of justice. In the operations of divine power the end +justifies the means.</p> + +<p>Fourthly. Examples may be quoted from history alike sacred and +profane, notably Camilla and the Amazons.</p> + +<p>Jean Gerson completed this treatise on Whit-Sunday, a week after the +deliverance of Orléans. It was his last work. He died in the July of +that year, 1429, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.<a name="FNanchor_1135_1135" id="FNanchor_1135_1135"></a><a href="#Footnote_1135_1135" class="fnanchor">[1135]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.330" id="Page_i.330">[Pg i.330]</a></span></p> +<p>The treatise is the political testament of the great university doctor +in exile. The Maid's victory gladdened the last days of his life. With +his dying voice he sings the Song of Miriam. But with his rejoicings +over this happy event are mingled the sad presentiments of +keen-sighted old age. While in the Maid he beholds a subject for the +rejoicing and edification of the people, he is afraid that the hopes +she inspires may soon be disappointed. And he warns those who now +exalt her in the hour of triumph not to forsake her in the day of +disaster.</p> + +<p>His dry close reasoning does not fundamentally differ from the ampler, +more flowery argument of Jacques Gélu. One and the other contain the +same reasons, the same proofs; and in their conclusions both doctors +agree with the judges of Poitiers.</p> + +<p>For the Poitiers doctors, for the Archbishop of Embrun, for the +ex-chancellor of the University, for all the theologians of the +Armagnac party the Maid's case is not a matter of faith. How could it +be so before the Pope and the Council had pronounced judgment +concerning it? Men are free to believe in her or not to believe in +her. But it is a subject of edification; and it behoves men to +meditate upon it, not in a spirit of prejudice, persisting in doubt, +but with an open mind and according to the Christian faith. Following +the counsel of Gerson, kindly souls will believe that the Maid comes +from God, just as they believe that the head of Saint Denys may be +venerated by the faithful either in the Cathedral Church of Paris or +in the abbey-church of Saint Denys in France. They will think less of +literal than of spiritual truths and they will not sin by inquiring +too closely.</p> + +<p>In short neither the treatise of Jacques Gélu nor that of Jean Gerson +brought much light to the King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.331" id="Page_i.331">[Pg i.331]</a></span> and his Council. Both treatises +abounded in exhortations, but they all amounted to saying: "Be good, +pious and strong, let your thoughts be humble and prudent," Concerning +the most important point, the use to be made of Jeanne in the conduct +of war, the Archbishop of Embrun wisely recommended: "Do what the Maid +commands and prudence directs; for the rest give yourselves to works +of piety and prayers of devotion." Such counsel was somewhat +embarrassing to a captain like the Sire de Gaucourt and even to a man +of worth like my Lord of Trèves. It appears that the clerks left the +King perfect liberty of judgment and of action, and that in the end +they advised him not to believe in the Maid, but to let the people and +the men-at-arms believe in her.</p> + +<p>During the ten days he spent at Tours the King kept Jeanne with him. +Meanwhile the Council were deliberating as to their line of +action.<a name="FNanchor_1136_1136" id="FNanchor_1136_1136"></a><a href="#Footnote_1136_1136" class="fnanchor">[1136]</a> The royal treasury was empty. Charles could raise enough +money to make gifts to the gentlemen of his household, but he had +great difficulty in defraying the expenses of war.<a name="FNanchor_1137_1137" id="FNanchor_1137_1137"></a><a href="#Footnote_1137_1137" class="fnanchor">[1137]</a> Pay was owing +to the people of Orléans. They had received little and spent much. +Their resources were exhausted and they demanded payment. In May and +in June the King distributed among the captains, who had defended the +town, sums amounting to forty-one thousand six hundred and thirty-one +livres.<a name="FNanchor_1138_1138" id="FNanchor_1138_1138"></a><a href="#Footnote_1138_1138" class="fnanchor">[1138]</a> He had gained his victory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.332" id="Page_i.332">[Pg i.332]</a></span> cheaply. The total cost of +the defence of Orléans was one hundred and ten thousand livres. The +townsfolk did the rest; they gave even their little silver +spoons.<a name="FNanchor_1139_1139" id="FNanchor_1139_1139"></a><a href="#Footnote_1139_1139" class="fnanchor">[1139]</a></p> + +<p>It would doubtless have been expedient to attempt to destroy that +formidable army of Sir John Fastolf which had lately terrified the +good folk of Orléans. But no one knew where to find it. It had +disappeared somewhere between Orléans and Paris. It would have been +necessary to go forth to seek it; that was impossible, and no one +thought of doing such a thing. So scientific a manœuvre was never +dreamed of in the warfare of those days. An expedition to Normandy was +suggested; and the idea was so natural that the King was already +imagined to be at Rouen.<a name="FNanchor_1140_1140" id="FNanchor_1140_1140"></a><a href="#Footnote_1140_1140" class="fnanchor">[1140]</a> Finally it was decided to attempt the +capture of the châteaux the English held on the Loire, both below and +above Orléans, Jargeau, Meung, Beaugency.<a name="FNanchor_1141_1141" id="FNanchor_1141_1141"></a><a href="#Footnote_1141_1141" class="fnanchor">[1141]</a> A useful undertaking +and one which presented no very great difficulties, unless it involved +an encounter with Sir John Fastolf's army, and whether it would or no +it was impossible to tell.</p> + +<p>Without further delay my Lord the Bastard marched on Jargeau with a +few knights and some of Poton's soldiers of fortune; but the Loire was +high and its waters filled the trenches. Being unprovided with siege +train, they retreated after having inflicted some hurt on the English +and slain the commander of the town.<a name="FNanchor_1142_1142" id="FNanchor_1142_1142"></a><a href="#Footnote_1142_1142" class="fnanchor">[1142]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.333" id="Page_i.333">[Pg i.333]</a></span></p> +<p>By the reasons of the captains the Maid set little store. She listened +to her Voices alone, and they spoke to her words which were infinitely +simple. Her one idea was to accomplish her mission. Saint Catherine, +Saint Margaret and Saint Michael the Archangel, had sent her into +France not to calculate the resources of the royal treasury, not to +decree aids and taxes, not to treat with men-at-arms, with merchants +and the conductors of convoys, not to draw up plans of campaign and +negotiate truces, but to lead the Dauphin to his anointing. Wherefore +it was to Reims that she wished to take him, not that she knew how to +go there, but she believed that God would guide her. Delay, tardiness, +deliberation saddened and irritated her. When with the King she urged +him gently.</p> + +<p>Many times she said to him: "I shall live a year, barely longer. +During that year let as much as possible be done."<a name="FNanchor_1143_1143" id="FNanchor_1143_1143"></a><a href="#Footnote_1143_1143" class="fnanchor">[1143]</a></p> + +<p>Then she enumerated the four charges which she must accomplish during +that time. After having delivered Orléans she must drive the <i>Godons</i> +out of France, lead the King to be crowned and anointed at Reims and +rescue the Duke of Orléans from the hands of the English.<a name="FNanchor_1144_1144" id="FNanchor_1144_1144"></a><a href="#Footnote_1144_1144" class="fnanchor">[1144]</a> One +day she grew impatient and went to the King when he was in one of +those closets of carved wainscot constructed in the great castle halls +for intimate or family gatherings. She knocked at the door and entered +almost immediately. There she found the King conversing with Maître +Gérard Machet, his confessor, my Lord the Bastard, the Sire de Trèves +and a favourite noble of his household, by name Messire Christophe +d'Harcourt. She knelt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.334" id="Page_i.334">[Pg i.334]</a></span> embracing the King's knees (for she was +conversant with the rules of courtesy), and said to him: "Fair +Dauphin, do not so long and so frequently deliberate in council, but +come straightway to Reims, there to receive your rightful +anointing."<a name="FNanchor_1145_1145" id="FNanchor_1145_1145"></a><a href="#Footnote_1145_1145" class="fnanchor">[1145]</a></p> + +<p>The King looked graciously upon her but answered nothing. The Lord +d'Harcourt, having heard that the Maid held converse with angels and +saints, was curious to know whether the idea of taking the King to +Reims had really been suggested to her by her heavenly visitants. +Describing them by the word she herself used, he asked: "Is it your +Council who speak to you of such things?"</p> + +<p>She replied: "Yes, in this matter I am urged forward." Straightway my +Lord d'Harcourt responded: "Will you not here in the King's presence +tell us the manner of your Council when they speak to you?"</p> + +<p>At this request Jeanne blushed.</p> + +<p>Willing to spare her constraint and embarrassment, the King said +kindly: "Jeanne, does it please you to answer this question before +these persons here present?"</p> + +<p>But Jeanne addressing my Lord d'Harcourt said: "I understand what you +desire to know and I will tell you willingly."</p> + +<p>And straightway she gave the King to understand what agony she endured +at not being understood and she told of her inward consolation: +"Whenever I am sad because what I say by command of Messire is not +readily believed, I go apart and to Messire I make known my complaint, +saying that those to whom I speak are not willing to believe me. And<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.335" id="Page_i.335">[Pg i.335]</a></span> +when I have finished my prayer, straightway I hear a voice saying unto +me: 'Daughter of God, go, I will be thy help.' And this voice fills me +with so great a joy, that in this condition I would forever +stay."<a name="FNanchor_1146_1146" id="FNanchor_1146_1146"></a><a href="#Footnote_1146_1146" class="fnanchor">[1146]</a></p> + +<p>While she was repeating the words spoken by the Voice, Jeanne raised +her eyes to heaven. The nobles present were struck by the divine +expression on the maiden's face. But those eyes bathed in tears, that +air of rapture, which filled my Lord the Bastard with amazement, was +not an ecstasy, it was the imitation of an ecstasy.<a name="FNanchor_1147_1147" id="FNanchor_1147_1147"></a><a href="#Footnote_1147_1147" class="fnanchor">[1147]</a> The scene +was at once simple and artificial. It reveals the kindness of the +King, who was incapable of wounding the child in any way, and the +light-heartedness with which the nobles of the court believed or +pretended to believe in the most wonderful marvels. It proves likewise +that henceforth the little Saint's dignifying the project of the +coronation with the authority of a divine revelation was favourably +regarded by the Royal Council.</p> + +<p>The Maid accompanied the King to Loches and stayed with him until +after the 23rd of May.<a name="FNanchor_1148_1148" id="FNanchor_1148_1148"></a><a href="#Footnote_1148_1148" class="fnanchor">[1148]</a></p> + +<p>The people believed in her. As she passed through the streets of +Loches they threw themselves before her horse; they kissed the Saint's +hands and feet. Maître Pierre de Versailles, a monk of Saint-Denys in +France, one of her interrogators at Poitiers, seeing her receive these +marks of veneration, rebuked her on theological grounds: "You do +wrong," he said, "to suffer such things to which you are not entitled. +Take heed: you are leading men into idolatry."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.336" id="Page_i.336">[Pg i.336]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then Jeanne, reflecting on the pride which might creep into her heart, +said: "In truth I could not keep from it, were not Messire watching +over me."<a name="FNanchor_1149_1149" id="FNanchor_1149_1149"></a><a href="#Footnote_1149_1149" class="fnanchor">[1149]</a></p> + +<p>She was displeased to see certain old wives coming to salute her; that +was a kind of adoration which alarmed her. But poor folk who came to +her she never repulsed. She would not hurt them, but aided them as far +as she could.<a name="FNanchor_1150_1150" id="FNanchor_1150_1150"></a><a href="#Footnote_1150_1150" class="fnanchor">[1150]</a></p> + +<p>With marvellous rapidity the fame of her holiness had been spread +abroad throughout the whole of France. Many pious persons were wearing +medals of lead or some other metal, stamped with her portrait, +according to the customary mode of honouring the memory of +saints.<a name="FNanchor_1151_1151" id="FNanchor_1151_1151"></a><a href="#Footnote_1151_1151" class="fnanchor">[1151]</a> Paintings or sculptured figures of her were placed in +chapels. At mass the priest recited as a collect "the Maid's prayer +for the realm of France:"</p> + +<p>"O God, author of peace, who without bow or arrow dost destroy those +enemies who hope in themselves,<a name="FNanchor_1152_1152" id="FNanchor_1152_1152"></a><a href="#Footnote_1152_1152" class="fnanchor">[1152]</a> we beseech thee O Lord, to +protect us in our adversity; and, as Thou hast delivered Thy people by +the hand of a woman, to stretch out to Charles our King, Thy +conquering arm, that our enemies, who make their boast in multitudes +and glory in bows and arrows, may be overcome by him at this present, +and vouchsafe that at the end of his days he with his people may +appear gloriously before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.337" id="Page_i.337">[Pg i.337]</a></span> Thee who art the way, the truth and the +life. Through Our Lord Jesus Christ, etc."<a name="FNanchor_1153_1153" id="FNanchor_1153_1153"></a><a href="#Footnote_1153_1153" class="fnanchor">[1153]</a></p> + +<p>In those days the saintly, both men and women, were consulted in all +the difficulties of life. The more they were deemed simple and +innocent the more counsel was asked of them. For if of themselves they +knew nothing then all the surer was it that the voice of God was to be +heard in their words. The Maid was believed to have no intelligence of +her own, wherefore she was held capable of solving the most difficult +questions with infallible wisdom. It was observed that knowing nought +of the arts of war, she waged war better than captains, whence it was +concluded that everything, which in her holy ignorance she undertook, +she would worthily accomplish. Thus at Toulouse it occurred to a +<i>capitoul</i> to consult her on a financial question. In that city the +indignation of the townsfolk had been aroused because the guardians of +the mint had been ordered to issue coins greatly inferior to those +which had been previously in circulation. From April till June the +<i>capitouls</i> had been endeavouring to get this order revoked. On the +2nd of June, the <i>capitoul</i>, Pierre Flamenc, proposed that the Maid +should be written to concerning the evils resulting from the +corruption of the coinage and that she should be asked to suggest a +remedy. Pierre Flamenc made this proposal at the Capitole because he +thought that a saint was a good counsellor in all matters, especially +in anything which concerned the coinage, particularly when, like the +Maid, she was the friend of the King.<a name="FNanchor_1154_1154" id="FNanchor_1154_1154"></a><a href="#Footnote_1154_1154" class="fnanchor">[1154]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.338" id="Page_i.338">[Pg i.338]</a></span></p> +<p>From Loches Jeanne sent a little gold ring to the Dame de Laval, who +had doubtless asked for some object she had touched.<a name="FNanchor_1155_1155" id="FNanchor_1155_1155"></a><a href="#Footnote_1155_1155" class="fnanchor">[1155]</a> Fifty-four +years previously Jeanne Dame de Laval had married Sire Bertrand Du +Guesclin whose memory the French venerated and who in the House of +Orléans was known as the tenth of <i>Les Preux</i>. Dame Jeanne's renown, +however, fell short of that of Tiphaine Raguenel, astrologer and +fairy,<a name="FNanchor_1156_1156" id="FNanchor_1156_1156"></a><a href="#Footnote_1156_1156" class="fnanchor">[1156]</a> who had been Sire Bertrand's first wife. Jeanne was a +choleric person and a miser. Driven out of her domain of Laval by the +English, she lived in retirement at Vitré with her daughter Anne. +Thirteen years before, the latter had incurred her mother's +displeasure by secretly marrying a landless younger son of a noble +house. When Dame Jeanne discovered it she imprisoned her daughter in a +dungeon and welcomed the younger son by shooting at him with a +cross-bow. After which the two ladies dwelt together in peace.<a name="FNanchor_1157_1157" id="FNanchor_1157_1157"></a><a href="#Footnote_1157_1157" class="fnanchor">[1157]</a></p> + +<p>From Loches the Maid went to Selles-en-Berry, a considerable town on +the Cher. Here, shortly before had met the three estates of the +kingdom; and here the troops were now gathering.<a name="FNanchor_1158_1158" id="FNanchor_1158_1158"></a><a href="#Footnote_1158_1158" class="fnanchor">[1158]</a></p> + +<p>On Saturday, the 4th of June, she received a herald sent by the people +of Orléans to bring her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.339" id="Page_i.339">[Pg i.339]</a></span> tidings of the English.<a name="FNanchor_1159_1159" id="FNanchor_1159_1159"></a><a href="#Footnote_1159_1159" class="fnanchor">[1159]</a> As commander in +war they recognised none but her.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, surrounded by monks, and side by side with men-at-arms, +like a nun she lived apart, a saintly life. She ate and drank +little.<a name="FNanchor_1160_1160" id="FNanchor_1160_1160"></a><a href="#Footnote_1160_1160" class="fnanchor">[1160]</a> She communicated once a week and confessed +frequently.<a name="FNanchor_1161_1161" id="FNanchor_1161_1161"></a><a href="#Footnote_1161_1161" class="fnanchor">[1161]</a> During mass at the moment of elevation, at +confession and when she received the body of Our Lord she used to weep +many tears. Every evening, at the hour of vespers, she would retire +into a church and have the bells rung for about half an hour to summon +the mendicant friars who followed the army. Then she would begin to +pray while the brethren sang an anthem in honour of the Virgin +Mary.<a name="FNanchor_1162_1162" id="FNanchor_1162_1162"></a><a href="#Footnote_1162_1162" class="fnanchor">[1162]</a></p> + +<p>While practising as far as she was able the austerities required by +extreme piety, she appeared magnificently attired, like a lord, for +indeed she held her lordship from God. She wore the dress of a knight, +a small hat, doublet and hose to match, a fine cloak of silk and cloth +of gold well lined and shoes laced on the outer side of the +foot.<a name="FNanchor_1163_1163" id="FNanchor_1163_1163"></a><a href="#Footnote_1163_1163" class="fnanchor">[1163]</a> Such attire in no wise scandalised even the most austere +members of the Dauphin's party. They read in holy Scripture that +Esther and Judith, inspired by the Lord, loaded themselves with +ornaments; true it was for sexual reasons and in order for the +salvation of Israel to attract Ahasuerus and Holophernes. Wherefore +they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.340" id="Page_i.340">[Pg i.340]</a></span> held that when Jeanne decked herself with masculine adornments, +in order to appear before the men-at-arms as an angel giving victory +to the Christian King, far from yielding to the vanities of the world, +she, like Esther and Judith, had nothing in her heart but the interest +of the holy nation and the glory of God. The English and Burgundian +clerks on the other hand converted into scandal what was a subject of +edification, and maintained that she was a woman dissolute in dress +and in manners.</p> + +<p>For seven years now Saint Michael the Archangel and the Saints +Catherine and Margaret, wearing rich and precious crowns, had been +visiting and conversing with her. It was when the bells were ringing, +at the hour of compline and of matins, that she could best hear their +words.<a name="FNanchor_1164_1164" id="FNanchor_1164_1164"></a><a href="#Footnote_1164_1164" class="fnanchor">[1164]</a> In those days bells of all kinds, large and small, +metropolitan, parochial or conventual, sounded in peals, or, chiming +harmoniously, in voices grave or gay, spoke to all men and of all +things. Their song descended from the sky to mark the ecclesiastical +and civic calendar. They called priests and people to church; they +mourned for the dead and they praised God; they announced fairs and +field work; they clashed portentous tidings through the sky, and in +times of war they called to arms and sounded the alarm. Friendly to +the husbandman they scattered the tempest, they warded off hail-storms +and drove away pestilence. They put to flight those demons that, +flying ceaselessly through the air, haunt the children of men; and to +their blessed sound was attributed the power of calming +violence.<a name="FNanchor_1165_1165" id="FNanchor_1165_1165"></a><a href="#Footnote_1165_1165" class="fnanchor">[1165]</a> Saint Catharine, she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.341" id="Page_i.341">[Pg i.341]</a></span> who visited Jeanne every day, +was the patron of bells and bell-ringers. Thus many bells bore her +name. In the ringing of bells as in the rustling of leaves, Jeanne was +wont to hear her Voices. She seldom heard them without seeing a light +in the direction whence they came.<a name="FNanchor_1166_1166" id="FNanchor_1166_1166"></a><a href="#Footnote_1166_1166" class="fnanchor">[1166]</a> Those Voices called her: +"Jeanne, daughter of God!"<a name="FNanchor_1167_1167" id="FNanchor_1167_1167"></a><a href="#Footnote_1167_1167" class="fnanchor">[1167]</a> Often the Archangel and the Saints +appeared to her. When they came she did them reverence, bending her +knee and bowing her head; she kissed their feet, knowing it to be a +greater mark of respect than kissing the countenance. She was +conscious of the fragrance and grateful warmth of their glorified +bodies.<a name="FNanchor_1168_1168" id="FNanchor_1168_1168"></a><a href="#Footnote_1168_1168" class="fnanchor">[1168]</a></p> + +<p>Saint Michael the Archangel did not come alone. There accompanied him +angels so numerous and so tiny that they danced like sparks in the +damsel's dazzled eyes. When the saints and the Archangel went away, +she wept with grief because they had not taken her with them.<a name="FNanchor_1169_1169" id="FNanchor_1169_1169"></a><a href="#Footnote_1169_1169" class="fnanchor">[1169]</a> In +like manner an angel visited Judith in the camp of Holofernes.</p> + +<p>One day Jeanne's equerry, Jean d'Aulon, asked her what her Council +was, just as my Lord d'Harcourt had done. She replied that she had +three councillors, one of whom was always with her. Another was +constantly going and coming; the third was the one with whom the other +two deliberated.</p> + +<p>Sire d'Aulon, more curious than the King, besought and requested her +to let him see this Council for once.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.342" id="Page_i.342">[Pg i.342]</a></span></p> + +<p>She replied: "Your virtues are not great enough and you are not worthy +to behold it."<a name="FNanchor_1170_1170" id="FNanchor_1170_1170"></a><a href="#Footnote_1170_1170" class="fnanchor">[1170]</a></p> + +<p>The good squire never asked again. If he had read the Bible he would +have known that Elisha's servant did not see the angels beheld by the +prophet (2 Kings VI, 16, 17).</p> + +<p>And yet Jeanne imagined that her Council had appeared to the King and +his court.</p> + +<p>"My King," she said later, "my King and many besides saw and heard the +Voices that came to me. The Count of Clermont and two or three others +were with him."<a name="FNanchor_1171_1171" id="FNanchor_1171_1171"></a><a href="#Footnote_1171_1171" class="fnanchor">[1171]</a></p> + +<p>She believed it was so. But in reality she never showed her Voices to +anyone. Not even, despite what has been said to the contrary, to that +Guy de Cailly who had been following her since Chécy.<a name="FNanchor_1172_1172" id="FNanchor_1172_1172"></a><a href="#Footnote_1172_1172" class="fnanchor">[1172]</a></p> + +<p>With Brother Pasquerel Jeanne engaged in pious conversation. To him +she often expressed the desire that the Church after her death should +pray for her and for all the French slain in the war.</p> + +<p>"If I were to depart from this world," she used to say to him, "I +should like the King to build chantries, where prayers should be +offered to Messire for the salvation of the souls of those who died in +war or for the defence of the realm."<a name="FNanchor_1173_1173" id="FNanchor_1173_1173"></a><a href="#Footnote_1173_1173" class="fnanchor">[1173]</a></p> + +<p>Such a wish was common to all devout souls. What Christian in those +days did not hold the practice of saying masses for the dead to be +good and salutary? Thus, in the matter of devotion, the Maid was in +accord with Duke Charles of Orléans, who, in one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.343" id="Page_i.343">[Pg i.343]</a></span> his complaints, +recommends the saying and singing of masses for the souls of those who +had suffered violent death in the service of the realm.<a name="FNanchor_1174_1174" id="FNanchor_1174_1174"></a><a href="#Footnote_1174_1174" class="fnanchor">[1174]</a></p> + +<p>She said one day to the good brother: "There is succour that I am +appointed to bring."</p> + +<p>And Pasquerel, albeit he had studied the Bible, cried out in +amazement: "Such a history as yours there hath never been before in +the world. Nought like unto it can be read in any book."</p> + +<p>Jeanne answered him even more boldly than the doctors at Poitiers: +"Messire has a book in which no clerk, however perfect his learning, +has ever read."<a name="FNanchor_1175_1175" id="FNanchor_1175_1175"></a><a href="#Footnote_1175_1175" class="fnanchor">[1175]</a></p> + +<p>She had received her mission from God alone, and she read in a book +sealed against all the doctors of the Church.</p> + +<p>On the reverse of her standard, sprinkled by mendicants with holy +water, she had had a dove painted, holding in its beak a scroll, +whereon were written the words "in the name of the King of +Heaven."<a name="FNanchor_1176_1176" id="FNanchor_1176_1176"></a><a href="#Footnote_1176_1176" class="fnanchor">[1176]</a> These were the armorial bearings she had received from +her Council. The emblem and the device seemed appropriate to her, +since she proclaimed that God had sent her, and since at Orléans she +had given the sign promised at Poitiers. The King, notwithstanding, +changed this shield for arms representing a crown supported upon a +sword between two flowers-de-luce and indicating clearly what was the +aid that the Maid of God was bringing to the realm of France. It is +said that she regretted having to abandon the arms communicated to her +by divine revelation.<a name="FNanchor_1177_1177" id="FNanchor_1177_1177"></a><a href="#Footnote_1177_1177" class="fnanchor">[1177]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.344" id="Page_i.344">[Pg i.344]</a></span></p><p>She prophesied, and, as happens to all prophets, she did not always +foretell what was to come to pass. It was the fate of the prophet +Jonah himself. And doctors explain how the prophecies of true prophets +cannot be all fulfilled.</p> + +<p>She had said: "Before Saint John the Baptist's Day, in 1429, there +shall not be one Englishman, howsoever strong and valiant, to be seen +throughout France, either in battle or in the open field."<a name="FNanchor_1178_1178" id="FNanchor_1178_1178"></a><a href="#Footnote_1178_1178" class="fnanchor">[1178]</a></p> + +<p>The nativity of Saint John the Baptist is celebrated on the 24th of +June.</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.345" id="Page_i.345">[Pg i.345]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>THE TAKING OF JARGEAU—THE BRIDGE OF MEUNG—BEAUGENCY</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N Monday, the 6th of June, the King lodged at Saint-Aignan near +Selles-en-Berry.<a name="FNanchor_1179_1179" id="FNanchor_1179_1179"></a><a href="#Footnote_1179_1179" class="fnanchor">[1179]</a> Among the gentlemen of his company were two +sons of that Dame de Laval who, in her widowhood, had made the mistake +of loving a landless cadet. André, the younger, at the age of twenty, +had just passed under the cloud of a disgrace common to nearly all +nobles in those days; his grandmother's second husband, Sire Bertrand +Du Guesclin, had experienced it several times. Taken prisoner in the +château of Laval by Sir John Talbot, he had incurred a heavy debt in +order to furnish the sixteen thousand golden crowns of his +ransom.<a name="FNanchor_1180_1180" id="FNanchor_1180_1180"></a><a href="#Footnote_1180_1180" class="fnanchor">[1180]</a></p> + +<p>Being in great need of money, the two young nobles offered their +services to the King, who received them very well, gave them not a +crown, but said he would show them the Maid. And as he was going with +them from Saint-Aignan to Selles, he summoned the Saint,<a name="FNanchor_1181_1181" id="FNanchor_1181_1181"></a><a href="#Footnote_1181_1181" class="fnanchor">[1181]</a> who +straightway, armed at all points save her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.346" id="Page_i.346">[Pg i.346]</a></span> head, and lance in hand, +rode out to meet the King. She greeted the two young nobles heartily +and returned with them to Selles. The eldest, Lord Guy, she received +in the house where she was lodging, opposite the church, and called +for wine. Such was the custom among princes. Cups of wine were +brought, into which the guests dipped slices of bread called +sops.<a name="FNanchor_1182_1182" id="FNanchor_1182_1182"></a><a href="#Footnote_1182_1182" class="fnanchor">[1182]</a> When offering him the wine cup, the Maid said to Lord Guy: +"I will shortly give you to drink at Paris."</p> + +<p>She told him that, three days before, she had sent a gold ring to Dame +Jeanne de Laval.</p> + +<p>"It was a small matter," she added graciously. "I should like to have +sent her something of greater value, considering her reputation."<a name="FNanchor_1183_1183" id="FNanchor_1183_1183"></a><a href="#Footnote_1183_1183" class="fnanchor">[1183]</a></p> + +<p>That same day, at the hour of vespers, she set out from Selles for +Romorantin with a numerous company of men-at-arms and train-bands, +commanded by Marshal de Boussac. She was surrounded by mendicant +friars and one of her brothers went with her. She wore white armour +and a hood. Her horse was brought to her at the door of her house. It +was a great black charger which resolutely refused to let her mount +him. She had him led to the Cross by the roadside, opposite the +church, and there she leapt into the saddle. Whereupon Lord Guy +marvelled; for he saw that the charger was as still as if he had been +bound. She turned her horse's head towards the church porch, and in +her clear woman's voice cried: "Ye priests and churchmen, walk in +processions and pray to God."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.347" id="Page_i.347">[Pg i.347]</a></span></p> + +<p>Then, gaining the highroad: "Go forward, go forward," she said.</p> + +<p>In her hand she carried a little axe. Her page bore her standard +furled.<a name="FNanchor_1184_1184" id="FNanchor_1184_1184"></a><a href="#Footnote_1184_1184" class="fnanchor">[1184]</a></p> + +<p>The meeting-place was Orléans. On Thursday, the 9th of June, in the +evening, Jeanne passed over the bridge she had crossed on the 8th of +May. Saturday, the 11th, the army set out for Jargeau.<a name="FNanchor_1185_1185" id="FNanchor_1185_1185"></a><a href="#Footnote_1185_1185" class="fnanchor">[1185]</a> It +consisted of horse brought by the Duke of Alençon, the Count of +Vendôme, the Bastard, the Marshal de Boussac, Captain La Hire, Messire +Florent d'Illiers, Messire Jamet du Tillay, Messire Thudal de +Kermoisan of Brittany, as well as of contingents furnished by the +communes, in all, perhaps eight thousand combatants, many of whom were +armed with pikes, axes, cross-bows and leaden mallets.<a name="FNanchor_1186_1186" id="FNanchor_1186_1186"></a><a href="#Footnote_1186_1186" class="fnanchor">[1186]</a> The young +Duke of Alençon was placed in command. He was not remarkable for his +intelligence.<a name="FNanchor_1187_1187" id="FNanchor_1187_1187"></a><a href="#Footnote_1187_1187" class="fnanchor">[1187]</a> But he knew how to ride, and in those days that +was the only knowledge indispensable to a general. Again the people of +Orléans defrayed the cost of the expedition. For the payment of the +fighting men they contributed three thousand livres, for their +feeding, seven hogsheads of corn. At their own request, the King +imposed on them a new <i>taille</i> of three thousand livres.<a name="FNanchor_1188_1188" id="FNanchor_1188_1188"></a><a href="#Footnote_1188_1188" class="fnanchor">[1188]</a> At +their own expense they despatched work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.348" id="Page_i.348">[Pg i.348]</a></span>men of all trades,—masons, +carpenters, smiths. They lent their artillery. They sent culverins, +cannons, La Bergère, and the large mortar to which four horses were +harnessed, with the gunners Megret and Jean Boillève.<a name="FNanchor_1189_1189" id="FNanchor_1189_1189"></a><a href="#Footnote_1189_1189" class="fnanchor">[1189]</a> They +furnished ammunition, engines, arrows, ladders, pickaxes, spades, +mattocks; and all were marked, for they were a methodical folk. +Everything for the siege was sent to the Maid. For in this undertaking +she was the one commander they recognised, not the Duke of Alençon, +not even the Bastard their own lord's noble brother. For the +inhabitants of Orléans, Jeanne was the leader of the siege; and to +Jeanne, before the besieged town, they despatched two of their +citizens,—Jean Leclerc and François Joachim.<a name="FNanchor_1190_1190" id="FNanchor_1190_1190"></a><a href="#Footnote_1190_1190" class="fnanchor">[1190]</a> After the citizens +of Orléans, the Sire de Rais contributed most to the expenses of the +siege of Jargeau.<a name="FNanchor_1191_1191" id="FNanchor_1191_1191"></a><a href="#Footnote_1191_1191" class="fnanchor">[1191]</a> This unfortunate noble spent thoughtlessly +right and left, while rich burgesses made great profits by lending to +him at a high rate of interest. The sorry state of his affairs was +shortly to bring him to attempt their readjustment by vowing his soul +to the devil.</p> + +<p>The town of Jargeau, which was shortly to be taken after a severe +siege, had surrendered to the English without resistance on the 5th of +October in the previous year.<a name="FNanchor_1192_1192" id="FNanchor_1192_1192"></a><a href="#Footnote_1192_1192" class="fnanchor">[1192]</a> The bridge leading to the town +from the Beauce bank was furnished with two castlets.<a name="FNanchor_1193_1193" id="FNanchor_1193_1193"></a><a href="#Footnote_1193_1193" class="fnanchor">[1193]</a> The town +itself, surrounded by walls and towers, was not strongly fortified; +but its means of defence had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.349" id="Page_i.349">[Pg i.349]</a></span> been improved by the English. Warned +that the army of the French King was coming to besiege it, the Earl of +Suffolk and his two brothers threw themselves into the town, with five +hundred knights, squires, and other fighting men, as well as two +hundred picked bowmen.<a name="FNanchor_1194_1194" id="FNanchor_1194_1194"></a><a href="#Footnote_1194_1194" class="fnanchor">[1194]</a> The Duke of Alençon with six hundred +horse was at the head of the force, and with him, the Maid. The first +night they slept in the woods.<a name="FNanchor_1195_1195" id="FNanchor_1195_1195"></a><a href="#Footnote_1195_1195" class="fnanchor">[1195]</a> On the morrow, at daybreak, my +Lord the Bastard, my Lord Florent d'Illiers, and several other +captains joined them. They were in a great hurry to reach Jargeau. +Suddenly they hear that Sir John Fastolf is at hand, coming from Paris +with two thousand combatants, bringing supplies and artillery to +Jargeau.<a name="FNanchor_1196_1196" id="FNanchor_1196_1196"></a><a href="#Footnote_1196_1196" class="fnanchor">[1196]</a></p> + +<p>This was the army which had been the cause of Jeanne's anxiety on the +4th of May, because her saints had not told her where Fastolf was. The +captains held a council of war. Many thought the siege ought to be +abandoned and that the army should go to meet Fastolf. Some actually +went off at once. Jeanne exhorted the men-at-arms to continue their +march on Jargeau. Where Sir John Fastolf's army was, she knew no more +than the others; her reasons were not of this world.</p> + +<p>"Be not afraid of any armed host whatsoever," she said, "and make no +difficulty of attacking the English, for Messire leads you."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.350" id="Page_i.350">[Pg i.350]</a></span></p> + +<p>And again she said: "Were I not assured that Messire leads, I would +rather be keeping sheep than running so great a danger."</p> + +<p>She gained a better hearing from the Duke of Alençon than from any of +the Orléans leaders.<a name="FNanchor_1197_1197" id="FNanchor_1197_1197"></a><a href="#Footnote_1197_1197" class="fnanchor">[1197]</a> Those who had gone were recalled and the +march on Jargeau was continued.<a name="FNanchor_1198_1198" id="FNanchor_1198_1198"></a><a href="#Footnote_1198_1198" class="fnanchor">[1198]</a></p> + +<p>The suburbs of the town appeared undefended; but, when the French +King's men approached, they found the English posted in front of the +outbuildings, wherefore they were compelled to retreat. When the Maid +beheld this, she seized her standard and threw herself upon the enemy, +calling on the fighting men to take courage. That night, the French +King's men were able to encamp in the suburbs.<a name="FNanchor_1199_1199" id="FNanchor_1199_1199"></a><a href="#Footnote_1199_1199" class="fnanchor">[1199]</a> They kept no +watch, and yet from the Duke of Alençon's own avowal they would have +been in great danger if the English had made a sally.<a name="FNanchor_1200_1200" id="FNanchor_1200_1200"></a><a href="#Footnote_1200_1200" class="fnanchor">[1200]</a> The Maid's +judgment was even more fully justified than she expected. Everything +in her army depended upon the grace of God.</p> + +<p>The very next day, in the morning the besiegers brought their siege +train and their mortars up to the walls. The Orléans cannon fired upon +the town and did great damage. Three of La Bergère's volleys wrecked +the greatest tower on the fortifications.<a name="FNanchor_1201_1201" id="FNanchor_1201_1201"></a><a href="#Footnote_1201_1201" class="fnanchor">[1201]</a></p> + +<p>The train-bands reached Jargeau on Saturday, the 11th. Straightway, +without staying to take counsel, they hastened to the trenches and +began the assault. They were too zealous; consequently, they went +badly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.351" id="Page_i.351">[Pg i.351]</a></span> to work, received no aid from the men-at-arms and were driven +back in disorder.<a name="FNanchor_1202_1202" id="FNanchor_1202_1202"></a><a href="#Footnote_1202_1202" class="fnanchor">[1202]</a></p> + +<p>On Saturday night, the Maid, who was accustomed to summon the enemy +before fighting, approached the entrenchments, and cried out to the +English: "Surrender the town to the King of Heaven and to King +Charles, and depart, or it will be the worse for you."<a name="FNanchor_1203_1203" id="FNanchor_1203_1203"></a><a href="#Footnote_1203_1203" class="fnanchor">[1203]</a></p> + +<p>To this summons the English paid no heed, albeit they had a great +desire to come to some understanding. The Earl of Suffolk came to my +Lord the Bastard, and told him that if he would refrain from the +attack, the town should be surrendered to him. The English asked for a +fortnight's respite, after which time, they would undertake to +withdraw immediately, they and their horses, provided, doubtless, that +by that time they had not been relieved.<a name="FNanchor_1204_1204" id="FNanchor_1204_1204"></a><a href="#Footnote_1204_1204" class="fnanchor">[1204]</a> On both sides such +conditional surrenders were common. The Sire de Baudricourt had signed +one at Vaucouleurs just before Jeanne's arrival there.<a name="FNanchor_1205_1205" id="FNanchor_1205_1205"></a><a href="#Footnote_1205_1205" class="fnanchor">[1205]</a> In this +case it was mere trickery to ask the French to enter into such an +agreement just when Sir John Fastolf was coming with artillery and +supplies.<a name="FNanchor_1206_1206" id="FNanchor_1206_1206"></a><a href="#Footnote_1206_1206" class="fnanchor">[1206]</a> It has been asserted that the Bastard was taken in +this snare; but such a thing is incredible; he was far too wily for +that. Nevertheless, on the morrow, which was Sunday and the 12th of +the month, the Duke of Alençon and the nobles, who were holding a +council concerning the measures for the capture of the town, were told +that Captain La Hire was conferring with the Earl of Suffolk. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.352" id="Page_i.352">[Pg i.352]</a></span> +were highly displeased.<a name="FNanchor_1207_1207" id="FNanchor_1207_1207"></a><a href="#Footnote_1207_1207" class="fnanchor">[1207]</a> Captain La Hire, who was not a general, +could not treat in his own name, and had doubtless received powers +from my Lord the Bastard. The latter commanded for the Duke, a +prisoner in the hands of the English, while the Duke of Alençon +commanded for the King; and hence the disagreement.</p> + +<p>The Maid, who was always ready to show mercy to prisoners when they +surrendered and at the same time always ready to fight, said: "If they +will, let them in their jackets of mail depart from Jargeau with their +lives! If they will not, the town shall be stormed."<a name="FNanchor_1208_1208" id="FNanchor_1208_1208"></a><a href="#Footnote_1208_1208" class="fnanchor">[1208]</a></p> + +<p>The Duke of Alençon, without even inquiring the terms of the +capitulation, had Captain La Hire recalled.</p> + +<p>He came, and straightway the ladders were brought. The heralds sounded +the trumpets and cried: "To the assault."</p> + +<p>The Maid unfurled her standard, and fully armed, wearing on her head +one of those light helmets known as <i>chapelines</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1209_1209" id="FNanchor_1209_1209"></a><a href="#Footnote_1209_1209" class="fnanchor">[1209]</a> she went down +into the trenches with the King's men and the train-bands, well within +reach of arrows and cannon-balls. She kept by the Duke of Alençon's +side, saying: "Forward! fair duke, to the assault."</p> + +<p>The Duke, who was not so courageous as she, thought that she went +rather hastily to work; and this he gave her to understand.</p> + +<p>Then she encouraged him: "Fear not. God's time is the right time. When +He wills it you must open the attack. Go forward, He will prepare the +way."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.353" id="Page_i.353">[Pg i.353]</a></span></p> + +<p>And seeing him lack confidence, she reminded him of the promise she had +recently made concerning him in the Abbey of Saint-Florent-lès-Saumur. +"Oh! Fair Duke, can you be afraid? Do you not remember that I promised +your wife to bring you back safe and sound?"<a name="FNanchor_1210_1210" id="FNanchor_1210_1210"></a><a href="#Footnote_1210_1210" class="fnanchor">[1210]</a></p> + +<p>In the thick of the attack, she noticed on the wall one of those long +thin mortars, which, from the manner of its charging, was called a +breechloader. Seeing it hurl stones on the very spot where the King's +fair cousin was standing, she realised the danger, but not for +herself. "Move away," she said quickly. "That cannon will kill you."</p> + +<p>The Duke had not moved more than a few yards, when a nobleman of +Anjou, the Sire Du Lude, having taken the place he had quitted, was +killed by a ball from that same cannon.<a name="FNanchor_1211_1211" id="FNanchor_1211_1211"></a><a href="#Footnote_1211_1211" class="fnanchor">[1211]</a> The Duke of Alençon +marvelled at her prophetic gift. Doubtless the Maid had been sent to +save him, but she had not been sent to save the Sire Du Lude. The +angels of the Lord are sent for the salvation of some, for the +destruction of others. When the French King's men reached the wall, +the Earl of Suffolk cried out for a parley with the Duke of Alençon. +No heed was paid to him and the assault continued.<a name="FNanchor_1212_1212" id="FNanchor_1212_1212"></a><a href="#Footnote_1212_1212" class="fnanchor">[1212]</a></p> + +<p>The attack had lasted four hours,<a name="FNanchor_1213_1213" id="FNanchor_1213_1213"></a><a href="#Footnote_1213_1213" class="fnanchor">[1213]</a> when Jeanne, standard in hand, +climbed up a ladder leaning against the rampart. A stone fired from a +cannon struck her helmet and knocked it with its escutcheon, bearing +her arms, off her head. They thought she was crushed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.354" id="Page_i.354">[Pg i.354]</a></span> but she rose +quickly and cried to the fighting men: "Up, friends, up! Messire has +doomed the English. They are ours at this moment. Be of good +cheer."<a name="FNanchor_1214_1214" id="FNanchor_1214_1214"></a><a href="#Footnote_1214_1214" class="fnanchor">[1214]</a></p> + +<p>The wall was scaled and the French King's men penetrated into the +town. The English fled into La Beauce and the French rushed in pursuit +of them. Guillaume Regnault, a squire of Auvergne, came up with the +Earl of Suffolk on the bridge and took him prisoner.</p> + +<p>"Are you a gentleman?" asked Suffolk.</p> + +<p>"Yes."</p> + +<p>"Are you a knight?"</p> + +<p>"No."</p> + +<p>The Earl of Suffolk dubbed him a knight and surrendered to him.<a name="FNanchor_1215_1215" id="FNanchor_1215_1215"></a><a href="#Footnote_1215_1215" class="fnanchor">[1215]</a></p> + +<p>Very soon the rumour ran that the Earl of Suffolk had surrendered on +his knees to the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_1216_1216" id="FNanchor_1216_1216"></a><a href="#Footnote_1216_1216" class="fnanchor">[1216]</a> It was even stated that he had asked to +surrender to her as to the bravest lady in the world.<a name="FNanchor_1217_1217" id="FNanchor_1217_1217"></a><a href="#Footnote_1217_1217" class="fnanchor">[1217]</a> But it is +more likely that he would have surrendered to the lowest menial of the +army rather than to a woman whom he held to be a witch possessed of +the devil.</p> + +<p>John Pole, Suffolk's brother, was likewise taken on the bridge. The +Duke's third brother, Alexander Pole, was slain in the same place or +drowned in the Loire.<a name="FNanchor_1218_1218" id="FNanchor_1218_1218"></a><a href="#Footnote_1218_1218" class="fnanchor">[1218]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.355" id="Page_i.355">[Pg i.355]</a></span></p> +<p>The garrison surrendered at discretion. Now, as always, no great harm +was done during the battle, but afterwards the conquerors made up for +it. Five hundred English were massacred; the nobles alone were held to +ransom. And over them, the French fell to quarrelling. The French +nobles kept them all for themselves; the train-bands claimed their +share, and, not getting it, began to destroy everything. What the +nobles could save was carried off during the night, by water, to +Orléans. The town was completely sacked; the old church, which had +served the <i>Godons</i> as a magazine, was pillaged.<a name="FNanchor_1219_1219" id="FNanchor_1219_1219"></a><a href="#Footnote_1219_1219" class="fnanchor">[1219]</a></p> + +<p>Including killed and wounded, the French had not lost twenty +men.<a name="FNanchor_1220_1220" id="FNanchor_1220_1220"></a><a href="#Footnote_1220_1220" class="fnanchor">[1220]</a></p> + +<p>Without disarming, the Maid and the knights returned to Orléans. To +celebrate the taking of Jargeau, the magistrates organised a public +procession. An eloquent sermon was preached by a Jacobin monk, Brother +Robert Baignart.<a name="FNanchor_1221_1221" id="FNanchor_1221_1221"></a><a href="#Footnote_1221_1221" class="fnanchor">[1221]</a></p> + +<p>The inhabitants of Orléans presented the Duke of Alençon with six +casks of wine, the Maid with four, the Count of Vendôme with +two.<a name="FNanchor_1222_1222" id="FNanchor_1222_1222"></a><a href="#Footnote_1222_1222" class="fnanchor">[1222]</a></p> + +<p>As an acknowledgment of the good and acceptable services rendered by +the holy maiden, the councillors of the captive Duke Charles of +Orléans, gave her a green cloak and a robe of crimson Flemish cloth +or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.356" id="Page_i.356">[Pg i.356]</a></span> fine Brussels purple. Jean Luillier, who furnished the stuff, +asked eight crowns for two ells of fine Brussels at four crowns the +ell; two crowns for the lining of the robe; two crowns for an ell of +yellowish green cloth, making in all twelve golden crowns.<a name="FNanchor_1223_1223" id="FNanchor_1223_1223"></a><a href="#Footnote_1223_1223" class="fnanchor">[1223]</a> Jean +Luillier was a young woollen draper who adored the Maid and regarded +her as an angel of God. He had a good heart; but fear of the English +dazzled him, and where they were concerned caused him to see +double.<a name="FNanchor_1224_1224" id="FNanchor_1224_1224"></a><a href="#Footnote_1224_1224" class="fnanchor">[1224]</a> One of his kinsfolk was a member of the council elected +in 1429. He himself was to be appointed magistrate a little +later.<a name="FNanchor_1225_1225" id="FNanchor_1225_1225"></a><a href="#Footnote_1225_1225" class="fnanchor">[1225]</a></p> + +<p>Jean Bourgeois, tailor, asked one golden crown for the making of the +robe and the cloak, as well as for furnishing white satin, taffeta, +and other stuffs.<a name="FNanchor_1226_1226" id="FNanchor_1226_1226"></a><a href="#Footnote_1226_1226" class="fnanchor">[1226]</a></p> + +<p>The town had previously given the Maid half an ell of cloth of two +shades of green worth thirty-five <i>sous</i> of Paris to make "nettles" +for her gown.<a name="FNanchor_1227_1227" id="FNanchor_1227_1227"></a><a href="#Footnote_1227_1227" class="fnanchor">[1227]</a> Nettles were the Duke of Orléans' device, green or +purple or crimson his colours.<a name="FNanchor_1228_1228" id="FNanchor_1228_1228"></a><a href="#Footnote_1228_1228" class="fnanchor">[1228]</a> This green was no longer the +bright colour of earlier days, it had gradually been growing darker as +the fortunes of the house declined. It had first been a vivid green, +then a brownish shade, and, finally, the tint of the faded leaf with a +suggestion of black in it which signified sorrow and mourning. The +Maid's colour was <i>feuillemort</i>. She, like the officers of the duchy +and the men of the train-bands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.357" id="Page_i.357">[Pg i.357]</a></span> wore the Orléans livery; and thus +they made of her a kind of herald-at-arms or heraldic angel.</p> + +<p>The cloak of yellowish green and the robe embroidered with nettles, +she must have been glad to wear for love of Duke Charles, whom the +English had treated with such sore despite. Having come to defend the +heritage of the captive prince, she said that in Jesus' name, the good +Duke of Orléans was on her mind and she was confident that she would +deliver him.<a name="FNanchor_1229_1229" id="FNanchor_1229_1229"></a><a href="#Footnote_1229_1229" class="fnanchor">[1229]</a> Her design was first to summon the English to give +him up; then, if they refused, to cross the sea and with an army to +seek him in England.<a name="FNanchor_1230_1230" id="FNanchor_1230_1230"></a><a href="#Footnote_1230_1230" class="fnanchor">[1230]</a> In case such means failed her, she had +thought of another course which she would adopt, with the permission +of her saints. She would ask the King if he would let her take +prisoners, believing that she could take enough to exchange for Duke +Charles.<a name="FNanchor_1231_1231" id="FNanchor_1231_1231"></a><a href="#Footnote_1231_1231" class="fnanchor">[1231]</a> Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had promised her +that thus his deliverance would take her less than three years and +longer than one.<a name="FNanchor_1232_1232" id="FNanchor_1232_1232"></a><a href="#Footnote_1232_1232" class="fnanchor">[1232]</a> Such were the pious dreams of a child lulled to +sleep by the sound of her village bells! Deeming it just that she +should labour and suffer to rescue her princes from trouble and +weariness, she used to say, like a good servant: "I know that in +matters of bodily ease God loves my King and the Duke of Orléans +better than me; and I know it because it hath been revealed unto +me."<a name="FNanchor_1233_1233" id="FNanchor_1233_1233"></a><a href="#Footnote_1233_1233" class="fnanchor">[1233]</a></p> + +<p>Then, speaking of the captive duke she would say: "My Voices have +revealed much to me concerning him. Duke Charles hath oftener been the +subject of my revelations than any man living except my King."<a name="FNanchor_1234_1234" id="FNanchor_1234_1234"></a><a href="#Footnote_1234_1234" class="fnanchor">[1234]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.358" id="Page_i.358">[Pg i.358]</a></span></p> +<p>In reality, all that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had done was +to tell her of the well-known misfortunes of the Prince. Valentine of +Milan's son and Isabelle Romée's daughter were separated by a gulf +broader and deeper than the ocean which stretched between them. They +dwelt at the antipodes of the world of souls, and all the saints of +Paradise would have been unable to explain one to the other.</p> + +<p>All the same Duke Charles was a good prince and a debonair; he was +kind and he was pitiful. More than any other he possessed the gift of +pleasing. He charmed by his grace, albeit but ill-looking and of weak +constitution.<a name="FNanchor_1235_1235" id="FNanchor_1235_1235"></a><a href="#Footnote_1235_1235" class="fnanchor">[1235]</a> His temperament was so out of harmony with his +position that he may be said to have endured his life rather than to +have lived it. His father assassinated by night in the Rue Barbette in +Paris by order of Duke John; his mother a perennial fount of tears, +dying of anger and of grief in a Franciscan nunnery; the two S's, +standing for <i>Soupirs</i> (sighs) and <i>Souci</i> (care), the emblems and +devices of her mourning, revealing her ingenious mind fancifully +elegant even in despair; the Armagnacs, the Burgundians, the +Cabochiens, cutting each other's throats around him; these were the +sights he had witnessed when little more than a child. Then he had +been wounded and taken prisoner at the Battle of Azincourt.</p> + +<p>Now, for fourteen years, dragged from castle to castle, from one end +to the other of the island of fogs; imprisoned within thick walls, +closely guarded, receiving two or three of his countrymen at long +intervals, but never permitted to converse with one except before +witnesses, he felt old before his time, blighted by misfortune. "Fruit +fallen in its greenness, I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.359" id="Page_i.359">[Pg i.359]</a></span> put to ripen on prison straw. I am +winter fruit,"<a name="FNanchor_1236_1236" id="FNanchor_1236_1236"></a><a href="#Footnote_1236_1236" class="fnanchor">[1236]</a> he said of himself. In his captivity, he suffered +without hope, knowing that on his death-bed Henry V had recommended +his brother not to give him up at any price.<a name="FNanchor_1237_1237" id="FNanchor_1237_1237"></a><a href="#Footnote_1237_1237" class="fnanchor">[1237]</a></p> + +<p>Kind to others, kind to himself, he took refuge in his own thoughts, +which were as bright and clear as his life was dark and sad. In the +gloom of the stern castles of Windsor and of Bolingbroke, in the Tower +of London, side by side with his gaolers, he lived and moved in the +world of phantasy of the <i>Romance of the Rose</i>. Venus, Cupid, Hope, +Fair-Welcome, Pleasure, Pity, Danger, Sadness, Care, Melancholy, +Sweet-Looks were around the desk, on which, in the deep embrasure of a +window, beneath the sun's rays, he wrote his ballads, as delicate and +fresh as an illumination on the page of a manuscript. For him it was +the world of allegory that really existed. He wandered in the forest +of Long Expectation; he embarked on the vessel Good Tidings. He was a +poet; Beauty was his lady; and courteously did he sing of her. From +his verses one would say that he was but the Captive of Lord +Love.<a name="FNanchor_1238_1238" id="FNanchor_1238_1238"></a><a href="#Footnote_1238_1238" class="fnanchor">[1238]</a></p> + +<p>He was left in ignorance of the affairs of his duchy; and, if he ever +concerned himself about it, it was when he collected the books of King +Charles V which had been bought by the Duke of Bedford and resold to +London merchants;<a name="FNanchor_1239_1239" id="FNanchor_1239_1239"></a><a href="#Footnote_1239_1239" class="fnanchor">[1239]</a> or when he commanded that on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.360" id="Page_i.360">[Pg i.360]</a></span> the approach of +the English to Blois, its fine tapestries and his father's library +should be carried off to La Rochelle. After Beauty rich hangings and +delicate miniatures were what he loved most in the world.<a name="FNanchor_1240_1240" id="FNanchor_1240_1240"></a><a href="#Footnote_1240_1240" class="fnanchor">[1240]</a> The +bright sunshine of France, the lovely month of May, dancing and ladies +were what he longed for most. He was cured of prowess and of chivalry.</p> + +<p>Some have wished to believe that from his duchy news reached him of +the Maid's coming. They have gone so far as to imagine that a faithful +servant kept him informed of the happy incidents of May and June, +1429;<a name="FNanchor_1241_1241" id="FNanchor_1241_1241"></a><a href="#Footnote_1241_1241" class="fnanchor">[1241]</a> but nothing is less certain. On the contrary, the +probability is that the English refused to let him receive any +message, and that he was totally ignorant of all that was going on in +the two kingdoms.<a name="FNanchor_1242_1242" id="FNanchor_1242_1242"></a><a href="#Footnote_1242_1242" class="fnanchor">[1242]</a></p> + +<p>Possibly he did not care for news of the war as much as one might +expect. He hoped nothing from men-at-arms; and it was not to his fair +cousins of France and to feats of prowess and battles that he looked +for deliverance. He knew too much about them. It was in peace that he +put his trust, both for himself and for his people. Since the fathers +were dead, he thought that the sons might forgive and forget. He +placed his hope in his cousin of Burgundy; and he was right, for the +fortunes of the English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.361" id="Page_i.361">[Pg i.361]</a></span> were in the hands of Duke Philip. Charles +brought himself, or at any rate he was to bring himself later, to +recognise the suzerainty of the King of England. It is less important +to consider the weakness of men than the force of circumstances. And +the prisoner could never do enough to obtain peace: "joy's greatest +treasure."<a name="FNanchor_1243_1243" id="FNanchor_1243_1243"></a><a href="#Footnote_1243_1243" class="fnanchor">[1243]</a></p> + +<p>No, despite her revelations, the picture Jeanne imagined of her fair +Duke was not the true one. They were never to meet; but if they had +met there would have been serious misunderstandings between them, and +they would have remained incomprehensible one to the other. Jeanne's +elemental, straight-forward way of thinking could never have accorded +with the ideas of so great a noble and so courteous a poet. They could +never have understood each other because she was simple, he subtle; +because she was a prophetess while he was filled with courtly +knowledge and lettered grace; because she believed, and he was as one +not believing; because she was a daughter of the common folk and a +saint ascribing all sovereignty to God, while for him law consisted in +feudal uses and customs, alliances and treaties;<a name="FNanchor_1244_1244" id="FNanchor_1244_1244"></a><a href="#Footnote_1244_1244" class="fnanchor">[1244]</a> because, in +short, they held conflicting ideas concerning life and the world. The +Maid's mission, her being sent by Messire to recover his duchy for +him, would never have appealed to the good Duke; and Jeanne would +never have understood his behaviour towards his English and Burgundian +cousins. It was better they should never meet.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.362" id="Page_i.362">[Pg i.362]</a></span></p> +<p>The capture of Jargeau had given the French control of the upper +Loire. In order to free the city of Orléans from all danger, it was +necessary to make sure of the banks of the lower river. There the +English still held Meung and Beaugency. On Tuesday, the 14th of June, +at the hour of vespers, the army took the field.<a name="FNanchor_1245_1245" id="FNanchor_1245_1245"></a><a href="#Footnote_1245_1245" class="fnanchor">[1245]</a></p> + +<p>They passed through La Sologne, and that same evening gained the +Bridge of Meung, situated above the town and separated from its walls +by a broad meadow. Like most bridges, it was defended by a castlet at +each end; and the English had provided it with an earthen outwork, as +they had done for Les Tourelles at Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1246_1246" id="FNanchor_1246_1246"></a><a href="#Footnote_1246_1246" class="fnanchor">[1246]</a> They defended it +badly, however, and the French King's men forced their way in before +nightfall. They left a garrison there, and went out to encamp in +Beauce, almost under the walls. The young Duke of Alençon lodged in a +church with a few men-at-arms; and, as was his wont, did not keep +watch. He was surprised and ran great danger.<a name="FNanchor_1247_1247" id="FNanchor_1247_1247"></a><a href="#Footnote_1247_1247" class="fnanchor">[1247]</a></p> + +<p>The town garrison, which was a small one, was commanded by Lord +Scales, and "the Child of Warwick." The next day, early in the +morning, the King's men, passing within a cannon shot of the town of +Meung, marched straight on Beaugency, which they reached in the +morning.<a name="FNanchor_1248_1248" id="FNanchor_1248_1248"></a><a href="#Footnote_1248_1248" class="fnanchor">[1248]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.363" id="Page_i.363">[Pg i.363]</a></span></p> +<p>The ancient little town, built on the side of a hill and girt around +with vineyards, gardens, and cornfields, sloped before them towards +the green valley of the Ru. Straight in front of them rose its square +tower of somewhat proud aspect, although it had oftentimes been taken. +The suburbs were not fortified; but the French, when they entered +them, were riddled by a shower of arrows of every kind, fired by +archers concealed in dwellings and outhouses. On both sides there were +killed and wounded. Finally, the English retreated into the castle and +the bridge bastions.<a name="FNanchor_1249_1249" id="FNanchor_1249_1249"></a><a href="#Footnote_1249_1249" class="fnanchor">[1249]</a></p> + +<p>The Duke of Alençon stationed sentinels in front of the castle to +watch the English. Just then, he saw coming towards him, two nobles of +Brittany, the Lords of Rostrenen and of Kermoisan, who said to him: +"The Constable asks the besiegers for entertainment."<a name="FNanchor_1250_1250" id="FNanchor_1250_1250"></a><a href="#Footnote_1250_1250" class="fnanchor">[1250]</a></p> + +<p>Arthur of Brittany, Sire de Richemont, Constable of France, had spent +the winter in Poitou waging war against the troops of the Sire de La +Trémouille. Now in defiance of the King's prohibition the Constable +came to join the King's men.<a name="FNanchor_1251_1251" id="FNanchor_1251_1251"></a><a href="#Footnote_1251_1251" class="fnanchor">[1251]</a> He had crossed the Loire at Amboise +and arrived before Beaugency with six hundred men-at-arms and four +hundred archers.<a name="FNanchor_1252_1252" id="FNanchor_1252_1252"></a><a href="#Footnote_1252_1252" class="fnanchor">[1252]</a> His coming caused the captains great +embarrassment. Some esteemed him a man of strong will and great +courage. But many were dependent upon the Sire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.364" id="Page_i.364">[Pg i.364]</a></span> de La Trémouille, as +for example the poor squire, Jean d'Aulon. The Duke of Alençon wanted +to retreat, alleging that the King had commanded him not to receive +the Constable.</p> + +<p>"If the Constable comes, I shall retire," he said to Jeanne.</p> + +<p>To the Breton nobles he replied, that if the Constable came into the +camp, the Maid, and the besiegers would fight against him.<a name="FNanchor_1253_1253" id="FNanchor_1253_1253"></a><a href="#Footnote_1253_1253" class="fnanchor">[1253]</a></p> + +<p>So decided was he that he mounted his horse to ride straight up to the +Bretons. The Maid, out of respect for him and for the King, was +preparing to follow him. But many of the captains restrained the Duke +of Alençon<a name="FNanchor_1254_1254" id="FNanchor_1254_1254"></a><a href="#Footnote_1254_1254" class="fnanchor">[1254]</a> deeming that now was not the time to break a lance +with the Constable of France.</p> + +<p>On the morrow a loud alarm was sounded in the camp. The heralds were +crying: "To arms!" The English were said to be approaching in great +numbers. The young Duke still wanted to retreat in order to avoid +receiving the Constable. This time Jeanne dissuaded him: "We must +stand together," she said.<a name="FNanchor_1255_1255" id="FNanchor_1255_1255"></a><a href="#Footnote_1255_1255" class="fnanchor">[1255]</a></p> + +<p>He listened to this counsel and went forth to meet the Constable, +followed by the Maid, my Lord the Bastard, and the Lords of Laval. +Near the leper's hospital at Beaugency they encountered a fine +company. As they approached, a thick-lipped little man, dark and +frowning, alighted from his horse.<a name="FNanchor_1256_1256" id="FNanchor_1256_1256"></a><a href="#Footnote_1256_1256" class="fnanchor">[1256]</a> It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.365" id="Page_i.365">[Pg i.365]</a></span> Arthur of Brittany. +The Maid embraced his knees as she was accustomed to do when holding +converse with the great ones of heaven and earth. Thus did every baron +when he met one nobler than himself.<a name="FNanchor_1257_1257" id="FNanchor_1257_1257"></a><a href="#Footnote_1257_1257" class="fnanchor">[1257]</a></p> + +<p>The Constable spoke to her as a good Catholic, a devout servant of God +and the Church, saying: "Jeanne, I have heard that you wanted to fight +against me. Whether you are sent by God I know not. If you are I do +not fear you. For God knows that my heart is right. If you are sent by +the devil I fear you still less."<a name="FNanchor_1258_1258" id="FNanchor_1258_1258"></a><a href="#Footnote_1258_1258" class="fnanchor">[1258]</a></p> + +<p>He was entitled to speak thus, for he made a point of never +acknowledging the devil's power over him. His love of God he showed by +seeking out wizards and witches with a greater zeal than was displayed +by bishops and inquisitors. In France, in Poitou, and in Brittany he +had sent more to the stake than any other man living.<a name="FNanchor_1259_1259" id="FNanchor_1259_1259"></a><a href="#Footnote_1259_1259" class="fnanchor">[1259]</a></p> + +<p>The Duke of Alençon dared not either dismiss him or grant him a +lodging for the night. It was the custom for new comers to keep the +watch. The Constable with his company kept watch that night in front +of the castle.<a name="FNanchor_1260_1260" id="FNanchor_1260_1260"></a><a href="#Footnote_1260_1260" class="fnanchor">[1260]</a></p> + +<p>Without more ado the young Duke of Alençon proceeded to the attack. +Here, again, those who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.366" id="Page_i.366">[Pg i.366]</a></span> bore the brunt of the attack and provided for +the siege were the citizens of Orléans. The magistrates of the town +had sent by water from Meung to Beaugency the necessary siege train, +ladders, pickaxes, mattocks, and those great pent-houses beneath which +the besiegers protected themselves like tortoises under their shells. +They had sent also cannons and mortars. The gay gunner, Master Jean de +Montesclère, was there.<a name="FNanchor_1261_1261" id="FNanchor_1261_1261"></a><a href="#Footnote_1261_1261" class="fnanchor">[1261]</a> All these supplies were addressed to the +Maid. The magistrate, Jean Boillève, brought bread and wine in a +barge.<a name="FNanchor_1262_1262" id="FNanchor_1262_1262"></a><a href="#Footnote_1262_1262" class="fnanchor">[1262]</a> Throughout Friday, the 7th, mortars and cannon hurled +stones on the besieged. At the same time from the valley and from the +river the attack was being made from barges. On the 17th of June, at +midnight, Sir Richard Gethyn, Bailie of Évreux, who commanded the +garrison, offered to capitulate. It was agreed that the English should +surrender the castle and bridge, and depart on the morrow, taking with +them horses and harness with each man his property to the value of not +more than one silver mark. Further, they were required to swear that +they would not take up arms again before the expiration of ten days. +On these terms, the next day, at sunrise, to the number of five +hundred, they crossed the drawbridge and retreated on Meung, where the +castle, but not the bridge, remained in the hands of the +English.<a name="FNanchor_1263_1263" id="FNanchor_1263_1263"></a><a href="#Footnote_1263_1263" class="fnanchor">[1263]</a> The Constable wisely sent a few men to reinforce the +garrison on the Meung<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.367" id="Page_i.367">[Pg i.367]</a></span> Bridge.<a name="FNanchor_1264_1264" id="FNanchor_1264_1264"></a><a href="#Footnote_1264_1264" class="fnanchor">[1264]</a> Sir Richard Gethyn and Captain +Matthew Gough were detained as hostages.<a name="FNanchor_1265_1265" id="FNanchor_1265_1265"></a><a href="#Footnote_1265_1265" class="fnanchor">[1265]</a></p> + +<p>The Beaugency garrison had been in too great haste to surrender. +Scarce had it gone when a man-at-arms of Captain La Hire's company +came to the Duke of Alençon saying: "The English are marching upon us. +We shall have them in front of us directly. They are over there, full +one thousand fighting men."</p> + +<p>Jeanne heard him speak but did not seize his meaning.</p> + +<p>"What is that man-at-arms saying?" she asked.</p> + +<p>And when she knew, turning to Arthur of Brittany, who was close by, +she said: "Ah! Fair Constable, it was not my will that you should +come, but since you are here, I bid you welcome."<a name="FNanchor_1266_1266" id="FNanchor_1266_1266"></a><a href="#Footnote_1266_1266" class="fnanchor">[1266]</a></p> + +<p>The force the French had to face was Sir John Talbot and Sir John +Fastolf with the whole English army.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.368" id="Page_i.368">[Pg i.368]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h3>THE BATTLE OF PATAY—OPINIONS OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN ECCLESIASTICS—THE +GIEN ARMY</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/caph.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="H" title="H" class="floatl" />AVING left Paris on the 9th of June, Sir John Fastolf was coming +through La Beauce with five thousand fighting men. To the English at +Jargeau he was bringing victuals and arrows in abundance. Learning by +the way that the town had surrendered, he left his stores at Étampes +and marched on to Janville, where Sir John Talbot joined him with +forty lances and two hundred bowmen.<a name="FNanchor_1267_1267" id="FNanchor_1267_1267"></a><a href="#Footnote_1267_1267" class="fnanchor">[1267]</a></p> + +<p>There they heard that the French had taken the Meung bridge and laid +siege to Beaugency. Sir John Talbot wished to march to the relief of +the inhabitants of Beaugency and deliver them with the aid of God and +Saint George. Sir John Fastolf counselled abandoning Sir Richard +Gethyn and his garrison to their fate; for the moment he deemed it +wiser not to fight. Finding his own men fearful and the French full of +courage, he thought the best thing the English could do would be to +establish themselves in the towns, castles, and strongholds remaining +to them, there to await the reinforcements promised by the Regent.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.369" id="Page_i.369">[Pg i.369]</a></span></p> + +<p>"In comparison with the French we are but a handfull," he said. "If +luck should turn against us, then we should be in a fair way to lose +all those conquests won by our late King Henry after strenuous effort +and long delay."<a name="FNanchor_1268_1268" id="FNanchor_1268_1268"></a><a href="#Footnote_1268_1268" class="fnanchor">[1268]</a></p> + +<p>His advice was disregarded and the army marched on Beaugency. The +force was not far from the town on Friday, the 17th of June, just when +the garrison was issuing forth with horses, armour, and baggage to the +amount of one silver mark's worth for each man.<a name="FNanchor_1269_1269" id="FNanchor_1269_1269"></a><a href="#Footnote_1269_1269" class="fnanchor">[1269]</a></p> + +<p>Informed of the army's approach the French King's men went forth to +meet it. The scouts had not far to ride before they descried the +standards and pennons of England waving over the plain, about two and +a half miles from Patay. Then the French ascended a hill whence they +could observe the enemy. Captain La Hire and the young Sire de Termes +said to the Maid: "The English are coming. They are in battle array +and ready to fight."</p> + +<p>As was her wont, she made answer: "Strike boldly and they will flee."</p> + +<p>And she added that the battle would not be long.<a name="FNanchor_1270_1270" id="FNanchor_1270_1270"></a><a href="#Footnote_1270_1270" class="fnanchor">[1270]</a></p> + +<p>Believing that the French were offering them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.370" id="Page_i.370">[Pg i.370]</a></span> battle, the English took +up their position. The archers planted their stakes in the ground, +their points inclined towards the enemy. Thus they generally prepared +to fight; they had not done otherwise at the Battle of the Herrings. +The sun was already declining on the horizon.<a name="FNanchor_1271_1271" id="FNanchor_1271_1271"></a><a href="#Footnote_1271_1271" class="fnanchor">[1271]</a></p> + +<p>The Duke of Alençon had by no means decided to descend into the plain. +In presence of the Constable, my Lord the Bastard and the captains, he +consulted the holy Maid, who gave him an enigmatical answer: "See to +it that you have good spurs."</p> + +<p>Taking her to mean the Count of Clermont's spurs, the spurs of +Rouvray, the Duke of Alençon exclaimed: "What do you say? Shall we +turn our backs on them?"</p> + +<p>"Nay," she replied.</p> + +<p>On all occasions her Voices counselled unwavering confidence. "Nay. In +God's name, go down against them; for they shall flee and shall not +stay and shall be utterly discomfited; and you shall lose scarce any +men; wherefore you will need your spurs to pursue them."<a name="FNanchor_1272_1272" id="FNanchor_1272_1272"></a><a href="#Footnote_1272_1272" class="fnanchor">[1272]</a></p> + +<p>According to the opinions of doctors and masters it was well to listen +to the Maid, but at the same time to follow the course marked out by +human wisdom.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.371" id="Page_i.371">[Pg i.371]</a></span></p> + +<p>The commanders of the army, either because they judged the occasion +unfavourable or because, after so many defeats, they feared a pitched +battle, did not come down from their hill. The two heralds sent by two +English knights to offer single combat received the answer: "For +to-day you may go to bed, because it grows late. But to-morrow, if it +be God's will, we will come to closer quarters."<a name="FNanchor_1273_1273" id="FNanchor_1273_1273"></a><a href="#Footnote_1273_1273" class="fnanchor">[1273]</a></p> + +<p>The English, assured that they would not be attacked, marched off to +pass the night at Meung.<a name="FNanchor_1274_1274" id="FNanchor_1274_1274"></a><a href="#Footnote_1274_1274" class="fnanchor">[1274]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, Saturday, the 18th, Saint Hubert's day, the French went +forth against them. They were not there. The <i>Godons</i> had decamped +early in the morning and gone off, with cannon, ammunition, and +victuals, towards Janville,<a name="FNanchor_1275_1275" id="FNanchor_1275_1275"></a><a href="#Footnote_1275_1275" class="fnanchor">[1275]</a> where they intended to entrench +themselves.</p> + +<p>Straightway King Charles's army of twelve thousand men<a name="FNanchor_1276_1276" id="FNanchor_1276_1276"></a><a href="#Footnote_1276_1276" class="fnanchor">[1276]</a> set out +in pursuit of them. Along the Paris road they went, over the plain of +Beauce, wooded, full of game, covered with thickets and brushwood, +wild, but finely to the taste of English and French riders, who +praised it highly.<a name="FNanchor_1277_1277" id="FNanchor_1277_1277"></a><a href="#Footnote_1277_1277" class="fnanchor">[1277]</a></p> + +<p>Gazing over the infinite plain, where the earth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.372" id="Page_i.372">[Pg i.372]</a></span> seems to recede +before one's glance, the Maid beheld the sky in front of her, that +cloudy sky of plains, suggesting marvellous adventures on the +mountains of the air, and she cried: "In God's name, if they were +hanging from the clouds we should have them."<a name="FNanchor_1278_1278" id="FNanchor_1278_1278"></a><a href="#Footnote_1278_1278" class="fnanchor">[1278]</a></p> + +<p>Now, as on the previous evening, she prophesied: "To-day our fair King +shall win a victory greater than has been his for a long time. My +Council has told me that they are all ours."</p> + +<p>She foretold that there would be few, or none of the French +slain.<a name="FNanchor_1279_1279" id="FNanchor_1279_1279"></a><a href="#Footnote_1279_1279" class="fnanchor">[1279]</a></p> + +<p>Captain Poton and Sire Arnault de Gugem went forth to reconnoitre. The +most skilled men-of-war, and among them my Lord the Bastard and the +Marshal de Boussac, mounted on the finest of war-steeds, formed the +vanguard. Then under the leadership of Captain La Hire, who knew the +country, came the horse of the Duke of Alençon, the Count of Vendôme, +the Constable of France, with archers and cross-bowmen. Last of all +came the rear-guard, commanded by the lords of Graville, Laval, Rais, +and Saint-Gilles.<a name="FNanchor_1280_1280" id="FNanchor_1280_1280"></a><a href="#Footnote_1280_1280" class="fnanchor">[1280]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid, ever zealous, desired to be in the vanguard; but she was +kept back. She did not lead the men-at-arms, rather the men-at-arms +led her. They regarded her, not as captain of war but as a bringer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.373" id="Page_i.373">[Pg i.373]</a></span> of +good luck. Greatly saddened, she must needs take her place in the +rear, in the company, doubtless, of the Sire de Rais, where she had +originally been placed.<a name="FNanchor_1281_1281" id="FNanchor_1281_1281"></a><a href="#Footnote_1281_1281" class="fnanchor">[1281]</a> The whole army pressed forward for fear +the enemy should escape them.</p> + +<p>After they had ridden twelve or thirteen miles in overpowering heat, +and passed Saint-Sigismond on the left and got beyond Saint-Péravy, +Captain Poton's sixty to eighty scouts reached a spot where the +ground, which had been level hitherto, descends, and where the road +leads down into a hollow called La Retrève. They could not actually +see the hollow, but beyond it the ground rose gently; and, dimly +visible, scarcely two and a half miles away was the belfry of +Lignerolles on the wooded plain known as Climat-du-Camp. A league +straight in front of them was the little town of Patay.<a name="FNanchor_1282_1282" id="FNanchor_1282_1282"></a><a href="#Footnote_1282_1282" class="fnanchor">[1282]</a></p> + +<p>It is two o'clock in the afternoon. Poton's and Gugem's horse chance +to raise a stag, which darts out of a thicket and plunges down into +the hollow of La Retrève. Suddenly a clamour of voices ascends from +the hollow. It proceeds from the English soldiers loudly disputing +over the game which has fallen into their hands. Thus informed of the +enemy's presence, the French scouts halt and straightway despatch +certain of their company to go and tell the army that they have +surprised the <i>Godons</i> and that it is time to set to work.<a name="FNanchor_1283_1283" id="FNanchor_1283_1283"></a><a href="#Footnote_1283_1283" class="fnanchor">[1283]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.374" id="Page_i.374">[Pg i.374]</a></span></p> +<p>Now this is what had been happening among the English. They were +retreating in good order on Janville, their vanguard commanded by a +knight bearing a white standard.<a name="FNanchor_1284_1284" id="FNanchor_1284_1284"></a><a href="#Footnote_1284_1284" class="fnanchor">[1284]</a> Then came the artillery and the +victuals in waggons driven by merchants; then the main body of the +army, commanded by Sir John Talbot and Sir John Fastolf. The +rear-guard, which was likely to bear the brunt of the attack, +consisted only of Englishmen from England.<a name="FNanchor_1285_1285" id="FNanchor_1285_1285"></a><a href="#Footnote_1285_1285" class="fnanchor">[1285]</a> It followed at some +distance from the rest. Its scouts, having seen the French without +being seen by them, informed Sir John Talbot, who was then between the +hamlet of Saint-Péravy and the town of Patay. On this information he +called a halt and commanded the vanguard with waggons and cannon to +take up its position on the edge of the Lignerolles wood. The position +was excellent: backed by the forest, the combatants were secure +against being attacked in the rear,<a name="FNanchor_1286_1286" id="FNanchor_1286_1286"></a><a href="#Footnote_1286_1286" class="fnanchor">[1286]</a> while in front they were +able to entrench themselves behind their waggons. The main body did +not advance so far. It halted some little distance from Lignerolles, +in the hollow of La Retrève. On this spot the road was lined with +quickset hedges. Sir John Talbot with five hundred picked bowmen +stationed himself there to await the French who must perforce pass +that way. His design was to defend the road until the rear-guard had +had time to join the main body, and then, keeping close to the hedges, +he would fall back upon the army.</p> + +<p>The archers, as was their wont, were making ready to plant in the +ground those pointed stakes, the spikes of which they turned against +the chests of the enemy's horses, when the French, led by Poton's +scouts, came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.375" id="Page_i.375">[Pg i.375]</a></span> down upon them like a whirlwind, overthrew them, and cut +them to pieces.<a name="FNanchor_1287_1287" id="FNanchor_1287_1287"></a><a href="#Footnote_1287_1287" class="fnanchor">[1287]</a></p> + +<p>At this moment, Sir John Fastolf, at the head of the main body, was +preparing to join the vanguard. Feeling the French cavalry at his +heels, he gave spur and at full gallop led his men on to Lignerolles. +When those of the white standard saw him arriving thus in rout, they +thought he had been defeated. They took fright, abandoned the edge of +the wood, rushed into the thickets of Climat-du-Camp and in great +disorder came out on the Paris road. With the main body of the army, +Sir John Fastolf pushed on in the same direction. There was no battle. +Marching over the bodies of Talbot's archers, the French threw +themselves on the English, who were as dazed as a flock of sheep and +fell before the foe without resistance. Thus the French slew two +thousand of those common folk whom the <i>Godons</i> were accustomed to +transport from their own land to be killed in France. When the main +body of the French, commanded by La Hire, reached Lignerolles, they +found only eight hundred foot whom they soon overthrew. Of the twelve +to thirteen thousand French on the march, scarce fifteen hundred took +part in the battle or rather in the massacre. Sir John Talbot, who had +leapt on to his horse without staying to put on his spurs, was taken +prisoner by the Captains La Hire and Poton.<a name="FNanchor_1288_1288" id="FNanchor_1288_1288"></a><a href="#Footnote_1288_1288" class="fnanchor">[1288]</a> The Lords Scales, +Hungerford and Falconbridge, Sir Thomas Guérard, Richard Spencer and +Fitz Walter were taken and held to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.376" id="Page_i.376">[Pg i.376]</a></span> ransom. In all, there were between +twelve and fifteen hundred prisoners.<a name="FNanchor_1289_1289" id="FNanchor_1289_1289"></a><a href="#Footnote_1289_1289" class="fnanchor">[1289]</a></p> + +<p>Not more than two hundred men-at-arms pursued the fugitives to the +gates of Janville. Except for the vanguard, which had been the first +to take flight, the English army was entirely destroyed. On the French +side, the Sire de Termes, who was present, states that there was only +one killed; a man of his own company. Perceval de Boulainvilliers, +Councillor and King's Chamberlain, says there were three.<a name="FNanchor_1290_1290" id="FNanchor_1290_1290"></a><a href="#Footnote_1290_1290" class="fnanchor">[1290]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid arrived<a name="FNanchor_1291_1291" id="FNanchor_1291_1291"></a><a href="#Footnote_1291_1291" class="fnanchor">[1291]</a> before the slaughter was ended.<a name="FNanchor_1292_1292" id="FNanchor_1292_1292"></a><a href="#Footnote_1292_1292" class="fnanchor">[1292]</a> She saw a +Frenchman, who was leading some prisoners, strike one of them such a +blow on the head that he fell down as if dead. She dismounted and +procured the Englishman a confessor. She held his head and comforted +him as far as she could. Such was the part she played in the Battle of +Patay.<a name="FNanchor_1293_1293" id="FNanchor_1293_1293"></a><a href="#Footnote_1293_1293" class="fnanchor">[1293]</a> It was the part of a saintly maid.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.377" id="Page_i.377">[Pg i.377]</a></span></p><p>The French spent the night in the town. Sir John Talbot, having been +brought before the Duke of Alençon and the Constable, was thus +addressed by the young Duke: "This morning you little thought what +would happen to you."</p> + +<p>Talbot replied: "It is the chance of war."<a name="FNanchor_1294_1294" id="FNanchor_1294_1294"></a><a href="#Footnote_1294_1294" class="fnanchor">[1294]</a></p> + +<p>A few breathless <i>Godons</i> succeeded in reaching Janville.<a name="FNanchor_1295_1295" id="FNanchor_1295_1295"></a><a href="#Footnote_1295_1295" class="fnanchor">[1295]</a> But +the townsfolk, with whom on their departure they had deposited their +money and their goods, shut the gates in their faces and swore loyalty +to King Charles.</p> + +<p>The English commanders of the two small strongholds in La Beauce, +Montpipeau and Saint Sigismond, set fire to them and fled.<a name="FNanchor_1296_1296" id="FNanchor_1296_1296"></a><a href="#Footnote_1296_1296" class="fnanchor">[1296]</a></p> + +<p>From Patay the victorious army marched to Orléans. The inhabitants +were expecting the King. They had hung up tapestries ready for his +entrance.<a name="FNanchor_1297_1297" id="FNanchor_1297_1297"></a><a href="#Footnote_1297_1297" class="fnanchor">[1297]</a> But the King and his Chamberlain, fearing and not +without reason, some aggressive movement on the part of the Constable, +held themselves secure in the Château of Sully.<a name="FNanchor_1298_1298" id="FNanchor_1298_1298"></a><a href="#Footnote_1298_1298" class="fnanchor">[1298]</a> Thence they +started for Châteauneuf on the 22nd of June. That same day the Maid +joined the King at Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire. He received her with his +usual kindness and said: "I pity you because of the suffering you +endure." And he urged her to rest.</p> + +<p>At these words she wept. It has been said that her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.378" id="Page_i.378">[Pg i.378]</a></span> tears flowed +because of the indifference and incredulity towards her that the +King's urbanity implied.<a name="FNanchor_1299_1299" id="FNanchor_1299_1299"></a><a href="#Footnote_1299_1299" class="fnanchor">[1299]</a> But we must beware of attributing to +the tears of the enraptured and the illuminated a cause intelligible +to human reason. To her Charles appeared clothed in an ineffable +splendour like that of the holiest of kings. How, since she had shown +him her angels, invisible to ordinary folk, could she for one moment +have thought that he lacked faith in her?</p> + +<p>"Have no doubt," she said to him, confidently, "you shall receive the +whole of your kingdom and shortly shall be crowned."<a name="FNanchor_1300_1300" id="FNanchor_1300_1300"></a><a href="#Footnote_1300_1300" class="fnanchor">[1300]</a></p> + +<p>True, Charles seemed in no great haste to employ his knights in the +recovery of his kingdom. But his Council just then had no idea of +getting rid of the Maid. On the contrary, they were determined to use +her cleverly, so as to put heart into the French, to terrify the +English, and to convince the world that God, Saint Michael, and Saint +Catherine, were on the side of the Armagnacs. In announcing the +victory of Patay to the good towns, the royal councillors said not one +word of the Constable, neither did they mention my Lord the +Bastard.<a name="FNanchor_1301_1301" id="FNanchor_1301_1301"></a><a href="#Footnote_1301_1301" class="fnanchor">[1301]</a> They described as leaders of the army, the Maid, with +the two Princes of the Blood Royal, the Duke of Alençon, and the Duke +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.379" id="Page_i.379">[Pg i.379]</a></span> Vendôme. In such wise did they exalt her. And, indeed, she must +have been worth as much and more than a great captain, since the +Constable attempted to seize her. With this enterprise, he charged one +of his men, Andrieu de Beaumont, who had formerly been employed to +carry off the Sire de la Trémouille. But, as Andrieu de Beaumont had +failed with the Chamberlain, so he failed with the Maid.<a name="FNanchor_1302_1302" id="FNanchor_1302_1302"></a><a href="#Footnote_1302_1302" class="fnanchor">[1302]</a></p> + +<p>Probably she herself knew nothing of this plot. She besought the King +to pardon the Constable,—a request which proves how great was her +naïveté. By royal command Richemont received back his lordship of +Parthenay.<a name="FNanchor_1303_1303" id="FNanchor_1303_1303"></a><a href="#Footnote_1303_1303" class="fnanchor">[1303]</a></p> + +<p>Duke John of Brittany, who had married a sister of Charles of Valois, +was not always pleased with his brother-in-law's counsellors. In 1420, +considering him too Burgundian, they had devised for him a Bridge of +Montereau.<a name="FNanchor_1304_1304" id="FNanchor_1304_1304"></a><a href="#Footnote_1304_1304" class="fnanchor">[1304]</a> In reality, he was neither Armagnac nor Burgundian +nor French nor English, but Breton. In 1423 he recognised the Treaty +of Troyes; but two years later, when his brother, the Duke of +Richemont, had gone over to the French King and received the +Constable's sword from him, Duke John went to Charles of Valois, at +Saumur, and did homage for his duchy.<a name="FNanchor_1305_1305" id="FNanchor_1305_1305"></a><a href="#Footnote_1305_1305" class="fnanchor">[1305]</a> In short, he extricated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.380" id="Page_i.380">[Pg i.380]</a></span> +himself cleverly from the most embarrassing situations and succeeded +in remaining outside the quarrel of the two kings who were both eager +to involve him in it. While France and England were cutting each +other's throats, he was raising Brittany from its ruins.<a name="FNanchor_1306_1306" id="FNanchor_1306_1306"></a><a href="#Footnote_1306_1306" class="fnanchor">[1306]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid filled him with curiosity and admiration. Shortly after the +Battle of Patay, he sent to her, Hermine, his herald-at-arms, and +Brother Yves Milbeau, his confessor, to congratulate her on her +victory.<a name="FNanchor_1307_1307" id="FNanchor_1307_1307"></a><a href="#Footnote_1307_1307" class="fnanchor">[1307]</a> The good Brother was told to question Jeanne.</p> + +<p>He asked her whether it was God who had sent her to succour the King.</p> + +<p>Jeanne replied that it was.</p> + +<p>"If it be so," replied Brother Yves Milbeau, "my Lord the Duke of +Brittany, our liege lord, is disposed to proffer his service to the +King. He cannot come in person for he is sorely infirm. But he is to +send his son with a large army."</p> + +<p>The good Brother was speaking lightly and making a promise for his +duke which would never be kept. The only truth in it was that many +Breton nobles were coming in to take service with King Charles.</p> + +<p>On hearing these words, the little Saint made a curious mistake. She +thought that Brother Yves had meant that the Duke of Brittany was her +liege lord as well as his, which would have been altogether senseless. +Her loyalty revolted: "The Duke of Brittany is not my liege lord," she +replied sharply. "The King is my liege lord."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.381" id="Page_i.381">[Pg i.381]</a></span></p> + +<p>As far as we can tell, the Duke of Brittany's caution had produced no +favourable impression in France. He was censured for having set the +King's war ban at nought and made a treaty with the English. Jeanne +was of that opinion and to Brother Yves she said so plainly: "The Duke +should not have tarried so long in sending his men to aid the +King."<a name="FNanchor_1308_1308" id="FNanchor_1308_1308"></a><a href="#Footnote_1308_1308" class="fnanchor">[1308]</a></p> + +<p>A few days later, the Sire de Rostrenen, who had accompanied the +Constable to Beaugency and to Patay, came from Duke John to treat of +the prospective marriage between his eldest son, François, and Bonne +de Savoie, daughter of Duke Amédée. With him was Comment-Qu'il-Soit, +herald of Richard of Brittany, Count of Étampes. The herald was +commissioned to present the Maid with a dagger and horses.<a name="FNanchor_1309_1309" id="FNanchor_1309_1309"></a><a href="#Footnote_1309_1309" class="fnanchor">[1309]</a></p> + +<p>At Rome, in 1428, there was a French clerk, a compiler of one of those +histories of the world so common in those days and so much alike. His +cosmography, like all of them, began with the creation and came down +to the pontificate of Martin V who was then Pope. "Under this +pontificate," wrote the author, "the realm of France, the flower and +the lily of the world, opulent among the most opulent, before whom the +whole universe bowed, was cast down by its invader, the tyrant Henry, +who was not even the lawful lord of the realm of England." Then this +churchman vows the Burgundians to eternal infamy and hurls upon them +the most terrible maledictions. "May their eyes be torn out: may they +perish by an evil death!" Such language indicates a good Arma<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.382" id="Page_i.382">[Pg i.382]</a></span>gnac and +possibly a clerk despoiled of his goods and driven into exile by the +enemies of his country. When he learns the coming of the Maid and the +deliverance of Orléans, transported with joy and wonder, he re-opens +his history and consigns to its pages arguments in favour of the +marvellous Maid, whose deeds appear to him more divine than human, but +concerning whom he knows but little. He compares her to Deborah, +Judith, Esther, and Penthesilea. "In the books of the Gentiles it is +written," he says, "that Penthesilea, and a thousand virgins with her, +came to the succour of King Priam and fought so valiantly that they +tore the Myrmidons in pieces and slew more than two thousand Greeks." +According to him, both in courage and feats of prowess, the Maid far +surpasses Penthesilea. Her deeds promptly refute those who maintain +that she is sent by the Devil.<a name="FNanchor_1310_1310" id="FNanchor_1310_1310"></a><a href="#Footnote_1310_1310" class="fnanchor">[1310]</a></p> + +<p>In a moment the fame of the French King's prophetess had been spread +abroad throughout Christendom. While in temporal affairs the people +were rending each other, in spiritual matters obedience to one common +head made Europe one spiritual republic with one language and one +doctrine, governed by councils. The spirit of the Church was +all-pervading. In Italy, in Germany, the talk was all of the Sibyl of +France and her prowess which was so intimately associated with the +Christian faith. In those days it was sometimes the custom of those +who painted on the walls of monasteries to depict the Liberal Arts as +three noble dames. Between her two sisters, Logic would be painted, +seated on a lofty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.383" id="Page_i.383">[Pg i.383]</a></span> throne, wearing an antique turban, clothed in a +sparkling robe, and bearing in one hand a scorpion, in the other a +lizard, as a sign that her knowledge winds its way into the heart of +the adversary's argument, and saves her from being herself entrapped. +At her feet, looking up to her, would be Aristotle, disputing and +reckoning up his arguments on his fingers.<a name="FNanchor_1311_1311" id="FNanchor_1311_1311"></a><a href="#Footnote_1311_1311" class="fnanchor">[1311]</a> This austere lady +formed all her disciples in the same mould. In those days nothing was +more despicable than singularity. Originality of mind did not then +exist. The clerks who treated of the Maid all followed the same +method, advanced the same arguments, and based them on the same texts, +sacred and profane. Conformity could go no further. Their minds were +identical, but not their hearts; it is the mind that argues, but the +heart that decides. These scholastics, dryer than their parchment, +were men, notwithstanding; they were swayed by sentiment, by passion, +by interests spiritual or temporal. While the Armagnac doctors were +demonstrating that in the Maid's case reasons for belief were stronger +than reasons for disbelief, the German or Italian masters, caring +nought for the quarrel of the Dauphin of Viennois,<a name="FNanchor_1312_1312" id="FNanchor_1312_1312"></a><a href="#Footnote_1312_1312" class="fnanchor">[1312]</a> remained in +doubt, unmoved by either love or hatred.</p> + +<p>There was a doctor of theology, one Heinrich von Gorcum, a professor +at Cologne. As early as the month of June, 1429, he drew up a memorial +concerning the Maid. In Germany, minds were divided as to whether the +nature of the damsel were human<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.384" id="Page_i.384">[Pg i.384]</a></span> or whether she were not rather a +celestial being clothed in woman's form; as to whether her deeds +proceeded from a human origin or had a supernatural source; and, if +the latter, whether that source were good or bad. Meister Heinrich von +Gorcum wrote his treatise to present arguments from Holy Scripture on +both sides, and he abstained from drawing any conclusion.<a name="FNanchor_1313_1313" id="FNanchor_1313_1313"></a><a href="#Footnote_1313_1313" class="fnanchor">[1313]</a></p> + +<p>In Italy, the same doubts and the same uncertainty prevailed +concerning the deeds of the Maid. Those there were who maintained that +they were mere inventions. At Milan, it was disputed whether any +credence could be placed in tidings from France. To discover the truth +about them, the notables of the city resolved to despatch a Franciscan +friar, Brother Antonio de Rho, a good humanist and a zealous preacher +of moral purity.</p> + +<p>And Giovanni Corsini, Senator of the duchy of Arezzo, impelled by a +like curiosity, consulted a learned clerk of Milan, one Cosmo Raimondi +of Cremona. The following is the gist of the learned Ciceronian's +reply:</p> + +<p>"Most noble lord, they say that God's choice of a shepherdess for the +restoration of a kingdom to a prince, is a new thing. And yet we know +that the shepherd David was anointed king. It is told how the Maid, at +the head of a small company, defied a great army. The victory may be +explained by an advantageous position and an unexpected attack. But +supposing we refrain from saying that the enemy was surprised and that +his courage forsook him, matters which are none the less possible, +supposing we admit that there was a miracle: what is there astonishing +in that? Is it not still more wonderful that Samson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.385" id="Page_i.385">[Pg i.385]</a></span> should have slain +so many Philistines with the jaw-bone of an ass?</p> + +<p>"The Maid is said to possess the power of revealing the future. +Remember the Sibyls, notably the Erythræan and the Cumæan. They were +heathens. Why should not a like power be granted to a Christian? This +woman is a shepherdess. Jacob, when he kept Laban's flocks, conversed +familiarly with God. To such examples and to such reasons, which +incline me to give credence to the rumour, I add another reason +derived from physical science. In treatises on astrology I have often +read that by the favourable influence of the stars, certain men of +lowly birth have become the equals of the highest princes and been +regarded as men divine charged with a celestial mission. Guido da +Forli, a clever astronomer, quotes a great number of such instances. +Wherefore I should not deem myself to be incurring any reproach if I +believed that through the influence of the stars, the Maid has +undertaken what is reported of her."</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of his arguments the clerk of Cremona says that, +while not absolutely rejecting the reports concerning her, he does not +consider them to be sufficiently proved.<a name="FNanchor_1314_1314" id="FNanchor_1314_1314"></a><a href="#Footnote_1314_1314" class="fnanchor">[1314]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne maintained her resolution to go to Reims and take the King to +his anointing.<a name="FNanchor_1315_1315" id="FNanchor_1315_1315"></a><a href="#Footnote_1315_1315" class="fnanchor">[1315]</a> She did not stay to consider whether it would be +better to wage war in Champagne than in Normandy. She did not know +enough of the configuration of the country to decide such a question, +and it is not likely that her saints and angels knew more of geography +than she did. She was in haste to take the King to Reims for his +anoint<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.386" id="Page_i.386">[Pg i.386]</a></span>ing, because she believed it impossible for him to be king +until he had been anointed.<a name="FNanchor_1316_1316" id="FNanchor_1316_1316"></a><a href="#Footnote_1316_1316" class="fnanchor">[1316]</a> The idea of leading him to be +anointed with the holy oil had come to her in her native village, long +before the siege of Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1317_1317" id="FNanchor_1317_1317"></a><a href="#Footnote_1317_1317" class="fnanchor">[1317]</a> This inspiration was wholly of the +spirit, and had nothing to do with the state of affairs created by the +deliverance of Orléans and the victory of Patay.</p> + +<p>The best course would have been to march straight on Paris after the +18th of June. The French were then only ninety miles from the great +city, which at that juncture would not have thought of defending +itself. Considering it as good as lost, the Regent shut himself up in +the Fort of Vincennes.<a name="FNanchor_1318_1318" id="FNanchor_1318_1318"></a><a href="#Footnote_1318_1318" class="fnanchor">[1318]</a> They had missed their opportunity. The +French King's Councillors, Princes of the Blood, were deliberating, +surprised by victory, not knowing what to do with it. Certain it is +that not one of them thought of conquering, and that speedily, the +whole inheritance of King Charles. The forces at their disposal, and +the very conditions of the society in which they lived, rendered it +impossible for them to conceive of such an undertaking. The lords of +the Great Council were not like the poverty stricken monks, dreaming +in their ruined cloisters<a name="FNanchor_1319_1319" id="FNanchor_1319_1319"></a><a href="#Footnote_1319_1319" class="fnanchor">[1319]</a> of an age of peace and concord. The +King's Councillors were no dreamers; they did not believe in the end +of the war, neither did they desire it. But they intended to conduct +it with the least possible risk and expenditure. There would always be +folk enough to don the hauberk and go a-plundering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.387" id="Page_i.387">[Pg i.387]</a></span> they said to +themselves; the taking and re-taking of towns must continue; +sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof; to fight long one must +fight gently; nine times out of ten more is gained by negotiations and +treaties than by feats of prowess; truces must be concluded craftily +and broken cautiously; some defeats must be expected, and some work +must be left for the young. Such were the opinions of the good +servants of King Charles.<a name="FNanchor_1320_1320" id="FNanchor_1320_1320"></a><a href="#Footnote_1320_1320" class="fnanchor">[1320]</a></p> + +<p>Certain among them wished the war to be carried on in Normandy.<a name="FNanchor_1321_1321" id="FNanchor_1321_1321"></a><a href="#Footnote_1321_1321" class="fnanchor">[1321]</a> +The idea had occurred to them as early as the month of May, before the +Loire campaign, and indeed there was much to be said for it. In +Normandy they would cut the English tree at its root. It was quite +possible that they might immediately recover a part of that province +where the English had but few fighting men. In 1424 the Norman +garrisons consisted of not more than four hundred lances and twelve +hundred bowmen.<a name="FNanchor_1322_1322" id="FNanchor_1322_1322"></a><a href="#Footnote_1322_1322" class="fnanchor">[1322]</a> Since then they had received but few +reinforcements. The Regent was recruiting men everywhere and +displaying marvellous activity, but he lacked money, and his soldiers +were always deserting.<a name="FNanchor_1323_1323" id="FNanchor_1323_1323"></a><a href="#Footnote_1323_1323" class="fnanchor">[1323]</a> In the conquered province, as soon as the +<i>Coués</i> came out of their strongholds they found themselves in the +enemy's territory. From the borders of Brittany, Maine, Perche as far +as Pon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.388" id="Page_i.388">[Pg i.388]</a></span>thieu and Picardy, on the banks of the Mayenne, Orne, the Dive, +the Touque, the Eure, the Seine, the partisans of the various factions +held the country, watching the roads, robbing, ravaging, and +murdering.<a name="FNanchor_1324_1324" id="FNanchor_1324_1324"></a><a href="#Footnote_1324_1324" class="fnanchor">[1324]</a> Everywhere the French would have found these brave +fellows ready to espouse their cause; the peasants and the village +priests would likewise have wished them well. But the campaign would +involve long sieges of towns, strongly defended, albeit held by but +small garrisons. Now the men-at-arms dreaded the delays of sieges, and +the royal treasury was not sufficient for such costly undertakings.<a name="FNanchor_1325_1325" id="FNanchor_1325_1325"></a><a href="#Footnote_1325_1325" class="fnanchor">[1325]</a> +Normandy was ruined, stripped of its crops, and robbed of its cattle. +Were the captains and their men to go into this famine-stricken land? +And why should the King reconquer so poor a province?</p> + +<p>And these freebooters, who were willing to stretch out a hand to the +French, were not very attractive. It was well known that brigands they +were, and brigands would remain, and that Normandy once reconquered, +they would have to be got rid of, to the last man, without honour and +without profit. In which case would it not be better to leave them to +be dealt with by the <i>Godons</i>?</p> + +<p>Other nobles clamoured for an expedition into Champagne.<a name="FNanchor_1326_1326" id="FNanchor_1326_1326"></a><a href="#Footnote_1326_1326" class="fnanchor">[1326]</a> And in +spite of all that has been said to the contrary, the Maid's visions +had no influence whatever on this determination. The King's +Councillors led Jeanne and were far from being led by her.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.389" id="Page_i.389">[Pg i.389]</a></span> Once +before they had diverted her from the road to Reims by providing her +with work on the Loire. Once again they might divert her into +Normandy, without her even perceiving it, so ignorant was she of the +roads and of the lie of the land. If there were certain who +recommended a campaign in Champagne, it was not on the faith of saints +and angels, but for purely human reasons. Is it possible to discover +these reasons? There were doubtless certain lords and captains who +considered the interest of the King and the kingdom, but every one +found it so difficult not to confound it with his own interest, that +the best way to discover who was responsible for the march on Reims is +to find out who was to profit by it. It was certainly not the Duke of +Alençon, who would have greatly preferred to take advantage of the +Maid's help for the conquest of his own duchy.<a name="FNanchor_1327_1327" id="FNanchor_1327_1327"></a><a href="#Footnote_1327_1327" class="fnanchor">[1327]</a> Neither was it my +Lord the Bastard, nor the Sire de Gaucourt, nor the King himself, for +they must have desired the securing of Berry and the Orléanais by the +capture of La Charité held by the terrible Perrinet Gressart.<a name="FNanchor_1328_1328" id="FNanchor_1328_1328"></a><a href="#Footnote_1328_1328" class="fnanchor">[1328]</a> On +the other hand we may conclude that the Queen of Sicily would not be +unfavourable to the march of the King, her son-in-law, in a north +easterly direction. This Spanish lady was possessed by the Angevin +mania. Reassured for the moment concerning the fate of her duchy of +Anjou, she was pursuing eagerly, and to the great hurt of the realm of +France, the establishment of her son René in the duchy of Bar and in +the inheritance of Lorraine. She cannot have been displeased, +therefore, when she saw the King keeping her an open road between Gien +and Troyes and Châlons. But since the Constable's exile she had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.390" id="Page_i.390">[Pg i.390]</a></span> lost +all influence over her son-in-law, and it is difficult to discover who +could have watched her interests in the Council of May, 1429.<a name="FNanchor_1329_1329" id="FNanchor_1329_1329"></a><a href="#Footnote_1329_1329" class="fnanchor">[1329]</a> +Besides, without seeking further, it is obvious that there was one +person, who above all others must have desired the anointing of the +King, and who more than any was in a position to make his opinion +prevail. That person was the man on whom devolved the duty of holding +in his consecrated hands the Sacred Ampulla, my Lord Regnault de +Chartres, Archbishop Duke of Reims, Chancellor of the Kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_1330_1330" id="FNanchor_1330_1330"></a><a href="#Footnote_1330_1330" class="fnanchor">[1330]</a></p> + +<p>He was a man of rare intelligence, skilled in business, a very clever +diplomatist, greedy of wealth, caring less for empty honours than for +solid advantage, avaricious, unscrupulous, one who at the age of about +fifty had lost nothing of his consuming energy; he had recently +displayed it by spending himself nobly in the defence of Orléans. Thus +gifted, how could he fail to exercise a powerful control over the +government?</p> + +<p>Fifteen years had passed since his elevation to the archiepiscopal see +of Reims; and of his enormous revenue he had not yet received one +penny. Albeit the possessor of great wealth from other sources, he +pleaded poverty. To the Pope he addressed heart-rending +supplications.<a name="FNanchor_1331_1331" id="FNanchor_1331_1331"></a><a href="#Footnote_1331_1331" class="fnanchor">[1331]</a> If the Maid had found favour in the eyes of the +Poitiers doctors, Monseigneur Regnault had had something to do with +it. Had it not been for him, the doctors at court would never have +proposed her examination. And we shall not be mak<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.391" id="Page_i.391">[Pg i.391]</a></span>ing too bold a +hypothesis if we conclude, that when the march on Reims was decided in +the royal council, it was because the Archbishop, on grounds suggested +by human reason, approved of what the Maid proposed by divine +inspiration.<a name="FNanchor_1332_1332" id="FNanchor_1332_1332"></a><a href="#Footnote_1332_1332" class="fnanchor">[1332]</a></p> + +<p>While the coronation campaign was attended with grave drawbacks and +met with serious obstacles, it nevertheless brought great gain and a +certain subtle advantage to the royal cause. Unfortunately it left +free from attack the rest of France occupied by the English, and it +gave the latter time to recover themselves and procure aid from over +sea. We shall shortly see what good use they made of their +opportunities.<a name="FNanchor_1333_1333" id="FNanchor_1333_1333"></a><a href="#Footnote_1333_1333" class="fnanchor">[1333]</a> As to the advantages of the expedition, they were +many and various. First, Jeanne truly expressed the sentiments of the +poor priests and the common folk when she said that the Dauphin would +reap great profit from his anointing.<a name="FNanchor_1334_1334" id="FNanchor_1334_1334"></a><a href="#Footnote_1334_1334" class="fnanchor">[1334]</a> From the oil of the holy +Ampulla the King would derive a splendour, a majesty which would +impress the whole of France, yea, even the whole of Christendom. In +those days royalty was alike spiritual and temporal; and multitudes of +men believed with Jeanne that kings only became kings by being +anointed with the holy oil. Thus it would not be wrong to say that +Charles of Valois would receive greater power from one drop of oil +than from ten thousand lances. On a consideration like this the King's +Councillors must needs set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.392" id="Page_i.392">[Pg i.392]</a></span> great store. They had also to take into +account the time and the place. Might not the ceremony be performed in +some other town than Reims? Might not the so-called "mystery" take +place in that city which had been delivered by the intercession of its +blessed patrons, Saint-Aignan and Saint Euverte? Two kings descended +from Hugh Capet, Robert the Wise and Louis the Fat, had been crowned +at Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1335_1335" id="FNanchor_1335_1335"></a><a href="#Footnote_1335_1335" class="fnanchor">[1335]</a> But the memory of their royal coronation was lost in +the mists of antiquity, while folk still retained the memory of a long +procession of most Christian kings anointed in the town where the holy +oil had been brought down to Clovis by the celestial dove.<a name="FNanchor_1336_1336" id="FNanchor_1336_1336"></a><a href="#Footnote_1336_1336" class="fnanchor">[1336]</a> +Besides, the lord Archbishop and Duke of Reims would never have +suffered the King to receive his anointing save at his hand and in his +cathedral.</p> + +<p>Therefore it was necessary to go to Reims. It was necessary also to +anticipate the English who had resolved to conduct thither their +infant King that he might receive consecration according to the +ancient ceremonial.<a name="FNanchor_1337_1337" id="FNanchor_1337_1337"></a><a href="#Footnote_1337_1337" class="fnanchor">[1337]</a> But if the French had invaded Normandy they +would have closed the young Henry's road to Paris and to Reims, a road +which was already<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.393" id="Page_i.393">[Pg i.393]</a></span> insecure for him; and it would be childish to +maintain that the coronation could not have been postponed for a few +weeks. If the conquest of Norman lands and Norman towns was renounced +therefore, it was not merely for the sake of capturing the holy +Ampulla. The Lord Archbishop of Reims had other objects at heart. He +believed, for example, that, by pressing in between the Duke of +Burgundy and his English allies, an excellent impression would be +produced on the mind of that Prince and the edifying object-lesson +presented to his consideration of Charles, son of Charles, King of +France, riding at the head of a powerful army.</p> + +<p>To attain the city of the Blessed Saint Remi two hundred and fifty +miles of hostile country must be traversed. But for some time the army +would be in no danger of meeting the enemy on the road. The English +and Burgundians were engaged in using every means both fair and foul +for the raising of troops. For the moment the French need fear no foe. +The rich country of Champagne, sparsely wooded, well cultivated, +teemed with corn and wine, and abounded in fat cattle.<a name="FNanchor_1338_1338" id="FNanchor_1338_1338"></a><a href="#Footnote_1338_1338" class="fnanchor">[1338]</a> Champagne +had not been devastated like Normandy. There was a likelihood of +obtaining food for the men-at-arms, especially if, as was hoped, the +good towns supplied victuals. They were very wealthy; their barns +overflowed with corn. While owing allegiance to King Henry, no bonds +of affection united them to the English or to the Burgundians. They +governed themselves. They were rich merchants, who only longed for +peace and who did their best to bring it about. Just now they were +beginning to suspect that the Armagnacs were growing the stronger +party. These folk of Champagne had a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.394" id="Page_i.394">[Pg i.394]</a></span> clergy and a <i>bourgeoisie</i> who +might be appealed to. It was not a question of storming their towns +with artillery, mines, and trenches, but of getting round them with +amnesties, concessions to the merchants and elaborate engagements to +respect the privileges of the clergy. In this country there was no +risk of rotting in hovels or burning in bastions. The townsfolk were +expected to throw open their gates and partly from love, partly from +fear, to give money to their lord the King.</p> + +<p>The campaign was already arranged, and that very skilfully. +Communications had been opened with Troyes and Châlons. By letters and +messages from a few notables of Reims it was made known to King +Charles that if he came they would open to him the gates of their +town. He even received three or four citizens, who said to him, "Go +forth in confidence to our city of Reims. It shall not be our fault if +you do not enter therein."<a name="FNanchor_1339_1339" id="FNanchor_1339_1339"></a><a href="#Footnote_1339_1339" class="fnanchor">[1339]</a></p> + +<p>Such assurances emboldened the Royal Council; and the march into +Champagne was resolved upon.</p> + +<p>The army assembled at Gien; it increased daily. The nobles of Brittany +and Poitou came in in great numbers, most of them mounted on sorry +steeds<a name="FNanchor_1340_1340" id="FNanchor_1340_1340"></a><a href="#Footnote_1340_1340" class="fnanchor">[1340]</a> and commanding but small companies of men. The poorest +equipped themselves as archers, and in default of better service were +ready to act as bowmen. Villeins and tradesmen came likewise.<a name="FNanchor_1341_1341" id="FNanchor_1341_1341"></a><a href="#Footnote_1341_1341" class="fnanchor">[1341]</a> +From the Loire to the Seine and from the Seine to the Somme the only +cultivated land was round <i>châteaux</i> and fortresses. Most of the +fields lay fallow. In many places<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.395" id="Page_i.395">[Pg i.395]</a></span> fairs and markets had been +suspended. Labourers were everywhere out of work. War, after having +ruined all trades, was now the only trade. Says Eustache Deschamps, +"All men will become squires. Scarce any artisans are left."<a name="FNanchor_1342_1342" id="FNanchor_1342_1342"></a><a href="#Footnote_1342_1342" class="fnanchor">[1342]</a> At +the place of meeting there assembled thirty thousand men, of whom many +were on foot and many came from the villages, giving their services in +return for food. There were likewise monks, valets, women and other +camp-followers. And all this multitude was an hungered. The King went +to Gien and summoned the Queen who was at Bourges.<a name="FNanchor_1343_1343" id="FNanchor_1343_1343"></a><a href="#Footnote_1343_1343" class="fnanchor">[1343]</a></p> + +<p>His idea was to take her to Reims and have her crowned with him, +following the example of Queen Blanche of Castille, of Jeanne de +Valois, and of Queen Jeanne, wife of King John. But queens had not +usually been crowned at Reims; Queen Ysabeau, mother of the present +King, had received the crown from the hands of the Archbishop of Rouen +in the Sainte-Chapelle, in Paris.<a name="FNanchor_1344_1344" id="FNanchor_1344_1344"></a><a href="#Footnote_1344_1344" class="fnanchor">[1344]</a> Before her time, the wives of +the kings, following the example set by Berthe, wife of Pepin the +Short, generally came to Saint-Denys to receive the crown of gold, of +sapphire and of pearls given by Jeanne of Évreux to the monks of the +Abbey.<a name="FNanchor_1345_1345" id="FNanchor_1345_1345"></a><a href="#Footnote_1345_1345" class="fnanchor">[1345]</a> Sometimes the queens were crowned with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.396" id="Page_i.396">[Pg i.396]</a></span> their husbands, +sometimes alone and in a different place; many had never been crowned +at all.</p> + +<p>That King Charles should have thought of taking Queen Marie on this +expedition proves that he did not anticipate great fatigue or great +danger. Nevertheless, at the last moment the plan was changed. The +Queen, who had come to Gien, was sent back to Bourges. The King set +out without her.<a name="FNanchor_1346_1346" id="FNanchor_1346_1346"></a><a href="#Footnote_1346_1346" class="fnanchor">[1346]</a></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +Quand le roy s'en vint en France,<br /> +Il feit oindre ses houssiaulx,<br /> +Et la royne lui demande:<br /> +Ou veult aller cest damoiseaulx?<a name="FNanchor_1347_1347" id="FNanchor_1347_1347"></a><a href="#Footnote_1347_1347" class="fnanchor">[1347]</a><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>In reality the Queen asked nothing. She was ill-favoured and weak of +will.<a name="FNanchor_1348_1348" id="FNanchor_1348_1348"></a><a href="#Footnote_1348_1348" class="fnanchor">[1348]</a> But the song says that the King on his departure had his +old gaiters greased because he had no new ones. Those old jokes about +the poverty of the King of Bourges still held good.<a name="FNanchor_1349_1349" id="FNanchor_1349_1349"></a><a href="#Footnote_1349_1349" class="fnanchor">[1349]</a> The King had +not grown rich. It was customary to pay the men-at-arms a part of +their wages in advance. At Gien each fighting man received three +francs. It did not seem much, but they hoped to gain more on the +way.<a name="FNanchor_1350_1350" id="FNanchor_1350_1350"></a><a href="#Footnote_1350_1350" class="fnanchor">[1350]</a></p> + +<p>On Friday, the 24th of June, the Maid set out from Orléans for Gien. +On the morrow she dictated from Gien a letter to the inhabitants of +Tournai, telling them how the English had been driven from all their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.397" id="Page_i.397">[Pg i.397]</a></span> +strongholds on the Loire and discomfited in battle. In this letter she +invited them to come to the anointing of King Charles at Reims and +called upon them to continue loyal Frenchmen. Here is the letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h3>† <span class="smcap">Jhesus</span> † <span class="smcap">Maria</span>.</h3> + +<p>Fair Frenchmen and loyal, of the town of Tournay, from this +place the Maid maketh known unto you these tidings: that in +eight days, by assault or otherwise, she hath driven the +English from all the strongholds they held on the River +Loire. Know ye that the Earl of Suffort, Lapoulle his +brother, the Sire of Tallebord, the Sire of Scallez and my +lords Jean Falscof and many knights and captains have been +taken, and the brother of the Earl of Suffort and Glasdas +slain. I beseech you to remain good and loyal Frenchmen; and +I beseech and entreat you that ye make yourselves ready to +come to the anointing of the fair King Charles at Rains, +where we shall shortly be, and come ye to meet us when ye +know that we draw nigh. To God I commend you. God keep you +and give you his grace that ye may worthily maintain the +good cause of the realm of France. Written at Gien the xxvth +day of June.</p> + +<p>Addressed "to the loyal Frenchmen of the town of +Tournay."<a name="FNanchor_1351_1351" id="FNanchor_1351_1351"></a><a href="#Footnote_1351_1351" class="fnanchor">[1351]</a></p></div> + +<p>An epistle in the same tenor must have been sent by the Maid's monkish +scribes to all the towns which had remained true to King Charles, and +the priests themselves must have drawn up the list of them.<a name="FNanchor_1352_1352" id="FNanchor_1352_1352"></a><a href="#Footnote_1352_1352" class="fnanchor">[1352]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.398" id="Page_i.398">[Pg i.398]</a></span> +They would certainly not have forgotten that town of the royal domain, +which, situated in Flanders,<a name="FNanchor_1353_1353" id="FNanchor_1353_1353"></a><a href="#Footnote_1353_1353" class="fnanchor">[1353]</a> in the heart of Burgundian +territory, still remained loyal to its liege lord. The town of +Tournai, ceded to Philip the Good by the English government, in 1423, +had not recognised its new master. Jean de Thoisy, its bishop, resided +at Duke Philip's court;<a name="FNanchor_1354_1354" id="FNanchor_1354_1354"></a><a href="#Footnote_1354_1354" class="fnanchor">[1354]</a> but it remained the King's town,<a name="FNanchor_1355_1355" id="FNanchor_1355_1355"></a><a href="#Footnote_1355_1355" class="fnanchor">[1355]</a> +and the well-known attachment of its townsfolk to the Dauphin's +fortunes was exemplary and famous.<a name="FNanchor_1356_1356" id="FNanchor_1356_1356"></a><a href="#Footnote_1356_1356" class="fnanchor">[1356]</a> The Consuls of Albi, in a +short note concerning the marvels of 1429, were careful to remark that +this northern city, so remote that they did not exactly know where it +was, still held out for France, though surrounded by France's enemies. +"The truth is that the English occupy the whole land of Normandy, and +of Picardy, except Tournay,"<a name="FNanchor_1357_1357" id="FNanchor_1357_1357"></a><a href="#Footnote_1357_1357" class="fnanchor">[1357]</a> they wrote.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.399" id="Page_i.399">[Pg i.399]</a></span></p><p>Indeed the inhabitants of the bailiwick of Tournai, jealously guarding +the liberties and privileges accorded to them by the King of France, +would not have separated themselves from the Crown on any +consideration. They protested their loyalty, and in honour of the King +and in the hope of his recovering his kingdom they had grand +processions; but their devotion stopped there; and, when their liege +Lord, King Charles, urgently demanded the arrears of their +contribution, of which he said he stood in great need, their +magistrates deliberated and decided to ask leave to postpone payment +again, and for as long as possible.<a name="FNanchor_1358_1358" id="FNanchor_1358_1358"></a><a href="#Footnote_1358_1358" class="fnanchor">[1358]</a></p> + +<p>There is no doubt that the Maid herself dictated this letter. It will +be noticed that therein she takes to herself the credit and the whole +credit for the victory. Her candour obliged her to do so. In her +opinion God had done everything, but he had done everything through +her. "The Maid hath driven the English out of all their strongholds." +She alone could reveal so naïve a faith in herself. Brother Pasquerel +would not have written with such saintly simplicity.</p> + +<p>It is remarkable that in this letter Sir John Fastolf should be +reckoned among the prisoners. This mistake is not peculiar to Jeanne. +The King announces to his good towns that three English captains have +been taken, Talbot, the Lord of Scales and Fastolf. Perceval de +Boulainvilliers, in his Latin epistle to the Duke of Milan, includes +Fastolf, whom he calls <i>Fastechat</i>, among the thousand prisoners taken +by the folk of Dauphiné. Finally, a missive despatched about the 25th +of June, from one of the towns of the diocese of Luçon, shows great +uncertainty concern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.400" id="Page_i.400">[Pg i.400]</a></span>ing the fate of Talbot, Fastolf and Scales, "who +are said to be either prisoners or dead."<a name="FNanchor_1359_1359" id="FNanchor_1359_1359"></a><a href="#Footnote_1359_1359" class="fnanchor">[1359]</a> Possibly the French +had laid hands on some noble who resembled Fastolf in appearance or in +name; or perhaps some man-at-arms in order to be held to ransom had +given himself out to be Fastolf. The Maid's letter reached Tournai on +the 7th of July. On the morrow the town council resolved to send an +embassy to King Charles of France.<a name="FNanchor_1360_1360" id="FNanchor_1360_1360"></a><a href="#Footnote_1360_1360" class="fnanchor">[1360]</a></p> + +<p>On the 27th of June, or about then, the Maid caused letters to be +despatched to the Duke of Burgundy, inviting him to come to the King's +coronation. She received no reply.<a name="FNanchor_1361_1361" id="FNanchor_1361_1361"></a><a href="#Footnote_1361_1361" class="fnanchor">[1361]</a> Duke Philip was the last man +in the world to correspond with the Maid. And that she should have +written to him courteously was a sign of her goodness of heart. As a +child in her village she had been the enemy of the Burgundians before +being the enemy of the English, but none the less she desired the good +of the kingdom and a reconciliation between Burgundians and French.</p> + +<p>The Duke of Burgundy could not lightly pardon the ambush of Montereau; +but at no time of his life had he vowed an irreconcilable hatred of +the French. An understanding had become possible after the year 1425, +when his brother-in-law, the Constable of France, had excluded Duke +John's murderers from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.401" id="Page_i.401">[Pg i.401]</a></span> the Royal Council. As for the Dauphin Charles, +he maintained that he had had nothing to do with the crime; but among +the Burgundians he passed for an idiot.<a name="FNanchor_1362_1362" id="FNanchor_1362_1362"></a><a href="#Footnote_1362_1362" class="fnanchor">[1362]</a> In the depths of his +heart Duke Philip disliked the English. After King Henry V's death he +had refused to act as their regent in France. Then there was the +affair of the Countess Jacqueline which very nearly brought about an +open rupture.<a name="FNanchor_1363_1363" id="FNanchor_1363_1363"></a><a href="#Footnote_1363_1363" class="fnanchor">[1363]</a> For many years the House of Burgundy had been +endeavouring to gain control over the Low Countries. At last Duke +Philip attained his object by marrying his second cousin, John, Duke +of Brabant to Jacqueline of Bavaria, Countess of Hainault, Holland and +Zealand, and Lady of Friesland. Jacqueline, finding her husband +intolerable, fled to England, and there, having had her marriage +annulled by the Antipope, Benedict XIII, married the Duke of +Gloucester, the Regent's brother.</p> + +<p>Bedford, as prudent as Gloucester was headstrong, made every effort to +retain the great Duke in the English alliance; but the secret hatred +he felt for the Burgundians burst forth occasionally in sudden acts of +rage. Whether he planned the assassination of the Duke and the Duke +knew it, is uncertain. But at any rate it is alleged that one day the +courteous Bedford forgot himself so far as to say that Duke Philip +might well go to England and drink more beer than was good for +him.<a name="FNanchor_1364_1364" id="FNanchor_1364_1364"></a><a href="#Footnote_1364_1364" class="fnanchor">[1364]</a> The Regent had just tactlessly of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.402" id="Page_i.402">[Pg i.402]</a></span>fended him by refusing to +let him take possession of the town of Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1365_1365" id="FNanchor_1365_1365"></a><a href="#Footnote_1365_1365" class="fnanchor">[1365]</a> Now Bedford was +biting his fingers with rage. Regretting that he had refused the Duke +the key to the Loire and the heart of France, he was at present eager +to offer him the province of Champagne which the French were preparing +to conquer: this was indeed just the time to present some rich gift to +his powerful ally.<a name="FNanchor_1366_1366" id="FNanchor_1366_1366"></a><a href="#Footnote_1366_1366" class="fnanchor">[1366]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the great Duke could think of nothing but the Low Countries. +Pope Martin had declared the marriage of the Countess Jacqueline and +Gloucester to be invalid; and Gloucester was marrying another wife. +Now the Gargantua of Dijon could once more lay hands on the broad +lands of the fair Jacqueline. He remained the ally of the English, +intending to make use of them but not to play into their hands, and +prepared, should he find it to his advantage, to make war on the +French before being reconciled to them; he saw no harm in that. After +the Low Countries what he cared most about were ladies and beautiful +paintings, like those of the brothers Van Eyck. He would not be likely +therefore to pay much attention to a letter from the Maid of the +Armagnacs.<a name="FNanchor_1367_1367" id="FNanchor_1367_1367"></a><a href="#Footnote_1367_1367" class="fnanchor">[1367]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.403" id="Page_i.403">[Pg i.403]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII</h2> + +<h3>THE CONVENTION OF AUXERRE—FRIAR RICHARD—THE SURRENDER OF TROYES</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N the 27th of June,<a name="FNanchor_1368_1368" id="FNanchor_1368_1368"></a><a href="#Footnote_1368_1368" class="fnanchor">[1368]</a> the vanguard, commanded by Marshal de +Boussac, the Sire de Rais, the Captains La Hire and Poton, set out +from Gien in the direction of Montargis with the design of pressing on +to Sens, which, so they had been wrongly informed, was deemed likely +to open its gates to the Dauphin. But, at the news that the town had +hoisted the flag of St. Andrew, as a sign of fidelity to the English +and Burgundians, the army changed its route, so little did it desire +to take towns by force. The march was now directed towards Auxerre, +where a more favourable reception was expected.<a name="FNanchor_1369_1369" id="FNanchor_1369_1369"></a><a href="#Footnote_1369_1369" class="fnanchor">[1369]</a> The Maid in her +impatience had not waited for the King. She rode with the company +which had started first. Had she been its leader she would not have +turned from a town when its cannon were directed against her.</p> + +<p>The King set forth two days later, with the Princes of the Blood, many +knights, the main battle, as it was called, and the Sire de la +Trémouille, who commanded the expedition.<a name="FNanchor_1370_1370" id="FNanchor_1370_1370"></a><a href="#Footnote_1370_1370" class="fnanchor">[1370]</a> All these troops +arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.404" id="Page_i.404">[Pg i.404]</a></span> before Auxerre on the 1st of July.<a name="FNanchor_1371_1371" id="FNanchor_1371_1371"></a><a href="#Footnote_1371_1371" class="fnanchor">[1371]</a> There on the +hill-slope, encircled with vineyards and cornfields, rose the +ramparts, towers, roofs, and belfries of the blessed Bishop Germain's +city. That town towards which in the summer sunshine, in the company +of gallant knighthood, she was now riding, fully armed like a handsome +Saint Maurice, Jeanne had seen only three months before, under a dark +and cloudy sky; then, clad like a stable-boy, in the company of two or +three poor soldiers of fortune, she was travelling over a bad road, on +her way to the Dauphin Charles.<a name="FNanchor_1372_1372" id="FNanchor_1372_1372"></a><a href="#Footnote_1372_1372" class="fnanchor">[1372]</a></p> + +<p>Since 1424 the County of Auxerre had belonged to the Duke of Burgundy, +upon whom it had been bestowed by the Regent. The Duke governed it +through a bailie and a captain.<a name="FNanchor_1373_1373" id="FNanchor_1373_1373"></a><a href="#Footnote_1373_1373" class="fnanchor">[1373]</a></p> + +<p>The lord Bishop, Messire Jean de Corbie, formerly Bishop of Mende, was +thought to be on the Dauphin's side.<a name="FNanchor_1374_1374" id="FNanchor_1374_1374"></a><a href="#Footnote_1374_1374" class="fnanchor">[1374]</a> The Chapter of the +Cathedral on the other hand held to Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_1375_1375" id="FNanchor_1375_1375"></a><a href="#Footnote_1375_1375" class="fnanchor">[1375]</a> Twelve jurors, +elected by the burgesses and other townsfolk, administered the affairs +of the city. One can easily imagine that fear must have been the +dominant sentiment in their hearts when they saw the royal army +approaching. Men-at-arms, no matter whether they wore the white cross +or the red, inspired all town<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.405" id="Page_i.405">[Pg i.405]</a></span> dwellers with a well-grounded terror. +And, in order to turn from their gates these violent and murderous +thieves, the townsfolk were capable of resorting to the strongest +measures, even to that of putting their hands in their purses.</p> + +<p>The royal heralds summoned the people of Auxerre to receive the King +as their natural and lawful lord. Such a summons, backed by lances, +placed them in a very embarrassing position. Alike by refusing and by +consenting these good folk ran great risk. To transfer their +allegiance was no light matter; their lives and their goods were +involved. Foreseeing this danger, and conscious of their weakness, +they had entered into a league with the cities of Champagne. The +object of the league was to relieve its members from the burden of +receiving men-at-arms and the peril of having two hostile masters. +Certain of the townsfolk therefore presented themselves before King +Charles and promised him such submission as should be accorded by the +towns of Troyes, Châlons, and Reims.<a name="FNanchor_1376_1376" id="FNanchor_1376_1376"></a><a href="#Footnote_1376_1376" class="fnanchor">[1376]</a></p> + +<p>This was not obedience, neither was it rebellion. Negotiations were +begun; ambassadors went from the town to the camp and from the camp to +the town. Finally the confederates, who were not lacking in +intelligence, proposed an acceptable compromise,—one that princes +were constantly concluding with each other, to wit, a truce.</p> + +<p>They said to the King: "We entreat and request you to pass on, and we +ask you to agree to refrain from fighting." And, in order to secure +their request<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.406" id="Page_i.406">[Pg i.406]</a></span> being granted, they gave two thousand crowns to the +Sire de la Trémouille, who, it is said, kept them without a blush. +Further, the townsfolk undertook to revictual the army in return for +money down; and that was worth considering, for there was famine in +the camp.<a name="FNanchor_1377_1377" id="FNanchor_1377_1377"></a><a href="#Footnote_1377_1377" class="fnanchor">[1377]</a> This truce by no means pleased the men-at-arms, who +thereby lost a fine opportunity for robbery and pillage. Murmurs +arose; many lords and captains said that it would not be difficult to +take the town, and that its capture should have been attempted. The +Maid, who was always receiving promises of victory from her Voices, +never ceased calling the soldiers to arms.<a name="FNanchor_1378_1378" id="FNanchor_1378_1378"></a><a href="#Footnote_1378_1378" class="fnanchor">[1378]</a> Unaffected by any of +these things, the King concluded the proposed truce; for he cared not +by force of arms to obtain more than could be compassed by peaceful +methods. Had he attacked the town he might have taken it and held it +in his mercy; but it would have meant certain pillage, murder, +burning, and ravishing. On his heels would have come the Burgundians, +and there would have been plundering, burning, ravishing, massacring +over again. How many examples had there not been already of unhappy +towns captured and then lost almost immediately, devastated by the +French, devastated by the English and the Burgundians, when each +citizen kept in his coffer a red cap and a white cap, which he wore in +turns! Was there to be no end to these massacres and abominations, +resentment against which caused the Armagnacs to be cursed throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.407" id="Page_i.407">[Pg i.407]</a></span> +l'Île de France, and which made it so hard for the lawful King to +recover his town of Paris. The royal Council thought the time had come +to put an end to these things. It was of opinion that Charles of +Valois would the more easily reconquer his inheritance if, while +manifesting his power, he showed himself lenient and exercised royal +clemency, as in arms and yet pursuing peace, he continued his march to +Reims.<a name="FNanchor_1379_1379" id="FNanchor_1379_1379"></a><a href="#Footnote_1379_1379" class="fnanchor">[1379]</a></p> + +<p>After having spent three days under the walls of the town, the army +being refreshed, crossed the Yonne and came to the town of +Saint-Florentin, which straightway submitted to the King.<a name="FNanchor_1380_1380" id="FNanchor_1380_1380"></a><a href="#Footnote_1380_1380" class="fnanchor">[1380]</a> On the +4th of July, they reached the village of Saint-Phal, four hours' +journey from Troyes.<a name="FNanchor_1381_1381" id="FNanchor_1381_1381"></a><a href="#Footnote_1381_1381" class="fnanchor">[1381]</a></p> + +<p>In this strong town there was a garrison of between five and six +hundred men at the most.<a name="FNanchor_1382_1382" id="FNanchor_1382_1382"></a><a href="#Footnote_1382_1382" class="fnanchor">[1382]</a> A bailie, Messire Jean de Dinteville, +two captains, the Sires de Rochefort and de Plancy, commanded in the +town for King Henry and for the Duke of Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_1383_1383" id="FNanchor_1383_1383"></a><a href="#Footnote_1383_1383" class="fnanchor">[1383]</a> Troyes was a +manufacturing town; the source of its wealth was the cloth +manufacture. True, this industry had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.408" id="Page_i.408">[Pg i.408]</a></span> long been declining through +competition and the removal of markets; its ruin was being +precipitated by the general poverty and the insecurity of the roads. +Nevertheless the cloth workers' guild maintained its importance and +sent a number of magistrates to the Council.<a name="FNanchor_1384_1384" id="FNanchor_1384_1384"></a><a href="#Footnote_1384_1384" class="fnanchor">[1384]</a></p> + +<p>In 1420, these merchants had sworn to the treaty which promised the +French crown to the House of Lancaster; they were then at the mercy of +English and Burgundians. For the holding of those great fairs, to +which they took their cloth, they must needs live at peace with their +Burgundian neighbours, and if the <i>Godons</i> had closed the ports of the +Seine against their bales, they would have died of hunger. Wherefore +the notables of the town had turned English, which did not mean that +they would always remain English. Within the last few weeks great +changes had taken place in the kingdom; and the Gilles Laiguisés, the +Hennequins, the Jouvenels did not pride themselves on remaining +unchanged amidst vicissitudes of fortune which were transferring the +power from one side to the other. The French victories gave them food +for reflection. Along the banks of the streams, which wound through +the city, there were weavers, dyers, curriers who were Burgundian at +heart.<a name="FNanchor_1385_1385" id="FNanchor_1385_1385"></a><a href="#Footnote_1385_1385" class="fnanchor">[1385]</a> As for the Churchmen, if they were thrilled by no love +for the Armagnacs, they felt none the less that King Charles was sent +to them by a special dispensation of divine providence.</p> + +<p>The Bishop of Troyes was my lord Jean Laiguisé, son of Master Huet +Laiguisé, one of the first to swear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.409" id="Page_i.409">[Pg i.409]</a></span> to the treaty of 1420.<a name="FNanchor_1386_1386" id="FNanchor_1386_1386"></a><a href="#Footnote_1386_1386" class="fnanchor">[1386]</a> The +Chapter had elected him without waiting for the permission of the +Regent, who declared against the election, not that he disliked the +new pontiff; Messire Jean Laiguisé had sucked hatred of the Armagnacs +and respect for the Rose of Lancaster from his <i>alma mater</i> of Paris. +But my Lord of Bedford could not forgive any slighting of his +sovereign rights.</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards he incurred the censure of the whole Church of +France and was judged by the bishops worse than the cruellest tyrants +of Scripture—Pharaoh, Nebuchadnezzar, Artaxerxes<a name="FNanchor_1387_1387" id="FNanchor_1387_1387"></a><a href="#Footnote_1387_1387" class="fnanchor">[1387]</a>—who, when +they chastised Israel had spared the Levites. More wicked than they +and more sacrilegious, my Lord of Bedford threatened the privileges of +the Gallican Church, when, on behalf of the Holy See, he robbed the +bishops of their patronage, levied a double tithe on the French +clergy, and commanded churchmen to surrender to him the contributions +they had been receiving for forty years. That he was acting with the +Pope's consent made his conduct none the less execrable in the eyes of +the French bishops. The episcopal lords resolved to appeal from a Pope +ill informed to one with wider knowledge; for they held the authority +of the Bishop of Rome to be insignificant in comparison with the +authority of the Council. They groaned: the abomination of desolation +was laying waste Christian Gaul. In order to pacify the Church of +France thus roused against him, my lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.410" id="Page_i.410">[Pg i.410]</a></span> of Bedford convoked at Paris +the bishops of the ecclesiastical province of Sens, which included the +dioceses of Paris, Troyes, Auxerre, Nevers, Meaux, Chartres, and +Orléans.<a name="FNanchor_1388_1388" id="FNanchor_1388_1388"></a><a href="#Footnote_1388_1388" class="fnanchor">[1388]</a></p> + +<p>Messire Jean Laiguisé attended this Convocation. The Synod was held at +Paris, in the Priory of Saint-Eloi, under the presidency of the +Archbishop, from the 1st of March till the 23rd of April, 1429.<a name="FNanchor_1389_1389" id="FNanchor_1389_1389"></a><a href="#Footnote_1389_1389" class="fnanchor">[1389]</a> +The assembled bishops represented to my Lord the Regent the sorry +plight of the ecclesiastical lords: the peasants, pillaged by +soldiers, no longer paid their dues; the lands of the Church were +lying waste; divine service had ceased to be held because there was no +money with which to support public worship. Unanimously they refused +to pay the Pope and the Regent the double tithe; and they threatened +to appeal from the Pope to the Council. As for despoiling the clergy +of all the contributions they had received during the last forty +years, that, they declared, would be impious; and with great charity +they reminded my Lord of Bedford of the fate reserved by God's +judgment for the impious even in this world. "The Prince," they said, +"should beware of the miseries and sorrows already fallen upon a +multitude of princes, who with such demands had oppressed the Church +which God redeemed with his own precious blood: some had perished by +the sword, some had been driven into exile, others had been despoiled +of their illustrious sovereignties. Wherefore such as set themselves +to enslave the Church, the Bride of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.411" id="Page_i.411">[Pg i.411]</a></span> God, may not hope to deserve the +grace of his divine Majesty."<a name="FNanchor_1390_1390" id="FNanchor_1390_1390"></a><a href="#Footnote_1390_1390" class="fnanchor">[1390]</a></p> + +<p>Jean Laiguisé's sentiments towards the English Regent were those of +the Synod. It would be wrong, however, to conclude that the Bishop of +Troyes desired the death of the sinner, or even that he was hostile to +the English.<a name="FNanchor_1391_1391" id="FNanchor_1391_1391"></a><a href="#Footnote_1391_1391" class="fnanchor">[1391]</a> The Church is usually capable of temporising with +the powers of this world. Wide is her mercy, and great her +longsuffering. She threatens oft before striking and receives the +repentance of the sinner at the first sign of contrition. But we may +believe that if Charles of Valois were to win the power and show the +will to protect the Church of France, the Lord Bishop and the Chapter +of Troyes would fear lest if they resisted him they might be resisting +God himself, since all power comes from God who <i>deposuit potentes</i>.</p> + +<p>King Charles had not ventured to enter Champagne without taking +measures for his safety; he knew on what he could rely in the town of +Troyes. He had received information and promises; he maintained secret +relations with several burgesses of the city, and those none of the +least.<a name="FNanchor_1392_1392" id="FNanchor_1392_1392"></a><a href="#Footnote_1392_1392" class="fnanchor">[1392]</a> During the first fortnight of May, a royal notary, ten +clerks and leading merchants, on their way to the king, were arrested +just outside the walls, on the Paris road, by the Sire de +Chateauvillain,<a name="FNanchor_1393_1393" id="FNanchor_1393_1393"></a><a href="#Footnote_1393_1393" class="fnanchor">[1393]</a> a captain in the English service. This mission +was probably fulfilled by others more fortunate. It is easy to divine +what questions were discussed at these audiences. The merchants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.412" id="Page_i.412">[Pg i.412]</a></span> would +ask whether Charles, if he became their Lord, would guarantee absolute +freedom to their trade; the clerks would ask his promise to respect +the goods of the Church. And the King doubtless was not sparing of his +pledges.</p> + +<p>The Maid, with one division of the army, halted before the stronghold +of Saint-Phal, belonging to Philibert de Vaudrey, commander of the +town of Tonnerre, in the service of the Duke of Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_1394_1394" id="FNanchor_1394_1394"></a><a href="#Footnote_1394_1394" class="fnanchor">[1394]</a> In +that place of Saint-Phal, Jeanne beheld approaching her a Franciscan +friar, who was crossing himself and sprinkling holy water, for he +feared lest she were the devil, and dared not draw near without having +first exorcised the evil spirit. It was Friar Richard who was coming +from Troyes.<a name="FNanchor_1395_1395" id="FNanchor_1395_1395"></a><a href="#Footnote_1395_1395" class="fnanchor">[1395]</a> It will be interesting to see who this monk was as +far as we can tell.</p> + +<p>The place of his birth is unknown.<a name="FNanchor_1396_1396" id="FNanchor_1396_1396"></a><a href="#Footnote_1396_1396" class="fnanchor">[1396]</a> A disciple of Brother Vincent +Ferrier and of Brother Bernardino of Sienna, like them, he taught the +imminent coming of Antichrist and the salvation of the faithful by the +adoration of the holy name of Jesus.<a name="FNanchor_1397_1397" id="FNanchor_1397_1397"></a><a href="#Footnote_1397_1397" class="fnanchor">[1397]</a> After having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.413" id="Page_i.413">[Pg i.413]</a></span> been on a +pilgrimage to Jerusalem, he returned to France, and preached at +Troyes, during the Advent of 1428. Advent, sometimes called Saint +Martin's Lent, begins on the Sunday which falls between the 27th of +November and the 3rd of December. It lasts four weeks, which +Christians spend in making themselves ready to celebrate the mystery +of the Nativity.</p> + +<p>"Sow, sow your seed, my good folk," he said. "Sow beans ready for the +harvest, for He who is to come will come quickly."<a name="FNanchor_1398_1398" id="FNanchor_1398_1398"></a><a href="#Footnote_1398_1398" class="fnanchor">[1398]</a></p> + +<p>By beans he meant the good works to be performed before Our Lord +should come in the clouds to judge the quick and the dead. Now it was +important to sow those good works quickly, for the harvest-tide was +drawing nigh. The coming of Antichrist was but shortly to precede the +end of the world and the consummation of the ages. In the month of +April, 1429, Friar Richard went to Paris; the Synod of the Province of +Sens was then holding its final session. It is possible that the good +Friar was summoned to the great city by the Bishop of Troyes who was +present at the Synod; but at any rate it would appear that it was not +the rights of the Gallican Church the wandering monk went there to +defend.<a name="FNanchor_1399_1399" id="FNanchor_1399_1399"></a><a href="#Footnote_1399_1399" class="fnanchor">[1399]</a></p> + +<p>On the 16th of April, he preached his first sermon at +Sainte-Geneviève; on the next and the following days, until Sunday, +the 24th, he preached every morning, from five until ten or eleven +o'clock, in the open air, on a platform, erected against the +charnel-house of the Innocents, on the spot whereon was celebrated the +dance of death. Around the platform, about nine feet high, there +crowded five or six thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.414" id="Page_i.414">[Pg i.414]</a></span> persons, to whom he announced the speedy +coming of Antichrist and the end of the world.<a name="FNanchor_1400_1400" id="FNanchor_1400_1400"></a><a href="#Footnote_1400_1400" class="fnanchor">[1400]</a> "In Syria," he +said, "I met bands of Jews; I asked them whither they were going, and +they replied: 'We are wending in a multitude towards Babylon, for of a +truth the Messiah is born among men, and he will restore unto us our +inheritance, and he will bring us again to the land of promise.' Thus +spake those Syrian Jews. Now Scripture teaches us that He, whom they +call the Messiah, is in truth that Antichrist, of whom it is said he +shall be born in Babylon, capital of the kingdom of Persia, he shall +be brought up at Bethsaida and in his youth he shall dwell at +Chorazin. Wherefore our Lord said: 'Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto +thee, Bethsaida.' The year 1430," added Friar Richard, "shall witness +greater marvels than have ever been seen before.<a name="FNanchor_1401_1401" id="FNanchor_1401_1401"></a><a href="#Footnote_1401_1401" class="fnanchor">[1401]</a> The time +draweth nigh. He is born, the man of sin, the child of perdition, the +wicked one, the beast vomited forth from the abyss, the abomination of +desolation; he came out of the tribe of Dan, of whom it is written: +'Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path.' Soon shall +return to the earth the prophets Elijah and Enoch, Moses, Jeremiah and +Saint John the Evangelist; and soon shall dawn that day of wrath which +shall grind the age in a mill and beat it in a mortar, according to +the testimony of David and the Sibyl."<a name="FNanchor_1402_1402" id="FNanchor_1402_1402"></a><a href="#Footnote_1402_1402" class="fnanchor">[1402]</a> Then the good Brother +concluded by calling upon them to repent, to do penance and to +renounce empty riches. In short, in the opinion of the clerks, he was +a man of worship and an orator. His sermons produced more devoutness +among the people, it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.415" id="Page_i.415">[Pg i.415]</a></span> thought, than those of all the sermonizers +who for the last century had been preaching in the town. And it was +time that he came, for in those days the folk of Paris were greatly +addicted to games of chance; yea, even priests unblushingly indulged +in them, and seven years before, a canon of Saint-Merry, a great lover +of dice was known to have gamed in his own house.<a name="FNanchor_1403_1403" id="FNanchor_1403_1403"></a><a href="#Footnote_1403_1403" class="fnanchor">[1403]</a> Despite war +and famine, the women of Paris loaded themselves with ornaments. They +troubled more about their beauty than about the salvation of their +souls.</p> + +<p>Friar Richard thundered most loudly against the draught boards of the +men and the ornaments of the women. One day notably, when he was +preaching at Boulogne-la-Petite, he cried down dice and +<i>hennins</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1404_1404" id="FNanchor_1404_1404"></a><a href="#Footnote_1404_1404" class="fnanchor">[1404]</a> and spoke with such power that the hearts of those +who listened were changed. On returning to their homes, the citizens +threw into the streets gaming-tables, draught-boards, cards, billiard +cues and balls, dice and dice-boxes, and made great fires before their +doors. More than one hundred of these fires continued burning in the +streets for three or four hours. Women followed the good example set +by the men that day, and the next they burnt in public their +head-dresses, pads, ornaments, and the pieces of leather or whalebone +on which they mounted the fronts of their hoods. Young misses threw +off their horns<a name="FNanchor_1405_1405" id="FNanchor_1405_1405"></a><a href="#Footnote_1405_1405" class="fnanchor">[1405]</a> and their tails,<a name="FNanchor_1406_1406" id="FNanchor_1406_1406"></a><a href="#Footnote_1406_1406" class="fnanchor">[1406]</a> ashamed to clothe +themselves in the devil's garb.<a name="FNanchor_1407_1407" id="FNanchor_1407_1407"></a><a href="#Footnote_1407_1407" class="fnanchor">[1407]</a></p> + +<p>The good Brother likewise caused to be burnt the mandrake roots which +many folk kept in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.416" id="Page_i.416">[Pg i.416]</a></span> houses.<a name="FNanchor_1408_1408" id="FNanchor_1408_1408"></a><a href="#Footnote_1408_1408" class="fnanchor">[1408]</a> Those roots are sometimes in +the form of an ugly little man, of a curious and devilish aspect. On +that account possibly, singular virtues are attributed to them. These +mannikins were dressed in fine linen and silk and were kept in the +belief that they would bring good luck and procure wealth. Witches +made much of them; and those who believed that the Maid was a witch +accused her of carrying a mandrake on her person. Friar Richard hated +these magic roots all the more strongly because he believed in their +power of attracting wealth, the root of all evil. Once again his word +was obeyed; and many a Parisian threw away his mandrake in horror, +albeit he had bought it dear from some old wife who knew more than was +good for her.<a name="FNanchor_1409_1409" id="FNanchor_1409_1409"></a><a href="#Footnote_1409_1409" class="fnanchor">[1409]</a> Friar Richard caused the Parisians to replace +these evil treasures by objects of greater edification,—pewter +medals, on which was stamped the name of Jesus, to the worship of whom +he was especially devoted.<a name="FNanchor_1410_1410" id="FNanchor_1410_1410"></a><a href="#Footnote_1410_1410" class="fnanchor">[1410]</a></p> + +<p>Having preached ten times in the town and once in the village of +Boulogne, the good Brother announced his return to Burgundy and took +his leave of the Parisians.</p> + +<p>"I will pray for you," he said; "pray for me. Amen."</p> + +<p>Whereupon all the folk, high and lowly, wept bitterly and copiously, +as if each one were bearing to the grave his dearest friend. He wept +with them and consented to delay his departure for a little.<a name="FNanchor_1411_1411" id="FNanchor_1411_1411"></a><a href="#Footnote_1411_1411" class="fnanchor">[1411]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.417" id="Page_i.417">[Pg i.417]</a></span></p> +<p>On Sunday, the 1st of May, he was to preach to the devout Parisians +for the last time. Montmartre, the very spot where Saint Denis had +suffered martyrdom, was the place chosen for the meeting of the +faithful. In those unhappy days the hill was well-nigh uninhabited. +But on the evening before that day more than six thousand people +flocked to the mount to be certain of having good places; and there +they passed the night, some in deserted hovels, but the majority in +the open, under the stars. When the morning came no Friar Richard +appeared, and in vain they waited for him. Disappointed and sad, at +length they learnt that the Friar had been forbidden to preach.<a name="FNanchor_1412_1412" id="FNanchor_1412_1412"></a><a href="#Footnote_1412_1412" class="fnanchor">[1412]</a> +He had said nothing in his sermons to offend the English. The +Parisians who had heard him believed him to be a good friend to the +Regent and to the Duke of Burgundy. Perhaps he had taken flight owing +to a report that the theologians of the University intended to proceed +against him. His views concerning the end of the world were indeed +both singular and dangerous.<a name="FNanchor_1413_1413" id="FNanchor_1413_1413"></a><a href="#Footnote_1413_1413" class="fnanchor">[1413]</a></p> + +<p>Friar Richard had gone off to Auxerre. Thence he went preaching +through Burgundy and Champagne. If he was on the King's side he did +not let it appear. For in the month of June the folk of Champagne, and +the inhabitants of Châlons especially, deemed him a worthy man and +attached to the Duke of Burgundy.<a name="FNanchor_1414_1414" id="FNanchor_1414_1414"></a><a href="#Footnote_1414_1414" class="fnanchor">[1414]</a> And we have seen that on the +4th of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.418" id="Page_i.418">[Pg i.418]</a></span> July he suspected the Maid of being either the devil or +possessed by a devil.<a name="FNanchor_1415_1415" id="FNanchor_1415_1415"></a><a href="#Footnote_1415_1415" class="fnanchor">[1415]</a></p> + +<p>She understood. When she saw the good Brother crossing himself and +sprinkling holy water she knew that he took her for something +evil,—for a phantom fashioned by the spirit of wickedness, or at +least for a witch.<a name="FNanchor_1416_1416" id="FNanchor_1416_1416"></a><a href="#Footnote_1416_1416" class="fnanchor">[1416]</a> However, she was by no means offended as she +had been by the suspicions of Messire Jean Fournier. The priest, to +whom she had confessed, could not be forgiven for having doubted +whether she were a good Christian.<a name="FNanchor_1417_1417" id="FNanchor_1417_1417"></a><a href="#Footnote_1417_1417" class="fnanchor">[1417]</a> But Friar Richard did not +know her, had never seen her. Besides, she was growing accustomed to +such treatment. The Constable, Brother Yves Milbeau, and many others +who came to her asked whether she were from God or the devil.<a name="FNanchor_1418_1418" id="FNanchor_1418_1418"></a><a href="#Footnote_1418_1418" class="fnanchor">[1418]</a> It +was without a trace of anger, although in a slightly ironical tone, +that she said to the preacher: "Approach boldly, I shall not fly +away."<a name="FNanchor_1419_1419" id="FNanchor_1419_1419"></a><a href="#Footnote_1419_1419" class="fnanchor">[1419]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile Friar Richard, by the ordeal of holy water and by the sign +of the cross, had proved that the damsel was not a devil and that +there was no devil in her. And when she said she had come from God he +believed her with all his heart and esteemed her an angel of the +Lord.<a name="FNanchor_1420_1420" id="FNanchor_1420_1420"></a><a href="#Footnote_1420_1420" class="fnanchor">[1420]</a></p> + +<p>He confided to her the reason for his coming.<a name="FNanchor_1421_1421" id="FNanchor_1421_1421"></a><a href="#Footnote_1421_1421" class="fnanchor">[1421]</a> The inhabitants of +Troyes doubted whether she were of God; to resolve their doubts he had +come to Saint-Phal. Now he knew she was of God, and he was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.419" id="Page_i.419">[Pg i.419]</a></span> +amazed; for he knew that the year 1430 would witness greater marvels +than had ever been seen before, and one day or other he was expecting +to behold the Prophet Elias walking and conversing with men.<a name="FNanchor_1422_1422" id="FNanchor_1422_1422"></a><a href="#Footnote_1422_1422" class="fnanchor">[1422]</a> +From that moment he threw in his lot with the party of the Maid and +the Dauphin. It was not the Maid's prophecies concerning the realm of +France that attracted him to her. The world was too near its end for +him to take any interest in the re-establishment of the madman's son +in his inheritance. But he expected that once the kingdom of Jesus +Christ had been established in the Land of the Lilies, Jeanne, the +prophetess, and Charles, the temporal vicar of Jesus Christ, would +lead the people of Christendom to deliver the Holy Sepulchre. That +would be a meritorious work and one which must be accomplished before +the consummation of the ages.</p> + +<p>To the burgesses and inhabitants of the town of Troyes Jeanne dictated +a letter. Herein, calling herself the servant of the King of Heaven +and speaking in the name of God Himself, in terms gentle yet urgent, +she called upon them to render obedience to King Charles of France, +and warned them that whether they would or no she with the King would +enter into all the towns of the holy kingdom and bring them peace. +Here is the letter:<a name="FNanchor_1423_1423" id="FNanchor_1423_1423"></a><a href="#Footnote_1423_1423" class="fnanchor">[1423]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h3><span class="smcap">Jhesus</span> † <span class="smcap">Maria</span></h3> + +<p>Good friends and beloved, an it please you, ye lords, +burgesses and inhabitants of the town of Troies, Jehanne the +Maid doth call upon and make known unto you on behalf of the +King of Heaven, her sovereign and liege Lord, in whose +service royal she is every day, that ye<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.420" id="Page_i.420">[Pg i.420]</a></span> render true +obedience and fealty to the Fair King of France. Whosoever +may come against him, he shall shortly be in <span lang="el" title="Transcriber's Note: so in original">Reins</span> +and in Paris, and in +his good towns of his holy kingdom, with the aid of King +Jhesus. Ye loyal Frenchmen, come forth to King Charles and +fail him not. And if ye come have no fear for your bodies +nor for your goods. An if ye come not, I promise you and on +your lives I maintain it, that with God's help we shall +enter into all the towns of the holy kingdom and shall there +establish peace, whosoever may oppose us. To God I commend +you. God keep you if it be his will. Answer speedily. Before +the city of Troyes, written at Saint-Fale, Tuesday the +fourth day of July.<a name="FNanchor_1424_1424" id="FNanchor_1424_1424"></a><a href="#Footnote_1424_1424" class="fnanchor">[1424]</a></p></div> + +<p>On the back:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"To the lords and burgesses of the city of Troyes."</p></div> + +<p>The Maid gave this letter to Friar Richard, who undertook to carry it +to the townsfolk.<a name="FNanchor_1425_1425" id="FNanchor_1425_1425"></a><a href="#Footnote_1425_1425" class="fnanchor">[1425]</a></p> + +<p>From Saint-Phal the army advanced towards Troyes along the Roman +road.<a name="FNanchor_1426_1426" id="FNanchor_1426_1426"></a><a href="#Footnote_1426_1426" class="fnanchor">[1426]</a> When they heard of the army's approach, the Council of the +town assembled on Tuesday, the 5th, early in the morning, and sent the +people of Reims a missive of which the following is the purport:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"This day do we expect the enemies of King Henry and the +Duke of Burgundy who come to besiege us. In view of the +design of these our foes and having considered the just +cause we support and the aid of our princes promised unto +us, we have resolved in council, no matter what may be the +strength of our enemies, to continue in our obedience waxing +ever greater to King Henry and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.421" id="Page_i.421">[Pg i.421]</a></span> to the Duke of Burgundy, +even until death. And this have we sworn on the precious +body of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Wherefore we pray the +citizens of Reims to take thought for us as brethren and +loyal friends, and to send to my Lord the Regent and the +Duke of Burgundy to beseech and entreat them to take pity on +their poor subjects and come to their succour."<a name="FNanchor_1427_1427" id="FNanchor_1427_1427"></a><a href="#Footnote_1427_1427" class="fnanchor">[1427]</a></p></div> + +<p>On that same day, in the morning, from his lodging at +Brinion-l'Archevêque, King Charles despatched his heralds bearing +closed letters, signed by his hand, sealed with his seal, addressed to +the members of the Council of the town of Troyes. Therein he made +known unto them that by the advice of his Council, he had undertaken +to go to Reims, there to receive his anointing, that his intention was +to enter the city of Troyes on the morrow, wherefore he summoned and +commanded them to render the obedience they owed him and prepare to +receive him. He wisely made a point of reassuring them as to his +intentions, which were not to avenge the past. Such was not his will, +he said, but let them comport themselves towards their sovereign as +they ought, and he would forget all and maintain them in his +favour.<a name="FNanchor_1428_1428" id="FNanchor_1428_1428"></a><a href="#Footnote_1428_1428" class="fnanchor">[1428]</a></p> + +<p>The Council refused to admit King Charles' heralds within the town; +but they received his letters, read them, deliberated over them, and +made known to the heralds the result of their deliberations which was +the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The lords, knights and squires who are in the town, on +behalf of King Henry and the Duke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.422" id="Page_i.422">[Pg i.422]</a></span> Burgundy, have sworn +with us, inhabitants of the city, that we will not receive +into the town any who are stronger than we, without the +express command of the Duke of Burgundy. Having regard to +their oath, those who are in the town would not dare to +admit King Charles."</p></div> + +<p>And the councillors added for their excuse:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Whatever we the citizens may wish we must consider the men +of war in the city who are stronger than we."<a name="FNanchor_1429_1429" id="FNanchor_1429_1429"></a><a href="#Footnote_1429_1429" class="fnanchor">[1429]</a></p></div> + +<p>The councillors had King Charles' letter posted up and below it their +reply.</p> + +<p>In council they read the letter the Maid had dictated at Saint-Phal +and entrusted to Friar Richard. The monk had not prepared them to give +it a favourable reception, for they laughed at it heartily. "There is +no rhyme or reason in it," they said. "'Tis but a jest."<a name="FNanchor_1430_1430" id="FNanchor_1430_1430"></a><a href="#Footnote_1430_1430" class="fnanchor">[1430]</a> They +threw it in the fire without sending a reply. Jeanne was a +braggart,<a name="FNanchor_1431_1431" id="FNanchor_1431_1431"></a><a href="#Footnote_1431_1431" class="fnanchor">[1431]</a> they said. And they added: "We certify her to be mad +and possessed of the devil."<a name="FNanchor_1432_1432" id="FNanchor_1432_1432"></a><a href="#Footnote_1432_1432" class="fnanchor">[1432]</a></p> + +<p>That same day, at nine o'clock in the morning, the army began to march +by the walls and take up its position round the town.<a name="FNanchor_1433_1433" id="FNanchor_1433_1433"></a><a href="#Footnote_1433_1433" class="fnanchor">[1433]</a></p> + +<p>Those who encamped to the south west could thence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.423" id="Page_i.423">[Pg i.423]</a></span> admire the long +walls, the strong gates, the high towers and the belfry of the city +rising in the midst of a vast plain. On their right they would see +above the roofs the church of Saint-Pierre, the huge structure of +which was devoid of tower and steeple.<a name="FNanchor_1434_1434" id="FNanchor_1434_1434"></a><a href="#Footnote_1434_1434" class="fnanchor">[1434]</a> It was there that eight +years before had been celebrated the betrothal of King Henry V of +England to the Lady Catherine of France. For in that town of Troyes, +Queen Ysabeau and Duke Jean had made King Charles VI, bereft of sense +and memory, sign away the Kingdom of the Lilies to the King of England +and put his name to the ruin of Charles of Valois. At her daughter's +betrothal, Madame Ysabeau was present wearing a robe of blue silk +damask and a coat of black velvet lined with the skins of fifteen +hundred minevers.<a name="FNanchor_1435_1435" id="FNanchor_1435_1435"></a><a href="#Footnote_1435_1435" class="fnanchor">[1435]</a> After the ceremony she caused to be brought +for her entertainment her singing birds, goldfinches, chaffinches, +siskins and linnets.<a name="FNanchor_1436_1436" id="FNanchor_1436_1436"></a><a href="#Footnote_1436_1436" class="fnanchor">[1436]</a></p> + +<p>When the French arrived, most of the townsfolk were on the ramparts +looking more curious than hostile and apparently fearing nothing. They +desired above all things to see the King.<a name="FNanchor_1437_1437" id="FNanchor_1437_1437"></a><a href="#Footnote_1437_1437" class="fnanchor">[1437]</a></p> + +<p>The town was strongly defended. The Duke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.424" id="Page_i.424">[Pg i.424]</a></span> Burgundy had long been +keeping up the fortifications. In 1417 and 1419 the people of Troyes, +like those of Orléans in 1428, had pulled down their suburbs and +destroyed all the houses outside the town for two or three hundred +paces from the ramparts. The arsenal was well furnished; the stores +overflowed with victuals; but the Anglo-Burgundian garrison amounted +only to between five and six hundred men.<a name="FNanchor_1438_1438" id="FNanchor_1438_1438"></a><a href="#Footnote_1438_1438" class="fnanchor">[1438]</a></p> + +<p>On that day also, at five o'clock in the afternoon, the Councillors of +the town of Troyes sent to inform the people of Reims of the arrival +of the Armagnacs, and despatched to them copies of the letter from +Charles of Valois, of their reply to it and of the Maid's letter, +which they cannot therefore have burned immediately. They likewise +communicated to them their resolution to resist to the death in case +they should receive succour. In like manner they wrote to the people +of Châlons to tell them of the Dauphin's coming; and to them they made +known that the letter of Jeanne the Maid had been brought to Troyes by +Friar Richard the preacher.<a name="FNanchor_1439_1439" id="FNanchor_1439_1439"></a><a href="#Footnote_1439_1439" class="fnanchor">[1439]</a></p> + +<p>These writings amounted to saying: like all citizens in such +circumstances, we are in danger of being hanged either by the +Burgundians or by the Armagnacs, which would be very grievous. To +avoid this calamity as far as in us lies, we give King Charles of +Valois to understand that we do not open our gates to him because the +garrison prevents us and that we are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.425" id="Page_i.425">[Pg i.425]</a></span> the weaker, which is true. And +we make known to our Lords, the Regent and the Duke of Burgundy, that +the garrison being too weak to defend us, which is true, we ask for +succour, which is loyal; and we trust that the succour will not be +sent, for if it were we should have to endure a siege, and risk being +taken by assault which for us merchants would be grievous. But, having +asked for succour and not receiving it, we may then surrender without +reproach. The important point is to cause the garrison, fortunately a +small one, to make off. Five hundred men are too few for defence, but +too many for surrender. As for enjoining the citizens of Reims to +demand succour for themselves and for us, that is merely to prove our +good-will to the Duke of Burgundy; and we risk nothing by it, for we +know that our trusty comrades of Reims will take care that when they +ask for succour they do not receive it, and that they will await a +favourable opportunity for opening their gates to King Charles, who +comes with a strong army. And now to conclude, we will resist to the +death if we are succoured, which God forbid!</p> + +<p>Such were the crafty thoughts of those dwellers in Champagne. The +citizens fired a few stone bullets on to the French. The garrison +skirmished awhile and returned into the town.<a name="FNanchor_1440_1440" id="FNanchor_1440_1440"></a><a href="#Footnote_1440_1440" class="fnanchor">[1440]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile King Charles' army was stricken with famine.<a name="FNanchor_1441_1441" id="FNanchor_1441_1441"></a><a href="#Footnote_1441_1441" class="fnanchor">[1441]</a> The +Archbishop of Embrun's counsel to provide the army with victuals by +means of human wisdom was easier to give than to follow. There were +between six and seven thousand men in camp<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.426" id="Page_i.426">[Pg i.426]</a></span> who had not broken bread +for a week. The men-at-arms were reduced to feeding on pounded ears of +corn still green and on the new beans they found in abundance. Then +they called to mind how during Saint Martin's Lent Friar Richard had +said to the folk of Troyes: "Sow beans broadcast: He who is to come +shall come shortly." What the good brother had said of the spiritual +seed-time was interpreted literally: by a curious misunderstanding, +what had been uttered concerning the coming of the Messiah was applied +to the coming of King Charles. Friar Richard was held to be the +prophet of the Armagnacs and the men-at-arms really believed that this +evangelical preacher had caused the beans they gathered to grow; thus +had he provided for their nourishment by his excellence, his wisdom +and his penetration into the counsels of God, who gave manna unto the +people of Israel in the desert.<a name="FNanchor_1442_1442" id="FNanchor_1442_1442"></a><a href="#Footnote_1442_1442" class="fnanchor">[1442]</a></p> + +<p>The King, who had been lodging at Brinion since the 4th of July, +arrived before Troyes in the afternoon of Friday the 8th.<a name="FNanchor_1443_1443" id="FNanchor_1443_1443"></a><a href="#Footnote_1443_1443" class="fnanchor">[1443]</a> That +very day he held council of war with the commanders and princes of the +blood to decide whether they should remain before the town until by +dint of promises<a name="FNanchor_1444_1444" id="FNanchor_1444_1444"></a><a href="#Footnote_1444_1444" class="fnanchor">[1444]</a> or threats they obtained its submission, or +whether they should pass on, leaving it to itself, as they had done at +Auxerre.<a name="FNanchor_1445_1445" id="FNanchor_1445_1445"></a><a href="#Footnote_1445_1445" class="fnanchor">[1445]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.427" id="Page_i.427">[Pg i.427]</a></span></p><p>The discussion had lasted long when the Maid arrived and prophesied:</p> + +<p>"Fair Dauphin," said she, "command your men to attack the town of +Troyes and delay no further in councils too prolonged, for, in God's +name, before three days, I will cause you to enter the town, which +shall be yours by love or by force and courage. And false Burgundy +shall look right foolish."<a name="FNanchor_1446_1446" id="FNanchor_1446_1446"></a><a href="#Footnote_1446_1446" class="fnanchor">[1446]</a></p> + +<p>Wherefore had they contrary to their custom summoned her to the +Council? It was merely a question of firing a few cannon balls and +pretending to scale the walls, in short, of making a false attack. +Such a feigned assault was due to the people of Troyes, who could not +decently surrender save to some display of force; and besides the +lower orders must be frightened, for they remained at heart +Burgundian. Probably my Lord of Trèves<a name="FNanchor_1447_1447" id="FNanchor_1447_1447"></a><a href="#Footnote_1447_1447" class="fnanchor">[1447]</a> or another judged that +the little Saint by appearing beneath the ramparts of Troyes would +strike a religious terror into the weavers of the city.</p> + +<p>They had only to leave her to go her own way. The Council over, she +mounted her horse, and lance in hand hurried to the moat, followed by +a crowd of knights, squires, and craftsmen.<a name="FNanchor_1448_1448" id="FNanchor_1448_1448"></a><a href="#Footnote_1448_1448" class="fnanchor">[1448]</a> The point of attack +was to be the north west wall, between the Madeleine and the Comporté +Gates.<a name="FNanchor_1449_1449" id="FNanchor_1449_1449"></a><a href="#Footnote_1449_1449" class="fnanchor">[1449]</a> Jeanne, who firmly be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.428" id="Page_i.428">[Pg i.428]</a></span>lieved that the town would be taken +by her, spent the night inciting her people to bring faggots and put +the artillery in position. "To the assault," she cried, and signed to +them to throw hurdles into the trenches.<a name="FNanchor_1450_1450" id="FNanchor_1450_1450"></a><a href="#Footnote_1450_1450" class="fnanchor">[1450]</a></p> + +<p>This threat had the desired effect. The lower orders, imagining the +town already taken, and expecting the French to come to pillage, +massacre and ravish, as was the custom, took refuge in the churches. +As for the clerics and notables, this was just what they wanted.<a name="FNanchor_1451_1451" id="FNanchor_1451_1451"></a><a href="#Footnote_1451_1451" class="fnanchor">[1451]</a></p> + +<p>Being assured by Charles of Valois that they might come to him in +safety, the Lord Bishop Jean Laiguisé, my Lord Guillaume Andouillette, +Master of the Hospital, the Dean of the Chapter, the clergy and the +notables went to the King.<a name="FNanchor_1452_1452" id="FNanchor_1452_1452"></a><a href="#Footnote_1452_1452" class="fnanchor">[1452]</a></p> + +<p>Jean Laiguisé was the spokesman. He came to do homage to the King and +to offer excuse for the townsfolk.</p> + +<p>It is not their fault, he said, if the King enter not according to his +good pleasure. The Bailie and those of the garrison, some three or +four hundred, guard the gates, and forbid their being opened. Let it +please the King to have patience until I have spoken to those of the +town. I trust that as soon as I have spoken to them, they will open +the gates and render the King such obedience as he shall be pleased +withal.<a name="FNanchor_1453_1453" id="FNanchor_1453_1453"></a><a href="#Footnote_1453_1453" class="fnanchor">[1453]</a></p> + +<p>In replying to the Bishop, the King set forth the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.429" id="Page_i.429">[Pg i.429]</a></span> reasons for the +expedition and the rights he held over the town of Troyes.</p> + +<p>Without exception, he said, I will forgive all the deeds of past +times, and, according to the example of Saint Louis,<a name="FNanchor_1454_1454" id="FNanchor_1454_1454"></a><a href="#Footnote_1454_1454" class="fnanchor">[1454]</a> I will +maintain the people of Troyes in peace and liberty.</p> + +<p>Jean Laiguisé demanded that such revenues and patronage as had been +bestowed on churchmen by the late King, Charles VI, should be retained +by them, and that those who had received the same from King Henry of +England should be given charters by King Charles authorizing them to +keep their benefices, even in cases where the King had bestowed them +on others.</p> + +<p>The King consented and the Lord Bishop beheld in him a new Cyrus. This +conference he reported to the Council of the Town. Thereupon it +deliberated and resolved to render allegiance to the King, in +consideration of his legal right and provided he would grant an +amnesty for all offences, would leave no garrison in the city and +would abolish all aids, save the <i>gabelle</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1455_1455" id="FNanchor_1455_1455"></a><a href="#Footnote_1455_1455" class="fnanchor">[1455]</a> Whereupon the +Council sent letters to the citizens of Reims making known to them +this resolution and exhorting them to take a similar one:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.430" id="Page_i.430">[Pg i.430]</a></span></p> +<p>"Thus," they said, "we shall have the same lord over us. You will keep +your lives and your goods, as we have done. For otherwise we should +all be lost. We do not regret our submission. Our only grief is that +we delayed so long. You will be right glad to follow our example; for +King Charles is a prince of greater discretion, understanding and +valour than any who for many a long year have arisen in the noble +house of France."<a name="FNanchor_1456_1456" id="FNanchor_1456_1456"></a><a href="#Footnote_1456_1456" class="fnanchor">[1456]</a></p> + +<p>Friar Richard went to find the Maid. As soon as he saw her, and when +he was still afar off, he knelt before her. When she saw him, she +likewise knelt before him, and they bowed low to each other. When he +returned to the town, the good Friar preached to the folks at length +and exhorted them to obey King Charles. "God is preparing his way," he +said. "To accompany him and to lead him to his anointing God hath sent +him a holy Maid, who, as I firmly believe, is as able to penetrate the +mysteries of God as any saint in Paradise, save Saint John the +Evangelist."<a name="FNanchor_1457_1457" id="FNanchor_1457_1457"></a><a href="#Footnote_1457_1457" class="fnanchor">[1457]</a> The good Brother found himself obliged to recognise +as superior to Jeanne at least one saint,—one who was the first of +saints, the apostle who had lain with his head on Jesus' breast, the +prophet who was ere long to return to earth, when the ages should have +been consummated.</p> + +<p>"If she wished," continued Friar Richard, "she could bring in all the +King's men-at-arms, over the walls or in any other manner that pleased +her. And many other things can she do."</p> + +<p>The townsfolk had great faith and confidence in this good Brother who +spoke so eloquently. What he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.431" id="Page_i.431">[Pg i.431]</a></span> said of the Maid appeared to them +admirable, and won their obedience to a king so powerfully +accompanied. With one voice they all cried aloud, "Long live King +Charles of France!"<a name="FNanchor_1458_1458" id="FNanchor_1458_1458"></a><a href="#Footnote_1458_1458" class="fnanchor">[1458]</a></p> + +<p>But now it was necessary to treat with the Bailie. He was not +unapproachable, seeing that he had suffered this going and coming from +the town to the camp and the camp to the town; and with him must be +devised some honest means of getting rid of the garrison. With this +object the commonalty, preceded by the Lord Bishop, went in great +numbers to the Bailie and the Captains, and called upon them to +provide for the safety of the town.<a name="FNanchor_1459_1459" id="FNanchor_1459_1459"></a><a href="#Footnote_1459_1459" class="fnanchor">[1459]</a> This demand they were +incapable of granting, for to safeguard a city against its will and to +drive out thirty thousand French was beyond their power.</p> + +<p>As the townsfolk had anticipated, the Bailie was greatly embarrassed. +Beholding his perplexity, the Councillors of the town said to him, "If +you will not keep the treaty you have made for the public weal, then +will we bring the King's men into the city, whether you will or no."</p> + +<p>The Bailie and the Captains refused to betray their English and +Burgundian masters, but they consented to go. That was all that was +required of them.<a name="FNanchor_1460_1460" id="FNanchor_1460_1460"></a><a href="#Footnote_1460_1460" class="fnanchor">[1460]</a></p> + +<p>The town opened its gates to Charles. On Sunday, the 10th of July, +very early in the morning, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.432" id="Page_i.432">[Pg i.432]</a></span> Maid entered first into Troyes and +with her the common folk whom she so dearly loved. Friar Richard +accompanied her. She posted archers along the streets which the +procession was to follow, so that the King of France should pass +through the town between a double row of those foot soldiers of his +army who had so nobly aided him.<a name="FNanchor_1461_1461" id="FNanchor_1461_1461"></a><a href="#Footnote_1461_1461" class="fnanchor">[1461]</a></p> + +<p>While Charles of Valois was entering by one gate, the Burgundian +garrison was going out by the other.<a name="FNanchor_1462_1462" id="FNanchor_1462_1462"></a><a href="#Footnote_1462_1462" class="fnanchor">[1462]</a> As had been agreed, the men +of King Henry and Duke Philip bore away their arms and other +possessions. Now, in their possessions they included such French +prisoners as they were holding to ransom. And, according to the use +and custom of war, it would seem that they were not altogether wrong; +but pitiful it was to see King Charles's men led away captive just as +their lord was arriving. The Maid heard of it, and her kind heart was +touched. She hurried to the gate of the town, where with arms and +baggage the fighting men were assembled. She found there the lords of +Rochefort and Philibert de Moslant. She challenged them and called to +them to leave the Dauphin's men. But the Captains thought otherwise.</p> + +<p>"Thus to proceed against the treaty is fraudulent and wicked," they +said to her.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the prisoners on their knees were entreating the Saint to +keep them.</p> + +<p>"In God's name," she cried, "they shall not go."<a name="FNanchor_1463_1463" id="FNanchor_1463_1463"></a><a href="#Footnote_1463_1463" class="fnanchor">[1463]</a></p> + +<p>During this altercation there was standing apart a certain Burgundian +squire, and through his mind were passing concerning the Maid of the +Armagnacs cer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.433" id="Page_i.433">[Pg i.433]</a></span>tain reflections to which he was to give utterance +later. "By my faith," he was thinking, "it is the simplest creature +that ever I saw. There is neither rhyme nor reason in her, no more +than in the greatest stupid. To so valiant a woman as Madame d'Or, I +will not compare her, and the Burgundians do but jest when they appear +afraid of her."<a name="FNanchor_1464_1464" id="FNanchor_1464_1464"></a><a href="#Footnote_1464_1464" class="fnanchor">[1464]</a></p> + +<p>To taste the full flavour of this joke it must be explained that +Madame d'Or, about as high as one's boot, held the office of fool to +my Lord Philip.<a name="FNanchor_1465_1465" id="FNanchor_1465_1465"></a><a href="#Footnote_1465_1465" class="fnanchor">[1465]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid failed to come to an understanding with the Lords de +Rochefort and de Moslant concerning the prisoners. They had right on +their side. She had only the promptings of her kind heart. This +discussion afforded great entertainment to the men-at-arms of both +parties. When King Charles was informed of it, he smiled and said that +to settle the dispute he would pay the prisoners' ransom, which was +fixed at one silver mark per head. On receiving this sum the +Burgundians extolled the generosity of the King of France.<a name="FNanchor_1466_1466" id="FNanchor_1466_1466"></a><a href="#Footnote_1466_1466" class="fnanchor">[1466]</a></p> + +<p>On that same Sunday, about nine o'clock in the morning, King Charles +entered the city. He had put on his festive robes, gleaming with +velvet, with gold, and with precious stones. The Duke of Alençon and +the Maid, holding her banner in her hand, rode at his side. He was +followed by all the knighthood. The townsfolk lit bonfires and danced +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.434" id="Page_i.434">[Pg i.434]</a></span> rings. The little children cried, "Noël!" Friar Richard +preached.<a name="FNanchor_1467_1467" id="FNanchor_1467_1467"></a><a href="#Footnote_1467_1467" class="fnanchor">[1467]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid prayed in the churches. In one church she held a babe over +the baptismal font. Like a princess or a holy woman, she was +frequently asked to be godmother to children she did not know and was +never to see again. She generally named the children Charles in honour +of the King, and to the girls she gave her own name of Jeanne. +Sometimes she called the children by names chosen by their +mothers.<a name="FNanchor_1468_1468" id="FNanchor_1468_1468"></a><a href="#Footnote_1468_1468" class="fnanchor">[1468]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, the 11th of July, the army, which had remained outside +the walls, under the command of Messire Ambroise de Loré, passed +through the town. The entrance of men-at-arms was a scourge, of which +the citizens were as much afraid as of the Black Death.<a name="FNanchor_1469_1469" id="FNanchor_1469_1469"></a><a href="#Footnote_1469_1469" class="fnanchor">[1469]</a> King +Charles, being careful to spare the citizens, took measures to control +this scourge. By his command the heralds cried that under pain of +hanging no soldier must enter the houses or take anything against the +will of the townsfolk.<a name="FNanchor_1470_1470" id="FNanchor_1470_1470"></a><a href="#Footnote_1470_1470" class="fnanchor">[1470]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.435" id="Page_i.435">[Pg i.435]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII</h2> + +<h3>THE SURRENDER OF CHÂLONS AND OF REIMS—THE CORONATION</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capl.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="L" title="L" class="floatl" />EAVING Troyes, the royal army entered into the poorer part of +Champagne, crossed the Aube near Arcis, and took up its quarters at +Lettrée, twelve and a half miles from Châlons. From Lettrée the King +sent his herald Montjoie to the people of Châlons to ask them to +receive him and render him obedience.<a name="FNanchor_1471_1471" id="FNanchor_1471_1471"></a><a href="#Footnote_1471_1471" class="fnanchor">[1471]</a></p> + +<p>The towns of Champagne were as closely related as the fingers of one +hand. When the Dauphin was at Brinion-l'Archevêque, the people of +Châlons had heard of it from their friends of Troyes. The latter had +even told them that Friar Richard, the preacher, had brought them a +letter from Jeanne the Maid. Whereupon the folk of Châlons wrote to +those of Reims:</p> + +<p>"We are amazed at Friar Richard. We esteemed him a man right worthy. +But he has turned sorcerer. We announce unto you that the citizens of +Troyes are making war against the Dauphin's men. We are resolved to +resist the enemy with all our strength."<a name="FNanchor_1472_1472" id="FNanchor_1472_1472"></a><a href="#Footnote_1472_1472" class="fnanchor">[1472]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.436" id="Page_i.436">[Pg i.436]</a></span></p> +<p>They thought not one word of what they wrote, and they knew that the +citizens of Reims would believe none of it. But it was important to +display great loyalty to the Duke of Burgundy before receiving another +master.</p> + +<p>The Count Bishop of Châlons came out to Lettrée to meet the King and +gave up to him the keys of the town. He was Jean de Montbéliard-Saarbrück, +one of the Sires of Commercy.<a name="FNanchor_1473_1473" id="FNanchor_1473_1473"></a><a href="#Footnote_1473_1473" class="fnanchor">[1473]</a></p> + +<p>On the 14th of July the King and his army entered the town of +Châlons.<a name="FNanchor_1474_1474" id="FNanchor_1474_1474"></a><a href="#Footnote_1474_1474" class="fnanchor">[1474]</a> There the Maid found four or five peasants from her +village come to see her, and with them Jean Morel, who was her +kinsman. By calling a husbandman, and about forty-three years of age, +he had fled with the d'Arc family to Neufchâteau on the passing of the +men-at-arms. Jeanne gave him a red gown which she had worn.<a name="FNanchor_1475_1475" id="FNanchor_1475_1475"></a><a href="#Footnote_1475_1475" class="fnanchor">[1475]</a> At +Châlons also she met another husbandman, younger than Morel by about +ten years, Gérardin from Épinal, whom she called her <i>compeer</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1476_1476" id="FNanchor_1476_1476"></a><a href="#Footnote_1476_1476" class="fnanchor">[1476]</a> +just as she called Gérardin's wife Isabellette her <i>commère</i><a name="FNanchor_1477_1477" id="FNanchor_1477_1477"></a><a href="#Footnote_1477_1477" class="fnanchor">[1477]</a> +because she had held their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.437" id="Page_i.437">[Pg i.437]</a></span> son Nicolas over the baptismal font and +because a godmother is a mother in the spirit. At home in the village +Jeanne mistrusted Gérardin because he was a Burgundian. At Châlons she +showed more confidence in him and talked to him of the progress of the +army, saying that she feared nothing except treason.<a name="FNanchor_1478_1478" id="FNanchor_1478_1478"></a><a href="#Footnote_1478_1478" class="fnanchor">[1478]</a> Already she +had dark forebodings; doubtless she felt that henceforth the frankness +of her soul and the simplicity of her mind would be hardly assailed by +the wickedness of men and the confusing forces of circumstance. +Already the words of Saint Michael, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret +had lost some of their primitive clearness, for they had come to treat +of those French and Burgundian state secrets which were not heavenly +matters.</p> + +<p>The people of Châlons, following the example of their friends of +Troyes, wrote to the inhabitants of Reims that they had received the +King of France and that they counselled them to do likewise. In this +letter they said they had found King Charles kind, gracious, pitiful, +and merciful; and of a truth the King was dealing leniently with the +towns of Champagne. The people of Châlons added that he had a great +mind and a fine bearing.<a name="FNanchor_1479_1479" id="FNanchor_1479_1479"></a><a href="#Footnote_1479_1479" class="fnanchor">[1479]</a> That was saying much.</p> + +<p>The citizens of Reims acted with extreme caution. On the arrival of +the King of France in the neighbourhood of the town, while they sent +informing him that their gates should be opened to him, to their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.438" id="Page_i.438">[Pg i.438]</a></span> Lord +Philip and likewise to the Burgundians and English captains, they sent +word of the progress of the royal army as far as they knew it, and +called upon them to oppose the enemy's march.<a name="FNanchor_1480_1480" id="FNanchor_1480_1480"></a><a href="#Footnote_1480_1480" class="fnanchor">[1480]</a> But they were in +no hurry to obtain succour, reckoning that, should they receive none, +they could surrender to King Charles without incurring any censure +from the Burgundians, and that thus they would have nothing to fear +from either party. For the moment they preserved their loyalty to the +two sides, which was wise in circumstances so difficult and so +dangerous. While observing the craft with which these towns of +Champagne practised the art of changing masters, it is well to +remember that their lives and possessions depended on their knowledge +of that art.</p> + +<p>As early as the 1st of July Captain Philibert de Moslant wrote to them +from Nogent-sur-Seine, where he was with his Burgundian company, that +if they needed him he would come to their help like a good +Christian.<a name="FNanchor_1481_1481" id="FNanchor_1481_1481"></a><a href="#Footnote_1481_1481" class="fnanchor">[1481]</a> They feigned not to understand. After all, the Lord +Philibert was not their captain. What he proposed to do was, as he +said, only out of Christian charity. The notables of Reims, who did +not wish for deliverance, had to beware, above all, of their natural +deliverer, the Sire de Chastillon, Grand Steward of France, the +commander of the town.<a name="FNanchor_1482_1482" id="FNanchor_1482_1482"></a><a href="#Footnote_1482_1482" class="fnanchor">[1482]</a> And they must needs request help in such +a manner as not to obtain their request, for fear of being like the +Israelites, of whom it is written: <i>Et tribuit eis petitionem eorum</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.439" id="Page_i.439">[Pg i.439]</a></span></p><p>When the royal army was yet before the walls of Troyes, a herald +appeared at the gates of Reims, bearing a letter given by the King, at +Brinion-l'Archevêque, on Monday, the 4th of July. This letter was +delivered to the Council. "You may have heard tidings," said the King +to his good people of Reims, "of the success and victory it hath +pleased God to vouchsafe unto us over our ancient enemies, the +English, before the town of Orléans and since then at Jargeau, +Beaugency, and Meung-sur-Loire, in each of which places our enemies +have received grievous hurt; all their leaders and others to the +number of four thousand have been slain or taken prisoners. Such +things having happened, more by divine grace than human skill, we, +according to the advice of our Princes of the Blood and the members of +our Great Council, are coming to the town of Reims to receive our +anointing and coronation. Wherefore we summon you, on the loyalty and +obedience you owe us, to dispose yourselves to receive us in the +accustomed manner as you have done for our predecessors."<a name="FNanchor_1483_1483" id="FNanchor_1483_1483"></a><a href="#Footnote_1483_1483" class="fnanchor">[1483]</a></p> + +<p>And King Charles, adopting towards the citizens of Reims that same +wise benignity he had shown to the citizens of Troyes, promised them +full pardon and oblivion.</p> + +<p>"Be not deterred," he said, "by matters that are past and the fear +that we may remember them. Be assured that if now ye act towards us as +ye ought, ye shall be dealt with as becometh good and loyal subjects."</p> + +<p>He even asked them to send notables to treat with him. "If, in order +to be better informed concerning our intentions, certain citizens of +Reims would come to us with the herald, whom we send, we should be +well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.440" id="Page_i.440">[Pg i.440]</a></span> pleased. They may come in safety and in such numbers as shall +seem good to them."<a name="FNanchor_1484_1484" id="FNanchor_1484_1484"></a><a href="#Footnote_1484_1484" class="fnanchor">[1484]</a></p> + +<p>On the delivery of this letter the Council was convoked, but it so +befell that there were not enough aldermen to deliberate; hence the +Council was relieved from a serious embarrassment. Whereupon the +common folk were assembled in the various quarters of the city, and +from the citizens thus consulted was obtained the following crafty +declaration: "It is our intention to live and die with the Council and +the Notables. According to their advice we shall act in concord and in +peace, without murmuring or making answer, unless it be by the counsel +and decree of the Commander of Reims and his Lieutenant."<a name="FNanchor_1485_1485" id="FNanchor_1485_1485"></a><a href="#Footnote_1485_1485" class="fnanchor">[1485]</a></p> + +<p>The Sire de Chastillon, Commander of the town, was then at +Château-Thierry with his lieutenants, Jean Cauchon and Thomas de +Bazoches, both of them knights. The citizens of Reims deemed it wise +that he should see King Charles's letter. Their Bailie, Guillaume +Hodierne, went to the Lord Captain and showed it to him. Most +faithfully did the Bailie express the sentiments of the people of +Reims: he asked the Sire de Chastillon to come to their deliverance, +but he asked in such a manner that he did not come. That was the +all-important point; for by not appealing to him they laid themselves +open to a charge of treason, while if he did come they risked having +to endure a siege grievous and dangerous.</p> + +<p>With this object the Bailie declared that the citizens of Reims, +desirous to communicate with their captains, were willing to receive +him if he were ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.441" id="Page_i.441">[Pg i.441]</a></span>companied by no more than fifty horse. Herein they +displayed their good will, being entitled to refuse to receive a +garrison within their walls; this privilege notwithstanding, they +consented to admit fifty horse, which meant about two hundred fighting +men. As the citizens had foreseen, the Sire de Chastillon judged such +a number insufficient for his safety. He demanded as the conditions of +his coming, that the town should be victualled and put in a state of +defence, that he should enter it with three or four hundred +combatants, that the defence of the city as well as of the castle +should be entrusted to him, and that there should be delivered up to +him five or six notables as hostages. On these conditions he declared +himself ready to live and die for them.<a name="FNanchor_1486_1486" id="FNanchor_1486_1486"></a><a href="#Footnote_1486_1486" class="fnanchor">[1486]</a></p> + +<p>He marched with his company to within a short distance of the town, +and then made known to the townsfolk that he had come to succour +them.<a name="FNanchor_1487_1487" id="FNanchor_1487_1487"></a><a href="#Footnote_1487_1487" class="fnanchor">[1487]</a></p> + +<p>The English were indeed recruiting troops wherever they could and +pressing all manner of folk into their service. They were said to be +arming even priests; and the Regent was certainly pressing into his +service the crusaders disembarked in France, whom the Cardinal of +Winchester was intending to lead against the Hussites.<a name="FNanchor_1488_1488" id="FNanchor_1488_1488"></a><a href="#Footnote_1488_1488" class="fnanchor">[1488]</a> As we may +imagine, King Henry's Council did not fail to inform the in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.442" id="Page_i.442">[Pg i.442]</a></span>habitants +of Reims of the armaments which were being assembled. On the 3rd of +July they were told that the troops were crossing the sea, and on the +10th Colard de Mailly, Bailie of Vermandois, announced that they had +landed. But these tidings failed to inspire the folk of Champagne with +any great confidence in the power of the English. While the Sire de +Chastillon was promising that in forty days they should have a fine +large army from beyond the seas, King Charles with thirty thousand +combatants was but a few miles from their gates. The Sire de +Chastillon perceived, what he had previously suspected, that he was +tricked. The citizens of Reims refused to admit him. Nothing remained +for him but to turn round and join the English.<a name="FNanchor_1489_1489" id="FNanchor_1489_1489"></a><a href="#Footnote_1489_1489" class="fnanchor">[1489]</a></p> + +<p>On the 12th of July, from my Lord Regnault de Chartres, Archbishop and +Duke of Reims, the townsfolk received a letter requesting them to make +ready for the King's coming.<a name="FNanchor_1490_1490" id="FNanchor_1490_1490"></a><a href="#Footnote_1490_1490" class="fnanchor">[1490]</a></p> + +<p>The Council of the city having assembled on that day, the clerk +proceeded to draw up an official report of its deliberations:</p> + +<p>"... After having represented to my Lord of Chastillon that he is the +Commander and that the lords and the mass of the people who...."<a name="FNanchor_1491_1491" id="FNanchor_1491_1491"></a><a href="#Footnote_1491_1491" class="fnanchor">[1491]</a></p> + +<p>He wrote no more. Finding it difficult to protest their loyalty to the +English while making ready King Charles's coronation, and considering +it imprudent to recognize a new prince without being forced to it, the +citizens abruptly renounced the silver of speech and took refuge in +the gold of silence.</p> + +<p>On Saturday, the 16th, King Charles took up his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.443" id="Page_i.443">[Pg i.443]</a></span> quarters in the +Castle of Sept-Saulx, ten miles from the city where he was to be +crowned. This fortress had been erected two hundred years before by +the warlike predecessors of my Lord Regnault. Its proud keep commanded +the crossing of the Vesle.<a name="FNanchor_1492_1492" id="FNanchor_1492_1492"></a><a href="#Footnote_1492_1492" class="fnanchor">[1492]</a> There the King received the citizens +of Reims, who came in great numbers to do him homage.<a name="FNanchor_1493_1493" id="FNanchor_1493_1493"></a><a href="#Footnote_1493_1493" class="fnanchor">[1493]</a> Then, with +the Maid and his whole army, he resumed his march. Having traversed +the last stage of the highroad which wound along the bank of the +Vesle, he entered the great city of Champagne at nightfall. The +southern gate, called Dieulimire, lowered its drawbridge and raised +its two portcullises to let him pass.<a name="FNanchor_1494_1494" id="FNanchor_1494_1494"></a><a href="#Footnote_1494_1494" class="fnanchor">[1494]</a></p> + +<p>According to tradition the coronation should take place on a Sunday. +This rule was found mentioned in a ceremonial which was believed to +have served for the coronation of Louis VIII and was considered +authoritative.<a name="FNanchor_1495_1495" id="FNanchor_1495_1495"></a><a href="#Footnote_1495_1495" class="fnanchor">[1495]</a> The citizens of Reims worked all night in order +that everything might be ready on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.444" id="Page_i.444">[Pg i.444]</a></span> morrow.<a name="FNanchor_1496_1496" id="FNanchor_1496_1496"></a><a href="#Footnote_1496_1496" class="fnanchor">[1496]</a> They were urged +on by their sudden affection for the King of France and likewise by +their fear lest he and his army<a name="FNanchor_1497_1497" id="FNanchor_1497_1497"></a><a href="#Footnote_1497_1497" class="fnanchor">[1497]</a> should spend many days in their +city. Their horror of receiving and maintaining men-at-arms within +their gates they shared with the citizens of all towns, who in their +panic were incapable of distinguishing Armagnac soldiers from English +and Burgundians. Wherefore in all things were they diligent, but with +the firm intention of paying as little as possible. Seeing that to +them the coronation brought neither profit nor honour, the aldermen +were accustomed to throw the burden of it on the Archbishop, who, they +said, as peer of France,<a name="FNanchor_1498_1498" id="FNanchor_1498_1498"></a><a href="#Footnote_1498_1498" class="fnanchor">[1498]</a> would receive the emoluments.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="Charles"> +<img src="images/image06.jpg" width="290" height="450" alt="Charles VII" title="Charles VII" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>CHARLES VII, KING OF FRANCE<br /> +<i>From an old engraving</i></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p>The royal ornaments, which, after the coronation of the late King, had +been deposited in the sacristy of Saint-Denys, were in the hands of +the English. The crown of Charlemagne, brilliant with rubies, +sapphires and emeralds, adorned with four flowers-de-luce, which the +Kings of France received on their coronation, the English wished to +place on the head of their King Henry. This child King they were +preparing to gird with the sword of Charlemagne, the illustrious +Joyeuse, which in its sheath of violet velvet slept in the keeping of +the Burgundian Abbot of Saint-Denys. In English hands likewise were +the sceptre surmounted by a golden Charlemagne in imperial robes, the +rod of justice terminated by a hand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.445" id="Page_i.445">[Pg i.445]</a></span> in horn of unicorn, the golden +clasp of Saint Louis' mantle, and the golden spurs and the Pontifical, +containing within its enamelled binding of silver-gilt the ceremonial +of the coronation.<a name="FNanchor_1499_1499" id="FNanchor_1499_1499"></a><a href="#Footnote_1499_1499" class="fnanchor">[1499]</a> The French must needs make shift with a crown +kept in the sacristy of the cathedral.<a name="FNanchor_1500_1500" id="FNanchor_1500_1500"></a><a href="#Footnote_1500_1500" class="fnanchor">[1500]</a> The other signs of +royalty handed down from Clovis, from Saint Charlemagne and Saint +Louis must be represented as well as could be. After all, it was not +unfitting that this coronation, won by a single expedition, should be +expressive of the labour and suffering it had cost. It was well that +the ceremony should suggest something of the heroic poverty of the +men-at-arms and the common folk who had brought the Dauphin thither.</p> + +<p>Kings were anointed with oil, because oil signifies renown, glory, and +wisdom. In the morning the Sires de Rais, de Boussac, de Graville and +de Culant were deputed by the King to go and fetch the Holy +Ampulla.<a name="FNanchor_1501_1501" id="FNanchor_1501_1501"></a><a href="#Footnote_1501_1501" class="fnanchor">[1501]</a></p> + +<p>It was a crystal flask which the Grand Prior of Saint-Remi kept in the +tomb of the Apostle, behind the high altar of the Abbey Church. This +flask contained the sacred chrism with which the Blessed Remi had +anointed King Clovis. It was enclosed in a reliquary in the form of a +dove, because the Holy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.446" id="Page_i.446">[Pg i.446]</a></span> Ghost in the semblance of a dove had been seen +descending with the oil for the anointing of the first Christian +King.<a name="FNanchor_1502_1502" id="FNanchor_1502_1502"></a><a href="#Footnote_1502_1502" class="fnanchor">[1502]</a> Of a truth in ancient books it was written that an angel +had come down from heaven with the miraculous ampulla,<a name="FNanchor_1503_1503" id="FNanchor_1503_1503"></a><a href="#Footnote_1503_1503" class="fnanchor">[1503]</a> but men +were not disturbed by such inconsistencies, and among Christian folk +no one doubted that the sacred chrism was possessed of miraculous +power. For example, it was known that with use the oil became no less, +that the flask remained always full, as a premonition and a pledge +that the kingdom of France would endure for ever. According to the +observation of witnesses, at the time of the coronation of the late +King Charles, the oil had not diminished after the anointing.<a name="FNanchor_1504_1504" id="FNanchor_1504_1504"></a><a href="#Footnote_1504_1504" class="fnanchor">[1504]</a></p> + +<p>At nine o'clock in the morning Charles of Valois entered the church +with a numerous retinue. The king-at-arms of France called by name the +twelve peers of the realm to come before the high altar. Of the six +lay peers not one replied. In their places came the Duke of Alençon, +the Counts of Clermont and of Vendôme, the Sires de Laval, de La +Trémouille, and de Maillé.</p> + +<p>Of the six ecclesiastical peers, three replied to the summons of the +king-at-arms,—the Archbishop Duke<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.447" id="Page_i.447">[Pg i.447]</a></span> of Reims, the Bishop Count of +Châlons, the Bishop Duke of Laon. For the missing bishops of Langres +and Noyon were substituted those of Seez and Orléans. In the absence +of Arthur of Brittany, Constable of France, the sword was held by +Charles, Sire d'Albret.<a name="FNanchor_1505_1505" id="FNanchor_1505_1505"></a><a href="#Footnote_1505_1505" class="fnanchor">[1505]</a></p> + +<p>In front of the altar was Charles of Valois, wearing robes open on the +chest and shoulders. He swore, first, to maintain the peace and +privileges of the Church; second, to preserve his people from +exactions and not to burden them too heavily; third, to govern with +justice and mercy.<a name="FNanchor_1506_1506" id="FNanchor_1506_1506"></a><a href="#Footnote_1506_1506" class="fnanchor">[1506]</a></p> + +<p>From his cousin d'Alençon he received the arms of a knight.<a name="FNanchor_1507_1507" id="FNanchor_1507_1507"></a><a href="#Footnote_1507_1507" class="fnanchor">[1507]</a> Then +the Archbishop anointed him with the holy oil, with which the Holy +Ghost makes strong priests, kings, prophets and martyrs. So this new +Samuel consecrated the new Saul, making manifest that all power is of +God, and that, according to the example set by David, kings are +pontiffs, the ministers and the witnesses of the Lord. This pouring +out of the oil, with which the Kings of Israel were anointed, had +rendered the kings of most Christian France burning and shining lights +since the time of Charlemagne, yea, even since the days of Clovis; for +though it was baptism and confirmation rather than anointing that +Clovis received at the hands of the Blessed Saint Remi, yet he was +anointed Christian and King by the blessed bishop, and at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.448" id="Page_i.448">[Pg i.448]</a></span> the same +time and with that same holy oil which God himself had sent to this +prince and to his successors.<a name="FNanchor_1508_1508" id="FNanchor_1508_1508"></a><a href="#Footnote_1508_1508" class="fnanchor">[1508]</a></p> + +<p>And Charles received the anointing, the sign of power and victory, for +it is written in the Book of Samuel:<a name="FNanchor_1509_1509" id="FNanchor_1509_1509"></a><a href="#Footnote_1509_1509" class="fnanchor">[1509]</a> "And Samuel took a vial of +oil and poured it upon his head and kissed him, and said, 'Is it not +because the Lord hath anointed thee to be captain over his inheritance +and to deliver his people from their enemies round about. <i>Ecce unxit +te Dominus super hereditatem suam in principem, et liberabis populum +suum de manibus inimicorum ejus, qui in circuitu ejus sunt.</i>'" (Reg. +1. x. 1. 6.)</p> + +<p>During the mystery, as it was called in the old parlance,<a name="FNanchor_1510_1510" id="FNanchor_1510_1510"></a><a href="#Footnote_1510_1510" class="fnanchor">[1510]</a> the +Maid stayed by the King's side. Her white banner, before which the +ancient standard of Chandos had retreated, she held for a moment +unfurled. Then others in their turn held her standard, her page Louis +de Coutes, who never left her, and Friar Richard the preacher, who had +followed her to Châlons and to Reims.<a name="FNanchor_1511_1511" id="FNanchor_1511_1511"></a><a href="#Footnote_1511_1511" class="fnanchor">[1511]</a> In one of her dreams she +had lately given a crown to the King; she was looking for this crown +to be brought into the church by heavenly messengers.<a name="FNanchor_1512_1512" id="FNanchor_1512_1512"></a><a href="#Footnote_1512_1512" class="fnanchor">[1512]</a> Did not +saints commonly receive crowns from angels' hands? To Saint Cecilia an +angel offered a crown with garlands of roses and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.449" id="Page_i.449">[Pg i.449]</a></span> lilies. To +Catherine, the Virgin, an angel gave an imperishable crown, which she +placed upon the head of the Empress of Rome. But the crown curiously +rich and magnificent that Jeanne looked for came not.<a name="FNanchor_1513_1513" id="FNanchor_1513_1513"></a><a href="#Footnote_1513_1513" class="fnanchor">[1513]</a></p> + +<p>From the altar the Archbishop took the crown of no great value +provided by the chapter, and with both hands raised it over the King's +head. The twelve peers, in a circle round the prince, stretched forth +their arms to hold it. The trumpets blew and the folk cried: +"Noël."<a name="FNanchor_1514_1514" id="FNanchor_1514_1514"></a><a href="#Footnote_1514_1514" class="fnanchor">[1514]</a></p> + +<p>Thus was anointed and crowned Charles of France issue of the royal +line of Priam, great Troy's noble King.</p> + +<p>Two hours after noon the mystery came to an end.<a name="FNanchor_1515_1515" id="FNanchor_1515_1515"></a><a href="#Footnote_1515_1515" class="fnanchor">[1515]</a> We are told +that then the Maid knelt low before the King, and, weeping said:</p> + +<p>"Fair King, now is God's pleasure accomplished. It was His will that I +should raise the siege of Orléans and bring you to this city of Reims +to receive your holy anointing, making manifest that you are the true +King and he to whom the realm of France should belong."<a name="FNanchor_1516_1516" id="FNanchor_1516_1516"></a><a href="#Footnote_1516_1516" class="fnanchor">[1516]</a></p> + +<p>The King made the customary gifts. To the Chapter he presented +hangings of green satin as well as ornaments of red velvet and white +damask. Moreover, he placed upon the altar a silver vase with thirteen +golden crowns. Regardless of the claims asserted by the canons, the +Lord Archbishop took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.450" id="Page_i.450">[Pg i.450]</a></span> possession of it, but it profited him little, +for he had to give it up.<a name="FNanchor_1517_1517" id="FNanchor_1517_1517"></a><a href="#Footnote_1517_1517" class="fnanchor">[1517]</a> After the ceremony King Charles put +the crown on his head and over his shoulders the royal mantle, blue as +the sky, flowered with lilies of gold; and on his charger he passed +down the streets of Reims city. The people in great joy cried, "Noël!" +as they had cried when my Lord the Duke of Burgundy entered. On that +day the Sire de Rais was made marshal of France and the Sire de la +Trémouille count. The eldest of Madame de Laval's two sons, he to whom +the Maid had offered wine at Selles-en-Berry, was likewise made count. +Captain La Hire received the county of Longueville with such parts of +Normandy as he could conquer.<a name="FNanchor_1518_1518" id="FNanchor_1518_1518"></a><a href="#Footnote_1518_1518" class="fnanchor">[1518]</a></p> + +<p>King Charles dined in the archiepiscopal palace in the ancient hall of +Tau, and was served by the Duke of Alençon and the Count of +Clermont.<a name="FNanchor_1519_1519" id="FNanchor_1519_1519"></a><a href="#Footnote_1519_1519" class="fnanchor">[1519]</a> As was customary, the royal table extended into the +street, and there was feasting throughout the town. It was a day of +free drinking and fraternity. In the houses, at the doors, by the +wayside, folk made good cheer, and the kitchens were busy; there were +that day consumed oxen in dozens, sheep in hundreds, chicken and +rabbits in thousands. Folk stuffed themselves with spices, and (for it +was a thirsty day) they quaffed full many a beaker of wine of +Burgundy, and especially of that wine of delicate flavour that comes +from Beaune. At every coronation the ancient stag, made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.451" id="Page_i.451">[Pg i.451]</a></span> of bronze and +hollow, which stood in the courtyard of the archiepiscopal palace was +carried into the Rue du Parvis; it was filled with wine and the people +drank from it as from a fountain. Finally the burgesses and all the +inhabitants of Blessed Saint Remi's city, rich and poor alike, stuffed +and satiated with good wine, having howled "Noël!" till they were +hoarse, fell asleep over the wine-casks and the victuals, the remains +of which were to be a cause of bitter dispute between the grim +aldermen and the King's men on the morrow.<a name="FNanchor_1520_1520" id="FNanchor_1520_1520"></a><a href="#Footnote_1520_1520" class="fnanchor">[1520]</a></p> + +<p>Jacques d'Arc had come to see the coronation for which his daughter +had so zealously laboured. He lodged at the Sign of <i>L'Ane Rayé</i> in +the Rue du Parvis in a hostelry kept by Alix, widow of Raulin Morieau. +As well as his daughter, he saw once more his son Pierre.<a name="FNanchor_1521_1521" id="FNanchor_1521_1521"></a><a href="#Footnote_1521_1521" class="fnanchor">[1521]</a> The +cousin, whom Jeanne called uncle and who had accompanied her to +Vaucouleurs to Sire Robert, had likewise come hither to the +coronation. He spoke to the King and told him all he knew of his +cousin.<a name="FNanchor_1522_1522" id="FNanchor_1522_1522"></a><a href="#Footnote_1522_1522" class="fnanchor">[1522]</a> At Reims also Jeanne found her young fellow-countryman, +Husson Le Maistre, coppersmith of the village of Varville, about seven +miles from Domremy. She did not know him; but he had heard tell of +her, and he was very familiar with Jacques and Pierre d'Arc.<a name="FNanchor_1523_1523" id="FNanchor_1523_1523"></a><a href="#Footnote_1523_1523" class="fnanchor">[1523]</a></p> + +<p>Jacques d'Arc was one of the notables and per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.452" id="Page_i.452">[Pg i.452]</a></span>haps the best business +man of his village.<a name="FNanchor_1524_1524" id="FNanchor_1524_1524"></a><a href="#Footnote_1524_1524" class="fnanchor">[1524]</a> It was not merely to see his daughter riding +through the streets in man's attire that he had come to Reims. He had +come doubtless for himself and on behalf of his village to ask the +King for an exemption from taxation. This request, presented to the +King by the Maid, was granted. On the 31st of the month the King +decreed that the inhabitants of Greux and of Domremy should be free +from all <i>tailles</i>, aids, subsidies, and subventions.<a name="FNanchor_1525_1525" id="FNanchor_1525_1525"></a><a href="#Footnote_1525_1525" class="fnanchor">[1525]</a> Out of the +public funds the magistrates of the town paid Jacques d'Arc's +expenses, and when he was about to depart they gave him a horse to +take him home.<a name="FNanchor_1526_1526" id="FNanchor_1526_1526"></a><a href="#Footnote_1526_1526" class="fnanchor">[1526]</a></p> + +<p>During the five or six days she spent at Reims the Maid appeared +frequently before the townsfolk. The poor and humble came to her; good +wives took her by the hand and touched their rings with hers.<a name="FNanchor_1527_1527" id="FNanchor_1527_1527"></a><a href="#Footnote_1527_1527" class="fnanchor">[1527]</a> On +her finger she wore a little ring made of a kind of brass, sometimes +called electrum.<a name="FNanchor_1528_1528" id="FNanchor_1528_1528"></a><a href="#Footnote_1528_1528" class="fnanchor">[1528]</a> Electrum was said to be the gold of the poor. +In place of a stone the ring had a collet inscribed with the words +"Jhesus Maria" with three crosses. Oftentimes she reverently fixed her +gaze upon it, for once she had had it touched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.453" id="Page_i.453">[Pg i.453]</a></span> by Saint Catherine.<a name="FNanchor_1529_1529" id="FNanchor_1529_1529"></a><a href="#Footnote_1529_1529" class="fnanchor">[1529]</a> +And that the Saint should have actually touched it was not incredible, +seeing that some years before, in 1413, Sister Colette, who was vowed +to virginal chastity, had received from the Virgin apostle a rich +golden ring, as a sign of her spiritual marriage with the King of +Kings. Sister Colette permitted the nuns and monks of her order to +touch this ring, and she confided it to the messengers she sent to +distant lands to preserve them from perils by the way.<a name="FNanchor_1530_1530" id="FNanchor_1530_1530"></a><a href="#Footnote_1530_1530" class="fnanchor">[1530]</a> The Maid +ascribed great powers to her ring, albeit she never used it to heal +the sick.<a name="FNanchor_1531_1531" id="FNanchor_1531_1531"></a><a href="#Footnote_1531_1531" class="fnanchor">[1531]</a></p> + +<p>She was expected to render those trifling services which it was usual +to ask from holy folk and sometimes from magicians. Before the +coronation ceremony the nobles and knights had been given gloves, +according to the custom. One of them lost his; he asked the Maid to +find them, or others asked her for him. She did not promise to do it; +notwithstanding the matter became known, and various interpretations +were placed upon it.<a name="FNanchor_1532_1532" id="FNanchor_1532_1532"></a><a href="#Footnote_1532_1532" class="fnanchor">[1532]</a></p> + +<p>After the King's coronation, jostled by the crowd in the Rue du +Parvis, one can imagine some thoughtful clerk raising his eyes to the +glorious façade of the Cathedral, that Bible in stone, already +appearing ancient to men, who, knowing naught of the chronicles, +measured time by the span of human existence. Such a clerk would have +certainly beheld on the left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.454" id="Page_i.454">[Pg i.454]</a></span> of the pointed arch above the rose +window the colossal image of Goliath rising proudly in his coat of +mail, and that same figure repeated on the right of the arch in the +attitude of a man tottering and ready to fall.<a name="FNanchor_1533_1533" id="FNanchor_1533_1533"></a><a href="#Footnote_1533_1533" class="fnanchor">[1533]</a> Then this clerk +must have remembered what is written in the first book of Kings:<a name="FNanchor_1534_1534" id="FNanchor_1534_1534"></a><a href="#Footnote_1534_1534" class="fnanchor">[1534]</a></p> + +<p>"And there went out a man base-born from the camp of the Philistines, +named Goliath, of Geth, whose height was six cubits and a span. And he +had a helmet of brass upon his head and he was clothed with a coat of +mail with scales; and the weight of his coat of mail was five thousand +sicles of brass. And standing he cried out to the bands of Israel and +said to them: I bring reproach unto the armies of Israel. Choose out a +man of you, and let him come down and fight hand to hand.</p> + +<p>"Now David had gone to feed his Father's sheep at Bethlehem. But he +arose in the morning and gave the charge of the flock to the keeper. +And he came to the place of Magala and to the army which was going out +to fight. And, seeing Goliath, he asked: 'Who is this uncircumcised +Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?'</p> + +<p>"And the words which David spoke, were rehearsed before Saul; and he +sent for him. David said to Saul, 'Let not any man's heart be dismayed +in him; I, thy servant, will go and fight against this Philistine.' +And Saul said to David 'Thou art not able to withstand this Philistine +nor to fight against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.455" id="Page_i.455">[Pg i.455]</a></span> him; for thou art but a boy, but he is a warrior +from his youth.' And David made answer, 'I will go against him and I +will take away the reproach from Israel.' Then Saul said to David, 'Go +and the Lord be with thee.'</p> + +<p>"And David took his staff which he had always in his hands, and chose +him five smooth stones out of the brook, and he took a sling in his +hand; and went forth against the Philistine.</p> + +<p>"And when the Philistine looked and beheld David, he despised him. For +he was a young man, and ruddy, and of a comely countenance. And the +Philistine said to David: 'Am I a dog, that thou comest to me with a +staff?' Then said David to the Philistine: 'Thou comest to me with a +sword, and with a spear and with a shield: but I come to thee in the +name of the Lord of Hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, which thou +hast defied. This day will the Lord deliver thee into mine hand that +all the earth may know that the Lord saveth not with sword and spear: +for it is his battle, and he will deliver you into our hands.'</p> + +<p>"And when the Philistine arose and was coming and drew nigh to meet +David, David made haste and ran to the fight to meet the Philistine. +And he put his hand into his scrip and took a stone, and cast it with +the sling and fetching it about struck the Philistine in the forehead, +and the stone was fixed in his forehead and he fell on his face upon +the earth."<a name="FNanchor_1535_1535" id="FNanchor_1535_1535"></a><a href="#Footnote_1535_1535" class="fnanchor">[1535]</a></p> + +<p>Then the clerk, meditating on these words of the Book, would reflect +how God, the Unchanging, who saved Israel and struck down Goliath by +the sling of a shepherd lad, had raised up the daughter of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.456" id="Page_i.456">[Pg i.456]</a></span> +husbandman for the deliverance of the most Christian realm and the +reproach of the Leopard.<a name="FNanchor_1536_1536" id="FNanchor_1536_1536"></a><a href="#Footnote_1536_1536" class="fnanchor">[1536]</a></p> + +<p>From Gien, about June the 27th, the Maid had had a letter written to +the Duke of Burgundy, calling upon him to come to the King's +anointing. Having received no reply, on the day of the coronation she +dictated a second letter to the Duke. Here it is:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h3>† <span class="smcap">Jhesus Maria</span></h3> + +<p>"High and greatly to be feared Prince, Duke of Burgundy, +Jehanne the Maid, in the name of the King of Heaven, her +rightful and liege lord, requires you and the King of France +to make a good peace which shall long endure. Forgive one +another heartily and entirely as becometh good Christians; +an if it please you to make war, go ye against the Saracens. +Prince of Burgundy, I pray you, I entreat you, I beseech you +as humbly as lieth in my power, that ye make war no more +against the holy realm of France, and that forthwith and +speedily ye withdraw those your men who are in any +strongholds and fortresses of the said holy kingdom; and in +the name of the fair King of France, he is ready to make +peace with you, saving his honour if that be necessary. And +in the name of the King of Heaven, my Sovereign liege Lord, +for your good, your honour and your life, I make known unto +you, that ye will never win in battle against the loyal +French and that all they who wage war against the holy realm +of France, will be warring against King Jhesus, King of +Heaven and of the world, my lawful liege lord. And with +clasped hands I beseech and entreat you that ye make no +battle nor wage war against us, neither you, nor your +people, nor your subjects; and be assured that whatever +number of folk ye bring against us, they will gain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.457" id="Page_i.457">[Pg i.457]</a></span> nothing, +and it will be sore pity for the great battle and the blood +that shall be shed of those that come against us. And three +weeks past, I did write and send you letters by a herald, +that ye should come to the anointing of the King, which +to-day, Sunday, the 17th day of this present month, is made +in the city of Reims: to which letter I have had no answer, +neither news of the said herald. To God I commend you; may +he keep you, if it be his will; and I pray God to establish +good peace. Written from the said place of Reims, on the +said seventeenth of July."</p> + +<p>Addressed: "to the Duke of Burgundy."<a name="FNanchor_1537_1537" id="FNanchor_1537_1537"></a><a href="#Footnote_1537_1537" class="fnanchor">[1537]</a></p></div> + +<p>Had Saint Catherine of Sienna been at Reims she would not have written +otherwise. Albeit the Maid liked not the Burgundians, in her own way +she realized forcibly how desirable was peace with the Duke of +Burgundy. With clasped hands she entreats him to cease making war +against France. "An it please you to make war then go ye against the +Saracens." Already she had counselled the English to join the French +and go on a crusade. The destruction of the infidel was then the dream +of gentle peace-loving souls; and many pious folk believed that the +son of the knight, who had been vanquished at Nicopolis, would make +the Turks pay dearly for their former victory.<a name="FNanchor_1538_1538" id="FNanchor_1538_1538"></a><a href="#Footnote_1538_1538" class="fnanchor">[1538]</a></p> + +<p>In this letter, the Maid, in the name of the King of Heaven, tells +Duke Philip that if he fight against the King, he will be conquered. +Her voices had foretold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.458" id="Page_i.458">[Pg i.458]</a></span> to her the victory of France over Burgundy; +they had not revealed to her that at the very moment when she was +dictating her letter the ambassadors of Duke Philip were at Reims; +that was so, notwithstanding.<a name="FNanchor_1539_1539" id="FNanchor_1539_1539"></a><a href="#Footnote_1539_1539" class="fnanchor">[1539]</a></p> + +<p>Esteeming King Charles, master of Champagne, to be a prince worthy of +consideration, Duke Philip sent to Reims, David de Brimeu, Bailie of +Artois, at the head of an embassy, to greet him and open negotiations +for peace.<a name="FNanchor_1540_1540" id="FNanchor_1540_1540"></a><a href="#Footnote_1540_1540" class="fnanchor">[1540]</a> The Burgundians received a hearty welcome from the +Chancellor and the Council. It was hoped that peace would be concluded +before their departure. The Angevin lords announced it to their +queens, Yolande and Marie.<a name="FNanchor_1541_1541" id="FNanchor_1541_1541"></a><a href="#Footnote_1541_1541" class="fnanchor">[1541]</a> By so doing they showed how little +they knew the consummate old fox of Dijon. The French were not strong +enough yet, neither were the English weak enough. It was agreed that +in August an embassy should be sent to the Duke of Burgundy in the +town of Arras. After four days negotiation, a truce for fifteen days +was signed and the embassy left Reims.<a name="FNanchor_1542_1542" id="FNanchor_1542_1542"></a><a href="#Footnote_1542_1542" class="fnanchor">[1542]</a> At the same time, the +Duke at Paris solemnly renewed his complaint against Charles of +Valois, his father's assassin, and undertook to bring an army to the +help of the English.<a name="FNanchor_1543_1543" id="FNanchor_1543_1543"></a><a href="#Footnote_1543_1543" class="fnanchor">[1543]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.459" id="Page_i.459">[Pg i.459]</a></span></p><p>Leaving Antoine de Hellande, nephew of the Duke-Archbishop<a name="FNanchor_1544_1544" id="FNanchor_1544_1544"></a><a href="#Footnote_1544_1544" class="fnanchor">[1544]</a> to +command Reims, the King of France departed from the city on the 20th +of July and went to Saint-Marcoul-de-Corbeny, where on the day after +their coronation, the Kings were accustomed to touch for the +evil.<a name="FNanchor_1545_1545" id="FNanchor_1545_1545"></a><a href="#Footnote_1545_1545" class="fnanchor">[1545]</a></p> + +<p>Saint Marcoul cured the evil.<a name="FNanchor_1546_1546" id="FNanchor_1546_1546"></a><a href="#Footnote_1546_1546" class="fnanchor">[1546]</a> He was of royal race, but his +power, manifested long after his death, came to him especially from +his name, and it was believed that Saint Marcoul was able to cure +those afflicted with marks on the neck, as Saint Clare was to give +sight to the blind, and Saint Fort to give strength to children. The +King of France shared with him the power of healing scrofula; and as +the power came to him from the holy oil brought down from heaven by a +dove, it was thought that this virtue would be more effectual at the +time of the anointing, all the more because by lewdness, disobedience +to the Christian Church, and other irregularities, he stood in danger +of losing it. That is what had happened to King Philippe I.<a name="FNanchor_1547_1547" id="FNanchor_1547_1547"></a><a href="#Footnote_1547_1547" class="fnanchor">[1547]</a> The +Kings of England touched for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.460" id="Page_i.460">[Pg i.460]</a></span> evil; notably King Edward III worked +wondrous cures on scrofulous folk who were covered with scars. For +these reasons scrofula was called Saint Marcoul's evil or King's evil. +Virgins as well as kings could cure this royal malady.</p> + +<p>King Charles worshipped and presented offerings at the shrine of Saint +Marcoul, and there touched for the evil. At Corbeny he received the +submission of the town of Laon. Then, on the morrow, the 22nd, he went +off to a little stronghold in the valley of the Aisne, called Vailly, +which belonged to the Archbishop Duke of Reims. At Vailly he received +the submission of the town of Soissons.<a name="FNanchor_1548_1548" id="FNanchor_1548_1548"></a><a href="#Footnote_1548_1548" class="fnanchor">[1548]</a> In the words of an +Armagnac prophet of the time: "the keys of the war gates knew the +hands that had forged them."<a name="FNanchor_1549_1549" id="FNanchor_1549_1549"></a><a href="#Footnote_1549_1549" class="fnanchor">[1549]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.461" id="Page_i.461">[Pg i.461]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX</h2> + +<h3>RISE OF THE LEGEND</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capi.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" />T is always difficult to ascertain what happens in war. In those days +it was quite impossible to form any clear idea of how things came +about. At Orléans, doubtless, there were certain who were keen enough +to perceive that the numerous and ingenious engines of war, gathered +together by the magistrates, had been of great service; but folk +generally prefer to ascribe results to miraculous causes, and the +merit of their deliverance the people of Orléans attributed first to +their Blessed Patrons, Saint Aignan and Saint Euverte, and after them +to Jeanne, the Divine Maid, believing that there was no easier, +simpler, or more natural explanation of the deeds they had +witnessed.<a name="FNanchor_1550_1550" id="FNanchor_1550_1550"></a><a href="#Footnote_1550_1550" class="fnanchor">[1550]</a></p> + +<p>Guillaume Girault, former magistrate of the town and notary at the +Châtelet, wrote and signed, with his own hand, a brief account of the +deliverance of the city. Herein he states that on Wednesday, Ascension +Eve, the bastion of Saint-Loup was stormed and taken as if by miracle, +"there being present, and aiding in the fight, Jeanne the Maid, sent +of God;" and that, on the following Saturday, the siege laid by the +English to Les Tourelles at the end of the bridge was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.462" id="Page_i.462">[Pg i.462]</a></span> raised by the +most obvious miracle since the Passion. And Guillaume Girault +testifies that the Maid led the enterprise.<a name="FNanchor_1551_1551" id="FNanchor_1551_1551"></a><a href="#Footnote_1551_1551" class="fnanchor">[1551]</a> When eye-witnesses, +participators in the deeds themselves, had no clear idea of events, +what could those more remote from the scene of action think of them?</p> + +<p>The tidings of the French victories flew with astonishing +rapidity.<a name="FNanchor_1552_1552" id="FNanchor_1552_1552"></a><a href="#Footnote_1552_1552" class="fnanchor">[1552]</a> The brevity of authentic accounts was amply +supplemented by the eloquence of loquacious clerks and the popular +imagination. The Loire campaign and the coronation expedition were +scarcely known at first save by fabulous reports, and the people only +thought of them as supernatural events.</p> + +<p>In the letters sent by royal secretaries to the towns of the realm and +the princes of Christendom, the name of Jeanne the Maid was associated +with all the deeds of prowess. Jeanne herself, by her monastic scribe, +made known to all the great deeds which, it was her firm belief, she +had accomplished.<a name="FNanchor_1553_1553" id="FNanchor_1553_1553"></a><a href="#Footnote_1553_1553" class="fnanchor">[1553]</a></p> + +<p>It was believed that everything had been done through her, that the +King had consulted her in all things, when in truth the King's +counsellors and the Captains rarely asked her advice, listened to it +but seldom, and brought her forth only at convenient seasons. +Everything was attributed to her alone. Her personality, associated +with deeds attested and seemingly marvellous, became buried in a vast +cycle of astonishing fables and disappeared in a forest of heroic +stories.<a name="FNanchor_1554_1554" id="FNanchor_1554_1554"></a><a href="#Footnote_1554_1554" class="fnanchor">[1554]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.463" id="Page_i.463">[Pg i.463]</a></span></p> +<p>Contrite souls there were in those days, who, ascribing all the woes +of the kingdom to the sins of the people, looked for salvation to +humility, repentance, and penance.<a name="FNanchor_1555_1555" id="FNanchor_1555_1555"></a><a href="#Footnote_1555_1555" class="fnanchor">[1555]</a> They expected the end of +iniquity and the kingdom of God on earth. Jeanne, at least in the +beginning, was one of those pious folk. Sometimes, speaking as a +mystic reformer, she would say that Jesus is King of the holy realm of +France, that King Charles is his lieutenant, and does but hold the +kingdom "in fief."<a name="FNanchor_1556_1556" id="FNanchor_1556_1556"></a><a href="#Footnote_1556_1556" class="fnanchor">[1556]</a> She uttered words which would create the +impression that her mission was all charity, peace, and love,—these, +for example, "I am sent to comfort the poor and needy."<a name="FNanchor_1557_1557" id="FNanchor_1557_1557"></a><a href="#Footnote_1557_1557" class="fnanchor">[1557]</a> Such +gentle penitents as dreamed of a world pure, faithful, and good, made +of Jeanne their saint and their prophetess. They ascribed to her +edifying words she had never uttered.</p> + +<p>"When the Maid came to the King," they said, "she caused him to make +three promises: the first was to resign his kingdom, to renounce it +and give it back to God, from whom he held it; the second, to pardon +all such as had turned against him and afflicted him; the third, to +humiliate himself so far as to receive into favour all such as should +come to him, poor and rich, friend and foe."<a name="FNanchor_1558_1558" id="FNanchor_1558_1558"></a><a href="#Footnote_1558_1558" class="fnanchor">[1558]</a></p> + +<p>Or again, in apologues, simple and charming, like the following, they +represented her accomplishing her mission:</p> + +<p>"One day, the Maid asked the King to bestow a present upon her; and +when he consented, she claimed as a gift the realm of France. Though +astonished, the King did not withdraw his promise.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.464" id="Page_i.464">[Pg i.464]</a></span> Having received +her present, the Maid required a deed of gift to be solemnly drawn up +by four of the King's notaries and read aloud. While the King listened +to the reading, she pointed him out to those that stood by, saying: +'Behold the poorest knight in the kingdom.' Then, after a short time, +disposing of the realm of France, she gave it back to God. Thereafter, +acting in God's name, she invested King Charles with it and commanded +that this solemn act of transmission should be recorded in +writing."<a name="FNanchor_1559_1559" id="FNanchor_1559_1559"></a><a href="#Footnote_1559_1559" class="fnanchor">[1559]</a></p> + +<p>It was believed that Jeanne had prophesied that on Saint John the +Baptist's Day, 1429, not an Englishman should be left in France.<a name="FNanchor_1560_1560" id="FNanchor_1560_1560"></a><a href="#Footnote_1560_1560" class="fnanchor">[1560]</a> +These simple folk expected their saint's promises to be fulfilled on +the day she had fixed. They maintained that on the 23rd of June she +had entered the city of Rouen, and that on the morrow, Saint John the +Baptist's day, the inhabitants of Paris had of their own accord, +opened their gates to the King of France. In the month of July these +stories were being told in Avignon.<a name="FNanchor_1561_1561" id="FNanchor_1561_1561"></a><a href="#Footnote_1561_1561" class="fnanchor">[1561]</a> Reformers, numerous it would +seem in France and throughout Christendom, believed that the Maid +would organise the English and French on monastic lines and make of +them one nation of pious beggars, one brotherhood of penitents. +According to them, the following were the intentions of the two +parties and the clauses of the treaty:</p> + +<p>"King Charles of Valois bestows universal pardon and is willing to +forget all wrongs. The English and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.465" id="Page_i.465">[Pg i.465]</a></span> French, having turned to +contrition and repentance, are endeavouring to conclude a good and +binding peace. The Maid herself has imposed conditions upon them. +Conforming to her will, the English and French for one year or for two +will wear a grey habit, with a little cross sewn upon it; on every +Friday they will live on bread and water; they will dwell in unity +with their wives and will seek no other women. They promise God not to +make war except for the defense of their country."<a name="FNanchor_1562_1562" id="FNanchor_1562_1562"></a><a href="#Footnote_1562_1562" class="fnanchor">[1562]</a></p> + +<p>During the coronation campaign, nothing being known of the agreement +between the King's men and the people of Auxerre, towards the end of +July, it was related that the town having been taken by storm, four +thousand five hundred citizens had been killed and likewise fifteen +hundred men-at-arms, knights as well as squires belonging to the +parties of Burgundy and Savoy. Among the nobles slain were mentioned +Humbert Maréchal, Lord of Varambon, and a very famous warrior, le Viau +de Bar. Stories were told of treasons and massacres, horrible +adventures in which the Maid was associated with that knave of hearts +who was already famous. She was said to have had twelve traitors +beheaded.<a name="FNanchor_1563_1563" id="FNanchor_1563_1563"></a><a href="#Footnote_1563_1563" class="fnanchor">[1563]</a> Such tales were real romances of chivalry. Here is one +of them:</p> + +<p>About two thousand English surrounded the King's camp, watching to see +if they could do him some hurt. Then the Maid called Captain La Hire +and said to him: "Thou hast in thy time done great prowess, but to-day +God prepares for thee a deed greater than any thou hast yet performed. +Take thy men and go to such and such a wood two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.466" id="Page_i.466">[Pg i.466]</a></span> leagues herefrom, and +there shalt thou find two thousand English, all lance in hand; them +shalt thou take and slay."</p> + +<p>La Hire went forth to the English and all were taken and slain as the +Maid had said.<a name="FNanchor_1564_1564" id="FNanchor_1564_1564"></a><a href="#Footnote_1564_1564" class="fnanchor">[1564]</a></p> + +<p>Such were the fairy-stories told of Jeanne to the joy of simple +primitive folk, who delighted in the idea of a maid slayer of giants +and remover of mountains.</p> + +<p>There was a rumour that after the sack of Auxerre, the Duke of +Burgundy had been defeated and taken in a great battle, that the +Regent was dead and that the Armagnacs had entered Paris.<a name="FNanchor_1565_1565" id="FNanchor_1565_1565"></a><a href="#Footnote_1565_1565" class="fnanchor">[1565]</a> +Prodigies were said to have attended the capitulation of Troyes. On +the coming of the French, it was told how the townsfolk beheld from +their ramparts a vast multitude of men-at-arms, some five or six +thousand, each man holding a white pennon in his hand. On the +departure of the French, they beheld them again, ranged but a bow-shot +behind King Charles. These knights with white pennons vanished when +the King had gone; for they were as miraculous as those white-scarfed +knights, whom the Bretons had seen riding in the sky but shortly +before.<a name="FNanchor_1566_1566" id="FNanchor_1566_1566"></a><a href="#Footnote_1566_1566" class="fnanchor">[1566]</a></p> + +<p>All that the people of Orléans beheld when their siege was suddenly +raised, all that Armagnac mendicants and the Dauphin's clerks related +was greedily received, accredited, and amplified. Three months after +her coming to Chinon, Jeanne had her legend, which grew and increased +and extended into Italy, Flanders, and Germany.<a name="FNanchor_1567_1567" id="FNanchor_1567_1567"></a><a href="#Footnote_1567_1567" class="fnanchor">[1567]</a> In the summer of +1429,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.467" id="Page_i.467">[Pg i.467]</a></span> this legend was already formed. All the scattered parts of what +may be described as the gospel of her childhood existed.</p> + +<p>At the age of seven Jeanne kept sheep; the wolves did not molest her +flock; the birds of the field, when she called them, came and ate +bread from her lap. The wicked had no power over her. No one beneath +her roof need fear man's fraud or ill-will.<a name="FNanchor_1568_1568" id="FNanchor_1568_1568"></a><a href="#Footnote_1568_1568" class="fnanchor">[1568]</a></p> + +<p>When it is a Latin poet who is writing, the miracles attending +Jeanne's birth assume a Roman majesty and are clothed with the august +dignity of ancient myths. Thus it is curious to find a humanist of +1429 summoning the Italian muse to the cradle of Zabillet Romée's +daughter.</p> + +<p>"The thunder rolled, the ocean shuddered, the earth shook, the heavens +were on fire, the universe rejoiced visibly; a strange transport +mingled with fear moved the enraptured nations. They sing sweet verses +and dance in harmonious motion at the sign of the salvation prepared +for the French people by this celestial birth."<a name="FNanchor_1569_1569" id="FNanchor_1569_1569"></a><a href="#Footnote_1569_1569" class="fnanchor">[1569]</a></p> + +<p>Moreover an attempt was made to represent the wonders that had +heralded the nativity of Jesus as having been repeated on the birth of +Jeanne. It was imagined that she was born on the night of the +Epiphany. The shepherds of her village, moved by an indescribable joy, +the cause of which was unknown to them, hastened through the darkness +towards the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.468" id="Page_i.468">[Pg i.468]</a></span> marvellous mystery. The cocks, heralds of this new joy, +sing at an unusual season and, flapping their wings, seem to prophesy +for two hours. Thus the child in her cradle had her adoration of the +shepherds.<a name="FNanchor_1570_1570" id="FNanchor_1570_1570"></a><a href="#Footnote_1570_1570" class="fnanchor">[1570]</a></p> + +<p>Of her coming into France there was much to tell. It was related that +in the Château of Chinon she had recognised the King, whom she had +never seen before, and had gone straight to him, although he was but +poorly clad and surrounded by his baronage.<a name="FNanchor_1571_1571" id="FNanchor_1571_1571"></a><a href="#Footnote_1571_1571" class="fnanchor">[1571]</a> It was said that she +had given the King a sign, that she had revealed a secret to him; and +that on the revelation of the secret, known to him alone, he had been +illuminated with a heavenly joy. Concerning this interview at Chinon, +while those present had little to say, the stories of many who were +not there were interminable.<a name="FNanchor_1572_1572" id="FNanchor_1572_1572"></a><a href="#Footnote_1572_1572" class="fnanchor">[1572]</a></p> + +<p>On the 7th of May, at four o'clock in the afternoon, a white dove +alighted on the Maid's standard; and on the same day, during the +assault, two white birds were seen to be flying over her head.<a name="FNanchor_1573_1573" id="FNanchor_1573_1573"></a><a href="#Footnote_1573_1573" class="fnanchor">[1573]</a> +Saints were commonly visited by doves. One day when Saint<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.469" id="Page_i.469">[Pg i.469]</a></span> Catherine +of Sienna was kneeling in the fuller's house, a dove as white as snow +perched on the child's head.<a name="FNanchor_1574_1574" id="FNanchor_1574_1574"></a><a href="#Footnote_1574_1574" class="fnanchor">[1574]</a></p> + +<p>A tale then in circulation is interesting as showing the idea which +prevailed concerning the relations of the King and the Maid; it +serves, likewise, as an example of the perversions to which the story +of an actual fact is subject as it passes from mouth to mouth. Here is +the tale as it was gathered by a German merchant.</p> + +<p>On a day, in a certain town, the Maid, hearing that the English were +near, went into the field; and straightway all the men-at-arms, who +were in the town, leapt to their steeds and followed her. Meanwhile, +the King, who was at dinner, learning that all were going forth in +company with the Maid, had the gates of the town closed.</p> + +<p>The Maid was told, and she replied without concern: "Before the hour +of nones, the King will have so great need of me, that he will follow +me immediately, spurless, and barely staying to throw on his cloak."</p> + +<p>And thus it came to pass. For the men-at-arms shut up in the town +besought the King to open the gates forthwith or they would break them +down. The gates were opened and all the fighting men hastened to the +Maid, heedless of the King, who threw on his cloak and followed them.</p> + +<p>On that day a great number of the English were slain.<a name="FNanchor_1575_1575" id="FNanchor_1575_1575"></a><a href="#Footnote_1575_1575" class="fnanchor">[1575]</a></p> + +<p>Such is the story which gives a very inaccurate representation of what +happened at Orléans on the 6th of May. The citizens hastened in crowds +to the Bur<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.470" id="Page_i.470">[Pg i.470]</a></span>gundian Gate, resolved to cross the Loire and attack Les +Tourelles. Finding the gate closed, they threw themselves furiously on +the Sire de Gaucourt who was keeping it. The aged baron had the gate +opened wide and said to them, "Come, I will be your captain."<a name="FNanchor_1576_1576" id="FNanchor_1576_1576"></a><a href="#Footnote_1576_1576" class="fnanchor">[1576]</a> In +the story the citizens have become men-at-arms, and it is not the Sire +de Gaucourt but the King who maliciously closes the gates. But the +King gained nothing by it; and it is astonishing to find that so early +there had grown up in the minds of the people the idea that, far from +aiding the Maid to drive out the English, the King had put obstacles +in her way and was always the last to follow her.</p> + +<p>Seen through this chaos of stories more indistinct than the clouds in +a stormy sky, Jeanne appeared a wondrous marvel. She prophesied and +many of her prophecies had already been fulfilled. She had foretold +the deliverance of Orléans and Orléans had been delivered. She had +prophesied that she would be wounded, and an arrow had pierced her +above the right breast. She had prophesied that she would take the +King to Reims, and the King had been crowned in that city. Other +prophecies had she uttered touching the realm of France, to wit, the +deliverance of the Duke of Orléans, the entering into Paris, the +driving of the English from the holy kingdom, and their fulfilment was +expected.<a name="FNanchor_1577_1577" id="FNanchor_1577_1577"></a><a href="#Footnote_1577_1577" class="fnanchor">[1577]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.471" id="Page_i.471">[Pg i.471]</a></span></p> +<p>Every day she prophesied and notably concerning divers persons who had +failed in respect towards her and had come to a bad end.<a name="FNanchor_1578_1578" id="FNanchor_1578_1578"></a><a href="#Footnote_1578_1578" class="fnanchor">[1578]</a></p> + +<p>At Chinon, when she was being taken to the King, a man-at-arms who was +riding near the château, thinking he recognised her, asked, "Is not +that the Maid? By God, an I had my way she should not be a maid long."</p> + +<p>Then Jeanne prophesied and said "Ha, thou takest God's name in vain, +and thou art so near thy death!"</p> + +<p>Less than an hour later the man fell into the water and was +drowned.<a name="FNanchor_1579_1579" id="FNanchor_1579_1579"></a><a href="#Footnote_1579_1579" class="fnanchor">[1579]</a></p> + +<p>Straightway this miracle was related in Latin verse. In the poem which +records this miraculous history of Jeanne up to the deliverance of +Orléans, the lewd blasphemer, who like all blasphemers, came to a bad +end, is noble and by name Furtivolus.<a name="FNanchor_1580_1580" id="FNanchor_1580_1580"></a><a href="#Footnote_1580_1580" class="fnanchor">[1580]</a></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>... generoso sanguine natus,<br /> +Nomine Furtivolus, veneris moderator iniquus.</i><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>Captain Glasdale called Jeanne strumpet and blasphemed his Maker. +Jeanne prophesied that he would die without shedding blood; and +Glasdale was drowned in the Loire.<a name="FNanchor_1581_1581" id="FNanchor_1581_1581"></a><a href="#Footnote_1581_1581" class="fnanchor">[1581]</a></p> + +<p>Many of these tales were obvious imitations of incidents in the lives +of the saints, which were widely read in those days. A woman, who was +a heretic, pulled the cassock of Saint Ambrose, whereupon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.472" id="Page_i.472">[Pg i.472]</a></span> blessed +bishop said to her, "Take heed lest one day thou be chastised of God." +On the morrow the woman died, and the Blessed Ambrose conducted her to +the grave.<a name="FNanchor_1582_1582" id="FNanchor_1582_1582"></a><a href="#Footnote_1582_1582" class="fnanchor">[1582]</a></p> + +<p>A nun, who was then alive and who was to die in an odour of sanctity, +Sister Colette of Corbie, had met her Furtivolus and had punished him, +but less severely. On a day when she was praying in a church of +Corbie, a stranger drew near and spoke to her libidinous words: "May +it please God," she said, "to bring home to you the hideousness of the +words you have just uttered." The stranger in shame went to the door. +But an invisible hand arrested him on the threshold. Then he realised +the gravity of his sin; he asked pardon of the saint and was free to +leave the church.<a name="FNanchor_1583_1583" id="FNanchor_1583_1583"></a><a href="#Footnote_1583_1583" class="fnanchor">[1583]</a></p> + +<p>After the royal army had departed from Gien, the Maid was said to have +prophesied that a great battle would be fought between Auxerre and +Reims.<a name="FNanchor_1584_1584" id="FNanchor_1584_1584"></a><a href="#Footnote_1584_1584" class="fnanchor">[1584]</a> When such predictions were not fulfilled they were +forgotten. Besides, it was admitted that true prophets might sometimes +utter false prophecies. A subtle theologian distinguished between +prophecies of predestination which are always fulfilled and those of +condemnation, which being conditioned, may not be fulfilled and that +without reflecting untruthfulness on the lips that uttered them.<a name="FNanchor_1585_1585" id="FNanchor_1585_1585"></a><a href="#Footnote_1585_1585" class="fnanchor">[1585]</a> +Folk wondered that a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.473" id="Page_i.473">[Pg i.473]</a></span> peasant child should be able to forecast the +future, and with the Apostle they cried, "I praise thee, O Father, +because thou hast hidden those things from the wise and prudent and +revealed them unto babes."</p> + +<p>The Maid's prophecies were speedily spread abroad throughout the whole +of Christendom.<a name="FNanchor_1586_1586" id="FNanchor_1586_1586"></a><a href="#Footnote_1586_1586" class="fnanchor">[1586]</a> A clerk of Spiers wrote a treatise on her, +entitled <i>Sibylla Francica</i>, divided into two parts. The first part +was drawn up not later than July, 1429. The second is dated the 17th +of September, the same year. This clerk believes that the Maid +practised the art of divination by means of astrology. He had heard a +French monk of the order of the Premonstratensians<a name="FNanchor_1587_1587" id="FNanchor_1587_1587"></a><a href="#Footnote_1587_1587" class="fnanchor">[1587]</a> say that +Jeanne delighted to study the heavens by night. He observes that all +her prophecies concerned the kingdom of France; and he gives the +following as having been uttered by the Maid: "After having ruled for +twenty years, the Dauphin will sleep with his fathers. After him, his +eldest son, now a child of six, will reign more gloriously, more +honourably, more powerfully than any King of France since +Charlemagne."<a name="FNanchor_1588_1588" id="FNanchor_1588_1588"></a><a href="#Footnote_1588_1588" class="fnanchor">[1588]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid possessed the gift of beholding events which were taking +place far away.</p> + +<p>At Vaucouleurs, on the very day of the Battle of the Herrings, she +knew the Dauphin's army had suffered grievous hurt.<a name="FNanchor_1589_1589" id="FNanchor_1589_1589"></a><a href="#Footnote_1589_1589" class="fnanchor">[1589]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.474" id="Page_i.474">[Pg i.474]</a></span></p> +<p>On a day when she was dining, seated near the King, she began to laugh +quietly. The King, perceiving, asked her: "My beloved, wherefore laugh +ye so merrily?"</p> + +<p>She made answer that she would tell him when the repast was over. And, +when the ewer was brought her, "Sire," she said, "this day have been +drowned in the sea five hundred English, who were crossing to your +land to do you hurt. Therefore did I laugh. In three days you will +know that it is true."</p> + +<p>And so it was.<a name="FNanchor_1590_1590" id="FNanchor_1590_1590"></a><a href="#Footnote_1590_1590" class="fnanchor">[1590]</a></p> + +<p>Another time, when she was in a town some miles distant from the +château where the King was, as she prayed before going to sleep, it +was revealed to her that certain of the King's enemies wished to +poison him at dinner. Straightway she called her brothers and sent +them to the King to advise him to take no food until she came.</p> + +<p>When she appeared before him, he was at table surrounded by eleven +persons.</p> + +<p>"Sire," she said, "have the dishes brought."</p> + +<p>She gave them to the dogs, who ate from them and died forthwith.</p> + +<p>Then, pointing to a knight, who was near the King and to two other +guests: "Those persons," she said, "wished to poison you."</p> + +<p>The knight straightway confessed that it was true; and he was dealt +with according to his deserts.<a name="FNanchor_1591_1591" id="FNanchor_1591_1591"></a><a href="#Footnote_1591_1591" class="fnanchor">[1591]</a></p> + +<p>It was borne in upon her that a certain priest kept a concubine;<a name="FNanchor_1592_1592" id="FNanchor_1592_1592"></a><a href="#Footnote_1592_1592" class="fnanchor">[1592]</a> +and one day, meeting in the camp a woman dressed as a man, it was +revealed to her that the woman was pregnant and that having already +had one child she had made away with it.<a name="FNanchor_1593_1593" id="FNanchor_1593_1593"></a><a href="#Footnote_1593_1593" class="fnanchor">[1593]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.475" id="Page_i.475">[Pg i.475]</a></span></p><p>She was likewise said to possess the power of discovering things +hidden. She herself had claimed this power when she was at Tours. It +had been revealed to her that a sword was buried in the ground in the +chapel of Saint Catherine of Fierbois, and that was the sword she +wore. Some deemed it to be the sword with which Charles Martel had +defeated the Saracens. Others suspected it of being the sword of +Alexander the Great.<a name="FNanchor_1594_1594" id="FNanchor_1594_1594"></a><a href="#Footnote_1594_1594" class="fnanchor">[1594]</a></p> + +<p>In like manner it was said that before the coronation Jeanne had known +of a precious crown, hidden from all eyes. And here is the story told +concerning it:</p> + +<p>A bishop kept the crown of Saint Louis. No one knew which bishop it +was, but it was known that the Maid had sent him a messenger, bearing +a letter in which she asked him to give up the crown. The bishop +replied that the Maid was dreaming. A second time she demanded the +sacred treasure, and the bishop made the same reply. Then she wrote to +the citizens of the episcopal city, saying that if the crown were not +given up to the King, the Lord would punish the town, and straightway +there fell so heavy a storm of hail that all men marvelled. Wizards +commonly caused hail storms. But this time the hail was a plague sent +by the God who afflicted Egypt with ten plagues. After which the Maid +despatched to the citizens a third letter in which she described the +form and fashion of the crown the bishop was hiding, and warned them +that if it were not given up even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.476" id="Page_i.476">[Pg i.476]</a></span> worse things would happen to them. +The bishop, who believed that the wondrous circlet of gold was known +to him alone, marvelled that the form and fashion thereof should be +described in this letter. He repented of his wickedness, wept many +tears, and commanded the crown to be sent to the King and the +Maid.<a name="FNanchor_1595_1595" id="FNanchor_1595_1595"></a><a href="#Footnote_1595_1595" class="fnanchor">[1595]</a></p> + +<p>It is not difficult to discern the origin of this story. The crown of +Charlemagne, which the kings of France wore at the coronation +ceremony, was at Saint-Denys in France, in the hands of the English. +Jeanne boasted of having given the Dauphin at Chinon a precious crown, +brought by angels. She said that this crown had been sent to Reims for +the coronation, but that it did not arrive in time.<a name="FNanchor_1596_1596" id="FNanchor_1596_1596"></a><a href="#Footnote_1596_1596" class="fnanchor">[1596]</a> As for the +hiding of the crown by the bishop, that idea arose probably from the +well-known cupidity of my Lord Regnault de Chartres, Archbishop of +Reims, who had appropriated the silver vase intended for the chapter +and placed by the King upon the high altar after the ceremony.<a name="FNanchor_1597_1597" id="FNanchor_1597_1597"></a><a href="#Footnote_1597_1597" class="fnanchor">[1597]</a></p> + +<p>There was likewise talk of gloves lost at Reims and of a cup that +Jeanne had found.<a name="FNanchor_1598_1598" id="FNanchor_1598_1598"></a><a href="#Footnote_1598_1598" class="fnanchor">[1598]</a></p> + +<p>Maiden, at once a warrior and a lover of peace, <i>béguine</i>, prophetess, +sorceress, angel of the Lord, ogress, every man beholds her according +to his own fashion, creates her according to his own image. Pious +souls clothe her with an invincible charm and the divine gift of +charity; simple souls make her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i.477" id="Page_i.477">[Pg i.477]</a></span> simple too; men gross and violent +figure her a giantess, burlesque and terrible. Shall we ever discern +the true features of her countenance? Behold her, from the first and +perhaps for ever enclosed in a flowering thicket of legends!</p> + + +<h3>END OF VOL. I.</h3> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joan2">Volume II</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#contents">Contents</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joanindex">Index</a></b></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES</h2> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "<i>De mon cœur l'orgueilleuse faiblesse</i>," Racine, +<i>Iphigénie en Aulide</i>, Act i, sc. i.—(W.S.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Le P. Lelong, <i>Bibliothèque historique de la France</i>, +Paris, 1768 (5 vols. folio), II, n. 17172-17242. Potthast, +<i>Bibliotheca medii ævi</i>, Berlin, 1895, 8vo, vol. i, pp. 643 <i>seq.</i> U. +Chevalier, <i>Répertoire des sources historiques du Moyen Âge</i>, Paris, +8vo, 1877, pp. 1247-1255; <i>Jeanne d'Arc, bibliographie</i>, Montbéliard, +1878 [selections]; <i>Supplément au Répertoire</i>, Paris, 1883, pp. +2684-2686, 8vo. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le livre d'or de Jeanne d'Arc, +bibliographie raisonnée et analytique des ouvrages relatifs à Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1894, large 8vo, and supplement. A. Molinier, <i>Les +sources de l'histoire de France des origines aux guerres d'Italie, IV: +Les Valois, 1328-1461</i>, Paris, 1904, pp. 310-348.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Jules Quicherat, <i>Procès de condamnation et de +réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 8vo, 1841, vol. i. (Called +hereafter <i>Trial</i>.—W.S.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 93, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 89, 142, 161, 176, 178, 201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 478 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux sur l'histoire de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1880, pp. 138-144.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Evidence of G. Manchon, <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>Ne donnoit point d'argent pour soy faire mettre ès +croniques.</i>—Jean de Bueil, <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, ed. C. Fabre and L. +Lecestre, Paris, 1887, 8vo, vol. ii, p. 283.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, <i>Chroniques</i>, published by H. +Moranvillé, Paris, 1902, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Le sens, mémoire, ne l'abillité de savoir faire metre +par escript ce, ne autre chose mendre de plus de la moitié</i>, Perceval +de Cagny, p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 40-50. D. Godefroy, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, Paris, 1661, fol. pp. 369-474.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique de Charles VII, roi de +France</i>, ed. Vallet de Viriville, Paris, 1858, 3 vols., 18mo. +(<i>Bibliothèque Elzévirienne</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Lequel Luxembourg la vendit aux Angloix, qui la +menèrent à Rouen, où elle fut durement traictée; et tellement que, +après grant dillacion de temps, sans procez, maiz de leur voulenté +indeue, la firent ardoir en icelle ville de Rouen publiquement ... qui +fut bien inhumainement fait, veu la vie et gouvernement dont elle +vivoit, car elle se confessoit et recepvoit par chacune sepmaine le +corps de Nostre Seigneur, comme bonne catholique.</i>—Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique de Charles VII, roi de France</i>, vol. i, p. 122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique de Charles VII, roi de +France</i>, vol. i, p. 122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Par l'admonestement de ladite Pucelle</i>, Jean Chartier, +vol. i, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Fut cause</i>, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> This revolt of the French nobles was so named because +various risings of a similar nature had taken place in the city of +Prague.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège d'Orléans</i> (1428-1429), ed. P. +Charpentier and C. Cuissart, Orléans, 1896, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The oldest copy extant is dated 1472 (MS. fr. 14665).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège d'Orléans</i> (1428-1429), p. 87. +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 162, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 97. <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 215.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, or <i>Chronique de Cousinot</i>, +ed. Vallet de Viriville, Paris, 1859, 16mo. (<i>Bibliothèque +Gauloise</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Mystère du Siège d'Orléans</i>, first published by MM. F. +Guessard and E. de Certain, Paris, 1862, 4to, according to the only +manuscript, which is preserved in the Vatican Library.—<i>Cf.</i> <i>Étude +sur le mystère du siège d'Orléans</i>, by H. Tivier, Paris, 1868, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 309.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The Abbé E. Bossard and de Maulde, <i>Gilles de Rais, +Maréchal de France, dit Barbe-Bleue</i> (1404-1440), 2nd edition, Paris, +1886, 8vo, pp. 94-113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Un estandart et bannière qui furent à Monseigneur de +Reys pour faire la manière de l'assault comment les Tourelles furent +prinses sur les Anglois Mistère du siège</i>, p. viii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Mistère du siège</i>, preface, p. x.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +Quant est de l'ostel de mon père,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Il est en pays de Barois;</span><br /> +Gentilhomme et de noble afaire<br /> +Honneste et loyal François.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;"><i>Mistère du siège</i>, pp. 397-398.</span> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +... Ayez en souvenance....<br /> +Comment Orléans eult délivrance....<br /> +L'an mil iiijc xxix;<br /> +Faites en mémoire tous dis;<br /> +Des jours de may ce fut le neuf.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;"><i>Mistère du siège</i>, lines 14375-14381, p. 559.</span> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 285 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Relation inédite sur Jeanne d'Arc, extraite du livre +noir de l'hôtel de ville de La Rochelle</i>, ed. J. Quicherat, Orléans, +1879, 8vo, and <i>La Revue Historique</i>, vol. iv, 1877, pp. 329-344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Bibl. Nat. fr. 23018: J. Quicherat, <i>Supplément aux +témoignages contemporains sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue Historique</i>, +vol. xix, May-June, 1882, pp. 72-83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Pierre Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, Paris, 1906, in +8vo, pp. xi, xii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Chronique d'Antonio Morosini</i>, introduction and +commentary by Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, text established by Léon +Dorez, vol. iii, 1901, p. 302, and vol. iv, supplement xxi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Enguerrand de Monstrelet, <i>Chronique</i>, ed. Doüet-d'Arcq, +Paris, 1857-1861, 6 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Rabelais, Urquhart's Trans., ii-49, in Bohn's edition, +1849 (W.S.). <i>Plus baveux que ung pot de moutarde.</i>—Rabelais, +<i>Pantagruel</i>, bk. iii, chap. xxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Jehan de Wavrin, <i>Anchiennes croniques d'Engleterre</i>, +ed. Mademoiselle Dupont, Paris, 1858-1863, 3 vols., 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Wavrin's additions to Monstrelet in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +407.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Chronique de Jean le Fèvre, seigneur de Saint-Rémy</i>, +ed. François Morand, Paris, 1876-1881, 2 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Chroniques des ducs de Bourgogne</i>, Paris, 1827, 2 vols. +in 8vo; vols. xlii and xliii of the <i>Collection des Chroniques +françaises</i>, by Buchon. <i>Œuvres de Georges Chastellain</i>, ed. Kervyn +de Lettenhove, Brussels, 1863, 8 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i> (1405-1449), ed. A. +Tuetey, Paris, 1881, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Chronique d'Antonio Morosini</i>, ed. Léon Dorez and +Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, Paris, 1900-1902, 4 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Les sources allemandes de +l'histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Eberhard Windecke, Paris, 1903, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vols. ii to iii, 1844-1845 (vols. v and vi, +1846-1847, contain the evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 1889, in 8vo. <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 411-468.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 378-463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Histoire du costume</i>, Paris, 1875, large +8vo, <i>passim</i>. G. Demay, <i>Le costume au moyen âge d'après les sceaux</i>, +Paris, 1880, p. 121, figs. 76 and 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> We must notice, however, that Brother Pasquerel, who was +not present either at Chinon or at Poitiers, is careful to say that he +knows nothing of Jeanne's sojourn in these two towns save what she +herself has told him. Now we are surprised to find that she herself +placed the examination at Poitiers before the audience at Chinon, +since she says in her trial that at Chinon, when she gave her King a +sign, the clerks ceased to contend with her.—<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. +145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>Expectando succursum regis</i>, <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. +109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 2 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 15, 161, 329; vol. iii, pp. 41 and +<i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise au siège +d'Orléans</i> (1428-1429), Orléans, 1892, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 100. On the other hand see the evidence of +Dunois (vol. iii, p. 16), "licet dicta Johanna aliquotiens <i>jocose</i> +loqueretur de facto armorum, pro animando armatos ... tamen quando +loquebatur seriose de guerra ... nunquam affirmative asserebat nisi +quod erat missa ad levandum obsidionem Aurelianensem."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 438, 457; vol. iii, pp. 100, +219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 438; vol. iii, pp. 15, 76, 100, +219, and 457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 89 and 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 2 and 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 100 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Siméon Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy, recherches +critiques sur les origines de la mission de la Pucelle</i>, Paris, 1886, +in 8vo; <i>La France pendant la guerre de cent ans: épisodes historiques +et vie privée aux xiv<sup>e</sup> et xv<sup>e</sup> siècles</i>, Paris, 1890, in 12mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> D. Lottin, <i>Recherches sur la ville d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, +7 vols. in 8vo; Boucher de Molandon, <i>Les comptes de ville d'Orléans +des xiv<sup>e</sup> et xv<sup>e</sup> siècles</i>, 1880, in 8vo; Jules Loiseleur, <i>Compte +des dépenses faites par Charles VII pour secourir Orléans pendant le +siège de 1428</i>, Orléans, 1868, in 8vo; Louis Jarry, <i>Le compte de +l'armée anglaise au siège d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, 1892, in 8vo; Couret, +<i>Un fragment inédit des anciens registres de la prévôté d'Orléans, +relatif au règlement des frais du siège de 1428-1429</i>, Orléans, 1697, +in 8vo (extract from the <i>Mémoires de l'Académie de Sainte Croix</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Fœdera, conventiones....</i>, ed. tercia, Hagae +Comitis, 1739-1745, 10 vols. in folio; Delpit, <i>Collection de +documents français qui se trouvent en Angleterre</i>, Paris, 1847, in +4to; J. Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers illustrative of the Wars of the +English in France during the reign of Henry VI</i>, 1861-1864, 3 parts, +in 2 vols. in 8vo; Charles Gross, <i>The Sources and Literature of +English History</i>, 1900, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Varin, <i>Archives législatives de la ville de Reims</i>, 2nd +part; <i>Statuts</i>, vol. i, p. 596; <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 284 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> E. Robillard de Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le procès +de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Rouen, 1869, in 8vo [<i>Précis des +travaux de l'Académie de Rouen, 1867-1868</i>, pp. 321-448]; <i>Notes sur +les juges et les assesseurs du procès de condamnation de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, Rouen, 1890, in 8vo [<i>Précis des travaux de l'Académie de +Rouen, 1888-1889</i>, pp. 375-504].</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 342 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Brière de Boismont, <i>De l'hallucination historique, ou +étude médico-psychique sur les voix et les révélations de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, 1861, in 8vo. Le Vicomte de Mouchy, <i>Jeanne d'Arc, étude +historique et psychologique</i>, Montpellier, 1868, in 8vo, 67 pp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> + <a href="#APPENDIX_I">Vol. ii, Appendix i.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Acta Sanctorum</i>, 1675, April, iii, 851.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, March 1, 1532.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Le Père Hugues de Saint-François, <i>Les grandeurs de +Sainte Anne</i>, Rennes, 1657, in 8vo; L'abbé Max Nicol, +<i>Sainte-Anne-d'Auray</i>, Paris, Brussels, s.d., in 8vo, pp. 37 <i>et seq.</i> +M. le Docteur G. de Closmadeuc has kindly lent me his valuable work, +as yet unpublished, on Yves Nicolazic, which is characterised by the +same exactness of information and of criticism as are to be found in +his studies of local history.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Recueil des ouvrages de la célèbre Mademoiselle +Labrousse, du Bourg de Vauxains, en Périgord, canton de Ribeirac de la +Dordogne, actuellement prisonnière au château Saint-Ange, à Rome</i>, +Bordeaux, 1797, in 8vo; E. Lairtullier, <i>Les femmes célèbres de 1789 à +1795</i>, Paris, 1842, in 8vo, vol. i, pp. 212 <i>et seq.</i>; Abbé Chr. +Moreau, <i>Une mystique révolutionnaire Suzette Labrousse</i>, Paris, 1886, +in 8vo; A. France, <i>Susette Labrousse</i>, Paris, 1907, in 12mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> + <a href="#joan2">Vol. ii</a>, Appendices + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_II">ii</a> + </p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 5 vols. in large +8vo, Paris, 1894-1902. Writing of this book in a study of +<i>L'Abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i> (Paris, 1902, pp. 7 and 8, note), Canon +Ulysse Chevalier, author of a valuable <i>Répertoire des sources du +moyen âge</i>, displays boldness and sound sense. "From the dimensions of +these five volumes," he says, "one might expect this work to be the +fullest history of Jeanne d'Arc; it is nothing of the sort. It is a +chaos of memoranda translated or rendered into modern French, +reflections and arguments against free-thought as represented by +Michelet, H. Martin, Quicherat, Vallet de Viriville, Siméon Luce, and +Joseph Fabre. Two headings will suffice to give an idea of the book's +tone: <i>The Pseudo-theologians, executioners of Jeanne d'Arc, +executioners of the Papacy</i> (vol. i, p. 87); <i>The University of Paris +and the Brigandage of Rouen</i> (p. 149). The author too often judges the +fifteenth century by the standards of the nineteenth. Is he quite sure +that if he had been a member of the University of Paris in 1431 he +would have thought and pronounced in favour of Jeanne, and in +opposition to his colleagues?"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 456.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises, monastères +hôpitaux en France vers le milieu du xv<sup>ieme</sup> siècle</i>, Mâcon, 1897, +in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> O. Raguenet, <i>Les juges de Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers, +membres du Parlement ou gens d'Église?</i> in <i>Lettres et mémoires de +l'Académie de Sainte-Croix d'Orléans VII</i>, 1894, pp. 339-442; D. +Lacombe, <i>L'hôte de Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers, maître Jean Rabateau, +Président au Parlement de Poitiers in Revue du Bas-Poitou</i>, 1891, pp. +46-66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Mr. Andrew Lang (<i>La Jeanne d'Arc de M. Anatole France</i>, +p. 60) misreads this passage when he takes it to mean that the English +withdrew their garrisons from these places. That their ultimate +surrender became inevitable after the English retreat from Orléans is +what the writer intends to convey.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 100. See <i>ante</i>, + p. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a> (<a href="#FNanchor_59_59">note 4</a>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Letter from Alain Chartier in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. +135, 136; Capitaine P. Marin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc tacticien et stratégiste</i>, +Paris, 1889, 4 vols. in 12mo; Le Général Canonge, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +guerrière</i>, Paris, 1907, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Rossel et la légende de Jeanne d'Arc</i> in <i>la Petite +République</i> of July 15, 1896; <i>Jeanne d'Arc soldat</i> by Art Roë, in <i>le +Temps</i> of May 8, 1907. See also the works of Captain Marin, always so +praiseworthy for their carefulness and good faith.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Alain Chartier, <i>Œuvres</i>, ed. André du Chesne, p. +412.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. +121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> See the deliberations of the Commons on December 2, +1421, in Bréquigny, <i>Lettres de rois, reines et autres personnages des +cours de France et d'Angleterre</i>, Paris, 1847 (2 vols. in 4to), vol. +ii, pp. 393 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> For the origin of this term see <i>post</i>, vol. i, + p. <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a> +and <a href="#FNanchor_234_234">note 2</a>.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> For the origin of this term see <i>ibid.</i> and + <a href="#FNanchor_233_233">note +1</a>.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> The Reverend Father M. Fornier, <i>Histoire des +Alpes-Maritimes</i>, Paris, 1890, in 8vo, vol. ii, p. 324; Lanéry d'Arc, +<i>Mémoires et consultations</i>, pp. 565 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 117; <i>Perceval de Cagny</i>, p. 168; +Marquis de Gaucourt, <i>Le sire de Gaucourt</i>, Orléans, 1855, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Perceval de Cagny</i>, pp. 168, 170, 171; <i>Cronicques de +Normendie</i>, ed. Hellot, pp. 77, 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Perceval de Cagny</i>, pp. 170, 171; <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 313; Héraut Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> H. Martin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1856, in 12mo; J. +Quicherat, <i>Nouvelles preuves des trahisons essuyées par la Pucelle</i> +in <i>Revue de Normandie</i>, vol. vi (1866), pp. 396-401.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Even when the canons who took part in the trial are +severally considered. <i>Cf.</i> Ch. de Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le +procès de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Rouen, 1869, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Or at least the conclusions of the doctors which have +been preserved. As for the register itself it could not have contained +anything of great importance. From their evidence at the +rehabilitation trial we see that the Poitiers clerks were not desirous +for much to be said of their inquiry.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Aug. Vallet, <i>Observation sur l'ancien monument érigé à +Orléans</i>, Paris, 1858, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> See a curious project for the decoration of the +platform of the Pont-Neuf addressed to Louis XIV (B.N.V., p. <sup>zz</sup>338, +in fol.). A Sieur Dupuis, Aide des Cérémonies, proposes that thereon +shall be erected statues to "those great and illustrious captains who +from reign to reign have valiantly maintained the dignity of the +crown.... Artus of Bretagne, Constable, Jean, Count of Dunois, Jeanne +Dark, Maid of Orléans, Roger de Gramont, Count of Guiche, Guillaume, +Count of Chaumont, Amaury de Severac, Vignoles, called La Hire...." +(Communications of M. Paul Lacombe, <i>Bulletin de la Société de +l'Histoire de Paris</i>, 1894, p. 115, June 11, 1907. <i>Ibid.</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <i>Puellæ Aureliensis causa adversariis orationibus +disceptata auctore Jacobo Jolio</i>, Parisiis apud Julianum Bertant, +1609.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Jean Hordal, <i>Heroinae nobilissimae Ioannæ Darc +Lotharingæ vulgo aurelianensis puellæ historia</i>, Ponti-Mussi, 1612, in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Rabelais, <i>Gargantua</i>, chap. vi; Abbé Thiers, <i>Traité +des superstitions selon l'Écriture sainte</i>, Paris, 1697, vol. i, p. +109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Edmond Richer, <i>Histoire de la Pucelle d'Orléans en 4 +livres</i>, MS. Biblioth. Nat. f. Fr. 10448, fol. 12mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> "The Life of Saint Catherine, virgin and martyr, is +fabulous throughout from beginning to end," <i>Valesiana</i>, p. 48. "M. de +Launoy, doctor of theology, had cut Saint Catherine, virgin and +martyr, out of his calendar. He said that her life was a myth, and to +show that he placed no faith in it, every year when the feast of the +saint came round, he said a Requiem mass. This curious circumstance I +learn from his own telling," <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 36.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Jean Chapelain, <i>La Pucelle ou la France délivrée</i>, +Paris, 1656, in fol.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>Œuvres de messire Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</i>, Paris, +in 4to, vol. xi, 1749, numbered pages; vol. xii, pp. 234 <i>et seq.</i> Cf. +what he says of inspired persons in <i>l'Instruction sur les états +d'oraison</i>, Paris, 1697, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> "This girl called Jeanne d'Arq ... had been a servant +in an inn," <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 233.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> We must not be too severe on a tutor's note-books. But +Bossuet, who places the rehabilitation under the date 1431, does not +tell us that it was only pronounced twenty-five years later. On the +contrary, as far as he is concerned, we might conclude that it +occurred before the deliverance of Compiègne. The following are his +words: "In execution of this sentence, she was burned alive at Rouen +in 1431. The English spread the rumour that at the last she had +admitted the revelations which she had so loudly boasted to be false. +But some time afterwards the Pope appointed commissioners. Her trial +was solemnly revised and her conduct approved of by a final sentence +which the Pope himself confirmed. The Burgundians were forced to raise +the siege of Compiègne," <i>loc. cit.</i> p. 236. Mézeray is more credulous +than Bossuet; he mentions "the Saints Catherine and Margaret, who +purified her soul with heavenly conversations, wherefore she venerated +them with a particular devotion." In relating the trial, he like +Bossuet, ignores the Vice-Inquisitor (<i>Histoire de France</i>, vol. ii, +1746, in folio, pp. 11 <i>et seq.</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Voltaire ed. Beuchot, vol. xxvi. <i>Cf.</i> also <i>Essai sur +les mœurs</i>, chap. lxxx. "Finally, being accused of having once +resumed man's dress, which had been left near her on purpose to tempt +her, her judges ... declared her a relapsed heretic and caused to be +burnt at the stake one who in heroic ages, when men erected altars to +their liberators, would have had an altar raised to her for having +served her King. Afterwards Charles VII rehabilitated her memory, +which her death itself had sufficiently honoured."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> L'Abbé Lenglet du Fresnoy, <i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc, +vierge, héroïne et martyre d'État suscitée par la Providence pour +rétablir la monarchie française, tirée des procès et pièces originales +du temps</i>, Paris, 1753-1754, 3 vols. in 12mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> F. de L'Averdy, <i>Mémorial lu au comité des manuscrits +concernant la recherche à faire des minutes originales des différentes +affaires qui ont eu lieu par rapport à Jeanne d'Arc, appelée +communément la Pucelle d'Orléans</i>, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1787, in +4to; <i>Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du roi, +lus au comité établi par sa Majesté dans l'Académie royale des +Inscriptions et Belles Lettres</i>, Paris, Imp. Royale, 1790, vol. iii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> "Modern times present but two fine subjects for an epic +poem, the Crusades and the Discovery of the New World" (ed. 1802, +Paris, vol. ii, p. 7).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> "The illustrious Jeanne d'Arc has proved that there is +no miracle which the French genius is incapable of working when +national independence is at stake" (<i>Moniteur</i> of 10 Pluviose, year +XI, January 30, 1803). For the approval of the First Consul: facsimile +in A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la Normandie</i>, p. 600. [Original +taken from the Reiset collection.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Le Brun de Charmettes, <i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc +surnommée la Pucelle d'Orléans</i>, Paris, 1817, 4 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Michelet, <i>Histoire de France</i>, vol. v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, Paris, 1863, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> H. Wallon, <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1860, 2 vols. in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> M. Sepet, <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, with an introduction by Léon +Gautier, Tours, 1869, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Chanoine Dunand, <i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Toulouse, +1898-1899, 3 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Joseph Fabre, <i>Jeanne d'Arc libératrice de la France</i>, +new edition, Paris, 1894, in 12mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Procès de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc....</i>, +translated with commentary by J. Fabre, new edition, Paris, 1895, in +18mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>; <i>La France +pendant la guerre de Cent Ans</i>, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le livre d'Or de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Nos. +2080 to 2112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> A. Thomas, <i>Le mot "Patrie" et Jeanne d'Arc</i> in <i>Revue +des Idées</i>, July 15, 1906.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Les œuvres de Maistre Alain Chartier</i>, published by +André Duchesne, Paris, 1642, in 4to, p. 410.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 436. See <i>post</i>, vol. i, + p. <a href="#Page_i.82">82</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Froissart, <i>Chroniques</i>, book i, chap. 128.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Jean Juvénal des Ursins in Buchon, <i>Choix des +Chroniques</i>, iv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, vol. ix, p. 427.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <i>Pantagruel</i>, book iv, chap. lxvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>La Pucelle</i>, Preface.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Les sources allemandes de +l'histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Imitation velvet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> See the picture of 1581, preserved in the Orléans +Museum and reproduced in Wallon's <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 466.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>La Danse des Morts</i>, painted at Berne between 1515 and +1520 by Nicolas Manuel, lithographed by Guillaume Stettler, s.d. in +folio oblong, engraving xx. M. Salomon Reinach believes this prototype +may be found in the Judiths of Cranach.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le livre d'Or de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +Iconography, Nos. 2080-2112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> J. Ch. Chappellier, <i>Étude historique et géographique +sur Domremy, pays de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Saint-Dié, 1890, in 8vo. É. +Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1894, in 18mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> This may be inferred from vol. i, p. 46, of the +<i>Trial</i>. But Jeanne did not know how old she was when she left her +father's house (<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 51). I have ignored the letter of +Perceval de Boulainvilliers, p. 116, vol. v, of the <i>Trial</i>. It is +quite unauthentic and is too much in the manner of a hagiologist. See +post, p. <a href="#Page_i.468">468</a>, <a href="#FNanchor_1570_1570">note 1</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Darc (<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 191; vol. ii, p. 82). Dars +(Siméon Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. 360). Day (<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, +p. 150). Daiz (furnished by M. Pierre Champion). This document appears +to justify the pronunciation <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>. Concerning the +orthography of the name d'Arc, cf. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Livre d'or de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, notes 647-657.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 46, 208. E. de Bouteiller and G. +de Braux, <i>La famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1878, in 8vo, p. 185; +<i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, Orléans, +1879, in 12mo, p. x, <i>passim</i>. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Jacques d'Arc, +père de la Pucelle</i>, Orléans, 1885, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> See post, pp. + <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a>, + <a href="#Page_i.452">452</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 378 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 191, 208; vol. ii, p. 74, note 1. +Armand Boucher de Crèvecœur, <i>Les Romée et les de Perthes, famille +maternelle de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Abbeville, 1891, in 8vo. Lanéry d'Arc, +<i>Livre d'or</i>, notes 1278-1308.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Glossaire</i>, under the word <i>Romeus</i>. G. de +Braux, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Saint-Nicolas</i>, Nancy, 1889, p. 8. <i>Revue +catholique des institutions et du droit</i>, August, 1886. E. de +Bouteiller, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, p. xii. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Probably before Jeanne's birth. "My surname is d'Arc or +Romée," said Jeanne (<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 191). Thus she +indiscriminately assumes either her father's or her mother's surname, +although she says (<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 191) that in her country girls +are called by their mother's surname.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 252. E. de Bouteiller and G. de +Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, +1879, pp. 3-20. Ch. du Lys, <i>Traité sommaire tant du nom et des armes +que de la naissance et parenté de la Pucelle d'Orléans et de ses +frères</i>, ed. Vallet de Viriville, Paris, 1857, p. 28. E. Georges, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc considérée au point de vue Franco-Champenois</i>, Troyes, +1893, in 8vo, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> The order of the births of Jacques d'Arc's children is +extremely doubtful (<i>Trial</i>, index, under the word <i>Arc</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 393, <i>passim</i>. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc à Domremy</i>, vol. xvi, p. 357.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> A. Monteil, <i>Histoire des Français</i>, 1853, in 18mo, +vol. ii, p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 46. Jean Minet was a native of +Neufchâteau.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> J. Corblet, <i>Parrains et marraines</i>, in <i>Revue de l'art +chrétien</i>, 1881, vol. xiv, pp. 336 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Siméon Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, proofs and +illustrations, li, p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. clxxix, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Cf. <i>Trial</i>, index, under <i>parrains</i> and <i>marraines</i>. +It is not always possible to assign to these personages the names they +bore and the position they occupied at the exact date when they are +introduced.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in the <i>Revue +Historique</i>, vol. iv, p. 342. Cf. Eustache Deschamps, ballad 354, vol. +iii, p. 83, ed. Queux de Saint Hilaire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 74-388; vol. v, pp. 151, 220, +<i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 46. Henri Lepage, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +est-elle Lorraine?</i> Nancy, 1852, pp. 57-79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 244 <i>et seq.</i> Jacques d'Arc's +house doubtless looked on to the road; the Du Lys, or rather the +Thiesselins, pulled it down and erected in its place a house no longer +existing. The shields which ornamented its façade have been placed +upon the door of the building now shown as Jeanne's house. What is +represented as Jeanne's room is the bakehouse (É. Hinzelin, <i>Chez +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 74). See an article by Henri Arsac in <i>L'écho de +l'Est</i>, 26 July, 1890. A whole literature has been written on this +subject (Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Livre d'or</i>, pp. 330 <i>et seq.</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Émile Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne d'Arc</i>, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 151, 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 417: "<i>Jacuit amorose in domo +patris sui.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 429.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 408.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 423.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> E. Georges, <i>Jeanne d'Arc considérée au point de vue +Franco-Champenois</i>, p. 115. De La Fons-Mélicocq, <i>Documents inédits +pour servir à l'histoire de l'instruction publique en France et à +l'histoire des mœurs au XV<sup>ieme</sup> siècle</i>, in the <i>Bulletin de la +Société des Antiquaires de la Morinie</i>, vol. iii, pp. 460 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 65-66. (<i>Item: je donne à Oudinot, +à Richard et à Gérard, clercz enfantz du maistre de l'escole de Marcey +dessoubz Brixey, doubz escus pour priier pour mi et pour dire les sept +psaulmes.</i>) (Item: I give to the boys, Oudinot, Richard, and Gérard, +scholars of the school-master at Marcey below Brixey, twelve crowns to +pray for me and to repeat the seven psalms.) The will of Jean de +Bourlémont, 23 October, 1399, in S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, +document in facsimile xiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 46, 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 402. See in Montfaucon's +<i>Monuments de la Monarchie Française</i>, vol. iii, the second miniature, +the "Douze périls d'enfer" (the twelve perils of hell).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 409, 415, 420.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 51, 66; vol. ii, p. 404. S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. lij.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 404.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 423.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, index, at the word <i>Bermont</i>. Du Haldat, +<i>Notice sur la chapelle de Belmont</i>, in the <i>Mémoires de l'Académie +Stanislas de Nancy</i>, 1833-1834, p. 96. É. Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, p. 95. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Livre d'or</i>, p. 330.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Alexis Monteil, <i>Histoire des François</i>, vol. i, p. +91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, index, under the words <i>Bois Chesnu</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, index, under the words <i>Fontaine des +Groseilliers</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 67-210; vol. ii. pp. 391 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, ed. Tuetey, p. 267.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 67, 187, 209; vol. ii, pp. 390, +404, 450.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Wolf, <i>Mythologie des fées et des elfes</i>, 1828, in 8vo. +A. Maury, <i>Les fées au moyen âge</i>, 1843, in 18mo, and <i>Croyances et +légendes du moyen âge</i>, Paris, 1896, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Richer, <i>Histoire manuscrite de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, ms. fr. +10,448, fols. 14, 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> For tree worship, see an article by M. Henry Carnoy in +<i>La tradition</i>, 15 March, 1889.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 422.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, index, under the words <i>Arbre des Fées</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 404.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 404, <i>passim</i>. <i>Simple Crayon de la +noblesse des ducs de Lorraine et de Bar</i>, in Le Brun des Charmettes' +<i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. i, p. 266. Jules Baudot, <i>Les +princesses Yolande et les ducs de Bar de la famille des Valois</i>, first +part. <i>Mélusine</i>, Paris, 1901, in 8vo, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> <i>Propter eorum peccata</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. +396. There is no doubt as to the meaning of these words.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 390.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 397.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 390. Bergier, <i>Dictionnaire de théologie</i>, +under the word <i>Conjuration</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 187.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 67, 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 178, 209 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> For the traditions of fairies at Domremy and for +Jeanne's opinion of them, see <i>Trial</i>, index, under the word <i>Fées</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Concerning the Sunday and the Festival of the +Well-Dressing at Domremy, see <i>Trial</i>, index, under the word +<i>Fontaine</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 67, 212, 404 <i>et seq.</i> S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xx-xxii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 407, 411, 413, 421.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 391-462.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 67, 209, 210.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 434.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> <i>Atropa Mandragor</i>, female mandragora, <i>main de +gloire</i>, <i>herbe aux magiciens</i>. <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 89, 213. <i>Journal +d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> This is probable but not certain. <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. +74, 388; vol. v, p. 252. E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles +recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. xviii <i>et seq.</i>; 7, 8, +10, <i>passim</i>. C. Gilardoni, <i>Sermaize et son église</i>, published at +Vitry-le-François, 1893, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Capitaine Champion, <i>Jeanne d'Arc écuyère</i>, Paris, +1901, 12mo, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>La famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. +627. E. de Bouteiller et G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, pp. 9 +and 10. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xlv <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> E. Misset, <i>Jeanne d'Arc champenoise</i>, Paris, s.d. +(1894), 8vo. Concerning the nationality of Joan of Arc there is a +whole literature extremely rich, the bibliography of which it is +impossible to give here. Cf. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Livre d'or</i>, pp. 295 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 208.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> P. Jollois, <i>Histoire abrégée de la vie et des exploits +de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1821, engraving I, p. 190. A. Renard, <i>La +patrie de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Langres, 1880, in 18mo, p. 6. S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, supplement with proofs and illustrations, +pp. 281, 282.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Colonel de Boureulle, <i>Le pays de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +Saint-Dié, 1890, in 8vo, 28 small engravings. J. Ch. Chappellier, +<i>Étude historique sur Domremy, pays de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 2 plans; C. +Niobé, <i>Le pays de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société +académique de l'Aube</i>, 1894, 3d series, vol. xxxi, pp. 307 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Juvénal des Ursins, in the <i>Collection Michaud et +Poujoulat</i>, col. 561.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> A. Tuetey, <i>Les écorcheurs sous Charles VII</i>, +Montbéliard, 1874, vol. i, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 66, 215.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> In 1390 one <i>livre tournois</i> was worth £7 5<i>s</i> of +present money; in 1488, £5. Cf. Avenel, <i>Histoire économique</i>, 1894 +(W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> "<i>Imal</i>," says Le Trévoux, "is a measure of corn used +at Nancy." There are two <i>imaux</i> in a quarter, and four quarters in a +<i>réal</i>, which contains fifteen bushels, according to the Paris +measure.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> The Archives of the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, +collection Ruppes II, No. 28. The farm lease, dated 2nd of April, +1420, was first published by M. J. Ch. Chappellier in <i>Le Journal de +la Société d'Archéologie Lorraine</i>, Jan.-Feb., 1889; and <i>Deux actes +inédits du XV siècle sur Domremy</i>, Nancy, 1889, 8vo, 16 pages. S. +Luce, <i>La France pendant la guerre de cent ans</i>, 1890, 18mo, pp. 274 +<i>et seq.</i> Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Étude historique et géographique sur +Domremy, pays de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des +Chartes</i>, vol. lvi, pp. 154-168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 420-426. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, p. lxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Liénard, <i>Dictionnaire topographique de la Meuse</i>, +introduction, p. x.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Dom Devienne, <i>Histoire de Bordeaux</i>, pp. 98, 103. L. +Bachelier, <i>Histoire du commerce de Bordeaux</i>, Bordeaux, 1862, in 8vo, +p. 45. D. Brissaud, <i>Les Anglais en Guyenne</i>, Paris, 1875, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Ch. de Beaurepaire, <i>De l'administration de la +Normandie sous la domination Anglaise</i>, Caen, 1859, in 4to; and <i>États +de Normandie sous la domination Anglaise</i>, Évreux, 1859, in 8vo. De +Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. v, pp. 40-56, 261-286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Thomas Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, +ed. Quicherat, vol. i, p. 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> La Curne, under the words <i>Anglois</i> and <i>Goddons</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Voragine, <i>La légende de Saint-Grégoire</i>. Du Cange, +<i>Glossaire</i>, under the word <i>Caudatus</i>. Le Roux de Lincy, <i>Recueil de +chants historiques français</i>, Paris, 1851, vol. i, pp. 300, 301. This +oath is to be found current as early as Eustache Deschamps; it was +still in use in the seventeenth century (<i>Sommaire tant du nom et des +armes que de la naissance et parenté de la Pucelle</i>, ed. Vallet de +Viriville).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, ch. iii. Carlier, +<i>Histoire du Valois</i>, vol. ii, pp. 441 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Dom Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. ii, col. 631. +Bonnabelle, <i>Notice sur la ville de Vaucouleurs</i>, Bar-le-Duc, 1879, in +8vo, 75 pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 65, 66. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, pp. 18 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> N. Villiaumé, <i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 1864, in 8vo, +p. 52, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, ch. iii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Pierre d'Alheim, <i>Le jargon Jobelin</i>, Paris, 1892, in +18mo: glossary, under the word <i>Hirenalle</i>, p. 61, and the verbal +communication of M. Marcel Schwob. <i>Cronique Martiniane</i>, ed. P. +Champion, p. 8, note 3; <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 270; De +Montlezun, <i>Histoire de Gascogne</i>, 1847, in 8vo, p. 143; A. Castaing, +<i>La patrie du valet de cœur</i>, in <i>Revue de Gascogne</i>, 1869, vol. x, +pp. 29-33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. lxxiii, 87, note +1. E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, pp. +4-15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Bonvalot, <i>Le tiers état d'après la charte de Beaumont +et ses filiales</i>, Paris, 1886, p. 412.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. lxxi <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, proofs and illustrations, li, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. +16, 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, appendix, lxii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Du Chesne, <i>Génealogie de la maison de Vergy</i>, Paris, +1625, folio. <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, vol. xlv, p. 1125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> S. Luce, Domremy and Vaucouleurs, from 1412 to 1425, in +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, ch. iii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 66. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, p. lxxxvi, and appendix, xiv, p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> A league is two and a half English miles (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. 275 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles +recherches</i>, pp. 4-15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 52, 72, 73, 89, 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> The manuscript runs: <i>non jejunaverat die præcedenti</i>. +Quicherat omits <i>non</i>. <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 52. Cf. <i>Revue critique</i>, +March, 1908, p. 215.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> V. Servais, <i>Annales historiques du Barrois</i>, +Bar-le-Duc, 1865, vol. i, engraving 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> P. Ch. Cahier, <i>Caractéristique des saints dans l'art +populaire</i>, vol. i, p. 363. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 50. S. +Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xcv, xcvi, and proofs and +illustrations, xxiv, p. 74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>Mystère de Saint Remi</i>, the Arsenal Library, ms. +3.364, folios 4 and 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> "<i>Sed signifer Sanctus Michael representet eas (animas) +in lucem sanctam.</i>" Prayer from the mass for the dead.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> A. Maury, <i>Croyances et légendes du moyen âge</i>, pp. 171 +<i>et seq.</i> Barbier de Montault, <i>Traité d'iconographie chrétienne</i>, +vol. i, p. 191.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> AA. SS., 1672, vol. iii, i, pp. 85 <i>et seq.</i> Dom. J. +Huynes, <i>Histoire générale de l'abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel</i>, ed. R. +de Beaurepaire, Rouen, 1872, pp. 61 <i>et seq.</i> A. Forgeais, <i>Collection +de plombs</i> (seals) <i>historiés trouvés dans la Seine</i>, Paris, 1864, +vol. iii, p. 197. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, ch. iv. +<i>Chronique du Mont-Saint-Michel</i> (1343-1468), ed. S. Luce, Paris, +1880-1886 (2 vols. in 8vo), vol. i, pp. 26, 146, 163 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 272 (opinion of Jean Bochard, called de Vaucelle, +Bishop of Avranches). Dom. J. Huynes, <i>loc. cit.</i>, ch. viii, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Dom Félibien, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye royale de +Saint-Denis....</i> Paris, 1706, in folio, p. 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Richer, <i>Histoire manuscrite de la Pucelle</i>, ms. fr. +10,448, fol. 13. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, proofs and +illustrations, xxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 173, 248, 249.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>La vierge Marguerite substituée à la Lucine antique</i>, +analysis of an unpublished poem of the fifteenth century, Paris, 1885, +in 8vo, p. 2. Rabelais, <i>Gargantua</i>, vol. i, ch. vi. L'Abbé J.B. +Thiers, <i>Traité des superstitions qui regarde les sacrements selon +l'Écriture sainte</i>, Paris, 1697 (4 vols. in 12mo), vol. i, p. 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, proofs and +illustrations, ccxxxiv, p. 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Abbé Bourgaut, <i>Guide du pélerin à Domremy</i>, Nancy, +1878, in 12mo, p. 60. É. Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 65-72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Voragine, <i>La légende dorée</i> (Légende de Sainte +Marguerite). Douhet, <i>Dictionnaire des légendes</i>, pp. 824-836.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Gaston Paris, <i>La littérature française au moyen âge</i>, +1890, in 16mo, p. 212.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> La Curne, <i>Dictionnaire de l'ancien langage français</i>, +under the word <i>Olibrius</i>. Olibrius figures also in the legend of +Saint Reine, where he is governor of the Gallic Provinces. The legend +of Saint Reine is only a somewhat ancient variant of the legend of +Saint Margaret.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +Hail, thou holy Catherine,<br /> +Virgin Maid so pure and fine.<br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p><i>Bibliothèque Mazarine, manuscrit</i>, 515. <i>Recueil de prières</i>, folio +55. This manuscript comes from the banks of the Meuse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>loc. cit.</i>, proofs and illustrations, xiii, +p. 19, note 2. E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches +sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. xvi and 62. <i>Guide et souvenir du +pélerin à Domremy</i>, Nancy, 1878, in 18mo, p. 60.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> J. Miélot, <i>Vie de sainte Cathérine</i>, text revised by +Marius Sepet, 1881, in large 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Gaston Paris, <i>La littérature française au moyen âge</i>, +pp. 82, 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Voragine, <i>La légende dorée</i>, 1846, pp. 789-797. +Douhet, <i>Dictionnaire des légendes</i>, 1855, pp. 824-836.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 128. Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +p. 29. When we come to the trial, we shall consider whether it be +possible to reconcile Jeanne's assertions with regard to this vow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 128; vol. iii, p. 219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, index, under the words, <i>Voices</i>, <i>Catherine</i>, +and <i>Marguerite</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 71-85, 167 <i>seq.</i>, 186 <i>seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 185, 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> In the French, <i>humblement</i>. In old French <i>humblement</i> +means courteously. In Froissart there is a passage quoted by La Curne: +"<i>Li contes de Hainaut rechut ces seigneurs d'Engleterre, l'un après +l'autre, moult humblement.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 413, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 52, marginal comment of the d'Urfé +MS.: <i>Celavit visiones curato, patri et matri et cuicumque</i>, in the +<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 128, note. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et +consultations en faveur de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 471.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 171: "<i>Et luy racontet l'angle la +pitié qui estoit ou royaume de France.</i>" <i>Pitié</i> means here occasion +for tenderness and love. The angel is thinking especially of the +Dauphin. For the meaning and use of this word, cf. Monstrelet, vol. +iii, p. 74: "<i>... et le peuple plorant de pitié et de joie qu'ils +avoient à regarder leur seigneur</i>." Gérard de Nevers in La Curne: +"<i>Pitié estoit de voir festoyer leur seigneur; on ne pourroit retenir +ses larmes en voyant la joie qu'ils marquoient de recevoir leur +seigneur.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 444.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> "<i>Nonne alias dictum fuit quod Francia per mulierem +desolaretur, et postea per Virginem restaurari debebat?</i>" Evidence +given by Durand Lassois in <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 444.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 447. Nevertheless the woman Le +Royer of Domremy remembered it and was astonished by it. <i>Et hunc ipsa +testis hæc audisse recordata est et stupefacta fuit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iii, p. 180. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique +latine</i>, ed. Vallet de Viriville, vol. i, p. 13. Th. Basin, <i>Histoire +de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. i, pp. 44 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Alain Chartier, <i>Quadriloge invectif</i>, ed. André +Duchesne, Paris, 1617, pp. 440 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Ordonnances</i>, vol. xi, pp. +101 <i>et seq.</i> Viutry, <i>Les monnaies sous les trois premiers Valois</i>, +Paris, 1881, in 8vo, <i>passim</i>. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. i, ch. xi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Juvénal des Ursins and <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de +Paris</i>, <i>passim</i>. Letter from Nicholas de Clemangis to Gerson, in +<i>Clemangis opera omnia</i>, 1613, in 4to, vol. ii, pp. 159 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises, monastères</i>, +Mâcon, 1897, in 8vo, introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 402, 434.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> These two persons, however, are only known to us +through somewhat doubtful genealogical documents. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +252. Boucher de Molandon, <i>La famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 127. G. de +Braux and E. de Bouteiller, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, pp. 7 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 52, 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 404, 407, 409, 411, 414, 416, +<i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 402, 434.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 402. Concerning Jeanne's religious +observances, see <i>Ibid.</i>, index, under the words <i>Messe</i>, <i>Vierge</i>, +<i>Cloche</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 429.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 427.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 432.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 52, 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 393, 400, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> Psalm ci, 20-23. <i>Vulgate</i>, Douai Version (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> Grégoire de Tours, <i>Le livre des miracles</i>, ed. +Bordier, 1864, in 8vo, vol. ii, pp. 27, 31. Hincmar, <i>Vita sancti +Remigii</i> in the <i>Patrologie de Migne</i>, vol. cxxv, pp. 1130 <i>et seq.</i> +H. Jadart, <i>Bibliographie des ouvrages concernant la vie et le culte +de saint Remi, évêque de Reims</i>, 1891, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Froissart, Bk. II, ch. lxxiv. Le doyen de +Saint-Thibaud, p. 328. Vertot, <i>Dissertation au sujet de la sainte +ampoule conservée à Reims</i>, in <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des +Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i>, 1736, vol. ii, pp. 619-633; vol. iv, +pp. 1350-1365. Leber, <i>Des cérémonies du sacre ou recherches +historiques et critiques sur les mœurs, les coutumes dans +l'ancienne monarchie</i>, Paris, Reims, 1825, in 8vo, pp. 255 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> A. Monteil, <i>Histoire des Français</i>, 1853, vol. ii, p. +194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <i>Mystère de saint Remi</i>, Arsenal Library, ms. no. +3.364. This mystery dates from the fifteenth century, from the time of +the wars in Champagne. The following lines relate to the misfortunes +of the kingdom: +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="text-align: center">SAINT-ESTIENNE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +O Jhesucrist, qui les sains cieulx<br /> +As de lumiere environnez,<br /> +Soleil et lune enluminés,<br /> +Et ordonnez à ta plaisance;<br /> +Pour le tres doulz païs de France<br /> +Les martirs, non pas un mais tous,<br /> +A jointes mains et à genoux<br /> +Te requierent que tu effaces<br /> +La grant doleur de France; et faces<br /> +Par ta sainte digne vertu<br /> +Qu'ilz aient paix; adfin que tu,<br /> +Ta doulce mere et tous les sains,<br /> +Et ceulx qui sont de pechiez sains,<br /> +Devotement servis y soient!...<br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p style="text-align: center">SAINT STEPHEN</p> + +<p>O Jesus Christ who hast surrounded the heavens with light and kindled +the sun and the moon, command, if it be thy will, the martyrs, not one +only but all, to clasp their hands and on bended knee to implore thee +to remove the great sorrow from France; and by thy holy and august +merit ordain that they may have peace, that thou, thy sweet mother and +all the saints and those who are cleansed from sin may be served +devoutly!... +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="text-align: center">SAINT-NICOLAS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +Dieu tout puissant fay tant qu'il ysse<br /> +Hors du doulz païs sans amer<br /> +Que toutes gens doivent amer<br /> +C'est France, où sont les bons Chrestiens<br /> +S'on les confort; si les soustiens<br /> +Car l'engin de leur adversaire<br /> +Et son faulx art les tire à faire<br /> +Contre ta sainte voulenté.<br /> +Ayez pitié de Crestienté<br /> +Beau sire Dieux<br /> +Tant en France qu'en autres lieux!<br /> +Ce seroit Pitié à oultrance<br /> +Que si noble roiaume, comme France,<br /> +Fust par male temptacion<br /> +Mis du tout à perdicion....<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 7em">Fol. 3, verso.</span><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p style="text-align: center">SAINT NICHOLAS</p> +<p>God all powerful grant that he may issue forth from that sweet land +which all must love, all France, where are good Christians, and may +they be comforted, and may they be sustained; for the power of their +adversary and his false art tempt them to withstand thy holy will. +Have pity on Christendom, good lord God, on other lands as well as on +France! It would be the worst of pities if so noble a kingdom as +France were through much temptation to fall into perdition....</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> <i>Mystère de Saint Remi</i>, Arsenal Library, ms. no. +3.364, fol. 69, verso.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> <i>Mystère de Saint Remi</i>, fol. 71, verso.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Le bon archevesque Remy,<br /> +Qui tant aime le sang royal,<br /> +Qui tant a son conseil loyal,<br /> +Qui tant aime Dieu et l'Église.</i><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em"><i>Mystère de Saint Remi</i>, fol. 77.<br /></span> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>The good Archbishop Remi, who so dearly cherishes the <i>royal</i> blood, +so faithful in counsel, so devout a lover of God and the Church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 130; vol. ii, p. 456; vol. iii, p. +3, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. cliv, clv, clvi, +97, 359 <i>et seq.</i>; <i>La France pendant la guerre de cent ans</i>, p. 287.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 128.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 443. Boucher de Molandon, <i>La +famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 146. E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, +<i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, introduction, +pp. xxi, xxii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 411, 431, 439. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. clxi. Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 443, 444.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 442.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 53, 221; vol. ii, p. 443.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Genealogical Inquiry made by the Bailie of Chaumont +concerning Jehan Royer (8 October, 1555) in E. de Bouteiller and G. de +Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 62. +[Document of doubtful authenticity.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 271. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 67. Le R.P. Benoît, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique +et politique de la ville et du diocèse de Toul</i>, Toul, 1707, p. 529. +S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. clxii, clxiii. Léon Mougenot, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc, le Duc de Lorraine et le Sire de Baudricourt</i>, 1895, in +8vo. E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, p. +xviii. G. Nioré, <i>Le pays de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société +académique de l'Aube</i>, 1894, vol. xxxi, pp. 307-320. De Pange, <i>Le +Pays de Jeanne d'Arc; Le fief et l'arrière-fief. Les Baudricourt</i>, +Paris, 1903, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 436.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 456.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> <i>Chronique des quatre premiers Valois</i>, ed. S. Luce, +Paris, 1861, in 8vo, pp. 46-48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> P. de Fénin, <i>Mémoires</i>, ed. Mademoiselle Dupont, +Paris, 1837, pp. 195, 222, 223.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise au siège +d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, 1892, in 8vo, pp. 75, 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> <i>Et quod aberet in commendam: illud regnum</i>, <i>Trial</i>, +vol. ii, p. 456 (evidence of Bertrand de Poulengy).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 456.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> See La Curne and Godefroy for the word <i>commande</i>. +Durand de Maillane, <i>Dictionnaire de droit canonique</i>, 1770, vol. i, +pp. 567 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, + p. <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a>, <i>post</i>, pp. <a href="#Page_i.177">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_i.178">178</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 392, 393, 458, 459.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> As for Nicolas de Vouthon, priest of the Abbey of +Cheminon, what is stated concerning him in the evidence of the 2nd and +3rd November, 1476, seems improbable. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 252. E. de +Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. xviii <i>et seq.</i>, 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 475. Servais, in <i>Mémoires de la +Société des Lettres, Sciences et Arts de Bar-le-Duc</i>, vol. vi, p. 139. +E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, p. xxviii. +S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, proofs and illustrations xcv, p. +143 and note 3. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +204.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> This appears from the manner in which he reports +Jeanne's words.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 451, 458.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 72. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 444. L. Mougenot, <i>Jeanne d'Arc, +le Duc de Lorraine et le Sire de Baudricourt</i>, Nancy, 1895, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 440.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 423.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 131, 132, 219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 421, cf. p. 433, "<i>et alii juvenes +de ea deridebant</i>," said Colin's son, referring to her piety.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Report of André d'Epernon in S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, p. clxvii and proofs and illustrations, pp. 217, 218, 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 51, 214; vol. ii, pp. 391-454. S. +Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. clxxvi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 214.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. clxxvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 51, 214; vol. ii, p. 402.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 409, 423, 428, 463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 416, 417.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iii, p. 314.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. clxxvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> Expilly, <i>Dictionnaire géographique de la France</i>, +under the word <i>Neufchâteau</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> S.M. de Vernon, <i>Histoire générale et particulière du +tiers-ordre de Saint-François</i>, Paris, 1667, 3 vols. in 8vo. Hilarion +de Nolay, <i>Histoire du tiers-ordre</i>, Lyon, 1694, in 4to.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Acta Sanctorum, March, vol. i, p. 549.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> Wadding, <i>Annales Minorum</i>, vol. v, p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Jean Morel declares that she was at Neufchâteau four +days, and he adds: "What I tell you I know, for I was with the others +at Neufchâteau" (<i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 392); Gérard Guillemette speaks +of four or five days (<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 414); Nicolas Bailly of three or +four (<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 451). But Jeanne told her judges at Rouen that she +stayed a fortnight at Neufchâteau (<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 51). When she +gave her evidence, the event was less remote, and doubtless her +recollection of it was more accurate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, chs. ix, x, xi. Abbé +V. Mourot, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et le tiers-ordre de Saint-François</i>, +Saint-Dié, 1886, in 8vo. L. de Kerval, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et les +Franciscains</i>, Vanves, 1893, in 18mo. <i>E iera begina</i>, says a +correspondent of Morosini, edited by Lefèvre-Pontalis, vol. iii, p. 92 +and note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 128, 219. E. Misset, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +Champenoise</i>, 1895, in 8vo, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 219: <i>quibus obediebat in omnibus, +nisi in processu Tullensi</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 215. Article 9 of the deed of +accusation is drawn up as the result of an inquiry made at +Neufchâteau.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 396, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. clxxx, 230.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> <i>Mistère du siège</i>, v, 497.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, chs. xxxiv, xxxv. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, chs. xxxii, xxxv; <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 2 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 52, 216.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 456.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 428, 434. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +à Domremy</i>, p. clxxx. E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles +recherches</i>, p. xxiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> <i>Les caquets de l'accouchée</i>, new edition by E. +Fournier and Le Roux de Lincy, Paris, 1855, in 16mo, introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 53; vol. ii, p. 443.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 428, 430, 434.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 416.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 431.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 418.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 419: <i>dixit quod nescivit recessum dictæ +Johannæ; quæ testis propter hoc multum flebat, quia eam multum propter +suam bonitatem diligebat et quod sua socia erat</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 436.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. clxviii, 222, +234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 273; <i>La Chronique de +Lorraine</i> in Dom Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. iii, col. vj, +gives an amplified version of these words, the authenticity of which +is doubtful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 219, 220. The source is doubtful. +Nevertheless the accusation here lays stress on these facts produced +by the inquiry. If Jeanne denied having spoken these words, it was +because she had forgotten them, or because they had been so changed +that she could disavow the form in which they were presented to her.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, + page <a href="#Page_i.66">66</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 461.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. cxcxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 460, 461 (evidence of Jean le +Fumeux in the rehabilitation trial).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 447.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 448.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> <i>Quæ puella multum bene loquebatur.</i> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, +p. 450. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 363; <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 45. S. +Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xcv, cxi, cxxvj. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 204, note. E. de Bouteiller and +G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, pp. xxv <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> <i>A sol tournois</i> is the twentieth part of a <i>livre +tournois</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. cxc, 160, 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 435-457. E. de Bouteiller and G. +de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, pp. xxvi, xxvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 436. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 396 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 436. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, p. cxci.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 436.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 436, 437.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 161, 176, 332. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 45. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 372.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Voragine, <i>La légende dorée</i>, in the Festival of the +Exaltation of the Holy Cross.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Migne, <i>Dictionnaire des sciences occultes</i>, Paris, 2 +vols. in large 8vo, under the word <i>Exorcisme</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 115. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 48. +<i>Mirouer des femmes vertueuses</i> in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 267.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Extract from the eighth report of Guillaume Charrier, +in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 257 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 447.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 53; vol. ii, pp. 443 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 445-447.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 447-457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 406. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. +160, note 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 314, 315. Anonymous poem on +the arrival of the Maid, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Durand Lassois says it cost twelve francs, Jean de +Metz, sixteen. "<i>Ce serait aujourd'hui un cheval de cent écus.</i>" It +would be a horse worth one hundred crowns to-day (L. Champion, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc écuyère</i>, 1901, p. 55). According to the reckoning of P. +Clément, from 400 to 800 francs (<i>Jacques Cœur et Charles VII</i>, +1873, p. lxvi).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 54, 222; vol. ii, pp. 391, 406, +432, 437, 442-450, 456, 457; vol. iii, pp. 87, 115. Extract from the +eighth account of Guillaume Charrier and from the thirteenth account +of Hémon Raguier, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 257 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> <i>Et postquam ipsa Johanna fuit in peregrinacio in +Sancto Nicolas et exstitit versus dominum ducem Lotharingiae</i>, says +Bertrand de Poulengy, <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 457. Cf. The Evidence of J. +Robert, in E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur +la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 33, 34. It is impossible to find in +the text of the <i>Trial</i> a redundancy such as the evidence of D. +Lannois and the woman Le Royer would lead us to expect. A. Renard, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc. Examen d'une question de lieu</i>, Orléans, 1861, in 8vo, +16 pages. G. de Braux, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Saint-Nicolas</i>, Nancy, 1889, in +8vo. De Pimodan, <i>La première étape de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 1890, in 8vo, +with maps.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Le Père Anselme, <i>Histoire généalogique de la maison de +France</i>, vol. ii, p. 218. Ludovic Drapeyron, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et Philippe +le Bon</i>, in <i>Revue de Géographie</i>, November, 1886, p. 236. S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. lxvi, cxcix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> <i>Œuvres du Roi René</i>, by Le Comte de Quatrebarbes, +Angers, 1845, vol. i, preface, pp. lxxvi <i>et seq.</i> Lecoy de la Marche, +<i>Le Roi René, sa vie, son administration, ses travaux artistiques et +littéraires</i>, Paris, 1875, 2 vols. in 8vo, and Giry, Review in the +<i>Revue critique</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> <i>La guerre de la hottée de pommes.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> Dom Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. ii, col. 695, +703.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. cxcvii, +clxxxvii, clxxxviii, and 236. The register of the Archives of La +Meuse, B. 1051, bears trace of a regular correspondence between the +Duke of Bar and Baudricourt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in Dom Calmet, +<i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, proofs and illustrations, vol. ii, col. cxcix. +S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. cxcvii <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Letter from Jean Desch, Secretary of the town of Metz, +in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 355. Dom Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, +vol. ii, proofs and illustrations, col. cxcix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. cc, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 87. Dom Calmet, <i>Histoire de +Lorraine</i>, vol. iii, proofs and illustrations, col. vj.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 391, 444.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 54; vol. ii, pp. 438, 445, 447, +457. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in the <i>Revue historique</i>, +vol. iv, p. 336.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in the <i>Revue +historique</i>, <i>ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 406, 432, 442, 457; vol. iii, p. +209. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xcv, 143 note 3. G. de +Braux and E. de Bouteiller, <i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, pp. xxix <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> <i>Les routiers en Lorraine</i>, in the <i>Journal de la +Société archéologique de Lorraine</i>, 1866, p. 161. Dr. A. Lapierre, <i>La +guerre de cent ans dans l'Argonne et le Rethélois</i>, Sedan, 1900, in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i> (interpolation); <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 272 (a document of doubtful authority owing to its +hagiographical character).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 54; vol. ii, p. 437. <i>Chronique du +Mont-Saint-Michel</i>, vol. i, p. 30. De Boismarmin, <i>Mémoire sur la date +de l'arrivée de Jeanne d'Arc à Chinon</i>, in the <i>Bulletin du comité des +travaux historiques et scientifiques</i>, 1892, pp. 350-359. Ulysse +Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 10, note 1. Jeanne had +returned to Vaucouleurs about the first Sunday in Lent, the 13th of +February, 1429 (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 437). Bertrand de Poulengy says +that the journey to Chinon (6th March) lasted eleven days, and that +sometimes they travelled by night only (<i>ibid.</i>). It is difficult to +admit that they started from Vaucouleurs on the 23rd of February, and +that about 660 kilometres were traversed in eleven days.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 431, 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 449.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> De Pimodan, <i>La première étape de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, +1891, in 8vo, with maps.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> Jolibois, <i>Dictionnaire historique de la Haute-Marne</i>, +p. 492.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> De Pimodan, <i>La première étape de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, <i>loc. +cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 54, 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 437. According to the somewhat +improbable testimony of Bertrand de Poulengy. <i>See ante</i>, p. + <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a>, <a href="#FNanchor_440_440">note +6</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 437, 438.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 199.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 458.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 438.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 54; vol. ii, p. 437.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 406, 432, 445, 448, 457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. v, p. 269. Th. Basin, vol. i, p. 44. +Bueil, <i>Le jouvencel</i>, introduction. Royal Pardons, in E. Boutaric, +<i>Institutions militaires de la France avant les armées +permanentes....</i> 1863, in 8vo, p. 266. <i>Récit du prieur de Droillet</i>, +ed. Quicherat, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, fourth +series, vol. iii, p. 359. Mantellier, <i>Histoire de la communauté des +marchands fréquentant la rivière de Loire</i>, vol. i, p. 195. Le P. H. +Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises, monastères, hôpitaux en France, +vers le milieu du XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Mâcon, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 203.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> Abbé J.-J. Bourassé, <i>Les miracles de Madame Sainte +Katerine de Fierboys en Touraine, d'après un manuscrit de la +Bibliothèque Impériale</i>, Paris, in 12mo, 1858, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> I have here interwoven the account given by Seguin, +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 203, with that of Touroulde, <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, +pp. 86, 87. It seems to me the same incident reported summarily by the +former, inexactly by the latter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 56, 75; vol. iii, pp. 3, 21; vol. +v, p. 378.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> That Saint Catherine was known in the west shortly +before the Crusades is possible, but not that her worship should date +back to Charles Martel; at any rate it flourished in the days of +Jeanne d'Arc. <i>Cf.</i> H. Moranvillé, <i>Un pèlerinage en Terre sainte et +au Sinai au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, in the <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des +Chartes</i>, vol. lxvi (1905), pp. 70 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> <i>Les miracles de Madame Sainte Katerine</i>, <i>passim</i>. G. +Launay, Article in <i>Bull. soc. archéol. du Vendômois</i>, 1880, vol. xix, +pp. 23-25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La guerre des partisans dans la +Haute Normandie</i> (1424-1429), in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i> +(1893-1896).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> <i>Les miracles de Madame Sainte Katerine</i>, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 190. Alain +Chartier, <i>L'espérance ou consolation des trois vertus</i>, in +<i>Œuvres</i>, p. 271. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> <i>Mistère du siège</i>, line 497.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 21, 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 255. <i>Chronique de +l'établissement de la fête</i> in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 286. Le Maire, +<i>Histoire et antiquités de la ville et duché d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, +1645, in 4to, pp. 129 <i>et seq.</i> Lottin, <i>Recherches historiques sur la +ville d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, 1836-1845 (7 vols. in 8vo), vol. i, p. +197.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> Joseph Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers</i>, Introduction, +vol. i, p. xlvii. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, vol. iv, part iv, p. 135. +Mademoiselle A. de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais dans l'Orléanais, +la Beauce chartraine et le Gâtinais</i> (1421-1428), Orléans, 1893, in +8vo, original documents, p. 134. Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers</i>, vol. +i, pp. 403 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 300.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise au siège +d'Orléans, 1428-1429</i>, Orléans, 1892, in 8vo, pp. 59 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 293. Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, vol. +iv, part iv, pp. 132, 135, 138.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 26, 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 294. Stevenson, <i>Letters and +Papers</i>, p. lxii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon and A. de Beaucorps, <i>L'armée +anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc sous les murs d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, +1892, in 8vo, p. 61. L. Jarry, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, p. 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Astesan in <i>Paris et ses historiens</i>, by Le Roux de +Lincy and Tisserand, pp. 528 <i>et seq.</i> Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, ch. +xix, pp. 75 <i>et seq.</i> P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège d'Orléans</i>, in +18mo, pp. 22, 24. E. Fournier, <i>Le Conteur orléanais</i>, p. 111. C. +Cuissard, <i>Étude sur la musique dans l'Orléanais</i>, Orléans, 1886, p. +50. Jodocius Sincere, <i>Itirerarium Galliae</i>, Amstelodami, 1655, pp. +24, 25. Paul Charpentier et Cuissard, <i>Histoire du siège d'Orléans, +mémoire inédite de M. l'Abbé Dubois</i>, Orléans, 1894, in 8vo, p. 129. +De Buzonnière, <i>Histoire architecturale de la ville d'Orléans</i>, 1849 +(2 vols. in 8vo), vol. i, p. 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège d'Orléans</i>, Paris, 1833, in +4to, with plans. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. 183 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> Jollois, <i>Lettre à Messieurs les membres de la Société +des Antiquaires de France, sur l'emplacement du fort des Tourelles de +l'ancien pont d'Orléans</i>, Paris, 1834, in folio with illustrations. +Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, dissertation, v. Lottin, +<i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. 15-18. Vergniaud Romagnési, <i>Des différentes +enceintes de la ville d'Orléans</i>, pp. 17-19. A. Collin, <i>Le Pont des +Tourelles à Orléans</i>, Orléans, 1895, in 8vo. Morosini, vol. iii, p. +13, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> For some unknown reason modern historians have named +the little island to the right of Saint-Laurent l'Île Charlemagne, +which causes it to be confused with the Île Charlemagne lying to the +East of l'Île-aux-Bœufs. On the accompanying <a href="#Plan">plan</a> we indicate the +little island just below Biche-d'Orge by the name of Petite Île +Charlemagne. Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, engraving 1. Abbé Dubois, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 193, 199. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première +expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 16. Manuscript of M. A. Cagnieul, +librarian at Orléans.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Symphorien Guyon, <i>Histoire de l'église et diocèse +d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, 1647, vol. i, preface. Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, p. +36.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 13, 15. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 270. Hubert, <i>Antiquités historiques de l'église royale +d'Orléans</i>, Orléans, 1661, in 8vo. Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, p. 284. +Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 133, 205, 277, <i>passim</i>. +Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 21. H. Baraude, <i>Le siège d'Orléans +et Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1906, pp. 10 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 296. Boucher de +Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc, le ravitaillement +d'Orléans, nouveaux documents</i>, Orléans, 1874, in large 8vo, with +topographical plan: <i>Orléans, la Loire et ses îles en 1429</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 391, 399. +Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 41, 44. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du +siège</i>, Orléans, 1867, in 8vo, p. 24. Lottin, <i>Recherches sur +Orléans</i>, vol. i, p. 141.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> Le Roux de Lincy, <i>Chants historiques et populaires du +temps de Charles VII</i>, Paris, 1862, in 18mo, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 225, 226. <i>Geste +des nobles</i>, p. 202. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 251. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 59. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, +pp. 107, 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. 164, 171. P. +Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> <i>The Monk of Dunfermline</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 341. +Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, pp. 283 <i>et seq.</i> Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. +i, pp. 160, 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 6. Lottin, +<i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. 202-205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> An arrow shot from the long-bow, the feathers of the +arrow were spirally arranged to produce a spinning movement in its +flight (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> The accounts of the fortresses, in <i>Journal du siège</i>, +pp. 301 <i>et seq.</i> Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 12. P. Mantellier, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 15-17. Loiseleur, <i>Comptes des dépenses +faites par Charles VII pour secourir Orléans pendant le siège de +1428</i>, Orléans, 1868, in 8vo, p. 113. Boucher de Molandon et de +Beaucorps, <i>L'armée anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 81.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> Accounts of Hémon Raguier, Bibl. Nat. Fr. 7858, fol. +41. Loiseleur, <i>Comptes des dépenses</i>, p. 65. Pallet, <i>Nouvelle +histoire du Berry</i>, vol. iii, pp. 78-80. Vallet de Viriville, in +<i>Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de France. Cabinet historique</i>, +vol. v, part ii, p. 107. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> A. Thomas, <i>Le siège d'Orléans, Jeanne d'Arc et les +capitouls de Toulouse</i>, in <i>Annales du Midi</i>, April, 1889, p. 232. M. +Boudet, <i>Villandrando et les écorcheurs à Saint-Flour</i>, pp. 18, 19. A. +de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> The monk of Dunfermline in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 51. <i>Chronique de la fête</i> in +the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 296. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. 27-31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> Hubert, <i>Antiquitez historiques de l'église royale de +Saint-Aignan d'Orléans</i>, 1661, in 8vo, pp. 1-15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 32. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 14. +Hubert, <i>loc. cit.</i>, chs. iii, iv. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. +82, 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> A livre varied in weight from province to province; +generally it was about seventeen ounces (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> Le Maire, <i>Antiquités</i>, p. 285. P. Mantellier, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 257, 258. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, pp. 6, 7. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, p. 204. J. Devaux, <i>Le +Gâtinais au temps de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Ann. Soc. hist. et arch. du +Gâtinais</i>, vol. v, 1887, p. 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> <i>Geste des Nobles</i>, p. 204. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 256. Letter from Salisbury to the Commons of London, in Delpit, +<i>Collection de documents français qui se trouvent en Angleterre</i>, pp. +236, 237. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 79-89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 11. Jarry, <i>Le +compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, p. 82. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Les comptes +de ville d'Orléans des quatorzième et quinzième siècles</i>, Orléans, +1880, in 8vo, pp. 91 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, p. 205. P. Mantellier, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 2-4. Boucher de Molandon et de +Beaucorps, <i>L'armée anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 26, 28, +29. Boucher de Molandon and de Beaucorps, <i>L'armée anglaise vaincue +par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 50 <i>et seq.</i> Mademoiselle A. de Villaret, +<i>Campagne des anglais</i>, ch. iv, pp. 39, 53; Accounts of the siege, +nos. 30, 31, p. 214. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, p. 205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 258. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, p. 66. Jean Raoulet in Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. iii, +p. 198. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 1, 2. Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du +siège</i>, p. 246. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 27. H. Baraude, +<i>Le siège d'Orléans et Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 7-8. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, pp. +208, 210.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 5-8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 10, 12. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 264. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 298. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 63. <i>Mistère d'Orléans</i>, line 3104 <i>et seq.</i> +<i>Chronique de la fête</i> in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 288. Morosini, vol. iii, +p. 131. Lorenzo Buonincontro in Muratori, <i>Rerum Italicarum +Scriptores</i>, vol. xxi, col. 136. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée +anglaise</i>, pp. 85, 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 345. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +263. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 10. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> L. Jarry, <i>Deux chansons normandes, Orléans</i>, 1894, in +8vo, p. 11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> The text published by M. Jarry has <i>mielux</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_521_521" id="Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> Certes that wise man the Duke of Bedford, will keep +himself in a fortress with his wife as snug as may be. He will drink +good hypocras (a kind of wine). He looks after himself, leaves warfare +and the poor and rich to rot in the ground.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_522_522" id="Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, +p. 25; vol. ii, p. 389.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523_523" id="Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 273, 274. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, pp. 243, 247. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 54. +<i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 221. <i>Cronique Martiniane</i>, p. +7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_524_524" id="Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. ii, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_525_525" id="Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Mathieu d'Escouchy, <i>Chronique</i>, ed. Beaucourt, Paris, +1863, vol. i, p. 186. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 10, 12. <i>Cronique Martiniane</i>, +p. 8. <i>Le jouvencel</i>, p. 277. Loiseleur, <i>Comptes des dépenses</i>, pp. +90, 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 12, 13. Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire +du siège</i>, p. 245. Boucher de Molandon et de Beaucorps, <i>L'armée +anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 92, 111. Jean de Bueil, <i>Le +jouvencel</i>, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_529_529" id="Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> <i>Le jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 19. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 270. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 61. Le P. Denifle, <i>La +désolation des églises de France</i>, petition C.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_531_531" id="Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 16, 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_532_532" id="Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 17. J.L. Micqueau, <i>Histoire du siège +d'Orléans par les Anglais</i>, translated by Du Breton, Paris, 1631, p. +27. Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 287. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, +vol. i, pp. 209, 210.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> <i>Livre</i>, if it were of Paris, was equivalent to one +shilling, if of Tours, to ten pence (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 18. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, p. clxxxv. Loiseleur, <i>Compte des dépenses faites par +Charles VII pour secourir Orléans</i>, in <i>Mém. Soc. Arch. de +l'Orléanais</i>, vol. xi, pp. 114, 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 28. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. +i, p. 214.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> Loiseleur, <i>Comptes</i>, p. 114. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire +du siège</i>, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 15, 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> To the number of 2500. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 20. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 265. Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, +p. 252. Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 26, 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539_539" id="Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> Cf. <i>ante</i>, + p. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#FNanchor_483_483">note 1</a>. On the + <a href="#Plan">plan</a> this island is +called Petite Île Charlemagne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_540_540" id="Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> G. Girault's report in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 283. +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 16, note 5; vol. iv, supplement xiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_541_541" id="Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon and A. de Beaucorps, <i>L'armée +anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 3 <i>et seq.</i> Jarry, <i>Le compte +de l'armée anglaise</i>, proofs and illustrations v, p. 233.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Jan. 1, 2. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 21, 22, 30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> 4-27 Jan. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 21, 22, 30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> 17 Jan. <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. ii, p. 732. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 213; vol. ii, p. 6, +note 2. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. ccxcv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_548_548" id="Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 21, 36-38. The accounts of +Hémon Raguier, Bibl. Nat. Fr. 7858, fol. 41. Loiseleur, <i>Comptes des +dépenses de Charles VII pour secourir Orléans</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_549_549" id="Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 231. <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 266, 267. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 37, 38.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 38, 39. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, pp. 267, 268. <i>Mistère du siège</i>, line 8867. Dom Plancher, +<i>Histoire de Bourgogne</i>, vol. iv, p. 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 312. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 43. +Chastellain, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, vol. ii, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_553_553" id="Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 311. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 39. +<i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 232. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 267, 268. Perceval de Cagny, pp. 137, 139.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_554_554" id="Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 40, 41.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_555_555" id="Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 43. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. +232.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_556_556" id="Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 43. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 269. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 313.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_557_557" id="Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 42. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 43, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_560_560" id="Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 230-233. +Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 313. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. ii, p. +62. Symphorien Guyon, <i>Histoire de la ville d'Orléans</i>, vol. ii, p. +195. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> 18 Feb. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 50, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> 16 March. <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 59.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_564_564" id="Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> Thaumas de la Thaumassière, <i>Histoire du Berry</i>, +Bourges, 1689, in fol., pp. 648-656.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_565_565" id="Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_566_566" id="Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 317. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 52. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 269. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, +p. 65. Morosini, pp. 16, 17, vol. iv, supplement xiv. Du Tillet, +<i>Recueil des traités</i>, p. 221.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_567_567" id="Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> 3 March. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_568_568" id="Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 21, 23. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. +46 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 278.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_569_569" id="Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> La Curne, under the word <i>Pucelle</i>; Du Cange, ad. v. +<i>Pucella</i>. +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Je laisse cent sols de deniers<br /> +A ceulx qui boivent voluntiers<br /> +Et s'ay laissié a mon curé<br /> +Ma pucelle quand je mourrai,</i><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>says Eustache Deschamps (quoted by La Curne); Du Cange cites a will of +1274: "afterwards I leave to Laurence <i>ma pucelle</i> and twelve <i>livres</i> +of Paris."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_570_570" id="Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> <i>Relation contemporaine du combat de Montendre</i>, in +<i>Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France</i>, 1834, pp. 109-113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_571_571" id="Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 3, 125, 215. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +pp. 5, 6, 31, 44. <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, articles by Vallet +de Viriville.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_572_572" id="Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 56, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_574_574" id="Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> Bueil, <i>Le jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 32, and Tringant, xv; +Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, ch. cxxxviii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_575_575" id="Footnote_575_575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_575_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Isabeau de Bavière</i>, 1859, in +8vo, and <i>Notes sur l'état civil des princes et princesses nés +d'Isabeau de Bavière</i> in the <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, +vol. xix, pp. 473-482.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_576_576" id="Footnote_576_576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_576_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> Th. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, +vol. i, p. 312. Chastellain, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, vol. ii, p. +178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_577_577" id="Footnote_577_577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_577_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a> <i>Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis</i>, vol. i, pp. +28, 43. Docteur A. Chevreau, <i>De la maladie de Charles VI, roi de +France, et des médecins qui ont soigné ce prince</i>, in <i>l'Union +Médicale</i>, February, March, 1862. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. i, p. 4, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_578_578" id="Footnote_578_578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_578_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iii, p. 347.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_579_579" id="Footnote_579_579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_579_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> Gruel, ed. Le Vavasseur, pp. 46 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 239. Berry, p. 374. Pierre de Fénin, <i>Mémoires</i>, ed. +Mademoiselle Dupont, pp. 222, 223. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 453. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, +vol. ii, p. 432.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_580_580" id="Footnote_580_580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_580_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> Gruel, pp. 53, 193. <i>Geste des nobles</i>, p. 200. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 23, 24, 54. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire +de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 132. E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de +Richemont</i>, Paris, 1886, in 8vo, p. 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_581_581" id="Footnote_581_581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_581_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> Gruel, p. 231. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 200, 248. +Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 54; vol. iii, p. 189. De +Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 142. E. Cosneau, <i>Le +connétable de Richemont</i>, p. 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_582_582" id="Footnote_582_582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_582_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 143, 144 <i>et +seq.</i> E. Cosneau, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 142 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_583_583" id="Footnote_583_583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_583_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a> Dom Morice, <i>Preuves de l'histoire de Bretagne</i>, vol. +ii, col. 1199. De Beaucourt, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 150. E. Cosneau, +<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 144.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_584_584" id="Footnote_584_584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_584_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a> P. de Fénin, <i>Mémoires</i>, p. 222. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, Introduction. E. Charles, <i>Le caractère de +Charles VII</i>, in <i>Revue contemporaine</i>, vol. xxii, pp. 300-328.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_585_585" id="Footnote_585_585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_585_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> Le doyen de Saint-Thibaud, <i>Tableau des rois de +France</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_586_586" id="Footnote_586_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Les vigiles de Charles VII</i>, ed. +Coustelier, 1724 (2 vols. in 12mo), vol. i, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_587_587" id="Footnote_587_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> L. Drapeyron, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et Philippe le Bon</i>, in +<i>Revue de géographie</i>, November, 1886, p. 331.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_588_588" id="Footnote_588_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> <i>Taille</i>, so called from a notched stick (Eng. tally), +used by the tax-collector, the number of notches indicating the amount +of the tax due. There were two <i>tailles</i>: <i>la taille seigneuriale</i>, a +contribution paid by serfs to their lord; and <i>la taille royale</i>, paid +by the third estate to the King. The latter was first levied by +Philippe le Bel (1285-1314), but was only an occasional tax until the +reign of Charles VII, who converted it into a regular impost. But +although collected at stated intervals its amount varied from reign to +reign, becoming intolerably burdensome under the spendthrift kings, +while wise rulers, like Henri IV, considerably reduced it. It was not +abolished until the Revolution (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> <i>Recueil des ordonnances</i>, vol. xiii, p. xcix, and the +index of this volume under the word <i>Impôts</i>. Loiseleur, <i>Compte des +dépenses</i>, pp. 51 <i>et seq.</i> A. Thomas, <i>Les états généraux sous +Charles VII</i> in the <i>Cabinet historique</i>, vol. xxiv, 1878. <i>Les états +provinciaux de la France centrale sous Charles VII</i>, Paris, 1879, 2 +vols. in 8vo, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_590_590" id="Footnote_590_590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_590_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. iii, p. 318. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 390. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 428; vol. ii, pp. 646 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_591_591" id="Footnote_591_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> <i>Le jouvencel</i>, vol. i, Introduction, pp. xix, xx.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_592_592" id="Footnote_592_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 237. Loiseleur, <i>Compte +des dépenses</i>, p. 61. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Mémoire sur les +institutions de Charles VII</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des +Chartes</i>, vol. xxxiii, p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> Dom Vaissette, <i>Histoire du Languedoc</i>, vol. iv, p. +471.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_594_594" id="Footnote_594_594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_594_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_595_595" id="Footnote_595_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> Dom Vaissette, <i>Histoire du Languedoc</i>, vol. iv, p. +471. A. Thomas, <i>Les états généraux sous Charles VII</i>, pp. 49, 50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_596_596" id="Footnote_596_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Dom Vaissette, <i>Histoire du Languedoc</i>, vol. iv, p. +472. Raynal, <i>Histoire du Berry</i>, vol. iii, p. 20. Loiseleur, <i>Comptes +des dépenses</i>, pp. 63 <i>et seq.</i> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 170 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_597_597" id="Footnote_597_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> Th. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, Bk. II, ch. vi. +Antoine Loysel, <i>Mémoires des pays, villes, comtés et comtes de +Beauvais et Beauvoisis</i>, Paris, 1618, p. 229. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire +de la communauté des marchands fréquentant la rivière de Loire</i>, vol. +i, p. 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_598_598" id="Footnote_598_598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_598_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a> Dom Morice, <i>Preuves de l'histoire de Bretagne</i>, vol. +ii, cols. 1145, 1194. <i>Ordonnances</i>, vol. xv, p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_599_599" id="Footnote_599_599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_599_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, +p. 373. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 175. Duc +de la Trémoïlle, <i>Chartier de Thouars, Documents historiques et +généalogiques</i>, p. 17. <i>Les La Trémoïlle pendant cinq siècles</i>, vol. +i, p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_600_600" id="Footnote_600_600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_600_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +632.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_601_601" id="Footnote_601_601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_601_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. iii. Accounts, p. 316. +<i>Cabinet historique</i>, June, 1858, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_602_602" id="Footnote_602_602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_602_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a> <i>Cabinet historique</i>, September and October, 1858, p. +263.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_603_603" id="Footnote_603_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, +p. 374.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_604_604" id="Footnote_604_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +632.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_605_605" id="Footnote_605_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> Loiseleur, <i>Compte des dépenses</i>, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_606_606" id="Footnote_606_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +634.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_607_607" id="Footnote_607_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> Vuitry, <i>Les monnaies sous les trois premiers Valois</i>, +Paris, 1881, in 8vo, pp. 29 <i>et seq.</i> Loiseleur, <i>Compte des +dépenses</i>, p. 47. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +i, p. 243. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 620 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_608_608" id="Footnote_608_608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_608_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a> Clairambault, <i>Titres, Scellés</i>, vol. 205, pp. 8769, +8771, 8773, <i>passim</i>. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_609_609" id="Footnote_609_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> Archives nationales, J. 183, no. 142. Duc de La +Trémoïlle, <i>Les La Trémoïlle pendant cinq siècles</i>, vol. i, p. 177. De +Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_610_610" id="Footnote_610_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> Le P. Anselme, <i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique +de la maison de France</i>, vol. vi, p. 399. Vallet de Viriville, in +<i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. i, p. 63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_611_611" id="Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> Marquis de Gaucourt, <i>Le Sire de Gaucourt</i>, Orléans, +1855, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_612_612" id="Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> Le P. Anselme, <i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique +de la maison de France</i>, vol. vi, p. 339. <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. +ix, col. 135. Hermant, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique de Beauvais</i> (Bibl. +nat. fr. 8581), fol. 15 <i>et seq.</i> Article by Vallet de Viriville, in +<i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i> and <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, +pp. 160 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_613_613" id="Footnote_613_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>Cartularium Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, +vol. iv, p. 275.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_614_614" id="Footnote_614_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 109. In 1411 the +Butchers of Paris, led by Jean-Simonnet Caboche, rose in favour of the +Duke of Burgundy (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_615_615" id="Footnote_615_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises</i>, vol. i, pp. +594, 595. Garnier, <i>Documents relatifs à la surprise de Paris par les +Bourguignons en Mai</i>, 1418, in <i>Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire +de Paris</i>, 1877, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_616_616" id="Footnote_616_616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_616_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, pp. +268, 276, 339. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 4, and proofs and +illustrations, lxxj.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_617_617" id="Footnote_617_617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_617_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i> +According to a "legitimist" fiction he pleads the service he had +rendered to King Charles VI, and his son the Dauphin "<i>... tam propter +sue persone debililitatem, quam etiam propter assidua viagia et +ambassiatas, que ipse serviendo Carolo Francorum regi et Carolo, +ejusdem regis unigenito filio, dalphino Viennensi....</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_618_618" id="Footnote_618_618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_618_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>. De +Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, pp. 64 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_619_619" id="Footnote_619_619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_619_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> F. Duchesne, <i>Histoire des chanceliers et gardes des +sceaux de France</i>, 1680, in fol., p. 483.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_620_620" id="Footnote_620_620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_620_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> The <i>livre</i> of Tours was worth ten pence, while that of +Paris was worth one shilling (W.S.). National Archives, p. 2298.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_621_621" id="Footnote_621_621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_621_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +632.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_622_622" id="Footnote_622_622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_622_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a> Le P. Anselme, <i>Histoire généalogique de la maison de +France</i>, vol. i, p. 407.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_623_623" id="Footnote_623_623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_623_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_624_624" id="Footnote_624_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises</i>, +introduction. <i>Cf.</i> the collection of official receipts in the +National Library, fr. 20,887, original documents 693, Clairambault, +<i>deeds</i>, <i>seals</i>, vol. 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_625_625" id="Footnote_625_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> F. Duchesne, <i>Histoire des chanceliers et garde des +sceaux de France</i>, p. 487.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_626_626" id="Footnote_626_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_627_627" id="Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 394, 462.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_628_628" id="Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> Isaiah, ch. 66, verse 10 (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_629_629" id="Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_630_630" id="Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> <i>La vie de saint Harenc glorieux martir et comment il +fut pesché en la mer et porté à Dieppe</i>, in <i>Recueil des poésies +françaises des XV<sup>e</sup> et XVI<sup>e</sup> siècles</i>, by A. de Montaiglon, vol. +ii, pp. 325-332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> Still if Jeanne were the age she is said to have been, +about eighteen, she was under no obligation to fast, but only to be +abstinent. Nevertheless, when imprisoned at Rouen, she fasted during +Lent; but we do not know how old her judges considered her to be.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_632_632" id="Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> G. de Cougny, <i>Notice archéologique et historique sur +le château de Chinon</i>, Chinon, 1860, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_634_634" id="Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> <i>La légende dorée</i>, translated by Gustave Brunet, 1846, +pp. 259, 264. Douhet, <i>Dictionnaire des légendes</i>, pp. 426, 436.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_635_635" id="Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 273. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +pp. 46, 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> <i>Epître de Jouvenel des Ursins</i>, in De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i> vol. v, p. 206, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_637_637" id="Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. x.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_638_638" id="Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> <i>Acta sanctorum</i>, vol. iii, March, p. 742. Abbé Pétin, +<i>Dictionnaire hagiographique</i>, 1850, vol. ii, p. 1516.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_639_639" id="Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> Froissart, <i>Chroniques</i>, Bk. IV, ch. xliii <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 83, note 2. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Procès de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1867, in 8vo, pp. +xxxi <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_641_641" id="Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> <i>Le songe du vieil Pélerin</i>, by Philippe de Maizières +(Bibl. Nat. French collection, no. 22,542).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_642_642" id="Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> Chastellain, ed. Buchon, pp. 114, 116. <i>Acta Sanctorum +Junii</i>, vol. 1, p. 648. Le P. De Buck, <i>Le bienheureux Jean de Gand</i>, +Brussels, 1862, in 8vo, 40 pages. Le P. Chapotin, <i>La guerre de cent +ans; Jeanne d'Arc et les Dominicains</i>, Évreux, 1888, in 8vo, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 273. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 46.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_644_644" id="Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> <i>Parvus Thalamus</i>, ed. Archæological Society of +Montpellier, p. 464. Th. de Bèze, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique</i>, 1580, +vol. i, p. 217. A. Germain, <i>Catherine Suave</i>, Montpellier, 1853, in +4to, 16 pages. H.C. Lea, <i>A History of the Inquisition in the Middle +Ages</i> (1906), vol. ii, p. 157. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. x.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +502.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_646_646" id="Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 22. These facts were known at +Lyons on the 22nd of April, 1429. (Clerk of the Chambre des Comptes of +Brabant, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 426.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Chronique des quatre premiers Valois</i>, Paris, +1861, in 8vo, pp. 46, 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_648_648" id="Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 115. Thomassin, <i>Registre +Delphinal</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 304. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 273. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_649_649" id="Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. iii, col. 1089.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_650_650" id="Footnote_650_650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_650_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a> Le R.P. Marcellin Fornier, <i>Histoire générale des Alpes +Maritimes ou Cottiennes</i>, ed. by the Abbé Paul Guillaume, Paris, +1890-1892 (3 vols. in 8vo), vol. ii, pp. 313 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_651_651" id="Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> The Monk of Dunfermline, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +340. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, pp. 265 +<i>et seq.</i> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_652_652" id="Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Simon de Phares, <i>Recueil des plus célèbres +astrologues</i>, fr. ms. 1357. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. i, p. 306; vol. ii, p. 345, note. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire +de Charles VII</i>, vol. vi, p. 399.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> Chastellain, vol. iii, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_654_654" id="Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, +p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_655_655" id="Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> I here correct the text of Simon de Phares (<i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 536) according to the written opinion of M. Camille +Flammarion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_656_656" id="Footnote_656_656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_656_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 536.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_657_657" id="Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> Recueil de Simon de Phares, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +32, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_659_659" id="Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> The kerb was removed during the Second Empire. Moreover +it is admitted that no faith should be put in such traditions. G. de +Cougny, <i>Charles VII et Jeanne d'Arc à Chinon</i>, Tours, 1877, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_661_661" id="Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 75; vol. iii, p. 115. <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 273. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 46, 47. Th. Basin, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. i, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 75, 141.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_663_663" id="Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> Le Curial, in <i>Les œuvres de Maistre Alain +Chartier</i>, ed. Du Chesne, Paris, 1642, in 4to, p. 398.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_664_664" id="Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> According to Jeanne there were present La Trémoïlle and +the Archbishop of Reims, but she also mentions the Duke of Alençon, +who was certainly not there.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_665_665" id="Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 115.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_666_666" id="Footnote_666_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 102-103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_667_667" id="Footnote_667_667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_667_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 219. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 205. Mathieu Thomassin, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 304. <i>Chronique de +Lorraine</i>, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 330. Philippe de Bergame, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 523.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_668_668" id="Footnote_668_668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_668_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in the <i>Revue +historique</i>, vol. iv, p. 336.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_669_669" id="Footnote_669_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> St. Paul, Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Labbe, +<i>Collection des conciles</i>, vol. vii, p. 978. Saumaise, <i>Epistola ad +Andream Colvium super cap. xi, I ad Corynth. de cæsarie virorum et +mulierum coma</i>. Lugd-Batavor ex off. Elz. 1644, in 12mo. <i>Quelques +notes d'archéologie sur la chevelure féminine</i>, in <i>Comptes rendus de +l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres</i>, 1888, vol. xvi, pp. +419, 425.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_670_670" id="Footnote_670_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 75; vol. iii, pp. 17, 92, 115. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 67. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +273. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 46.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_671_671" id="Footnote_671_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_672_672" id="Footnote_672_672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_672_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a> Th. Basin, vol. i, p. 312. Chastellain, vol. ii, p. +178. <i>Portrait historique du roi Charles VII</i>, by Henri Baude, +published by Vallet de Viriville in <i>Nouvelles recherches sur Henri +Baude</i>, p. 6. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_673_673" id="Footnote_673_673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_673_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a> As in the miniature painted by Jean Fouquet, more than +ten years later. Gruyer, <i>Les Quarante Fouquet de Chantilly</i>, Paris, +1897, in 4to.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_674_674" id="Footnote_674_674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_674_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a> <i>Note sur un ancien portrait de Charles VII, conservé +au Louvre</i>, in the <i>Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de France</i>, +1862, pp. 67 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_675_675" id="Footnote_675_675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_675_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 103. <i>Relation du greffier de La +Rochelle</i>, p. 337. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 273. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 67, 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_676_676" id="Footnote_676_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 103 (evidence of Brother +Pasquerel).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_677_677" id="Footnote_677_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> The Abridger of the <i>Trial</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. +258, 259. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. i, p. +67. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_678_678" id="Footnote_678_678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_678_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 116 (evidence of S. Charles). S. +Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. lxi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 17, 209. As early as April the +promised deliverance of Orléans and coronation at Reims had been heard +of at Lyons (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 426).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_680_680" id="Footnote_680_680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_680_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> Pasquerel alone of the witnesses mentions this +(<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 103). Cf. the anecdote of the Sire de Boissy +related by P. Sala in his collection, <i>Les hardiesses des grands rois +et empereurs</i> (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 278).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_681_681" id="Footnote_681_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_682_682" id="Footnote_682_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_683_683" id="Footnote_683_683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_683_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> G. de Cougny, <i>Charles VII et Jeanne d'Arc à Chinon</i>, +Tours, 1877, p. 40.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_684_684" id="Footnote_684_684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_684_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_685_685" id="Footnote_685_685"></a><a href="#FNanchor_685_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 65, 73. Mademoiselle A. de Villaret, +<i>Louis de Coutes, page de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Orléans, 1890, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_686_686" id="Footnote_686_686"></a><a href="#FNanchor_686_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_687_687" id="Footnote_687_687"></a><a href="#FNanchor_687_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_688_688" id="Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 274 <i>et seq.</i> Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_690_690" id="Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 133, 340. Thomassin, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 395. Walter Bower, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 489. Christine +de Pisan, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 12. La Borderie, <i>Les véritables +prophéties de Merlin, examen des poèmes bretons attribués à ce barde</i>, +in the <i>Revue de Bretagne</i>, 1883, vol. liii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_691_691" id="Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> Cuvelier, <i>Le poème de Du Guesclin</i>, l. 3285. +Francisque-Michel and Th. Wright, <i>Vie de Merlin attribuée à Geoffroy +de Monmouth, suivie des prophéties de ce barde tirées de l'histoire +des Bretons</i>, Paris, 1837, in 8vo, pp. 67 <i>et seq.</i> La Villemarqué, +<i>Myrdhin ou Merlin l'Enchanteur, son histoire, ses œuvres, son +influence</i>, n. ed., Paris, 1862, in 12mo. D'Arbois de Jubainville, +<i>Merlin est-il un personnage réel?</i> in the <i>Revue des questions +historiques</i>, 1868, pp. 559-568. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Morosini</i>, vol. +iv, supplement xvi. "[Geoffrey of Monmouth] represented Merlin as +having prophesied all the events of the history of Britain until the +year 1135 in which he wrote. The <i>Historia Regum</i> was very popular in +the ecclesiastical world. Its legends were held to be facts. The +exactness with which its prognostications had been fulfilled down to +1135 was marvelled at, and an attempt was made to interpret the +prophecies relating to subsequent times." Gaston Paris, <i>La +littérature française au moyen age</i>, 1890, pp. 86-104.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_692_692" id="Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> Le Baud, <i>Histoire de Bretagne</i>, Paris, 1638, in fol., +p. 451.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_693_693" id="Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 340-342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iv, p. 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_695_695" id="Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> Pierre Migiet weaves the two prophecies into one, which +he says he has read in a book, <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 133.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> Adopting the emendation made by M. Germain +Lefèvre-Pontalis in his <i>Chronique d'Antonio Morosini</i>, vol. iii, pp. +126, 127; vol. iv, pp. 316 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_697_697" id="Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> <i>The Complete Works of the Venerable Bede</i>, ed. Giles, +London, 1843-1844, 12 vols., in 8vo, in <i>Patres Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_698_698" id="Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a> Christine de Pisan, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 12. +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 126. The Dean of Saint Thibaud, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 423. Herman Korner, in Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 279 <i>et seq.</i> Walter Bower, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 481.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_699_699" id="Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> Buchon, <i>Math. d'Escouchy</i>, etc., p. 537. G. +Lefèvre-Pontalis, Eberhard Windecke, pp. 21-31. A Latin text of this +prophecy is to be found on the fly-leaf of the Cartulary of +Thérouanne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_700_700" id="Footnote_700_700"></a><a href="#FNanchor_700_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 393-407; vol. v, p. 473. +Marcellin Fornier, <i>Histoire des Alpes-Maritimes ou Cottiennes</i>, vol. +ii, pp. 313, 314.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_701_701" id="Footnote_701_701"></a><a href="#FNanchor_701_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a> [In the original French <i>garce</i>.] The text has <i>grace</i>, +which is not possible. I have conjectured that the word should be +<i>garce</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_702_702" id="Footnote_702_702"></a><a href="#FNanchor_702_702"><span class="label">[702]</span></a> M. Fornier, <i>Histoire des Alpes-Maritimes ou +Cottiennes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 313, 314.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_703_703" id="Footnote_703_703"></a><a href="#FNanchor_703_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> Clerk of the Town Hall of Albi, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +300.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_704_704" id="Footnote_704_704"></a><a href="#FNanchor_704_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> Thomassin, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 304.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_705_705" id="Footnote_705_705"></a><a href="#FNanchor_705_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> <i>Sandal</i> or <i>cendal</i>, a silk bearing some resemblance +to taffetas. Cf. Godefroy, <i>Lexique de l'ancien français</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_706_706" id="Footnote_706_706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_706_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Glossaire</i>, under the word <i>auriflamma</i>. Le +Roux de Lincy and Tisserand, <i>Paris et ses historiens</i>, pp. 150, 251, +257, 259. [<i>Histoire générale de Paris.</i>]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_707_707" id="Footnote_707_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 136. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 224, 249.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_708_708" id="Footnote_708_708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_708_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_709_709" id="Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +iii, pp. 408, 409. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. vi, +pp. 43, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 91, 92. Eberhard Windecke, pp. 152 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_713_713" id="Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_714_714" id="Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 151, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_716_716" id="Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 240.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_717_717" id="Footnote_717_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> Cf. 1 Kings xiii, 4 (W.S.). P. Dupuy, <i>Procès de Jean +II, duc d'Alençon, 1458-1474</i>, 1658, in 4to. Michelet, <i>Histoire de +France</i>, vol. v, p. 382. Docteur Chereau, <i>Médecins du quinzième +siècle</i>, in <i>l'Union Médicale</i>, vol. xiv, August, 1862. Joseph +Guibert, <i>Jean II duc d'Alençon</i>, in <i>Les positions de l'École des +Chartes</i>, 1893.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_718_718" id="Footnote_718_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 116, 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_719_719" id="Footnote_719_719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_719_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a> Bélisaire Ledain, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers</i>, +Saint-Maixent, 1891, in 8vo, 15 pages. Neuville, <i>Le Parlement royal à +Poitiers</i>, in the <i>Revue historique</i>, vol. vi, p. 284.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_720_720" id="Footnote_720_720"></a><a href="#FNanchor_720_720"><span class="label">[720]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 275. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 48. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 316.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_721_721" id="Footnote_721_721"></a><a href="#FNanchor_721_721"><span class="label">[721]</span></a> Neuville, <i>Le Parlement royal à Poitiers</i>, in the +<i>Revue historique</i>, vol. vi, p. 18. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 571 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_722_722" id="Footnote_722_722"></a><a href="#FNanchor_722_722"><span class="label">[722]</span></a> Louis Battifol, <i>Jean Jouvenel, prévot des marchands de +la ville de Paris</i>, Paris, 1894, in 8vo. Juvénal des Ursins, <i>Histoire +de Charles VI</i>, pp. 359, 360.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_723_723" id="Footnote_723_723"></a><a href="#FNanchor_723_723"><span class="label">[723]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 92. <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. ii, +col. 1198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_724_724" id="Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 92. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle +devant l'Église de son temps</i>, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 203, 204.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_726_726" id="Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 19, 203.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_727_727" id="Footnote_727_727"></a><a href="#FNanchor_727_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 74, 75. Launoy, <i>Historia Collegii +Navarrici</i>, lib. ii, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_728_728" id="Footnote_728_728"></a><a href="#FNanchor_728_728"><span class="label">[728]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 92, 102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_729_729" id="Footnote_729_729"></a><a href="#FNanchor_729_729"><span class="label">[729]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 74, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_730_730" id="Footnote_730_730"></a><a href="#FNanchor_730_730"><span class="label">[730]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 74, 92, 102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_731_731" id="Footnote_731_731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_731_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 203.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_732_732" id="Footnote_732_732"></a><a href="#FNanchor_732_732"><span class="label">[732]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 27, 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_733_733" id="Footnote_733_733"></a><a href="#FNanchor_733_733"><span class="label">[733]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 19, 74, 92, 203. <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. +iii, col. 1128.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_734_734" id="Footnote_734_734"></a><a href="#FNanchor_734_734"><span class="label">[734]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 203. <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. +iii, col. 1129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_735_735" id="Footnote_735_735"></a><a href="#FNanchor_735_735"><span class="label">[735]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_736_736" id="Footnote_736_736"></a><a href="#FNanchor_736_736"><span class="label">[736]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 19, 83, 203.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_737_737" id="Footnote_737_737"></a><a href="#FNanchor_737_737"><span class="label">[737]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 19, 203. Le P. Chapotin, <i>La guerre de +cent ans; Jeanne d'Arc et les Dominicains</i>, p. 132.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_738_738" id="Footnote_738_738"></a><a href="#FNanchor_738_738"><span class="label">[738]</span></a> Canon Dunand, <i>La légende anglaise de Jeanne</i>, Paris, +1903, in 8vo, p. 118.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_739_739" id="Footnote_739_739"></a><a href="#FNanchor_739_739"><span class="label">[739]</span></a> O. Raguenet de Saint-Albin, <i>Les juges de Jeanne d'Arc +à Poitiers, membres du Parlement ou gens d'Église</i>, Orléans, 1894, in +8vo, 46 pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_740_740" id="Footnote_740_740"></a><a href="#FNanchor_740_740"><span class="label">[740]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, pp. + <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_741_741" id="Footnote_741_741"></a><a href="#FNanchor_741_741"><span class="label">[741]</span></a> Judith, xvi, 7 (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_742_742" id="Footnote_742_742"></a><a href="#FNanchor_742_742"><span class="label">[742]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 19, 74, 82, 203. <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 275. B. Ledain, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers</i>, +Saint-Maixent, 1891, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_743_743" id="Footnote_743_743"></a><a href="#FNanchor_743_743"><span class="label">[743]</span></a> Nevertheless see <i>Le mistère du siège</i>, pp. 397-406.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_744_744" id="Footnote_744_744"></a><a href="#FNanchor_744_744"><span class="label">[744]</span></a> There can be no reason for suspecting this lady of not +living up to her reputation, for nothing is known of her, not even +whether she were Maître Jean Rabateau's first or second wife, for he +had two. The first was the daughter of Benoît Pidelet. Cf. B. Ledain, +<i>La maison de Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers, Maître Jean Rabateau</i> (<i>Revue +du Bas-Poitou</i>, April, 1891, pp. 48, 66). A. Barbier, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et +l'hôtellerie de la Rose</i>, Poitiers, 1892, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_745_745" id="Footnote_745_745"></a><a href="#FNanchor_745_745"><span class="label">[745]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_746_746" id="Footnote_746_746"></a><a href="#FNanchor_746_746"><span class="label">[746]</span></a> Voragine, <i>La légende dorée</i> (Vie de Sainte +Catherine).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_747_747" id="Footnote_747_747"></a><a href="#FNanchor_747_747"><span class="label">[747]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 204 (evidence of Brother +Seguin).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_748_748" id="Footnote_748_748"></a><a href="#FNanchor_748_748"><span class="label">[748]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 203, 204.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_749_749" id="Footnote_749_749"></a><a href="#FNanchor_749_749"><span class="label">[749]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_750_750" id="Footnote_750_750"></a><a href="#FNanchor_750_750"><span class="label">[750]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_751_751" id="Footnote_751_751"></a><a href="#FNanchor_751_751"><span class="label">[751]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 275.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_752_752" id="Footnote_752_752"></a><a href="#FNanchor_752_752"><span class="label">[752]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 74 (evidence of Gobert +Thibault).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_753_753" id="Footnote_753_753"></a><a href="#FNanchor_753_753"><span class="label">[753]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 74. Boucher de Molandon and A. de +Beaucorps, <i>L'armée anglaise</i>, p. 111. La Poule, as he is called here, +is identical with Suffort, and is none other than William Pole, Earl +of Suffolk, unless John Pole, William's brother, be intended, but he +was not one of the three organisers of the siege. As for Clasdas or +Glasdale, as the French called him, he served under the orders of the +Commander of Les Tourelles. These errors may have been Jeanne's, or +possibly they were made by the witness. They do not recur in the +letter to the English.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_754_754" id="Footnote_754_754"></a><a href="#FNanchor_754_754"><span class="label">[754]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_755_755" id="Footnote_755_755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_755_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_756_756" id="Footnote_756_756"></a><a href="#FNanchor_756_756"><span class="label">[756]</span></a> <i>Lettres de Gérard Machet</i>, Bibl. nat. Latin documents, +no. 8577. Launoy, <i>Regii Navarræ Gymnasii Parisiensis historia</i>, +Paris, 1682 (2 vols. in 4to), vol. ii, pp. 533, 557. Du Boulay, <i>Hist. +Univ. Parisiensis</i>, vol. v, p. 875. Vallet de Viriville, in <i>Nouvelle +biographie générale</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_757_757" id="Footnote_757_757"></a><a href="#FNanchor_757_757"><span class="label">[757]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Extrait du catalogue des actes de +Charles VII</i>, p. 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_758_758" id="Footnote_758_758"></a><a href="#FNanchor_758_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 71, 72, 73, 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_759_759" id="Footnote_759_759"></a><a href="#FNanchor_759_759"><span class="label">[759]</span></a> Labbe, <i>Sacro-Sancta Consilia</i> (1671), vol. ii, pp. +413, 434.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_760_760" id="Footnote_760_760"></a><a href="#FNanchor_760_760"><span class="label">[760]</span></a> Surius, <i>Vitæ S.S.</i> (1618), vol. i, pp. 21-24. Gabriel +Brosse, <i>Histoire abrégée de la vie et de la translation de Sainte +Euphrosine, Vierge d'Alexandrie, patronne de l'abbaye de +Beaulieu-lès-Compiègne</i>, Paris, 1649, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_761_761" id="Footnote_761_761"></a><a href="#FNanchor_761_761"><span class="label">[761]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_762_762" id="Footnote_762_762"></a><a href="#FNanchor_762_762"><span class="label">[762]</span></a> It may be noticed that during the consultation of the +doctors, according to the report of it given by Thomassin in <i>Le +registre Delphinal</i>, Charles of Valois is designated alike by the +title of King and by that of Dauphin (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 303).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_763_763" id="Footnote_763_763"></a><a href="#FNanchor_763_763"><span class="label">[763]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_764_764" id="Footnote_764_764"></a><a href="#FNanchor_764_764"><span class="label">[764]</span></a> Le Père Didon, <i>Vie de Jésus</i>, vol. i, Preface.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_765_765" id="Footnote_765_765"></a><a href="#FNanchor_765_765"><span class="label">[765]</span></a> Juvénal des Ursins, <i>Histoire de Charles VI</i>, p. 359.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_766_766" id="Footnote_766_766"></a><a href="#FNanchor_766_766"><span class="label">[766]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 204.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_767_767" id="Footnote_767_767"></a><a href="#FNanchor_767_767"><span class="label">[767]</span></a> It seems to have been the fate of the inhabitants of +Limousin to be jeered at by the French of Champagne and of l'Île de +France. After Brother Seguin we have the student from Limousin to whom +Pantagruel says: "Thou art Limousin to the bone and yet here thou wilt +pass thyself off as a Parisian." It is the lot of M. de Pourceaugnac. +La Fontaine, in 1663, writes from Limoges to his wife that the people +of Limousin are by no means afflicted; neither do they labour under +Heaven's displeasure "as the folk of our provinces imagine." But he +adds that he does not like their habits. It would seem that at first +Brother Seguin was annoyed by Jeanne's mocking vivacious repartees. +But he cherished no ill-will against her. "The Limousin's good nature +does not permit the endurance of any unfriendly feeling," says Abel +Hugo in <i>La France pittoresque: Haute-Vienne</i>. Cf. A. Précicou, +<i>Rabelais et les Limousins</i>, Limoges, 1906, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_768_768" id="Footnote_768_768"></a><a href="#FNanchor_768_768"><span class="label">[768]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_769_769" id="Footnote_769_769"></a><a href="#FNanchor_769_769"><span class="label">[769]</span></a> Judges, ch. vi. (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_770_770" id="Footnote_770_770"></a><a href="#FNanchor_770_770"><span class="label">[770]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_771_771" id="Footnote_771_771"></a><a href="#FNanchor_771_771"><span class="label">[771]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 20, 205. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +278. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_772_772" id="Footnote_772_772"></a><a href="#FNanchor_772_772"><span class="label">[772]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 19, 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_773_773" id="Footnote_773_773"></a><a href="#FNanchor_773_773"><span class="label">[773]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 95; vol. iii, p. 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_774_774" id="Footnote_774_774"></a><a href="#FNanchor_774_774"><span class="label">[774]</span></a> Mary Darmesteter, <i>Froissart</i>, Paris, 1894, in 12mo, p. +96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_775_775" id="Footnote_775_775"></a><a href="#FNanchor_775_775"><span class="label">[775]</span></a> Jean Philippe de Lignan, Rome, 1481 (not paginated), +leaf 10 and the following. For the comparison of Jeanne d'Arc to the +ancient Sibyl, see the Clerk of Spire, <i>Sibylla Francica</i>, in the +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 422. Christine de Pisano in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, +p. 12. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 8-10. Barbier de Montault, <i>Iconographie des Sibylles</i>, in +the <i>Revue de l'art chrétien</i>, xiii-xiv (1869-1870). Barraud, <i>Notice +sur les attributs avec lesquelles on représente les Sibylles aux +XV<sup>e</sup> et XVI<sup>e</sup> siècles</i>, in the <i>Bulletin archéologique de la +Commission historique des arts mon.</i>, vol. iv (1848). Cf. Morosini, +vol. iv, supplement xiv, p. 319.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_776_776" id="Footnote_776_776"></a><a href="#FNanchor_776_776"><span class="label">[776]</span></a> Voragine, <i>La légende dorée</i> (Assomption de la +Vierge).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_777_777" id="Footnote_777_777"></a><a href="#FNanchor_777_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a> Le Curé de Saint-Sulpice, <i>Notre Dame de France ou +histoire du culte de la Sainte Vierge en France</i>, Paris, 1862, 7 vols. +in 8vo. Abbé Mignard, <i>La Sainte Vierge</i>, Paris, 1877, in 8vo, pp. 382 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_778_778" id="Footnote_778_778"></a><a href="#FNanchor_778_778"><span class="label">[778]</span></a> <i>De l'unicorne qu'une jeune fille séduit</i>, in the +<i>Bestiaire</i> of R. de Fournival (Paulin Paris, <i>Manuscrits français</i>, +vol. iv, p. 25). Berger de Xivrey, <i>Traditions tératologiques</i>, p. +559. J. Doublet, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys</i>, vol. i, p. +320. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur Agnès Sorel</i>, in +<i>Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie</i>, vol. vi, p. 621. +A. Maury, <i>Croyances et légendes du moyen âge</i>, pp. 262 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_779_779" id="Footnote_779_779"></a><a href="#FNanchor_779_779"><span class="label">[779]</span></a> Leber, <i>Des cérémonies du sacre</i>, Paris, 1825, in 8vo, +p. 459.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_780_780" id="Footnote_780_780"></a><a href="#FNanchor_780_780"><span class="label">[780]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition en +France</i>, Paris, 1893, in 8vo, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_781_781" id="Footnote_781_781"></a><a href="#FNanchor_781_781"><span class="label">[781]</span></a> Germain, <i>Catherine Sauve</i>, in <i>Académie des sciences +et lettres de Montpellier, Lettres</i>, vol. i, 1854, in 4to, pp. +539-552.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_782_782" id="Footnote_782_782"></a><a href="#FNanchor_782_782"><span class="label">[782]</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Glossaire</i>, under the word <i>Matrimonium</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_783_783" id="Footnote_783_783"></a><a href="#FNanchor_783_783"><span class="label">[783]</span></a> Pierre Le Loyer, <i>Livre des spectres</i>, 1586, in 4to, +pp. 527, 551.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_784_784" id="Footnote_784_784"></a><a href="#FNanchor_784_784"><span class="label">[784]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 102. Vallet de Viriville, article +<i>Le Maçon</i>, in <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_785_785" id="Footnote_785_785"></a><a href="#FNanchor_785_785"><span class="label">[785]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 210. Eberhard Windecke, p. 157. +Morosini, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_786_786" id="Footnote_786_786"></a><a href="#FNanchor_786_786"><span class="label">[786]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_787_787" id="Footnote_787_787"></a><a href="#FNanchor_787_787"><span class="label">[787]</span></a> Siméon Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. cxliii. +<i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 397.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_788_788" id="Footnote_788_788"></a><a href="#FNanchor_788_788"><span class="label">[788]</span></a> Letter from Perceval de Boulainvilliers to the Duke of +Milan, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 115, 121. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois +de Paris</i>, p. 237.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_789_789" id="Footnote_789_789"></a><a href="#FNanchor_789_789"><span class="label">[789]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 48. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 275.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_790_790" id="Footnote_790_790"></a><a href="#FNanchor_790_790"><span class="label">[790]</span></a> The word <i>seules</i> in the text is doubtful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_791_791" id="Footnote_791_791"></a><a href="#FNanchor_791_791"><span class="label">[791]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 391, 392.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_792_792" id="Footnote_792_792"></a><a href="#FNanchor_792_792"><span class="label">[792]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 32, 41.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_793_793" id="Footnote_793_793"></a><a href="#FNanchor_793_793"><span class="label">[793]</span></a> The conclusions of the Poitiers commission were +circulated everywhere. Traces of them are to be found in Brittany +(Buchon and <i>Chronique de Morosini</i>), in Flanders (<i>Chronique de +Tournai</i> and <i>Chronique de Morosini</i>), in Germany (Eb. Windecke), in +Dauphiné (Buchon).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_794_794" id="Footnote_794_794"></a><a href="#FNanchor_794_794"><span class="label">[794]</span></a> "<i>Altra santa Catarina</i>" (Morosini, vol. iii, p. 52). +There is no doubt that here she is compared to Saint Catherine of +Alexandria and not to Saint Catherine of Sienna.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_795_795" id="Footnote_795_795"></a><a href="#FNanchor_795_795"><span class="label">[795]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_796_796" id="Footnote_796_796"></a><a href="#FNanchor_796_796"><span class="label">[796]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 66, 210.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_797_797" id="Footnote_797_797"></a><a href="#FNanchor_797_797"><span class="label">[797]</span></a> Jean Bouchet, <i>Annales d'Aquitaine</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, pp· 536, 537.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_798_798" id="Footnote_798_798"></a><a href="#FNanchor_798_798"><span class="label">[798]</span></a> Guilbert, <i>Histoire des villes de France</i>, vol. iv, +Poitiers. Cf. B. Ledain, <i>La Maison de Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers</i>, +Saint-Maixent, 1892, in 8vo. According to M. Ledain the Hôtel de la +Rose was on the spot now occupied by a house, number 13 in La Rue +Notre-Dame-la-Petite.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_799_799" id="Footnote_799_799"></a><a href="#FNanchor_799_799"><span class="label">[799]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_800_800" id="Footnote_800_800"></a><a href="#FNanchor_800_800"><span class="label">[800]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Notices et extraits de chartes et +de manuscrits appartenant au British Museum de Londres</i>, in the +<i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. viii, pp. 139, 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_801_801" id="Footnote_801_801"></a><a href="#FNanchor_801_801"><span class="label">[801]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_802_802" id="Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Analyse et fragments tirés des +Archives municipales de Tours</i> in <i>Cabinet historique</i>, vol. v, pp. +102-121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_803_803" id="Footnote_803_803"></a><a href="#FNanchor_803_803"><span class="label">[803]</span></a> Quicherat, <i>Rodrigue de Villandrando</i>, Paris, 1879, in +8vo, pp. 14 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_804_804" id="Footnote_804_804"></a><a href="#FNanchor_804_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, Introduction, p. xxii, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_805_805" id="Footnote_805_805"></a><a href="#FNanchor_805_805"><span class="label">[805]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_806_806" id="Footnote_806_806"></a><a href="#FNanchor_806_806"><span class="label">[806]</span></a> Francisque Mandet, <i>Histoire du Velay</i>, Le Puy, +1860-1862 (7 vols. in 12mo), vol. i, pp. 590 <i>et seq.</i> S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, ch. xii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_807_807" id="Footnote_807_807"></a><a href="#FNanchor_807_807"><span class="label">[807]</span></a> Jean Juvénal des Ursins, 1407.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_808_808" id="Footnote_808_808"></a><a href="#FNanchor_808_808"><span class="label">[808]</span></a> Nicole de Savigni, <i>Notes sur les exploits de Jeanne +d'Arc et sur divers évènements de son temps</i>, in the <i>Bulletin de la +Société de l'Histoire de Paris</i>, 1, 1874, p. 43. Chanoine Lucot, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc en Champagne</i>, Châlons, 1880, pp. 12, 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_809_809" id="Footnote_809_809"></a><a href="#FNanchor_809_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 191; vol. ii, p. 74, note. La Romée +may have received her surname for an entirely different reason. Most +of our knowledge of Jeanne's mother is derived from documents of very +doubtful authenticity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_810_810" id="Footnote_810_810"></a><a href="#FNanchor_810_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a> Francis C. Lowell considers the idea of La Romée's +pilgrimage to Puy as a "characteristic example of the madness" of +Siméon Luce (<i>Joan of Arc</i>, Boston, 1896, in 8vo, p. 72, note). +Nevertheless, after considerable hesitation, I, like Luce, have +rejected the corrections proposed by Lebrun de Charmettes and +Quicherat, and adopted unamended the text of the <i>Trial</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_811_811" id="Footnote_811_811"></a><a href="#FNanchor_811_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 101. For the meaning of <i>Lector</i>, +professor of theology, cf. Du Cange.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_812_812" id="Footnote_812_812"></a><a href="#FNanchor_812_812"><span class="label">[812]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 101 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_813_813" id="Footnote_813_813"></a><a href="#FNanchor_813_813"><span class="label">[813]</span></a> E. Giraudet, <i>Histoire de la ville de Tours</i>, Tours, +1874, 2 vols. in 8vo, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_814_814" id="Footnote_814_814"></a><a href="#FNanchor_814_814"><span class="label">[814]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 67, 94, 210; vol. iv, pp. 3, +301, 363.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_815_815" id="Footnote_815_815"></a><a href="#FNanchor_815_815"><span class="label">[815]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Histoire du costume en France</i>, Paris, +1875, large 8vo, pp. 270, 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_816_816" id="Footnote_816_816"></a><a href="#FNanchor_816_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 67, 94, 210. <i>Relation du +greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 60. "The white armour of fifteenth +century soldiers, simple as it was, was expensive; it cost about ten +thousand francs of our present money. But the complete horse's armour +was included in this" (Maurice Maindron, <i>Pour l'histoire de +l'armure</i>, in <i>Le monde moderne</i>, 1896). According to the calculation +of P. Clément (<i>Jacques Cœur et Charles VII</i>, 1873, p. lxvi), 100 +livres would be equal to 4000 francs of present money.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_817_817" id="Footnote_817_817"></a><a href="#FNanchor_817_817"><span class="label">[817]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 76. Letter from Perceval de +Boulainvilliers, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 120. Greffier de la Chambre des +comptes of Brabant, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. iv, p. 428. Le Fèvre de Saint-Rémy, +<i>ibid.</i>, p. 439.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_818_818" id="Footnote_818_818"></a><a href="#FNanchor_818_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a> Anonymous poem in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 38 and note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_819_819" id="Footnote_819_819"></a><a href="#FNanchor_819_819"><span class="label">[819]</span></a> Capitaine Champion, <i>Jeanne d'Arc écuyère</i>, pp. 146 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_820_820" id="Footnote_820_820"></a><a href="#FNanchor_820_820"><span class="label">[820]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 56, 75, 76, 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_821_821" id="Footnote_821_821"></a><a href="#FNanchor_821_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> Abbé Bourassé, <i>Les miracles de madame sainte Katerine +de Fierboys en Touraine (1375-1446)</i>, Tours, 1858, in 8vo, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_822_822" id="Footnote_822_822"></a><a href="#FNanchor_822_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 277. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 69.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_823_823" id="Footnote_823_823"></a><a href="#FNanchor_823_823"><span class="label">[823]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 77. <i>Les miracles de madame sainte +Katerine</i>, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_824_824" id="Footnote_824_824"></a><a href="#FNanchor_824_824"><span class="label">[824]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 76, 234, 236. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 277. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 49. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 69, 70. Guerneri Berni, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. +iv, p. 519. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 267. Morosini, vol. +iii, p. 109. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, pp. 337, 338. +<i>Chronique Messine</i>, edition Bouteiller, 1878, Orléans, in 8vo, 26 +pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_825_825" id="Footnote_825_825"></a><a href="#FNanchor_825_825"><span class="label">[825]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 75, 235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_826_826" id="Footnote_826_826"></a><a href="#FNanchor_826_826"><span class="label">[826]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_827_827" id="Footnote_827_827"></a><a href="#FNanchor_827_827"><span class="label">[827]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 108, 109. <i>Chronique de +Lorraine</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 332. Eberhard Windecke, p. 101. +Cf. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_828_828" id="Footnote_828_828"></a><a href="#FNanchor_828_828"><span class="label">[828]</span></a> Jean Chartier, vol. i, p. 122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_829_829" id="Footnote_829_829"></a><a href="#FNanchor_829_829"><span class="label">[829]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 77, 179, 236; vol. iii, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_830_830" id="Footnote_830_830"></a><a href="#FNanchor_830_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 78, 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_831_831" id="Footnote_831_831"></a><a href="#FNanchor_831_831"><span class="label">[831]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 78, 117, 181, 300. <i>Relation du greffier +de La Rochelle</i>, p. 338. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 110; vol. iv, +supplement, xv, pp. 313, 315.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_832_832" id="Footnote_832_832"></a><a href="#FNanchor_832_832"><span class="label">[832]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 150. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 76. +<i>Relation du greffier d'Albi</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 301. +<i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 338. <i>Chronique du doyen de +Saint-Thibaud de Metz</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 322. Extract from +the thirteenth account of Hémon Raguier, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_833_833" id="Footnote_833_833"></a><a href="#FNanchor_833_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 65; <i>Un épisode de la vie de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de +l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. iv, first series, p. 488.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_834_834" id="Footnote_834_834"></a><a href="#FNanchor_834_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a> In Beaudouin de Sebourg (xx, 249) is the passage: +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Il est cousin au conte<br /> +Il en fait estandart</i><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>quoted by Godefroy. Cf. La Curne and Littré.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_835_835" id="Footnote_835_835"></a><a href="#FNanchor_835_835"><span class="label">[835]</span></a> "<i>Pourquoy la Hire, Poton et plusieurs autres vaillants +hommes qui moult enviz s'en alloient ainsi honteusement</i>," <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_836_836" id="Footnote_836_836"></a><a href="#FNanchor_836_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> The hospital of Orléans, close to the cathedral.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_837_837" id="Footnote_837_837"></a><a href="#FNanchor_837_837"><span class="label">[837]</span></a> 9 March. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 56, 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_838_838" id="Footnote_838_838"></a><a href="#FNanchor_838_838"><span class="label">[838]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_839_839" id="Footnote_839_839"></a><a href="#FNanchor_839_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>L'armée anglaise vaincue par +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, ch. ii. Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 60, +107, 110, 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_840_840" id="Footnote_840_840"></a><a href="#FNanchor_840_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 57, 58. Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire +du siège</i>, dissertation vi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_841_841" id="Footnote_841_841"></a><a href="#FNanchor_841_841"><span class="label">[841]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 265, 267. Morosini, vol. +iv, supplement xiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_842_842" id="Footnote_842_842"></a><a href="#FNanchor_842_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 58.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_843_843" id="Footnote_843_843"></a><a href="#FNanchor_843_843"><span class="label">[843]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. xxii; vol. ii, p. 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_844_844" id="Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 56, 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_845_845" id="Footnote_845_845"></a><a href="#FNanchor_845_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a> Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 50, 58.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_846_846" id="Footnote_846_846"></a><a href="#FNanchor_846_846"><span class="label">[846]</span></a> Pierre Sureau's account in Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée +anglaise</i>, proofs and illustrations, no. vi, pp. 45, 46.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_847_847" id="Footnote_847_847"></a><a href="#FNanchor_847_847"><span class="label">[847]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 221, 222 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_848_848" id="Footnote_848_848"></a><a href="#FNanchor_848_848"><span class="label">[848]</span></a> Shakespeare, <i>Henry VI</i>, part i, act i, scene ii. +According to M. G. Duval the first part of this play was adapted from +one of Shakespeare's predecessors.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_849_849" id="Footnote_849_849"></a><a href="#FNanchor_849_849"><span class="label">[849]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_850_850" id="Footnote_850_850"></a><a href="#FNanchor_850_850"><span class="label">[850]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 69, 70. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 270. Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 317 <i>et seq.</i> Morosini, +vol. iii, pp. 19, 20, 21; vol. iv, supplement xiv, p. 311. Jarry, <i>Le +compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 68 <i>et seq.</i> Boucher de Molandon, +<i>L'armée anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_851_851" id="Footnote_851_851"></a><a href="#FNanchor_851_851"><span class="label">[851]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_852_852" id="Footnote_852_852"></a><a href="#FNanchor_852_852"><span class="label">[852]</span></a> Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, part vi, ch. i. Abbé +Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, dissertation ix. Loiseleur, <i>Compte des +dépenses de Charles VII</i>, ch. v. Lottin, <i>Recherches historiques sur +la ville d'Orléans</i>, vol. ii, p. 205. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 25, note +2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_853_853" id="Footnote_853_853"></a><a href="#FNanchor_853_853"><span class="label">[853]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_854_854" id="Footnote_854_854"></a><a href="#FNanchor_854_854"><span class="label">[854]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 59.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_855_855" id="Footnote_855_855"></a><a href="#FNanchor_855_855"><span class="label">[855]</span></a> Charles d'Orléans, <i>Poésies</i>, edited by A. +Champollion-Figeac, Paris, 1842, in 8vo, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_856_856" id="Footnote_856_856"></a><a href="#FNanchor_856_856"><span class="label">[856]</span></a> Miniature in the MS. of the poems of Charles d'Orléans, +in the British Museum, Royal 16 F. ii, fol. 73 v<sup>o</sup>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_857_857" id="Footnote_857_857"></a><a href="#FNanchor_857_857"><span class="label">[857]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 43. Symphorien Guyon, <i>Histoire +de la ville d'Orléans</i>, vol. ii, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_858_858" id="Footnote_858_858"></a><a href="#FNanchor_858_858"><span class="label">[858]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +297.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_859_859" id="Footnote_859_859"></a><a href="#FNanchor_859_859"><span class="label">[859]</span></a> Accounts of the Commune, <i>passim</i>, in <i>Journal du +siège</i>, pp. 210 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_860_860" id="Footnote_860_860"></a><a href="#FNanchor_860_860"><span class="label">[860]</span></a> <i>Mistère du siège</i>, lines 6964 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_861_861" id="Footnote_861_861"></a><a href="#FNanchor_861_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> Aug. Theiner, <i>Saint Aignan ou le siège d'Orléans par +Attila, notice historique suivie de la vie de ce saint, tirée des MSS. +de la Bibliothèque du Roi</i>, Paris, 1832, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_862_862" id="Footnote_862_862"></a><a href="#FNanchor_862_862"><span class="label">[862]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 46. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 278. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_863_863" id="Footnote_863_863"></a><a href="#FNanchor_863_863"><span class="label">[863]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 47, 48. P. Mantellier, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, pp. 61 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_864_864" id="Footnote_864_864"></a><a href="#FNanchor_864_864"><span class="label">[864]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_865_865" id="Footnote_865_865"></a><a href="#FNanchor_865_865"><span class="label">[865]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 93. <i>Geste des nobles</i>, in <i>La +chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 250. The Accounts of fortresses +(1428-1430), in Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 30 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_866_866" id="Footnote_866_866"></a><a href="#FNanchor_866_866"><span class="label">[866]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 287. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 81. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. +28, 29. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 230.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_867_867" id="Footnote_867_867"></a><a href="#FNanchor_867_867"><span class="label">[867]</span></a> The name by which the town councillors of Toulouse were +called.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_868_868" id="Footnote_868_868"></a><a href="#FNanchor_868_868"><span class="label">[868]</span></a> <i>Le siège d'Orléans, Jeanne d'Arc et les capitouls de +Toulouse</i>, by A. Thomas, in <i>Annales du Midi</i>, 1889, p. 232. It would +appear that Saint-Flour, although solicited, did not contribute: it +had enough to do to defend itself from the freebooters who were +constantly hovering round. Cf. <i>Villandrando et les écorcheurs à +Saint-Flour</i> by M. Boudet, Clermont-Ferrand, 1895, in 8vo, pp. 18 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_869_869" id="Footnote_869_869"></a><a href="#FNanchor_869_869"><span class="label">[869]</span></a> Receipts of the town of Orléans in 1429, in Boucher de +Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 36.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_870_870" id="Footnote_870_870"></a><a href="#FNanchor_870_870"><span class="label">[870]</span></a> Florent d'Illiers, descended from an old family of the +Chartres country, had married Jeanne, daughter of Jean de Coutes and +sister of the little page whom the Sire de Gaucourt had given the Maid +(A. de Villaret).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_871_871" id="Footnote_871_871"></a><a href="#FNanchor_871_871"><span class="label">[871]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 73. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 278.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_872_872" id="Footnote_872_872"></a><a href="#FNanchor_872_872"><span class="label">[872]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, p. 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_873_873" id="Footnote_873_873"></a><a href="#FNanchor_873_873"><span class="label">[873]</span></a> Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 75 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_874_874" id="Footnote_874_874"></a><a href="#FNanchor_874_874"><span class="label">[874]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_875_875" id="Footnote_875_875"></a><a href="#FNanchor_875_875"><span class="label">[875]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, <i>passim</i>. <i>Chronique de Tournai</i>, +ed. Smedt (vol. iii, in the <i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>), p. +409.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_876_876" id="Footnote_876_876"></a><a href="#FNanchor_876_876"><span class="label">[876]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_877_877" id="Footnote_877_877"></a><a href="#FNanchor_877_877"><span class="label">[877]</span></a> Wavrin, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 407. Monstrelet, +vol. iv, p. 316. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 278. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, p. 68. <i>Mistère du siège</i>, lines 11,431 <i>et seq.</i> Abbé +Bossard, <i>Gilles de Rais, Maréchal de France, dit Barbe-Bleue</i> +(1404-1440), Paris, 1886, 8vo, pp. 31, 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_878_878" id="Footnote_878_878"></a><a href="#FNanchor_878_878"><span class="label">[878]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_879_879" id="Footnote_879_879"></a><a href="#FNanchor_879_879"><span class="label">[879]</span></a> Jeanne says (in her <i>Trial</i>) from 10,000 to 12,000 men; +Monstrelet says, 7000; Eberhard Windecke, 3000; Morosini, 12,000.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_880_880" id="Footnote_880_880"></a><a href="#FNanchor_880_880"><span class="label">[880]</span></a> "<i>Car vous ne trouverez nulz marchans qu'ils se mettent +en ceste peine ne en ce danger, s'ilz n'ont l'argent contant.</i>" ("For +you will find no merchants who will take that trouble, and run that +risk, unless they are paid ready money.") <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. +184.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_881_881" id="Footnote_881_881"></a><a href="#FNanchor_881_881"><span class="label">[881]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_882_882" id="Footnote_882_882"></a><a href="#FNanchor_882_882"><span class="label">[882]</span></a> There are eight ancient texts of this letter: (1) the +text used in the Rouen trial (<i>Trial</i>, i, p. 240); (2) a text probably +written by a Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; the +original document has been lost, but there are two copies dating from +the 18th century (<i>Ibid.</i>, v, p. 95); (3) the text contained in <i>Le +journal du siège</i> (<i>Ibid.</i>, iv, p. 139); (4) the text in <i>La chronique +de la Pucelle</i> (<i>Ibid.</i>, iv, p. 215); (5) the text in Thomassin's +<i>Registre Delphinal</i> (<i>Ibid.</i>, iv, p. 306); (6) the text of the +Greffier de La Rochelle (<i>Revue historique</i>, vol. iv); (7) the text of +the Tournai Chronicle (<i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>, vol. iii, +p. 407); (8) the text in <i>Le mistère du siège</i>. There may be mentioned +also a German contemporary translation by Eberhard Windecke. +</p><p> +The text from the <i>Trial</i> is the one quoted here. It is a reproduction +of the original. The others differ from it and from original too +widely for it to be possible to indicate the differences except by +giving the whole of each text. And after all these variations are of +no great importance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_883_883" id="Footnote_883_883"></a><a href="#FNanchor_883_883"><span class="label">[883]</span></a> The King of France himself designated as <i>good</i> such of +his towns as he wished to honour.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_884_884" id="Footnote_884_884"></a><a href="#FNanchor_884_884"><span class="label">[884]</span></a> Compare: "Et ardirent la ville et <i>violèrent +l'abbaye</i>." ("And burnt the town and <i>violated the abbey</i>.") +Froissart, quoted by Littré. As early as <i>Le chanson de Roland</i> we +find: "<i>Les castels pris, les cités violées.</i>" ("The castles taken, +the cities violated.")</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_885_885" id="Footnote_885_885"></a><a href="#FNanchor_885_885"><span class="label">[885]</span></a> The deliverance of the Duke of Orléans. <i>Réclamer</i> in +the French. M. S. Reinach proposes to substitute <i>relever</i>, which is +plausible (cf. <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 421).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_886_886" id="Footnote_886_886"></a><a href="#FNanchor_886_886"><span class="label">[886]</span></a> <i>Le journal du siège</i> omits the word <i>France</i> and thus +renders the phrase unintelligible. This omission proceeds from a text +of great antiquity on which are based notably <i>La chronique de la +Pucelle</i> and the account of the Greffier de La Rochelle whom this +mangled phrase visibly embarrassed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_887_887" id="Footnote_887_887"></a><a href="#FNanchor_887_887"><span class="label">[887]</span></a> <i>Gentle</i> is here in opposition to <i>villein</i>. <i>Gentle +and otherwise</i>: nobles and villeins. Here we must interpret the terms +<i>comrades</i> and <i>gentle</i> according to their true meaning and not +consider them as used ironically, as in the following passage from +Froissart: "<i>Il (le duc de Lancastre) entendit comme il pourroit estre +saisy de quatre gentils compaignons qui estranglé avoyent son oncle, +le duc de Glocestre, au chasteau de Calais.</i>" "He (the Duke of +Lancaster) realised how he might be seized by the four gentle comrades +who had strangled his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, in the Castle of +Calais." (Froissart in La Curne.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_888_888" id="Footnote_888_888"></a><a href="#FNanchor_888_888"><span class="label">[888]</span></a> French. <i>Attendez les nouvelles de la Pucelle</i> and +further on: <i>Si vous ne voulés croire lez nouvelles de par Dieu de la +Pucelle....</i> This word <i>Nouvelles</i> then as now meant <i>tidings</i>, but it +also had a sense of <i>marvels</i> as in the following phrase: "<i>En celle +année apparurent maintes nouvelles à Rosay en Brie; le vin fut mué en +sang et le pain en chair sensiblement ou (au) sacrement de l'autel.</i>" +("In that year many <i>marvels</i> were wrought at Rosay in Brie; the wine +was turned to blood and the bread to flesh visibly at the sacrament of +the altar.") (<i>Chroniques de Saint Denys</i>, in La Curne.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_889_889" id="Footnote_889_889"></a><a href="#FNanchor_889_889"><span class="label">[889]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 55, 84, 240.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_890_890" id="Footnote_890_890"></a><a href="#FNanchor_890_890"><span class="label">[890]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 55, 56, 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_891_891" id="Footnote_891_891"></a><a href="#FNanchor_891_891"><span class="label">[891]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 64, 82 <i>et seq.</i> Christine de +Pisan, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 16. Concerning the subject of the +Crusade, cf. N. Jorga, Philippe de Mezières, 1896, in 8vo: <i>Notes et +extraits pour servir à l'histoire des Croisades au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, +Paris, 1899-1902, 3 vols. in 8vo (taken from <i>La revue de l'Orient +Latin</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_892_892" id="Footnote_892_892"></a><a href="#FNanchor_892_892"><span class="label">[892]</span></a> <i>Pii Secundi commentarii</i>, 1614 edition, p. 440. +Wadding, <i>Annales Minorum</i>, vol. v, pp. 130 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_893_893" id="Footnote_893_893"></a><a href="#FNanchor_893_893"><span class="label">[893]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 233. S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xv, ccxxxvii. See the pictures in the +numerous fifteenth century little popular books concerning Antichrist. +(Brunet, <i>Manuel du libraire</i>, vol. i, col. 316.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_894_894" id="Footnote_894_894"></a><a href="#FNanchor_894_894"><span class="label">[894]</span></a> Félix Rabbe, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en Angleterre</i>, Paris, 1891, +p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_895_895" id="Footnote_895_895"></a><a href="#FNanchor_895_895"><span class="label">[895]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 112. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 340.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_896_896" id="Footnote_896_896"></a><a href="#FNanchor_896_896"><span class="label">[896]</span></a> Le P. Marcellin Fornier, <i>Histoire des Alpes, Maritimes +ou Cottiennes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 315 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_897_897" id="Footnote_897_897"></a><a href="#FNanchor_897_897"><span class="label">[897]</span></a> In all extant copies of the Letter to the English, +except that of the Trial, at the passage "you may come" [<i>Encore que +pourrez venir</i>] the text is completely illegible.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_898_898" id="Footnote_898_898"></a><a href="#FNanchor_898_898"><span class="label">[898]</span></a> <i>Per unam litteram suo materno idiomate confectam, +verbis bene simplicibus</i>, <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 7, evidence of the +Bastard of Orléans. Mathieu Thomassin, <i>Registre Delphinal</i>, in the +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 306.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_899_899" id="Footnote_899_899"></a><a href="#FNanchor_899_899"><span class="label">[899]</span></a> On the contrary it contains forms which would never +have been penned by a native of Picardy, Burgundy, Lorraine, or +Champagne, such as the participle <i>envoyée</i>. Both the grammar and the +writing are those of a French clerk. (Contributed by M. E. +Langlois.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_900_900" id="Footnote_900_900"></a><a href="#FNanchor_900_900"><span class="label">[900]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 252. E. de Bouteiller and G. de +Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. xx, +9, 10. [Document of very doubtful authenticity.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_901_901" id="Footnote_901_901"></a><a href="#FNanchor_901_901"><span class="label">[901]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_902_902" id="Footnote_902_902"></a><a href="#FNanchor_902_902"><span class="label">[902]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 65, 67, 124. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +277. A. de Villaret, <i>Louis de Coutes, page de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Orléans, +1890, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_903_903" id="Footnote_903_903"></a><a href="#FNanchor_903_903"><span class="label">[903]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 26, 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_904_904" id="Footnote_904_904"></a><a href="#FNanchor_904_904"><span class="label">[904]</span></a> Extracts from the Accounts of Hémon Raguier, <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 257, 258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_905_905" id="Footnote_905_905"></a><a href="#FNanchor_905_905"><span class="label">[905]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 211. D'Aulon had seen her at +Poitiers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_906_906" id="Footnote_906_906"></a><a href="#FNanchor_906_906"><span class="label">[906]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 15. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 292, note 3. The loans mentioned occurred later, but +there is no reason to believe that they were the first. Duc de La +Tremoïlle, <i>Les La Trémouille pendant cinq siècles, Guy VI et Georges +(1346-1446)</i>, Nantes, 1890, pp. 196, 201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_907_907" id="Footnote_907_907"></a><a href="#FNanchor_907_907"><span class="label">[907]</span></a> Juvénal des Ursins, year 1396.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_908_908" id="Footnote_908_908"></a><a href="#FNanchor_908_908"><span class="label">[908]</span></a> <i>Ordonnances des rois de France</i>, vol. xi, p. 105; vol. +xiii, p. 247. S. de Bouillerie, <i>La répression du blasphème dans +l'ancienne législation</i>, in the <i>Revue historique et archéologique du +Maine</i>, 1884, pp. 369 <i>et seq.</i> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. i, p. 370; vol. ii, p. 189. A. Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la +domination anglaise</i>, Paris, 1878, in 8vo, pp. 11, 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_909_909" id="Footnote_909_909"></a><a href="#FNanchor_909_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 78, 104, 105. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 283. Very early she was mentioned in connection with La +Hire, the most valiant of the French, and it was imagined that she +taught him to confess and to cease swearing. These are pretty stories +(<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 32; vol. iv, p. 327).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_910_910" id="Footnote_910_910"></a><a href="#FNanchor_910_910"><span class="label">[910]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 103. Boucher de Molandon, +<i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 47. L.A. Bossebœuf, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc en Touraine</i>, Tours, 1899, pp. 34 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_911_911" id="Footnote_911_911"></a><a href="#FNanchor_911_911"><span class="label">[911]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises, monastères, +hôpitaux, en France, vers le milieu du XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Mâcon, 1897, in +8vo, introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_912_912" id="Footnote_912_912"></a><a href="#FNanchor_912_912"><span class="label">[912]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 327. Tringant, <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, +vol. ii, p. 277, merely says that few soldiers went willingly to the +relief of Orléans, which is not strictly accurate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_913_913" id="Footnote_913_913"></a><a href="#FNanchor_913_913"><span class="label">[913]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 104 (Brother Pasquerel's +evidence). <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 281. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. +110, 111; vol. iv, pp. 313-315. G. Martin, <i>L'étendard de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, in <i>Notes d'art et d'arch.</i>, 1834, pp. 65-71, 81-88, +illustrated.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_914_914" id="Footnote_914_914"></a><a href="#FNanchor_914_914"><span class="label">[914]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 93. <i>Chronique du doyen de +Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 327.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_915_915" id="Footnote_915_915"></a><a href="#FNanchor_915_915"><span class="label">[915]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 5, 67, 78, 105, 212. Martial +d'Auvergne, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 53. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, <i>ibid.</i>, +p. 290. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 281. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 71. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 38 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_916_916" id="Footnote_916_916"></a><a href="#FNanchor_916_916"><span class="label">[916]</span></a> The 28th of April, according to Eberhard Windecke, p. +165. The 27th, if, as Pasquerel says, the army spent two nights on the +march.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_917_917" id="Footnote_917_917"></a><a href="#FNanchor_917_917"><span class="label">[917]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_918_918" id="Footnote_918_918"></a><a href="#FNanchor_918_918"><span class="label">[918]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, p. 167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_919_919" id="Footnote_919_919"></a><a href="#FNanchor_919_919"><span class="label">[919]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 104 (Brother Pasquerel's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_920_920" id="Footnote_920_920"></a><a href="#FNanchor_920_920"><span class="label">[920]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 67 (evidence of Louis de Coutes).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_921_921" id="Footnote_921_921"></a><a href="#FNanchor_921_921"><span class="label">[921]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 67. Pasquerel says (vol. iii, p. 105) that +the soldiers of fortune were permitted to join the congregation if +they had confessed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_922_922" id="Footnote_922_922"></a><a href="#FNanchor_922_922"><span class="label">[922]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 4, 5. Boucher de Molandon, +<i>Bulletin de la Société archéologique de l'Orléanais</i>, vol. iv, p. +427; vol. ix, p. 73. The same author, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 41 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Mistère du siège</i>, lines 11,480 <i>et seq.</i> +<i>Chronique de l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +289.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_923_923" id="Footnote_923_923"></a><a href="#FNanchor_923_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 75. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 283.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_924_924" id="Footnote_924_924"></a><a href="#FNanchor_924_924"><span class="label">[924]</span></a> "<i>Et cuidoit bien qu'ils deussent passer par devers les +bastides du siège devers la Beausse.</i>" <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +281.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_925_925" id="Footnote_925_925"></a><a href="#FNanchor_925_925"><span class="label">[925]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 285 (the Chronicle here +amplifies the evidence of Dunois, vol. iii, p. 67).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_926_926" id="Footnote_926_926"></a><a href="#FNanchor_926_926"><span class="label">[926]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 5, 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_927_927" id="Footnote_927_927"></a><a href="#FNanchor_927_927"><span class="label">[927]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 5, 6. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 284. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. +49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_928_928" id="Footnote_928_928"></a><a href="#FNanchor_928_928"><span class="label">[928]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 273.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_929_929" id="Footnote_929_929"></a><a href="#FNanchor_929_929"><span class="label">[929]</span></a> Opinion of Martin Berruyer, in Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires +et consultations</i>, ch. vii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_930_930" id="Footnote_930_930"></a><a href="#FNanchor_930_930"><span class="label">[930]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 78, 214.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_931_931" id="Footnote_931_931"></a><a href="#FNanchor_931_931"><span class="label">[931]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_932_932" id="Footnote_932_932"></a><a href="#FNanchor_932_932"><span class="label">[932]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 78. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 74, 75. +<i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_933_933" id="Footnote_933_933"></a><a href="#FNanchor_933_933"><span class="label">[933]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 105. <i>Chronique du la Pucelle</i>, +p. 284.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_934_934" id="Footnote_934_934"></a><a href="#FNanchor_934_934"><span class="label">[934]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>La délivrance d'Orléans et +l'institution de la fête du 8 mai, Chronique anonyme du XV<sup>e</sup> +siècle</i>, Orléans, 1883, in 8vo, pp. 28, 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_935_935" id="Footnote_935_935"></a><a href="#FNanchor_935_935"><span class="label">[935]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 6. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_936_936" id="Footnote_936_936"></a><a href="#FNanchor_936_936"><span class="label">[936]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 290. +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 23, note 5. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première +expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 52-56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_937_937" id="Footnote_937_937"></a><a href="#FNanchor_937_937"><span class="label">[937]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 285. This document very +untrustworthy as a whole is in certain passages a better authority +than <i>Le journal du siège</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_938_938" id="Footnote_938_938"></a><a href="#FNanchor_938_938"><span class="label">[938]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 104, 105 (Pasquerel's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_939_939" id="Footnote_939_939"></a><a href="#FNanchor_939_939"><span class="label">[939]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 284, 285.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_940_940" id="Footnote_940_940"></a><a href="#FNanchor_940_940"><span class="label">[940]</span></a> "<i>Ex tunc dictus deponens habuit bonam spem de ea et +plus quam ante</i>," <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_941_941" id="Footnote_941_941"></a><a href="#FNanchor_941_941"><span class="label">[941]</span></a> <i>Timens ne recedere vellent et quod opus remaneret +imperfectum</i>, <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 78. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +286. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 285. Boucher +de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 61, 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_942_942" id="Footnote_942_942"></a><a href="#FNanchor_942_942"><span class="label">[942]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 105. <i>Mistère du siège</i>, line +11,616.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_943_943" id="Footnote_943_943"></a><a href="#FNanchor_943_943"><span class="label">[943]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 62, 99, note xiv, and in <i>Bulletin de la Société +archéologique de l'Orléanais</i>, vol. iv, p. 429; vol. ix, p. 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_944_944" id="Footnote_944_944"></a><a href="#FNanchor_944_944"><span class="label">[944]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 75. Ch. du Lys, <i>Traité sommaire +tant du nom et des armes que de la naissance et parenté de la Pucelle +d'Orléans et de ses frères</i>, Paris, 1628, in 4to, p. 50. Abbé Dubois, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 344. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. +86. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 65, +proofs and illustrations, note xv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_945_945" id="Footnote_945_945"></a><a href="#FNanchor_945_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 75, 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_946_946" id="Footnote_946_946"></a><a href="#FNanchor_946_946"><span class="label">[946]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_947_947" id="Footnote_947_947"></a><a href="#FNanchor_947_947"><span class="label">[947]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_948_948" id="Footnote_948_948"></a><a href="#FNanchor_948_948"><span class="label">[948]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 74, 75. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 69. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 284, 285.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_949_949" id="Footnote_949_949"></a><a href="#FNanchor_949_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 51 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_950_950" id="Footnote_950_950"></a><a href="#FNanchor_950_950"><span class="label">[950]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_951_951" id="Footnote_951_951"></a><a href="#FNanchor_951_951"><span class="label">[951]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_952_952" id="Footnote_952_952"></a><a href="#FNanchor_952_952"><span class="label">[952]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 74, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_953_953" id="Footnote_953_953"></a><a href="#FNanchor_953_953"><span class="label">[953]</span></a> And even now trumpeters ride white horses (<i>Histoire de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, by Lebrun de Charmettes, 1817, in 8vo, vol. ii, p. +21).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_954_954" id="Footnote_954_954"></a><a href="#FNanchor_954_954"><span class="label">[954]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 7. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 76. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 287. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, +p. 72. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 28, 30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_955_955" id="Footnote_955_955"></a><a href="#FNanchor_955_955"><span class="label">[955]</span></a> "<i>Comme se ilz veissent Dieu descendre entre eulx</i>," +says <i>Le journal du siège</i>, p. 76. Luillier (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 24) +calls her "the angel of the Lord" (<i>l'ange de Dieu</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_956_956" id="Footnote_956_956"></a><a href="#FNanchor_956_956"><span class="label">[956]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 76, 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_957_957" id="Footnote_957_957"></a><a href="#FNanchor_957_957"><span class="label">[957]</span></a> <i>Chronique de l'établissement de la fête</i>, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_958_958" id="Footnote_958_958"></a><a href="#FNanchor_958_958"><span class="label">[958]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 101; vol. iii, pp. 34, 68, 124 <i>et +seq.</i>, 211. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 285. Boucher de Molandon, +<i>Jacques Boucher, sieur de Guilleville, trésorier général du district +d'Orléans....</i> in <i>Mémoires de la Société archéologique de +l'Orléanais</i>, vol. xxii, 1889, p. 373. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première +expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 101, note xvi; proofs and +illustrations, p. 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_959_959" id="Footnote_959_959"></a><a href="#FNanchor_959_959"><span class="label">[959]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 73. <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle</i>, ed. Vallet de Viriville, p. 20. [Note on G. Cousinot +the Chancellor.] Cf. <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Essais critiques sur les historiens originaux du règne de +Charles VII</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, 1857, fourth +series, vol. iii, pp. 11-14, 105-111.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_960_960" id="Footnote_960_960"></a><a href="#FNanchor_960_960"><span class="label">[960]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 101; vol. iii, pp. 68, 124 <i>et +seq.</i>; vol. iv, pp. 153, 219, 227. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 77, 78. +Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 69, +107, note xvi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_961_961" id="Footnote_961_961"></a><a href="#FNanchor_961_961"><span class="label">[961]</span></a> G. Lefèvre-Pontalis (<i>Chronique d'Antonio Morosini</i>, +vol. iii, p. 101, note) discovers in <i>La chronique de la Pucelle</i> +(xliv, p. 285) a wrong use of an incident cited by Dunois in his +evidence, which must be allowed to have happened on the 7th of May, as +Dunois cited it (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 9).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_962_962" id="Footnote_962_962"></a><a href="#FNanchor_962_962"><span class="label">[962]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 34, 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_963_963" id="Footnote_963_963"></a><a href="#FNanchor_963_963"><span class="label">[963]</span></a> Franklin, <i>La vie privée d'autrefois</i>, vols. ii, xix, +<i>passim</i>. H. Havard, <i>Dictionnaire de l'ameublement</i>, under the word +<i>lit</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_964_964" id="Footnote_964_964"></a><a href="#FNanchor_964_964"><span class="label">[964]</span></a> Accounts of the fortress in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 259, +260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_965_965" id="Footnote_965_965"></a><a href="#FNanchor_965_965"><span class="label">[965]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 43, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_966_966" id="Footnote_966_966"></a><a href="#FNanchor_966_966"><span class="label">[966]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 78, 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_967_967" id="Footnote_967_967"></a><a href="#FNanchor_967_967"><span class="label">[967]</span></a> See the evidence of S. Charles (vol. iii, pp. 116, 117) +and certain details in <i>La chronique de la Pucelle</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_968_968" id="Footnote_968_968"></a><a href="#FNanchor_968_968"><span class="label">[968]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 7, 211; vol. iv, pp. 221, 222. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 250, 251, 287. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 74, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_969_969" id="Footnote_969_969"></a><a href="#FNanchor_969_969"><span class="label">[969]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 78, 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_970_970" id="Footnote_970_970"></a><a href="#FNanchor_970_970"><span class="label">[970]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 78. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 291, 292. Cf. Letter written from Germany, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 349.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_971_971" id="Footnote_971_971"></a><a href="#FNanchor_971_971"><span class="label">[971]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 27, 108. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. +79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_972_972" id="Footnote_972_972"></a><a href="#FNanchor_972_972"><span class="label">[972]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 284. <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, +pp. 26, 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_973_973" id="Footnote_973_973"></a><a href="#FNanchor_973_973"><span class="label">[973]</span></a> Martial de Paris, called d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles de +Charles VII</i>, ed. Coustelier, 1724, vol. i, p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_974_974" id="Footnote_974_974"></a><a href="#FNanchor_974_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a> La Curne, under the word <i>Periapt</i>. Shakespeare, <i>Henry +VI</i>, part i, act v, sc. iii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_975_975" id="Footnote_975_975"></a><a href="#FNanchor_975_975"><span class="label">[975]</span></a> Shakespeare, <i>Henry VI</i>, part i, act iii, sc. i.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_976_976" id="Footnote_976_976"></a><a href="#FNanchor_976_976"><span class="label">[976]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, +p. 306. Carlier, <i>Histoire du Valois</i>, vol. ii, p. 442.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_977_977" id="Footnote_977_977"></a><a href="#FNanchor_977_977"><span class="label">[977]</span></a> Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_978_978" id="Footnote_978_978"></a><a href="#FNanchor_978_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a> Shakespeare, <i>Henry VI</i>, part i, act i, sc. ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_979_979" id="Footnote_979_979"></a><a href="#FNanchor_979_979"><span class="label">[979]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 27. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 79. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 285, 286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_980_980" id="Footnote_980_980"></a><a href="#FNanchor_980_980"><span class="label">[980]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 79. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_981_981" id="Footnote_981_981"></a><a href="#FNanchor_981_981"><span class="label">[981]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 7. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_982_982" id="Footnote_982_982"></a><a href="#FNanchor_982_982"><span class="label">[982]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 211.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_983_983" id="Footnote_983_983"></a><a href="#FNanchor_983_983"><span class="label">[983]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 80. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du +siège</i>, pp. 92, 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_984_984" id="Footnote_984_984"></a><a href="#FNanchor_984_984"><span class="label">[984]</span></a> 1 May. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_985_985" id="Footnote_985_985"></a><a href="#FNanchor_985_985"><span class="label">[985]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 68 (evidence of Louis de +Coutes).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_986_986" id="Footnote_986_986"></a><a href="#FNanchor_986_986"><span class="label">[986]</span></a> Extracts from fortress accounts, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, p. 259.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_987_987" id="Footnote_987_987"></a><a href="#FNanchor_987_987"><span class="label">[987]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_988_988" id="Footnote_988_988"></a><a href="#FNanchor_988_988"><span class="label">[988]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 9, 15, 18, 22, 60; vol. v, p. +120. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 285. Morosini, p. 101. <i>Relation du +greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 337.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_989_989" id="Footnote_989_989"></a><a href="#FNanchor_989_989"><span class="label">[989]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 80. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du +siège</i>, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_990_990" id="Footnote_990_990"></a><a href="#FNanchor_990_990"><span class="label">[990]</span></a> Charles Cuissard, <i>Notes chronologiques sur Jean de +Mâcon</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société archéologique de l'Orléanais</i>, vol. +xi, 1897, pp. 529, 545.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_991_991" id="Footnote_991_991"></a><a href="#FNanchor_991_991"><span class="label">[991]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 291. +Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, p. 30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_992_992" id="Footnote_992_992"></a><a href="#FNanchor_992_992"><span class="label">[992]</span></a> Note by Guill. Girault, notary in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, +p. 282. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 135.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_993_993" id="Footnote_993_993"></a><a href="#FNanchor_993_993"><span class="label">[993]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 112, 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_994_994" id="Footnote_994_994"></a><a href="#FNanchor_994_994"><span class="label">[994]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 24. Cf. <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 7, 8 (the +evidence of Dunois amounts to much the same).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_995_995" id="Footnote_995_995"></a><a href="#FNanchor_995_995"><span class="label">[995]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_996_996" id="Footnote_996_996"></a><a href="#FNanchor_996_996"><span class="label">[996]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_997_997" id="Footnote_997_997"></a><a href="#FNanchor_997_997"><span class="label">[997]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 51, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_998_998" id="Footnote_998_998"></a><a href="#FNanchor_998_998"><span class="label">[998]</span></a> Beaucroix, in his evidence, says it was Jean d'Aulon +(<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 79); but, according to his own testimony, +d'Aulon was then following the Bastard (<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 210).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_999_999" id="Footnote_999_999"></a><a href="#FNanchor_999_999"><span class="label">[999]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 79. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +286. P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1000_1000" id="Footnote_1000_1000"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1000_1000"><span class="label">[1000]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 287.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1001_1001" id="Footnote_1001_1001"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1001_1001"><span class="label">[1001]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 287. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 81. Abbé +Dubois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, dissertation ix. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, +vol. i, p. 205. Loiseleur, <i>Comptes des dépenses</i>, ch. vii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1002_1002" id="Footnote_1002_1002"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1002_1002"><span class="label">[1002]</span></a> On the 4th of May, as on the 29th of April, the corn +was brought down the Loire. Indeed there exists a bill which makes +mention of "sailors who brought the corn which came from Blois on the +4th day of May," "<i>nottoniers qui amenèrent les blés qui furent amenés +de Blois le iiij<sup>e</sup> jour de may</i>" (Boucher de Molandon, <i>Première +expédition de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 58, 59).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1003_1003" id="Footnote_1003_1003"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1003_1003"><span class="label">[1003]</span></a> The 4th of May, <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 105, 211. +<i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 81. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 287.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1004_1004" id="Footnote_1004_1004"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1004_1004"><span class="label">[1004]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 212 (Jean d'Aulon's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1005_1005" id="Footnote_1005_1005"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1005_1005"><span class="label">[1005]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 212.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1006_1006" id="Footnote_1006_1006"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1006_1006"><span class="label">[1006]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 212. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1007_1007" id="Footnote_1007_1007"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1007_1007"><span class="label">[1007]</span></a> I have followed the account of Jean Chartier, vol. i, +p. 73 (amplified in <i>La chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 288), which is +more plausible than that of <i>Le journal du siège</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1008_1008" id="Footnote_1008_1008"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1008_1008"><span class="label">[1008]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 212, 213 (Jean d'Aulon's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1009_1009" id="Footnote_1009_1009"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1009_1009"><span class="label">[1009]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1010_1010" id="Footnote_1010_1010"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1010_1010"><span class="label">[1010]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 68 (evidence of Louis de +Coutes).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1011_1011" id="Footnote_1011_1011"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1011_1011"><span class="label">[1011]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 69.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1012_1012" id="Footnote_1012_1012"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1012_1012"><span class="label">[1012]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 212.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1013_1013" id="Footnote_1013_1013"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1013_1013"><span class="label">[1013]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 212, 213 (Jean d'Aulon's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1014_1014" id="Footnote_1014_1014"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1014_1014"><span class="label">[1014]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1015_1015" id="Footnote_1015_1015"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1015_1015"><span class="label">[1015]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique d'Arthur de Richemont</i>, p. 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1016_1016" id="Footnote_1016_1016"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1016_1016"><span class="label">[1016]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1017_1017" id="Footnote_1017_1017"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1017_1017"><span class="label">[1017]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 124, 126. Abbé Dubois, +<i>Histoire du siège</i>, dissertation vi. Morosini, vol. iv, supplement +xiii. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 83, 84. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. +i, p. 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1018_1018" id="Footnote_1018_1018"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1018_1018"><span class="label">[1018]</span></a> Robert Blondel, <i>De reductione Normanniæ</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 347. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 13. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 286 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1019_1019" id="Footnote_1019_1019"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1019_1019"><span class="label">[1019]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 109, 127. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 295. Clerk of the Chambre des Comptes de Brabant, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 426. Eberhard Windecke, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1020_1020" id="Footnote_1020_1020"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1020_1020"><span class="label">[1020]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny says: "Soon after [the arrival of +the Maid on the edge of the entrenchments] those in the fort wished to +surrender to her: she would not take them for ransom and said she +would capture them in any event, and redoubled the attack. And +straightway the fort was taken and almost all put to death." This is +hard to believe. The English would sooner have surrendered to the +humblest menial in the Armagnac host than to the Maid: and it is not +likely that she would have refused to hold them as prisoners for +ransom. Besides, Perceval de Cagny has not the remotest idea of what +happened on the 4th of May. For example, he believes that the Maid +opened the attack. Perceval de Cagny, pp. 144 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 82. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 289. <i>Chronique de la +fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 294.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1021_1021" id="Footnote_1021_1021"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1021_1021"><span class="label">[1021]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1022_1022" id="Footnote_1022_1022"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1022_1022"><span class="label">[1022]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 289.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1023_1023" id="Footnote_1023_1023"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1023_1023"><span class="label">[1023]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1024_1024" id="Footnote_1024_1024"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1024_1024"><span class="label">[1024]</span></a> At the capture of the Saint-Loup bastion: +</p> + <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>Number of French engaged.</i></td> + <td><i>Number of French slain.</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>Journal du Siège</i></td> + <td style="text-align: center">1,500 without counting nobles.</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Letter of Charles VII</td> + <td> </td> + <td style="text-align: center">2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Morosini's correspondent</td> + <td style="text-align: center">3,500</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Eberhard Windecke</td> + <td> </td> + <td style="text-align: center">2</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + +<p> </p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>Number of English engaged.</i></td> + <td><i>Number of English slain.</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Brother Pasquerel</td> + <td>100 picked men</td> + <td>100 slain or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Jean d'Aulon</td> + <td> </td> + <td>all killed or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>G. Girault</td> + <td> </td> + <td>120 killed or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Charles VII's letter</td> + <td> </td> + <td>all killed or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> +<i>Journal du siège</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td>114 killed, 40 taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> +<i>Relation de la fête du 8 Mai</i></td> + <td>From 120 to 140</td> + <td>all killed or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Perceval de Cagny</td> + <td>3,000</td> + <td>all killed or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td>160 killed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Monstrelet</td> + <td>From 300 to 400</td> + <td>all killed or taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Eberhard Windecke</td> + <td> </td> + <td>170 killed, 1,300 taken</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><i>Les Vigiles de Charles VII</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td>60 killed, 22 taken</td> + </tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1025_1025" id="Footnote_1025_1025"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1025_1025"><span class="label">[1025]</span></a> The accounts of the fortress in <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. +284.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1026_1026" id="Footnote_1026_1026"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1026_1026"><span class="label">[1026]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 107. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 289, 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1027_1027" id="Footnote_1027_1027"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1027_1027"><span class="label">[1027]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 34, 35 (evidence of the widow +Huré).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1028_1028" id="Footnote_1028_1028"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1028_1028"><span class="label">[1028]</span></a> May 5th. Quicherat is mistaken when he says (<i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 57, note) that this council was held at Jacques Boucher's. +Cf. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 83. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, p. 73. +Boucher de Molandon in <i>Mémoires de la Société archéologique de +l'Orléanais</i>, vol. xxii, p. 373.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1029_1029" id="Footnote_1029_1029"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1029_1029"><span class="label">[1029]</span></a> By the little island without a name which is marked on +the <a href="#Plan">plan</a> as Petite Île Charlemagne. The English had fortified it. See +plan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1030_1030" id="Footnote_1030_1030"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1030_1030"><span class="label">[1030]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1031_1031" id="Footnote_1031_1031"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1031_1031"><span class="label">[1031]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 74, 75. These statements are very +doubtful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1032_1032" id="Footnote_1032_1032"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1032_1032"><span class="label">[1032]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 74, 75. Very +doubtful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1033_1033" id="Footnote_1033_1033"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1033_1033"><span class="label">[1033]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 75. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 82, 83. Cf. +the evidence of S. Charles (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 116, 117).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1034_1034" id="Footnote_1034_1034"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1034_1034"><span class="label">[1034]</span></a> May 5th. <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 107 (Pasquerel's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1035_1035" id="Footnote_1035_1035"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1035_1035"><span class="label">[1035]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1036_1036" id="Footnote_1036_1036"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1036_1036"><span class="label">[1036]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 286. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 79, gives a different account of this episode.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1037_1037" id="Footnote_1037_1037"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1037_1037"><span class="label">[1037]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 108 (Pasquerel's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1038_1038" id="Footnote_1038_1038"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1038_1038"><span class="label">[1038]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 116, 117. Evidence of S. Charles. P. +Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1039_1039" id="Footnote_1039_1039"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1039_1039"><span class="label">[1039]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 83, 84. Abbé Dubois, <i>Histoire +du siège</i>, p. 535. Jollois, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1040_1040" id="Footnote_1040_1040"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1040_1040"><span class="label">[1040]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1041_1041" id="Footnote_1041_1041"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1041_1041"><span class="label">[1041]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 76. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, pp. 84, 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1042_1042" id="Footnote_1042_1042"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1042_1042"><span class="label">[1042]</span></a> "<i>Et les rebouterent ils par maintes fois et +tresbucherent de hault en bas.</i>" <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1043_1043" id="Footnote_1043_1043"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1043_1043"><span class="label">[1043]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 214, 215 (Jean d'Aulon's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1044_1044" id="Footnote_1044_1044"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1044_1044"><span class="label">[1044]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 215 (Jean d'Aulon's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1045_1045" id="Footnote_1045_1045"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1045_1045"><span class="label">[1045]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 78 (evidence of Beaucroix). <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1046_1046" id="Footnote_1046_1046"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1046_1046"><span class="label">[1046]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 291. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 72. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 84, 85. Of +doubtful authenticity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1047_1047" id="Footnote_1047_1047"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1047_1047"><span class="label">[1047]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1048_1048" id="Footnote_1048_1048"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1048_1048"><span class="label">[1048]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1049_1049" id="Footnote_1049_1049"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1049_1049"><span class="label">[1049]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 79 (evidence of Beaucroix).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1050_1050" id="Footnote_1050_1050"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1050_1050"><span class="label">[1050]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 70. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1051_1051" id="Footnote_1051_1051"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1051_1051"><span class="label">[1051]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1052_1052" id="Footnote_1052_1052"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1052_1052"><span class="label">[1052]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1053_1053" id="Footnote_1053_1053"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1053_1053"><span class="label">[1053]</span></a> The council is mentioned in <i>La chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 292; but this document is a mere echo of Brother +Pasquerel's evidence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1054_1054" id="Footnote_1054_1054"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1054_1054"><span class="label">[1054]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 108, 109. Brother Pasquerel, +whom I follow here, reports Jeanne's saying in the following terms: +<i>Exibit crastina die sanguis a corpore meo supra mammam.</i> I suspect +him of having added to the prophecy. He was too fond of miracles and +prophecies. On the 28th of April the Maid says that the wind will +change, and it changed. Brother Pasquerel is not satisfied with so +moderate a marvel. He relates that Jeanne raised the waters of the +Loire. We know on other authority that the Loire was high. It cannot +be denied that long before this Jeanne had foretold that she would be +wounded. This fact, stated in a letter from Lyon, dated the 22nd of +April, 1429, was recorded in a register of La Cour des Comptes of +Brabant. But she did not specify the day. <i>Dixit ... quod ipsa ante +Aureliam in conflictu telo vulnerabitur</i> (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 426).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1055_1055" id="Footnote_1055_1055"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1055_1055"><span class="label">[1055]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1056_1056" id="Footnote_1056_1056"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1056_1056"><span class="label">[1056]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 109. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1057_1057" id="Footnote_1057_1057"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1057_1057"><span class="label">[1057]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 292. <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, +p. 215. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 84, 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1058_1058" id="Footnote_1058_1058"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1058_1058"><span class="label">[1058]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1059_1059" id="Footnote_1059_1059"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1059_1059"><span class="label">[1059]</span></a> "<i>Par l'accord et consentement des bourgeois d'Orléans +mais contre l'opinion et volonté de tous les chefs et capitaines</i>," +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1060_1060" id="Footnote_1060_1060"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1060_1060"><span class="label">[1060]</span></a> <i>Chronique de l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 293. Le Roux de Lincy, <i>Proverbes</i>, vol. ii, p. 395.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1061_1061" id="Footnote_1061_1061"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1061_1061"><span class="label">[1061]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 124 (evidence of the woman P. +Milet). <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1062_1062" id="Footnote_1062_1062"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1062_1062"><span class="label">[1062]</span></a> Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 43, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1063_1063" id="Footnote_1063_1063"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1063_1063"><span class="label">[1063]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 292. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 284, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1064_1064" id="Footnote_1064_1064"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1064_1064"><span class="label">[1064]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 87. Letter from Charles VII to +the people of Narbonne (10 May, 1429), in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 101 <i>et +seq.</i> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 294. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 77. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 32, note +1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1065_1065" id="Footnote_1065_1065"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1065_1065"><span class="label">[1065]</span></a> Jarry, <i>Le compte de l'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 94, 95, +136, 206. Boucher de Molandon, <i>L'armée anglaise</i>, pp. 94 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1066_1066" id="Footnote_1066_1066"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1066_1066"><span class="label">[1066]</span></a> They were employed chiefly in carrying munitions of +war. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1067_1067" id="Footnote_1067_1067"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1067_1067"><span class="label">[1067]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1068_1068" id="Footnote_1068_1068"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1068_1068"><span class="label">[1068]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 85. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 293. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 77. Morosini, vol. iii, +pp. 31 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1069_1069" id="Footnote_1069_1069"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1069_1069"><span class="label">[1069]</span></a> Accounts of fortresses in <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 296, +300. Vergniaud-Romagnési, <i>Notice historique sur le fort des +Tourelles</i>, Paris, in 8vo, 1832, p. 50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1070_1070" id="Footnote_1070_1070"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1070_1070"><span class="label">[1070]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1071_1071" id="Footnote_1071_1071"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1071_1071"><span class="label">[1071]</span></a> "Post prandium," says Brother Pasquerel (<i>Trial</i>, vol. +iii, p. 108). Cf. the evidence of Dunois (<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 8).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1072_1072" id="Footnote_1072_1072"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1072_1072"><span class="label">[1072]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 79. Eberhard Windecke, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1073_1073" id="Footnote_1073_1073"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1073_1073"><span class="label">[1073]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1074_1074" id="Footnote_1074_1074"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1074_1074"><span class="label">[1074]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 292. Clerk of <i>La +Chambre des Comptes</i> of Brabant, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 426.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1075_1075" id="Footnote_1075_1075"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1075_1075"><span class="label">[1075]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 109. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 292, 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1076_1076" id="Footnote_1076_1076"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1076_1076"><span class="label">[1076]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 109 (Pasquerel's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1077_1077" id="Footnote_1077_1077"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1077_1077"><span class="label">[1077]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 79; vol. iii, p. 110.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1078_1078" id="Footnote_1078_1078"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1078_1078"><span class="label">[1078]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1079_1079" id="Footnote_1079_1079"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1079_1079"><span class="label">[1079]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 216 (Jean d'Aulon's evidence), +p. 25; (evidence of J. Luillier). <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1080_1080" id="Footnote_1080_1080"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1080_1080"><span class="label">[1080]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 25. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 85, +86. Eberhard Windecke, p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1081_1081" id="Footnote_1081_1081"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1081_1081"><span class="label">[1081]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 8 (evidence of Dunois). I +emphatically reject the facts alleged by Charles du Lys, concerning +Guy de Cailly, who is said to have accompanied Jeanne into the +vineyard and seen the angels coming down to her. Guy de Cailly's +patent of nobility is apocryphal. Charles du Lys, <i>Traité sommaire</i>, +pp. 50, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1082_1082" id="Footnote_1082_1082"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1082_1082"><span class="label">[1082]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 52, 62, 153, 480; vol. ii, pp. +420, 424.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1083_1083" id="Footnote_1083_1083"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1083_1083"><span class="label">[1083]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 216. The Count Couret, <i>Un +fragment inédit des anciens registres de la Prévoté d'Orléans</i>, +Orléans, 1897, pp. 12, 20, 21, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1084_1084" id="Footnote_1084_1084"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1084_1084"><span class="label">[1084]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 216.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1085_1085" id="Footnote_1085_1085"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1085_1085"><span class="label">[1085]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1086_1086" id="Footnote_1086_1086"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1086_1086"><span class="label">[1086]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1087_1087" id="Footnote_1087_1087"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1087_1087"><span class="label">[1087]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 216, 217.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1088_1088" id="Footnote_1088_1088"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1088_1088"><span class="label">[1088]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 86. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 293.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1089_1089" id="Footnote_1089_1089"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1089_1089"><span class="label">[1089]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +294.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1090_1090" id="Footnote_1090_1090"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1090_1090"><span class="label">[1090]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1091_1091" id="Footnote_1091_1091"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1091_1091"><span class="label">[1091]</span></a> Letter from Charles VII to the inhabitants of +Narbonne, 10 May, 1429, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 103. Monstrelet, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 365.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1092_1092" id="Footnote_1092_1092"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1092_1092"><span class="label">[1092]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 110 (Pasquerel's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1093_1093" id="Footnote_1093_1093"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1093_1093"><span class="label">[1093]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 293, 294. Morosini, +vol. iii, p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1094_1094" id="Footnote_1094_1094"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1094_1094"><span class="label">[1094]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 17. Jollois, <i>Histoire du +siège</i>, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1095_1095" id="Footnote_1095_1095"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1095_1095"><span class="label">[1095]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 87. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 294. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 294.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1096_1096" id="Footnote_1096_1096"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1096_1096"><span class="label">[1096]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 9, 25, 80. <i>Chronique de +l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 294. <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 294. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 87, 88. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 78. Perceval de Cagny, p. 145. Eberhard +Windecke, p. 173. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 321. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. +31 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1097_1097" id="Footnote_1097_1097"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1097_1097"><span class="label">[1097]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 110 (Pasquerel's evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1098_1098" id="Footnote_1098_1098"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1098_1098"><span class="label">[1098]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1099_1099" id="Footnote_1099_1099"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1099_1099"><span class="label">[1099]</span></a> The number of the English who defended Les Tourelles +is given in <i>Le journal du siège</i> as 400 or 500; in Charles VII's +letter as 600; in <i>La relation de la fête du 8 mai</i> as 800; in <i>La +chronique de la Pucelle</i> as 500. It is impossible to fix exactly the +number of the French, but they were more than ten times as many as the +English. +</p><p> +The English losses, by Guillaume Girault, are said to have been 300 +slain and taken; by Berry, 400 or 500 slain and taken; by Jean +Chartier, about 400 slain, the rest taken; by <i>La chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, 300 slain, 200 taken; by <i>Le journal du siège</i>, 400 or 500 +slain besides a few taken. By Monstrelet, in the MSS., 600 or 800 +slain or taken; in the printed editions, 1000; by Bower, 600 and more +slain. +</p><p> +The losses of the French are said by Perceval de Cagny to have been 16 +to 20 slain; by Eberhard Windecke, 5 slain and a few wounded; by +Monstrelet, about 100. The Maid estimated that in the various +engagements at Orléans in which she took part "one hundred and even +more" of the French were wounded.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1100_1100" id="Footnote_1100_1100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1100_1100"><span class="label">[1100]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1101_1101" id="Footnote_1101_1101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1101_1101"><span class="label">[1101]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 147. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1102_1102" id="Footnote_1102_1102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1102_1102"><span class="label">[1102]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 88. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 295. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1103_1103" id="Footnote_1103_1103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1103_1103"><span class="label">[1103]</span></a> <i>Chronique de l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 294 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1104_1104" id="Footnote_1104_1104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1104_1104"><span class="label">[1104]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1105_1105" id="Footnote_1105_1105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1105_1105"><span class="label">[1105]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1106_1106" id="Footnote_1106_1106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1106_1106"><span class="label">[1106]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 89. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 296. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 78, 79. <i>Le +Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 208. The passage beginning with the words, "The +Sire of Rocquencourt said," must be taken as historical.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1107_1107" id="Footnote_1107_1107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1107_1107"><span class="label">[1107]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 9 (evidence of Dunois).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1108_1108" id="Footnote_1108_1108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1108_1108"><span class="label">[1108]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 29 (evidence of J. de Champeaux).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1109_1109" id="Footnote_1109_1109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1109_1109"><span class="label">[1109]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1110_1110" id="Footnote_1110_1110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1110_1110"><span class="label">[1110]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1111_1111" id="Footnote_1111_1111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1111_1111"><span class="label">[1111]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1112_1112" id="Footnote_1112_1112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1112_1112"><span class="label">[1112]</span></a> <i>Chronique de l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 294, 295. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1113_1113" id="Footnote_1113_1113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1113_1113"><span class="label">[1113]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1114_1114" id="Footnote_1114_1114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1114_1114"><span class="label">[1114]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 71, 97, 110. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 89. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 297. Morosini, vol. iii, +p. 34. Walter Bower, <i>Scotichronicon</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 478, +479. Eberhard Windecke, p. 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1115_1115" id="Footnote_1115_1115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1115_1115"><span class="label">[1115]</span></a> Charles VII's letter to the people of Narbonne, in the +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 101. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1116_1116" id="Footnote_1116_1116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1116_1116"><span class="label">[1116]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 209 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1117_1117" id="Footnote_1117_1117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1117_1117"><span class="label">[1117]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 216. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1118_1118" id="Footnote_1118_1118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1118_1118"><span class="label">[1118]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 110. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1119_1119" id="Footnote_1119_1119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1119_1119"><span class="label">[1119]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 91. G. Met-Gaubert, <i>Notice sur +Florent d'Illiers</i>, Chartres, 1864, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1120_1120" id="Footnote_1120_1120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1120_1120"><span class="label">[1120]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 298.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1121_1121" id="Footnote_1121_1121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1121_1121"><span class="label">[1121]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 91, 92. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1122_1122" id="Footnote_1122_1122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1122_1122"><span class="label">[1122]</span></a> <i>Charles VII's Letter to the Inhabitants of Narbonne</i>, +in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 101, 104. Arcère, <i>Histoire de La Rochelle</i>, +vol. i, p. 271 (1756). Moynès, <i>Inventaire des archives de l'Aude</i>, +supplement, p. 390. <i>Procession d'actions de grâces à Brignoles (Var) +en l'honneur de la délivrance d'Orléans par Jeanne d'Arc</i> (1429). +Communication made to the Congress of learned Societies at the +Sorbonne (April, 1893) by F. Mireur, Draguignan, 1894, in 8vo, p. +175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1123_1123" id="Footnote_1123_1123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1123_1123"><span class="label">[1123]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 80. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1124_1124" id="Footnote_1124_1124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1124_1124"><span class="label">[1124]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 72, 76, 80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1125_1125" id="Footnote_1125_1125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1125_1125"><span class="label">[1125]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 116 (evidence of S. Charles). +Eberhard Windecke, p. 177, and <i>Chronique de Tournai</i>, edition Smedt, +pp. 407 <i>et seq.</i> (vol. iii of <i>Les chroniques de Flandre</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1126_1126" id="Footnote_1126_1126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1126_1126"><span class="label">[1126]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 394, 407; vol. v, p. 413. Le P. +Marcellin Fornier, <i>Histoire des Alpes-Maritimes ou Cottiennes</i>, vol. +ii, p. 320. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'Église de son temps</i>, +pp. 39, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1127_1127" id="Footnote_1127_1127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1127_1127"><span class="label">[1127]</span></a> L. Paris, <i>Notice sur le dédale ou labyrinthe de +l'église de Reims</i>, in <i>Ann. des Inst. provinc.</i>, 1857, vol. ix, p. +233.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1128_1128" id="Footnote_1128_1128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1128_1128"><span class="label">[1128]</span></a> Bibl. Nat. Latin Collection, no. 6199, folio 36. +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 395-410. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et +consultations</i>, pp. 365 <i>et seq.</i> Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant +l'Église de son temps</i>, pp. 31-52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1129_1129" id="Footnote_1129_1129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1129_1129"><span class="label">[1129]</span></a> Launoy, <i>Historia Navarrici Gymasii</i>, book iv, ch. v. +J.B. Lecuy, <i>Essai sur la vie de Jean Gerson, chancelier de l'église +et de l'université de Paris, sur sa doctrine, sur ses écrits....</i> +Paris, 1832, 2 vols. in 8vo. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 94. A.L. Masson, <i>Jean Gerson, sa vie, son temps, +ses œuvres</i>, Lyon, 1894, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1130_1130" id="Footnote_1130_1130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1130_1130"><span class="label">[1130]</span></a> <i>Par une cruauté miséricordieuse.</i> Du Boulay, +<i>Historia Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. iv, p. 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1131_1131" id="Footnote_1131_1131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1131_1131"><span class="label">[1131]</span></a> Gerson, <i>Opera</i>, vol. iv, pp. 668-678.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1132_1132" id="Footnote_1132_1132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1132_1132"><span class="label">[1132]</span></a> Gerson, <i>Adversus corruptionem Juventutis</i>. A. +Lafontaine, <i>De Johanne Gersonio puerorum adulescentiumque +institutore....</i> La Chapelle-Montligeon, 1902, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1133_1133" id="Footnote_1133_1133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1133_1133"><span class="label">[1133]</span></a> Gallia Christiana, vol. vii, col. 142. Jean Juvénal +des Ursins, year 1406.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1134_1134" id="Footnote_1134_1134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1134_1134"><span class="label">[1134]</span></a> Exodus, xv, 20, 21 (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1135_1135" id="Footnote_1135_1135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1135_1135"><span class="label">[1135]</span></a> <i>Œuvres de Gerson</i>, ed. Ellies Dupin, Paris, 1706, +in folio, vol. iv, p. 864. <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 298; vol. v, p. 412. +Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'Église de son temps</i>, p. 24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1136_1136" id="Footnote_1136_1136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1136_1136"><span class="label">[1136]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 12, 72, 76, 80. <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 298. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 93. <i>Chronique de la +fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 299. Letter written by the agents of a +German town, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 349. <i>Chronique de Tournai</i> +(<i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>, vol. iii, p. 412). Eberhard +Windecke, p. 177. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +215.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1137_1137" id="Footnote_1137_1137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1137_1137"><span class="label">[1137]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, pp. 634 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1138_1138" id="Footnote_1138_1138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1138_1138"><span class="label">[1138]</span></a> Loiseleur, <i>Compte des dépenses</i>, pp. 147 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1139_1139" id="Footnote_1139_1139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1139_1139"><span class="label">[1139]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 256 <i>et seq.</i>, and taken from the +Commune and Fortress Accounts in <i>Journal du siège</i>. A. de Villaret, +<i>loc. cit.</i> p. 61. Couret, <i>Un fragment inédit des anciens registres +de la Prévôté d'Orléans</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1140_1140" id="Footnote_1140_1140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1140_1140"><span class="label">[1140]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1141_1141" id="Footnote_1141_1141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1141_1141"><span class="label">[1141]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 9, 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1142_1142" id="Footnote_1142_1142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1142_1142"><span class="label">[1142]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 93. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 300.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1143_1143" id="Footnote_1143_1143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1143_1143"><span class="label">[1143]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1144_1144" id="Footnote_1144_1144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1144_1144"><span class="label">[1144]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 99 (evidence of the Duke of Alençon).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1145_1145" id="Footnote_1145_1145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1145_1145"><span class="label">[1145]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 12. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 93. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 299.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1146_1146" id="Footnote_1146_1146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1146_1146"><span class="label">[1146]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 12 (evidence of Dunois).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1147_1147" id="Footnote_1147_1147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1147_1147"><span class="label">[1147]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1148_1148" id="Footnote_1148_1148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1148_1148"><span class="label">[1148]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 116, vol. iv, p. 245.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1149_1149" id="Footnote_1149_1149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1149_1149"><span class="label">[1149]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1150_1150" id="Footnote_1150_1150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1150_1150"><span class="label">[1150]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1151_1151" id="Footnote_1151_1151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1151_1151"><span class="label">[1151]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 290, 291. A. Forgeais, <i>Collection de +plombs historiés trouvés dans la Seine</i>, Paris, 1869 (5 vol. in 8vo), +vol. ii, iv, and <i>passim</i>. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Notes sur deux +médailles de plomb relatives à Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1861, in 8vo, 30 +p. [Taken from <i>La revue archéologique</i>] N. Valois, <i>Un nouveau +témoignage sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 8, 13. Cf. Appendix iv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1152_1152" id="Footnote_1152_1152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1152_1152"><span class="label">[1152]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 104. I read <i>in se sperantes</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1153_1153" id="Footnote_1153_1153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1153_1153"><span class="label">[1153]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 104. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le culte de +Jeanne d'Arc au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, 1886, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1154_1154" id="Footnote_1154_1154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1154_1154"><span class="label">[1154]</span></a> A. Thomas, <i>Le siège d'Orléans, Jeanne d'Arc et les +capitouls de Toulouse</i>, in <i>Annales du Midi</i>, 1889, pp. 235, 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1155_1155" id="Footnote_1155_1155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1155_1155"><span class="label">[1155]</span></a> Letter from the Lavals, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 109. +Bertrand de Broussillon, <i>La maison de Laval, les Montfort-Laval</i>, +Paris, 1900, in 8vo, vol. iii, p. 75. Quicherat is mistaken when +(<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 105) he gives the name of Anne to Du Guesclin's +widow and calls the mother of Guy and of André Jeanne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1156_1156" id="Footnote_1156_1156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1156_1156"><span class="label">[1156]</span></a> Cuvelier, <i>Poème de Duguesclin</i>, line 2325 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1157_1157" id="Footnote_1157_1157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1157_1157"><span class="label">[1157]</span></a> Bertrand de Broussillon, <i>La maison de Laval</i> in 8vo, +1900, vol. iii, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1158_1158" id="Footnote_1158_1158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1158_1158"><span class="label">[1158]</span></a> Letter from Gui de Laval, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 105. +Lucien Jeny and P. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, Paris, s.d. +in 8vo, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1159_1159" id="Footnote_1159_1159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1159_1159"><span class="label">[1159]</span></a> Fortress accounts in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 262.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1160_1160" id="Footnote_1160_1160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1160_1160"><span class="label">[1160]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 3, 9, 15, 18, 22, 69, 219, +<i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1161_1161" id="Footnote_1161_1161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1161_1161"><span class="label">[1161]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, under the words <i>Confession</i> and +<i>Communion</i>. The Duke of Alençon says twice a week (<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, +p. 100).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1162_1162" id="Footnote_1162_1162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1162_1162"><span class="label">[1162]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 14; vol. ii, pp. 420, 424.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1163_1163" id="Footnote_1163_1163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1163_1163"><span class="label">[1163]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 220, 253; vol. ii, pp. 294, 438. +<i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 60. Analysis of a letter +from Regnault de Chartres in Rogier (<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 168-169). +Martin le Franc, <i>Le champion des dames</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1164_1164" id="Footnote_1164_1164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1164_1164"><span class="label">[1164]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 61, 62, 481.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1165_1165" id="Footnote_1165_1165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1165_1165"><span class="label">[1165]</span></a> P. Blavignac, <i>La cloche</i>, Geneva, 1877, in 8vo. L. +Morillot, <i>Étude sur l'emploi des clochettes</i>, in <i>Bulletin hist. +archéolog. du diocèse de Dijon</i>, 1887, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1166_1166" id="Footnote_1166_1166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1166_1166"><span class="label">[1166]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 52, 64, 153, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1167_1167" id="Footnote_1167_1167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1167_1167"><span class="label">[1167]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1168_1168" id="Footnote_1168_1168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1168_1168"><span class="label">[1168]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1169_1169" id="Footnote_1169_1169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1169_1169"><span class="label">[1169]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 72, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1170_1170" id="Footnote_1170_1170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1170_1170"><span class="label">[1170]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 219, 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1171_1171" id="Footnote_1171_1171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1171_1171"><span class="label">[1171]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1172_1172" id="Footnote_1172_1172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1172_1172"><span class="label">[1172]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 342. Guy de Cailly's patent of +nobility cannot be regarded as authentic. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Petit +traité....</i> p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1173_1173" id="Footnote_1173_1173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1173_1173"><span class="label">[1173]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1174_1174" id="Footnote_1174_1174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1174_1174"><span class="label">[1174]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 112. <i>Poésies de Charles +d'Orléans</i>, ed. A. Champollion-Figeac, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1175_1175" id="Footnote_1175_1175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1175_1175"><span class="label">[1175]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 108, 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1176_1176" id="Footnote_1176_1176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1176_1176"><span class="label">[1176]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 78, 117, 182.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1177_1177" id="Footnote_1177_1177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1177_1177"><span class="label">[1177]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 117, 300; vol. v, p. 227.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1178_1178" id="Footnote_1178_1178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1178_1178"><span class="label">[1178]</span></a> Letter written from Germany, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +351. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 33, 46, 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1179_1179" id="Footnote_1179_1179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1179_1179"><span class="label">[1179]</span></a> Letter from Gui and André de Laval to the Ladies de +Laval, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 106. L. Jeny and Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Jeanne +D'Arc en Berry</i>, Paris, 1892, in 8vo, p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1180_1180" id="Footnote_1180_1180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1180_1180"><span class="label">[1180]</span></a> Bertrand de Broussillon, <i>La maison de Laval</i>, vol. +iii, p. 21.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1181_1181" id="Footnote_1181_1181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1181_1181"><span class="label">[1181]</span></a> Letter from Gui and André de Laval, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, pp. 106 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1182_1182" id="Footnote_1182_1182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1182_1182"><span class="label">[1182]</span></a> N. Villiaumé, <i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1183_1183" id="Footnote_1183_1183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1183_1183"><span class="label">[1183]</span></a> <i>Recommandation</i> in French. The esteem in which she +was held. Compare Froissart cited by La Curne, Glossary, <i>ad v. "Six +bourgeois de la ville de Calais et de plus grande recommandation."</i> +("Six citizens of Calais and of the highest reputation.")</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1184_1184" id="Footnote_1184_1184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1184_1184"><span class="label">[1184]</span></a> Letter from Gui and André de Laval, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, pp. 106, 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1185_1185" id="Footnote_1185_1185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1185_1185"><span class="label">[1185]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 94; vol. iv, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1186_1186" id="Footnote_1186_1186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1186_1186"><span class="label">[1186]</span></a> <i>Mistère du siège</i>, line 15,761. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 95. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 299. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 81. Monstrelet, vol. iii, p. 338.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1187_1187" id="Footnote_1187_1187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1187_1187"><span class="label">[1187]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, + p. <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a>. A. Duveau, <i>Le jugement du duc +d'Alençon</i>, in <i>Bull. soc. archéol. du Vendômois</i> (1874), vol. xiii, +pp. 132 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1188_1188" id="Footnote_1188_1188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1188_1188"><span class="label">[1188]</span></a> Loiseleur, <i>Compte des dépenses faites par Charles VII +pour secourir Orléans</i>, p. 158.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1189_1189" id="Footnote_1189_1189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1189_1189"><span class="label">[1189]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1190_1190" id="Footnote_1190_1190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1190_1190"><span class="label">[1190]</span></a> Taken from the Book of Accounts, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, +pp. 262, 263. A. de Villaret, <i>Campagnes de Jeanne d'Arc sur la +Loire</i>, pp. 77-80. Loiseleur, <i>Compte des dépenses</i>, p. 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1191_1191" id="Footnote_1191_1191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1191_1191"><span class="label">[1191]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 261.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1192_1192" id="Footnote_1192_1192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1192_1192"><span class="label">[1192]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1193_1193" id="Footnote_1193_1193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1193_1193"><span class="label">[1193]</span></a> Berry, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1194_1194" id="Footnote_1194_1194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1194_1194"><span class="label">[1194]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 96. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 299. <i>Chronique de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 295. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 82. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +44. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1195_1195" id="Footnote_1195_1195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1195_1195"><span class="label">[1195]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 94. Perceval de Cagny, pp. 150, +151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1196_1196" id="Footnote_1196_1196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1196_1196"><span class="label">[1196]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, Berry, +Jean Chartier, <i>loc. cit.</i> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, +vol. i, p. 284. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 452.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1197_1197" id="Footnote_1197_1197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1197_1197"><span class="label">[1197]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 148, <i>passim</i>. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 300.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1198_1198" id="Footnote_1198_1198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1198_1198"><span class="label">[1198]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1199_1199" id="Footnote_1199_1199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1199_1199"><span class="label">[1199]</span></a> The night of Friday, the 10th to 11th of June.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1200_1200" id="Footnote_1200_1200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1200_1200"><span class="label">[1200]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1201_1201" id="Footnote_1201_1201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1201_1201"><span class="label">[1201]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1202_1202" id="Footnote_1202_1202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1202_1202"><span class="label">[1202]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1203_1203" id="Footnote_1203_1203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1203_1203"><span class="label">[1203]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1204_1204" id="Footnote_1204_1204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1204_1204"><span class="label">[1204]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 79, 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1205_1205" id="Footnote_1205_1205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1205_1205"><span class="label">[1205]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. clxviii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1206_1206" id="Footnote_1206_1206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1206_1206"><span class="label">[1206]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège, Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, J. +Chartier, Monstrelet, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1207_1207" id="Footnote_1207_1207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1207_1207"><span class="label">[1207]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1208_1208" id="Footnote_1208_1208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1208_1208"><span class="label">[1208]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 79-80, 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1209_1209" id="Footnote_1209_1209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1209_1209"><span class="label">[1209]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 97. Perceval de Cagny, pp. +150-151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1210_1210" id="Footnote_1210_1210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1210_1210"><span class="label">[1210]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 95-96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1211_1211" id="Footnote_1211_1211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1211_1211"><span class="label">[1211]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 96, 97. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +301. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1212_1212" id="Footnote_1212_1212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1212_1212"><span class="label">[1212]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1213_1213" id="Footnote_1213_1213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1213_1213"><span class="label">[1213]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1214_1214" id="Footnote_1214_1214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1214_1214"><span class="label">[1214]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 97. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 98. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 301-302. Perceval de Cagny, pp. +150-151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1215_1215" id="Footnote_1215_1215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1215_1215"><span class="label">[1215]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 99. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 302. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 82. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1216_1216" id="Footnote_1216_1216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1216_1216"><span class="label">[1216]</span></a> Fragment of a letter concerning the wonders which +happened in Poitou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1217_1217" id="Footnote_1217_1217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1217_1217"><span class="label">[1217]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 340. +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 70. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 121-122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1218_1218" id="Footnote_1218_1218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1218_1218"><span class="label">[1218]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 72. Perceval de Cagny, p. 151. +<i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 99. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 328. Morosini, vol. +iii, pp. 128, 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1219_1219" id="Footnote_1219_1219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1219_1219"><span class="label">[1219]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1220_1220" id="Footnote_1220_1220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1220_1220"><span class="label">[1220]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 151. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 302. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 82, 83. Berry, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1221_1221" id="Footnote_1221_1221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1221_1221"><span class="label">[1221]</span></a> Accounts of the town of Orléans at the end of <i>Le +Journal du siège</i>, ed. Charpentier and Cuissard, p. 229. Le R.P. +Chapotin, <i>La guerre de cent ans, Jeanne d'Arc et les Dominicains</i>, +Paris, 1889, 8vo, p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1222_1222" id="Footnote_1222_1222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1222_1222"><span class="label">[1222]</span></a> A. de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, proofs and +illustrations, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1223_1223" id="Footnote_1223_1223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1223_1223"><span class="label">[1223]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 112-113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1224_1224" id="Footnote_1224_1224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1224_1224"><span class="label">[1224]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1225_1225" id="Footnote_1225_1225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1225_1225"><span class="label">[1225]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 306.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1226_1226" id="Footnote_1226_1226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1226_1226"><span class="label">[1226]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 112, 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1227_1227" id="Footnote_1227_1227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1227_1227"><span class="label">[1227]</span></a> <i>Accounts of the Fortress</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +259.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1228_1228" id="Footnote_1228_1228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1228_1228"><span class="label">[1228]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 106, 259. <i>Catalogue des Arch. de +Joursanvault</i>, vol. i, p. 129, nos. 603, 607, 619, 645, 772. +Dambreville, <i>Abrégé de l'histoire des ordres de chevalerie</i>, p. 167. +P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1229_1229" id="Footnote_1229_1229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1229_1229"><span class="label">[1229]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 55, 258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1230_1230" id="Footnote_1230_1230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1230_1230"><span class="label">[1230]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 254.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1231_1231" id="Footnote_1231_1231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1231_1231"><span class="label">[1231]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 133.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1232_1232" id="Footnote_1232_1232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1232_1232"><span class="label">[1232]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 133, 254.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1233_1233" id="Footnote_1233_1233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1233_1233"><span class="label">[1233]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1234_1234" id="Footnote_1234_1234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1234_1234"><span class="label">[1234]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1235_1235" id="Footnote_1235_1235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1235_1235"><span class="label">[1235]</span></a> Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. fr. 966, fol. 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1236_1236" id="Footnote_1236_1236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1236_1236"><span class="label">[1236]</span></a> <i>Les poésies de Charles d'Orléans</i>, ed. Guichard, +1842, in 12mo, p. 145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1237_1237" id="Footnote_1237_1237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1237_1237"><span class="label">[1237]</span></a> A. Champollion-Figeac, <i>Louis et Charles, ducs +d'Orléans, leur influence sur les arts, la littérature et l'ésprit de +leur siècle</i>, Paris, 1844, 1 vol. in 8vo, with an atlas, pp. 300-337.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1238_1238" id="Footnote_1238_1238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1238_1238"><span class="label">[1238]</span></a> <i>Les poésies de Charles d'Orléans</i>, ed. A. +Champollion-Figeac, Paris, 1842, 8vo. Pierre Champion, <i>Le manuscrit +autographe des poésies de Charles d'Orléans</i>, Paris, 1907, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1239_1239" id="Footnote_1239_1239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1239_1239"><span class="label">[1239]</span></a> L. Delisle, <i>Recherches sur la librairie de Charles V</i> +(1907), vol. i, p. 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1240_1240" id="Footnote_1240_1240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1240_1240"><span class="label">[1240]</span></a> Le Roux de Lincy, <i>La bibliothèque de Charles +d'Orléans à son château de Blois, en 1427</i>, Paris, 1843, 8vo, pp. 5-7. +Comte de Laborde, <i>Les ducs de Bourgogne, études sur les lettres, les +arts et l'industrie pendant le XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1852, vol. iii, +pp. 235 <i>et seq.</i>—<i>Inventaires et documents relatifs aux joyaux et +tapisseries des princes d'Orléans-Valois</i>, Paris, 1894, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1241_1241" id="Footnote_1241_1241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1241_1241"><span class="label">[1241]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, Introduction by Vallet de +Viriville, pp. 8, 19 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1242_1242" id="Footnote_1242_1242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1242_1242"><span class="label">[1242]</span></a> With regard to the year 1433, this is well established +(<i>Poésies complètes de Charles d'Orléans</i>, ed. Charles d'Héricault, +Paris, 1874, 2 vols. 8vo, introduction).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1243_1243" id="Footnote_1243_1243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1243_1243"><span class="label">[1243]</span></a> <i>Poésies de Charles d'Orléans</i>, ed. A. +Champollion-Figeac, pp. 175-176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1244_1244" id="Footnote_1244_1244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1244_1244"><span class="label">[1244]</span></a> For him every treaty of peace was a good treaty, even +that of 1420, the Treaty of Troyes (Pierre Champion, <i>Le manuscrit +autographe des poésies de Charles d'Orléans</i>, Paris, 1907, 8vo, p. +32).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1245_1245" id="Footnote_1245_1245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1245_1245"><span class="label">[1245]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 152: "<i>Je veux demain, après +dîner, aller voir ceux de Meung</i>." ["To-morrow after dinner I will go +to the people of Meung."] The turn of expression which this chronicle +attributes to Jeanne is really that of the clerk who wrote it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1246_1246" id="Footnote_1246_1246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1246_1246"><span class="label">[1246]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 71, 97, 110. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 305. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 101. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +iv, p. 44. Walter Bower, <i>Scotichronicon</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +479. Eberhard Windecke, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1247_1247" id="Footnote_1247_1247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1247_1247"><span class="label">[1247]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1248_1248" id="Footnote_1248_1248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1248_1248"><span class="label">[1248]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 97, 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1249_1249" id="Footnote_1249_1249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1249_1249"><span class="label">[1249]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 101. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 304. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1250_1250" id="Footnote_1250_1250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1250_1250"><span class="label">[1250]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 97, 98. Gruel, <i>Chronique de +Richemont</i>, p. 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1251_1251" id="Footnote_1251_1251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1251_1251"><span class="label">[1251]</span></a> E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de Richemont</i>, pp. 93 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1252_1252" id="Footnote_1252_1252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1252_1252"><span class="label">[1252]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 315, 516. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 84. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 101, 102. Perceval +de Cagny, p. 153.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1253_1253" id="Footnote_1253_1253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1253_1253"><span class="label">[1253]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 98. E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable +de Richemont</i>, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1254_1254" id="Footnote_1254_1254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1254_1254"><span class="label">[1254]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique de Richemont</i>, pp. 70 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1255_1255" id="Footnote_1255_1255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1255_1255"><span class="label">[1255]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1256_1256" id="Footnote_1256_1256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1256_1256"><span class="label">[1256]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique de Richemont</i>, p. 71. Cf. E. +Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de Richemont</i>, pp. 169, 583. See a drawing in +the Gaignières collection reproduced by J. Lair, <i>Essai sur la +bataille de Formigny</i>, 1903, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1257_1257" id="Footnote_1257_1257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1257_1257"><span class="label">[1257]</span></a> <i>Lors le saluèrent et le vinrent accoller par les +jambes.</i> (Then they saluted him and embraced his knees.) J. de Bueil, +<i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 191.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1258_1258" id="Footnote_1258_1258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1258_1258"><span class="label">[1258]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique de Richemont</i>, pp. 71-72. I have +here followed Gruel, who is not generally very trustworthy, but whose +account in this particular seems probable, at least he is no mere +hagiographer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1259_1259" id="Footnote_1259_1259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1259_1259"><span class="label">[1259]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 228.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1260_1260" id="Footnote_1260_1260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1260_1260"><span class="label">[1260]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 72. E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de +Richemont</i>, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1261_1261" id="Footnote_1261_1261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1261_1261"><span class="label">[1261]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 97. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 301.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1262_1262" id="Footnote_1262_1262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1262_1262"><span class="label">[1262]</span></a> A. de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, pp. 87-88, and +proofs and illustrations, pp. 153, 158.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1263_1263" id="Footnote_1263_1263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1263_1263"><span class="label">[1263]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 305. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 102. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 84. Wavrin du Forestel, +<i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, pp. 279, 282. Monstrelet, vol. iii, +pp. 325 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1264_1264" id="Footnote_1264_1264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1264_1264"><span class="label">[1264]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique de Richemont</i>, p. 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1265_1265" id="Footnote_1265_1265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1265_1265"><span class="label">[1265]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +279.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1266_1266" id="Footnote_1266_1266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1266_1266"><span class="label">[1266]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1267_1267" id="Footnote_1267_1267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1267_1267"><span class="label">[1267]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, ed. +Dupont, vol. i, p. 281. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 44. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 85. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 102, +103. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 306. Gruel, <i>Chronique de +Richemont</i>, p. 72. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 452. +Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 71-73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1268_1268" id="Footnote_1268_1268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1268_1268"><span class="label">[1268]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 331. Wavrin du Forestel, +<i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, pp. 283 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1269_1269" id="Footnote_1269_1269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1269_1269"><span class="label">[1269]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, J. Chartier, Gruel, +Morosini, Berry, Monstrelet, Wavrin, <i>loc. cit</i>. <i>Lettre de Jacques de +Bourbon, Comte de la Marche à Guill. de Champeaux, évêque de Laon</i>, +according to a Vienna MS. by Bougenot, in <i>Bull. du Com. des travaux +hist. et scientif. hist. et phil., 1892</i>, pp. 56-65. (French +translation by S. Luce, in <i>La revue bleue</i>, February 13, 1892, pp. +201-204.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1270_1270" id="Footnote_1270_1270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1270_1270"><span class="label">[1270]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 120. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. +328. The clerk who wrote down Thibault de Termes' evidence, being +ill-informed, described these words as having been uttered at the +Battle of Patay. At Patay, Jeanne and La Hire were not near each +other.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1271_1271" id="Footnote_1271_1271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1271_1271"><span class="label">[1271]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1272_1272" id="Footnote_1272_1272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1272_1272"><span class="label">[1272]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 11. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 307. It is clear that this passage from Dunois' evidence and from +<i>La chronique de la Pucelle</i> cannot refer to the battle of June 18th, +as has been thought. "All the English divisions," says Dunois, "united +into one army. We thought they were going to offer us battle." He is +evidently referring to what happened on the 17th of June. The Duke of +Alençon's evidence confuses everything. How could the Maid have said +of the English: "God sends them against us," when they were fleeing?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1273_1273" id="Footnote_1273_1273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1273_1273"><span class="label">[1273]</span></a> Those who would attribute this saying to the Maid have +misunderstood Wavrin. <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. 287.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1274_1274" id="Footnote_1274_1274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1274_1274"><span class="label">[1274]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +287. Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 326 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1275_1275" id="Footnote_1275_1275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1275_1275"><span class="label">[1275]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, <i>Journal du siège</i>, Gruel, +J. Chartier, Berry, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1276_1276" id="Footnote_1276_1276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1276_1276"><span class="label">[1276]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +289. Fauché-Prunelle, <i>Lettres tirées des archives de l'évêché de +Grenoble</i>, in <i>Bull. acad. Delph.</i>, vol. ii, 1847, pp. 458 <i>et seq.</i> +Letter from Charles VII to the town of Tours, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. +262, 263.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1277_1277" id="Footnote_1277_1277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1277_1277"><span class="label">[1277]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +289. The herald Berry, <i>Le livre de la description des pays</i>, ed. +Hamy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1278_1278" id="Footnote_1278_1278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1278_1278"><span class="label">[1278]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 98, 99. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 306. <i>Chronique normande</i>, ch. xlviii, ed. Vallet de +Viriville. Monstrelet, vol. iii, pp. 325 <i>et seq.</i> Morosini, vol. iii, +pp. 72-73. Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, pp. +289-290. These words are said to have been uttered when the English +had been discovered, but then they would have been meaningless.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1279_1279" id="Footnote_1279_1279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1279_1279"><span class="label">[1279]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 99 (the Duke of Alençon's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1280_1280" id="Footnote_1280_1280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1280_1280"><span class="label">[1280]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 71 (evidence of Louis de Coutes). Letter +from Jacques de Bourbon in <i>La revue bleue</i>, February 13, 1892, pp. +201-204. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 327. Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes +chroniques</i>, p. 289.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1281_1281" id="Footnote_1281_1281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1281_1281"><span class="label">[1281]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 71. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 140. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 307. <i>Deux documents sur Jeanne d'Arc</i> +in <i>La revue bleue</i>, February 13, 1892.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1282_1282" id="Footnote_1282_1282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1282_1282"><span class="label">[1282]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 11, 71, 98. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, pp. 306 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 103 <i>et seq.</i> Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 85. Le Comte de Vassal, <i>La bataille +de Patay</i>, Orléans, 1890.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1283_1283" id="Footnote_1283_1283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1283_1283"><span class="label">[1283]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 328.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1284_1284" id="Footnote_1284_1284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1284_1284"><span class="label">[1284]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1285_1285" id="Footnote_1285_1285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1285_1285"><span class="label">[1285]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 291-292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1286_1286" id="Footnote_1286_1286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1286_1286"><span class="label">[1286]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 329.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1287_1287" id="Footnote_1287_1287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1287_1287"><span class="label">[1287]</span></a> Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, p. +292. Monstrelet, vol. iii, pp. 329, 350.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1288_1288" id="Footnote_1288_1288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1288_1288"><span class="label">[1288]</span></a> "In the neighbourhood of Lignerolles there have been +found horse-shoes, a javelin-point, the iron pieces of carts, and +bullets." P. Mantellier, <i>Histoire du siège</i>, Orléans, 1867, 12mo, p. +139.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1289_1289" id="Footnote_1289_1289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1289_1289"><span class="label">[1289]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 11. Gruel, <i>Chronique de +Richemont</i>, pp. 73-74. Perceval de Cagny, pp. 154 <i>et seq.</i> <i>Chronique +normande</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 340. Eberhard Windecke, p. 180. +Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, pp. 144, 145. Falconbridge, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 452. <i>Commentaires de Pie</i> II, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +iv, p. 512. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 72-75. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 306. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 86. Monstrelet, vol. +iv, pp. 330-333. Wavrin du Forestel, <i>Anciennes chroniques</i>, vol. i, +p. 293. Letter from J. de Bourbon in <i>La revue bleue</i>, February 13, +1892. Letter from Charles VII to Tours and the people of Dauphiné, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 345, 346.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1290_1290" id="Footnote_1290_1290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1290_1290"><span class="label">[1290]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 120; vol. v, p. 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1291_1291" id="Footnote_1291_1291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1291_1291"><span class="label">[1291]</span></a> "Et habuit <i>l'avant garde La Hire</i> de quo ipsa Johanna +fuit multum irata, quia ipsa multum affectabat habere onus de <i>l'avant +garde</i> La Hire qui conducebat <i>l'avant garde</i> percussit super +Anglicos," <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 71 (evidence of Louis de Coutes).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1292_1292" id="Footnote_1292_1292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1292_1292"><span class="label">[1292]</span></a> "Habebat magnam pietatem de tanta occisione," <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iii, p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1293_1293" id="Footnote_1293_1293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1293_1293"><span class="label">[1293]</span></a> After an examination of the documents I have concluded +that Louis de Coutes' narrative refers to Patay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1294_1294" id="Footnote_1294_1294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1294_1294"><span class="label">[1294]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1295_1295" id="Footnote_1295_1295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1295_1295"><span class="label">[1295]</span></a> Boucher de Molandon, <i>Janville, son donjon, son +château, ses souvenirs du XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Orléans, 1886, 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1296_1296" id="Footnote_1296_1296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1296_1296"><span class="label">[1296]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 105; <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 307, 308.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1297_1297" id="Footnote_1297_1297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1297_1297"><span class="label">[1297]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 307-308. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1298_1298" id="Footnote_1298_1298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1298_1298"><span class="label">[1298]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +222 <i>et seq.</i>; E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de Richemont</i>, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1299_1299" id="Footnote_1299_1299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1299_1299"><span class="label">[1299]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 116 (evidence of S. Charles). +"<i>Et audivit ipse loquens ex ore regis multa bona de ea ... rex habuit +pietatem de ea et de poena quam portabat.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1300_1300" id="Footnote_1300_1300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1300_1300"><span class="label">[1300]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 76, 116.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1301_1301" id="Footnote_1301_1301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1301_1301"><span class="label">[1301]</span></a> Letter from Charles VII to the people of Dauphiné, +published by Fauché-Prunelle, in <i>Bull. de l'Acad. Delphinale</i>, vol. +ii, p. 459; to the inhabitants of Tours (Archives de Tours, <i>Registre +des comptes XXIV</i>), in <i>Cabinet historique</i>, I, C. p. 109; to those of +Poitiers, Redet, in <i>Les mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de +l'Ouest</i>, vol. iii, p. 406; <i>Relation du greffier de la Rochelle</i> in +<i>Revue historique</i>, vol. iv, p. 459.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1302_1302" id="Footnote_1302_1302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1302_1302"><span class="label">[1302]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 106, 108; Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 89; Gruel, <i>Chronique de Richemont</i>, p. 74; +Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 344, 347; E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de +Richemont</i>, pp. 181, 182.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1303_1303" id="Footnote_1303_1303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1303_1303"><span class="label">[1303]</span></a> 1431, 8th of May. A decree condemning André de +Beaumont to suffer capital punishment as being guilty of high treason. +(Arch. nat. J. 366.) For a complete copy of this document I am +indebted to Monsieur Pierre Champion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1304_1304" id="Footnote_1304_1304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1304_1304"><span class="label">[1304]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 30; De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. i, pp. 202 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1305_1305" id="Footnote_1305_1305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1305_1305"><span class="label">[1305]</span></a> Dom Morice, <i>Histoire de Bretagne</i>, vol. ii, col. +1135-6; De Beaucourt, <i>loc. cit.</i>, vol. ii, chap. vii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1306_1306" id="Footnote_1306_1306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1306_1306"><span class="label">[1306]</span></a> Bellier-Dumaine, <i>L'administration du duché de +Bretagne sous le règne de Jean V (1399-1442)</i> in <i>Les annales de +Bretagne</i>, vol. xiv-xvi (1898-99) <i>passim</i>, and 3rd part, Jean V and +commerce, industry, agriculture, public education (vol. xvi, p. 246), +and 4th part, chap. iii, Jean V and towns, rural parishes (vol. xvi, +p. 495).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1307_1307" id="Footnote_1307_1307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1307_1307"><span class="label">[1307]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1308_1308" id="Footnote_1308_1308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1308_1308"><span class="label">[1308]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 178, 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1309_1309" id="Footnote_1309_1309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1309_1309"><span class="label">[1309]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 264. Eberhard Windecke, pp. 68-70, +179. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 90. Dom Lobineau, <i>Histoire de Bretagne</i>, +vol. i, p. 587. Dom Morice, <i>Histoire de Bretagne</i>, vol. i, pp. 508, +580.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1310_1310" id="Footnote_1310_1310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1310_1310"><span class="label">[1310]</span></a> L. Delisle, <i>Un nouveau témoignage relatif à la +mission de Jeanne d'Arc</i> in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, +vol. xlvi, pp. 649, 668. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'Église de +son temps</i>, pp. 53, 60.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1311_1311" id="Footnote_1311_1311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1311_1311"><span class="label">[1311]</span></a> Cathédrale du Puy. E.F. Corpet, <i>Portraits des arts +libéraux d'après les écrivains du moyen âge</i>, in <i>Annales +archéologiques</i>, 1857, vol. xvii, pp. 89, 103. Em. Male, <i>Les Arts +libéraux dans la statuaire du moyen âge</i>, in <i>Revue archéologique</i>, +1891.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1312_1312" id="Footnote_1312_1312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1312_1312"><span class="label">[1312]</span></a> Another name for Dauphiné (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1313_1313" id="Footnote_1313_1313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1313_1313"><span class="label">[1313]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 411-421. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La +Pucelle devant l'Église de son temps</i>, vol. i, pp. 61-68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1314_1314" id="Footnote_1314_1314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1314_1314"><span class="label">[1314]</span></a> Le P. Ayroles, vol. iv, <i>La vierge guerrière</i>, pp. 240 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1315_1315" id="Footnote_1315_1315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1315_1315"><span class="label">[1315]</span></a> "<i>Sed dicta puella semper fuit opinionis quod +opportebat ire Remis.</i>" <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 12 (evidence of +Dunois).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1316_1316" id="Footnote_1316_1316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1316_1316"><span class="label">[1316]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 20. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 93, +94.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1317_1317" id="Footnote_1317_1317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1317_1317"><span class="label">[1317]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, pp. + <a href="#Page_i.53">53</a> <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1318_1318" id="Footnote_1318_1318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1318_1318"><span class="label">[1318]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 451. <i>Journal +d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 239. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 291. +De Barante, <i>Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne</i>, vol. iii, p. 323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1319_1319" id="Footnote_1319_1319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1319_1319"><span class="label">[1319]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises</i>, +introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1320_1320" id="Footnote_1320_1320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1320_1320"><span class="label">[1320]</span></a> Those of Louis XI were of a like mind: "One should +fear risking a great battle if one be not constrained to it." Philippe +de Comynes, ed. Mdlle. Dupont, vol. i, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1321_1321" id="Footnote_1321_1321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1321_1321"><span class="label">[1321]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 12, 13. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 300. Perceval de Cagny, p. 170. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, p. 87. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 63, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1322_1322" id="Footnote_1322_1322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1322_1322"><span class="label">[1322]</span></a> Wallon, <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 1875, vol. i, p. 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1323_1323" id="Footnote_1323_1323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1323_1323"><span class="label">[1323]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, 18 June, 1429. Morosini, vol. iii, +pp. 132-133; vol. iv, supplement, xvii. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La +panique anglaise en mai 1429</i>, Paris, 1894, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1324_1324" id="Footnote_1324_1324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1324_1324"><span class="label">[1324]</span></a> G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La guerre des partisans dans la +Haute Normandie</i> (1424-1429), in the <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des +Chartes</i> since 1893.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1325_1325" id="Footnote_1325_1325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1325_1325"><span class="label">[1325]</span></a> "The King had no great sums of money with which to pay +his army." Perceval de Cagny, pp. 149, 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1326_1326" id="Footnote_1326_1326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1326_1326"><span class="label">[1326]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1327_1327" id="Footnote_1327_1327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1327_1327"><span class="label">[1327]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1328_1328" id="Footnote_1328_1328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1328_1328"><span class="label">[1328]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 310.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1329_1329" id="Footnote_1329_1329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1329_1329"><span class="label">[1329]</span></a> E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de Richemont</i>, pp. 179 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1330_1330" id="Footnote_1330_1330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1330_1330"><span class="label">[1330]</span></a> Even after the coronation Regnault de Chartres would +not "suffer the Maid and the Duke of Alençon to be together nor that +he should recover her." Perceval de Cagny, p. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1331_1331" id="Footnote_1331_1331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1331_1331"><span class="label">[1331]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises</i>, +introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1332_1332" id="Footnote_1332_1332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1332_1332"><span class="label">[1332]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, pp. + <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>-159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1333_1333" id="Footnote_1333_1333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1333_1333"><span class="label">[1333]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iv, supplement, xvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1334_1334" id="Footnote_1334_1334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1334_1334"><span class="label">[1334]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 20, 300. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, pp. 322, 323. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 93, 114. "And although +the King had not money wherewith to pay his army, all knights, +squires, men-at-arms, and the commonalty refused not to serve the King +in this journey in company with the Maid." Perceval de Cagny, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1335_1335" id="Footnote_1335_1335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1335_1335"><span class="label">[1335]</span></a> Le Maire, <i>Antiquités d'Orléans</i>, ch. xxv, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1336_1336" id="Footnote_1336_1336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1336_1336"><span class="label">[1336]</span></a> Pius II, <i>Commentarii</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. +513-514. Pierre des Gros, <i>Jardin des nobles</i> in P. Paris, <i>Manuscrits +français de la bibliothèque du roi</i>, vol. ii, p. 149, and <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, pp. 533, 534.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1337_1337" id="Footnote_1337_1337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1337_1337"><span class="label">[1337]</span></a> William of Worcester [1415-1482, or Botoner, +chronicler and traveller, secretary to Sir John Fastolf, disputed with +John Paston concerning some land near Norwich, and frequently referred +to in the Paston Letters. W.S.] in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 475. In 1430 +it was the intention of the English to take their King to Reims "for +which cause all the subjects of the kingdom would be more inclined to +him" (advice given by Philippe le Bon to Henry VI, as cited by H. de +Lannoy, in P. Champion, <i>G. de Flavy</i>, p. 156). There was an English +project for carrying off the holy Ampulla from Reims. Pius II, +<i>Commentarii</i> in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 513.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1338_1338" id="Footnote_1338_1338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1338_1338"><span class="label">[1338]</span></a> <i>Voyages du héraut Berry</i>, Bibl. Nat. ms. fr. 5873, +fol. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1339_1339" id="Footnote_1339_1339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1339_1339"><span class="label">[1339]</span></a> Jean Rogier in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 284-285.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1340_1340" id="Footnote_1340_1340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1340_1340"><span class="label">[1340]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 312. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, pp. 93-94. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 108. Cagny, p. 157. +Morosini, pp. 84-85. Loiseleur, <i>Compte des dépenses</i>, pp. 90, 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1341_1341" id="Footnote_1341_1341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1341_1341"><span class="label">[1341]</span></a> "<i>Gens de guerre et de commun</i>," says Perceval de +Cagny, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1342_1342" id="Footnote_1342_1342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1342_1342"><span class="label">[1342]</span></a> Eustache Deschamps ed. Queux de Saint-Hilaire and G. +Raynaud, vol. i, p. 159, <i>passim</i>. Th. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII +et de Louis XI</i>, vol. i, p. 44. Letter from Nicholas de Clamanges to +Gerson, LIV.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1343_1343" id="Footnote_1343_1343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1343_1343"><span class="label">[1343]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 308. Perceval de Cagny, +p. 157. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 180. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1344_1344" id="Footnote_1344_1344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1344_1344"><span class="label">[1344]</span></a> S.J. Morand, <i>Histoire de la Sainte-Chapelle royale du +Palais</i>, Paris, 1790, in 4to, p. 77, and <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1345_1345" id="Footnote_1345_1345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1345_1345"><span class="label">[1345]</span></a> Le P. J. Doublet, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys +en France</i>, Paris, 1625, in fol., ch. 1, pp. 373 <i>et seq.</i> Dom +Félibien, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye royale de Saint-Denis</i>, 1706, in fol., +pp. 203, 275, 543.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1346_1346" id="Footnote_1346_1346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1346_1346"><span class="label">[1346]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 107. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 310.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1347_1347" id="Footnote_1347_1347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1347_1347"><span class="label">[1347]</span></a> When the King set out in France, he had his gaiters +greased; and the Queen asked him: whither will wend these damoiseaux? +Quoted according to <i>La Chronique Messine</i> by Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 424, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1348_1348" id="Footnote_1348_1348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1348_1348"><span class="label">[1348]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iv, p. +88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1349_1349" id="Footnote_1349_1349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1349_1349"><span class="label">[1349]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, pp. + <a href="#Page_i.148">148</a>-152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1350_1350" id="Footnote_1350_1350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1350_1350"><span class="label">[1350]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 157. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 87. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 313.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1351_1351" id="Footnote_1351_1351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1351_1351"><span class="label">[1351]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 125. <i>Registre des consaux, +extraits analytiques des anciens consaux de la ville de Tournay</i>, ed. +H. Vandenbroeck, vol. ii, p. 329. F. Hennebert, <i>Une lettre de Jeanne +d'Arc aux Tournaisiens</i> in <i>Arch. hist. et littéraires du nord de la +France</i>, 1837, vol. i, p. 525. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles +VII</i>, vol. iii, p. 516.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1352_1352" id="Footnote_1352_1352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1352_1352"><span class="label">[1352]</span></a> Letter from Charles VII to the people of Dauphiné, +published by Fauché-Prunelle, in <i>Bulletin de l'Académie Delphinale</i>, +vol. ii, p. 459; to the inhabitants of Tours, in <i>Le Cabinet +historique</i>, vol. i, C. p. 109; to those of Poitiers, by Redet, in +<i>Les mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest</i>, vol. iii, p. +106. <i>Relation du greffier de la Rochelle</i> in <i>Revue historique</i>, vol. +iv, p. 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1353_1353" id="Footnote_1353_1353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1353_1353"><span class="label">[1353]</span></a> This is a mere form of speech. Le Tournésis has always +been territory separate from the County of Flanders, the Bishops of +which were the former Lords of Tournai. As early as 1187 the King of +France nominally held sovereign sway there. In reality the town was +divided into two factions: the rich and the merchants were for the +Burgundian party, the common folk for the French (De La Grange, +<i>Troubles à Tournai</i>, 1422-1430).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1354_1354" id="Footnote_1354_1354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1354_1354"><span class="label">[1354]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 352.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1355_1355" id="Footnote_1355_1355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1355_1355"><span class="label">[1355]</span></a> <i>Chambre du Roi.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1356_1356" id="Footnote_1356_1356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1356_1356"><span class="label">[1356]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 184-185. <i>Chronique de +Tournai</i>, ed. Smedt (<i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>, vol. iii, +<i>passim</i>); <i>Troubles à Tournai</i> (1422-1430) in <i>Mémoires de la Société +historique et littéraire de Tournai</i>, vol. xvii (1882). <i>Extraits des +anciens registres des consaux</i>, ed. Vandenbroeck, vol. ii, <i>passim</i>. +Monstrelet, ch. lxvii, lxix. A. Longnon, <i>Paris sous la domination +anglaise</i>, pp. 143, 144.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1357_1357" id="Footnote_1357_1357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1357_1357"><span class="label">[1357]</span></a> The Town Clerk of Albi in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 301.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1358_1358" id="Footnote_1358_1358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1358_1358"><span class="label">[1358]</span></a> H. Vandenbroeck, <i>Extraits analytiques des anciens +registres des consaux de la ville de Tournai</i>, vol. ii, pp. 328-330.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1359_1359" id="Footnote_1359_1359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1359_1359"><span class="label">[1359]</span></a> Letter from Perceval de Boulainvilliers, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 120. Fragment of a letter concerning the marvels which have +occurred in Poitou, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 122. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 74-76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1360_1360" id="Footnote_1360_1360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1360_1360"><span class="label">[1360]</span></a> Hennebert, <i>Archives historiques et littéraires du +nord de la France</i>, 1837, vol. i, p. 520. <i>Extraits des anciens +registres des consaux</i>, ed. Vandenbroeck, vol. ii, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1361_1361" id="Footnote_1361_1361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1361_1361"><span class="label">[1361]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 127. These letters are now lost. +Jeanne alludes to them in her letter of the 17th of July, 1429. "<i>Et à +trois sepmaines que je vous avoye escript et envoie bonnes lettres par +un héraut....</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1362_1362" id="Footnote_1362_1362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1362_1362"><span class="label">[1362]</span></a> Dom Plancher, <i>Histoire de Bourgogne</i>, vol. iv, pp. +lvi, lvii. E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable de Richemont</i>, pp. 114 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1363_1363" id="Footnote_1363_1363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1363_1363"><span class="label">[1363]</span></a> Dom Plancher, <i>Histoire de Bourgogne</i>, vol. iv, proofs +and illustrations, p. lv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1364_1364" id="Footnote_1364_1364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1364_1364"><span class="label">[1364]</span></a> De Barante, <i>Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne</i>, vol. v, +p. 270. Desplanques, <i>Projet d'assassinat de Philippe le Bon par les +Anglais</i> (1424-1426), in <i>Les mémoires couronnées par l'Académie de +Bruxelles</i>, xxxiii (1867).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1365_1365" id="Footnote_1365_1365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1365_1365"><span class="label">[1365]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 70. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 270. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 20 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1366_1366" id="Footnote_1366_1366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1366_1366"><span class="label">[1366]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 332, 333. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 36, note 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1367_1367" id="Footnote_1367_1367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1367_1367"><span class="label">[1367]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 308-309. Quenson, <i>Notice sur +Philippe le Bon, la Flandre et ses fêtes</i>, Douai, 1840, in 8vo. De +Reiffenberg, <i>Les enfants naturels du duc Philippe le Bon</i>, in +<i>Bulletin de l'Académie de Bruxelles</i>, vol. xiii (1846).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1368_1368" id="Footnote_1368_1368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1368_1368"><span class="label">[1368]</span></a> According to Perceval de Cagny, p. 157; the 28th of +June, according to Chartier, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1369_1369" id="Footnote_1369_1369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1369_1369"><span class="label">[1369]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1370_1370" id="Footnote_1370_1370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1370_1370"><span class="label">[1370]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 90. <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 309, 310. Perceval de Cagny, p. 157. Morosini, +vol. iii, pp. 142, 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1371_1371" id="Footnote_1371_1371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1371_1371"><span class="label">[1371]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 314. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +pp. 108, 109. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 330. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 92. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 142, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1372_1372" id="Footnote_1372_1372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1372_1372"><span class="label">[1372]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 54, 222.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1373_1373" id="Footnote_1373_1373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1373_1373"><span class="label">[1373]</span></a> Abbé Lebeuf, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique et civile +d'Auxerre</i>, vol. ii, p. 251; vol. iii, pp. 302, 506.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1374_1374" id="Footnote_1374_1374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1374_1374"><span class="label">[1374]</span></a> Chardon, <i>Histoire de la ville d'Auxerre</i>, Auxerre, +1834 (2 vols. in 8vo), vol. ii, p. 258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1375_1375" id="Footnote_1375_1375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1375_1375"><span class="label">[1375]</span></a> Dom Plancher, <i>Histoire de Bourgogne</i>, vol. iv, p. 76. +Chardon, <i>Histoire de la ville d'Auxerre</i>, vol. ii, pp. 257 <i>et seq.</i> +Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 383.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1376_1376" id="Footnote_1376_1376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1376_1376"><span class="label">[1376]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 90. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 108. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 313. Monstrelet, vol. +iv, p. 436. Abbé Lebeuf, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique d'Auxerre</i>, vol. ii, +p. 51. Chardon, <i>Histoire de la ville d'Auxerre</i>, vol. ii, p. 259.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1377_1377" id="Footnote_1377_1377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1377_1377"><span class="label">[1377]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 90. <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle</i>, p. 313. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 149. Monstrelet, vol. +iv, p. 336. Gilles de Roye, in <i>Collection des chroniques belges</i>, pp. +206, 207. Chardon, <i>Histoire de la ville d'Auxerre</i>, vol. ii, p. 260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1378_1378" id="Footnote_1378_1378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1378_1378"><span class="label">[1378]</span></a> "<i>De laquelle chose furent bien mal coutans aucuns +seigneurs et cappitaines d'icellui ost et en parloient bien fort.</i>" +Jean Chartier, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1379_1379" id="Footnote_1379_1379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1379_1379"><span class="label">[1379]</span></a> In the following manner this march is described by a +contemporary: "On the said day (29th of June, 1429), after much +discussion, the King set out and took his way for to go straight to +the city of Troye in Champaigne, and, as he passed, all the fortresses +on the one hand and the other, rendered him allegiance." Perceval de +Cagny, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1380_1380" id="Footnote_1380_1380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1380_1380"><span class="label">[1380]</span></a> Jean Chartier, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1381_1381" id="Footnote_1381_1381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1381_1381"><span class="label">[1381]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 287. Monstrelet, +vol. iv, p. 336. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 109. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 314. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 91. <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 264-265.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1382_1382" id="Footnote_1382_1382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1382_1382"><span class="label">[1382]</span></a> Jean Chartier, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1383_1383" id="Footnote_1383_1383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1383_1383"><span class="label">[1383]</span></a> Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes et de la +Champagne méridionale</i>, Paris, 1872 (5 vols. in 8vo), vol. ii, p. 482. +For the members of this Council see the most ancient register of its +deliberations by A. Roserot, in <i>Collection des documents inédits +relatifs à la ville de Troyes</i> (1886).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1384_1384" id="Footnote_1384_1384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1384_1384"><span class="label">[1384]</span></a> F. Bourquelot, <i>Les foires de Champagne</i>, Paris, 1865, +vol. i, p. 65. Louis Batiffol, <i>Jean Jouvenel, prévôt des marchands</i>, +Paris, 1894, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1385_1385" id="Footnote_1385_1385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1385_1385"><span class="label">[1385]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1386_1386" id="Footnote_1386_1386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1386_1386"><span class="label">[1386]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. xiii, cols. 514-516. +Courtalon-Delaistre, <i>Topographie historique du diocèse de Troyes</i> +(Troyes, 1783, 3 vols. in 8vo), vol. i, p. 384. Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire +de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 477, 478. De Pange, <i>Le pays de +Jeanne d'Arc, le fief et l'arrière-fief</i>, Paris, 1902, in 8vo, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1387_1387" id="Footnote_1387_1387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1387_1387"><span class="label">[1387]</span></a> Siméon Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. ccxxii, +according to Labbe and Cossart, <i>Sacro-Sancta-Consilia</i>, vol. xii, +col. 390.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1388_1388" id="Footnote_1388_1388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1388_1388"><span class="label">[1388]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. ccxx and proofs +and illustrations, ccix, pp. 238-239. Robillard de Beaurepaire, <i>Les +états de Normandie sous la domination anglaise</i>, Évreux, 1859, in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1389_1389" id="Footnote_1389_1389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1389_1389"><span class="label">[1389]</span></a> Labbe and Cossart, <i>Sacro-Sancta-Consilia</i>, vol. xii, +col. 392.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1390_1390" id="Footnote_1390_1390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1390_1390"><span class="label">[1390]</span></a> Labbe and Cossart, <i>Sacro-Sancta-Consilia</i>, vol. xii, +col. 390, 399.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1391_1391" id="Footnote_1391_1391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1391_1391"><span class="label">[1391]</span></a> De Pange, <i>Le pays de Jeanne d'Arc, le fief et +l'arrière-fief</i>, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1392_1392" id="Footnote_1392_1392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1392_1392"><span class="label">[1392]</span></a> J. Rogier in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 285.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1393_1393" id="Footnote_1393_1393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1393_1393"><span class="label">[1393]</span></a> Th. Boutiot in <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. +ii, pp. 316 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1394_1394" id="Footnote_1394_1394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1394_1394"><span class="label">[1394]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 288. Th. Boutiot, +<i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, p. 490. A. Assier, <i>Une +cité champenoise au xv<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Troyes, 1875, in 12mo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1395_1395" id="Footnote_1395_1395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1395_1395"><span class="label">[1395]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 99, 100. <i>Relation du Greffier de +La Rochelle</i>, p. 338. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 109-110. <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 315.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1396_1396" id="Footnote_1396_1396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1396_1396"><span class="label">[1396]</span></a> Ed. Richer says his name was Roch Richard and that he +was licentiate in theology. <i>Histoire manuscrite de la Pucelle</i> (Bibl. +Nat. fr. 10448), book 1, folios 50 <i>et seq.</i> Siméon Luce, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc à Domremy</i> (chap. x, Jeanne d'Arc et frère Richard).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1397_1397" id="Footnote_1397_1397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1397_1397"><span class="label">[1397]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 235. Th. Basin, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. i, p. 104. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Procès de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, 1867. +Introduction, <i>Notes sur deux médailles de plomb relatives à Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1861, p. 22. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. +ccxxxix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1398_1398" id="Footnote_1398_1398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1398_1398"><span class="label">[1398]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 110. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 315.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1399_1399" id="Footnote_1399_1399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1399_1399"><span class="label">[1399]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 233. Labbe, +Boutiot.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1400_1400" id="Footnote_1400_1400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1400_1400"><span class="label">[1400]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1401_1401" id="Footnote_1401_1401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1401_1401"><span class="label">[1401]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1402_1402" id="Footnote_1402_1402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1402_1402"><span class="label">[1402]</span></a> Th. Basin, <i>Histoire des règnes de Charles VII et de +Louis XI</i>, vol. iv, pp. 103, 104.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1403_1403" id="Footnote_1403_1403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1403_1403"><span class="label">[1403]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1404_1404" id="Footnote_1404_1404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1404_1404"><span class="label">[1404]</span></a> A very high head-dress, fashionable in the fifteenth +century (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1405_1405" id="Footnote_1405_1405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1405_1405"><span class="label">[1405]</span></a> <i>Cornes</i>, the high-horned head-dress (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1406_1406" id="Footnote_1406_1406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1406_1406"><span class="label">[1406]</span></a> <i>Queues</i>, trains (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1407_1407" id="Footnote_1407_1407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1407_1407"><span class="label">[1407]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 234, 235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1408_1408" id="Footnote_1408_1408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1408_1408"><span class="label">[1408]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1409_1409" id="Footnote_1409_1409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1409_1409"><span class="label">[1409]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 89, 213. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois +de Paris</i>, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1410_1410" id="Footnote_1410_1410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1410_1410"><span class="label">[1410]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 242, 243. +Vallet de Viriville, <i>Notes sur deux médailles de plomb relatives à +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue archéologique</i>, 1861, pp. 429, 433.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1411_1411" id="Footnote_1411_1411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1411_1411"><span class="label">[1411]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1412_1412" id="Footnote_1412_1412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1412_1412"><span class="label">[1412]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 237.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1413_1413" id="Footnote_1413_1413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1413_1413"><span class="label">[1413]</span></a> It is yet to be explained how the author of the diary +called <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i> avoided being scandalised by +them, orthodox university professor as he was; on the contrary he +seems to have found the views of the good father edifying. Th. Basin, +<i>Histoire des règnes de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. iv, p. 104.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1414_1414" id="Footnote_1414_1414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1414_1414"><span class="label">[1414]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1415_1415" id="Footnote_1415_1415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1415_1415"><span class="label">[1415]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 100, see <i>ante</i>, p. + <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1416_1416" id="Footnote_1416_1416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1416_1416"><span class="label">[1416]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1417_1417" id="Footnote_1417_1417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1417_1417"><span class="label">[1417]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1418_1418" id="Footnote_1418_1418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1418_1418"><span class="label">[1418]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique de Richemont</i>, p. 71. Eberhard +Windecke, pp. 178, 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1419_1419" id="Footnote_1419_1419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1419_1419"><span class="label">[1419]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1420_1420" id="Footnote_1420_1420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1420_1420"><span class="label">[1420]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 99, 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1421_1421" id="Footnote_1421_1421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1421_1421"><span class="label">[1421]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1422_1422" id="Footnote_1422_1422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1422_1422"><span class="label">[1422]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1423_1423" id="Footnote_1423_1423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1423_1423"><span class="label">[1423]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 287-288.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1424_1424" id="Footnote_1424_1424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1424_1424"><span class="label">[1424]</span></a> It should be Monday, 4th July.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1425_1425" id="Footnote_1425_1425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1425_1425"><span class="label">[1425]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1426_1426" id="Footnote_1426_1426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1426_1426"><span class="label">[1426]</span></a> Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. +ii, p. 493.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1427_1427" id="Footnote_1427_1427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1427_1427"><span class="label">[1427]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 288, 289.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1428_1428" id="Footnote_1428_1428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1428_1428"><span class="label">[1428]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 287. Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de +Troyes</i>, vol. ii, p. 494.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1429_1429" id="Footnote_1429_1429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1429_1429"><span class="label">[1429]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 289.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1430_1430" id="Footnote_1430_1430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1430_1430"><span class="label">[1430]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1431_1431" id="Footnote_1431_1431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1431_1431"><span class="label">[1431]</span></a> In the <i>Mystery of the siege of Orléans</i>, the +Englishman Falconbridge likewise treats Jeanne as a boaster, lines +12689-90: +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>'Y nous fault prandre la coquarde,<br /> +Qui veult les François gouverner.</i><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>"We must capture that braggart who desires to govern the French."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1432_1432" id="Footnote_1432_1432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1432_1432"><span class="label">[1432]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 289.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1433_1433" id="Footnote_1433_1433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1433_1433"><span class="label">[1433]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, +vol. ii, p. 492.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1434_1434" id="Footnote_1434_1434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1434_1434"><span class="label">[1434]</span></a> L. Pigeotte, <i>Étude sur les travaux d'achèvement de la +cathédrale de Troyes</i>, p. 9. A. Babeau, <i>Les vues d'ensemble de +Troyes</i>, Troyes, 1892, in 8vo, p. 13. A. Assier, <i>Une cité champenoise +au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1875, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1435_1435" id="Footnote_1435_1435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1435_1435"><span class="label">[1435]</span></a> Ermine (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1436_1436" id="Footnote_1436_1436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1436_1436"><span class="label">[1436]</span></a> <i>Comptes de l'argenterie de la reine</i>, in Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. iii, pp. 236, 237. De Barante, <i>Histoire +des ducs de Bourgogne</i>, vol. iii, pp. 122, 125. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 216. Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de +la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 418, 419.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1437_1437" id="Footnote_1437_1437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1437_1437"><span class="label">[1437]</span></a> It is impossible to take seriously those protestations +of loyalty to the English, addressed to the people of Reims by the +townsfolk of Troyes, when the latter were on the point of surrendering +to the French King, and especially after the reply they had just sent +to King Charles's letters. See J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 289. +"Which reply having been made each of them had gone up on to the +walls, and assumed his guard with the intent and in the firm +resolution that if any attack were made on them, they would resist to +the death."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1438_1438" id="Footnote_1438_1438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1438_1438"><span class="label">[1438]</span></a> J. Chartier, vol. i, p. 92. Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de +la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 391, 418, 419. A. Assier, <i>Une cité +champenoise au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, p. 8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1439_1439" id="Footnote_1439_1439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1439_1439"><span class="label">[1439]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 289, 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1440_1440" id="Footnote_1440_1440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1440_1440"><span class="label">[1440]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 109. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 314, 315. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 91. Th. Boutiot, +<i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, p. 497.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1441_1441" id="Footnote_1441_1441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1441_1441"><span class="label">[1441]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1442_1442" id="Footnote_1442_1442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1442_1442"><span class="label">[1442]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 109, 110. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 315.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1443_1443" id="Footnote_1443_1443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1443_1443"><span class="label">[1443]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 157. Nevertheless see also +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 143, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1444_1444" id="Footnote_1444_1444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1444_1444"><span class="label">[1444]</span></a> "And always desiring and discussing the submission of +this city." Jean Chartier, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1445_1445" id="Footnote_1445_1445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1445_1445"><span class="label">[1445]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 13. Evidence of Dunois. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 92. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +315. Chartier and the <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i> put words into the +mouths of Regnault de Chartres and Robert le Maçon which are very +improbable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1446_1446" id="Footnote_1446_1446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1446_1446"><span class="label">[1446]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 13. Evidence of Dunois. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 317. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 110. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 94.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1447_1447" id="Footnote_1447_1447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1447_1447"><span class="label">[1447]</span></a> Jean Chartier, vol. i, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1448_1448" id="Footnote_1448_1448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1448_1448"><span class="label">[1448]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 13, 14, 117. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 96. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 111. <i>Chronique de +la Pucelle</i>, p. 78. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, +p. 225.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1449_1449" id="Footnote_1449_1449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1449_1449"><span class="label">[1449]</span></a> Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. +ii, p. 497, note. A. Assier, <i>Une cité champenoise au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, +Paris, 1875, in 8vo, p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1450_1450" id="Footnote_1450_1450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1450_1450"><span class="label">[1450]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 117. (De Gaucourt's evidence.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1451_1451" id="Footnote_1451_1451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1451_1451"><span class="label">[1451]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 117. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, +p. 96. J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1452_1452" id="Footnote_1452_1452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1452_1452"><span class="label">[1452]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 295. <i>Trial</i>, pp. +13, 14, 17. Chartier, <i>Journal du siège</i>, <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>. +Camusat, <i>Mél. hist.</i>, part ii, fol. 214.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1453_1453" id="Footnote_1453_1453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1453_1453"><span class="label">[1453]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in <i>Revue +historique</i>, vol. iv, p. 342. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, <i>Journal du +siège</i>, Chartier, <i>loc. cit.</i> Gilles de Roye in Chartier, vol. iii, p. +205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1454_1454" id="Footnote_1454_1454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1454_1454"><span class="label">[1454]</span></a> J. Rogier in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1455_1455" id="Footnote_1455_1455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1455_1455"><span class="label">[1455]</span></a> <i>Gabelle</i>, word of German origin (<i>gabe</i>), originally +applied to all taxes, came to signify only the tax on salt. This tax +was first rendered oppressive by Philippe de Valois (1328-1350) who +created a monopoly of salt in favour of the crown. He obliged each +family to pay a tax on a certain quantity whether they consumed it or +not. The <i>Gabelle</i>, which led to several rebellions, was not abolished +until the Revolution (1790). (W.S.) <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 296. +<i>Ordonnances des rois de France</i>, vol. xiii, p. 142. Th. Boutiot, +<i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, p. 500. A. Roserot, <i>Le +plus ancien registre des délibérations du conseil de la ville de +Troyes</i> in <i>Coll. de Doc. inédits sur la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. iii, +p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1456_1456" id="Footnote_1456_1456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1456_1456"><span class="label">[1456]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 295, 296.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1457_1457" id="Footnote_1457_1457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1457_1457"><span class="label">[1457]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in <i>Revue +historique</i>, vol. iv, p. 342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1458_1458" id="Footnote_1458_1458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1458_1458"><span class="label">[1458]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, in <i>Revue +historique</i>, vol. iv, p. 342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1459_1459" id="Footnote_1459_1459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1459_1459"><span class="label">[1459]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 296, 297.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1460_1460" id="Footnote_1460_1460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1460_1460"><span class="label">[1460]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 13, 117; vol. iv, pp. 296, 297. +Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. iii, p. 205. Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire +de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 499, 500. M. Poinsignon, +<i>Histoire générale de la Champagne et de la Brie</i>, Châlons, 1885, vol. +i, pp. 352 <i>et seq.</i> A. Assier, <i>Une cité champenoise au XV<sup>e</sup> +siècle</i>, Paris, 1875, in 12mo, pp. 16, 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1461_1461" id="Footnote_1461_1461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1461_1461"><span class="label">[1461]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 102. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +319.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1462_1462" id="Footnote_1462_1462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1462_1462"><span class="label">[1462]</span></a> Chartier, <i>Journal du siège</i>. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 319.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1463_1463" id="Footnote_1463_1463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1463_1463"><span class="label">[1463]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 95, 96. +<i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 112. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 319.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1464_1464" id="Footnote_1464_1464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1464_1464"><span class="label">[1464]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 296, 297.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1465_1465" id="Footnote_1465_1465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1465_1465"><span class="label">[1465]</span></a> Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 168. S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. clxxiii, clxxiv. P. Champion, <i>Notes sur +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, I. <i>Madame d'Or et Jeanne d'Arc</i> in <i>Le moyen âge</i>, +July to August, 1907, pp. 193-199.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1466_1466" id="Footnote_1466_1466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1466_1466"><span class="label">[1466]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 319. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 96. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 112. <i>Un prince de +façon</i>, Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, vol. i, pp. 106, 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1467_1467" id="Footnote_1467_1467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1467_1467"><span class="label">[1467]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 102. Letter from three noblemen of +Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 130. <i>Relation du greffier de La +Rochelle</i>, p. 342. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 319. Morosini, vol. +iii, p. 176. Th. Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, +pp. 504 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1468_1468" id="Footnote_1468_1468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1468_1468"><span class="label">[1468]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1469_1469" id="Footnote_1469_1469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1469_1469"><span class="label">[1469]</span></a> T. Babeau, <i>Le guet et la milice bourgeoise à Troyes</i>, +pp. 4 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1470_1470" id="Footnote_1470_1470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1470_1470"><span class="label">[1470]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 342. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 319. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 112. Th. +Boutiot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. ii, p. 505. A. +Roserot, <i>Le plus ancien registre des délibérations du conseil de +Troyes</i> in <i>Coll. des documents inédits de la ville de Troyes</i>, vol. +iii, pp. 175 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1471_1471" id="Footnote_1471_1471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1471_1471"><span class="label">[1471]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 298. Morosini, vol. +iii, p. 179. Edition Barthélémy of <i>L'histoire de la ville de +Châlons-sur-Marne</i>, proofs and illustrations no. 25, pp. 334, 335.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1472_1472" id="Footnote_1472_1472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1472_1472"><span class="label">[1472]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 290, 291. Varin, +<i>Archives législatives de la ville de Reims, Statuts</i>, vol. 1, pp. 596 +<i>et seq.</i> (<i>Coll. des documents inédits sur l'histoire de France</i>, +1845).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1473_1473" id="Footnote_1473_1473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1473_1473"><span class="label">[1473]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. v, col. 891-895. <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 319-320. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. +96. L. Barbat, <i>Histoire de la ville de Châlons</i>, 1855 (2 vols. in +4to), vol. i, p. 350. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, proofs and +illustrations no. 33. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 182, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1474_1474" id="Footnote_1474_1474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1474_1474"><span class="label">[1474]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 298. Letter from +three noblemen of Anjou in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 130. Perceval de Cagny, +p. 158. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 96, 97. <i>Chronique des +Cordeliers</i>, fol. 85, v. E. de Barthélémy, <i>Châlons pendant l'invasion +anglaise</i>, Châlons, 1851, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1475_1475" id="Footnote_1475_1475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1475_1475"><span class="label">[1475]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 391, 392 (Jean Morel's +evidence).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1476_1476" id="Footnote_1476_1476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1476_1476"><span class="label">[1476]</span></a> French <i>compère</i>, gossip or fellow godfather, +sometimes a close friend. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue to Canterbury Tales: +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +"With hym ther was a gentil Pardoner<br /> +Of Rouncivale, his freend and his compeer" (W.S.).<br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1477_1477" id="Footnote_1477_1477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1477_1477"><span class="label">[1477]</span></a> <i>Commère</i>, fellow godmother (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1478_1478" id="Footnote_1478_1478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1478_1478"><span class="label">[1478]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 423 (evidence of Gérardin of +Épinal).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1479_1479" id="Footnote_1479_1479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1479_1479"><span class="label">[1479]</span></a> "In as much as he is the prince of the greatest +discretion, understanding, and valour that has long been seen in the +noble house of France." J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 296. Varin, +<i>Archives de Reims, Statuts</i>, vol. i, p. 601. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +à Reims</i>, pp. 13 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1480_1480" id="Footnote_1480_1480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1480_1480"><span class="label">[1480]</span></a> J. Rogier, <i>loc. cit.</i> Varin, p. 599.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1481_1481" id="Footnote_1481_1481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1481_1481"><span class="label">[1481]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 286 <i>et seq.</i> +Varin, pp. 600 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1482_1482" id="Footnote_1482_1482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1482_1482"><span class="label">[1482]</span></a> H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 18. Dom Marlot, +<i>Hist. metrop. Remensis</i>, vol. ii, pp. 709 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1483_1483" id="Footnote_1483_1483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1483_1483"><span class="label">[1483]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 291-292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1484_1484" id="Footnote_1484_1484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1484_1484"><span class="label">[1484]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 291.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1485_1485" id="Footnote_1485_1485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1485_1485"><span class="label">[1485]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 292. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, +pp. 17 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1486_1486" id="Footnote_1486_1486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1486_1486"><span class="label">[1486]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 292, 293. Varin, +<i>Archives de Reims</i>, pp. 910, 912. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, +p. 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1487_1487" id="Footnote_1487_1487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1487_1487"><span class="label">[1487]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 295. H. Jadart, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, pp. 18, 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1488_1488" id="Footnote_1488_1488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1488_1488"><span class="label">[1488]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 451. Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 101, 102. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. +118. Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, vol. x, p. 424. S. Bougenot, <i>Notices et +extraits des manuscrits intéressants l'histoire de France conservés à +la Bibliothèque impériale de Vienne</i>, p. 62. Raynaldi, <i>Annales +ecclesiastici</i>, vol. ix, pp. 77, 78. Morosini, vol. iv, supplement, +xvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1489_1489" id="Footnote_1489_1489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1489_1489"><span class="label">[1489]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 295, 298.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1490_1490" id="Footnote_1490_1490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1490_1490"><span class="label">[1490]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 297. L. Paris, <i>Cabinet historique</i>, 1865, +p. 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1491_1491" id="Footnote_1491_1491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1491_1491"><span class="label">[1491]</span></a> H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1492_1492" id="Footnote_1492_1492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1492_1492"><span class="label">[1492]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 159. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +p. 97; <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 320. <i>Chronique des Cordeliers</i>, +fol. 85, v<sup>o</sup>. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 112. Bergier, <i>Poème sur la +tapisserie de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 112. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Reims</i>, pp. 20, 21. F. Pinon, <i>Notice sur Sept-Saulx</i>, in <i>Travaux de +l'académie de Reims</i>, vol. vi, p. 328.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1493_1493" id="Footnote_1493_1493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1493_1493"><span class="label">[1493]</span></a> J. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, pp. 298 <i>et seq.</i> Dom Marlot, +<i>Histoire de la ville de Reims</i>, vol. iv, Reims, 1846 (4 vol. in 4to), +vol. iii, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1494_1494" id="Footnote_1494_1494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1494_1494"><span class="label">[1494]</span></a> H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1495_1495" id="Footnote_1495_1495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1495_1495"><span class="label">[1495]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 322, 323, note. "This +ritual dates back certainly as far as the 13th century. It is +preserved in the library at Reims in a MS. which appears to have been +written about 1274." Communicated by M. H. Jadart. Varin, <i>Archives de +Reims</i>, vol. i, p. 522. Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Reims</i>, +vol. iii, p. 566, and vol. iv, proofs and illustrations no. 142. H. +Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1496_1496" id="Footnote_1496_1496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1496_1496"><span class="label">[1496]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 321. Perceval de Cagny, +p. 159. Letter from three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +128.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1497_1497" id="Footnote_1497_1497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1497_1497"><span class="label">[1497]</span></a> <i>Pro evitando onus armatorum</i>, <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. +91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1498_1498" id="Footnote_1498_1498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1498_1498"><span class="label">[1498]</span></a> Thirion, <i>Les frais du sacre</i> in <i>Travaux de +l'académie de Reims</i>, 1894. See Varin, <i>Archives de Reims</i>, table of +contents under the word, <i>Sacre</i>. Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de la ville de +Reims</i>, vol. iii, pp. 461, 566, 640, 651, 819; vol. iv, pp. 25, 31, +45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1499_1499" id="Footnote_1499_1499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1499_1499"><span class="label">[1499]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 322, note 1. C. Leber, +<i>Des cérémonies du sacre ou Recherches historiques et antiques sur les +mœurs, les coutumes, les institutions et le droit public des +Français dans l'ancienne monarchie</i>, Paris-Reims, 1825, in 8vo. A. +Lenoble, <i>Histoire du sacre et du couronnement des rois et des reines +de France</i>, Paris, 1825, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1500_1500" id="Footnote_1500_1500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1500_1500"><span class="label">[1500]</span></a> "Et si ipse expectasset habuisset unam coronam +millesies ditiorem," <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 91. Varin, <i>Archives de +Reims</i>, vol. iii, pp. 559 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1501_1501" id="Footnote_1501_1501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1501_1501"><span class="label">[1501]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 113. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 321. Varin, <i>Archives de Reims</i>, vol. ii, p. 569; vol. iii, p. +555.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1502_1502" id="Footnote_1502_1502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1502_1502"><span class="label">[1502]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 129. In 1483, when Louis XI was +dying, he had it brought from Reims to Plessis, "and it was upon his +sideboard at the very time of his death, and his intent was to receive +the same anointing he had received at his coronation, wherefore many +believed that he wished to anoint his whole body, which would have +been impossible, for the said Ampulla is very small and contains +little. I see it at this moment." Commynes, bk. vi, ch. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1503_1503" id="Footnote_1503_1503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1503_1503"><span class="label">[1503]</span></a> Flodoard, <i>Hist. ecclesiae Remensis</i>, in <i>Coll. +Guizot</i>, vol. v, pp. 41 <i>et seq.</i> Eustache Deschamps, Ballade 172, +vol. i, p. 305; vol. ii, p. 104. Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de la ville de +Reims</i>, vol. ii, p. 48, note 1. Vertot, in <i>Académie des +Inscriptions</i>, vol. ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1504_1504" id="Footnote_1504_1504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1504_1504"><span class="label">[1504]</span></a> Froissart, book ii, ch. lxxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1505_1505" id="Footnote_1505_1505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1505_1505"><span class="label">[1505]</span></a> Letters from three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, pp. 127, 129. Monstrelet, vol. iv, ch. lxiv. Perceval de Cagny, p. +159. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 343. <i>Chronique de +Tournai</i> (vol. iii of the <i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>), p. +414. <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. ix, col. 551; vol. xi, col. 698.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1506_1506" id="Footnote_1506_1506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1506_1506"><span class="label">[1506]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 322, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1507_1507" id="Footnote_1507_1507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1507_1507"><span class="label">[1507]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 159. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 114. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 322. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, +p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1508_1508" id="Footnote_1508_1508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1508_1508"><span class="label">[1508]</span></a> Chifletius, <i>De ampula Remensi nova et acurata +disquisitio</i>, Antwerp, 1651, in 4to.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1509_1509" id="Footnote_1509_1509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1509_1509"><span class="label">[1509]</span></a> The first book of Kings according to the Vulgate +(W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1510_1510" id="Footnote_1510_1510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1510_1510"><span class="label">[1510]</span></a> Letter from three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, p. 129. F. Boyer, <i>Variante inédite d'un document sur le sacre de +Charles VII</i>, Clermont and Orléans, 1881.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1511_1511" id="Footnote_1511_1511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1511_1511"><span class="label">[1511]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 104, 300. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 322. Letter from three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 129. Varin, D. Marlot, H. Jadart, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1512_1512" id="Footnote_1512_1512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1512_1512"><span class="label">[1512]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1513_1513" id="Footnote_1513_1513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1513_1513"><span class="label">[1513]</span></a> See <i>post</i>, vol. i, p. + <a href="#Page_i.476">476</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1514_1514" id="Footnote_1514_1514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1514_1514"><span class="label">[1514]</span></a> Letter from three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, p. 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1515_1515" id="Footnote_1515_1515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1515_1515"><span class="label">[1515]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 181. Letter from three +noblemen, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1516_1516" id="Footnote_1516_1516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1516_1516"><span class="label">[1516]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 322, 323. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1517_1517" id="Footnote_1517_1517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1517_1517"><span class="label">[1517]</span></a> Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de la ville de Reims</i>, vol. iv, +p. 175. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1518_1518" id="Footnote_1518_1518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1518_1518"><span class="label">[1518]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 322. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 114. Perceval de Cagny, p. 159. Letter of three noblemen of Anjou, +in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 129. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 97. +Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 99, note +2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1519_1519" id="Footnote_1519_1519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1519_1519"><span class="label">[1519]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 339. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +à Reims</i>, p. 32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1520_1520" id="Footnote_1520_1520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1520_1520"><span class="label">[1520]</span></a> Thirion, <i>Les frais du sacre</i>, in <i>Travaux de +l'Académie de Reims</i>, 1894. Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de la ville de +Reims</i>, vol. iv, p. 45, n. 1. Varin, <i>Arch. adm. de la ville de +Reims</i>, vol. iii, p. 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1521_1521" id="Footnote_1521_1521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1521_1521"><span class="label">[1521]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 198; vol. v, pp. 141, 266. H. +Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, pp. 47, 48. L'abbé Cerf, <i>Le vieux +Reims</i>, 1875, pp. 35 and 110.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1522_1522" id="Footnote_1522_1522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1522_1522"><span class="label">[1522]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 445.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1523_1523" id="Footnote_1523_1523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1523_1523"><span class="label">[1523]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1524_1524" id="Footnote_1524_1524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1524_1524"><span class="label">[1524]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. 1 <i>et seq.</i>; +proofs and illustrations no. li, pp. 97, 100; supplement, pp. 359, +362. Boucher de Molandon, <i>Jacques d'Arc, père de la Pucelle, sa +notabilité personnelle</i>, Orléans, 1885, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1525_1525" id="Footnote_1525_1525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1525_1525"><span class="label">[1525]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 137, 139. In the royal records +this privilege is described as having been granted at Jeanne's +request; in such a request we cannot fail to discern the influence of +her father.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1526_1526" id="Footnote_1526_1526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1526_1526"><span class="label">[1526]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 141, 266, 267.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1527_1527" id="Footnote_1527_1527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1527_1527"><span class="label">[1527]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1528_1528" id="Footnote_1528_1528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1528_1528"><span class="label">[1528]</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Glossarium</i>, under the words <i>Auriacum</i>, +<i>electrum</i>, and <i>leto</i>. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Les anneaux de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de France</i>, vol. +xxx, January, 1867.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1529_1529" id="Footnote_1529_1529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1529_1529"><span class="label">[1529]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 185, 238. Walter Bower, <i>ibid.</i>, +vol. iv, p. 480.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1530_1530" id="Footnote_1530_1530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1530_1530"><span class="label">[1530]</span></a> <i>Sanctissimæ virginis Coletæ vita</i>, Paris, in 8vo, +black letter, undated, leaf 8 on the reverse side. Bollandistes, <i>Acta +sanctorum</i>, March, vol. i, p. 611.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1531_1531" id="Footnote_1531_1531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1531_1531"><span class="label">[1531]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 86, 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1532_1532" id="Footnote_1532_1532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1532_1532"><span class="label">[1532]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 104. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. +37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1533_1533" id="Footnote_1533_1533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1533_1533"><span class="label">[1533]</span></a> "These figures (Goliath and David) must have been +sculptured at the end of the 13th century." (L. Demaison, <i>Notice +historique sur la cathédrale de Reims</i>, s.d. in 4to, p. 44.) The date +of the rose window is 1280 (H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. +44).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1534_1534" id="Footnote_1534_1534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1534_1534"><span class="label">[1534]</span></a> According to the Vulgate. First book of Samuel +according to the Authorized Version (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1535_1535" id="Footnote_1535_1535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1535_1535"><span class="label">[1535]</span></a> 1 Samuel xvii. Where the author quotes direct from the +Vulgate the translator has followed the Douai version (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1536_1536" id="Footnote_1536_1536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1536_1536"><span class="label">[1536]</span></a> See the coronation of David and that of Louis XII by +an unknown painter, about 1498, in the Cluny Museum. H. Bouchot, +<i>L'exposition des primitifs français. La peinture en France sous les +Valois</i>, book ii, figure C.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1537_1537" id="Footnote_1537_1537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1537_1537"><span class="label">[1537]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 126-127. Hennebert, <i>Une lettre +de Jeanne d'Arc aux Tournaisiens</i> in <i>Arch. hist. et litt. du nord de +la France et du midi de la Belgique</i>, nouv. série, vol. i, 1837, p. +525. Facsimile in <i>l'Album des archives départementales</i>, no. 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1538_1538" id="Footnote_1538_1538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1538_1538"><span class="label">[1538]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 82, 83. Eberhard Windecke, p. +61, note 9, p. 108. Christine de Pisan, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 416. +Jorga, <i>Notes et extraits pour servir à l'histoire des croisades au +XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1889-1902. 3 vols. in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1539_1539" id="Footnote_1539_1539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1539_1539"><span class="label">[1539]</span></a> <i>Mémoires du Pape Pie II</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. +514, 515. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 190.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1540_1540" id="Footnote_1540_1540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1540_1540"><span class="label">[1540]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 514, 515. Monstrelet, vol. iv, +p. 340. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 37. Letter from +three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 130. Third account of +Jean Abonnel in De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +404, no. 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1541_1541" id="Footnote_1541_1541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1541_1541"><span class="label">[1541]</span></a> Letter from three noblemen of Anjou, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1542_1542" id="Footnote_1542_1542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1542_1542"><span class="label">[1542]</span></a> The 20th or 21st. Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 348 <i>et +seq.</i> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. II, pp. 404 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1543_1543" id="Footnote_1543_1543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1543_1543"><span class="label">[1543]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 455. <i>Journal +d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 240, 241. Stevenson, <i>Letters and +papers</i>, vol. ii, pp. 101 <i>et seq.</i> Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, vol. iv, part +iv, p. 150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1544_1544" id="Footnote_1544_1544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1544_1544"><span class="label">[1544]</span></a> Archives de Reims, Municipal Accounts, vol. i, years +1428-29. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 141. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 339. H. +Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1545_1545" id="Footnote_1545_1545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1545_1545"><span class="label">[1545]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 199. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 323. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 97. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 114. Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, vol. i, p. 111.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1546_1546" id="Footnote_1546_1546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1546_1546"><span class="label">[1546]</span></a> <span lang="el" title="Transcriber's Note: so in original; does not match other citations to this work"><i>Gallia Christ</i>: ix, pp, 239, 51</span>. Le +Poulle, <i>Notice sur Corbeny, son prieuré, et le pèlerinage de +Saint-Marcoul</i>, Soissons, 1883, 8vo. E. de Barthélèmy, <i>Notice +historique sur le pèlerinage de Saint-Marcoul et Corbeny</i>, in <i>Ann. +Soc. Acad. de Saint-Quentin</i>, 1878.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1547_1547" id="Footnote_1547_1547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1547_1547"><span class="label">[1547]</span></a> A. Du Laurent, <i>De mirabili strumas sanandi vi solis +regibus Galliarum christianissimis divinitus concessa liber</i>, Paris, +1607, 8vo. Cerf, <i>Du toucher des écrouelles par le roi de France</i>, in +<i>Trav. Acad. de Reims</i>, 1865-1867. Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de la ville +de Reims</i>, vol. iii, pp. 196 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1548_1548" id="Footnote_1548_1548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1548_1548"><span class="label">[1548]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 160. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 323, 324. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 98. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 115. <i>Chronique des Cordeliers</i>, fol. 486 r<sup>o</sup>. Morosini, +iii, p. 182, note 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1549_1549" id="Footnote_1549_1549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1549_1549"><span class="label">[1549]</span></a> Bréhal, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 345.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1550_1550" id="Footnote_1550_1550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1550_1550"><span class="label">[1550]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 16, 88. <i>Chronique de +l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 296. Lottin, +<i>Récits historiques sur Orléans</i>, vol. i, p. 279.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1551_1551" id="Footnote_1551_1551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1551_1551"><span class="label">[1551]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 282, 283.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1552_1552" id="Footnote_1552_1552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1552_1552"><span class="label">[1552]</span></a> Tidings of the Deliverance of Orléans sent from Bruges +to Venice the 10th of May (Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 23, 24).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1553_1553" id="Footnote_1553_1553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1553_1553"><span class="label">[1553]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 123, 139, 145, 147, 156, 159, +161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1554_1554" id="Footnote_1554_1554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1554_1554"><span class="label">[1554]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 60, 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1555_1555" id="Footnote_1555_1555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1555_1555"><span class="label">[1555]</span></a> Saint Vincent Ferrier; and Saint Bernardino of Siena.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1556_1556" id="Footnote_1556_1556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1556_1556"><span class="label">[1556]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, p. + <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1557_1557" id="Footnote_1557_1557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1557_1557"><span class="label">[1557]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1558_1558" id="Footnote_1558_1558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1558_1558"><span class="label">[1558]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 52-53. See <i>ante</i>, p. + <a href="#Page_i.184">184</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1559_1559" id="Footnote_1559_1559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1559_1559"><span class="label">[1559]</span></a> L. Delisle, <i>Un nouveau témoignage relatif à la +mission de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, +vol. xlvi, p. 649. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'Église de son +temps</i>, pp. 57, 58.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1560_1560" id="Footnote_1560_1560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1560_1560"><span class="label">[1560]</span></a> Letter written by the agents of a town or of a prince +of Germany, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 351.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1561_1561" id="Footnote_1561_1561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1561_1561"><span class="label">[1561]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 38, 46, 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1562_1562" id="Footnote_1562_1562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1562_1562"><span class="label">[1562]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 64, 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1563_1563" id="Footnote_1563_1563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1563_1563"><span class="label">[1563]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 144 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1564_1564" id="Footnote_1564_1564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1564_1564"><span class="label">[1564]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 150, 153.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1565_1565" id="Footnote_1565_1565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1565_1565"><span class="label">[1565]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 166, 167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1566_1566" id="Footnote_1566_1566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1566_1566"><span class="label">[1566]</span></a> Fragment of a letter on the marvels in Poitou, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 121, 122. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, +<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 343.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1567_1567" id="Footnote_1567_1567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1567_1567"><span class="label">[1567]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 78, note 1. Eberhard Windecke, +<i>passim</i>. Fauché-Prunelle, <i>Lettres tirées des archives de Grenoble</i> +in <i>Bull. Acad. delph.</i>, vol. ii, 1847, 1849, pp. 459, 460. Letter +written by deputies, agents of a German town, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +347. Letter from Jean Desch, Secretary of the town of Metz, <i>ibid.</i>, +pp. 352, 355.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1568_1568" id="Footnote_1568_1568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1568_1568"><span class="label">[1568]</span></a> Letters from Perceval de Boulainvilliers to the Duke +of Milan, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 114, 116.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1569_1569" id="Footnote_1569_1569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1569_1569"><span class="label">[1569]</span></a> Anonymous poem on the coming of the Maid and the +Deliverance of Orléans, <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 27, line 70 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1570_1570" id="Footnote_1570_1570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1570_1570"><span class="label">[1570]</span></a> "<i>In nocte Epiphaniarum</i>," says the letter from +Perceval de Boulainvilliers (<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 116), that is, Jan. +6. For centuries, even after the fourth century, the birth of our Lord +was celebrated on that day. In France it was the Feast of Kings and +then was sung the anthem: <i>Magi videntes stellam</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1571_1571" id="Footnote_1571_1571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1571_1571"><span class="label">[1571]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 116, 192. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 273. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 47. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 67. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, pp. +336, 337. Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, vol. i, p. 96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1572_1572" id="Footnote_1572_1572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1572_1572"><span class="label">[1572]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 103, 116, 209, <i>passim</i>. +<i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 48. Th. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +i, p. 68. <i>Mirouer des femmes vertueuses</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +271. Pierre Sala, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 280. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 104. +Eberhard Windecke, p. 153.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1573_1573" id="Footnote_1573_1573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1573_1573"><span class="label">[1573]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 294. <i>Chronique de +l'établissement de la fête</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 294.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1574_1574" id="Footnote_1574_1574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1574_1574"><span class="label">[1574]</span></a> AA. SS., April 3rd. Didron, <i>Iconographie chrétienne</i>, +pp. 438, 439. Alba Mignati, <i>Sainte Catherine de Sienne</i>, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1575_1575" id="Footnote_1575_1575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1575_1575"><span class="label">[1575]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1576_1576" id="Footnote_1576_1576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1576_1576"><span class="label">[1576]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 116, 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1577_1577" id="Footnote_1577_1577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1577_1577"><span class="label">[1577]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 55, 84 <i>et seq.</i>, 133, 174, 232, +251, 252, 254, 331; vol. iii, pp. 99, 205, 254, 257, <i>passim</i>. +<i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 34, 44, 45, 48. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. +212, 295. Perceval de Cagny, p. 141. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 320. +Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 143. The Clerk of the Chamber of +Accounts of Brabant, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 426. <i>Chronique de +Tournai</i> (vol. iii, <i>du recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>), p. 411. +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1578_1578" id="Footnote_1578_1578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1578_1578"><span class="label">[1578]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1579_1579" id="Footnote_1579_1579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1579_1579"><span class="label">[1579]</span></a> Brother Pasquerel's evidence, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. +102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1580_1580" id="Footnote_1580_1580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1580_1580"><span class="label">[1580]</span></a> Anonymous poem on the Maid, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 38, +lines 105 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1581_1581" id="Footnote_1581_1581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1581_1581"><span class="label">[1581]</span></a> Evidence of J. Luillier and Brother Pasquerel, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 25, 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1582_1582" id="Footnote_1582_1582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1582_1582"><span class="label">[1582]</span></a> The <i>Golden Legend</i>. Life of Saint Ambrose.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1583_1583" id="Footnote_1583_1583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1583_1583"><span class="label">[1583]</span></a> Abbé J. Th. Bizouard, <i>Histoire de sainte Colette et +des clarisses en Franche-Comté, d'après des documents inédits et des +traditions locales</i>, Paris, 1888, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1584_1584" id="Footnote_1584_1584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1584_1584"><span class="label">[1584]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 148, 156. Eberhard Windecke, +pp. 103, 105, 187. Noël Valois, <i>Un nouveau témoignage sur Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1585_1585" id="Footnote_1585_1585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1585_1585"><span class="label">[1585]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations</i>, pp. 220, +222. Théodore de Leliis, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 39, 42. Le P. +Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'Église de son temps</i>, p. 342. Abbé +Hyacinthe Chassagnon, <i>Les voix de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Lyon 1896, in 8vo, +pp. 312, 313.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1586_1586" id="Footnote_1586_1586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1586_1586"><span class="label">[1586]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 138 <i>et seq.</i> Morosini, vol. +iii, pp. 62-63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1587_1587" id="Footnote_1587_1587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1587_1587"><span class="label">[1587]</span></a> The monastery of the Premonstratensians, near Laon, +was founded in 1122, by St. Norbert (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1588_1588" id="Footnote_1588_1588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1588_1588"><span class="label">[1588]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 422 <i>et seq.</i>, 433, 434, 465; +vol. v, pp. 475, 476.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1589_1589" id="Footnote_1589_1589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1589_1589"><span class="label">[1589]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 44. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1590_1590" id="Footnote_1590_1590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1590_1590"><span class="label">[1590]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, p. 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1591_1591" id="Footnote_1591_1591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1591_1591"><span class="label">[1591]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1592_1592" id="Footnote_1592_1592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1592_1592"><span class="label">[1592]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1593_1593" id="Footnote_1593_1593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1593_1593"><span class="label">[1593]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1594_1594" id="Footnote_1594_1594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1594_1594"><span class="label">[1594]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 76, 234. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 277. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 69, 70. +<i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 49, 50. <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, +pp. 337, 338. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 108, 109. Abbé Bourassé, <i>Les +miracles de Madame Sainte Katerine</i>, Introduction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1595_1595" id="Footnote_1595_1595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1595_1595"><span class="label">[1595]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 160, 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1596_1596" id="Footnote_1596_1596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1596_1596"><span class="label">[1596]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1597_1597" id="Footnote_1597_1597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1597_1597"><span class="label">[1597]</span></a> Dom Marlot, <i>Histoire de l'Église de Reims</i>, vol. iv, +p. 175. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, appendix xvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1598_1598" id="Footnote_1598_1598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1598_1598"><span class="label">[1598]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 104.</p></div> + + +<p><a name="joan2" id="joan2"></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<br /> +</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="V2Bedford"> +<img src="images/image07.jpg" width="239" height="400" alt="Duke of Bedford" title="Duke of Bedford" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Duke of Bedford<br /> +from The Bedford Missal</b></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.v" id="V2Page_ii.v">[Pg ii.v]</a></span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Vol. II</span></h3> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr><td style="text-align: left">CHAP.</td><td style="text-align: left"> </td><td style="text-align: right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">I.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_I">The Royal Army from Soissons to Compiègne. Poem and Prophecy</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">II.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_II">The Maid's First Visit to Compiègne. The Three Popes. Saint-Denys. Truces</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">III.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_III">The Attack on Paris</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IV.<br /> + </td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_IV">The Taking Of Saint-Pierre-le-Moustier. Friar Richard's Spiritual Daughters.<br /> + The Siege of La Charité</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><br /> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">V.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_V">Letter to the Citizens of Reims. Letter to the Hussites. Departure from Sully</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VI.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_VI">The Maid in the Trenches of Melun. Le Seigneur de l'Ours. The Child of Lagny</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_VII">Soissons and Compiègne. Capture of the Maid</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">VIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_VIII">The Maid at Beaulieu. The Shepherd of Gévaudan</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IX.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_IX">The Maid at Beaurevoir. Catherine de la Rochelle at Paris. Execution of La Pierronne</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">X.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_X">Beaurevoir. Arras. Rouen. The Trial for Lapse</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.188">188</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XI.</td><td style="text-align: left"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">The Trial for Lapse</span> (<i>continued</i>)</a></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.227">227</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XII.</td><td style="text-align: left"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">The Trial for Lapse</span> (<i>continued</i>)</a></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIII.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XIII">The Abjuration. The First Sentence</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XIV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XIV">The Trial for Relapse. Second Sentence. Death of the Maid</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.323">323</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.vi" id="V2Page_ii.vi">[Pg ii.vi]</a></span>XV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2CHAPTER_XV">After the Death of the Maid. The End of the Shepherd. La Dame des Armoises</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.343">343</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">XVI.<br /> + <br /> + </td><td style="text-align: left"><a href="#V2CHAPTER_XVI"><span class="smcap">After the Death of the Maid</span> (<i>continued</i>). <span class="smcap">The Rouen Judges at the Council of Bâle<br /> + and the Pragmatic Sanction. The Rehabilitation Trial. The Maid of Sarmaize.<br /> + The Maid of Le Mans</span></a></td><td style="text-align: right"><br /> + <br /> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.378">378</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right"> </td><td style="text-align: center"><b> + <a href="#V2APPENDICES">APPENDICES</a></b></td><td style="text-align: right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">I.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_I">Letter from Doctor G. Dumas</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">II.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_II">The Farrier of Salon</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">III.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_III">Martin de Gallardon</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.413">413</a></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right">IV.</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap"> + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_IV">Iconographical Note</a></span></td><td style="text-align: right"> + <a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#V2LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">List of Illustrations</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#V2FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joan1">Volume I</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joanindex">Index</a></b></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.vii" id="V2Page_ii.vii">[Pg ii.vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="V2LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Vol. II</span></h3> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#V2Bedford">The Duke of Bedford</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From the Bedford Missal.</span></td> + <td><i>Frontispiece</i><br /> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>To face page</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#V2Philip">Philip, Duke of Burgundy</a></span></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#V2Henry">Henry VI</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From a portrait in the "Election Chamber" at Eton, reproduced by permission of the Provost.</span></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#V2Page_ii.194">194</a><br /> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#V2Bastard">The Bastard of Orléans</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From an old engraving.</span></td> + <td style="text-align: right"><a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> </td> + </tr> +</tbody> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.1" id="V2Page_ii.1">[Pg ii.1]</a></span></p> +<h2>JOAN OF ARC</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_I" id="V2CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>THE ROYAL ARMY FROM SOISSONS TO COMPIÈGNE—POEM AND PROPHECY</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N the 22nd of July, King Charles, marching with his army down the +valley of the Aisne, in a place called Vailly, received the keys of +the town of Soissons.<a name="V2FNanchor_1_1" id="V2FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>This town constituted a part of the Duchy of Valois, held jointly by +the Houses of Orléans and of Bar.<a name="V2FNanchor_2_2" id="V2FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Of its dukes, one was a prisoner +in the hands of the English; the other was connected with the French +party through his brother-in-law, King Charles, and with the +Burgundian party through his father-in-law, the Duke of Lorraine. No +wonder the fealty of the townsfolk was somewhat vacillating; +downtrodden by men-at-arms, forever taken and retaken, red caps and +white caps alternately ran the danger of being cast into the river. +The Burgundians set fire to the houses, pillaged the churches, +chastised the most notable burgesses; then came the Armagnacs, who +sacked everything, made great slaughter of men, women, and children,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.2" id="V2Page_ii.2">[Pg ii.2]</a></span> +ravished nuns, worthy wives, and honest maids. The Saracens could not +have done worse.<a name="V2FNanchor_3_3" id="V2FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> City dames had been seen making sacks in which +Burgundians were to be sewn up and thrown into the Aisne.<a name="V2FNanchor_4_4" id="V2FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>King Charles made his entry into the city on Saturday the 23rd, in the +morning.<a name="V2FNanchor_5_5" id="V2FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The red caps went into hiding. The bells pealed, the folk +cried "Noël," and the burgesses proffered the King two barbels, six +sheep and six gallons of "<i>bon suret</i>,"<a name="V2FNanchor_6_6" id="V2FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> begging the King to forgive +its being so little, but the war had ruined them.<a name="V2FNanchor_7_7" id="V2FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> They, like the +people of Troyes, refused to open their gates to the men-at-arms, by +virtue of their privileges, and because they had not food enough for +their support. The army encamped in the plain of Amblény.<a name="V2FNanchor_8_8" id="V2FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>It would seem that at that time the leaders of the royal army had the +intention of marching on Compiègne. Indeed it was important to capture +this town from Duke Philip, for it was the key to l'Île-de-France and +ought to be taken before the Duke had time to bring up an army. But +throughout this campaign the King of France was resolved to recapture<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.3" id="V2Page_ii.3">[Pg ii.3]</a></span> +his towns rather by diplomacy and persuasion than by force. Between +the 22nd and the 25th of July he three times summoned the inhabitants +of Compiègne to surrender. Being desirous to gain time and to have the +air of being constrained, they entered into negotiations.<a name="V2FNanchor_9_9" id="V2FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Having quitted Soissons, the royal army reached Château-Thierry on the +29th. All day it waited for the town to open its gates. In the evening +the King entered.<a name="V2FNanchor_10_10" id="V2FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Coulommiers, Crécy-en-Brie, and Provins +submitted.<a name="V2FNanchor_11_11" id="V2FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>On Monday, the 1st of August, the King crossed the Marne, over the +Château-Thierry Bridge, and that same day took up his quarters at +Montmirail. On the morrow he gained Provins and came within a short +distance of the passage of the Seine and the high-roads of central +France.<a name="V2FNanchor_12_12" id="V2FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The army was sore anhungered, finding nought to eat in +these ravaged fields and pillaged cities. Through lack of victuals +preparations were being made for retreat into Poitou. But this design +was thwarted by the English. While ungarrisoned towns were being +reduced, the English Regent had been gathering an army. It was now +advancing on Corbeil and Melun. On its approach the French gained La +Motte-Nangis, some twelve miles from Provins, where they took up their +position<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.4" id="V2Page_ii.4">[Pg ii.4]</a></span> on ground flat and level, such as was convenient for the +fighting of a battle, as battles were fought in those days. For one +whole day they remained in battle array. There was no sign of the +English coming to attack them.<a name="V2FNanchor_13_13" id="V2FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the people of Reims received tidings that King Charles was +leaving Château-Thierry and was about to cross the Seine. Believing +that they had been abandoned, they were afraid lest the English and +Burgundians should make them pay dearly for the coronation of the King +of the Armagnacs; and in truth they stood in great danger. On the 3rd +of August, they resolved to send a message to King Charles to entreat +him not to forsake those cities which had submitted to him. The city's +herald set out forthwith. On the morrow they sent word to their good +friends of Châlons and of Laon, how they had heard that King Charles +was wending towards Orléans and Bourges, and how they had sent him a +message.<a name="V2FNanchor_14_14" id="V2FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<p>On the 5th of August, while the King is still at Provins<a name="V2FNanchor_15_15" id="V2FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> or in the +neighbourhood, Jeanne addresses to the townsfolk of Reims a letter +dated from the camp, on the road to Paris. Herein she promises not to +desert her friends faithful and beloved. She appears to have no +suspicion of the projected retreat on the Loire. Wherefore it is clear +that the magis<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.5" id="V2Page_ii.5">[Pg ii.5]</a></span>trates of Reims have not written to her and that she is +not admitted to the royal counsels. She has been instructed, however, +that the King has concluded a fifteen days' truce with the Duke of +Burgundy, and thereof she informs the citizens of Reims. This truce is +displeasing to her; and she doubts whether she will observe it. If she +does observe it, it will be solely on account of the King's honour; +and even then she must be persuaded that there is no trickery in it. +She will therefore keep the royal army together and in readiness to +march at the end of the fifteen days. She closes her letter with a +recommendation to the townsfolk to keep good guard and to send her +word if they have need of her.</p> + +<p>Here is the letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Good friends and beloved, ye good and loyal French of the +city of Rains, Jehanne the Maid lets you wit of her tidings +and prays and requires you not to doubt the good cause she +maintains for the Blood Royal; and I promise and assure you +that I will never forsake you as long as I shall live. It is +true that the King has made truce with the Duke of Burgundy +for the space of fifteen days, by which he is to surrender +peaceably the city of Paris at the end of fifteen days. +Notwithstanding, marvel ye not if I do not straightway enter +into it, for truces thus made are not pleasing unto me, and +I know not whether I shall keep them; but if I keep them it +will be solely to maintain the King's honour; and further +they shall not ensnare the Royal Blood, for I will keep and +maintain together the King's army that it be ready at the +end of fifteen days, if they make not peace. Wherefore my +beloved and perfect friends, I pray ye to be in no +disquietude as long as I shall live; but I require you to +keep good watch and to defend well the good city of the +King; and to make known unto me if there be any traitors who +would do you hurt, and, as speedily as I may, I will take +them out from among you;<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.6" id="V2Page_ii.6">[Pg ii.6]</a></span> and send me of your tidings. To +God I commend you. May he have you in his keeping."</p> + +<p>Written this Friday, 5th day of August, near Provins,<a name="V2FNanchor_16_16" id="V2FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> a +camp in the country or on the Paris road. Addressed to: the +loyal French of the town of Rains.<a name="V2FNanchor_17_17" id="V2FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p></div> + +<p>It cannot be doubted that the monk who acted as scribe wrote down +faithfully what was dictated to him, and reproduced the Maid's very +words, even her Lorraine dialect. She had then attained to the very +highest degree of heroic saintliness. Here, in this letter, she takes +to herself a supernatural power, to which the King, his Councillors +and his Captains must submit. She ascribes to herself alone the right +of recognising or denouncing treaties; she disposes entirely of the +army. And, because she commands in the name of the King of Heaven, her +commands are absolute. There is happening to her what necessarily +happens to all those who believe themselves entrusted with a divine +mission; they constitute themselves a spiritual and temporal power +superior to the established powers and inevitably hostile to them. A +dangerous illusion and productive of shocks in which the illuminated +are generally the worst sufferers! Every day of her life living and +holding converse with saints and angels, moving in the splendour of +the Church Triumphant, this young peasant girl came to believe that in +her resided all strength, all prudence, all wisdom and all counsel. +This does not mean that she was lacking in intelli<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.7" id="V2Page_ii.7">[Pg ii.7]</a></span>gence; on the +contrary she rightly perceived that the Duke of Burgundy, with his +embassies, was but playing with the King and that Charles was being +tricked by a Prince, who knew how to disguise his craft in +magnificence. Not that Duke Philip was an enemy of peace; on the +contrary he desired it, but he was desirous not to come to an open +quarrel with the English. Jeanne knew little of the affairs of +Burgundy and of France, but her judgment was none the less sound. +Concerning the relative positions of the Kings of France and England, +between whom there could be no agreement, since the matter in dispute +was the possession of the kingdom, her ideas were very simple but very +correct. Equally accurate were her views of the position of the King +of France with regard to his great vassal, the Duke of Burgundy, with +whom an understanding was not only possible and desirable, but +necessary. She pronounced thereupon in a perfectly straightforward +fashion: On the one hand there is peace with the Burgundians and on +the other peace with the English; concerning the peace with the Duke +of Burgundy, by letters and by ambassadors have I required him to come +to terms with the King; as for the English, the only way of making +peace with them is for them to go back to their country, to +England.<a name="V2FNanchor_18_18" id="V2FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>This truce that so highly displeased her we know not when it was +concluded, whether at Soissons or Château-Thierry, on the 30th or 31st +of July, or at Provins between the 2nd and 5th of August.<a name="V2FNanchor_19_19" id="V2FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> It would +appear that it was to last fifteen days, at the end of which time the +Duke was to undertake to<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.8" id="V2Page_ii.8">[Pg ii.8]</a></span> surrender Paris to the King of France. The +Maid had good reason for her mistrust.</p> + +<p>When the Regent withdrew before him, King Charles eagerly returned to +his plan of retreating into Poitou. From La Motte-Nangis he sent his +quartermasters to Bray-sur-Seine, which had just submitted. Situated +above Montereau and ten miles south of Provins, this town had a bridge +over the river, across which the royal army was to pass on the 5th of +August or in the morning of the 6th; but the English came by night, +overcame the quartermasters and took possession of the bridge; with +its retreat cut off, the royal army had to retrace its march.<a name="V2FNanchor_20_20" id="V2FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> + +<p>Within this army, which had not fought and which was being devoured by +hunger, there existed a party of zealots, led by those whom Jeanne +fondly called the Royal Blood.<a name="V2FNanchor_21_21" id="V2FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> They were the Duke of Alençon, the +Duke of Bourbon, the Count of Vendôme, and likewise the Duke of Bar, +who had just come from the War of the Apple Baskets.<a name="V2FNanchor_22_22" id="V2FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> Before he +took to painting pictures and writing moralities in rhyme, this young +son of the Lady Yolande had been a warrior. Duke of Bar and heir of +Lorraine, he had been forced to join the English and Burgundians. +Brother-in-law of King Charles, he must needs rejoice when the latter +was victorious, because, but for that victory, he would never have +been able to range himself on the side of the Queen, his sister, for +which he would have been very sorry.<a name="V2FNanchor_23_23" id="V2FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.9" id="V2Page_ii.9">[Pg ii.9]</a></span> Jeanne knew him; not long +before, she had asked the Duke of Lorraine to send him with her into +France.<a name="V2FNanchor_24_24" id="V2FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> He was said to have been one of those who of their own +free will followed her to Paris. Among the others were the two sons of +the Lady of Laval, Gui, the eldest to whom she had offered wine at +Selles-en-Berry, promising soon to give him to drink at Paris, and +André, who afterwards became Marshal of Lohéac.<a name="V2FNanchor_25_25" id="V2FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> This was the army +of the Maid: a band of youths, scarcely more than children, who ranged +their banners side by side with the banner of a girl younger than +they, but more innocent and better.</p> + +<p>On learning that the retreat had been cut off, it is said that these +youthful princes were well content and glad.<a name="V2FNanchor_26_26" id="V2FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> This was valour and +zeal; but it was a curious position and a false when the knighthood +wished for war while the royal council was desiring to treat, and when +the knighthood actually rejoiced at the campaign being prolonged by +the enemy and at the royal army being cornered by the <i>Godons</i>. +Unhappily this war party could boast of no very able adherents; and +the favourable opportunity had been lost, the Regent had been allowed +time to collect his forces and to cope with the most pressing +dangers.<a name="V2FNanchor_27_27" id="V2FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>Its retreat cut off, the royal army fell back on Brie. On the morning +of Sunday, the 7th, it was at Coulommiers; it recrossed the Marne at +Château-<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.10" id="V2Page_ii.10">[Pg ii.10]</a></span>Thierry.<a name="V2FNanchor_28_28" id="V2FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> King Charles received a message from the +inhabitants of Reims, entreating him to draw nearer to them.<a name="V2FNanchor_29_29" id="V2FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> He +was at La Ferté on the 10th, on the 11th at Crépy in Valois.<a name="V2FNanchor_30_30" id="V2FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> + +<p>At one stage of the march on La Ferté and Crépy, the Maid was riding +in company with the King, between the Archbishop of Reims and my Lord +the Bastard. Beholding the people hastening to come before the King +and crying "Noël!" she exclaimed: "Good people! Never have I seen folk +so glad at the coming of the fair King...."<a name="V2FNanchor_31_31" id="V2FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>These peasants of Valois and of l'Île de France, who cried "Noël!" on +the coming of King Charles, in like manner hailed the Regent and the +Duke of Burgundy when they passed. Doubtless they were not so glad as +they seemed to Jeanne, and if the little Saint had listened at the +doors of their poor homes, this is about what she would have heard: +"What shall we do? Let us surrender our all to the devil. It matters +not what shall become of us, for, through treason and bad government, +we must needs forsake our wives and children and flee into the woods, +like wild beasts. And it is not one year or two but fourteen or +fifteen since we have been led this unhappy dance. And most of the +great nobles of France have died by the sword, or unconfessed have +fallen victims to poison or to treachery, or in short have perished by +some manner of violent death. Better for us would it have been to +serve Saracens than Christians. Whether one lives badly or well it<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.11" id="V2Page_ii.11">[Pg ii.11]</a></span> +comes to the same thing. Let us do all the evil that lieth in our +power. No worse can happen to us than to be slain or taken."<a name="V2FNanchor_32_32" id="V2FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<p>It was only in the neighbourhood of towns or close to fortresses and +castles, within sight of the watchman's eye as he looked from the top +of tower or belfry, that land was cultivated. On the approach of +men-at-arms, the watchman rang his bell or sounded his horn to warn +the vine-dressers or the ploughmen to flee to a place of safety. In +many districts the alarm bell was so frequent that oxen, sheep, and +pigs, of their own accord went into hiding, as soon as they heard +it.<a name="V2FNanchor_33_33" id="V2FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p>In the plains especially, which were easy of access, the Armagnacs and +the English had destroyed everything. For some distance from Beauvais, +from Senlis, from Soissons, from Laon, they had caused the fields to +lie fallow, and here and there shrubs and underwood were springing up +over land once cultivated.—"Noël! Noël!"</p> + +<p>Throughout the duchy of Valois, the peasants were abandoning the open +country and hiding in woods, rocks, and quarries.<a name="V2FNanchor_34_34" id="V2FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.12" id="V2Page_ii.12">[Pg ii.12]</a></span></p> +<p>Many, in order to gain a livelihood, did like Jean de Bonval, the +tailor of Noyant near Soissons, who, despite wife and children, joined +a Burgundian band, which went up and down the country thieving, +pillaging, and, when occasion offered, smoking out the folk who had +taken refuge in churches. On one day Jean and his comrades took two +hogsheads of corn, on another six or seven cows; on another a goat and +a cow, on another a silver belt, a pair of gloves and a pair of shoes; +on another a bale of eighteen ells of cloth to make cloaks withal. And +Jean de Bonval said that within his knowledge many a man of worship +did as much.<a name="V2FNanchor_35_35" id="V2FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>—"Noël! Noël!"</p> + +<p>The Armagnacs and Burgundians had torn the coats off the peasants' +backs and seized even their pots and pans. It was not far from Crépy +to Meaux. Every one in that country had heard of the Tree of Vauru.</p> + +<p>At one of the gates of the town of Meaux was a great elm, whereon the +Bastard of Vauru, a Gascon noble of the Dauphin's party, used to hang +the peasants he had taken, when they could not pay their ransom. When +he had no executioner at hand he used to hang them himself. With him +there lived a kinsman, my Lord Denis de Vauru, who was called his +cousin, not that he was so in fact, but just to show that one was no +better than the other.<a name="V2FNanchor_36_36" id="V2FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> In the month of March, in the year 1420, my +Lord Denis, on one of his expeditions, came across a peasant tilling +the ground. He took him prisoner, held him to ransom, and, tying him +to his horse's tail, dragged him back<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.13" id="V2Page_ii.13">[Pg ii.13]</a></span> to Meaux, where, by threats and +torture, he exacted from him a promise to pay three times as much as +he possessed. Dragged half dead from his dungeon, the villein sent to +the wife he had married that year to ask her to bring the sum demanded +by the lord. She was with child, and near the time of her delivery; +notwithstanding, she came because she loved her husband and hoped to +soften the heart of the Lord of Vauru. She failed; and Messire Denis +told her that if by a certain day he did not receive the ransom, he +would hang the man from the elm-tree. The poor woman went away in +tears, fondly commending her husband to God's keeping. And her husband +wept for pity of her. By a great effort, she succeeded in obtaining +the sum demanded, but not by the day appointed. When she returned, her +husband had been hanged from the Vauru Tree without respite or mercy. +With bitter sobs she asked for him, and then fell exhausted by the +side of that road, which, on the point of her delivery, she had +traversed on foot. Having regained consciousness, a second time she +asked for her husband. She was told that she would not see him till +the ransom had been paid.</p> + +<p>While she was before the Gascon, there in sight of her were brought +forth several craftsmen, held to ransom, who, unable to pay, were +straightway despatched to be hanged or drowned. At this spectacle a +great fear for her husband came over her; nevertheless, her love for +him gave her heart of courage and she paid the ransom. As soon as the +Duke's men had counted the coins, they dismissed her saying that her +husband had died like the other villeins.</p> + +<p>At those cruel words, wild with sorrow and despair, she broke forth +into curses and railing. When she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.14" id="V2Page_ii.14">[Pg ii.14]</a></span> refused to be silent, the Bastard +of Vauru had her beaten and taken to the Elm-tree.</p> + +<p>There she was stripped to the waist and tied to the Tree, whence hung +forty to fifty men, some from the higher, some from the lower +branches, so that, when the wind blew, their bodies touched her head. +At nightfall she uttered shrieks so piercing that they were heard in +the town. But whosoever had dared to go and unloose her would have +been a dead man. Fright, fatigue, and exertion brought on her +delivery. The wolves, attracted by her cries, came and consumed the +fruit of her womb, and then devoured alive the body of the wretched +creature.</p> + +<p>In 1422, the town of Meaux was taken by the Burgundians. Then were the +Bastard of Vauru and his cousin hanged from that Tree on which they +had caused so many innocent folk to die so shameful a death.<a name="V2FNanchor_37_37" id="V2FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> + +<p>For the poor peasants of these unhappy lands, whether Armagnac or +Burgundian, it was all of a piece; they had nothing to gain by +changing masters. Nevertheless, it is possible that, on beholding the +King, the descendant of Saint Louis and Charles the Wise, they may +have taken heart of courage and of hope, so great was the fame for +justice and for mercy of the illustrious house of France.</p> + +<p>Thus, riding by the side of the Archbishop of Reims, the Maid looked +with a friendly eye on the peasants crying "Noël!" After saying that +she had nowhere seen folk so joyful at the coming of the fair King, +she sighed: "Would to God I were so fortunate as, when I die, to find +burial in this land."<a name="V2FNanchor_38_38" id="V2FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.15" id="V2Page_ii.15">[Pg ii.15]</a></span></p> +<p>Peradventure the Lord Archbishop was curious to know whether from her +Voices she had received any revelation concerning her approaching +death. She often said that she would not last long. Doubtless he was +acquainted with a prophecy widely known at that time, that the maid +would die in the Holy Land, after having reconquered with King Charles +the sepulchre of our Lord. There were those who attributed this +prophecy to the Maid herself; for she had told her Confessor that she +would die in battle with the Infidel, and that after her God would +send a Maid of Rome who would take her place.<a name="V2FNanchor_39_39" id="V2FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> And it is obvious +that Messire Regnault knew what store to set on such things. At any +rate, for that reason or for another, he asked: "Jeanne, in what place +look you for to die?"</p> + +<p>To which she made answer: "Where it shall please God. For I am sure +neither of the time nor of the place, and I know no more thereof than +you."</p> + +<p>No answer could have been more devout. My Lord the Bastard, who was +present at this conversation, many years later thought he remembered +that Jeanne had added: "But I would it were now God's pleasure for me +to retire, leaving my arms, and to go and serve my father and mother, +keeping sheep with my brethren and sister."<a name="V2FNanchor_40_40" id="V2FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<p>If she really spoke thus, it was doubtless because<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.16" id="V2Page_ii.16">[Pg ii.16]</a></span> she was haunted by +dark forebodings. For some time she had believed herself betrayed.<a name="V2FNanchor_41_41" id="V2FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> +Possibly she suspected the Lord Archbishop of Reims of wishing her +ill. But it is hard to believe that he can have thought of getting rid +of her now when he had employed her with such signal success; rather +his intention was to make further use of her. Nevertheless he did not +like her, and she felt it. He never consulted her and never told her +what had been decided in council. And she suffered cruelly from the +small account made of the revelations she was always receiving so +abundantly. May we not interpret as a subtle and delicate reproach the +utterance in his presence of this wish, this complaint? Doubtless she +longed for her absent mother. And yet she was mistaken when she +thought that henceforth she could endure the tranquil life of a +village maiden. In her childhood at Domremy she seldom went to tend +the flocks in the field; she preferred to occupy herself in household +affairs;<a name="V2FNanchor_42_42" id="V2FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> but if, after having waged war beside the King and the +nobles, she had had to return to her country and keep sheep, she would +not have stayed there six months. Henceforth it was impossible for her +to live save with that knighthood, to whose company she believed God +had called her. All her heart was there, and she had finished with the +distaff.</p> + +<p>During the march on La Ferté and Crépy, King Charles received a +challenge from the Regent, then at Montereau with his baronage, +calling upon him to fix a meeting at whatsoever place he should +appoint.<a name="V2FNanchor_43_43" id="V2FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> "We, who with all our hearts," said the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.17" id="V2Page_ii.17">[Pg ii.17]</a></span> Duke of Bedford, +"desire the end of the war, summon and require you, if you have pity +and compassion on the poor folk, who in your cause have so long time +been cruelly treated, downtrodden, and oppressed, to appoint a place +suitable either in this land of Brie, where we both are, or in +l'Île-de-France. There will we meet. And if you have any proposal of +peace to make unto us, we will listen to it and as beseemeth a good +Catholic prince we will take counsel thereon."<a name="V2FNanchor_44_44" id="V2FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> + +<p>This arrogant and insulting letter had not been penned by the Regent +in any desire or hope of peace, but rather, against all reason, to +throw on King Charles's shoulders the responsibility for the miseries +and suffering the war was causing the commonalty.</p> + +<p>Writing to the King crowned in Reims Cathedral, from the beginning he +addresses him in this disdainful manner: "You who were accustomed to +call yourself Dauphin of Viennois and who now without reason take unto +yourself the title of King." He declares that he wants peace and then +adds forthwith: "Not a peace hollow, corrupt, feigned, violated, +perjured, like that of Montereau, on which, by your fault and your +consent, there followed that terrible and detestable murder, committed +contrary to all law and honour of knighthood, on the person of our +late dear and greatly loved Father, Jean, Duke of Burgundy."<a name="V2FNanchor_45_45" id="V2FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<p>My Lord of Bedford had married one of the daughters of that Duke Jean, +who had been treacherously murdered in revenge for the assassination +of the Duke of Orléans. But indeed it was not wisely to prepare the +way of peace to cast the crime of Montereau in<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.18" id="V2Page_ii.18">[Pg ii.18]</a></span> the face of Charles of +Valois, who had been dragged there as a child and with whom there had +remained ever after a physical trembling and a haunting fear of +crossing bridges.<a name="V2FNanchor_46_46" id="V2FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> + +<p>For the moment the Duke of Bedford's most serious grievance against +Charles was that he was accompanied by the Maid and Friar Richard. +"You cause the ignorant folk to be seduced and deceived," he said, +"for you are supported by superstitious and reprobate persons, such as +this woman of ill fame and disorderly life, wearing man's attire and +dissolute in manners, and likewise by that apostate and seditious +mendicant friar, they both alike being, according to Holy Scripture, +abominable in the sight of God."</p> + +<p>To strike still greater shame into the heart of the enemy, the Duke of +Bedford proceeds to a second attack on the maiden and the monk. And in +the most eloquent passage of the letter, when he is citing Charles of +Valois to appear before him, he says ironically that he expects to see +him come led by this woman of ill fame and this apostate monk.<a name="V2FNanchor_47_47" id="V2FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p>Thus wrote the Regent of England; albeit he had a mind, subtle, +moderate, and graceful, he was moreover a good Catholic and a believer +in all manner of devilry and witchcraft.</p> + +<p>His horror at the army of Charles of Valois being commanded by a witch +and a heretic monk was certainly sincere, and he deemed it wise to +publish the scandal. There were doubtless only too many, who, like +him, were ready to believe that the Maid of the Armagnacs was a +heretic, a worshipper of idols<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.19" id="V2Page_ii.19">[Pg ii.19]</a></span> and given to the practice of magic. In +the opinion of many worthy and wise Burgundians a prince must forfeit +his honour by keeping such company. And if Jeanne were in very deed a +witch, what a disgrace! What an abomination! The Flowers de Luce +reinstated by the devil! The Dauphin's whole camp was tainted by it. +And yet when my Lord of Bedford spread abroad those ideas he was not +so adroit as he thought.</p> + +<p>Jeanne, as we know, was good-hearted and in energy untiring. By +inspiring the men of her party with the idea that she brought them +good luck, she gave them courage.<a name="V2FNanchor_48_48" id="V2FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Nevertheless King Charles's +counsellors knew what she could do for them and avoided consulting +her. She herself felt that she would not last long.<a name="V2FNanchor_49_49" id="V2FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Then who +represented her as a great war leader? Who exalted her as a +supernatural power? The enemy.</p> + +<p>This letter shows how the English had transformed an innocent child +into a being unnatural, terrible, redoubtable, into a spectre of hell +causing the bravest to grow pale. In a voice of lamentation the Regent +cries: The devil! the witch! And then he marvels that his fighting men +tremble before the Maid, and desert rather than face her.<a name="V2FNanchor_50_50" id="V2FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>From Montereau, the English army had fallen back on Paris. Now it once +again came forth to meet the French. On Saturday, the 13th of August, +King Charles held the country between Crépy and Paris. Now the Maid +from the heights of Dammartin could<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.20" id="V2Page_ii.20">[Pg ii.20]</a></span> espy the summit of Montmartre +with its windmills, and the light mists from the Seine veiling that +great city of Paris, promised to her by those Voices which alas! she +had heeded too well.<a name="V2FNanchor_51_51" id="V2FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> On the morrow, Sunday, the King and his army +encamped in a village, by name Barron, on the River Nonnette on which, +five miles lower down, stands Senlis.<a name="V2FNanchor_52_52" id="V2FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>Senlis was subject to the English.<a name="V2FNanchor_53_53" id="V2FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> It was said that the Regent was +approaching with a great company of men-at-arms, commanded by the Earl +of Suffolk, the Lord Talbot and the Bastard Saint Pol. With him were +the crusaders of the Cardinal of Winchester, the late King's uncle, +between three thousand five hundred and four thousand men, paid with +the Pope's money to go and fight against the Hussites in Bohemia. The +Cardinal judged it well to use them against the King of France, a very +Christian King forsooth, but one whose hosts were commanded by a witch +and an apostate.<a name="V2FNanchor_54_54" id="V2FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> It was reported that, in the English camp, was a +captain with fifteen hundred men-at-arms, clothed in white, bearing a +white standard, on which was embroidered a distaff whence was +suspended a spindle; and on the streamer of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.21" id="V2Page_ii.21">[Pg ii.21]</a></span> banner was worked in +fine letters of gold: "<i>Ores, vienne la Belle!</i>"<a name="V2FNanchor_55_55" id="V2FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> By these words +the men-at-arms wished to proclaim that if they were to meet the Maid +of the Armagnacs she would find her work cut out.</p> + +<p>Captain Jean de Saintrailles, the Brother of Poton, observed the +English first when, marching towards Senlis, they were crossing La +Nonnette by a ford so narrow that two horses could barely pass +abreast. But King Charles's army, which was coming down the Nonnette +valley, did not arrive in time to surprise them.<a name="V2FNanchor_56_56" id="V2FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> It passed the +night opposite them, near Montepilloy.</p> + +<p>On the morrow, Monday, the 15th of August, at daybreak, the +men-at-arms heard mass in camp and, as far as might be, cleared their +consciences; for great plunderers and whoremongers as they were, they +had not given up hope of winning Paradise when this life should be +over. That day was a solemn feast, when the Church, on the authority +of St. Grégoire de Tours, commemorates the physical and spiritual +exaltation to heaven of the Virgin Mary. Churchmen taught that it +behoves men to keep the feasts of Our Lord and the Holy Virgin, and +that to wage battle on days consecrated to them is to sin grievously +against the glorious Mother of God. No one in King Charles's camp +could maintain a contrary opinion, since all were Christians as they +were in the camp of the Regent. And yet, immediately after the <i>Deo</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.22" id="V2Page_ii.22">[Pg ii.22]</a></span> +<i>Gratias</i>, every man took up his post ready for battle.<a name="V2FNanchor_57_57" id="V2FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>According to the established rule, the army was in several divisions: +the van-guard, the archers, the main body, the rear-guard and the +three wings.<a name="V2FNanchor_58_58" id="V2FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> Further, and according to the same rule, there had +been formed a skirmishing company, destined if need were to succour +and reinforce the other divisions. It was commanded by Captain La +Hire, my Lord the Bastard, and the Sire d'Albret, La Trémouille's +half-brother. With this company was the Maid. At the Battle of Patay, +despite her entreaties, she had been forced to keep with the +rear-guard; now she rode with the bravest and ablest, with those +skirmishers or scouts, whose duty it was, says Jean de Bueil,<a name="V2FNanchor_59_59" id="V2FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> to +repulse the scouts of the opposite party and to observe the number and +the ordering of the enemy.<a name="V2FNanchor_60_60" id="V2FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> At length justice was done her; at +length she was assigned the place which her skill in horsemanship and +her courage in battle merited; and yet she hesitated to follow her +comrades. According to the report of a Burgundian knight chronicler, +there she was, "swayed to and fro, at one moment wishing to fight, at +another not."<a name="V2FNanchor_61_61" id="V2FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p>Her perplexity is easily comprehensible. The little Saint could not +bring herself to decide whether to ride forth to battle on the day of +our Lady's Feast or to fold her arms while fighting was going on +around her. Her Voices intensified her indecision. They never +instructed her what to do save when she knew herself. In the end she +went with the men-at-arms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.23" id="V2Page_ii.23">[Pg ii.23]</a></span> not one of whom appears to have shared her +scruples. The two armies were but the space of a culverin shot +apart.<a name="V2FNanchor_62_62" id="V2FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> She, with certain of her company, went right up to the +dykes and to the carts, behind which the English were entrenched. +Sundry <i>Godons</i> and men of Picardy came forth from their camp and +fought, some on foot, others on horseback against an equal number of +French. On both sides there were wounded, and prisoners were taken. +This hand to hand fighting continued the whole day; at sunset the most +serious skirmish happened, and so much dust was raised that it was +impossible to see anything.<a name="V2FNanchor_63_63" id="V2FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> On that day there befell what had +happened on the 17th of June, between Beaugency and Meung. With the +armaments and the customs of warfare of those days, it was very +difficult to force an army to come out of its entrenched camp. +Generally, if a battle was to be fought, it was necessary for the two +sides to be in accord, and, after the pledge of battle had been sent +and accepted, for each to level his own half of the field where the +engagement was to take place.</p> + +<p>At nightfall the skirmishing ceased, and the two armies slept at a +crossbow-shot from each other. Then King Charles went off to Crépy, +leaving the English free to go and relieve the town of Évreux, which +had agreed to surrender on the 27th of August. With this town the +Regent made sure of Normandy.<a name="V2FNanchor_64_64" id="V2FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.24" id="V2Page_ii.24">[Pg ii.24]</a></span></p> +<p>Their loss of the opportunity of conquering Normandy was the price the +French had to pay for the royal coronation procession, for that march +to Reims, which was at once military, civil and religious. If, after +the victory of Patay, they had hastened at once to Rouen, Normandy +would have been reconquered and the English cast into the sea; if, +from Patay they had pushed on to Paris they would have entered the +city without resistance. Yet we must not too hastily condemn that +ceremonious promenading of the Lilies through Champagne. By the march +to Reims the French party, those Armagnacs reviled for their cruelty +and felony, that little King of Bourges compromised in an infamous +ambuscade, may have won advantages greater and more solid than the +conquest of the county of Maine and the duchy of Normandy and than a +victorious assault on the first city of the realm. By retaking his +towns of Champagne and of France without bloodshed, King Charles +appeared to advantage as a good and pacific lord, as a prince wise and +debonair, as the friend of the townsfolk, as the true king of cities. +In short, by concluding that campaign of honest and successful +negotiations and by the august ceremonial of the coronation, he came +forth at once as the lawful and very holy King of France.</p> + +<p>An illustrious lady, a descendant of Bolognese nobles and the widow of +a knight of Picardy, well versed in the liberal arts, was the author +of a number of lays, virelays,<a name="V2FNanchor_65_65" id="V2FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> and ballads. Christine de Pisan,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.25" id="V2Page_ii.25">[Pg ii.25]</a></span> +noble and high-minded, wrote with distinction in prose and verse. +Loyal to France and a champion of her sex, there was nothing she more +fervently desired than to see the French prosperous and their ladies +honoured. In her old age she was cloistered in the Abbey of Poissy, +where her daughter was a nun. There, on the 31st of July, 1429, she +completed a poem of sixty-one stanzas, each containing eight lines of +eight syllables, in praise of the Maid. In halting measures and +affected language, these verses expressed the thoughts of the finest, +the most cultured and the most pious souls touching the angel of war +sent of God to the Dauphin Charles.<a name="V2FNanchor_66_66" id="V2FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> + +<p>In this work she begins by saying that for eleven years she has spent +her cloistered life in weeping. And in very truth, this noble-hearted +woman wept over the misfortunes of the realm, into which she had been +born, wherein she had grown up, where kings and princes had received +her and learned poets had done her honour, and the language of which +she spoke with the precision of a purist. After eleven years of +mourning, the victories of the Dauphin were her first joy.</p> + +<p>"At length," she says, "the sun begins to shine once more and the fine +days to bloom again. That royal child so long despised and offended, +behold him coming, wearing on his head a crown and accoutred with +spurs of gold. Let us cry: 'Noël! Charles, the seventh of that great +name, King of the French, thou hast recovered thy kingdom, with the +help of a Maid.'"</p> + +<p>Christine recalls a prophecy concerning a King,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.26" id="V2Page_ii.26">[Pg ii.26]</a></span> Charles, son of +Charles, surnamed The Flying Hart,<a name="V2FNanchor_67_67" id="V2FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> who was to be emperor. Of this +prophecy we know nothing save that the escutcheon of King Charles VII +was borne by two winged stags and that a letter to an Italian +merchant, written in 1429, contains an obscure announcement of the +coronation of the Dauphin at Rome.<a name="V2FNanchor_68_68" id="V2FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> + +<p>"I pray God," continued Christine, "that thou mayest be that one, that +God will grant thee life to see thy children grow up, that through +thee and through them, France may have joy, that serving God, thou +wage not war to the utterance. My hope is that thou shalt be good, +upright, a friend of justice, greater than any other, that pride sully +not thy prowess, that thou be gentle, favourable to thy people and +fearing God who hath chosen thee to serve him.</p> + +<p>"And thou, Maid most happy, most honoured of God, thou hast loosened +the cord with which France was bound. Canst thou be praised enough, +thou who hast brought peace to this land laid low by war?</p> + +<p>"Jeanne, born in a propitious hour, blessed be thy creator! Maid, sent +of God, in whom the Holy Ghost shed abroad a ray of his grace, who +hast from<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.27" id="V2Page_ii.27">[Pg ii.27]</a></span> him received and dost keep gifts in abundance; never did he +refuse thy request. Who can ever be thankful enough unto thee?"</p> + +<p>The Maid, saviour of the realm, Dame Christine compares to Moses who +delivered Israel out of the Land of Egypt.</p> + +<p>"That a Maid should proffer her breast, whence France may suck the +sweet milk of peace, behold a matter which is above nature!</p> + +<p>"Joshua was a mighty conqueror. What is there strange in that, since +he was a strong man? But now behold, a woman, a shepherdess doth +appear, of greater worship than any man. But with God all things are +easy.</p> + +<p>"By Esther, Judith and Deborah, women of high esteem, he delivered his +oppressed people. And well I know there have been women of great +worship. But Jeanne is above all. Through her God hath worked many +miracles.</p> + +<p>"By a miracle was she sent; the angel of the Lord led her to the +King."</p> + +<p>"Before she could be believed, to clerks and to scholars was she taken +and thoroughly examined. She said she was come from God, and history +proved her saying to be true, for Merlin, the Sibyl and Bede had seen +her in the spirit. In their books they point to her as the saviour of +France, and in their prophecies they let wit of her, saying: 'In the +French wars she shall bear the banner.' And indeed they relate all the +manner of her history."</p> + +<p>We are not astonished that Dame Christine should have been acquainted +with the Sibylline poems; for it is known that she was well versed in +the writings of the ancients. But we perceive that the obviously +mutilated prophecy of Merlin the Magician and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.28" id="V2Page_ii.28">[Pg ii.28]</a></span> apocryphal +chronogram of the Venerable Bede had come under her notice. The +predictions and verses of the Armagnac ecclesiastics were spread +abroad everywhere with amazing rapidity.<a name="V2FNanchor_69_69" id="V2FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> + +<p>Dame Christine's views concerning the Maid accord with those of the +doctors of the French party; and the poem she wrote in her convent in +many passages bears resemblance to the treatise of the Archbishop of +Embrun.</p> + +<p>There it is said:</p> + +<p>"The goodness of her life proves that Jeanne possesses the grace of +God.</p> + +<p>"It was made manifest, when at the siege of Orléans her might revealed +itself. Never was miracle plainer. God did so succour his own people, +that the strength of the enemy was but as that of a dead dog. They +were taken or slain.</p> + +<p>"Honour to the feminine sex, God loves it. A damsel of sixteen, who is +not weighed down by armour and weapons, even though she be bred to +endure hardness, is not that a matter beyond nature? The enemy flees +before her. Many eyes behold it.</p> + +<p>"She goeth forth capturing towns and castles. She is the first captain +of our host. Such power had not Hector or Achilles. But God, who leads +her, does all.</p> + +<p>"And you, ye men-at-arms, who suffer durance vile and risk your lives +for the right, be ye faithful: in heaven shall ye have reward and +glory, for whosoever fighteth for the just cause, winneth Paradise.</p> + +<p>"Know ye that by her the English shall be cast down, for it is the +will of God, who inclineth his ear to the voice of the good folk, whom +they desired to overthrow. The blood of the slain crieth against +them."<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.29" id="V2Page_ii.29">[Pg ii.29]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the shadow of her convent Dame Christine shares the hope common to +every noble soul; from the Maid she expects all the good things she +longs for. She believes that Jeanne will restore concord to the +Christian Church. The gentlest spirits of those days looked to fire +and sword for the bringing in of unity and obedience; they never +dreamed that Christian charity could mean charity towards the whole +human race. Wherefore, on the strength of prophecy, the poetess +expects the Maid to destroy the infidel and the heretic, or in other +words the Turk and the Hussite.</p> + +<p>"In her conquest of the Holy Land, she will tear up the Saracens like +weeds. Thither will she lead King Charles, whom God defend! Before he +dies he shall make that journey. He it is who shall conquer the land. +There shall she end her life. There shall the thing come to pass."</p> + +<p>The good Christine would appear to have brought her poem to this +conclusion when she received tidings of the King's coronation. She +then added thirteen stanzas to celebrate the mystery of Reims and to +foretell the taking of Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_70_70" id="V2FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> + +<p>Thus in the gloom and silence of one of those convents where even the +hushed noises of the world penetrated but seldom, this virtuous lady +collected and expressed in rhyme all those dreams of church and state +which centred round a child.</p> + +<p>In a fairly good ballad written at the time of the coronation, in love +and honour "of the beautiful garden of the noble flowers de luce,"<a name="V2FNanchor_71_71" id="V2FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> +and for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.30" id="V2Page_ii.30">[Pg ii.30]</a></span> elevation of the white cross, King Charles VII is +described by that mysterious name "the noble stag," which we have +first discovered in Christine's poem. The unknown author of the ballad +says that the Sibyl, daughter of King Priam, prophesied the +misfortunes of this royal stag; but such a prediction need not +surprise us, when we remember that Charles of Valois was of Priam's +royal line, wherefore Cassandra, when she revealed the destiny of the +Flying Hart, did but prolong down the centuries the vicissitudes of +her own family.<a name="V2FNanchor_72_72" id="V2FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> + +<p>Rhymers on the French side celebrated the unexpected victories of +Charles and the Maid as best they knew how, in a commonplace fashion, +by some stiff poem but scantily clothing a thin and meagre muse.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless there is a ballad,<a name="V2FNanchor_73_73" id="V2FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> by a Dauphinois poet, beginning +with this line; "Back, English <i>coués</i>, back!"<a name="V2FNanchor_74_74" id="V2FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> which is powerful +through the genuine religious spirit which prevails throughout. The +author, some poor ecclesiastic, points piously to the English banner +cast down, "by the will of King Jesus and of Jeanne the sweet +Maid."<a name="V2FNanchor_75_75" id="V2FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid had derived her influence over the common folk from the +prophecies of Merlin the Magician and the Venerable Bede.<a name="V2FNanchor_76_76" id="V2FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> As +Jeanne's deeds became<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.31" id="V2Page_ii.31">[Pg ii.31]</a></span> known, predictions foretelling them came to be +discovered. For example it was found that Engélide, daughter of an old +King of Hungary,<a name="V2FNanchor_77_77" id="V2FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> had known long before of the coronation at Reims. +Indeed to this royal virgin was attributed a prophecy recorded in +Latin, of which the following is a literal translation:</p> + +<p>"O Lily illustrious, watered by princes, by the sower planted in the +open, in an orchard delectable, by flowers and sweet-smelling roses +surrounded. But, alas! dismay of the Lily, terror of the orchard! +Sundry beasts, some coming from without, others nourished within the +orchard, hurtling horns against horns, have well nigh crushed the +Lily, which fades for lack of water. Long do they trample upon it, +destroying nearly all its roots and assaying to wither it with their +poisoned breath.</p> + +<p>"But the beasts shall be driven forth in shame from the orchard, by a +virgin coming from the land whence flows the cruel venom. Behind her +right ear the Virgin bears a little scarlet sign; she speaks softly, +and her neck is short. To the Lily shall she give fountains of living +water, and shall drive out the serpent, to all men revealing its +venom. With a laurel wreath woven by no mortal hand shall she at Reims +engarland happily the gardener of the Lily, named Charles, son of +Charles. All around the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.32" id="V2Page_ii.32">[Pg ii.32]</a></span> turbulent neighbours shall submit, the waters +shall surge, the folk shall cry: 'Long live the Lily! Away with the +beast! Let the orchard flower!' He shall approach the fields of the +Island, adding fleet to fleet, and there a multitude of beasts shall +perish in the rout. Peace for many shall be established. The keys of a +great number shall recognise the hand that had forged them. The +citizens of a noble city shall be punished for perjury by defeat, +groaning with many groans, and at the entrance [of Charles?] high +walls shall fall low. Then the orchard of the Lily shall be ... (?) +and long shall it flower."<a name="V2FNanchor_78_78" id="V2FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p> + +<p>This prophecy attributed to the unknown daughter of a distant king +would seem to us to proceed from a French ecclesiastic and an +Armagnac. French royalty is portrayed in the figure of the delectable +orchard, around which contend beasts nourished in the orchard as well +as foreign beasts, that is Burgundians and English. King Charles of +Valois is mentioned by his own name and that of his father, and the +name of the coronation town occurs in full.</p> + +<p>The reduction of certain towns by their liege lord is stated most +clearly. Doubtless the prediction was made at the very time of the +coronation. It explicitly mentions deeds already accomplished and +dimly hints at events looked for, fulfilment of which was delayed, or +happened in a manner other than what was expected, or never happened +at all, such as the taking of Paris after a terrible assault, the +invasion of England by the French, the conclusion of peace.</p> + +<p>It is highly probable that when announcing that the deliverer of the +orchard might be recognised by her short neck, her sweet voice and a +little scarlet mark, the pseudo Engélide was carefully depicting<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.33" id="V2Page_ii.33">[Pg ii.33]</a></span> +characteristics noticeable in Jeanne herself. Moreover we know that +Isabelle Romée's daughter had a sweet woman's voice.<a name="V2FNanchor_79_79" id="V2FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> That her neck +was broad and firmly set on her shoulders accords with what is known +concerning her robust appearance.<a name="V2FNanchor_80_80" id="V2FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> And doubtless the so-called +daughter of the King of Hungary did not imagine the birth-mark behind +her right ear.<a name="V2FNanchor_81_81" id="V2FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.34" id="V2Page_ii.34">[Pg ii.34]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_II" id="V2CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID'S FIRST VISIT TO COMPIÈGNE—THE THREE POPES—SAINT +DENYS—TRUCES</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capa.jpg" width="117" height="125" alt="A" title="A" class="floatl" />FTER the English army had departed for Normandy, King Charles sent +from Crépy to Senlis the Count of Vendôme, the Maréchal de Rais and +the Maréchal de Boussac with their men-at-arms. The inhabitants gave +them to wit that they inclined to favour the Flowers de Luce.<a name="V2FNanchor_82_82" id="V2FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> +Henceforth the submission of Compiègne was sure. The King summoned the +citizens to receive him; on Wednesday the 18th, the keys of the town +were brought to him; on the next day he entered.<a name="V2FNanchor_83_83" id="V2FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> The Attorneys<a name="V2FNanchor_84_84" id="V2FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> +(for by that name the aldermen of the town were called) presented to +him Messire Guillaume de Flavy, whom they had elected governor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.35" id="V2Page_ii.35">[Pg ii.35]</a></span> +their town, as being their most experienced and most faithful citizen. +On his being presented they asked the King, according to their +privilege, to confirm and ratify his appointment. But the sire de la +Trémouille took for himself the governorship of Compiègne and +appointed as his lieutenant Messire Guillaume de Flavy, whom, +notwithstanding, the inhabitants regarded as their captain.<a name="V2FNanchor_85_85" id="V2FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> + +<p>One by one, the King was recovering his good towns. He charged the +folk of Beauvais to acknowledge him as their lord. When they saw the +flowers-de-luce borne by the heralds, the citizens cried: "Long live +Charles of France!" The clergy chanted a <i>Te Deum</i> and there was great +rejoicing. Those who refused fealty to King Charles were put out of +the town with permission to take away their possessions.<a name="V2FNanchor_86_86" id="V2FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> The +Bishop and Vidame of Beauvais, Messire Pierre Cauchon, who was Grand +Almoner of France to King Henry, and a negotiator of important +ecclesiastical business, grieved to see his city returning to the +French;<a name="V2FNanchor_87_87" id="V2FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> it was to the city's hurt, but he could not help it. He +failed not to realise that part of this disgrace he owed to the Maid +of the Armagnacs, who was influential with her party and had the +reputation<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.36" id="V2Page_ii.36">[Pg ii.36]</a></span> of being all powerful. As he was a good theologian he must +have suspected that the devil was leading her and he wished her all +possible harm.</p> + +<p>At this time Artois, Picardy, all the Burgundian territory in the +north, was slipping away from Burgundy. Had King Charles gone there +the majority of the dwellers in the strong towers and castles of +Picardy would have received him as their sovereign.<a name="V2FNanchor_88_88" id="V2FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> But meanwhile +his enemies would have recaptured what he had just won in Valois and +the Île de France.</p> + +<p>Having entered Compiègne with the King, Jeanne lodged at the Hôtel du +Bœuf, the house of the King's proctor. She slept with the proctor's +wife, Marie Le Boucher, who was a kinswoman of Jacques Boucher, +Treasurer of Orléans.<a name="V2FNanchor_89_89" id="V2FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p> + +<p>She longed to march on Paris, which she was sure of taking since her +Voices had promised it to her. It is related that at the end of two or +three days she grew impatient, and, calling the Duke of Alençon, said +to him: "My fair Duke, command your men and likewise those of the +other captains to equip themselves," then she is said to have cried: +"By my staff! I must to Paris."<a name="V2FNanchor_90_90" id="V2FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> But this could not have happened: +the Maid never gave orders to the men-at-arms. The truth of the matter +is that the Duke of Alençon, with a goodly company of fighting men, +took his leave of the King and that Jeanne was to accompany him. She +was ready to mount her horse when on Monday the 22nd of August, a +messenger from the Count of Armagnac brought her a letter which she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.37" id="V2Page_ii.37">[Pg ii.37]</a></span> +caused to be read to her.<a name="V2FNanchor_91_91" id="V2FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The following are the contents of the +missive:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"My very dear Lady, I commend myself humbly to you, and I +entreat you, for God's sake, that seeing the divisions which +are at present in the holy Church Universal, concerning the +question of the popes (for there are three contending for +the papacy: one dwells at Rome and calls himself Martin V, +whom all Christian kings obey: the other dwells at +Peñiscola, in the kingdom of Valentia, and calls himself +Clement VIII; the third dwells no man knows where, unless it +be the Cardinal de Saint-Estienne and a few folk with him, +and calls himself Pope Benedict XIV; the first, who is +called Pope Martin, was elected at Constance by consent of +all Christian nations; he who is called Clement was elected +at Peñiscola, after the death of Pope Benedict XIII, by +three of his cardinals; the third who is called Pope +Benedict XIV was elected secretly at Peñiscola, by that same +Cardinal Saint-Estienne himself): I pray you beseech Our +Lord Jesus Christ that in his infinite mercy, he declare +unto us through you, which of the three aforesaid is the +true pope and whom it shall be his pleasure that henceforth +we obey, him who is called Martin, or him who is called +Clement or him who is called Benedict; and in whom we should +believe, either in secret or under reservation or by public +pronouncement: for we shall all be ready to work the will +and the pleasure of Our Lord Jesus Christ.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">Yours in all things,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Count d'Armagnac</span>."<a name="V2FNanchor_92_92" id="V2FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p></div> + +<p>He who wrote thus, calling Jeanne his very dear lady, recommending +himself humbly to her, not in self-abasement, but merely, as we should +say to-day, out of courtesy, was one of the greater vassals of the +crown.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.38" id="V2Page_ii.38">[Pg ii.38]</a></span></p> + +<p>She had never seen this baron, and doubtless she had never heard of +him. Jean IV, son of that Constable of France who had been killed in +1418, was the cruellest man in the kingdom. At that time he was +between thirty-three and thirty-four years of age. He held both +Armagnacs, the Black and the White, the country of the Four Valleys, +the counties of Pardiac, of Fesenzac, Astarac, La Lomagne, and +l'Île-Jourdain. After the Count of Foix he was the most powerful noble +of Gascony.<a name="V2FNanchor_93_93" id="V2FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>While his name was among those of the adherents of the King and while +it was used to designate those who were hostile to the English and +Burgundians, Jean IV himself was neither French nor English, but +simply Gascon. He called himself count by the grace of God, but he was +ever ready to acknowledge himself the King's vassal when it was a +question of receiving gifts from that suzerain, who might not always +be able to afford himself new gaiters, but who must perforce spend +large sums on his great vassals. Meanwhile Jean IV showed +consideration to the English, protected an adventurer in the Regent's +pay, and gave appointments in his household to men wearing the red +cross. He was as violent and treacherous as any of his retainers. +Having unlawfully seized the Marshal de Séverac, he exacted from him +the cession of all his goods and then had him strangled.<a name="V2FNanchor_94_94" id="V2FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.39" id="V2Page_ii.39">[Pg ii.39]</a></span></p> +<p>This murder was quite recent. And now we have the docile son of Holy +Church appearing eager to discover who is his true spiritual father. +It would seem, however, that his mind was already made up on the +subject and that he already knew the answer to his question. In verity +the long schism, which had rent Christendom asunder, had terminated +twelve years earlier. It had ended when the Conclave, which had +assembled at Constance in the House of the Merchants on the 8th of +November, 1417, on the 11th of that month, Saint Martin's Day, +proclaimed Pope, the Cardinal Deacon Otto Colonna, who assumed the +title of Martin V. In the Eternal City Martin V wore that tiara which +Lorenzo Ghiberti had adorned with eight figures in gold;<a name="V2FNanchor_95_95" id="V2FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> and the +wily Roman had contrived to obtain his recognition by England and even +by France, who thenceforward renounced all hope of a French pontiff. +While Charles VII's advisers may not have agreed with Martin V on the +question of a General Council, all the rights of the Pope of Rome in +the Kingdom of France had been restored to him by an edict, in 1425. +Martin V was the one and only pope. Nevertheless, Alphonso of Aragon, +highly incensed because Martin V supported against him the rights of +Louis d'Anjou to the Kingdom of Naples, determined to oppose to the +Pope of Rome a pontiff of his own making. And just ready to hand he +had a canon who called himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.40" id="V2Page_ii.40">[Pg ii.40]</a></span> pope, and on the following grounds: +the Anti-pope, Benedict XIII, having fled to Peñiscola, had on his +death-bed nominated four cardinals, three of whom appointed to succeed +him a canon of Barcelona, one Gil Muñoz, who assumed the title of +Clement VIII. Imprisoned in the château of Peñiscola on a barren neck +of land on three sides washed by the sea, this was the Clement whom +the King of Aragon had chosen to be the rival of Martin V.<a name="V2FNanchor_96_96" id="V2FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>The Pope excommunicated the King of Aragon and then opened +negotiations with him. The Count of Armagnac joined the King's party. +For the baptism of his children the Count had holy water blessed by +Benedict XIII brought from Peñiscola. He likewise was excommunicated. +The blow had fallen upon him in this very year, 1429. Thus for some +months he had been deprived of the sacraments and excluded from public +worship. Hence arose all manner of secular difficulties, in addition +to which he was probably afraid of the devil.</p> + +<p>Moreover his position was becoming impossible. His powerful ally, King +Alfonso, gave in, and himself called upon Clement VIII to resign. When +he addressed his inquiry to the Maid of France, the Armagnac was +evidently meditating the withdrawal of his allegiance from an +unfortunate anti-pope, who was himself renouncing or about to renounce +the tiara; for Clement VIII abdicated at Peñiscola on the 26th of +July. The dictation of the Count's letter cannot have occurred long +before that date and may have been after. At any rate whenever he +dictated it he must have been aware of the position of the Sovereign +Pontiff Clement VIII.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.41" id="V2Page_ii.41">[Pg ii.41]</a></span></p> + +<p>As for the third Pope mentioned in his missive, Benedict XIV, he had +no tidings of him, and indeed he was keeping very quiet. His election +to the Holy See had been singular in that it had been made by one +cardinal alone. Benedict XIV's right to the papacy had been +communicated to him by a cardinal created by the Anti-pope, Benedict +XIII, at the time of his promotion in 1409. That Cardinal was Jean +Barrère, a Frenchman, Bachelor of laws, priest and Cardinal of +Saint-Étienne <i>in Cœlio monte</i>. It was not to Benedict XIV that the +Armagnac was thinking of giving his allegiance; obviously he was eager +to submit to Martin V.</p> + +<p>It is not easy therefore to discover why he should have asked Jeanne +to indicate the true pope. Doubtless it was customary in those days to +consult on all manner of questions those holy maids to whom God +vouchsafed illumination. Such an one the Maid appeared, and her fame +as a prophetess had been spread abroad in a very short time. She +revealed hidden things, she drew the curtain from the future. We are +reminded of that <i>capitoul</i><a name="V2FNanchor_97_97" id="V2FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> of Toulouse, who about three weeks +after the deliverance of Orléans, advised her being consulted as to a +remedy for the corruption of the coinage. Bona of Milan, married to a +poor gentleman in the train of her cousin, Queen Ysabeau, besought the +Maid's help in her endeavour to regain the duchy which she claimed +through her descent from the Visconti.<a name="V2FNanchor_98_98" id="V2FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> It was just as appropriate<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.42" id="V2Page_ii.42">[Pg ii.42]</a></span> +to question the Maid concerning the Pope and the Anti-pope. But the +most difficult point in this question is to discover what were the +Count of Armagnac's reasons for consulting the Holy Maid on a matter +concerning which he appears to have been sufficiently informed. The +following seems the most probable.</p> + +<p>Jean IV was prepared to recognise Martin V as Pope; but he desired his +submission to appear honourable and reasonable. Wherefore he conceived +the idea of ascribing his conduct to the command of Jesus Christ, +speaking through the Holy Maid. But it was necessary for the command +to be in accordance with his wishes. The letter provides for that. He +is careful to indicate to Jeanne, and consequently to God, what reply +would be suitable. He lays stress on the fact that Martin V, who had +recently excommunicated him, was elected at Constance by the consent +of all Christian nations, that he dwells at Rome and that he is obeyed +by all Christian kings. He points out on the other hand the +circumstances which invalidate the election of Clement VIII by only +three cardinals, and the still more ridiculous election of that +Benedict, who was chosen by a conclave consisting of only one +cardinal.<a name="V2FNanchor_99_99" id="V2FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p> + +<p>After such a setting forth could there possibly remain a single doubt +as to whether Pope Martin was the true pope? But such guile was lost +on Jeanne; it escaped her entirely. The Count of Armagnac's letter, +which she had read to her as she was mounting her horse, must have +struck her as very obscure.<a name="V2FNanchor_100_100" id="V2FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> The names of Benedict, of Clement and +of Martin she had never heard. The Saints, Catherine and<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.43" id="V2Page_ii.43">[Pg ii.43]</a></span> Margaret, +with whom she was constantly holding converse, revealed to her nothing +concerning the Pope. They spoke to her of nought save of the realm of +France; and Jeanne's prudence generally led her to confine her +prophecies to the subject of the war. This circumstance was pointed +out by a German clerk as a matter extraordinary and worthy of +note.<a name="V2FNanchor_101_101" id="V2FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> But for this once she consented to reply to Jean IV, in +order to maintain her reputation as a prophet and because the title of +Armagnac strongly appealed to her. She told him that at that moment +she was unable to instruct him concerning the true pope, but that +later she would inform him in which of the three he must believe, +according as God should reveal it unto her. In short, she in a measure +followed the example of such soothsayers as postpone the announcement +of the oracle to a future day.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h3><span class="smcap">Jhesus † Maria</span></h3> + +<p>Count of Armagnac, my good friend and beloved, Jehanne the +Maid lets you to wit that your message hath come before me, +the which hath told me that you have sent from where you are +to know from me in which of the three popes, whom you +mention in your memorial, you ought to believe. This thing +in sooth I cannot tell you truly for the present, until I be +in Paris or at rest elsewhere, because for the present I am +too much hindered by affairs of war; but when you hear that +I am in Paris send a message to me, and I will give you to +understand what you shall rightfully believe, and what I +shall know by the counsel of my Righteous and Sovereign +Lord, the King of all the world, and what you should do, as +far as I may. To God I commend you; God keep you. Written at +Compiengne, the 22nd day of August.<a name="V2FNanchor_102_102" id="V2FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.44" id="V2Page_ii.44">[Pg ii.44]</a></span></p> +<p>Jeanne before she made this reply can have consulted neither the good +Brother Pasquerel nor the good Friar Richard nor indeed any of the +churchmen of her company. They would have told her that the true pope +was the Pope of Rome, Martin V. They might also have represented to +her that she was belittling the authority of the Church by appealing +to a revelation from God concerning popes and anti-popes. Sometimes, +they would have told her, God confides the secrets of his Church to +holy persons. But it would be rash to count upon so rare a privilege.</p> + +<p>Jeanne exchanged a few words with the messenger who had brought her +the missive; but the interview was brief. The messenger was not safe +in the town, not that the soldiers would have made him pay for his +master's crimes and treasons; but the Sire de la Trémouille was at +Compiègne; and he knew that Count Jean, who for the nonce was in +alliance with the Constable De Richemont, was meditating something +against him. La Trémouille was not so malevolent as the Count of +Armagnac: and yet the poor messenger only narrowly escaped being +thrown into the Oise.<a name="V2FNanchor_103_103" id="V2FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, Tuesday the 23rd of August, the Maid and the Duke of +Alençon took leave of the King and set out from Compiègne with a +goodly company of fighting men. Before marching on Saint-Denys in +France, they went to Senlis to collect a company of men-at-arms whom +the King had sent there.<a name="V2FNanchor_104_104" id="V2FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> As was her custom, the Maid rode +surrounded by monks. Friar Richard, who predicted<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.45" id="V2Page_ii.45">[Pg ii.45]</a></span> the approaching end +of the world, had joined the procession. It would seem that he had +superseded the others, even Brother Pasquerel, the chaplain. It was to +him that the Maid confessed beneath the walls of Senlis. In that same +spot, with the Dukes of Clermont and Alençon,<a name="V2FNanchor_105_105" id="V2FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> she took the +communion on two consecutive days. She must have been in the hands of +monks who were in the habit of making a very frequent use of the +Eucharist.</p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop of Senlis was Jean Fouquerel. Hitherto, he had been on +the side of the English and entirely devoted to the Lord Bishop of +Beauvais. On the approach of the royal army, Jean Fouquerel, who was a +cautious person, had gone off to Paris to hide a large sum of money. +He was careful of his possessions. Some one in the army took his nag +and gave it to the Maid. By means of a draft on the receiver of taxes +and the <i>gabelle</i> officer of the town, two hundred golden +<i>saluts</i><a name="V2FNanchor_106_106" id="V2FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> were paid for it. The Lord Bishop did not approve of +this transaction and demanded his hackney. Hearing of his displeasure, +the Maid caused a letter to be written to him, saying that he might +have back his nag if he liked; she did not want it for she found it +not sufficiently hardy for men-at-arms. The horse was sent to the Sire +de La Trémouille with a request that he would deliver it to the Lord +Bishop, who never received it.<a name="V2FNanchor_107_107" id="V2FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> + +<p>As for the bill on the tax receiver and <i>gabelle</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.46" id="V2Page_ii.46">[Pg ii.46]</a></span> officer, it may +have been worthless; and probably the Reverend Father in God, Jean +Fouquerel, never had either horse or money. Jeanne was not at fault, +and yet the Lord Bishop of Beauvais and the clerks of the university +were shortly to bring home to her the gravity of the sacrilege of +laying hands on an ecclesiastical hackney.<a name="V2FNanchor_108_108" id="V2FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>To the north of Paris, about five miles distant from the great city, +there rose the towers of Saint-Denys. On the 26th of August, the army +of the Duke of Alençon arrived there, and entered without resistance, +albeit the town was strongly fortified.<a name="V2FNanchor_109_109" id="V2FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> The place was famous for +its illustrious abbey very rich and very ancient. The following is the +story of its foundation.</p> + +<p>Dagobert, King of the French, had from childhood been a devout +worshipper of Saint Denys. And whenever he trembled before the ire of +King Clotaire his father, he would take refuge in the church of the +holy martyr. When he died, a pious man dreamed that he saw Dagobert +summoned before the tribunal of God; a great number of saints accused +him of having despoiled their churches; and the demons were about to +drag him into hell when Saint Denys appeared; and by his intercession, +the soul of the King was delivered and escaped punishment. The story +was held to be true, and it was thought that the King's soul returned +to animate his body and that he did penance.<a name="V2FNanchor_110_110" id="V2FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.47" id="V2Page_ii.47">[Pg ii.47]</a></span></p> +<p>When the Maid with the army occupied Saint-Denys, the three porches, +the embattled parapets, the tower of the Abbey Church, erected by the +Abbot Suger, were already three centuries old. There were buried the +kings of France; and thither they came to take the <i>oriflamme</i>. +Fourteen years earlier the late King Charles had fetched it forth, but +since then none had borne it.<a name="V2FNanchor_111_111" id="V2FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p> + +<p>Many were the wonders told touching this royal standard. And with some +of those marvels the Maid must needs have been acquainted, since on +her coming into France, she was said to have given the Dauphin Charles +the surname of <i>oriflamme</i>,<a name="V2FNanchor_112_112" id="V2FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> as a pledge and promise of +victory.<a name="V2FNanchor_113_113" id="V2FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> At Saint-Denys was preserved the heart of the Constable +Du Guesclin.<a name="V2FNanchor_114_114" id="V2FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> Jeanne had heard of his high renown; she had +proffered wine to Madame de Laval's eldest son; and to his +grandmother, who had been Sire Bertrand's second wife, she had sent a +little ring of gold, out of respect for the widow of so valiant a +man,<a name="V2FNanchor_115_115" id="V2FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> asking her to forgive the poverty of the gift.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.48" id="V2Page_ii.48">[Pg ii.48]</a></span></p><p>The monks of Saint-Denys preserved precious relics, notably a piece of +the wood of the true cross, the linen in which the Child Jesus had +been wrapped, a fragment of the pitcher wherein the water had been +changed to wine at the Cana marriage feast, a bar of Saint Lawrence's +gridiron, the chin of Saint Mary Magdalen, a cup of tamarisk wood used +by Saint Louis as a charm against the spleen. There likewise was to be +seen the head of Saint Denys. True, at the same time one was being +shown in the Cathedral church of Paris. The Chancellor, Jean Gerson, +treating of Jeanne the Maid, a few days before his death, wrote that +of her it might be said as of the head of Saint Denys, that belief in +her was a matter of edification and not of faith, albeit in both +places alike the head ought to be worshipped in order that edification +should not be turned into scandal.<a name="V2FNanchor_116_116" id="V2FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p> + +<p>In this abbey everything proclaimed the dignity, the prerogatives and +the high worship of the house of France. Jeanne must joyously have +wondered at the insignia, the symbols and signs of the royalty of the +Lilies gathered together in this spot,<a name="V2FNanchor_117_117" id="V2FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> if indeed those eyes, +occupied with celestial visions, had leisure to perceive the things of +earth, and if her Voices, endlessly whispering in her ear, left her +one moment's respite.</p> + +<p>Saint Denys was a great saint, since there was no doubt of his being +in very deed the Areopagite himself.<a name="V2FNanchor_118_118" id="V2FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> But since he had permitted +his abbey to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.49" id="V2Page_ii.49">[Pg ii.49]</a></span> taken he was no longer invoked as the patron saint of +the Kings of France. The Dauphin's followers had replaced him by the +Blessed Archangel Michael, whose abbey, near the city of Avranches, +had victoriously held out against the English. It was Saint Michael +not Saint Denys who had appeared to Jeanne in the garden at Domremy; +but she knew that Saint Denys was the war cry of France.<a name="V2FNanchor_119_119" id="V2FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> + +<p>The monks of that rich abbey wasted by war lived there in poverty and +in disorder.<a name="V2FNanchor_120_120" id="V2FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> Armagnacs and Burgundians in turn descended upon the +neighbouring fields and villages, plundering and ravaging, leaving +nought that it was possible to carry off. At Saint-Denys was held the +Fair of Le Lendit, one of the greatest in Christendom. But now +Merchants had ceased to attend it. At the Lendit of 1418, there were +but three booths, and those for the selling of shoes from Brabant, in +the high street of Saint-Denys, near the Convent of Les Filles-Dieu. +Since 1426, there had been no fair at all.<a name="V2FNanchor_121_121" id="V2FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> + +<p>At the tidings that the Armagnacs were approaching Troyes, the +peasants had cut their corn before it was ripe and brought it into +Paris. On entering Saint-Denys, the Duke of Alençon's men-at-arms +found the town deserted. The chief burgesses had taken refuge in +Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_122_122" id="V2FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Only a few of the poorer<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.50" id="V2Page_ii.50">[Pg ii.50]</a></span> families were left. The Maid +held two newly born infants over the baptismal font.<a name="V2FNanchor_123_123" id="V2FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p> + +<p>Hearing of these Saint-Denys baptisms, her enemies accused her of +having lit candles and held them inclined over the infant's heads, in +order that she might read their destinies in the melted wax. It was +not the first time, it appeared, that she indulged in such practices. +When she entered a town, little children were said to offer her +candles kneeling, and she received them as an agreeable sacrifice. +Then upon the heads of these innocents she would let fall three drops +of burning wax, proclaiming that by virtue of this ceremony they could +not fail to be good. In such acts Burgundian ecclesiastics discerned +idolatry and witchcraft, in which was likewise involved heresy.<a name="V2FNanchor_124_124" id="V2FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p> + +<p>Here again, at Saint-Denys, she distributed banners to the +men-at-arms. Churchmen on the English side strongly suspected her of +charming those banners. And as everyone in those days believed in +magic, such a suspicion was not without its danger.<a name="V2FNanchor_125_125" id="V2FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid and the Duke of Alençon lost no time. Immediately after their +arrival at Saint-Denys they went forth to skirmish before the gates of +Paris. Two or three times a day they engaged in this desultory +warfare, notably by the wind-mill at the Saint-Denys Gate and in the +village of La Chapelle. "Every day there was booty taken," says +Messire Jean de Bueil.<a name="V2FNanchor_126_126" id="V2FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> It seems hardly credible that in a country +which had been plundered and ravaged over and over again,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.51" id="V2Page_ii.51">[Pg ii.51]</a></span> there +should have been anything left to be taken; and yet the statement is +made and attested by one of the nobles in the army.</p> + +<p>Out of respect for the seventh commandment, the Maid forbade the men +of her company to commit any theft whatsoever. And she always refused +victuals offered her when she knew they had been stolen. In reality +she, like the others, lived on pillage, but she did not know it. One +day when a Scotsman gave her to wit that she had just partaken of some +stolen veal, she flew into a fury and would have beaten him: saintly +women are subject to such fits of passion.<a name="V2FNanchor_127_127" id="V2FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne is said to have observed the walls of Paris carefully, seeking +the spot most favourable for attack.<a name="V2FNanchor_128_128" id="V2FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> The truth is that in this +matter as in all others she depended on her Voices. For the rest she +was far superior to all the men-at-arms in courage and in good will. +From Saint-Denys she sent the King message after message, urging him +to come and take Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_129_129" id="V2FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> But at Compiègne the King and his Council +were negotiating with the ambassadors of the Duke of Burgundy, to wit: +Jean de Luxembourg, Lord of Beaurevoir, Hugues de Cayeux, Bishop of +Arras, David de Brimeu and my Lord of Charny.<a name="V2FNanchor_130_130" id="V2FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> + +<p>The fifteen days' truce had expired. Our only information concerning +it is contained in Jeanne's letter to the citizens of Reims. According +to Jeanne, the Duke of Burgundy had undertaken to surrender the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.52" id="V2Page_ii.52">[Pg ii.52]</a></span> city +to the King of France on the fifteenth day.<a name="V2FNanchor_131_131" id="V2FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> If he had so agreed +it was on conditions of which we know nothing; we are not therefore in +a position to say whether or no those conditions had been carried out. +The Maid placed no trust in this promise, and she was quite right; but +she did not know everything; and on the very day when she was +complaining of the truce to the citizens of Reims, Duke Philip was +receiving the command of Paris at the hands of the Regent, and was +henceforth in a position to dispose of the city as he liked.<a name="V2FNanchor_132_132" id="V2FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> Duke +Philip could not bear the sight of Charles of Valois, who had been +present at the murder on the Bridge of Montereau, but he detested the +English and wished they would go to the devil or return to their +island. The vineyards and the cloth looms of his dominions were too +numerous and too important for him not to wish for peace. He had no +desire to be King of France; therefore he could be treated with, +despite his avarice and dissimulation. Nevertheless the fifteenth day +had gone by and the city of Paris remained in the hands of the English +and the Burgundians, who were not friends but allies.</p> + +<p>On the 28th of August a truce was concluded. It was to last till +Christmas and was to extend over the whole country north of the Seine, +from Nogent to Harfleur, with the exception of such towns as were +situated where there was a passage over the river. Concerning the city +of Paris it was expressly stated that "Our Cousin of Burgundy, he and +his men, may engage in the defence of the town and in resisting such +as shall make war upon it or do it hurt."<a name="V2FNanchor_133_133" id="V2FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.53" id="V2Page_ii.53">[Pg ii.53]</a></span> Chancellor +Regnault de Chartres, the Sire de la Trémouille, Christophe +d'Harcourt, the Bastard of Orléans, the Bishop of Séez, and likewise +certain young nobles very eager for war, such as the Counts of +Clermont and of Vendôme and the Duke of Bar, in short all the +Counsellors of the King and the Princes of the Blood who signed this +article, were apparently giving the enemy a weapon against them and +renouncing any attempt upon Paris. But they were not all fools; the +Bastard of Orléans was keen witted and the Lord Archbishop of Reims +was anything but an Olibrius.<a name="V2FNanchor_134_134" id="V2FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> They doubtless knew what they were +about when they recognised the Duke of Burgundy's rights over Paris. +Duke Philip, as we know, had been governor of the great town since the +13th of August. The Regent had ceded it with the idea that Burgundy +would keep the Parisians in order better than England, for the English +were few in number and were disliked as foreigners. What did it profit +King Charles to recognise his cousin's rights over Paris? We fail to +see precisely; but after all this truce was no better and no worse +than others. In sooth it did not give Paris to the King, but neither +did it prevent the King from taking it. Did truces ever hinder +Armagnacs and Burgundians from fighting when they had a mind to fight? +Was one of those frequent truces ever kept?<a name="V2FNanchor_135_135" id="V2FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> After having signed +this one, the King advanced to Senlis. The Duke of Alençon came to him +there twice. Charles reached Saint-Denys on Wednesday the 7th of +September.<a name="V2FNanchor_136_136" id="V2FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.54" id="V2Page_ii.54">[Pg ii.54]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_III" id="V2CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>THE ATTACK ON PARIS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capi.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" />N the days when King John was a prisoner in the hands of the English, +the townsfolk of Paris, beholding the enemy in the heart of the land, +feared lest their city should be besieged. In all haste therefore they +proceeded to put it in a state of defence; they surrounded it with +trenches and counter trenches. On the side of the University the +suburbs were left defenceless; small and remote, they were burned +down. But on the right bank the more extensive suburbs well nigh +touched the city. One part of them was enclosed by the trenches. When +peace was concluded, Charles, Regent of the Realm, undertook to +surround the town on the north with an embattled wall, flanked with +square towers, with terraces and parapets, with a road round and steps +leading up to the ramparts.</p> + +<p>In certain places the trench was single, in others double. The work +was superintended by Hugues Aubriot, Provost of Paris, to whom was +entrusted also the building of the Saint-Antoine bastion, completed +under King Charles VI.<a name="V2FNanchor_137_137" id="V2FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> This new fortifica<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.55" id="V2Page_ii.55">[Pg ii.55]</a></span>tion began on the east, +near the river, on the rising ground of Les Célestins. Within its +circle it enclosed the district of Saint Paul, the Culture +Sainte-Catherine, the Temple, Saint-Martin, Les Filles-Dieu, Saint +Sauveur, Saint Honoré, Les Quinze Vingts, which hitherto had been in +the suburbs and undefended; and it reached the river below the Louvre, +which was thus united to the town. There were six gates in the +circumvallation, to wit: beginning on the east, the Baudet Gate or +Saint-Antoine Gate, the Saint-Avoye or Temple Gate, the Gate of the +Painters or of Saint-Denis, the Saint-Martin or Montmartre Gate, the +Saint-Honoré Gate and the Gate of the Seine.<a name="V2FNanchor_138_138" id="V2FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p> + +<p>The Parisians did not like the English and were sorely grieved by +their occupation of the city. The folk murmured when, after the +funeral of the late King, Charles VI, the Duke of Bedford had the +sword of the King of France borne before him.<a name="V2FNanchor_139_139" id="V2FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> But what cannot be +helped must be endured. The Parisians may have disliked the English; +they admired Duke Philip, a prince of comely countenance and the +richest<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.56" id="V2Page_ii.56">[Pg ii.56]</a></span> potentate of Christendom. As for the little King of Bourges, +mean-looking and sad-faced, strongly suspected of treason at +Montereau, there was nothing pleasing in him; he was despised and his +followers were regarded with fear and horror. For ten years they had +been ranging round the town, pillaging, taking prisoners and holding +them to ransom. The English and Burgundians indeed did likewise. When, +in the August of 1423, Duke Philip came to Paris, his men ravaged all +the neighbouring fields, albeit they belonged to friends and allies. +But they were only passing through,<a name="V2FNanchor_140_140" id="V2FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> while the Armagnacs were for +ever raiding, eternally stealing all they could lay hands on, setting +fire to barns and churches, killing women and children, ravishing +maids and nuns, hanging men by the thumbs. In 1420, like devils let +loose, they descended upon the village of Champigny and burned at once +oats, wheat, sheep, cows, oxen, women and children. Likewise did they +and worse still at Croissy.<a name="V2FNanchor_141_141" id="V2FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> One ecclesiastic said they had caused +more Christians to suffer martyrdom than Maximian and Diocletian.<a name="V2FNanchor_142_142" id="V2FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p> + +<p>And yet, in the year 1429, there might have been discovered in the +city of Paris not a few followers of the Dauphin. Christine de Pisan, +who was very loyal to the House of Valois, said: "In Paris there are +many wicked. Good are there also and faithful to their King. But they +dare not lift up their voices."<a name="V2FNanchor_143_143" id="V2FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.57" id="V2Page_ii.57">[Pg ii.57]</a></span></p> +<p>It was common knowledge that in the Parlement and even in the Chapter +of Notre-Dame were to be found those who had dealings with the +Armagnacs.<a name="V2FNanchor_144_144" id="V2FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow of their victory at Patay, those terrible Armagnacs had +only to march straight on the town to take it. They were expected to +enter it one day or the other. In the mind of the Regent it was as if +they had already taken it. He went off and shut himself in the Castle +of Vincennes with the few men who remained to him.<a name="V2FNanchor_145_145" id="V2FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Three days +after the discomfiture of the English there was a panic in the town. +"The Armagnacs are coming to-night," they said. Meanwhile the +Armagnacs were at Orléans awaiting orders to assemble at Gien and to +march on Auxerre. At these tidings the Duke of Bedford must have +sighed a deep sigh of relief; and straightway he set to work to +provide for the defence of Paris and the safety of Normandy.<a name="V2FNanchor_146_146" id="V2FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p> + +<p>When the panic was past, the heart of the great town returned to its +allegiance, not to the English cause—it had never been English—but +to the Burgundian. Its Provost, Messire Simon Morhier, who had made +great slaughter of the French at the Battle of the Herrings, remained +loyal to the Leopard.<a name="V2FNanchor_147_147" id="V2FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> The aldermen on the contrary were suspected +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.58" id="V2Page_ii.58">[Pg ii.58]</a></span> inclining a favourable ear to King Charles's proposals. On the +12th of July, the Parisians elected a new town council composed of the +most zealous Burgundians they could find in commerce and on change. To +be provost of the merchants they appointed the treasurer, Guillaume +Sanguin, to whom the Duke of Burgundy owed more then seven thousand +<i>livres tournois</i><a name="V2FNanchor_148_148" id="V2FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> and who had the Regent's jewels in his +keeping.<a name="V2FNanchor_149_149" id="V2FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> Such an alteration was greatly to the detriment of King +Charles, who preferred to win back his good towns by peaceful means +rather than by force, and who relied more on negotiations with the +citizens than on cannon balls and stones.</p> + +<p>Just in the nick of time the Regent surrendered the town to Duke +Philip, not, we may be sure, without many regrets for having recently +refused him Orléans. He realised that thus, by returning to its French +allegiance, the chief city of the realm would make a more energetic +defense against the Dauphin's men. The Parisians' old liking for the +magnificent Duke would revive, and so would their old hatred of the +disinherited son of Madame Ysabeau. In the Palais de Justice the Duke +read the story of his father's death, punctuated with complaints of +Armagnac treason and violated treaties; he caused the blood of +Montereau<a name="V2FNanchor_150_150" id="V2FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> to cry to heaven; those who were present swore to be +right loyal to him and to the Regent. On the following days the same +oath was taken by the regular and secular clergy.<a name="V2FNanchor_151_151" id="V2FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.59" id="V2Page_ii.59">[Pg ii.59]</a></span></p><p>But the citizens were strengthened in their resistance more by their +remembrance of Armagnac cruelty than by their affection for the fair +Duke. A rumour ran and was believed by them that Messire Charles of +Valois had abandoned to his mercenaries the city and the citizens of +all ranks, high and low, men and women, and that he intended to plough +up the very ground on which Paris stood. Such a rumour represented him +very falsely; on all occasions he was pitiful and debonair; his +Council had prudently converted the coronation campaign into an armed +and peaceful procession. But the Parisians were incapable of judging +sanely when the intentions of the King of France were concerned; and +they knew only too well that once their town was taken there would be +nothing to prevent the Armagnacs from laying it waste with fire and +sword.<a name="V2FNanchor_152_152" id="V2FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p> + +<p>One other circumstance intensified their fear and their dislike. When +they heard that Friar Richard, to whose sermons they had once listened +so devoutly, was riding with the Dauphin's men and with his nimble +tongue winning such good towns as Troyes in Champagne, they called +down upon him the malediction of God and his Saints. They tore from +their caps the pewter medals engraved with the holy name of Jesus, +which the good Brother had given them, and in their bitter hatred +towards him they returned straightway to the dice, bowls and draughts +which they had renounced at his exhortation. With no less horror did +the Maid inspire them. It was said that she was acting the prophetess +and uttering such words as: "In very deed this or that shall come to +pass." "With the Armagnacs is a creature in woman's form.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.60" id="V2Page_ii.60">[Pg ii.60]</a></span> What it is +God only knows," they cried. They spoke of her as a woman of ill +fame.<a name="V2FNanchor_153_153" id="V2FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> Among these enemies, there were those who filled them with +even greater horror than pagans and Saracens—to wit: a monk and a +maid. They all took the cross of Saint Andrew.<a name="V2FNanchor_154_154" id="V2FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> + +<p>While the Dauphin had been away at his coronation an army had come +from England into France. The Regent intended it to overrun Normandy. +In its march on Rouen he commanded it in person. The defence and ward +of Paris he left to Louis of Luxembourg, Bishop of Thérouanne, +Chancellor of France for the English, to the Sire de l'Isle-Adam, +Marshal of France, Captain of Paris, to two thousand men-at-arms and +to the Parisian train-bands. To the last were entrusted the defence of +the ramparts and the management of the artillery. They were commanded +by twenty-four burgesses, called <i>quarteniers</i> because they +represented the twenty-four quarters of the city. From the end of July +all danger of a surprise had been guarded against.<a name="V2FNanchor_155_155" id="V2FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p> + +<p>On the 10th of August, on Saint-Laurence's Eve, while the Armagnacs +were encamped at La Ferté-Milon, the Saint-Martin Gate, flanked by +four towers and a double drawbridge, was closed; and all men were +forbidden to go to Saint-Laurent, either to the procession or to the +fair, as in previous years.<a name="V2FNanchor_156_156" id="V2FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> + +<p>On the 28th of the same month, the royal army<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.61" id="V2Page_ii.61">[Pg ii.61]</a></span> occupied Saint-Denys. +Henceforth no one dared leave the city, neither for the vintage nor +for the gathering of anything in the kitchen gardens, which covered +the plain north of the town. Prices immediately went up.<a name="V2FNanchor_157_157" id="V2FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p> + +<p>In the early days of September, the <i>quarteniers</i>, each one in his own +district, had the trenches set in order and the cannons mounted on +walls, gates, and towers. At the command of the aldermen, the hewers +of stone for the cannon made thousands of balls.<a name="V2FNanchor_158_158" id="V2FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></p> + +<p>From My Lord, the Duke of Alençon, the magistrates received letters +beginning thus: "To you, Provost of Paris and Provost of the Merchants +and Aldermen...." He named them by name and greeted them in eloquent +language. These letters were regarded as an artifice intended to +render the townsfolk suspicious of the aldermen and to incite one +class of the populace against the other. The only answer sent to the +Duke was a request that he would not spoil any more paper with such +malicious endeavours.<a name="V2FNanchor_159_159" id="V2FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p> + +<p>The chapter of Notre-Dame ordered masses to be said for the salvation +of the people. On the 5th of September, three canons were authorised +to make arrangements for the defence of the monastery. Those in charge +of the sacristy took measures to hide the relics and the treasure of +the cathedral from the Armagnac soldiers. For two hundred golden +<i>saluts</i><a name="V2FNanchor_160_160" id="V2FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> they sold the body of Saint Denys; but they kept the +foot, which was of silver, the head and the crown.<a name="V2FNanchor_161_161" id="V2FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.62" id="V2Page_ii.62">[Pg ii.62]</a></span></p><p>On Wednesday, the 7th of September, the Eve of the Virgin's Nativity, +there was a procession to Sainte-Geneviève-du-Mont with the object of +counteracting the evil of the times and allaying the animosity of the +enemy. In it walked the canons of the Palace, bearing the True +Cross.<a name="V2FNanchor_162_162" id="V2FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p> + +<p>That very day the army of the Duke of Alençon and of the Maid was +skirmishing beneath the walls. It retreated in the evening; and on +that night the townsfolk slept in peace, for on the morrow Christians +celebrated the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin.<a name="V2FNanchor_163_163" id="V2FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p> + +<p>It was a great festival and a very ancient one. Its origin is +described in the following manner. There was a certain holy man, who +passed his life in meditation. On a day he called to mind that for +many years, on the 8th of September, he had heard marvellous angelic +music in the air, and he prayed to God to reveal to him the reason for +this concert of instruments and of celestial voices. He was vouchsafed +the answer that it was the anniversary of the birth of the glorious +Virgin Mary; and he received the command to instruct the faithful in +order that<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.63" id="V2Page_ii.63">[Pg ii.63]</a></span> they on that solemn day might join their voices to the +angelic chorus. The matter was reported to the Sovereign Pontiff and +the other heads of the Church, who, after having prayed, fasted and +consulted the witnesses and traditions of the Church, decreed that +henceforth that day, the 8th of September, should be universally +consecrated to the celebration of the birth of the Virgin Mary.<a name="V2FNanchor_164_164" id="V2FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p> + +<p>That day were read at mass the words of the prophet Isaiah: "And there +shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall +grow out of his roots."</p> + +<p>The people of Paris thought that even the Armagnacs would do no work +on so high a festival and would keep the third commandment.</p> + +<p>On this Thursday, the 8th of September, about eight o'clock in the +morning, the Maid, the Dukes of Alençon and of Bourbon, the Marshals +of Boussac and of Rais, the Count of Vendôme, the Lords of Laval, of +Albret and of Gaucourt, who with their men, to the number of ten +thousand and more, had encamped in the village of La Chapelle, +half-way along the road from Saint-Denys to Paris, set out on the +march. At the hour of high mass, between eleven and twelve o'clock, +they reached the height of Les Moulins, at the foot of which the Swine +Market was held.<a name="V2FNanchor_165_165" id="V2FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Here there was a gibbet. Fifty-six years +earlier, a woman of saintly life according to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.64" id="V2Page_ii.64">[Pg ii.64]</a></span> people, but +according to the holy inquisitors, a heretic and <i>a Turlupine</i>, had +been burned alive on that very market-place.<a name="V2FNanchor_166_166" id="V2FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></p> + +<p>Wherefore did the King's men appear first before the northern walls, +those of Charles V, which were the strongest? It is impossible to +tell. A few days earlier they had thrown a bridge across the River +above Paris,<a name="V2FNanchor_167_167" id="V2FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> which looks as if they intended to attack the old +fortification and get into the city from the University side. Did they +mean to carry out the two attacks simultaneously? It is probable. Did +they renounce the project of their own accord or against their will? +We cannot tell.</p> + +<p>Beneath the walls of Charles V they assembled a quantity of artillery, +cannons, culverins, mortars; and in hand-carts they brought fagots to +fill up the trenches, hurdles to bridge them over and seven hundred +ladders: very elaborate material for the siege, despite their having, +as we shall see, forgotten what was most necessary.<a name="V2FNanchor_168_168" id="V2FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> They came not +therefore to skirmish nor to do great feats of arms. They came to +attempt in broad daylight the escalading and the storming of the +greatest, the most illustrious, and the most populous town of the +realm; an undertaking of vast importance, proposed doubtless and<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.65" id="V2Page_ii.65">[Pg ii.65]</a></span> +decided in the royal council and with the knowledge of the King, who +can have been neither indifferent nor hostile to it.<a name="V2FNanchor_169_169" id="V2FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Charles of +Valois wanted to retake Paris. It remains to be seen whether for the +accomplishment of his desire he depended merely on men-at-arms and +ladders.</p> + +<p>It would seem that the Maid had not been told of the resolutions +taken.<a name="V2FNanchor_170_170" id="V2FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> She was never consulted and was seldom informed of what +had been decided. But she was as sure of entering the town that day as +of going to Paradise when she died. For more than three years her +Voices had been drumming the attack on Paris in her ears.<a name="V2FNanchor_171_171" id="V2FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> But the +astonishing point is that, saint as she was, she should have consented +to arm and fight on the day of the Nativity. It was contrary to her +action on the 5th of May, Ascension Day, and inconsistent with what +she had said on the 8th of the same month: "As ye love and honour the +Sacred Sabbath do not begin the battle."<a name="V2FNanchor_172_172" id="V2FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> + +<p>True it is that afterwards, at Montepilloy, she had engaged in a +skirmish on the Day of the Assumption, and thus scandalized the +masters of the University. She acted according to the counsel of her +Voices and her decisions depended on the vaguest murmurings in her +ear. Nothing is more inconstant and more contradictory than the +inspirations of such visionaries, who are but the playthings of their +dreams. What is certain at least is that Jeanne now as always was<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.66" id="V2Page_ii.66">[Pg ii.66]</a></span> +convinced that she was doing right and committing no sin.<a name="V2FNanchor_173_173" id="V2FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> Arrayed +on the height of Les Moulins, in front of Paris with its grey +fortifications, the French had immediately before them the outermost +of the trenches, dry and narrow, some sixteen or seventeen feet deep, +separated by a mound from the second trench, nearly one hundred feet +broad, deep and filled with water which lapped the walls of the city. +Quite close, on their right, the road to Roule led up to the Saint +Honoré Gate, also called the Gate of the Blind because it was near the +Hospital of Les Quinze Vingts.<a name="V2FNanchor_174_174" id="V2FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> It opened beneath a castlet +flanked by turrets, and for an advanced defence it had a bulwark +surrounded by wooden barriers, like those of Orléans.<a name="V2FNanchor_175_175" id="V2FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> + +<p>The Parisians did not expect to be attacked on a feast day.<a name="V2FNanchor_176_176" id="V2FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> And +yet the ramparts were by no means deserted, and on the walls standards +could be seen waving, and especially a great white banner with a Saint +Andrew's cross in silver gilt.<a name="V2FNanchor_177_177" id="V2FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p> + +<p>The French arrayed themselves slightly behind the Moulin hill, which +was to protect them from the stream of lead and stones beginning to be +discharged from the artillery on the ramparts. There they ranged their +mortars, their culverins and their<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.67" id="V2Page_ii.67">[Pg ii.67]</a></span> cannon, ready to fire on the city +walls. In this position, which commanded the widest stretch of the +fortifications, was the main body of the army. Led by Messire de +Saint-Vallier a knight of Dauphiné, several captains and men-at-arms +approached the Saint Honoré Gate and set fire to the barriers. As the +garrison of the gate had withdrawn within the fortification, and as +the enemy was not seen to be coming out by any other exit, the +Maréchal de Rais' company advanced with fagots, bundles and ladders +right up to the ramparts. The Maid rode at the head of her company. +They halted between the Saint-Denys and the Saint-Honoré Gates, but +nearer the latter, and went down into the first trench, which was not +difficult to cross. But on the mound they found themselves exposed to +bolts and arrows which rained straight down from the walls.<a name="V2FNanchor_178_178" id="V2FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> As at +Orléans, and at Les Tourelles, Jeanne had given her banner to a man of +valour to hold.</p> + +<p>When she reached the top of the mound, she cried out to the folk in +Paris: "Surrender the town to the King of France."<a name="V2FNanchor_179_179" id="V2FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> + +<p>The Burgundians heard her saying also: "In Jesus' name surrender to us +speedily. For if ye yield not before nightfall, we shall enter by +force, whether ye will or no, and ye shall all be put to death without +mercy."<a name="V2FNanchor_180_180" id="V2FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p> + +<p>On the mound she remained, sounding the great dyke with her lance and +marvelling to find it so full and so deep. And yet for eleven days she +and her men-at-arms had been reconnoitring round the walls and seeking +the most favourable point of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.68" id="V2Page_ii.68">[Pg ii.68]</a></span> attack. That she should not have known +how to plan an attack was quite natural. But what is to be thought of +the men-at-arms, who were there on the mound, taken by surprise, as +baffled as she, and all aghast at finding so much water close to the +Seine when the River was in flood? To be able to reconnoitre the +defences of a fortress was surely the <i>a b c</i> of the trade of war. +Captains and soldiers of fortune never risked advancing against a +fortification without knowing first whether there were water, morass +or briars, and arming themselves accordingly with siege train suitable +to the occasion. When the water of the moat was deep they launched +leather boats carried on horses' backs.<a name="V2FNanchor_181_181" id="V2FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> The men-at-arms of the +Maréchal de Rais and my Lord of Alençon were more ignorant than the +meanest adventurers. What would the doughty La Hire have thought of +them? Such gross ineptitude and ignorance appeared so incredible that +it was supposed that those fighting men knew the depth of the moat but +concealed it from the Maid, desiring her discomfiture.<a name="V2FNanchor_182_182" id="V2FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> In such a +case, while entrapping the damsel they were themselves entrapped, for +there they stayed moving neither backwards nor forwards.</p> + +<p>Certain among them idly threw fagots into the moat. Meanwhile the +defenders assailed by flights of arrows, disappeared one after the +other.<a name="V2FNanchor_183_183" id="V2FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> But<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.69" id="V2Page_ii.69">[Pg ii.69]</a></span> towards four o'clock in the afternoon, the citizens +arrived in crowds. The cannon of the Saint-Denys Gate thundered. +Arrows and abuse flew between those above and those below. The hours +passed, the sun was sinking. The Maid never ceased sounding the moat +with the staff of her lance and crying out to the Parisians to +surrender.</p> + +<p>"There, wanton! There, minx!" cried a Burgundian.</p> + +<p>And planting his cross-bow in the ground with his foot, he shot an +arrow which split one of her greaves and wounded her in the thigh. +Another Burgundian took aim at the Maid's standard-bearer and wounded +him in the foot. The wounded man raised his visor to see whence the +arrow came and straightway received another between the eyes. The Maid +and the Duke of Alençon sorely regretted the loss of this +man-at-arms.<a name="V2FNanchor_184_184" id="V2FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p> + +<p>After she had been wounded, Jeanne cried all the more loudly that the +walls must be reached and the city taken. She was placed out of reach +of the arrows in the shelter of a breast-work. There she urged the +men-at-arms to throw fagots into the water and make a bridge. About +ten or eleven o'clock in the evening, the Sire de la Trémouille +charged the combatants to retreat. The Maid would not leave the place. +She was doubtless listening to her Saints and beholding celestial +hosts around her. The Duke of Alençon sent for her. The aged Sire de +Gaucourt<a name="V2FNanchor_185_185" id="V2FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> carried her off with the aid of a captain of Picardy, +one<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.70" id="V2Page_ii.70">[Pg ii.70]</a></span> Guichard Bournel, who did not please her on that day, and who by +his treachery six months later, was to please her still less.<a name="V2FNanchor_186_186" id="V2FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> Had +she not been wounded she would have resisted more strongly.<a name="V2FNanchor_187_187" id="V2FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> She +yielded regretfully, saying: "In God's name! the city might have been +taken."<a name="V2FNanchor_188_188" id="V2FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p> + +<p>They put her on horseback; and thus she was able to follow the army. +The rumour ran that she had been shot in both thighs; in sooth her +wound was but slight.<a name="V2FNanchor_189_189" id="V2FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> + +<p>The French returned to La Chapelle, whence they had set out in the +morning. They carried their wounded on some of the carts which they +had used for the transport of fagots and ladders. In the hands of the +enemy they left three hundred hand-carts, six hundred and sixty +ladders, four thousand hurdles and large fagots, of which they had +used but a small number.<a name="V2FNanchor_190_190" id="V2FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> Their retreat must have been somewhat +hurried, seeing that, when they came to the Barn of Les Mathurins, +near The Swine Market, they forsook their baggage and set fire to it. +With horror it was related that, like pagans of Rome, they had cast +their dead into the flames.<a name="V2FNanchor_191_191" id="V2FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> Nevertheless the Parisians dared not +pursue them. In those days men-at-arms who knew their trade never +retreated without laying<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.71" id="V2Page_ii.71">[Pg ii.71]</a></span> some snare for the enemy. Consequently the +King's men posted a considerable company in ambush by the roadside, to +lie in wait for the light troops who should come in pursuit of the +retreating army.<a name="V2FNanchor_192_192" id="V2FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> It was precisely such an ambuscade that the +Parisians feared; wherefore they permitted the Armagnacs to regain +their camp at La Chapelle-Saint-Denys unmolested.<a name="V2FNanchor_193_193" id="V2FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p> + +<p>If we regard only the military tactics of the day, there is no doubt +that the French had blundered and had lacked energy. But it was not on +military tactics that the greatest reliance had been placed. Those who +conducted the war, the King and his council, certainly expected to +enter Paris that day. But how? As they had entered Châlons, as they +had entered Reims, as they had entered all the King's good towns from +Troyes to Compiègne. King Charles had shown himself determined to +recover his towns by means of the townsfolk; towards Paris he acted as +he had acted towards his other towns.</p> + +<p>During the coronation march, he had entered into communication with +the bishops and burgesses of the cities of Champagne; and like +communications he had entered into in Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_194_194" id="V2FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> He had dealings with +the monks and notably with the Carmelites of Melun, whose Prior, +Brother Pierre d'Allée, was working in his interest.<a name="V2FNanchor_195_195" id="V2FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> For some +time paid agents had been watching for an opportunity of throwing the +city into disorder and of bringing in the enemy in a moment of panic +and confusion. During the assault they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.72" id="V2Page_ii.72">[Pg ii.72]</a></span> working for him in the +streets. In the afternoon, on both sides of the bridges, were heard +cries of "Let every man look to his own safety! The enemy has entered! +All is lost!" Such of the citizens as were listening to the sermon +hastened to shut themselves in their houses. And others who were out +of doors sought refuge in the churches. But the tumult was quelled. +Wise men, like the clerk of the Parlement, believed that it was but a +feigned attack, and that Charles of Valois looked to recover the town +not so much by force of arms as by a movement of the populace.<a name="V2FNanchor_196_196" id="V2FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p> + +<p>Certain monks who were acting in Paris as the King's spies, went out +to him at Saint-Denys and informed him that the attempt had failed. +According to them it had very nearly succeeded.<a name="V2FNanchor_197_197" id="V2FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a></p> + +<p>The Sire de la Trémouille is said to have commanded the retreat, for +fear of a massacre. Indeed, once the French had entered they were +quite capable of slaughtering the townsfolk and razing the city to the +ground.<a name="V2FNanchor_198_198" id="V2FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p> + +<p>On the morrow, Friday the 9th, the Maid, rising with the dawn, despite +her wound, asked the Duke of Alençon to have the call to arms sounded; +for she was strongly determined to return to the walls of Paris, +swearing not to leave them until the city should be taken.<a name="V2FNanchor_199_199" id="V2FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> +Meanwhile the French captains sent a herald to Paris, charged to ask +for a safe conduct for the removing of the bodies of the dead left +behind in great numbers.<a name="V2FNanchor_200_200" id="V2FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.73" id="V2Page_ii.73">[Pg ii.73]</a></span></p><p>Notwithstanding that they had suffered cruel hurt, after a retreat +unmolested it is true, but none the less disastrous and involving the +loss of all their siege train, several of the leaders were, like the +Maid, inclined to attempt a new assault. Others would not hear of it. +While they were disputing, they beheld a baron coming towards them and +with him fifty nobles; it was the Sire de Montmorency, the first +Christian peer of France, that is the first among the ancient vassals +of the bishop of Paris. He was transferring his allegiance from the +Cross of St. Andrew to the Flowers-de-luce.<a name="V2FNanchor_201_201" id="V2FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> His coming filled the +King's men with courage and a desire to return to the city. The army +was on its way back, when the Count of Clermont and the Duke of Bar +were sent to arrest the march by order of the King, and to take the +Maid back to Saint-Denys.<a name="V2FNanchor_202_202" id="V2FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p> + +<p>On Saturday the 10th, at daybreak, the Duke of Alençon, with a few +knights, appeared on the bank above the city, where a bridge had been +thrown over the Seine some days earlier. The Maid, always eager for +danger, accompanied the venturesome warriors. But the night before, +the King had prudently caused the bridge to be taken down, and the +little band had to retrace its steps.<a name="V2FNanchor_203_203" id="V2FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> It was not that the King +had renounced the idea of taking Paris. He was thinking more than ever +of the recovery of his great town;<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.74" id="V2Page_ii.74">[Pg ii.74]</a></span> but he intended to regain it +without an assault, by means of the compliance of certain burgesses.</p> + +<p>At this same place of Saint-Denys there happened to Jeanne a +misadventure, which would seem to have impressed her comrades and +possibly to have lessened their faith in her good luck in war. As was +customary, women of ill-fame followed the army in great numbers; each +man had his own; they were called <i>amiètes</i>.<a name="V2FNanchor_204_204" id="V2FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> Jeanne could not +tolerate them because they caused disorder, but more especially +because their sinful lives filled her with horror. At that very time, +stories like the following were circulated far and wide, and spread +even into Germany.</p> + +<p>There was a certain man in the camp, who had with him his <i>amiète</i>. +She rode in armour in order not to be recognised. Now the Maid said to +the nobles and captains: "There is a woman with our men." They replied +that they knew of none. Whereupon the Maid assembled the army, and, +approaching the woman said: "This is she."</p> + +<p>Then addressing the wench: "Thou art of Gien and thou art big with +child. Were it not so I would put thee to death. Thou hast already let +one child die and thou shalt not do the same for this one."</p> + +<p>When the Maid had thus spoken, servants took the wench and conveyed +her to her own home. There they kept her under watch and ward until +she was delivered of her child. And she confessed that what the Maid +had said was true.</p> + +<p>After which, the Maid again said: "There are women in the camp." +Whereupon two wantons, who did not belong to the army, and had already +been dismissed from it, hearing these words, rode off on horseback. +But the Maid hastened after them cry<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.75" id="V2Page_ii.75">[Pg ii.75]</a></span>ing: "Ye foolish women, I have +forbidden you to come into my company." And she drew her sword and +struck one of them on the head, so sore that she died.<a name="V2FNanchor_205_205" id="V2FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p> + +<p>The tale was true; Jeanne could not suffer these wenches. Every time +she met one she gave chase to her. This was precisely what she did at +Gien, when she saw women of ill-fame awaiting the King's men.<a name="V2FNanchor_206_206" id="V2FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> At +Château-Thierry, she espied an <i>amiète</i> riding behind a man-at-arms, +and, running after her, sword in hand, she came up with her, and +without striking, bade her henceforth avoid the society of +men-at-arms. "If thou wilt not," she added, "I shall do thee +hurt."<a name="V2FNanchor_207_207" id="V2FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p> + +<p>At Saint-Denys, being accompanied by the Duke of Alençon, Jeanne +pursued another of these wantons. This time she was not content with +remonstrances and threats. She broke her sword over her.<a name="V2FNanchor_208_208" id="V2FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Was it +Saint Catherine's sword? So it was believed, and doubtless not without +reason.<a name="V2FNanchor_209_209" id="V2FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> In those days men's minds were full of the romantic +stories of Joyeuse and Durandal. It would appear that Jeanne, when she +lost her sword, lost her power. A slight variation of the story was +told afterwards, and it was related how the King, when he was +acquainted with the matter of the broken sword, was displeased and +said to the Maid: "You should have taken a stick to strike withal and +should not have risked the sword you received from divine hands."<a name="V2FNanchor_210_210" id="V2FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> +It was told like<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.76" id="V2Page_ii.76">[Pg ii.76]</a></span>wise how the sword had been given to an armourer for +him to join the pieces together, and that he could not, wherein lay a +proof that the sword was enchanted.<a name="V2FNanchor_211_211" id="V2FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p> + +<p>Before his departure, the King appointed the Count of Clermont +commander of the district with several lieutenants: the Lords of +Culant, Boussac, Loré, and Foucault. He constituted joint +lieutenants-general the Counts of Clermont and of Vendôme, the lords +Regnault de Chartres, Christophe d'Harcourt and Jean Tudert. Regnault +de Chartres established himself in the town of Senlis, the +lieutenant's headquarters. Having thus disposed, the King quitted +Saint-Denys on the 13th of September.<a name="V2FNanchor_212_212" id="V2FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> The Maid followed him +against her will notwithstanding that she had the permission of her +Voices to do so.<a name="V2FNanchor_213_213" id="V2FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> She offered her armour to the image of Our Lady +and to the precious body of Saint Denys.<a name="V2FNanchor_214_214" id="V2FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> This armour was white, +that is to say devoid of armorial bearings.<a name="V2FNanchor_215_215" id="V2FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> She was thus +following the custom of men-at-arms, who, after they had received a +wound, if they did not die of it, offered their armour to Our Lady and +the Saints as a token of thanksgiving. Wherefore, in those warlike +days, chapels, like that of Notre-Dame<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.77" id="V2Page_ii.77">[Pg ii.77]</a></span> de Fierbois, often presented +the appearance of arsenals. To her armour the Maid added a sword which +she had won before Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_216_216" id="V2FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.78" id="V2Page_ii.78">[Pg ii.78]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_IV" id="V2CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>THE TAKING OF SAINT-PIERRE-LE-MOUSTIER—FRIAR RICHARD'S SPIRITUAL +DAUGHTERS—THE SIEGE OF LA CHARITÉ</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capt.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" />HE King slept at Lagny-sur-Marne on the 14th of September, then +crossed the Seine at Bray, forded the Yonne near Sens and went on +through Courtenay, Châteaurenard and Montargis. On the 21st of +September he reached Gien. There he disbanded the army he could no +longer pay, and each man went to his own home. The Duke of Alençon +withdrew into his viscounty of Beaumont-sur-Oise.<a name="V2FNanchor_217_217" id="V2FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p> + +<p>Learning that the Queen was coming to meet the King, Jeanne went +before her and greeted her at Selles-en-Berry.<a name="V2FNanchor_218_218" id="V2FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> She was afterwards +taken to Bourges, where my Lord d'Albret, half-brother of the Sire de +la Trémouille, lodged her with Messire Régnier de Bouligny. Régnier +was then Receiver General. He had been one of those whose dismissal +the University had requested in 1408, as being worse<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.79" id="V2Page_ii.79">[Pg ii.79]</a></span> than useless, +for they held him responsible for many of the disorders in the +kingdom. He had entered the Dauphin's service, passed from the +administration of the royal domain to that of taxes and attained the +highest rank in the control of the finances.<a name="V2FNanchor_219_219" id="V2FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> His wife, who had +accompanied the Queen to Selles, beheld the Maid and wondered. Jeanne +seemed to her a creature sent by God for the relief of the King and +those of France who were loyal to him. She remembered the days not so +very long ago when she had seen the Dauphin and her Husband not +knowing where to turn for money. Her name was Marguerite La Touroulde; +she was damiselle, not dame; a comfortable <i>bourgeoise</i> and that was +all.<a name="V2FNanchor_220_220" id="V2FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p> + +<p>Three weeks Jeanne sojourned in the Receiver General's house. She +slept there, drank there, ate there. Nearly every night, Damiselle +Marguerite La Touroulde slept with her; the etiquette of those days +required it. No night-gowns were worn; folk slept naked in those vast +beds. It would seem that Jeanne disliked sleeping with old women.<a name="V2FNanchor_221_221" id="V2FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> +Damiselle La Touroulde, although not so very old, was of matronly +age;<a name="V2FNanchor_222_222" id="V2FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> she had moreover a matron's experience, and further she +claimed, as we shall see directly, to know more than most matrons +knew. Several times she took Jeanne to the bath and to the +sweating-room.<a name="V2FNanchor_223_223" id="V2FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> That also was one of the rules of etiquette; a +host was not considered to be making his guests good cheer<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.80" id="V2Page_ii.80">[Pg ii.80]</a></span> unless he +took them to the bath. In this point of courtesy princes set an +example; when the King and Queen supped in the house of one of their +retainers or ministers, fine baths richly ornamented were prepared for +them before they came to table.<a name="V2FNanchor_224_224" id="V2FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> Mistress Marguerite doubtless did +not possess what was necessary in her own house; wherefore she took +Jeanne out to the bath and the sweating-room. Such are her own +expressions; and they probably indicate a vapour bath<a name="V2FNanchor_225_225" id="V2FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> not a bath +of hot water.</p> + +<p>At Bourges the sweating-rooms were in the Auron quarter, in the lower +town, near the river.<a name="V2FNanchor_226_226" id="V2FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> Jeanne was strictly devout, but she did not +observe conventual rule; she, like chaste Suzannah therefore, might +permit herself to bathe and she must have had great need to do so +after having slept on straw.<a name="V2FNanchor_227_227" id="V2FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> What is more remarkable is that, +after having seen Jeanne in the bath, Mistress Marguerite judged her a +virgin according to all appearances.<a name="V2FNanchor_228_228" id="V2FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p> + +<p>In Messire Régnier de Bouligny's house and likewise wherever she +lodged, she led the life of a <i>béguine</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.81" id="V2Page_ii.81">[Pg ii.81]</a></span> but did not practise +excessive austerity. She confessed frequently. Many a time she asked +her hostess to come with her to matins. In the cathedral and in +collegiate churches there were matins every day, between four and six, +at the hour of sunset. The two women often talked together; the +Receiver General's wife found Jeanne very simple and very ignorant. +She was amazed to discover that the maiden knew absolutely +nothing.<a name="V2FNanchor_229_229" id="V2FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p> + +<p>Among other matters, Jeanne told of her visit to the old Duke of +Lorraine, and how she had rebuked him for his evil life; she spoke +likewise of the interrogatory to which the doctors of Poitiers had +subjected her.<a name="V2FNanchor_230_230" id="V2FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> She was persuaded that these clerks had questioned +her with extreme severity, and she firmly believed that she had +triumphed over their ill-will. Alas! she was soon to know clerks even +less accommodating.</p> + +<p>Mistress Marguerite said to her one day: "If you are not afraid when +you fight, it is because you know you will not be killed." Whereupon +Jeanne answered: "I am no surer of that than are the other +combatants."</p> + +<p>Oftentimes women came to the Bouligny house, bringing paternosters and +other trifling objects of devotion for the Maid to touch.</p> + +<p>Jeanne used to say laughingly to her hostess: "Touch them yourself. +Your touch will do them as much good as mine."<a name="V2FNanchor_231_231" id="V2FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a></p> + +<p>This ready repartee must have shown Mistress Marguerite that Jeanne, +ignorant as she may have<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.82" id="V2Page_ii.82">[Pg ii.82]</a></span> been, was none the less capable of +displaying a good grace and common sense in her conversation.</p> + +<p>While in many matters this good woman found the Maid but a simple +creature, in military affairs she deemed her an expert. Whether, when +she judged the saintly damsel's skill in wielding arms, she was giving +her own opinion or merely speaking from hearsay, as would seem +probable, she at any rate declared later that Jeanne rode a horse and +handled a lance as well as the best of knights and so well that the +army marvelled.<a name="V2FNanchor_232_232" id="V2FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> Indeed most captains in those days could do no +better.</p> + +<p>Probably there were dice and dice-boxes in the Bouligny house, +otherwise Jeanne would have had no opportunity of displaying that +horror of gaming which struck her hostess. On this matter Jeanne +agreed with her comrade, Friar Richard, and indeed with everyone else +of good life and good doctrine.<a name="V2FNanchor_233_233" id="V2FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p> + +<p>What money she had Jeanne distributed in alms. "I am come to succour +the poor and needy," she used to say.<a name="V2FNanchor_234_234" id="V2FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a></p> + +<p>When the multitude heard such words they were led to believe that this +Maid of God had been raised up for something more than the +glorification of the Lilies, and that she was come to dispel such ills +as murder, pillage and other sins grievous to God, from which the +realm was suffering. Mystic souls looked to her for the reform of the +Church and the reign of Jesus Christ on earth. She was invoked as a +saint, and throughout the loyal provinces were to be seen carved and +painted images of her which were worshipped by the faithful. Thus, +even during her<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.83" id="V2Page_ii.83">[Pg ii.83]</a></span> lifetime, she enjoyed certain of the privileges of +beatification.<a name="V2FNanchor_235_235" id="V2FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p> + +<p>North of the Seine meanwhile, English and Burgundians were at their +old work. The Duke of Vendôme and his company fell back on Senlis, the +English descended on the town of Saint-Denys and sacked it once more. +In the Abbey Church they found and carried off the Maid's armour, +thus, according to the French clergy, committing undeniable sacrilege +and for this reason: because they gave the monks of the Abbey nothing +in exchange.</p> + +<p>The King was then at Mehun-sur-Yèvre, quite close to Bourges, in one +of the finest châteaux in the world, rising on a rock and overlooking +the town. The late Duke Jean of Berry, a great builder, had erected +this château with the care that he never failed to exercise in matters +of art. Mehun was King Charles's favourite abode.<a name="V2FNanchor_236_236" id="V2FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p> + +<p>The Duke of Alençon, eager to reconquer his duchy, was waiting for +troops to accompany him into Normandy, across the marches of Brittany +and Maine. He sent to the King to know if it were his good pleasure to +grant him the Maid. "Many there be," said the Duke, "who would +willingly come with her, while without her they will not stir from +their homes." Her discomfiture before Paris had not,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.84" id="V2Page_ii.84">[Pg ii.84]</a></span> therefore, +entirely ruined her prestige. The Sire de la Trémouille opposed her +being sent to the Duke of Alençon, whom he mistrusted, and not without +cause. He gave her into the care of his half-brother, the Sire +d'Albret, Lieutenant of the King in his own country of Berry.<a name="V2FNanchor_237_237" id="V2FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p> + +<p>The Royal Council deemed it necessary to recover La Charité, left in +the hands of Perrinet Gressart at the time of the coronation +campaign;<a name="V2FNanchor_238_238" id="V2FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> but it was decided first to attack +Saint-Pierre-le-Moustier, which commanded the approaches to +Bec-d'Allier.<a name="V2FNanchor_239_239" id="V2FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> The garrison of this little town was composed of +English and Burgundians, who were constantly plundering the villages +and laying waste the fields of Berry and Bourbonnais. The army for +this expedition assembled at Bourges. It was commanded by my Lord +d'Albret,<a name="V2FNanchor_240_240" id="V2FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> but popular report attributed the command to Jeanne. +The common folk, the burgesses of the towns, especially the citizens +of Orléans knew no other commander.</p> + +<p>After two or three days' siege, the King's men stormed the town. But +they were repulsed. Squire Jean d'Aulon, the Maid's steward, who some +time before had been wounded in the heel and consequently walked on +crutches, had retreated with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.85" id="V2Page_ii.85">[Pg ii.85]</a></span> rest.<a name="V2FNanchor_241_241" id="V2FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> He went back and found +Jeanne who had stayed almost alone by the side of the moat. Fearing +lest harm should come to her, he leapt on to his horse, spurred +towards her and cried: "What are you doing, all alone? Wherefore do +you not retreat like the others?"</p> + +<p>Jeanne doffed her sallet and replied: "I am not alone. With me are +fifty thousand of my folk. I will not quit this spot till I have taken +the town."</p> + +<p>Casting his eyes around, Messire Jean d'Aulon saw the Maid surrounded +by but four or five men.</p> + +<p>More loudly he cried out to her: "Depart hence and retreat like the +others."</p> + +<p>Her only reply was a request for fagots and hurdles to fill up the +moat. And straightway in a loud voice she called: "To the fagots and +the hurdles all of ye, and make a bridge!"</p> + +<p>The men-at-arms rushed to the spot, the bridge was constructed +forthwith and the town taken by storm with no great difficulty. At any +rate that is how the good Squire, Jean d'Aulon, told the story.<a name="V2FNanchor_242_242" id="V2FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> +He was almost persuaded that the Maid's fifty thousand shadows had +taken Saint-Pierre-le-Moustier.</p> + +<p>With the little army on the Loire at that time were certain holy women +who like Jeanne led a singular life and held communion with the Church +Triumphant. They constituted, so to speak, a kind of flying squadron +of <i>béguines</i>, which followed the men-at-arms. One of these women was +called Catherine de La Rochelle; two others came from Lower +Brittany.<a name="V2FNanchor_243_243" id="V2FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.86" id="V2Page_ii.86">[Pg ii.86]</a></span></p> +<p>They all had miraculous visions; Jeanne saw my Lord Saint Michael in +arms and Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret wearing crowns;<a name="V2FNanchor_244_244" id="V2FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> +Pierronne beheld God in a long white robe and a purple cloak;<a name="V2FNanchor_245_245" id="V2FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> +Catherine de La Rochelle saw a white lady, clothed in cloth of gold; +and, at the moment of the consecration of the host all manner of +marvels of the high mystery of Our Lord were revealed unto her.<a name="V2FNanchor_246_246" id="V2FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p> + +<p>Jean Pasquerel was still with Jeanne in the capacity of chaplain.<a name="V2FNanchor_247_247" id="V2FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> +He hoped to take his penitent to fight in the Crusade against the +Hussites, for it was against these heretics that he felt most +bitterly. But he had been entirely supplanted by the Franciscan, Friar +Richard, who, after Troyes, had joined the mendicants of Jeanne's +earlier days. Friar Richard dominated this little band of the +illuminated. He was called their good Father. He it was who instructed +them.<a name="V2FNanchor_248_248" id="V2FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> His designs for these women did not greatly differ from +those of Jean Pasquerel: he intended to conduct them to those wars of +the Cross, which he thought were bound to precede the impending end of +the world.<a name="V2FNanchor_249_249" id="V2FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, it was his endeavour to foster a good<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.87" id="V2Page_ii.87">[Pg ii.87]</a></span> understanding +between them, which, eloquent preacher though he was, he found very +difficult. Within the sisterhood there were constant suspicions and +disputes. Jeanne had been on friendly terms with Catherine de la +Rochelle at Montfaucon in Brie and at Jargeau; but now she began to +suspect her of being a rival, and immediately she assumed an attitude +of mistrust.<a name="V2FNanchor_250_250" id="V2FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> Possibly she was right. At any moment either +Catherine or the Breton women might be made use of as she had +been.<a name="V2FNanchor_251_251" id="V2FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> In those days a prophetess was useful in so many ways: in +the edification of the people, the reformation of the Church, the +leading of men-at-arms, the circulation of money, in war, in peace; no +sooner did one appear than each party tried to get hold of her. It +seems as if, after having employed the Maid Jeanne to deliver Orléans, +the King's Councillors were now thinking of employing Dame Catherine +to make peace with the Duke of Burgundy. Such a task was deemed +fitting for a saint less chivalrous than Jeanne. Catherine was married +and the mother of a family. In this circumstance there need be no +cause for astonishment; for if the gift of prophecy be more especially +reserved for virgins, the example of Judith proves that the Lord may +raise up strong matrons for the serving of his people.</p> + +<p>If we believe that, as her surname indicates, she came from La +Rochelle, her origin must have inspired the Armagnacs with confidence. +The inhabitants of La Rochelle, all pirates more or less, were too +profitably engaged in preying upon English vessels to forsake the +Dauphin's party. Moreover, he rewarded their loyalty by granting them +valuable<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.88" id="V2Page_ii.88">[Pg ii.88]</a></span> commercial privileges.<a name="V2FNanchor_252_252" id="V2FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> They had sent gifts of money to +the people of Orléans; and when, in the month of May, they learned the +deliverance of Duke Charles's city, they instituted a public festival +to commemorate so happy an event.</p> + +<p>The first duty of a saint in the army, it would appear, was to collect +money. Jeanne was always sending letters asking the good towns for +money or for munitions of war; the burgesses always promised to grant +her request and sometimes they kept their promise. Catherine de la +Rochelle appears to have had special revelations concerning the funds +of the party; her mission, therefore, was financial, while Jeanne's +was martial. She announced that she was going to the Duke of Burgundy +to conclude peace.<a name="V2FNanchor_253_253" id="V2FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> If one may judge from the little that is known +of her, the inspirations of this holy dame were not very elevated, not +very orderly, not very profound.</p> + +<p>Meeting Jeanne at Montfaucon in Berry (or at Jargeau) she addressed +her thus:</p> + +<p>"There came unto me a white lady, attired in cloth of gold, who said +to me: 'Go thou through the good towns and let the King give unto thee +heralds and trumpets to cry: "Whosoever has gold, silver or hidden +treasure, let him bring it forth instantly."'"</p> + +<p>Dame Catherine added: "Such as have hidden treasure and do not thus, I +shall know their treasure, and I shall go and find it."</p> + +<p>She deemed it necessary to fight against the English and seemed to +believe that Jeanne's mission was to drive them out of the land, since +she obligingly offered her the whole of her miraculous takings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.89" id="V2Page_ii.89">[Pg ii.89]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Wherewithal to pay your men-at-arms," she said. But the Maid answered +disdainfully:</p> + +<p>"Go back to your husband, look after your household, and feed your +children."<a name="V2FNanchor_254_254" id="V2FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a></p> + +<p>Disputes between saints are usually bitter. In her rival's missions +Jeanne refused to see anything but folly and futility. Nevertheless it +was not for her to deny the possibility of the white lady's +visitations; for to Jeanne herself did there not descend every day as +many saints, angels and archangels as were ever painted on the pages +of books or the walls of monasteries? In order to make up her mind on +the subject, she adopted the most effectual measures. A learned doctor +may reason concerning matter and substance, the origin and the form of +ideas, the dawn of impressions in the intellect, but a shepherdess +will resort to a surer method; she will appeal to her own eyesight.</p> + +<p>Jeanne asked Catherine if the white lady came every night, and +learning that she did: "I will sleep with you," she said.</p> + +<p>When night came, she went to bed with Catherine, watched till +midnight, saw nothing and fell asleep, for she was young, and she had +great need of sleep. In the morning, when she awoke, she asked: "Did +she come?"</p> + +<p>"She did," replied Catherine; "you were asleep, so I did not like to +wake you."</p> + +<p>"Will she not come to-morrow?"</p> + +<p>Catherine assured her that she would come without fail.</p> + +<p>This time Jeanne slept in the day in order that she might keep awake +at night; so she lay down at night in the bed with Catherine and kept +her eyes open. Often she asked: "Will she not come?"<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.90" id="V2Page_ii.90">[Pg ii.90]</a></span></p> + +<p>And Catherine replied: "Yes, directly."</p> + +<p>But Jeanne saw nothing.<a name="V2FNanchor_255_255" id="V2FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> She held the test to be a good one. +Nevertheless she could not get the white lady attired in cloth of gold +out of her head. When Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret came to her, +as they delayed not to do, she spoke to them concerning this white +lady and asked them what she was to think of her. The reply was such +as Jeanne expected:</p> + +<p>"This Catherine," they said, "is naught but futility and folly."<a name="V2FNanchor_256_256" id="V2FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p> + +<p>Then was Jeanne constrained to cry: "That is just what I thought."</p> + +<p>The strife between these two prophetesses was brief but bitter. Jeanne +always maintained the opposite of what Catherine said. When the latter +was going to make peace with the Duke of Burgundy, Jeanne said to her:</p> + +<p>"Me seemeth that you will never find peace save at the lance's +point."<a name="V2FNanchor_257_257" id="V2FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p> + +<p>There was one matter at any rate wherein the White Lady proved a +better prophetess than the Maid's Council, to wit, the siege of La +Charité. When Jeanne wished to go and deliver that town, Catherine +tried to dissuade her.</p> + +<p>"It is too cold," she said; "I would not go."<a name="V2FNanchor_258_258" id="V2FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a></p> + +<p>Catherine's reason was not a high one; and yet it is true Jeanne would +have done better not to go to the siege of La Charité.</p> + +<p>Taken from the Duke of Burgundy by the Dauphin in 1422, La Charité had +been retaken in 1424, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.91" id="V2Page_ii.91">[Pg ii.91]</a></span> Perrinet Gressart,<a name="V2FNanchor_259_259" id="V2FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> a successful +captain, who had risen from the rank of mason's apprentice to that of +pantler to the Duke of Burgundy and had been created Lord of Laigny by +the King of England.<a name="V2FNanchor_260_260" id="V2FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> On the 30th of December, 1425, Perrinet's +men arrested the Sire de La Trémouille, when he was on his way to the +Duke of Burgundy, having been appointed ambassador in one of those +eternal negotiations, forever in process between the King and the +Duke. He was for several months kept a prisoner in the fortress which +his captor commanded. He must needs pay a ransom of fourteen thousand +golden crowns; and, albeit he took this sum from the royal +treasury,<a name="V2FNanchor_261_261" id="V2FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> he never ceased to bear Perrinet a grudge. Wherefore it +may be concluded that when he sent men-at-arms to La Charité it was in +good sooth to capture the town and not with any evil design against +the Maid.</p> + +<p>The army despatched against this Burgundian captain and this great +plunder of pilgrims was composed of no mean folk. Its leaders were +Louis of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier, and Charles II, Sire d'Albret, +La Trémouille's half-brother and Jeanne's companion in arms during the +coronation campaign. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.92" id="V2Page_ii.92">[Pg ii.92]</a></span> army was doubtless but scantily supplied +with stores and with money.<a name="V2FNanchor_262_262" id="V2FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> That was the normal condition of +armies in those days. When the King wanted to attack a stronghold of +the enemy, he must needs apply to his good towns for the necessary +material. The Maid, at once saint and warrior, could beg for arms with +a good grace; but possibly she overrated the resources of the towns +which had already given so much.</p> + +<p>On the 7th of November, she and my Lord d'Alençon signed a letter +asking the folk of Clermont in Auvergne for powder, arrows and +artillery. Churchmen, magistrates, and townsfolk sent two +hundredweight of saltpetre, one hundredweight of sulphur, two cases of +arrows; to these they added a sword, two poniards and a battle-axe for +the Maid; and they charged Messire Robert Andrieu to present this +contribution to Jeanne and to my Lord d'Albret.<a name="V2FNanchor_263_263" id="V2FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a></p> + +<p>On the 9th of November, the Maid was at Moulins in Bourbonnais.<a name="V2FNanchor_264_264" id="V2FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> +What was she doing there? No one knows. There was at that time in the +town an abbess very holy and very greatly venerated. Her name was +Colette Boilet. She had won the highest praise and incurred the +grossest insults by attempting to reform the order of Saint Clare. +Colette lived in the convent of the Sisters of Saint Clare, which she +had recently founded in this town. It has been thought that the Maid +went to Moulins on purpose to meet<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.93" id="V2Page_ii.93">[Pg ii.93]</a></span> her.<a name="V2FNanchor_265_265" id="V2FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> But we ought first to +ascertain whether these two saints had any liking for each other. They +both worked miracles and miracles which were occasionally somewhat +similar;<a name="V2FNanchor_266_266" id="V2FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> but that was no reason why they should take the +slightest pleasure in each other's society. One was called <i>La +Pucelle</i>,<a name="V2FNanchor_267_267" id="V2FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> the other <i>La Petite Ancelle</i>.<a name="V2FNanchor_268_268" id="V2FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> But these names, +both equally humble, described persons widely different in fashion of +attire and in manner of life. <i>La Petite Ancelle</i> wended her way on +foot, clothed in rags like a beggar-woman; <i>La Pucelle</i>, wrapped in +cloth of gold, rode forth with lords on horseback. That Jeanne, +surrounded by Franciscans who observed no rule, felt any veneration +for the reformer of the Sisters of Saint Clare, there is no reason to +believe; neither is there anything to indicate that the pacific +Colette, strongly attached to the Burgundian house,<a name="V2FNanchor_269_269" id="V2FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> had any +desire to hold converse with one whom the English regarded as a +destroying angel.<a name="V2FNanchor_270_270" id="V2FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p> + +<p>From this town of Moulins, Jeanne dictated a letter by which she +informed the inhabitants of Riom that Saint-Pierre-le-Moustier was +taken, and asked them<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.94" id="V2Page_ii.94">[Pg ii.94]</a></span> for materials of war as she had asked the folk +of Clermont.<a name="V2FNanchor_271_271" id="V2FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a></p> + +<p>Here is the letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Good friends and beloved, ye wit how that the town of Saint +Père le Moustier hath been taken by storm; and with God's +help it is our intention to cause to be evacuated the other +places contrary to the King; but for this there hath been +great expending of powder, arrows and other munition of war +before the said town, and the lords who are in this town are +but scantily provided for to go and lay siege to La Charité, +whither we wend presently; I pray you as ye love the welfare +and honour of the King and likewise of all others here, that +ye will straightway help and send for the said siege powder, +saltpetre, sulphur, arrows, strong cross-bows and other +munition of war. And do this lest by failure of the said +powder and other habiliments of war, the siege should be +long and ye should be called in this matter negligent or +unwilling. Good friends and beloved, may our Lord keep you. +Written at Molins, the ninth day of November.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">Jehanne.</p> + +<p>Addressed to: My good friends and beloved, the churchmen, +burgesses and townsfolk of the town of Rion.<a name="V2FNanchor_272_272" id="V2FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p></div> + +<p>The magistrates of Riom, in letters sealed with their own seal, +undertook to give Jeanne the Maid and my Lord d'Albret the sum of +sixty crowns; but when the masters of the siege-artillery came to +demand this sum, the magistrates would not give a farthing.<a name="V2FNanchor_273_273" id="V2FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a></p> + +<p>The folk of Orléans, on the other hand, once more appeared both +zealous and munificent; for they<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.95" id="V2Page_ii.95">[Pg ii.95]</a></span> eagerly desired the reduction of a +town commanding the Loire for seventy-five miles above their own city. +They deserve to be considered the true deliverers of the kingdom; had +it not been for them neither Jargeau nor Beaugency would have been +taken in June. Quite in the beginning of July, when they thought the +Loire campaign was to be continued, they had sent their great mortar, +La Bougue, to Gien. With it they had despatched ammunition and +victuals; and now, in the early days of December, at the request of +the King addressed to the magistrates, they sent to La Charité all the +artillery brought back from Gien; likewise eighty-nine soldiers of the +municipal troops, wearing the cloak with the Duke of Orléans' colours, +the white cross on the breast; with their trumpeter at their head and +commanded by Captain Boiau; craftsmen of all conditions, master-masons +and journeymen, carpenters, smiths; the cannoneers Fauveau, Gervaise +Lefèvre and Brother Jacques, monk of the Gray friars monastery, at +Orléans.<a name="V2FNanchor_274_274" id="V2FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> What became of all this artillery and of these brave +folk?</p> + +<p>On the 24th of November, the Sire d'Albret and the Maid, being hard +put to it before the walls of La Charité, likewise solicited the town +of Bourges. On receipt of their letter, the burgesses decided to +contribute thirteen hundred golden crowns. To raise this sum they had +recourse to a measure by no means unusual; it had been employed +notably by the townsfolk of Orléans when, some time previously, to +furnish forth Jeanne with munition of war, they had bought from a +certain citizen a<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.96" id="V2Page_ii.96">[Pg ii.96]</a></span> quantity of salt which they had put up to auction +in the city barn. The townsfolk of Bourges sold by auction the annual +revenue of a thirteenth part of the wine sold retail in the town. But +the money thus raised never reached its destination.<a name="V2FNanchor_275_275" id="V2FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p> + +<p>A right goodly knighthood was gathered beneath the walls of La +Charité; besides Louis de Bourbon and the Sire d'Albret, there was the +Maréchal de Broussac, Jean de Bouray, Seneschal of Toulouse, and +Raymon de Montremur, a Baron of Dauphiné, who was slain there.<a name="V2FNanchor_276_276" id="V2FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> It +was bitterly cold and the besiegers succeeded in nothing. At the end +of a month Perrinet Gressart, who was full of craft, caused them to +fall into an ambush. They raised the siege, abandoning the artillery +furnished by the good towns, those fine cannon bought with the savings +of thrifty citizens.<a name="V2FNanchor_277_277" id="V2FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> Their action was the less excusable because +the town which had not been relieved and could not well expect to be, +must have surrendered sooner or later. They pleaded that the King had +sent them no victuals and no money;<a name="V2FNanchor_278_278" id="V2FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> but that was not considered +an excuse and their action was deemed dishonourable. According to a +knight well acquainted with points of honour in war: "One ought never +to besiege a place without being sure of victuals and of pay +beforehand. For to besiege a stronghold and then to withdraw is great +dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.97" id="V2Page_ii.97">[Pg ii.97]</a></span>grace for an army, especially when there is present with it a king +or a king's lieutenant."<a name="V2FNanchor_279_279" id="V2FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a></p> + +<p>On the 13th of December there preached to the people of Périgueux a +Dominican friar, Brother Hélie Boudant, Pope Martin's Penitentiary in +that town. He took as his text the great miracles worked in France by +the intervention of a Maid, whom God had sent to the King. On this +occasion the Mayor and the magistrates heard mass sung and presented +two candles. Now for two months Brother Hélie had been under order to +appear before the Parlement of Poitiers.<a name="V2FNanchor_280_280" id="V2FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> On what charge we do not +know. Mendicant monks of those days were for the most part irregular +in faith and in morals. The doctrine of Friar Richard himself was not +altogether beyond suspicion.</p> + +<p>At Christmas, in the year 1429, the flying squadron of <i>béguines</i> +being assembled at Jargeau,<a name="V2FNanchor_281_281" id="V2FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> this good Brother said mass and +administered the communion thrice to Jeanne the Maid and twice to that +Pierronne of Lower Brittany, with whom our Lord conversed as friend +with friend. Such an action might well be regarded, if not as a formal +violation of the Church's laws, at any rate as an unjustifiable abuse +of the sacrament.<a name="V2FNanchor_282_282" id="V2FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> A menacing theological tempest was then +gathering and was about to break over the heads of Friar Richard's +daughters in the spirit. A few days after the attack on Paris, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.98" id="V2Page_ii.98">[Pg ii.98]</a></span> +venerable University had had composed or rather transcribed a +treatise, <i>De bono et maligno spiritu</i>, with a view probably to +finding therein arguments against Friar Richard and his prophetess +Jeanne, who had both appeared before the city with the Armagnacs.<a name="V2FNanchor_283_283" id="V2FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></p> + +<p>About the same time, a clerk of the faculty of law had published a +summary reply to Chancellor Gerson's memorial concerning the Maid. "It +sufficeth not," he wrote, "that one simply affirm that he is sent of +God; every heretic maketh such a claim; but he must prove the truth of +that mysterious mission by some miraculous work or by some special +testimony in the Bible." This Paris clerk denies that the Maid has +presented any such proof, and to judge her by her acts, he believes +her rather to have been sent by the Devil than by God. He reproaches +her with wearing a dress forbidden to women under penalty of anathema, +and he refutes the excuses for her conduct in this matter urged by +Gerson. He accuses her of having excited between princes and Christian +people a greater war than there had ever been before. He holds her to +be an idolatress using enchantments and making false prophecies. He +charges her with having induced men to slay their fellows on the two +high festivals of the Holy Virgin, the Assumption and the Nativity. +"Sins committed by the Enemy of Mankind, through this woman, against +the Creator and his most glorious Mother. And albeit there ensued +certain murders, thanks be to God they were not so many as the Enemy +had intended."</p> + +<p>"All these things do manifestly prove error and heresy," adds this +devout son of the University.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.99" id="V2Page_ii.99">[Pg ii.99]</a></span> Whence he concludes that the Maid +should be taken before the Bishop and the Inquisitor; and he ends by +quoting this text from Saint Jérôme: "The unhealthy flesh must be cut +off; the diseased sheep must be driven from the fold."<a name="V2FNanchor_284_284" id="V2FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a></p> + +<p>Such was the unanimous opinion of the University of Paris concerning +her in whom the French clerks beheld an Angel of the Lord. At Bruges, +in November, a rumour ran and was eagerly welcomed by ecclesiastics +that the University of Paris had sent an embassy to the Pope at Rome +to denounce the Maid as a false prophetess and a deceiver, and +likewise those who believed in her. We do not know the veritable +object of this mission.<a name="V2FNanchor_285_285" id="V2FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> But there is no doubt whatever that the +doctors and masters of Paris were henceforward firmly resolved that if +ever they obtained possession of the damsel they would not let her go +out of their hands, and certainly would not send her to be tried at +Rome, where she might escape with a mere penance, and even be enlisted +as one of the Pope's mercenaries.<a name="V2FNanchor_286_286" id="V2FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p> + +<p>In English and Burgundian lands, not only by clerks but by folk of all +conditions, she was regarded as a heretic; in those countries the few +who thought well of her had to conceal their opinions carefully. After +the retreat from Saint-Denys, there may have remained some in Picardy, +and notably at Abbeville, who were favourable to the prophetess of the +French; but such persons must not be spoken of in public.</p> + +<p>Colin Gouye, surnamed Le Sourd, and Jehannin Daix, surnamed Le Petit, +a man of Abbeville, learned<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.100" id="V2Page_ii.100">[Pg ii.100]</a></span> this to their cost. In this town about +the middle of September, Le Sourd and Le Petit were near the +blacksmith's forge with divers of the burgesses and other townsfolk, +among whom was a herald. They fell to talking of the Maid who was +making so great a stir throughout Christendom. To certain words the +herald uttered concerning her, Le Petit replied eagerly:</p> + +<p>"Well! well! Everything that woman does and says is nought but +deception."</p> + +<p>Le Sourd spoke likewise: "That woman," he said, "is not to be trusted. +Those who believe in her are mad, and there is a smell of burning +about them."<a name="V2FNanchor_287_287" id="V2FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a></p> + +<p>By that he meant that their destiny was obvious, and that they were +sure to be burned at the stake as heretics.</p> + +<p>Then he had the misfortune to add: "In this town there be many with a +smell of burning about them."</p> + +<p>Such words were for the dwellers in Abbeville a slander and a cause of +suspicion. When the Mayor and the aldermen heard of this speech they +ordered Le Sourd to be thrown into prison. Le Petit must have said +something similar, for he too was imprisoned.<a name="V2FNanchor_288_288" id="V2FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a></p> + +<p>By saying that divers of his fellow-citizens were suspect of heresy, +Le Sourd put them in danger of being sought out by the Bishop and the +Inquisitor as heretics and sorcerers of notoriously evil repute. As +for the Maid, she must have been suspect indeed, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.101" id="V2Page_ii.101">[Pg ii.101]</a></span> a smell of +burning to be caused by the mere fact of being her partisan.</p> + +<p>While Friar Richard and his spiritual daughters were thus threatened +with a bad end should they fall into the hands of the English or +Burgundians, serious troubles were agitating the sisterhood. On the +subject of Catherine, Jeanne entered into an open dispute with her +spiritual father. Friar Richard wanted the holy dame of La Rochelle to +be set to work. Fearing lest his advice should be adopted, Jeanne +wrote to her King to tell him what to do with the woman, to wit that +he should send her home to her husband and children.</p> + +<p>When she came to the King the first thing she had to say to him was: +"Catherine's doings are nought but folly and futility."</p> + +<p>Friar Richard made no attempt to hide from the Maid his profound +displeasure.<a name="V2FNanchor_289_289" id="V2FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> He was thought much of at court, and it was +doubtless with the consent of the Royal Council that he was +endeavouring to compass the employment of Dame Catherine. The Maid had +succeeded. Why should not another of the illuminated succeed?</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Council had by no means renounced the services Jeanne +was rendering to the French cause. Even after the misfortunes of Paris +and of La Charité, there were many who now as before held her power to +be supernatural; and there is reason to believe that there was a party +at Court intending still to employ her.<a name="V2FNanchor_290_290" id="V2FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> And even if they had +wished to discard her she was now too intimately associated with the +royal lilies for her rejection not to involve them<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.102" id="V2Page_ii.102">[Pg ii.102]</a></span> too in dishonour. +On the 29th of December, 1429, at Mehun-sur-Yèvre, the King gave her a +charter of nobility sealed with the great seal in green wax, with a +double pendant, on a strip of red and green silk.<a name="V2FNanchor_291_291" id="V2FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a></p> + +<p>The grant of nobility was to Jeanne, her father, mother, brothers even +if they were not free, and to all their posterity, male and female. It +was a singular grant corresponding to the singular services rendered +by a woman.</p> + +<p>In the title she is described as Johanna d'Ay, doubtless because her +father's name was given to the King's scribes by Lorrainers who would +speak with a soft drawl; but whether her name were Ay or Arc, she was +seldom called by it, and was commonly spoken of as Jeanne the +Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_292_292" id="V2FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.103" id="V2Page_ii.103">[Pg ii.103]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_V" id="V2CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>LETTER TO THE CITIZENS OF REIMS—LETTER TO THE HUSSITES—DEPARTURE +FROM SULLY</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capt.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" />HE folk of Orléans were grateful to the Maid for what she had done +for them. Far from reproaching her with the unfortunate conclusion of +the siege of La Charité, they welcomed her into their city with the +same rejoicing and with as good cheer as before. On the 19th of +January, 1430, they honoured her and likewise Maître Jean de Velly and +Maître Jean Rabateau with a banquet, at which there was abundance of +capons, partridges, hares, and even a pheasant.<a name="V2FNanchor_293_293" id="V2FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> Who that Jean de +Velly was, who was feasted with her, we do not know. As for Jean +Rabateau, he was none other than the King's Councillor, who had been +Attorney-General at the Parlement of Poitiers since 1427.<a name="V2FNanchor_294_294" id="V2FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> He had +been the Maid's host at Orléans. His wife had often seen Jeanne +kneeling in her private oratory.<a name="V2FNanchor_295_295" id="V2FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> The citizens of Orléans offered +wine to the Attorney-General, to Jean de Velly, and to the Maid. In +good sooth, 'twas a fine feast and a ceremonious. The burgesses loved +and hon<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.104" id="V2Page_ii.104">[Pg ii.104]</a></span>oured Jeanne, but they cannot have observed her very closely +during the repast or they would not eight years later, when an +adventuress gave herself out to be the Maid, have mistaken her for +Jeanne, and offered her wine in the same manner and at the hands of +the same city servant, Jacques Leprestre, as now presented it.<a name="V2FNanchor_296_296" id="V2FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a></p> + +<p>The standard that Jeanne loved even more than her Saint Catherine's +sword had been painted at Tours by one Hamish Power. He was now +marrying his daughter Héliote; and when Jeanne heard of it, she sent a +letter to the magistrates of Tours, asking them to give a sum of one +hundred crowns for the bride's trousseau. The nuptials were fixed for +the 9th of February, 1430. The magistrates assembled twice to +deliberate on Jeanne's request. They described her honourably and yet +not without a certain caution as "the Maid who hath come into this +realm to the King, concerning the matter of the war, announcing that +she is sent by the King of Heaven against the English." In the end +they refused to pay anything, because, they said, it behoved them to +expend municipal funds on municipal matters and not otherwise; but +they decided that for the affection and honour they bore the Maid, the +churchmen, burgesses, and other townsfolk should be present in the +church at the wedding, and should offer prayers for the bride and +present her with bread and wine. This cost them four <i>livres</i>, ten +<i>sous</i>.<a name="V2FNanchor_297_297" id="V2FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a></p> + +<p>At a time which it is impossible to fix exactly the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.105" id="V2Page_ii.105">[Pg ii.105]</a></span> Maid bought a +house at Orléans. To be more precise she took it on lease.<a name="V2FNanchor_298_298" id="V2FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> A +lease (<i>bail à vente</i>) was an agreement by which the proprietor of a +house or other property transferred the ownership to the lessee in +return for an annual payment in kind or in money. The duration of such +leases was usually fifty-nine years. The house that Jeanne acquired in +this manner belonged to the Chapter of the Cathedral. It was in the +centre of the town, in the parish of Saint-Malo, close to the +Saint-Maclou Chapel, next door to the shop of an oil-seller, one Jean +Feu, in the Rue des Petits-Souliers. It was in this street that, +during the siege, there had fallen into the midst of five guests +seated at table a stone cannon-ball weighing one hundred and +sixty-four pounds, which had done no one any harm.<a name="V2FNanchor_299_299" id="V2FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> What price did +the Maid give for this house? Apparently six crowns of fine gold (at +sixty crowns to the mark), due half-yearly at Midsummer and Christmas, +for fifty-nine years. In addition, she must according to custom have +undertaken to keep the house in good condition and to pay out of her +own purse the ecclesiastical dues as well as rates for wells and +paving and all other taxes. Being obliged to have some one as surety, +she chose as her guarantor a certain Guillot de Guyenne, of whom we +know nothing further.<a name="V2FNanchor_300_300" id="V2FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a></p> + +<p>There is no reason to believe that the Maid did not herself negotiate +this agreement. Saint as she was, she knew well what it was to possess +property. Such knowledge ran in her family; her father was the best<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.106" id="V2Page_ii.106">[Pg ii.106]</a></span> +business man in his village.<a name="V2FNanchor_301_301" id="V2FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> She herself was domesticated and +thrifty; for she kept her old clothes, and even in the field she knew +where to find them when she wanted to make presents of them to her +friends. She counted up her possessions in arms and horses, valued +them at twelve thousand crowns, and, apparently made a pretty accurate +reckoning.<a name="V2FNanchor_302_302" id="V2FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> But what was her idea in taking this house? Did she +think of living in it? Did she intend when the war was over to return +to Orléans and pass a peaceful old age in a house of her own? Or was +she planning for her parents to dwell there, or some Vouthon uncle, or +her brothers, one of whom was in great poverty and had got a doublet +out of the citizens of Orléans?<a name="V2FNanchor_303_303" id="V2FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a></p> + +<p>On the third of March she followed King Charles to Sully.<a name="V2FNanchor_304_304" id="V2FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> The +château, in which she lodged near the King, belonged to the Sire de la +Trémouille, who had inherited it from his mother, Marie de Sully, the +daughter of Louis I of Bourbon. It had been recaptured from the +English after the deliverance of Orléans.<a name="V2FNanchor_305_305" id="V2FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> A stronghold on the +Loire, on the highroad from Paris to Autun, and commanding the plain +between Orléans and Briare and the ancient bridge with twenty arches, +the château of Sully linked together central France and those northern +provinces which Jeanne had so regretfully quitted, and whither with +all her heart she longed to return to engage in fresh expeditions and +fresh sieges.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.107" id="V2Page_ii.107">[Pg ii.107]</a></span></p><p>During the first fortnight of March, from the townsfolk of Reims she +received a message in which they confided to her fears only too well +grounded.<a name="V2FNanchor_306_306" id="V2FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a> On the 8th of March the Regent had granted to the Duke +of Burgundy the counties of Champagne and of Brie on condition of his +reconquering them.<a name="V2FNanchor_307_307" id="V2FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> Armagnacs and English vied with each other in +offering the biggest and most tempting morsels to this Gargantuan +Duke. Not being able to keep their promise and deliver to him +Compiègne which refused to be delivered, the French offered him in its +place Pont-Sainte-Maxence.<a name="V2FNanchor_308_308" id="V2FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> But it was Compiègne that he wanted. +The truces, which had been very imperfectly kept, were to have expired +at Christmas, but first they had been prolonged till the 15th of March +and then till Easter. In the year 1430 Easter fell on the 16th of +April; and Duke Philip was only waiting for that date to put an army +in the field.<a name="V2FNanchor_309_309" id="V2FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a></p> + +<p>In a manner concise and vivacious the Maid replied to the townsfolk of +Reims:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dear friends and beloved and mightily desired. Jehenne the +Maid hath received your letters making mention that ye fear +a siege. Know ye that it shall not so betide, and I may but +encounter them shortly. And if I do not encounter them and +they do not come to you, if you shut your gates firmly, I +shall shortly be with you: and if they be there, I shall +make them put on their spurs so hastily that they will not +know where to take them and so quickly that it shall be very +soon. Other things I will not write<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.108" id="V2Page_ii.108">[Pg ii.108]</a></span> unto you now, save that +ye be always good and loyal. I pray God to have you in his +keeping. Written at Sully, the 16th day of March.</p> + +<p>I would announce unto you other tidings at which ye would +mightily rejoice; but I fear lest the letters be taken on +the road, and the said tidings be seen.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">Signed. Jehanne.</p> + +<p><i>Addressed</i> to my dear friends and beloved, churchmen, +burgesses and other citizens of the town of Rains."<a name="V2FNanchor_310_310" id="V2FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a></p></div> + +<p>There can be no doubt that the scribe wrote this letter faithfully as +it was dictated by the Maid, and that he wrote her words as they fell +from her lips. In her haste she now and again forgot words and +sometimes whole phrases; but the sense is clear all the same. And what +confidence! "You will have no siege if I encounter the enemy." How +completely is<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.109" id="V2Page_ii.109">[Pg ii.109]</a></span> this the language of chivalry! On the eve of Patay she +had asked: "Have you good spurs?"<a name="V2FNanchor_311_311" id="V2FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> Here she cries: "I will make +them put on their spurs." She says that soon she will be in Champagne, +that she is about to start. Surely we can no longer think of her shut +up in the Castle of La Trémouille as in a kind of gilded cage.<a name="V2FNanchor_312_312" id="V2FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a> In +conclusion, she tells her friends at Reims that she does not write +unto them all that she would like for fear lest her letter should be +captured on the road. She knew what it was to be cautious. Sometimes +she affixed a cross to her letters to warn her followers to pay no +heed to what she wrote, in the hope that the missive would be +intercepted and the enemy deceived.<a name="V2FNanchor_313_313" id="V2FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a></p> + +<p>It was from Sully that on the 23rd of March Brother Pasquerel sent the +Emperor Sigismund a letter intended for the Hussites of Bohemia.<a name="V2FNanchor_314_314" id="V2FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a></p> + +<p>The Hussites of those days were abhorred and execrated throughout +Christendom. They demanded the free preaching of God's word, communion +in both kinds, and the return of the Church to that evangelical life +which allowed neither the wealth of priests nor the temporal power of +popes. They desired the punishment of sin by the civil magistrates, a +custom which could prevail only in very holy society. They were saints +indeed and heretics too on every possible point. Pope Martin held the +destruction of these wicked persons to be salutary, and such was the +opinion of every good Catholic. But how could this armed heresy be +dealt with when it routed all the forces of the Empire and the Holy +See? The Hussites were too much<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.110" id="V2Page_ii.110">[Pg ii.110]</a></span> for that worn-out ancient chivalry of +Christendom, for the knighthood of France and of Germany, which was +good for nothing but to be thrown on to the refuse heaps like so much +old iron. And this was precisely what the towns of the realm of France +did when over these knights of chivalry they placed a peasant +girl.<a name="V2FNanchor_315_315" id="V2FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a></p> + +<p>At Tachov, in 1427, the Crusaders, blessed by the Holy Father, had +fled at the mere sound of the chariot wheels of the Procops.<a name="V2FNanchor_316_316" id="V2FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> Pope +Martin knew not where to turn for defenders of Holy Church, one and +indivisible. He had paid for the armament of five thousand English +crusaders, which the Cardinal of Winchester was to lead against these +accursed Bohemians; but in this force the Holy Father was cruelly +disappointed; hardly had his five thousand crusaders landed in France, +than the Regent of England diverted them from their route and sent +them to Brie to occupy the attention of the Maid of the +Armagnacs.<a name="V2FNanchor_317_317" id="V2FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a></p> + +<p>Since her coming into France Jeanne had spoken of the crusade as a +work good and meritorious. In the letter dictated before the +expedition to Orléans, she summoned the English to join the French and +go together to fight against the Church's foe. And later, writing to +the Duke of Burgundy, she invited the son of the Duke vanquished at +Nicopolis to make war against the Turks.<a name="V2FNanchor_318_318" id="V2FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> Who but the mendicants +direct<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.111" id="V2Page_ii.111">[Pg ii.111]</a></span>ing her can have put these crusading ideas into Jeanne's head? +Immediately after the deliverance of Orléans it was said that she +would lead King Charles to the conquest of the Holy Sepulchre and that +she would die in the Holy Land.<a name="V2FNanchor_319_319" id="V2FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> At the same time it was rumoured +that she would make war on the Hussites. In the month of July, 1429, +when the coronation campaign had barely begun, it was proclaimed in +Germany, on the faith of a prophetess of Rome, that by a prophetess of +France the Bohemian kingdom should be recovered.<a name="V2FNanchor_320_320" id="V2FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a></p> + +<p>Already zealous for the Crusade against the Turks, the Maid was now +equally eager for the Crusade against the Hussites. Turks or +Bohemians, it was all alike to her. Of one and the other her only +knowledge lay in the stories full of witchcraft related to her by the +mendicants of her company. Touching the Hussites, stories were told, +not all true, but which Jeanne must have believed; and they cannot +have pleased her. It was said that they worshipped the devil, and that +they called him "the wronged one." It was told that as works of piety +they committed all manner of fornication. Every Bohemian was said to +be possessed by a hundred demons. They were accused of killing +thousands of churchmen. Again, and this time with truth, they were +charged with burning churches and monasteries. The Maid believed in +the God who commanded Israel to wipe out the Philistines from the face +of the earth. But recently there had arisen Cathari who held the God +of the Old Testament to be none other than Lucifer or Luciabelus, +author of evil, liar and murderer. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.112" id="V2Page_ii.112">[Pg ii.112]</a></span> Cathari abhorred war; they +refused to shed blood; they were heretics; they had been massacred, +and none remained. The Maid believed in good faith that the +extirpation of the Hussites was a work pleasing to God. Men more +learned than she, not like her addicted to chivalry, but of gentle +life, clerks like the Chancellor Jean Gerson, believed it +likewise.<a name="V2FNanchor_321_321" id="V2FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> Of these Bohemian heretics she thought what every one +thought: her opinions were those of the multitude; her views were +modelled on public opinion. Wherefore in all the simplicity of her +heart she hated the Hussites, but she feared them not, because she +feared nothing and because she believed, God helping her, that she was +able to overcome all the English, all the Turks, and all the Bohemians +in the world. At the first trumpet call she was ready to sally forth +against them. On the 23rd of March, 1430, Brother Pasquerel sent the +Emperor Sigismund a letter written in the name of the Maid and +intended for the Hussites of Bohemia. This letter was indited in +Latin. The following is the purport of it:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h3><span class="smcap">Jesus</span> † <span class="smcap">Marie</span></h3> + +<p>Long ago there reached me the tidings that ye from the true +Christians that ye once were have become heretics, like unto +the Saracens, that ye have abolished true religion and +worship and have turned to a superstition corrupt and fatal, +the which in your zeal to maintain and to spread abroad +there be no shame nor cruelty ye do not dare to perpetrate. +You defile the sacraments of the Church, tear to pieces the +articles of her faith, overthrow her temples. The images +which were made for similitudes you break and throw into the +fire. Finally such Christians as embrace not your<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.113" id="V2Page_ii.113">[Pg ii.113]</a></span> faith you +massacre. What fury, what folly, what rage possesses you? +That religion which God the All Powerful, which the Son, +which the Holy Ghost raised up, instituted, exalted and +revealed in a thousand manners, by a thousand miracles, ye +persecute, ye employ all arts to overturn and to +exterminate.</p> + +<p>It is you, you who are blind and not those who have not eyes +nor sight. Think ye that ye will go unpunished? Do ye not +know that if God prevent not your impious violence, if he +suffer you to grope on in darkness and in error, it is that +he is preparing for you a greater sorrow and a greater +punishment? As for me, in good sooth, were I not occupied +with the English wars, I would have already come against +you. But in very deed if I learn not that ye have turned +from your wicked ways, I will peradventure leave the English +and hasten against you, in order that I may destroy by the +sword your vain and violent superstition, if I can do so in +no other manner, and that I may rid you either of heresy or +of life. Notwithstanding, if you prefer to return to the +Catholic faith and to the light of primitive days, send unto +me your ambassadors and I will tell them what ye must do. If +on the other hand ye will be stiff-necked and kick against +the pricks, then remember all the crimes and offences ye +have perpetrated and look for to see me coming unto you with +all strength divine and human to render unto you again all +the evil ye have done unto others.</p> + +<p>Given at Sully, on the 23rd of March, to the Bohemian +heretics.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">Signed. Pasquerel.<a name="V2FNanchor_322_322" id="V2FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a></p></div> + +<p>This was the letter sent to the Emperor. How had Jeanne really +expressed herself in her dialect savouring alike of the speech of +Champagne and of that of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.114" id="V2Page_ii.114">[Pg ii.114]</a></span> l'Île de France? There can be no doubt but +that her letter had been sadly embellished by the good Brother. Such +Ciceronian language cannot have proceeded from the Maid. It is all +very well to say that a saint of those days could do everything, could +prophesy on any subject and in any tongue, so fine an epistle remains +far too rhetorical to have been composed by a damsel whom even the +Armagnac captains considered simple. Nevertheless, a careful +examination will reveal in this missive, at any rate in the second +half of it, certain of those bluntly naive passages and some of that +childish assurance which are noticeable in Jeanne's genuine letters, +especially in her reply to the Count of Armagnac;<a name="V2FNanchor_323_323" id="V2FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> and more than +once there occurs an expression characteristic of a village sibyl. The +following, for example, is quite in Jeanne's own manner: "If you will +return to the bosom of the Catholic Church, send me your ambassadors; +I will tell you what you have to do." And her usual threat: "Expect me +with all strength human and divine."<a name="V2FNanchor_324_324" id="V2FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> As for the phrase: "If I +hear not shortly of your conversion, of your return to the bosom of +the Church, I will peradventure leave the English and come against +you," here we may suspect the mendicant friar, less interested in the +affairs of Charles VII than in those of the Church, of having ascribed +to the Maid greater eagerness to set forth on the Crusade than she +really felt. Good and salutary as she deemed the taking of the Cross, +as far as we know her, she would never have consented to take it until +she had driven the English out of the realm of France. She believed +this to be her mission, and the persistence, the consistency, the +strength<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.115" id="V2Page_ii.115">[Pg ii.115]</a></span> of will she evinced in its fulfilment, are truly admirable. +It is quite probable that she dictated to the good Brother some phrase +like: "When I have put the English out of the kingdom, I will turn +against you." This would explain and excuse Brother Pasquerel's error. +It is very likely that Jeanne believed she would dispose of the +English in a trice and that she already saw herself distributing good +buffets and sound clouts to the renegade and infidel Bohemians. The +Maid's simplicity makes itself felt through the clerk's Latin. This +epistle to the Bohemians recalls, alas! that fagot placed upon the +stake whereon John Huss was burning, by the pious zeal of the good +wife whose saintly simplicity John Huss himself teaches us to admire.</p> + +<p>One cannot help reflecting that Jeanne and those very men against whom +she hurled menace and invective had much in common; alike they were +impelled by faith, chastity, simple ignorance, pious duty, resignation +to God's will, and a tendency to magnify the minor matters of +devotion. Zizka<a name="V2FNanchor_325_325" id="V2FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a> had established in his camp that purity of morals +which the Maid was endeavouring to introduce among the Armagnacs. The +peasant soldiers of Bohemia and the peasant Maid of France bearing her +sword amidst mendicant monks had much in common. On the one hand and +on the other, we have the religious spirit in the place of the +political spirit, the fear of sin in the place of obedience to the +civil law, the spiritual introduced into the temporal. Here is indeed +a woeful sight and a piteous; the devout set one against the other, +the innocent against the innocent, the simple against the simple, the +heretic against heretics; and it is painful to think that when she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.116" id="V2Page_ii.116">[Pg ii.116]</a></span> is +threatening with extermination the disciples of that John Huss, who +had been treacherously taken and burned as a heretic, she herself is +on the point of being sold to her enemies and condemned to suffer as a +witch. It would have been different if this letter, at which the +accomplished wits and humorists of the day looked askance, had won the +approval of theologians. But they also found fault with it, an +illustrious canonist, a zealous inquisitor deemed highly presumptuous +this threatening of a multitude of men by a Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_326_326" id="V2FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a></p> + +<p>We were right in saying that she was not prepared to leave the English +immediately and hasten against the Bohemians. Five days after her +appeal to the Hussites she wrote to her friends at Reims and in +mysterious words gave them to understand that she would come to them +shortly.<a name="V2FNanchor_327_327" id="V2FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a></p> + +<p>The partisans of Duke Philip were at that time hatching plots in the +towns of Champagne, notably at Troyes and at Reims. On the 22nd of +February, 1430, a canon and a chaplain were arrested and brought +before the chapter for having conspired to deliver the city to the +English. It was well for them that they belonged to the Church, for +having been condemned to perpetual imprisonment, they obtained from +the King a mitigation of their sentence, and the canon a complete +remittance.<a name="V2FNanchor_328_328" id="V2FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> The aldermen and ecclesiastics of the city, fearing +they would be thought badly of on the other side of the Loire, wrote +to the Maid entreating her to speak well of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.117" id="V2Page_ii.117">[Pg ii.117]</a></span> them to the King. The +following is her reply to their request:<a name="V2FNanchor_329_329" id="V2FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Very good friends and beloved, may it please you to wit +that I have received your letters, the which make mention +how it hath been reported to the King that within the city +of Reims there be many wicked persons. Therefore I give you +to wit that it is indeed true that even such things have +been reported to him and that he grieves much that there be +folk in alliance with the Burgundians; that they would +betray the town and bring the Burgundians into it. But since +then the King has known the contrary by means of the +assurance ye have sent him, and he is well pleased with you. +And ye may believe that ye stand well in his favour; and if +ye have need, he would help you with regard to the siege; +and he knows well that ye have much to suffer from the +hardness of those treacherous Burgundians, your adversaries: +thus may God in his pleasure deliver you shortly, that is as +soon as may be. So I pray and entreat you my friends dearly +beloved that ye hold well the said city for the King and +that ye keep good watch. Ye will soon have good tidings of +me at greater length. Other things for the present I write +not unto you save that the whole of Brittany is French and +that the Duke is to send to the King three thousand +combatants paid for two months. To God I commend you, may he +keep you.</p> + +<p>Written at Sully, the 28th of March.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">Jehanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_330_330" id="V2FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.118" id="V2Page_ii.118">[Pg ii.118]</a></span></p> + +<p>Addressed to: My good friends and dearly beloved, the +churchmen, aldermen, burgesses and inhabitants and masters +of the good town of Reyms."<a name="V2FNanchor_331_331" id="V2FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p></div> + +<p>Touching the succour to be expected from the Duke of Brittany, the +Maid was labouring under a delusion. Like all other prophetesses she +was ignorant of what was passing around her. Despite her failures, she +believed in her good fortune; she doubted herself no more than she +doubted God; and she was eager to pursue the fulfilment of her +mission. "Ye shall soon have tidings of me," she said to the townsfolk +of Reims. A few days after, and she left Sully to go into France and +fight, on the expiration of the truces.</p> + +<p>It has been said that she feigned an expedition of pleasure and set +out without taking leave of the King, that it was a kind of innocent +stratagem, an honourable flight.<a name="V2FNanchor_332_332" id="V2FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> But it was nothing of the +sort.<a name="V2FNanchor_333_333" id="V2FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> The Maid gathered a company of some hundred horse, +sixty-eight archers and cross-bowmen, and two trumpeters, commanded by +a Lombard captain, Bartolomeo Baretta.<a name="V2FNanchor_334_334" id="V2FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> In this company were +Italian<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.119" id="V2Page_ii.119">[Pg ii.119]</a></span> men-at-arms, bearing broad shields, like some who had come to +Orléans at the time of the siege; possibly they were the same.<a name="V2FNanchor_335_335" id="V2FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> +She set out at the head of this company, with her brothers and her +steward, the Sire Jean d'Aulon. She was in the hands of Jean d'Aulon, +and Jean d'Aulon was in the hands of the Sire de la Trémouille, to +whom he owed money.<a name="V2FNanchor_336_336" id="V2FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> The good squire would not have followed the +Maid against the King's will.</p> + +<p>The flying squadron of <i>béguines</i> had recently been divided by a +schism. Friar Richard, who was then in high favour with Queen Marie, +and who had preached the Lenten sermons of 1430<a name="V2FNanchor_337_337" id="V2FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> at Orléans, +stayed behind, on the Loire, with Catherine de la Rochelle. Jeanne +took with her Pierronne and the younger Breton prophetess.<a name="V2FNanchor_338_338" id="V2FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a> If she +went into France, it was not without the knowledge or against the will +of the King and his Council. Very probably the Chancellor of the +kingdom had asked La Trémouille to send her in order that he might +employ her in the approaching campaign against the Burgundians, who +were threatening his government of Beauvais and his city of +Reims.<a name="V2FNanchor_339_339" id="V2FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> He was not very kindly disposed towards her, but already +he had made use of her and he intended to do so again. Possibly his +intention was to employ her in a fresh attack on Paris.</p> + +<p>The King had not abandoned the idea of taking<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.120" id="V2Page_ii.120">[Pg ii.120]</a></span> his great city by the +peaceful methods he always preferred. Throughout Lent, between Sully +and Paris, there had been a constant passing to and fro of certain +Carmelite monks of Melun, disguised as artisans. These were the +churchmen who, during the attack on the Porte Saint Honoré, on the Day +of the Festival of Our Lady, had stirred up the popular rising which +had spread from one bank of the Seine to the other. Now they were +negotiating with certain influential citizens the entrance of the +King's men into the rebel city. The Prior of the Melun Carmelites was +directing the conspiracy.<a name="V2FNanchor_340_340" id="V2FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> There is reason to believe that Jeanne +had herself seen him or one of his monks. True it is that since the +22nd or the 23rd of March it was known at Sully that the conspiracy +had been discovered;<a name="V2FNanchor_341_341" id="V2FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> but perhaps the hope of success still +lingered. It was to Melun that Jeanne went with her company; and it is +difficult to believe that there was no connection between the +conspiracy of the Carmelites and the expedition of the Maid.</p> + +<p>Why should Charles VII's Councillors have ceased to employ her? It +cannot be said that she appeared less divine to the French or less +evil to the English. Her failures, either unknown, or partially known, +rendered unimportant by the fame of her victories, had not dispelled +the idea that within her resided invincible power. At the time when +the hapless damsel with the flower of French knighthood was receiving +sore treatment under the walls of La Charité at the hands of an +ex-mason's apprentice, in Burgun<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.121" id="V2Page_ii.121">[Pg ii.121]</a></span>dian lands it was rumoured that she +was carrying by storm a castle twelve miles from Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_342_342" id="V2FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> She was +still considered miraculous; the burgesses, the men-at-arms of her +party still believed in her. And as for the <i>Godons</i>, from the Regent +to the humblest swordsman of the army, they all regarded her with a +terror as great as that which had possessed them at Orléans and Patay. +At this time so many English soldiers and captains refused to go to +France, that a special edict was issued obliging them to do so.<a name="V2FNanchor_343_343" id="V2FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> +But they doubtless discovered reasons enough for not going into a +country where henceforth they could hope only for hard knocks and +nothing tempting; so that many declined, terrified by the enchantments +of the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_344_344" id="V2FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.122" id="V2Page_ii.122">[Pg ii.122]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_VI" id="V2CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID IN THE TRENCHES OF MELUN—LE SEIGNEUR DE L'OURS—THE CHILD OF +LAGNY</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capi.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" />N Easter week, Jeanne, at the head of a band of mercenaries, is +before the walls of Melun.<a name="V2FNanchor_345_345" id="V2FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> She arrives just in time to fight. The +truces have expired.<a name="V2FNanchor_346_346" id="V2FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> Is it possible that the town which was +subject to King Charles<a name="V2FNanchor_347_347" id="V2FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> can have refused to admit the Maid with +her company when she came to it so generously? Apparently it was so. +Was Jeanne able to communicate with the Carmelites of Melun? Probably. +What misfortune befell her at the gates of the town? Did she suffer +ill treatment at the hands of a Burgundian band? We know not. But when +she was in the trenches she heard Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret +saying unto her: "Thou wilt be taken before Saint John's Day."</p> + +<p>And she entreated them: "When I am taken, let me die immediately +without suffering long." And the Voices repeated that she would be +taken and thus it must be.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.123" id="V2Page_ii.123">[Pg ii.123]</a></span></p> + +<p>And they added gently: "Be not troubled, be resigned. God will help +thee."<a name="V2FNanchor_348_348" id="V2FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a></p> + +<p>Saint John's Day was the 24th of June, in less than ten weeks. Many a +time after that, Jeanne asked her saints at what hour she would be +taken; but they did not tell her; and thus doubting she ceased to +follow her own ideas and consulted the captains.<a name="V2FNanchor_349_349" id="V2FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a></p> + +<p>On her way from Melun to Lagny-sur-Marne, in the month of May, she had +to pass Corbeil. It was probably then, and in her company, that the +two devout women from Lower Brittany, Pierronne and her younger sister +in the spirit, were taken at Corbeil by the English.<a name="V2FNanchor_350_350" id="V2FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a></p> + +<p>For eight months the town of Lagny had been subject to King Charles +and governed by Messire Ambroise de Loré, who was energetically waging +war against the English of Paris and elsewhere.<a name="V2FNanchor_351_351" id="V2FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> For the nonce +Messire Ambroise de Loré was absent; but his lieutenant, Messire Jean +Foucault, commanded the garrison. Shortly after Jeanne's coming to +this town, tidings were brought that a company of between three and +four hundred men of Picardy and of Champagne, fighting for the Duke of +Burgundy, after having ranged through l'Île de France, were now on +their way back to Picardy with much booty. Their captain was a valiant +man-at-arms, one Fran<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.124" id="V2Page_ii.124">[Pg ii.124]</a></span>quet d'Arras.<a name="V2FNanchor_352_352" id="V2FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> The French determined to cut +off their retreat. Under the command of Messire Jean Foucault, Messire +Geoffroy de Saint-Bellin, Lord Hugh Kennedy, a Scotchman, and Captain +Baretta, they sallied forth from the town.<a name="V2FNanchor_353_353" id="V2FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a></p> + +<p>The Maid went with them. They encountered the Burgundians near Lagny, +but failed to surprise them. Messire Franquet's archers had had time +to take up their position with their backs to a hedge, in the English +manner. King Charles's men barely outnumbered the enemy. A certain +clerk of that time, a Frenchman, writes of the engagement. His innate +ingeniousness was invincible. With candid common sense he states that +this very slight numerical superiority rendered the enterprise very +arduous and difficult for his party.<a name="V2FNanchor_354_354" id="V2FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> And the battle was strong +indeed. The Burgundians were mightily afraid of the Maid because they +believed her to be a witch and in command of armies of devils; +notwithstanding, they fought right valiantly. Twice the French were +repulsed; but they returned to the attack, and finally the Burgundians +were all slain or taken.<a name="V2FNanchor_355_355" id="V2FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a></p> + +<p>The conquerers returned to Lagny, loaded with booty and taking with +them their prisoners, among whom was Messire Franquet d'Arras. Of +noble birth and the lord of a manor, he was entitled to expect that he +would be held to ransom, according to custom. Both Jean de Troissy, +Bailie of Senlis,<a name="V2FNanchor_356_356" id="V2FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.125" id="V2Page_ii.125">[Pg ii.125]</a></span> and the Maid demanded him from the soldier who +was his captor. It was to the Maid that he was finally delivered.<a name="V2FNanchor_357_357" id="V2FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> +Did she obtain him in return for money? Probably, for soldiers were +not accustomed to give up noble and profitable prisoners for nothing. +Nevertheless, the Maid, when questioned on this subject, replied, that +being neither mistress nor steward of France, it was not for her to +give out money. We must suppose, therefore, that some one paid for +her. However that may be, Captain Franquet d'Arras was given up to +her, and she endeavoured to exchange him for a prisoner in the hands +of the English. The man whom she thus desired to deliver was a +Parisian who was called Le Seigneur de l'Ours.<a name="V2FNanchor_358_358" id="V2FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a></p> + +<p>He was not of gentle birth and his arms were the sign of his hostelry. +It was the custom in those days to give the title of Seigneur to the +masters of the great Paris inns. Thus Colin, who kept the inn at the +Temple Gate, was known as Seigneur du Boisseau. The hôtel de l'Ours +stood in the Rue Saint-Antoine, near the Gate properly called La Porte +Baudoyer, but commonly known as Porte Baudet, Baudet possessing the +double advantage over Baudoyer of being shorter and more +comprehensible.<a name="V2FNanchor_359_359" id="V2FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> It was an ancient and famous inn, equal in renown +to the most famous, to the inn of L'Arbre Sec, in the street of that +name, to the Fleur de Lis near the Pont Neuf, to the Epée in the Rue +Saint-Denis, and to the Chapeau<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.126" id="V2Page_ii.126">[Pg ii.126]</a></span> Fétu of the Rue Croix-du-Tirouer. As +early as King Charles V's reign the inn was much frequented. Before +huge fires the spits were turning all day long, and there were hot +bread, fresh herrings, and wine of Auxerre in plenty. But since then +the plunderings of men-at-arms had laid waste the countryside, and +travellers no longer ventured forth for fear of being robbed and +slain. Knights and pilgrims had ceased coming into the town. Only +wolves came by night and devoured little children in the streets. +There were no fagots in the grate, no dough in the kneading-trough. +Armagnacs and Burgundians had drunk all the wine, laid waste all the +vineyards, and nought was left in the cellar save a poor piquette of +apples and of plums.<a name="V2FNanchor_360_360" id="V2FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a></p> + +<p>The Seigneur de l'Ours, whom the Maid demanded, was called Jaquet +Guillaume.<a name="V2FNanchor_361_361" id="V2FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> Although Jeanne, like other folk, called him Seigneur, +it is not certain that he personally directed his inn, nor even that +the inn was open through these years of disaster and desolation. The +only ascertainable fact is that he was the proprietor of the house +with the sign of the Bear (<i>l'Ours</i>). He held it by right of his wife +Jeannette, and had come into possession of it in the following manner.</p> + +<p>Fourteen years before, when King Henry with his knighthood had not yet +landed in France, the host of the Bear Inn had been the King's +sergeant-at-arms, one Jean Roche, a man of wealth and fair fame. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.127" id="V2Page_ii.127">[Pg ii.127]</a></span> +was a devoted follower of the Duke of Burgundy, and that was what +ruined him. Paris was then occupied by the Armagnacs. In the year +1416, in order to turn them out of the city, Jean Roche concerted with +divers burgesses. The plot was to be carried out on Easter Day, which +that year fell on the 29th of April. But the Armagnacs discovered it. +They threw the conspirators into prison and brought them to trial. On +the first Saturday in May the Seigneur de l'Ours was carried to the +market place in a tumbrel with Durand de Brie, a dyer, master of the +sixty cross-bowmen of Paris, and Jean Perquin, pin-maker and brasier. +All three were beheaded, and the body of the Seigneur de l'Ours was +hanged at Montfaucon where it remained until the entrance of the +Burgundians. Six weeks after their coming, in July, 1418, his body was +taken down from gibbet and buried in consecrated ground.<a name="V2FNanchor_362_362" id="V2FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a></p> + +<p>Now the widow of Jean Roche had a daughter by a first marriage. Her +name was Jeannette; she took for her first husband a certain Bernard +le Breton; for her second, Jaquet Guillaume, who was not rich. He owed +money to Maître Jean Fleury, a clerk at law and the King's secretary. +His wife's affairs were not more prosperous; her father's goods had +been confiscated and she had been obliged to redeem a part of her +maternal inheritance. In 1424, the couple were short of money, and +they sold a house, concealing the fact that it was mortgaged. Being +charged by the purchaser, they were thrown into prison, where they +aggravated their offence by suborning two witnesses, one a priest, the +other a chambermaid. Fortunately for them, they procured a +pardon.<a name="V2FNanchor_363_363" id="V2FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.128" id="V2Page_ii.128">[Pg ii.128]</a></span></p> +<p>The Jaquet Guillaume couple, therefore, were in a sorry plight. There +remained to them, however, the inheritance of Jean Roche, the inn near +the Place Baudet, at the sign of the Bear, the title of which Jaquet +Guillaume bore. This second Seigneur de l'Ours was to be as strongly +Armagnac as the other had been Burgundian, and was to pay the same +price for his opinions.</p> + +<p>Six years had passed since his release from prison, when, in the March +of 1430, there was plotted by the Carmelites of Melun and certain +burgesses of Paris that conspiracy which we mentioned on the occasion +of Jeanne's departure for l'Île de France. It was not the first plot +into which the Carmelites had entered; they had plotted that rising +which had been on the point of breaking out on the Day of the +Nativity, when the Maid was leading the attack near La Porte +Saint-Honoré; but never before had so many burgesses and so many +notables entered into a conspiracy. A clerk of the Treasury, Maître +Jean de la Chapelle, two magistrates of the Châtelet, Maître Renaud +Savin and Maître Pierre Morant, a very wealthy man, named Jean de +Calais, burgesses, merchants, artisans, more than one hundred and +fifty persons, held the threads of this vast web, and among them, +Jaquet Guillaume, Seigneur de l'Ours.</p> + +<p>The Carmelites of Melun directed the whole. Clad as artisans, they +went from King to burgesses, from burgesses to King; they kept up the +communications between those within and those without, and regulated +all the details of the enterprise. One of them asked the conspirators +for a written undertaking to bring the King's men into the city. Such +a demand looks as if the majority of the conspirators were in the pay +of the Royal Council.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.129" id="V2Page_ii.129">[Pg ii.129]</a></span></p> + +<p>In exchange for this undertaking these monks brought acts of oblivion +signed by the King. For the people of Paris to be induced to receive +the Prince, whom they still called Dauphin, they must needs be assured +of a full and complete amnesty. For more than ten years, while the +English and Burgundians had been holding the town, no one had felt +altogether free from the reproach of their lawful sovereign and the +men of his party. And all the more desirous were they for Charles of +Valois to forget the past when they recalled the cruel vengeance taken +by the Armagnacs after the suppression of the Butchers.</p> + +<p>One of the conspirators, Jaquet Perdriel, advocated the sounding of a +trumpet and the reading of the acts of oblivion on Sunday at the Porte +Baudet.</p> + +<p>"I have no doubt," he said, "but that we shall be joined by the +craftsmen, who, in great numbers will flock to hear the reading."</p> + +<p>He intended leading them to the Saint Antoine Gate and opening it to +the King's men who were lying in ambush close by.</p> + +<p>Some eighty or a hundred Scotchmen, dressed as Englishmen, wearing the +Saint Andrew's cross, were then to enter the town, bringing in fish +and cattle.</p> + +<p>"They will enter boldly by the Saint-Denys Gate," said Perdriel, "and +take possession of it. Whereupon the King's men will enter in force by +the Porte Saint Antoine."</p> + +<p>The plan was deemed good, except that it was considered better for the +King's men to come in by the Saint-Denys Gate.</p> + +<p>On Sunday, the 12th of March, the second Sunday in Lent, Maître Jean +de la Chapelle invited the magistrate Renaud Savin to come to the +tavern of <i>La Pomme de Pin</i> and meet divers other conspirators in<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.130" id="V2Page_ii.130">[Pg ii.130]</a></span> +order to arrive at an understanding touching what was best to be done. +They decided that on a certain day, under pretext of going to see his +vines at Chapelle-Saint-Denys, Jean de Calais should join the King's +men outside the walls, make himself known to them by unfurling a white +standard and bring them into the town. It was further determined that +Maître Morant and a goodly company of citizens with him, should hold +themselves in readiness in the taverns of the Rue Saint-Denys to +support the French when they came in. In one of the taverns of this +street must have been the Seigneur de l'Ours, who, dwelling near by, +had undertaken to bring together divers folk of the neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>The conspirators were acting in perfect agreement. All they now +awaited was to be informed of the day chosen by the Royal Council; and +they believed the attempt was to be made on the following Sunday. But +on the 21st of March Brother Pierre d'Allée, Prior of the Carmelites +of Melun, was taken by the English. Put to the torture, he confessed +the plot and named his accomplices. On the information he gave, more +than one hundred and fifty persons were arrested and tried. On the 8th +of April, the Eve of Palm Sunday, seven of the most important were +taken to the market-place on a tumbrel. They were: Jean de la +Chapelle, clerk of the Treasury; Renaud Savin and Pierre Morant, +magistrates at the Châtelet; Guillaume Perdriau; Jean le François, +called Baudrin; Jean le Rigueur, baker, and Jaquet Guillaume, Seigneur +de l'Ours. All seven were beheaded by the executioner, who afterwards +quartered the bodies of Jean de la Chapelle and of Baudrin.</p> + +<p>Jaquet Perdriel was merely deprived of his possessions. Jean de Calais +soon procured a pardon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.131" id="V2Page_ii.131">[Pg ii.131]</a></span> Jeannette, the wife of Jaquet Guillaume, was +banished from the kingdom and her goods confiscated.<a name="V2FNanchor_364_364" id="V2FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a></p> + +<p>How can the Maid have known the Seigneur de l'Ours? Possibly the +Carmelites of Melun had recommended him to her, and perhaps it was on +their advice that she demanded his surrender. She may have seen him in +the September of 1429, at Saint-Denys or before the walls of Paris, +and he may have then undertaken to work for the Dauphin and his party. +Why were attempts made at Lagny to save this man alone of the one +hundred and fifty Parisians arrested on the information of Brother +Pierre d'Allée? Rather than Renaud Savin and Pierre Morant, +magistrates at the Châtelet, rather than Jean de la Chapelle, clerk of +the Treasury, why choose the meanest of the band? And how could they +look to exchange a man accused of treachery for a prisoner of war? All +this seems to us mysterious and inexplicable.</p> + +<p>In the early days of May, Jeanne did not know what had become of +Jaquet Guillaume. When she heard that he had been tried and put to +death she was sore grieved and vexed. None the less, she looked upon +Franquet as a captive held to ransom. But the Bailie of Senlis, who +for some unknown reason was determined on the captain's ruin, took +advantage of the Maid's vexation at Jaquet Guillaume's execution, and +persuaded her to give up her prisoner.</p> + +<p>He represented to her that this man had committed many a murder, many +a theft, that he was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.132" id="V2Page_ii.132">[Pg ii.132]</a></span> traitor, and that consequently he ought to be +brought to trial.</p> + +<p>"You will be neglecting to execute justice," he said, "if you set this +Franquet free."</p> + +<p>These reasons decided her, or rather she yielded to the Bailie's +entreaty.</p> + +<p>"Since the man I wished to have is dead," she said, "do with Franquet +as justice shall require you."<a name="V2FNanchor_365_365" id="V2FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a></p> + +<p>Thus she surrendered her prisoner. Was she right or wrong? Before +deciding we must ask whether it were possible for her to do otherwise +than she did. She was the Maid of God, the angel of the Lord of Hosts, +that is clear. But the leaders of war, the captains, paid no great +heed to what she said. As for the Bailie, he was the King's man, of +noble birth and passing powerful.</p> + +<p>Assisted by the judges of Lagny, he himself conducted the trial. The +accused confessed that he was a murderer, a thief, and a traitor. We +must believe him; and yet we cannot forbear a doubt as to whether he +really was, any more than the majority of Armagnac or Burgundian +men-at-arms, any more than a Damoiseau de Commercy or a Guillaume de +Flavy, for example. He was condemned to death.</p> + +<p>Jeanne consented that he should die, if he had deserved death, and +seeing that he had confessed his crimes<a name="V2FNanchor_366_366" id="V2FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> he was beheaded.</p> + +<p>When they heard of the scandalous treatment of Messire Franquet, the +Burgundians were loud in their sorrow and indignation.<a name="V2FNanchor_367_367" id="V2FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> It would +seem that in this<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.133" id="V2Page_ii.133">[Pg ii.133]</a></span> matter the Bailie of Senlis and the judges of Lagny +did not act according to custom. We, however, are not sufficiently +acquainted with the circumstances to form an opinion. There may have +been some reason, of which we are ignorant, why the King of France +should have demanded this prisoner. He had a right to do so on +condition that he paid the Maid the amount of the ransom. A soldier of +those days, well informed in all things touching honour in war, was +the author of <i>Le Jouvencel</i>. In his chivalrous romances he writes +approvingly of the wise Amydas, King of Amydoine, who, learning that +one of his enemies, the Sire de Morcellet, has been taken in battle +and held to ransom, cries out that he is the vilest of traitors, +ransoms him with good coins of the realm, and hands him over to the +provost of the town and the officers of his council that they may +execute justice upon him.<a name="V2FNanchor_368_368" id="V2FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> Such was the royal prerogative.</p> + +<p>Whether it was that camp life was hardening her, or whether, like all +mystics, she was subject to violent changes of mood, Jeanne showed at +Lagny none of that gentleness she had displayed on the evening of +Patay. The virgin who once had no other arm in battle than her +standard, now wielded a sword found there, at Lagny, a Burgundian +sword and a trusty. Those who regarded her as an angel of the Lord, +good Brother Pasquerel, for example, might justify her by saying that +the Archangel Saint Michael, the standard-bearer of celestial hosts, +bore a flaming sword. And indeed Jeanne remained a saint.</p> + +<p>While she was at Lagny, folk came and told her that a child had died +at birth, unbaptized.<a name="V2FNanchor_369_369" id="V2FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> Having<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.134" id="V2Page_ii.134">[Pg ii.134]</a></span> entered into the mother at the time +of her conception, the devil held the soul of this child, who, for +lack of water, had died the enemy of its Creator. The greatest anxiety +was felt concerning the fate of this soul. Some thought it was in +limbo, banished forever from God's sight, but the more general and +better founded opinion was that it was seething in hell; for has not +Saint Augustine demonstrated that souls, little as well as great, are +damned because of original sin. And how could it be otherwise, seeing +that Eve's fall had effaced the divine likeness in this child? He was +destined to eternal death. And to think that with a few drops of water +this death might have been avoided! So terrible a disaster afflicted +not only the poor creature's kinsfolk, but likewise the neighbours and +all good Christians in the town of Lagny. The body was carried to the +Church of Saint-Pierre and placed before the image of Our Lady, which +had been highly venerated ever since the plague of 1128. It was called +Notre-Dame-des-Ardents because it cured burns, and when there were no +burns to be cured it was called Notre-Dame-des-Aidants, or rather Des +Aidances, that is, Our Lady the Helper, because she granted succour to +those in dire necessity.<a name="V2FNanchor_370_370" id="V2FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a></p> + +<p>The maidens of the town knelt before her, the little body in their +midst, beseeching her to intercede with her divine Son so that this +little child might have his share in the Redemption brought by our +Saviour.<a name="V2FNanchor_371_371" id="V2FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> In such cases the Holy Virgin did not always deny her +powerful intervention. Here it may not be inap<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.135" id="V2Page_ii.135">[Pg ii.135]</a></span>propriate to relate a +miracle she had worked thirty-seven years before.</p> + +<p>At Paris, in 1393, a sinful creature, finding herself with child, +concealed her pregnancy, and, when her time was come, was without aid +delivered. Then, having stuffed linen into the throat of the girl she +had brought forth, she went and threw her on to the dust-heap outside +La Porte Saint-Martin-des-Champs. But a dog scented the body, and +scratching away the other refuse, discovered it. A devout woman, who +happened to be passing by, took this poor little lifeless creature, +and, followed by more than four hundred people, bore it to the Church +of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, there placed it on the altar of Our Lady, +and kneeling down with the multitude of folk and the monks of the +Abbey, with all her heart prayed the Holy Virgin not to suffer this +innocent babe to be condemned eternally. The child stirred a little, +opened her eyes, loosened the linen, which gagged her, and cried +aloud. A priest baptized her on the altar of Our Lady, and gave her +the name of Marie. A nurse was found, and she was fed from the breast. +She lived three hours, then died and was carried to consecrated +ground.<a name="V2FNanchor_372_372" id="V2FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a></p> + +<p>In those days resurrections of unbaptized children were frequent. That +saintly Abbess, Colette of Corbie, who, when Jeanne was at Lagny, +dwelt at Moulins with the reformed Sisters of Saint Clare, had brought +back to life two of these poor creatures: a girl, who received the +name of Colette at the font and afterwards became nun, then abbess at +Pont-à-Mousson; a boy, who was said to have been two days buried and +whom the servant of the poor de<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.136" id="V2Page_ii.136">[Pg ii.136]</a></span>clared to be one of the elect. He died +at six months, thus fulfilling the prophecy made by the saint.<a name="V2FNanchor_373_373" id="V2FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a></p> + +<p>With this kind of miracle Jeanne was doubtless acquainted. About +twenty-five miles from Domremy, in the duchy of Lorraine, near +Lunéville, was the sanctuary of Notre-Dame-des-Aviots, of which she +had probably heard. Notre-Dame-des-Aviots, or Our Lady of those +brought back to life, was famed for restoring life to unbaptized +children. By means of her intervention they lived again long enough to +be made Christians.<a name="V2FNanchor_374_374" id="V2FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a></p> + +<p>In the duchy of Luxembourg, near Montmédy, on the hill of Avioth,<a name="V2FNanchor_375_375" id="V2FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> +multitudes of pilgrims worshipped an image of Our Lady brought there +by angels. On this hill a church had been built for her, with slim +pillars and elaborate stonework in trefoils, roses and light foliage. +This statue worked all manner of miracles. At its feet were placed +children born dead; they were restored to life and straightway +baptized.<a name="V2FNanchor_376_376" id="V2FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a></p> + +<p>The folk, gathered in the Church of Saint-Pierre de Lagny, around the +statue of Notre-Dame-des-Aidances, hoped for a like grace. The damsels +of the town prayed round the child's lifeless body. The Maid was asked +to come and join them in praying to Our Lord and Our Lady. She went to +the church, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.137" id="V2Page_ii.137">[Pg ii.137]</a></span> knelt down with the maidens and prayed. The child was +black, "as black as my coat," said Jeanne. When the Maid and the +damsels had prayed, it yawned three times and its colour came back. It +was baptized and straightway it died; it was buried in consecrated +ground. Throughout the town this resurrection was said to be the work +of the Maid. According to the tales in circulation, during the three +days since its birth the child had given no sign of life;<a name="V2FNanchor_377_377" id="V2FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> but the +gossips of Lagny had doubtless extended the period of its comatose +condition, like those good wives who of a single egg laid by the +husband of one of them, made a hundred before the day was out.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.138" id="V2Page_ii.138">[Pg ii.138]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_VII" id="V2CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>SOISSONS AND COMPIÈGNE—CAPTURE OF THE MAID</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capl.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="L" title="L" class="floatl" />EAVING Lagny, the Maid presented herself before Senlis, with her own +company and with the fighting men of the French nobles whom she had +joined, in all some thousand horse. And for this force she demanded +entrance into the town. No misfortune was more feared by burgesses +than that of receiving men-at-arms, and no privilege more jealously +guarded than that of keeping them outside the walls. King Charles had +experienced it during the peaceful coronation campaign. The folk of +Senlis made answer to the Maid that, seeing the poverty of the town in +forage, corn, oats, victuals and wine, they offered her an entrance +with thirty or forty of the most notable of her company and no +more.<a name="V2FNanchor_378_378" id="V2FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a></p> + +<p>It is said that from Senlis Jeanne went to the Castle of Borenglise in +the parish of Elincourt, between Compiègne and Ressons; and, in +ignorance as to what can have taken her there, it is supposed that she +made a pilgrimage to the Church of Elin<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.139" id="V2Page_ii.139">[Pg ii.139]</a></span>court, which was dedicated to +Saint Margaret; and it is possible that she wished to worship Saint +Margaret there as she had worshipped Saint Catherine at Fierbois, in +order to do honour to one of those heavenly ladies who visited her +every day and every hour.<a name="V2FNanchor_379_379" id="V2FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a></p> + +<p>In those days, in the town of Angers, was a licentiate of laws, canon +of the churches of Tours and Angers and Dean of Saint-Jean d'Angers. +Less than ten days before Jeanne's coming to Sainte-Marguerite +d'Elincourt, on April 18, about nine o'clock in the evening, he felt a +pain in the head, which lasted until four o'clock in the morning, and +was so severe that he thought he must die. He prayed to Saint +Catherine, for whom he professed a special devotion, and straightway +was cured. In thankfulness for so great a grace, he wended on foot to +the sanctuary of Saint Catherine of Fierbois; and there, on Friday, +the 5th of May, in a loud voice, said a mass for the King, for "the +Maid divinely worthy," and for the peace and prosperity of the +realm.<a name="V2FNanchor_380_380" id="V2FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a></p> + +<p>The Council of King Charles had made over Pont-Sainte-Maxence to the +Duke of Burgundy, in lieu of Compiègne, which they were unable to +deliver to him since that town absolutely refused to be delivered, and +remained the King's despite the King. The Duke of Burgundy kept +Pont-Sainte-<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.140" id="V2Page_ii.140">[Pg ii.140]</a></span>Maxence which had been granted him and resolved to take +Compiègne.<a name="V2FNanchor_381_381" id="V2FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a></p> + +<p>On the 17th of April, when the truce had expired, he took the field +with a goodly knighthood and a powerful army, four thousand +Burgundians, Picards and Flemings, and fifteen hundred English, +commanded by Jean de Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.<a name="V2FNanchor_382_382" id="V2FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a></p> + +<p>Noble pieces of artillery did the Duke bring to that siege; notably, +Remeswelle, Rouge Bombarde and Houppembière, from all three of which +were fired stone balls of enormous size. Mortars, which the Duke had +brought and paid ready money for to Messire Jean de Luxembourg, were +brought likewise; Beaurevoir and Bourgogne, also a great "<i>coullard</i>" +and a movable engine of war. The vast states of Burgundy sent their +archers and cross-bowmen to Compiègne. The Duke provided himself with +bows from Prussia and from Caffa in Georgia,<a name="V2FNanchor_383_383" id="V2FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> and with arrows +barbed and unbarbed. He engaged sappers and miners to lay powder mines +round the town and to throw Greek fire into it. In short my Lord +Philip, richer than a king, the most magnificent lord in Christendom +and skilled in all the arts of knighthood, was resolved to make a +gallant siege.<a name="V2FNanchor_384_384" id="V2FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="V2Philip"> +<img src="images/image08.jpg" width="263" height="400" alt="PHILIP, DUKE OF BURGUNDY" title="PHILIP, DUKE OF BURGUNDY" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>PHILIP, DUKE OF BURGUNDY</b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.141" id="V2Page_ii.141">[Pg ii.141]</a></span></p> + +<p>The town, then one of the largest and strongest in France, was +defended by a garrison of between four and five hundred men,<a name="V2FNanchor_385_385" id="V2FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> +commanded by Guillaume de Flavy. Scion of a noble house of that +province, forever in dispute with the nobles his neighbours, and +perpetually picking quarrels with the poor folk, he was as wicked and +cruel as any Armagnac baron.<a name="V2FNanchor_386_386" id="V2FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> The citizens would have no other +captain, and in that office they maintained him in defiance of King +Charles and his chamberlains. They did wisely, for none was better +able to defend the town than my Lord Guillaume, none was more set on +doing his duty. When the King of France had commanded him to deliver +the place he had refused point-blank; and when later the Duke promised +him a good round sum and a rich inheritance in exchange for Compiègne, +he made answer that the town was not his, but the King's.<a name="V2FNanchor_387_387" id="V2FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a></p> + +<p>The Duke of Burgundy easily took Gournay-sur-<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.142" id="V2Page_ii.142">[Pg ii.142]</a></span>Aronde, and then laid +siege to Choisy-sur-Aisne, also called Choisy-au-Bac, at the junction +of the Aisne and the Oise.<a name="V2FNanchor_388_388" id="V2FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a></p> + +<p>The Gascon squire, Poton de Saintrailles and the men of his company +crossed the Aisne between Soissons and Choisy, surprised the +besiegers, and retired immediately, taking with them sundry +prisoners.<a name="V2FNanchor_389_389" id="V2FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p> + +<p>On the 13th of May, the Maid entered Compiègne, where she lodged in +the Rue de l'Etoile.<a name="V2FNanchor_390_390" id="V2FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> On the morrow, the Attorneys<a name="V2FNanchor_391_391" id="V2FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> offered +her four pots of wine.<a name="V2FNanchor_392_392" id="V2FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> They thereby intended to do her great +honour, for they did no more for the Lord Archbishop of Reims, +Chancellor of the realm, who was then in the town with the Count of +Vendôme, the King's lieutenant and divers other leaders of war. These +noble lords resolved to send artillery and other munitions to the +Castle of Choisy, which could not hold out much longer;<a name="V2FNanchor_393_393" id="V2FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> and now, +as before, the Maid was made use of.</p> + +<p>The army marched towards Soissons in order to<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.143" id="V2Page_ii.143">[Pg ii.143]</a></span> cross the Aisne.<a name="V2FNanchor_394_394" id="V2FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> +The captain of the town was a squire of Picardy, called by the French +Guichard Bournel, by the Burgundians Guichard de Thiembronne; he had +served on both sides. Jeanne knew him well; he reminded her of a +painful incident. He had been one of those, who finding her wounded in +the trenches before Paris, had insisted on putting her on her horse +against her will. On the approach of King Charles's barons and +men-at-arms, Captain Guichard made the folk of Soissons believe that +the whole army was coming to encamp in their town. Wherefore they +resolved not to receive them. Then happened what had already befallen +at Senlis: Captain Bournel received the Lord Archbishop of Reims, the +Count of Vendôme and the Maid, with a small company, and the rest of +the army abode that night outside the walls.<a name="V2FNanchor_395_395" id="V2FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> On the morrow, +failing to obtain command of the bridge, they endeavoured to ford the +river, but without success; for it was spring and the waters were +high. The army had to turn back. When it was gone, Captain Bournel +sold to the Duke of Burgundy the city he was charged to hold for the +King of France; and he delivered it into the hand of Messire Jean de +Luxembourg for four thousand golden <i>saluts</i>.<a name="V2FNanchor_396_396" id="V2FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a></p> + +<p>At the tidings of this treacherous and dishonourable action on the +part of the Captain of Soissons, Jeanne cried out that if she had him, +she would cut<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.144" id="V2Page_ii.144">[Pg ii.144]</a></span> his body into four pieces, which was no empty imagining +of her wrath. As the penalty of certain crimes it was the custom for +the executioner, after he had beheaded the condemned, to cut his body +in four pieces, which was called quartering. So that it was as if +Jeanne had said that the traitor deserved quartering. The words +sounded hard to Burgundian ears; certain even believed that they heard +Jeanne in her wrath taking God's name in vain. They did not hear +correctly. Never had Jeanne taken the name of God or of any of his +saints in vain. Far from swearing when she was angered, she used to +exclaim: "God's good will!" or "Saint John!" or "By Our Lady!"<a name="V2FNanchor_397_397" id="V2FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a></p> + +<p>Before Soissons, Jeanne and the generals separated. The latter with +their men-at-arms went to Senlis and the banks of the Marne. The +country between the Aisne and the Oise was no longer capable of +supporting so large a number of men or such important personages. +Jeanne and her company wended their way back to Compiègne.<a name="V2FNanchor_398_398" id="V2FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> +Scarcely had she entered the town when she sallied forth to ravage the +neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>For example, she took part in an expedition against Pont-l'Evêque, a +stronghold, some distance from Noyon, occupied by a small English +garrison, commanded by Lord Montgomery.</p> + +<p>The Burgundians, who were besieging Compiègne, made Pont-l'Evêque +their base. In the middle of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.145" id="V2Page_ii.145">[Pg ii.145]</a></span> May, the French numbering about a +thousand, commanded by Captain Poton, by Messire Jacques de Chabannes +and divers others, and accompanied by the Maid, attacked the English +under Lord Montgomery, and the battle was passing fierce. But the +enemy, being relieved by the Burgundians of Noyon, the French must +needs beat a retreat. They had slain thirty of their adversaries and +had lost as many, wherefore the combat was held to have been right +sanguinary.<a name="V2FNanchor_399_399" id="V2FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> There was no longer any question of crossing the +Aisne and saving Choisy.</p> + +<p>After returning to Compiègne, Jeanne, who never rested for a moment, +hastened to Crépy-en-Valois, where were gathering the troops intended +for the defence of Compiègne. Then, with these troops, she marched +through the Forest of Guise, to the besieged town and entered it on +the 23rd, at daybreak, without having encountered any Burgundians. +There were none in the neighbourhood of the Forest, on the left bank +of the Oise.<a name="V2FNanchor_400_400" id="V2FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a></p> + +<p>They were all on the other side of the river. There meadowland extends +for some three-quarters of a mile, while beyond rises the slope of +Picardy. Because this meadow was low, damp and frequently flooded, a +causeway had been built leading from the bridge to the village of +Margny, which rose on the steep slope of the hill. Some two miles up +the river there towered the belfry of Clairoix, at the junction of the +Aronde and the Oise. On the opposite bank rose the belfry of Venette, +about a mile<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.146" id="V2Page_ii.146">[Pg ii.146]</a></span> and a quarter lower down, towards +Pont-Sainte-Maxence.<a name="V2FNanchor_401_401" id="V2FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a></p> + +<p>A little band of Burgundians commanded by a knight, Messire Baudot de +Noyelles, occupied the high ground of the village of Margny. Most +renowned among the men of war of the Burgundian party was Messire Jean +de Luxembourg. He with his Picards was posted at Clairoix, on the +banks of the Aronde, at the foot of Mount Ganelon. The five hundred +English of Lord Montgomery watched the Oise at Venette. Duke Philip +occupied Coudun, a good two and a half miles from the town, towards +Picardy.<a name="V2FNanchor_402_402" id="V2FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> Such dispositions were in accordance with the precepts +of the most experienced captains. It was their rule that when +besieging a fortified town a large number of men-at-arms should never +be concentrated in one spot, in one camp, as they said. In case of a +sudden attack, it was thought that a large company, if it has but one +base, will be surprised and routed just as easily as a lesser number, +and the disaster will be grievous. Wherefore it is better to divide +the besiegers into small companies and to place them not far apart, in +order that they may aid one another. In this wise, when those of one +body are discomfited those of another have time to put themselves in +battle array for their succour. While the assailants are sore aghast +at seeing fresh troops come down<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.147" id="V2Page_ii.147">[Pg ii.147]</a></span> upon them, those who are being +attacked take heart of grace. At any rate such was the opinion of +Messire Jean de Bueil.<a name="V2FNanchor_403_403" id="V2FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a></p> + +<p>That same day, the 23rd of May, towards five o'clock in the +evening<a name="V2FNanchor_404_404" id="V2FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> riding a fine dapple-grey horse, Jeanne sallied forth, +across the bridge, on to the causeway over the meadow. With her were +her standard-bearer and her company of Lombards, Captain Baretta and +his three or four hundred men, both horse and foot, who had entered +Compiègne by night. She was girt with the Burgundian sword, found at +Lagny, and over her armour she wore a surcoat of cloth of gold.<a name="V2FNanchor_405_405" id="V2FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> +Such attire would have better beseemed a parade than a sortie; but in +the simplicity of her rustic and religious soul she loved all the +pompous show of chivalry.</p> + +<p>The enterprise had been concerted between Captain Baretta, the other +leaders of the party and Messire Guillaume de Flavy. The last-named, +in order to protect the line of retreat for the French, had posted +archers, cross-bowmen, and cannoneers at the head of the bridge, while +on the river he launched a number of small covered boats, intended if +need were to bring back as many men as possible.<a name="V2FNanchor_406_406" id="V2FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> Jeanne<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.148" id="V2Page_ii.148">[Pg ii.148]</a></span> was not +consulted in the matter; her advice was never asked. Without being +told anything she was taken with the army as a bringer of good luck; +she was exhibited to the enemy as a powerful enchantress, and they, +especially if they were in mortal sin, feared lest she should cast a +spell over them. Certain there were doubtless on both sides, who +perceived that she did not greatly differ from other women;<a name="V2FNanchor_407_407" id="V2FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a> but +they were folk who believed in nothing, and that manner of person is +always outside public opinion.</p> + +<p>This time she had not the remotest idea of what was to be done. With +her head full of dreams, she imagined she was setting forth for some +great and noble emprise. It is said that she had promised to discomfit +the Burgundians and bring back Duke Philip prisoner. But there was no +question of that; Captain Baretta and those who commanded the soldiers +of fortune proposed to surprise and plunder the little Burgundian +outpost, which was nearest the town and most accessible. That was +Margny, and there on a steep hill, which might be reached in twenty or +twenty-five minutes along the causeway, was stationed Messire Baudot +de Noyelles. The attempt was worth making. The taking of outposts +constituted the perquisites of men-at-arms. And, albeit the enemy's +positions were very wisely chosen, the assailants if they proceeded +with extreme swiftness had a chance of success. The Burgundians at +Margny were very few. Having but lately arrived, they had erected +neither bastion nor bulwark, and their only defences were the +outbuildings of the village.</p> + +<p>It was five o'clock in the afternoon when the French set out on the +march. The days being at<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.149" id="V2Page_ii.149">[Pg ii.149]</a></span> their longest, they did not depend on the +darkness for success. In those times indeed, men-at-arms were chary of +venturing much in the darkness. They deemed the night treacherous, +capable of serving the fool's turn as well as the wise man's, and thus +ran the saw: "Night never blushes at her deed."<a name="V2FNanchor_408_408" id="V2FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a></p> + +<p>Having climbed up to Margny, the assailants found the Burgundians +scattered and unarmed. They took them by surprise; and the French set +to work to strike here and there haphazard. The Maid, for her part, +overthrew everything before her.</p> + +<p>Now just at this time Sire Jean de Luxembourg and the Sire de Créquy +had ridden over from their camp at Clairoix.<a name="V2FNanchor_409_409" id="V2FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> Wearing no armour, +and accompanied by eight or ten gentlemen-at-arms, they were climbing +the Margny hill. They were on their way to visit Messire Baudot de +Noyelles, and all unsuspecting, they were thinking to reconnoitre the +defences of the town from this elevated spot, as the Earl of Salisbury +had formerly done from Les Tourelles at Orléans. Having fallen into a +regular skirmish, they sent to Clairoix in all haste for their arms +and to summon their company, which would take a good half hour to +reach the scene of battle. Meanwhile, all unarmed as they were, they +joined Messire Baudot's little band, to help it to hold out against +the enemy.<a name="V2FNanchor_410_410" id="V2FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> Thus to surprise my Lord of Luxembourg might be a +stroke of good luck and certainly could not be bad; for in any event +the Margny men<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.150" id="V2Page_ii.150">[Pg ii.150]</a></span> would have straightway summoned their comrades of +Clairoix to their aid, as they did in very deed summon the English +from Venette and the Burgundians from Coudun.</p> + +<p>Having stormed the camp and pillaged it, the assailants should in all +haste have fallen back on the town with their booty; but they dallied +at Margny, for what reason is not difficult to guess: that reason +which so often transformed the robber into the robbed. The wearers of +the white cross as well as those of the red, no matter what danger +threatened them, never quitted a place as long as anything remained to +be carried away.</p> + +<p>If the mercenaries of Compiègne incurred peril by their greed, the +Maid on her side by her valour and prowess ran much greater risk; +never would she consent to leave a battle; she must be wounded, +pierced with bolts and arrows, before she would give in.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, having recovered from so sudden an alarm, Messire Baudot's +men armed as best they might and endeavoured to win back the village. +Now they drove out the French, now they themselves were forced to +retreat with great loss. The Seigneur de Créquy, among others, was +sorely wounded in the face. But the hope of being reinforced gave them +courage. The men of Clairoix appeared. Duke Philip himself came up +with the band from Coudun. The French, outnumbered, abandoned Margny, +and retreated slowly. It may be that their booty impeded their march. +But suddenly espying the <i>Godons</i> from Venette advancing over the +meadowland, they were seized with panic; to the cry of "<i>Sauve qui +peut!</i>" they broke into one mad rush and in utter rout reached the +bank of the Oise. Some threw themselves into boats, others<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.151" id="V2Page_ii.151">[Pg ii.151]</a></span> crowded +round the bulwark of the Bridge. Thus they attracted the very +misfortune they feared. For the English followed so hard on the +fugitives that the defenders on the ramparts dared not fire their +cannon for fear of striking the French.<a name="V2FNanchor_411_411" id="V2FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a></p> + +<p>The latter having forced the barrier of the bulwark, the English were +about to enter on their heels, cross the bridge and pass into the +town. The captain of Compiègne saw the danger and gave the command to +close the town gate. The bridge was raised and the portcullis +lowered.<a name="V2FNanchor_412_412" id="V2FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a></p> + +<p>In the meadow, Jeanne still laboured under the heroic delusion of +victory. Surrounded by a little band of kinsmen and personal +retainers, she was withstanding the Burgundians, and imagining that +she would overthrow everything before her.</p> + +<p>Her comrades shouted to her: "Strive to regain the town or we are +lost."</p> + +<p>But her eyes were dazzled by the splendour of angels and archangels, +and she made answer: "Hold your peace; it will be your fault if we are +discomfited. Think of nought but of attacking them."</p> + +<p>And once again she uttered those words which were forever in her +mouth: "Go forward! They are ours!"<a name="V2FNanchor_413_413" id="V2FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a></p> + +<p>Her men took her horse by the bridle and forced<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.152" id="V2Page_ii.152">[Pg ii.152]</a></span> her to turn towards +the town. It was too late; the bulwarks commanding the bridge could +not be entered: the English held the head of the causeway. The Maid +with her little band was penned into the corner between the side of +the bulwark and the embankment of the road. Her assailants were men of +Picardy, who, striking hard and driving away her protectors, succeeded +in reaching her.<a name="V2FNanchor_414_414" id="V2FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a> A bowman pulled her by her cloak of cloth of +gold and threw her to the ground. They all surrounded her and together +cried:</p> + +<p>"Surrender!"</p> + +<p>Urged to give her parole, she replied: "I have plighted my word to +another, and I shall keep my oath."<a name="V2FNanchor_415_415" id="V2FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a></p> + +<p>One of those who pressed her said that he was of gentle birth. She +surrendered to him.</p> + +<p>He was an archer, by name Lyonnel, in the company of the Bastard of +Wandomme. Deeming that his fortune was made, he appeared more joyful +than if he had taken a king.<a name="V2FNanchor_416_416" id="V2FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a></p> + +<p>With the Maid was taken her brother, Pierre d'Arc, Jean d'Aulon, her +steward, and Jean d'Aulon's brother, Poton, surnamed the +Burgundian.<a name="V2FNanchor_417_417" id="V2FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> Ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.153" id="V2Page_ii.153">[Pg ii.153]</a></span>cording to the Burgundians, the French in this +engagement lost four hundred fighting men, killed or drowned;<a name="V2FNanchor_418_418" id="V2FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> but +according to the French most of the foot soldiers were taken up by the +boats which were moored near the bank of the Oise.<a name="V2FNanchor_419_419" id="V2FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a></p> + +<p>Had it not been for the archers, cross-bowmen and cannoneers posted at +the bridge end by the Sire de Flavy, the bulwark would have been +captured. The Burgundians had but twenty wounded and not one +slain.<a name="V2FNanchor_420_420" id="V2FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> The Maid had not been very vigorously defended.</p> + +<p>She was disarmed and taken to Margny.<a name="V2FNanchor_421_421" id="V2FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> At the tidings that the +witch of the Armagnacs had been taken, cries and rejoicings resounded +throughout the Burgundian camp. Duke Philip wished to see her. When he +drew near to her, there were certain of his clergy and his knighthood +who praised his piety, extolled his courage, and wondered that this +mighty Duke was not afraid of the spawn of Hell.<a name="V2FNanchor_422_422" id="V2FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a></p> + +<p>In this respect, his knighthood were as valiant as he, for many +knights and squires flocked to satisfy this same curiosity. Among them +was Messire Enguerrand de Monstrelet, a native of the County of +Boulogne, a retainer of the House of Luxembourg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.154" id="V2Page_ii.154">[Pg ii.154]</a></span> the author of the +Chronicles. He heard the words the Duke addressed to the prisoner, +and, albeit his calling required a good memory, he forgot them. +Possibly he did not consider them chivalrous enough to be written in +his book.<a name="V2FNanchor_423_423" id="V2FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne remained in the custody of Messire Jean de Luxembourg, to whom +she belonged henceforward. The bowman, her captor, had given her up to +his captain, the Bastard of Wandomme, who, in his turn, had yielded +her to his Master, Messire Jean.<a name="V2FNanchor_424_424" id="V2FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a></p> + +<p>Branches of the Luxembourg tree extended from the west to the east of +Christendom, as far as Bohemia and Hungary; and it had produced six +queens, an empress, four kings, and four emperors. A scion of a +younger branch of this illustrious house and himself a but poorly +landed cadet, Jean de Luxembourg, had with great labour won his spurs +in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. When he held the Maid to +ransom, he was thirty-nine years of age, covered with wounds and +one-eyed.<a name="V2FNanchor_425_425" id="V2FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a></p> + +<p>That very evening from his quarters at Coudun the Duke of Burgundy +caused letters to be written to the towns of his dominions telling of +the capture of the Maid. "Of this capture shall the fame spread far +and wide," is written in the letter to the people of Saint-Quentin; +"and there shall be bruited abroad the error and misbelief of all such +as have approved and favoured the deeds of this woman."<a name="V2FNanchor_426_426" id="V2FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a></p> + +<p>In like manner did the Duke send the tidings to<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.155" id="V2Page_ii.155">[Pg ii.155]</a></span> the Duke of Brittany +by his herald Lorraine; to the Duke of Savoy and to his good town of +Ghent.<a name="V2FNanchor_427_427" id="V2FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a></p> + +<p>The survivors of the company the Maid had taken to Compiègne abandoned +the siege, and on the morrow returned to their garrisons. The Lombard +Captain, Bartolomeo Baretta, Jeanne's lieutenant, remained in the town +with thirty-two men-at-arms, two trumpeters, two pages, forty-eight +cross bowmen, and twenty archers or targeteers.<a name="V2FNanchor_428_428" id="V2FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.156" id="V2Page_ii.156">[Pg ii.156]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_VIII" id="V2CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT BEAULIEU—THE SHEPHERD OF GÉVAUDAN</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capt.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" />HE tidings that Jeanne was in the hands of the Burgundians reached +Paris on the morning of May the 25th.<a name="V2FNanchor_429_429" id="V2FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> On the morrow, the 26th, +the University sent a summons to Duke Philip requiring him to give up +his prisoner to the Vicar-General of the Grand Inquisitor of France. +At the same time, the Vicar-General himself by letter required the +redoubtable Duke to bring prisoner before him the young woman +suspected of divers crimes savouring of heresy.<a name="V2FNanchor_430_430" id="V2FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a></p> + +<p>"... We beseech you in all good affection, O powerful Prince," he +said, "and we entreat your noble vassals that by them and by you +Jeanne be sent unto us surely and shortly, and we hope that thus ye +will do as being the true protector of the faith and the defender of +God's honour...."<a name="V2FNanchor_431_431" id="V2FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a></p> + +<p>The Vicar-General of the Grand Inquisitor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.157" id="V2Page_ii.157">[Pg ii.157]</a></span> France, Brother Martin +Billoray,<a name="V2FNanchor_432_432" id="V2FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a> Master of theology, belonged to the order of friars +preachers, the members of which exercised the principal functions of +the Holy office. In the days of Innocent III, when the Inquisition was +exterminating Cathari and Albigenses, the sons of Dominic figured in +paintings in monasteries and chapels as great white hounds spotted +with black, biting at the throats of the wolves of heresy.<a name="V2FNanchor_433_433" id="V2FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> In +France in the fifteenth century the Dominicans were always the dogs of +the Lord; they, jointly with the bishops, drove out the heretic. The +Grand Inquisitor or his Vicar was unable of his own initiative to set +on foot and prosecute any judicial action; the bishops maintained +their right to judge crimes committed against the Church. In matters +of faith trials were conducted by two judges, the Ordinary, who might +be the bishop himself or the Official, and the Inquisitor or his +Vicar. Inquisitorial forms were observed.<a name="V2FNanchor_434_434" id="V2FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a></p> + +<p>In the Maid's case it was not the Bishop only who was prompting the +Holy Inquisition, but the Daughter of Kings, the Mother of Learning, +the Bright and Shining Sun of France and of Christendom, the +University of Paris. She arrogated to herself a peculiar jurisdiction +in cases of heresy or other matters of doctrine occurring in the city +or its neighbourhood; her advice was asked on every hand and regarded +as authoritative over the face of the whole world, wheresoever the +Cross had been set up. For a year her masters and doctors, many in +number and filled with<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.158" id="V2Page_ii.158">[Pg ii.158]</a></span> sound learning, had been clamouring for the +Maid to be delivered up to the Inquisition, as being good for the +welfare of the Church and conducive to the interests of the faith; for +they had a deep-rooted suspicion that the damsel came not from God, +but was deceived and seduced by the machinations of the Devil; that +she acted not by divine power but by the aid of demons; that she was +addicted to witchcraft and practised idolatry.<a name="V2FNanchor_435_435" id="V2FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a></p> + +<p>Such knowledge as they possessed of things divine and methods of +reasoning corroborated this grave suspicion. They were Burgundians and +English by necessity and by inclination; they observed faithfully the +Treaty of Troyes to which they had sworn; they were devoted to the +Regent who showed them great consideration; they abhorred the +Armagnacs, who desolated and laid waste their city, the most beautiful +in the world;<a name="V2FNanchor_436_436" id="V2FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> they held that the Dauphin Charles had forfeited +his rights to the Kingdom of the Lilies. Wherefore they inclined to +believe that the Maid of the Armagnacs, the woman knight of the +Dauphin Charles, was inspired by a company of loathsome demons. These +scholars of the University were human; they believed what it was to +their interest to believe; they were priests and they beheld the Devil +everywhere, but especially in a woman. Without having devoted +themselves to any profound examination of the deeds and sayings of +this damsel, they knew enough to cause them to demand an immediate +inquiry. She called herself the emissary of God, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.159" id="V2Page_ii.159">[Pg ii.159]</a></span> daughter of God; +and she appeared loquacious, vain, crafty, gorgeous in her attire. She +had threatened the English that if they did not quit France she would +have them all slain. She commanded armies, wherefore she was a slayer +of her fellow-creatures and foolhardy. She was seditious, for are not +all those seditious who support the opposite party? But recently +having appeared before Paris in company with Friar Richard, a heretic, +and a rebel,<a name="V2FNanchor_437_437" id="V2FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> she had threatened to put the Parisians to death +without mercy and committed the mortal sin of storming the city on the +Anniversary of the Nativity of Our Lady. It was important to examine +whether in all this she had been inspired by a good spirit or a +bad.<a name="V2FNanchor_438_438" id="V2FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a></p> + +<p>Despite his strong attachment to the interests of the Church, the Duke +of Burgundy did not respond to the urgent demand of the University; +and Messire Jean de Luxembourg, after having kept the Maid three or +four days in his quarters before Compiègne, had her taken to the +Castle of Beaulieu in Vermandois, a few leagues from the camp.<a name="V2FNanchor_439_439" id="V2FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a> +Like his master, he ever appeared the obedient son of Mother Church; +but prudence counselled him to await the approach<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.160" id="V2Page_ii.160">[Pg ii.160]</a></span> of English and +French and to see what each of them would offer.</p> + +<p>At Beaulieu, Jeanne was treated courteously and ceremoniously. Her +steward, Messire Jean d'Aulon, waited on her in her prison; one day he +said to her pitifully:</p> + +<p>"That poor town of Compiègne, which you so dearly loved, will now be +delivered into the hands of the enemies of France, whom it must needs +obey."</p> + +<p>She made answer: "No, that shall not come to pass. For not one of +those places, which the King of Heaven hath conquered through me and +restored to their allegiance to the fair King Charles, shall be +recaptured by the enemy, so diligently will he guard them."<a name="V2FNanchor_440_440" id="V2FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a></p> + +<p>One day she tried to escape by slipping between two planks. She had +intended to shut up her guards in the tower and take to the fields, +but the porter saw and stopped her. She concluded that it was not +God's will that she should escape this time.<a name="V2FNanchor_441_441" id="V2FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> Notwithstanding she +had far too much self-reliance to despair. Her Voices, like her +enamoured of marvellous encounters and knightly adventures, told her +that she must see the King of England.<a name="V2FNanchor_442_442" id="V2FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> Thus did her dreams +encourage and console her in her misfortune.</p> + +<p>Great was the mourning on the Loire when the inhabitants of the towns +loyal to King Charles learnt the disaster which had befallen the Maid. +The people, who venerated her as a saint, who went so far as to say +that she was the greatest of all God's saints after the Blessed Virgin +Mary, who erected images of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.161" id="V2Page_ii.161">[Pg ii.161]</a></span> her in the chapels of saints, who ordered +masses to be said for her, and collects in the churches, who wore +leaden medals on which she was represented as if the Church had +already canonized her,<a name="V2FNanchor_443_443" id="V2FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> did not withdraw their trust, but +continued to believe in her.<a name="V2FNanchor_444_444" id="V2FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> Such faithfulness scandalized the +doctors and masters of the University, who reproached the hapless Maid +herself with it. "Jeanne," they said, "hath so seduced the Catholic +people, that many have adored her as a saint in her presence, and now +in her absence they adore her still."<a name="V2FNanchor_445_445" id="V2FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a></p> + +<p>This was indeed true of many folk and many places. The councillors of +the town of Tours ordered public prayers to be offered for the +deliverance of the Maid. There was a public procession in which took +part the canons of the cathedral church, the clergy of the town, +secular and regular, all walking barefoot.<a name="V2FNanchor_446_446" id="V2FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a></p> + +<p>In the towns of Dauphiné prayers for the Maid were said at mass.</p> + +<p>"<i>Collect.</i> O God, all powerful and eternal, who, in thy holy and +ineffable mercy, hast commanded the Maid to restore and deliver the +realm of France, and to repulse, confound and annihilate her enemies, +and who hast permitted her, in the accomplishment of this holy work, +ordained by thee, to fall into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.162" id="V2Page_ii.162">[Pg ii.162]</a></span> hands and into the bonds of her +enemies, we beseech thee, by the intercession of the Blessed Virgin +Mary and of all the saints to deliver her out of their hands, without +her having suffered any hurt, in order that she may finish the work +whereto thou hast sent her."</p> + +<p>"For the sake of Jesus Christ, etc."</p> + +<p>"<i>Secret.</i> O God all powerful, Father of virtues, let thy holy +benediction descend upon this sacrifice; let thy wondrous power be +made manifest, that by the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary and +of all the saints, it may deliver the Maid from the prisons of the +enemy so that she may finish the work whereto thou hast sent her. +Through our Lord Jesus Christ, etc."</p> + +<p>"<i>Post Communion.</i> O God all powerful, incline thine ear and listen +unto the prayers of thy people: by the virtue of the Sacrament we have +just received, by the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of +all the saints, burst the bonds of the Maid, who, in the fulfilment of +thy commands, hath been and is still confined in the prisons of our +enemy; through thy divine compassion and thy mercy, permit her, freed +from peril, to accomplish the work whereto thou hast sent her. Through +our Lord Jesus Christ, etc."<a name="V2FNanchor_447_447" id="V2FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a></p> + +<p>Learning that the Maid, whom he had once suspected of evil intentions +and then recognised to be wholly good, had just fallen into the hands +of the enemy of the realm, Messire Jacques Gélu, my Lord Archbishop of +Embrun, despatched to King Charles<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.163" id="V2Page_ii.163">[Pg ii.163]</a></span> a messenger bearing a letter +touching the line of conduct to be adopted in such an unhappy +conjuncture.<a name="V2FNanchor_448_448" id="V2FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a></p> + +<p>Addressing the Prince, whom in childhood he had directed, Messire +Jacques begins by recalling what the Maid had wrought for him by God's +help and her own great courage. He beseeches him to examine his +conscience and see whether he has in any wise sinned against the grace +of God. For it may be that in wrath against the King the Lord hath +permitted this virgin to be taken. For his own honour he urges him to +strain every effort for her deliverance.</p> + +<p>"I commend unto you," he said, "that for the recovery of this damsel +and for her ransom, ye spare neither measures nor money, nor any cost, +unless ye be ready to incur the ineffaceable disgrace of an +ingratitude right unworthy."</p> + +<p>Further he advises that prayers be ordered to be said everywhere for +the deliverance of the Maid, so that if this disaster should have +befallen through any misdoing of the King or of his people, it might +please God to pardon it.<a name="V2FNanchor_449_449" id="V2FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a></p> + +<p>Such were the words, lacking neither in strength nor in charity, of +this aged prelate, who was more of a hermit than of a bishop. He +remembered having been the Dauphin's Councillor in evil days and he +dearly loved the King and the kingdom.</p> + +<p>The Sire de la Trémouille and the Lord Archbishop of Reims have been +suspected of desiring to get rid of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.164" id="V2Page_ii.164">[Pg ii.164]</a></span> the Maid and of having promoted +her discomfiture. There are those who think they have discovered the +treacherous methods employed to compass her defeat at Paris, at La +Charité and at Compiègne.<a name="V2FNanchor_450_450" id="V2FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> But in good sooth such methods were +unnecessary. At Paris there was but little chance of her being able to +cross the moat, since neither she nor her companions in arms had +ascertained its depth; besides, it was not the fault of the King and +his Council that the Carmelites, on whom they relied, failed to open +the gates. The siege of La Charité was conducted not by the Maid, but +by the Sire d'Albret and divers valiant captains. In the sortie from +Compiègne, it was certain that any dallying at Margny would cause the +French to be cut off by the English from Venette and by the +Burgundians from Clairoix and to be promptly overcome by the +Burgundians from Coudun. They forgot themselves in the delights of +pillage; and the inevitable result followed.</p> + +<p>And why should the Lord Chamberlain and the Lord Archbishop have +wanted to get rid of the Maid? She did not trouble them; on the +contrary they found her useful and employed her. By her prophecy that +she would cause the King to be anointed at Reims, she rendered an +immense service to my Lord Regnault, who more than any other profited +from the Champagne expedition, more even than the King, who, while he +succeeded in being crowned, failed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.165" id="V2Page_ii.165">[Pg ii.165]</a></span> recover Paris and Normandy. +Notwithstanding this great advantage, the Lord Archbishop felt no +gratitude towards the Maid; he was a hard man and an egoist. But did +he wish her harm? Had he not need of her? At Senlis he was maintaining +the King's cause; and he was maintaining it well, we may be sure, +since, with the towns that had returned to their liege lord, he was +defending his own episcopal and ducal city, his benefices and his +canonries. Did he not intend to use her against the Burgundians? We +have already noted reasons for believing that towards the end of +March, he had asked the Sire de la Trémouille to send her from Sully +with a goodly company to wage war in l'Île-de-France. And our +hypothesis is confirmed when, after they had been unhappily deprived +of Jeanne's services, we find the bishop and the Chamberlain driven to +replace her by someone likewise favoured with visions and claiming to +be sent of God. Unable to discover a maid they had to make shift with +a youth. This resolution they took a few days after Jeanne's capture +and this is how it came about.</p> + +<p>Some time before, a shepherd lad of Gévaudan, by name Guillaume, while +tending his flocks at the foot of the Lozère Mountains and guarding +them from wolf and lynx, had a revelation concerning the realm of +France. This shepherd, like John, Our Lord's favourite disciple, was +virgin. In one of the caves of the Mende Mountain, where the holy +apostle Privat had prayed and fasted, his ear was struck by a heavenly +voice, and thus he knew that God was sending him to the King of +France. He went to Mende, just as Jeanne had gone to Vaucouleurs in +order that he might be taken to the King. There he found pious folk, +who, touched by his holi<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.166" id="V2Page_ii.166">[Pg ii.166]</a></span>ness and persuaded that there was power in +him, provided for his equipment and for his journey, which provisions, +in sooth, amounted to very little. The words he addressed to the King +were much the same as those uttered by the Maid.</p> + +<p>"Sire," he said, "I am commanded to go with your people; and without +fail the English and Burgundians shall be discomfited."<a name="V2FNanchor_451_451" id="V2FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a></p> + +<p>The King received him kindly. The clerks who had examined the Maid +must have feared lest if they repulsed this shepherd lad they might be +rejecting the aid of the Holy Ghost. Amos was a shepherd, and to him +God granted the gift of prophecy: "I thank thee, O Father, Lord of +heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these things from the wise and +prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes." <span class="smcap">Matt.</span> xi, 25.</p> + +<p>But before this shepherd could be believed he must give a sign. The +clerks of Poitiers, who in those evil days languished in dire penury, +did not appear exacting in their demand for proofs; they had +counselled the King to employ the Maid merely on the promise that as a +token of her mission she would deliver Orléans. The Gévaudan shepherd +had more than promises to allege; he showed wondrous marks on his +body. Like Saint Francis he had received the stigmata; and on his +hands, his feet and in his side were bleeding wounds.<a name="V2FNanchor_452_452" id="V2FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a></p> + +<p>The mendicant monks rejoiced that their spiritual father had thus +participated in the Passion of Our Lord. A like grace had been granted +to the Blessed<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.167" id="V2Page_ii.167">[Pg ii.167]</a></span> Catherine of Sienna, of the order of Saint Dominic. +But if there were miraculous stigmata imprinted by Jesus Christ +himself, there were also the stigmata of enchantment, which were the +work of the Devil, and very important was it to distinguish between +the two.<a name="V2FNanchor_453_453" id="V2FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> It could only be done by great knowledge and great +piety. It would appear that Guillaume's stigmata were not the work of +the devil; for it was resolved to employ him in the same manner as +Jeanne, as Catherine de la Rochelle, and as the two Breton women, the +spiritual daughters of Friar Richard.</p> + +<p>When the Maid fell into the hands of the Burgundians, the Sire de la +Trémouille was with the King, on the Loire, where fighting had ceased +since the disastrous siege of La Charité. He sent the shepherd youth +to the banks of the Oise, to the Lord Archbishop of Reims, who was +there opposing the Burgundians, commanded by Duke Philip, himself. +Messire Regnault had probably asked for the boy. In any case he +welcomed him willingly and kept him at Beauvais, supervising and +interrogating him, ready to use him at an auspicious moment. One day, +either to try him or because the rumour was really in circulation, +young Guillaume was told that the English had put Jeanne to death.</p> + +<p>"Then," said he, "it will be the worse for them."<a name="V2FNanchor_454_454" id="V2FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a></p> + +<p>By this time, after all the rivalries and jealousies which had torn +asunder this company of the King's <i>béguines</i>, there remained to Friar +Richard one only of his penitents, Dame Catherine of La Rochelle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.168" id="V2Page_ii.168">[Pg ii.168]</a></span> who +had the gift of discovering hidden treasure.<a name="V2FNanchor_455_455" id="V2FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a> The young shepherd +approved of the Maid as little as Dame Catherine had done.</p> + +<p>"God suffered Jeanne to be taken," he said, "because she was puffed up +with pride and because of the rich clothes she wore and because she +had not done as God commanded her but according to her own will."<a name="V2FNanchor_456_456" id="V2FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a></p> + +<p>Were these words suggested to him by the enemies of the Maid? That may +be: but it is also possible that he derived them from inspiration. +Saints are not always kind to one another.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Messire Regnault de Chartres believed himself possessed of a +marvel far surpassing the marvel he had lost. He wrote a letter to the +inhabitants of his town of Reims telling them that the Maid had been +taken at Compiègne.</p> + +<p>This misfortune had befallen her through her own fault, he added. "She +would not take advice, but would follow her own will." In her stead +God had sent a shepherd, "who says neither more nor less than Jeanne." +God has strictly commanded him to discomfit the English and the +Burgundians. And the Lord Archbishop neglects not to repeat the words +by which the prophet of Gévaudan had represented Jeanne as proud, +gorgeous in attire, rebellious of heart.<a name="V2FNanchor_457_457" id="V2FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a> The Reverend Father in +God, my Lord Regnault, would never have consented to employ a heretic +and a sorcerer; he believed in Guillaume as he had believed in Jeanne; +he held both one and the other to have been divinely sent, in the +sense that all which is not of the devil is of God. It was sufficient +for him<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.169" id="V2Page_ii.169">[Pg ii.169]</a></span> that no evil had been found in the child, and he intended to +essay him, hoping that Guillaume would do what Jeanne had done. +Whether the Archbishop thus acted rightly or wrongly the issue was to +decide, but he might have exalted the shepherd without denying the +Saint who was so near her martyrdom. Doubtless he deemed it necessary +to distinguish between the fortune of the kingdom and the fortune of +Jeanne. And he had the courage to do it.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.170" id="V2Page_ii.170">[Pg ii.170]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_IX" id="V2CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>THE MAID AT BEAUREVOIR—CATHERINE DE LA ROCHELLE AT PARIS—EXECUTION +OF LA PIERRONNE</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capt.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" />HE Maid had been taken captive in the diocese of Beauvais.<a name="V2FNanchor_458_458" id="V2FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a> At +that time the Bishop Count of Beauvais was Pierre Cauchon of Reims, a +great and pompous clerk of the University of Paris, which had elected +him rector in 1403. Messire Pierre Cauchon was not a moderate man; +with great ardour he had thrown himself into the Cabochien riots.<a name="V2FNanchor_459_459" id="V2FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a> +In 1414, the Duke of Burgundy had sent him on an embassy to the +Council of Constance to defend the doctrines of Jean Petit;<a name="V2FNanchor_460_460" id="V2FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a> then +he<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.171" id="V2Page_ii.171">[Pg ii.171]</a></span> had appointed him Master of Requests in 1418, and finally raised +him to the episcopal see of Beauvais.<a name="V2FNanchor_461_461" id="V2FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> Standing equally high in +the favour of the English, Messire Pierre was Councillor of King Henry +VI, Almoner of France and Chancellor to the Queen of England. Since +1423, his usual residence had been at Rouen. By their submission to +King Charles the people of Beauvais had deprived him of his episcopal +revenue.<a name="V2FNanchor_462_462" id="V2FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> And, as the English said and believed that the army of +the King of France was at that time commanded by Friar Richard and the +Maid, Messire Pierre Cauchon, the impoverished Bishop of Beauvais, had +a personal grievance against Jeanne. It would have been better for his +own reputation that he should have abstained from avenging the +Church's honour on a damsel who was possibly an idolatress, a +soothsayer and the invoker of devils, but who had certainly incurred +his personal ill-will. He was in the Regent's pay;<a name="V2FNanchor_463_463" id="V2FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> and the Regent +was filled with bitter hatred of the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_464_464" id="V2FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> Again for his +reputation's sake, my Lord Bishop of Beauvais should have reflected +that in prosecuting Jeanne for a matter of faith he was serving his +master's wrath and furthering the temporal interests of the great of +this world. On these things he did not reflect; on the contrary, this +case at once temporal and spiritual, as ambiguous as his own position, +excited his worst passions. He flung himself into it with all the +thoughtlessness of the violent. A maiden to be de<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.172" id="V2Page_ii.172">[Pg ii.172]</a></span>nounced, a heretic +and an Armagnac to boot, what a feast for the prelate, the Councillor +of King Henry! After having concerted with the doctors and masters of +the University of Paris, on the 14th of July, he presented himself +before the camp of Compiègne and demanded the Maid as subject to his +jurisdiction.<a name="V2FNanchor_465_465" id="V2FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a></p> + +<p>He supported his demand by letters from the <i>Alma Mater</i> to the Duke +of Burgundy and the Lord Jean de Luxembourg.</p> + +<p>The University made known to the most illustrious Prince, the Duke of +Burgundy, that once before it had claimed this woman, called the Maid, +and had received no reply.</p> + +<p>"We greatly fear," continued the doctors and masters, "that by the +false and seductive power of the Hellish Enemy and by the malice and +subtlety of wicked persons, your enemies and adversaries who, it is +said, are making every effort to deliver this woman by crooked means, +will in some manner remove her out of your power.</p> + +<p>"Wherefore, the University hopes that so great a dishonour may be +spared to the most Christian name of the house of France, and again it +supplicates your Highness, the Duke of Burgundy, to deliver over this +woman either to the Inquisitor of the evil of heresy or to my Lord +Bishop of Beauvais within whose spiritual jurisdiction she was +captured."</p> + +<p>Here follows the letter which the doctors and masters of the +University entrusted to the Lord Bishop of Beauvais for the Lord Jean +de Luxembourg:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Most noble, honoured and powerful lord, to your high +nobility we very affectionately commend us. Your noble<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.173" id="V2Page_ii.173">[Pg ii.173]</a></span> +wisdom doth well know and recognise that all good Catholic +knights should employ their strength and their power first +in God's service and then for the common weal. Above all, +the first oath of the order of knighthood is to defend and +keep the honour of God, the Catholic Faith and holy Church. +This sacred oath was present to your mind when you employed +your noble power and your person in the taking of the woman +who calleth herself the Maid, by whom the glory of God hath +been infinitely offended, the Faith deeply wounded and the +Church greatly dishonoured: for through her there have +arisen in this kingdom, idolatries, errors, false doctrines +and other evils and misfortunes without end. And in truth +all loyal Christians must give unto you hearty thanks for +having rendered so great service to our holy Faith and to +all the kingdom. As for us, we thank God with all our +hearts, and you we thank for your noble prowess as +affectionately as we may. But such a capture alone would be +but a small thing were it not followed by a worthy issue +whereby this woman may answer for the offences she hath +committed against our merciful Creator, his faith and his +holy Church, as well as for her other evil deeds which are +said to be without number. The mischief would be greater +than ever, the people would be wrapped in yet grosser error +than before and his Divine Majesty too insufferably +offended, if matters continued in their present state, or if +it befell that this woman were delivered or retaken, as we +are told, is wished, plotted and endeavoured by divers of +our enemies, by all secret ways and by what is even worse by +bribe or by ransom. But it is our hope that God will not +permit so great an evil to betide his people, and that your +great and high wisdom will not suffer it so to befall but +will provide against it as becometh your nobility.</p> + +<p>For if without the retribution that behoveth she were to be +delivered, irreparable would be the dishonour which should +fall on your great nobility and on all those who have dealt +in this matter. But your good and noble wisdom will know how +to devise means whereby such<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.174" id="V2Page_ii.174">[Pg ii.174]</a></span> scandal shall cease as soon as +may be, whereof there is great need. And because all delay +in this matter is very perilous and very injurious to this +kingdom, very kindly and with a cordial affection do we +beseech your powerful and honoured nobility to grant that +for the glory of God, for the maintenance of the Holy +Catholic Faith, for the good and honour of the kingdom, this +woman be delivered up to justice and given over here to the +Inquisitor of the Faith, who hath demanded her and doth now +demand her urgently, in order that he may examine the +grievous charges under which she labours, so that God may be +satisfied and the folk duly edified in good and holy +doctrine. Or, an it please you better, hand over this woman +to the reverend Father in God, our highly honoured Lord +Bishop of Beauvais, who it is said hath likewise claimed +her, because she was taken within his jurisdiction. This +prelate and this inquisitor are judges of this woman in +matters of faith; and every Christian of whatsoever estate +owes them obedience in this case under heavy penalty of the +law. By so doing you will attain to the love and grace of +the most High and you will be the means of exalting the holy +Faith, and likewise will you glorify your own high and noble +name and also that of the most high and most powerful +Prince, our redoubtable Lord and yours, my Lord of Burgundy. +Every man shall be required to pray God for the prosperity +of your most noble worship, whom may it please God our +Saviour in his grace, to guide and keep in all his affairs +and finally to grant eternal joy.</p> + +<p>Given at Paris, the 14th day of July, 1430.<a name="V2FNanchor_466_466" id="V2FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a></p></div> + +<p>At the same time that he bore these letters, the Reverend Father in +God, the Bishop of Beauvais was charged to offer money.<a name="V2FNanchor_467_467" id="V2FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> To us it +seems strange indeed that just at the very time when, by the mouth of +the University, he was representing to the Lord of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.175" id="V2Page_ii.175">[Pg ii.175]</a></span> Luxembourg that he +could not sell his prisoner without committing a crime, the Bishop +should himself offer to purchase her. According to these +ecclesiastics, Jean would incur terrible penalties in this world and +in the next, if in conformity with the laws and customs of war he +surrendered a prisoner held to ransom in return for money, and he +would win praise and blessing if he treacherously sold his captive to +those who wished to put her to death. But at least we might expect +that this Lord Bishop who had come to buy this woman for the Church, +would purchase her with the Church's money. Not at all! The purchase +money is furnished by the English. In the end therefore she is +delivered not to the Church but to the English. And it is a priest, +acting in the interests of God and of his Church, by virtue of his +episcopal jurisdiction, who concludes the bargain. He offers ten +thousand golden francs, a sum in return for which, he says, according +to the custom prevailing in France, the King has the right to claim +any prisoner even were he of the blood royal.<a name="V2FNanchor_468_468" id="V2FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a></p> + +<p>There can be no doubt whatever that the high and solemn ecclesiastic, +Pierre Cauchon, suspected Jeanne of witchcraft. Wishing to bring her +to trial, he exercised his ecclesiastical functions. But he knew her +to be the enemy of the English as well as of himself; there is no +doubt on that point. So when he wished to bring her to trial he acted +as the Councillor of King Henry. Was it a witch or the enemy of the +English he was buying with his ten thousand gold francs? And if it +were merely a witch and an idolatress that the Holy Inquisitor, that +the University, that the Ordinary demanded for the glory of God, and +at the price of gold, wherefore so much ado, wherefore so great<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.176" id="V2Page_ii.176">[Pg ii.176]</a></span> an +expenditure of money? Would it not be better in this matter to act in +concert with the ecclesiastics of King Charles's party? The Armagnacs +were neither infidels nor heretics; they were neither Turks nor +Hussites; they were Catholics; they acknowledged the Pope of Rome to +be the true head of Christendom. The Dauphin Charles and his clergy +had not been excommunicated. Neither those who regarded the Treaty of +Troyes as invalid nor those who had sworn to it had been pronounced +anathema by the Pope. This was not a question of faith. In the +provinces ruled over by King Charles the Holy Inquisition prosecuted +heresy in a curious manner and the secular arm saw to it that the +sentences pronounced by the Church did not remain a dead letter. The +Armagnacs burned witches just as much as the French and the +Burgundians. For the present doubtless they did not believe the Maid +to be possessed by devils; most of them on the contrary were inclined +to regard her as a saint. But might they not be undeceived? Would it +not be good Christian charity to present them with fine canonical +arguments? If the Maid's case were really a case for the +ecclesiastical court why not join with Churchmen of both parties and +take her before the Pope and the Council? And just at that time a +Council for the reformation of the Church and the establishment of +peace in the kingdom was sitting in the town of Bâle; the University +was sending its delegates, who would there meet the ecclesiastics of +King Charles, also Gallicans and firmly attached to the privileges of +the Church of France.<a name="V2FNanchor_469_469" id="V2FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> Why not have<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.177" id="V2Page_ii.177">[Pg ii.177]</a></span> this Armagnac prophetess +tried by the assembled Fathers? But for the sake of Henry of Lancaster +and the glory of Old England matters had to take another turn. The +Regent's Councillors were already accusing Jeanne of witchcraft when +she summoned them in the name of the King of Heaven to depart out of +France. During the siege of Orléans, they wanted to burn her heralds +and said that if they had her they would burn her also at the stake. +Such in good sooth was their firm intent and their unvarying +intimation. This does not look as if they would be likely to hand her +over to the Church as soon as she was taken. In their own kingdom they +burned as many witches and wizards as possible; but they had never +suffered the Holy Inquisition to be established in their land, and +they were ill acquainted with that form of justice. Informed that +Jeanne was in the hands of the Sire de Luxembourg, the Great Council +of England were unanimously in favour of her being purchased at any +price. Divers lords recommended that as soon as they obtained +possession of the Maid she should be sewn in a sack and cast into the +river. But one of them (it is said to have been the Earl of Warwick) +represented to them that she ought first to be tried, convicted of +heresy and witchcraft by an ecclesiastical tribunal, and then solemnly +degraded in order that her King might be degraded with her.<a name="V2FNanchor_470_470" id="V2FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> What +a disgrace for Charles of Valois, calling himself King of France, if +the University of Paris, if the French ecclesiastical dignitaries, +bishops, abbots, canons, if in short the Church Universal were to +declare that a witch had sat in his Council and that a witch led his +host, that one possessed had conducted him to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.178" id="V2Page_ii.178">[Pg ii.178]</a></span> impious, +sacrilegious and void anointing! Thus would the trial of the Maid be +the trial of Charles VII, the condemnation of the Maid the +condemnation of Charles VII. The idea seemed good to them and was +adopted.</p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop of Beauvais was eager to put it into execution. He, a +priest and Councillor of State, was consumed with a desire, under the +semblance of trying an unfortunate heretic, to sit in judgment on the +descendant of Clovis, of Saint Charlemagne and of Saint Louis.</p> + +<p>Early in August, the Sire de Luxembourg had the Maid taken from +Beaulieu, which was not safe enough, to Beaurevoir, near Cambrai.<a name="V2FNanchor_471_471" id="V2FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> +There dwelt Dame Jeanne de Luxembourg and Dame Jeanne de Béthune. +Jeanne de Luxembourg was the aunt of Lord Jean, whom she loved dearly. +Among the great of this world she had lived as a saint, and she had +never married. Formerly lady-in-waiting to Queen Ysabeau, King Charles +VII's godmother, one of the most important events of her life had been +to solicit from Pope Martin the canonisation of her Brother, the +Cardinal of Luxembourg, who had died at Avignon in his ninetieth year. +She was known as the Demoiselle de Luxembourg. She was sixty-seven +years of age, infirm and near her end.<a name="V2FNanchor_472_472" id="V2FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne de Béthune, widow of Lord Robert de Bar,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.179" id="V2Page_ii.179">[Pg ii.179]</a></span> slain at the Battle +of Azincourt, had married Lord Jean in 1418. She was reputed pitiful, +because, in 1424, she had obtained from her husband the pardon of a +nobleman of Picardy, who had been brought prisoner to Beaurevoir and +was in great danger of being beheaded and quartered.<a name="V2FNanchor_473_473" id="V2FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a></p> + +<p>These two ladies treated Jeanne kindly. They offered her woman's +clothes or cloth with which to make them; and they urged her to +abandon a dress which appeared to them unseemly. Jeanne refused, +alleging that she had not received permission from Our Lord and that +it was not yet time; later she admitted that had she been able to quit +man's attire, she would have done so at the request of these two dames +rather than for any other dame of France, the Queen excepted.<a name="V2FNanchor_474_474" id="V2FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a></p> + +<p>A noble of the Burgundian party, one Aimond de Macy, often came to see +her and was pleased to converse with her. To him she seemed modest in +word and in deed. Still Sire Aimond, who was but thirty, had found her +personally attractive.<a name="V2FNanchor_475_475" id="V2FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> If certain witnesses of her own party are +to be believed, Jeanne, although beautiful, did not inspire men with +desire.</p> + +<p>This singular grace however applied to the Armagnacs only; it was not +extended to the Burgundians, and Seigneur Aimond did not experience +it, for one day he tried to thrust his hand into her bosom. She +resisted and repulsed him with all her strength. Lord Aimond concluded +as more than one would have done<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.180" id="V2Page_ii.180">[Pg ii.180]</a></span> in his place that this was a damsel +of rare virtue. He took warning.<a name="V2FNanchor_476_476" id="V2FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a></p> + +<p>Confined in the castle keep, Jeanne's mind was for ever running on her +return to her friends at Compiègne; her one idea was to escape. +Somehow there reached her evil tidings from France. She got the idea +that all the inhabitants of Compiègne over seven years of age were to +be massacred, "to perish by fire and sword," she said; and indeed such +a fate was bound to overtake them if the town were taken.</p> + +<p>Confiding her distress and her unconquerable desire to Saint +Catherine, she asked: "How can God abandon to destruction those good +folk of Compiègne who have been so loyal to their Lord?"<a name="V2FNanchor_477_477" id="V2FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a></p> + +<p>And in her dream, surrounded by saints, like the donors in church +pictures, kneeling and in rapture, she wrestled with her heavenly +counsellors for the poor folk of Compiègne.</p> + +<p>What she had heard of their fate caused her infinite distress; she +herself would rather die than continue to live after such a +destruction of worthy people. For this reason she was strongly tempted +to leap from the top of the keep. And because she knew all that could +be said against it, she heard her Voices putting her in mind of those +arguments.</p> + +<p>Nearly every day Saint Catherine said to her: "Do not leap, God will +help both you and those of Compiègne."</p> + +<p>And Jeanne replied to her: "Since God will help those of Compiègne, I +want to be there."</p> + +<p>And once again Saint Catherine told her the marvellous story of the +shepherdess and the King: "To all things must you be resigned. And you +will not<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.181" id="V2Page_ii.181">[Pg ii.181]</a></span> be delivered until you have seen the King of the English."</p> + +<p>To which Jeanne made answer: "But in good sooth I do not desire to see +him. I would rather die than fall into the hands of the English."<a name="V2FNanchor_478_478" id="V2FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a></p> + +<p>One day she heard a rumour that the English had come to fetch her. The +arrival of the Lord Bishop of Beauvais who came to offer the blood +money at Beaurevoir may have given rise to the report.<a name="V2FNanchor_479_479" id="V2FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a> +Straightway Jeanne became frantic and beside herself. She ceased to +listen to her Voices, who forbade her the fatal leap. The keep was at +least seventy feet high; she commended her soul to God and leapt.</p> + +<p>Having fallen to the ground, she heard cries: "She is dead."</p> + +<p>The guards hurried to the spot. Finding her still alive, in their +amazement they could only ask: "Did you leap?"</p> + +<p>She felt sorely shaken; but Saint Catherine spoke to her and said: "Be +of good courage. You will recover." At the same time the Saint gave +her good tidings of her friends. "You will recover and the people of +Compiègne will receive succour." And she added that this succour would +come before Saint Martin's Day in the winter.<a name="V2FNanchor_480_480" id="V2FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a></p> + +<p>Henceforth Jeanne believed that it was her saints who had helped her +and guarded her from death. She knew well that she had been wrong in +attempting such a leap, despite her Voices.</p> + +<p>Saint Catherine said to her: "You must confess and ask God to forgive +you for having leapt."<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.182" id="V2Page_ii.182">[Pg ii.182]</a></span></p> + +<p>Jeanne did confess and ask pardon of Our Lord. And after her +confession Saint Catherine made known unto her that God had forgiven +her. For three or four days she remained without eating or drinking; +then she took some food and was whole.<a name="V2FNanchor_481_481" id="V2FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a></p> + +<p>Another story was told of the leap from Beaurevoir; it was related +that she had tried to escape through a window letting herself down by +a sheet or something that broke; but we must believe the Maid: she +says she leapt; if she had been attached to a cord, she would not have +committed sin and would not have confessed. This leap was known and +the rumour spread abroad that she had escaped and joined her own +party.<a name="V2FNanchor_482_482" id="V2FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Lenten sermons at Orléans had been delivered by that +good preacher, Friar Richard, who was ill content with Jeanne, and +whom Jeanne disliked and had quitted. The townsfolk as a token of +regard presented him with the image of Jesus sculptured in copper by a +certain Philippe, a metal-worker of the city. And the bookseller, Jean +Moreau, bound him a book of hours at the town's expense.<a name="V2FNanchor_483_483" id="V2FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a></p> + +<p>He brought back Queen Marie to Jargeau and succeeded in obtaining her +favour. Jeanne was spared the bitterness of learning that while she +was languishing in prison her friends at Orléans, her fair Dauphin and +his Queen Marie, were making good<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.183" id="V2Page_ii.183">[Pg ii.183]</a></span> cheer for the monk who had turned +from her to prefer a dame Catherine whom she considered +worthless.<a name="V2FNanchor_484_484" id="V2FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> Only lately the idea of employing Dame Catherine had +filled Jeanne with alarm; she wrote to her King about it, and as soon +as she saw him besought him not to employ her. However the King set no +store by what she had said; he agreed to Friar Richard's favourite +being allowed to set forth on her mission to obtain money from the +good towns and to negotiate peace with the Duke of Burgundy. But +perhaps this saintly dame was not possessed of all the wisdom +necessary for the performance of man's work and King's service. For +immediately she became a cause of embarrassment to her friends.</p> + +<p>Being in the town of Tours, she fell to saying: "In this town there be +carpenters who work, but not at houses, and if ye have not a care, +this town is in the way to a bad end and there be those in the town +that know it."<a name="V2FNanchor_485_485" id="V2FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a></p> + +<p>This was a denunciation in the form of a parable. Dame Catherine was +thereby accusing the churchmen and burgesses of Tours of working +against Charles of Valois, their lord. The woman must have been held +to have influence with the King, his kinsmen and his Council; for the +inhabitants of Tours took fright and sent an Augustinian monk, Brother +Jean Bourget, to King Charles, to the Queen of Sicily, to the Bishop +of Séez, and to the Lord of Trèves, to inquire whether the words of +this holy woman had been believed by them. The Queen of Sicily and the +Councillors of King Charles gave the monk letters wherein they +announced to the towns<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.184" id="V2Page_ii.184">[Pg ii.184]</a></span>folk of Tours that they had never heard of such +things, and King Charles declared that he had every confidence in the +churchmen, the burgesses and the other citizens of his town of +Tours.<a name="V2FNanchor_486_486" id="V2FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a></p> + +<p>Dame Catherine had in like manner slandered the inhabitants of +Angers.<a name="V2FNanchor_487_487" id="V2FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a></p> + +<p>Whether, following the example of the Blessed Colette of Corbie, this +devout person wished to pass from one party to the other, or whether +she had chanced to be taken captive by Burgundian men-at-arms, she was +brought before the Official at Paris. In their interrogation of her +the ecclesiastics appear to have been concerned less about her than +about the Maid Jeanne, whose prosecution was then being instituted.</p> + +<p>On the subject of the Maid, Catherine said: "Jeanne has two +counsellors, whom she calls Counsellors of the Spring."<a name="V2FNanchor_488_488" id="V2FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a></p> + +<p>Such was the confused recollection of the conversations she had had at +Jargeau and at Montfaucon. The term Council was the one Jeanne usually +employed when speaking of her Voices; but Dame Catherine was confusing +Jeanne's heavenly visitants with what the Maid had told her of the +Gooseberry Spring at Domremy.</p> + +<p>If Jeanne felt unkindly towards Catherine, Catherine did not feel +kindly towards Jeanne. She did not assert Jeanne's mission to be +nought; but she let it be clearly understood that the hapless damsel, +then a prisoner in the hands of the Burgundians, was addicted to +invoking evil spirits.</p> + +<p>"If Jeanne be not well guarded," Catherine told<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.185" id="V2Page_ii.185">[Pg ii.185]</a></span> the Official, "she +will escape from prison with the aid of the devil."<a name="V2FNanchor_489_489" id="V2FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a></p> + +<p>Whether Jeanne was or was not aided by the devil was a matter to be +decided between herself and the doctors of the church. But it is +certain that her one thought was to burst her bonds, and that she was +ceaselessly imagining means of escape. Catherine de la Rochelle knew +her well and wished her ill.</p> + +<p>Catherine was released. Her ecclesiastical judges would not have +treated her so leniently had she spoken well of the Maid. The La +Rochelle Dame returned to King Charles.<a name="V2FNanchor_490_490" id="V2FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a></p> + +<p>The two religious women who had followed Jeanne on her departure from +Sully and had been taken at Corbeil, Pierronne of Lower Brittany and +her companion, had been confined in ecclesiastical prisons at Paris +since the spring. They openly said that God had sent them to succour +the Maid Jeanne. Friar Richard had been their spiritual father and +they had been in the Maid's company. Wherefore they were strongly +suspected of having offended against God and his Holy Religion. The +Grand Inquisitor of France, Brother Jean Graverent, Prior of the +Jacobins at Paris, prosecuted them according to the forms usual in +that country. He proceeded in concurrence with the Ordinary, +represented by the official.</p> + +<p>Pierronne maintained and believed it to be true that Jeanne was good, +and that what she did was well done and according to God's will. She +admitted that on the Christmas night of that year, at Jargeau, Friar +Richard had twice given her the body of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.186" id="V2Page_ii.186">[Pg ii.186]</a></span> Jesus Christ and had given it +three times to Jeanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_491_491" id="V2FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> Besides, the fact had been well proved by +information gathered from eye-witnesses. The judges, who were +authorities on this subject, held that the monk should not thus have +lavished the bread of angels on such women. However, since frequent +communion was not formally forbidden by canon law, Pierronne could not +be censured for having received it. The informers, who were then +giving evidence against Jeanne, did not remember the three communions +at Jargeau.<a name="V2FNanchor_492_492" id="V2FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a></p> + +<p>Heavier charges weighed upon the two Breton women. They were labouring +under the accusation of witchcraft and sorcery.</p> + +<p>Pierronne stated and took her oath that God often appeared to her in +human form and spoke to her as friend to friend, and that the last +time she had seen him he was clothed in a purple cloak and a long +white robe.<a name="V2FNanchor_493_493" id="V2FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a></p> + +<p>The illustrious masters who were trying her, represented to her that +to speak thus of such apparitions was to blaspheme. And these women +were convicted of being possessed by evil spirits, who caused them to +err in word and in deed.</p> + +<p>On Sunday, the 3rd of September, 1430, they were taken to the Parvis +Notre Dame to hear a sermon. Platforms had been erected as usual, and +Sunday had been chosen as the day in order that folk might benefit +from this edifying spectacle. A famous doctor addressed a charitable +exhortation to both women. One of them, the youngest, as she listened +to him and looked at the stake that had been erected,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.187" id="V2Page_ii.187">[Pg ii.187]</a></span> was filled with +repentance. She confessed that she had been seduced by an angel of the +devil and duly renounced her error.</p> + +<p>Pierronne, on the contrary, refused to retract. She obstinately +persisted in the belief that she saw God often, clothed as she had +said. The Church could do nothing for her. Given over to the secular +arm, she was straightway conducted to the stake which had been +prepared for her, and burned alive by the executioner.<a name="V2FNanchor_494_494" id="V2FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a></p> + +<p>Thus did the Grand Inquisitor of France and the Bishop of Paris +cruelly cause to perish by an ignominious death one of those women who +had followed Friar Richard, one of the saints of the Dauphin Charles. +But the most famous of these women and the most abounding in works was +in their hands. The death of La Pierronne was an earnest of the fate +reserved for the Maid.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.188" id="V2Page_ii.188">[Pg ii.188]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_X" id="V2CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>BEAUREVOIR—ARRAS—ROUEN—THE TRIAL FOR LAPSE</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capi.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" />N the month of September, 1430, two inhabitants of Tournai, the chief +alderman, Bietremieu Carlier, and the chief Councillor, Henri Romain, +were returning from the banks of the Loire, whither their town had +despatched them on a mission to the King of France. They stopped at +Beaurevoir. Albeit this place lay upon their direct route and afforded +them a halt between two stages of their journey, one cannot help +supposing some connection to have existed between their mission to +Charles of Valois and their arrival in the domain of the Sire de +Luxembourg. The existence of such a connection seems all the more +probable when we remember the attachment of their fellow-citizens to +the Fleurs-de-Lis, and when we know the relations already existing +between the Maid and these emissaries.<a name="V2FNanchor_495_495" id="V2FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a></p> + +<p>It has been said that the district of the provost of Tournai was loyal +to the King of France, who had granted it freedom and privileges. +Message after message it sent him; it organised public processions<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.189" id="V2Page_ii.189">[Pg ii.189]</a></span> in +his honour, and it was ready to grant him anything, so long as he +demanded neither men nor money. The alderman, Carlier, and the +Councillor, Romain, had both previously gone to Reims as +representatives of their town to witness the anointing and the +coronation of King Charles. There they had doubtless seen the Maid in +her glory and had held her to be a very great saint. In those days, +their town, attentively watching the progress of the royal army, was +in regular correspondence with the warlike <i>béguine</i>, and with her +confessor, Friar Richard, or more probably Friar Pasquerel. To-day +they wended to the castle, wherein she was imprisoned in the hands of +her cruel enemies. We know not what it was they came to say to the +Sire de Luxembourg, nor even whether he received them. He cannot have +refused to hear them if he thought they came to make secret offers on +the part of King Charles for the ransom of the Maid, who had fought in +his battles. We know not, either, whether they were able to see the +prisoner. The idea that they did enter her presence is quite tenable; +for in those days it was generally easy to approach captives, and +passers by when they visited them were given every facility for the +performance of one of the seven works of mercy.</p> + +<p>One thing, however, is certain; that when they left Beaurevoir, they +carried with them a letter which Jeanne had given them, charging them +to deliver it to the magistrates of their town. In this letter she +asked the folk of Tournai, for the sake of her Lord the King and in +view of the good services she had rendered him, to send unto her +twenty or thirty crowns, that she might employ them for her +necessities.<a name="V2FNanchor_496_496" id="V2FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.190" id="V2Page_ii.190">[Pg ii.190]</a></span></p> +<p>It was the custom in those days thus to permit prisoners to beg their +bread.</p> + +<p>It is said that the Demoiselle de Luxembourg, who had just made her +will, and had but a few days longer to live,<a name="V2FNanchor_497_497" id="V2FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> entreated her noble +nephew not to give the Maid up to the English.<a name="V2FNanchor_498_498" id="V2FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a> But what power had +this good dame against the Norman gold of the King of England and +against the anathemas of Holy Church? For if my Lord Jean had refused +to give up this damsel suspected of enchantments, of idolatries, of +invoking devils and committing other crimes against religion, he would +have been excommunicated. The venerable University of Paris had not +neglected to make him aware that a refusal would expose him to heavy +legal penalties.<a name="V2FNanchor_499_499" id="V2FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a></p> + +<p>The Sire de Luxembourg, meanwhile, was ill at ease; he feared that in +his castle of Beaurevoir, a prisoner worth ten thousand golden livres +was not sufficiently secure in case of a descent on the part of the +French or of the English or of the Burgundians, or of any of those +folk, who, caring nought for Burgundy or England or France, might wish +to carry her off, cast her into a pit, and hold her to ransom, +according to the custom of brigands in those days.<a name="V2FNanchor_500_500" id="V2FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a></p> + +<p>Towards the end of September, he asked his lord, the Duke of Burgundy, +who ruled over fine towns and strong cities, if he would undertake +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.191" id="V2Page_ii.191">[Pg ii.191]</a></span> safe custody of the Maid. My Lord Philip consented and, by his +command, Jeanne was taken to Arras. This town was encircled by high +walls; it had two castles, one of which, La Cour-le-Comte, was in the +centre of the town. It was probably in the cells of Cour-le-Comte that +Jeanne was confined, under the watch and ward of my Lord David de +Brimeu, Lord of Ligny, Knight of the Golden Fleece, Governor of Arras.</p> + +<p>At that time it was rare for prisoners to be kept in isolation.<a name="V2FNanchor_501_501" id="V2FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> +At Arras, Jeanne received visitors; and among others, a Scotsman, who +showed her her portrait, in which she was represented kneeling on one +knee and presenting a letter to her King.<a name="V2FNanchor_502_502" id="V2FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> This letter might be +supposed to have been from the Sire de Baudricourt, or from any other +clerk or captain by whom the painter may have thought Jeanne to have +been sent to the Dauphin; it might have been a letter announcing to +the King the deliverance of Orléans or the victory of Patay.</p> + +<p>This was the only portrait of herself Jeanne ever saw and, for her own +part, she never had any painted; but during the brief duration of her +power, the inhabitants of the French towns placed images of her, +carved and painted, in the chapels of the saints, and wore leaden +medals on which she was represented; thus in her case following a +custom established in honour of the saints canonised by the +Church.<a name="V2FNanchor_503_503" id="V2FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.192" id="V2Page_ii.192">[Pg ii.192]</a></span></p> +<p>Many Burgundian lords, and among them a knight, one Jean de Pressy, +Controller of the Finances of Burgundy, offered her woman's dress, as +the Luxembourg dame had done, for her own good and in order to avoid +scandal; but for nothing in the world would Jeanne have cast off the +garb which she had assumed according to divine command.</p> + +<p>She also received in her prison at Arras a clerk of Tournai, one Jean +Naviel, charged by the magistrates of his town to deliver to her the +sum of twenty-two golden crowns. This ecclesiastic enjoyed the +confidence of his fellow citizens, who employed him in the town's most +urgent affairs. In the May of this year, 1430, he had been sent to +Messire Regnault de Chartres, Chancellor of King Charles. He had been +taken by the Burgundians at the same time as Jeanne and held to +ransom; but out of that predicament he soon escaped and at no great +cost.</p> + +<p>He acquitted himself well of his mission<a name="V2FNanchor_504_504" id="V2FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> to the Maid, and, it +would seem, received nothing for his trouble, doubtless because he +wanted the reward of this work of mercy to be placed to his account in +heaven.<a name="V2FNanchor_505_505" id="V2FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.193" id="V2Page_ii.193">[Pg ii.193]</a></span></p><p>Neither the capture of the Maid nor the retreat of the men-at-arms she +had brought, put an end to the siege of Compiègne. Guillaume de Flavy +and his two brothers, Charles and Louis, and Captain Baretta with his +Italians, and the five hundred of the garrison<a name="V2FNanchor_506_506" id="V2FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> displayed skill, +vigour, and untiring energy. The Burgundians conducted the siege in +the same manner as the English had conducted that of Orléans; mines, +trenches, bulwarks, cannonades and bastions, those gigantic and absurd +erections good for nothing but for burning. The suburbs of the town +Guillaume de Flavy had demolished because they were in the way of his +firing; boats he had sunk in order to bar the river. To the mortars +and huge <i>couillards</i> of the Burgundians he replied with his +artillery, and notably with those little copper culverins which did +such good service.<a name="V2FNanchor_507_507" id="V2FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> If the gay cannoneer of Orléans and Jargeau, +Maître Jean de Montesclère, were absent, there was a shoemaker of +Valenciennes, an artilleryman, named Noirouffle, tall, dark, terrible +to see, and terrible to hear.<a name="V2FNanchor_508_508" id="V2FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a> The townsfolk of Compiègne, like +those of Orléans, made unsuccessful sallies. One day Louis de Flavy, +the governor's brother, was killed by a Burgundian bullet. But none +the less on that day Guillaume did as he was wont to do and made the +minstrels play to keep his men-at-arms in good cheer.<a name="V2FNanchor_509_509" id="V2FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a></p> + +<p>In the month of June the bulwark, defending the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.194" id="V2Page_ii.194">[Pg ii.194]</a></span> bridge over the Oise, +like les Tourelles at Orléans which defended the bridge over the +Loire, was captured by the enemy without bringing about the reduction +of the town. In like manner, the capture of Les Tourelles had not +occasioned the fall of the town of Duke Charles.<a name="V2FNanchor_510_510" id="V2FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="V2Henry"> +<img src="images/image09.jpg" width="279" height="400" alt="Henry VI" title="Henry VI" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>HENRY VI</b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><i>From a portrait in the "Election Chamber" at Eton, reproduced by +permission of the Provost</i></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p>As for the bastions, they were just as little good on the Oise as they +had been on the Loire; everything passed by them. The Burgundians were +unable to invest Compiègne because its circumference was too +great.<a name="V2FNanchor_511_511" id="V2FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a> They were short of money; and their men-at-arms, for lack +of food and of pay, deserted with that perfect assurance which in +those days characterised alike mercenaries of the red cross and of the +white.<a name="V2FNanchor_512_512" id="V2FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> To complete his misfortunes, Duke Philip was obliged to +take away some of the troops engaged in the siege and send them +against the inhabitants of Liège who had revolted.<a name="V2FNanchor_513_513" id="V2FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> On the 24th of +October, a relieving army, commanded by the Count of Vendôme and the +Marshal de Boussac, approached Compiègne. The English and the +Burgundians having turned to encounter them, the garrison and all the +inhabitants of the town, even the women, fell upon the rear of the +besiegers and routed them.<a name="V2FNanchor_514_514" id="V2FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> The relieving army entered Compiègne. +The flaring of the bastions was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.195" id="V2Page_ii.195">[Pg ii.195]</a></span> fine sight. The Duke of Burgundy +lost all his artillery.<a name="V2FNanchor_515_515" id="V2FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a> The Sire de Luxembourg, who had come to +Beaurevoir, where he had received the Count Bishop of Beauvais, now +appeared before Compiègne just in time to bear his share in the +disaster.<a name="V2FNanchor_516_516" id="V2FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> The same causes which had constrained the English to +depart, as they put it, from Orléans, now obliged the Burgundians to +leave Compiègne. But in those days the most ordinary events must needs +have a supernatural cause assigned to them, wherefore the deliverance +of the town was attributed to the vow of the Count of Vendôme, who, in +the cathedral of Senlis, had promised an annual mass to +Notre-Dame-de-la-Pierre if the place were not taken.<a name="V2FNanchor_517_517" id="V2FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a></p> + +<p>The Lord Treasurer of Normandy raised aids to the amount of eighty +thousand <i>livres tournois</i>, ten thousand of which were to be devoted +to the purchase of Jeanne. The Count Bishop of Beauvais, who was +taking this matter to heart, urged the Sire de Luxembourg to come to +terms, mingled threats with coaxings, and caused the Norman gold to +glitter before his eyes. He seemed to fear, and his fear was shared by +the masters and doctors of the University, that King Charles would +likewise make an offer, that he would promise more than King Henry's +ten thousand golden francs and that in the end, by dint of costly +gifts, the Armagnacs would succeed in winning back their +fairy-godmother.<a name="V2FNanchor_518_518" id="V2FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> The rumour ran that King<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.196" id="V2Page_ii.196">[Pg ii.196]</a></span> Charles, hearing that +the English were about to gain possession of Jeanne for a sum of +money, sent an ambassador to warn the Duke of Burgundy not on any +account to consent to such an agreement, adding that if he did, the +Burgundians in the hands of the King of France would be made to pay +for the fate of the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_519_519" id="V2FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a> Doubtless the rumour was false; albeit +the fears of the Lord Bishop and the masters of the Paris University +were not entirely groundless; and it is certain that from the banks of +the Loire the negotiations were being attentively followed with a view +to intervention at a favourable moment.</p> + +<p>Besides, some sudden descent of the French was always to be feared. +Captain La Hire was ravaging Normandy, the knight Barbazan, la +Champagne, and Marshal de Boussac, the country between the Seine, the +Marne and the Somme.<a name="V2FNanchor_520_520" id="V2FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a></p> + +<p>At length, about the middle of November, the Sire de Luxembourg +consented to the bargain; Jeanne was delivered up to the English. It +was decided to take her to Rouen, through Ponthieu, along the +sea-shore, through the north of Normandy, where there would be less +risk of falling in with the scouts of the various parties.</p> + +<p>From Arras she was taken to the Château of Drugy, where the monks of +Saint-Riquier were said to have visited her in prison.<a name="V2FNanchor_521_521" id="V2FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a> She was +afterwards taken to Crotoy, where the castle walls were washed by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.197" id="V2Page_ii.197">[Pg ii.197]</a></span> +ocean waves. The Duke of Alençon, whom she called her fair Duke, had +been imprisoned there after the Battle of Verneuil.<a name="V2FNanchor_522_522" id="V2FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a> At the time +of her arrival, Maître Nicolas Gueuville, Chancellor of the Cathedral +church of Notre Dame d'Amiens, was a prisoner in that castle in the +hands of the English. He heard her confess and administered the +Communion to her.<a name="V2FNanchor_523_523" id="V2FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> And there on that vast Bay of the Somme, grey +and monotonous, with its low sky traversed by sea-birds in their long +flight, Jeanne beheld coming down to her the visitant of earlier days, +the Archangel Saint Michael; and she was comforted. It was said that +the damsels and burgesses of Abbeville went to see her in the castle +where she was imprisoned.<a name="V2FNanchor_524_524" id="V2FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> At the time of the coronation, these +burgesses had thought of turning French; and they would have done so +if King Charles had come to their town; he did not come; and perhaps +it was through Christian charity that the folk of Abbeville visited +Jeanne; but those among them who thought well of her did not say so, +for fear they too should be suspected of heresy.<a name="V2FNanchor_525_525" id="V2FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a></p> + +<p>The doctors and masters of the University pursued her with a +bitterness hardly credible. In November, after they had been informed +of the conclusion of the bargain between Jean de Luxembourg and the +English, they wrote through their rector to the Lord Bishop of +Beauvais reproaching him for his delay in the matter of this woman and +exhorting him to be more diligent.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.198" id="V2Page_ii.198">[Pg ii.198]</a></span></p> + +<p>"For you it is no slight matter, holding as you do so high an office +in God's Church," ran this letter, "that the scandals committed +against the Christian religion be stamped out, especially when such +scandals arise within your actual jurisdiction."<a name="V2FNanchor_526_526" id="V2FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a></p> + +<p>Filled with faith and zeal for the avenging of God's honour, these +clerks were, as they said, always ready to burn witches. They feared +the devil; but, perchance, though they may not have admitted it even +to themselves, they feared him twenty times more when he was Armagnac.</p> + +<p>Jeanne was taken out of Crotoy at high tide and conveyed by boat to +Saint-Valery, then to Dieppe, as is supposed, and certainly in the end +to Rouen.<a name="V2FNanchor_527_527" id="V2FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a></p> + +<p>She was conducted to the old castle, built in the time of +Philippe-Auguste on the slope of the Bouvreuil hill.<a name="V2FNanchor_528_528" id="V2FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> King Henry +VI, who had come to France for his coronation, had been there since +the end of August. He was a sad, serious child, harshly treated by the +Earl of Warwick, who was governor of the castle.<a name="V2FNanchor_529_529" id="V2FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> The castle was +strongly fortified;<a name="V2FNanchor_530_530" id="V2FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a> it had seven towers, including the keep. +Jeanne was placed<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.199" id="V2Page_ii.199">[Pg ii.199]</a></span> in a tower looking on to the open country.<a name="V2FNanchor_531_531" id="V2FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> Her +room was on the middle storey, between the dungeon and the state +apartment. Eight steps led up to it.<a name="V2FNanchor_532_532" id="V2FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> It extended over the whole +of that floor, which was forty-three feet across, including the +walls.<a name="V2FNanchor_533_533" id="V2FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> A stone staircase approached it at an angle. There was but +a dim light, for some of the window slits had been filled in.<a name="V2FNanchor_534_534" id="V2FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a> +From a locksmith of Rouen, one Étienne Castille, the English had +ordered an iron cage, in which it was said to be impossible to stand +upright. If the reports of the ecclesiastical registrars are to be +believed, Jeanne was placed in it and chained by the neck, feet, and +hands,<a name="V2FNanchor_535_535" id="V2FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> and left there till the opening of the trial. At Jean +Salvart's, at <i>l'Écu de France</i>, in front of the Official's +courtyard,<a name="V2FNanchor_536_536" id="V2FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> a mason's apprentice saw the cage weighed. But no one +ever found Jeanne in it. If this treatment were inflicted on Jeanne, +it was not invented for her; when Captain La Hire, in the February of +this same year, 1430, took Château Gaillard, near Rouen, he found the +good knight Barbazan in an iron cage, from which he would not come +out, alleging that he was a prisoner on parole.<a name="V2FNanchor_537_537" id="V2FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> Jeanne, on the +contrary, had been careful to<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.200" id="V2Page_ii.200">[Pg ii.200]</a></span> promise nothing, or rather she had +promised to escape as soon as she could.<a name="V2FNanchor_538_538" id="V2FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> Therefore the English, +who believed that she had magical powers, mistrusted her greatly.<a name="V2FNanchor_539_539" id="V2FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> +As she was being prosecuted by the Church, she ought to have been +detained in an ecclesiastical prison,<a name="V2FNanchor_540_540" id="V2FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a> but the <i>Godons</i> were +resolved to keep her in their custody. One among them said she was +dear to them because they had paid dearly for her. On her feet they +put shackles and round her waist a chain padlocked to a beam five or +six feet long. At night this chain was carried over the foot of her +bed and attached to the principal beam.<a name="V2FNanchor_541_541" id="V2FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a> In like manner, John +Huss, in 1415, when he was delivered up to the Bishop of Constance and +transferred to the fortress of Gottlieben, was chained night and day +until he was taken to the stake.</p> + +<p>Five English men-at-arms,<a name="V2FNanchor_542_542" id="V2FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> common soldiers (<i>houspilleurs</i>), +guarded the prisoner;<a name="V2FNanchor_543_543" id="V2FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> they were not the flower of chivalry. They +mocked her and she rebuked them, a circumstance they must have found +consolatory. At night two of them stayed behind the door; three +remained with her, and constantly troubled her by saying first that +she would die, then that she would be delivered. No one could speak to +her without their consent.<a name="V2FNanchor_544_544" id="V2FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless folk entered the prison as if it were<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.201" id="V2Page_ii.201">[Pg ii.201]</a></span> a fair (<i>comme au +moulin</i>); people of all ranks came to see Jeanne as they pleased. Thus +Maître Laurent Guesdon, Lieutenant of the Bailie of Rouen, came,<a name="V2FNanchor_545_545" id="V2FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a> +and Maître Pierre Manuel, Advocate of the King of England, who was +accompanied by Maître Pierre Daron, magistrate of the city of Rouen. +They found her with her feet in shackles, guarded by soldiers.<a name="V2FNanchor_546_546" id="V2FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Pierre Manuel felt called upon to tell her that for certain she +would never have come there if she had not been brought. Sensible +persons were always surprised when they saw witches and soothsayers +falling into a trap like any ordinary Christian. The King's Advocate +must have been a sensible person, since his surprise appeared in the +questions he put to Jeanne.</p> + +<p>"Did you know you were to be taken?" he asked her.</p> + +<p>"I thought it likely," she replied.</p> + +<p>"Then why," asked Maître Pierre again, "if you thought it likely, did +you not take better care on the day you were captured?"</p> + +<p>"I knew neither the day nor the hour when I should be taken, nor when +it should happen."<a name="V2FNanchor_547_547" id="V2FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a></p> + +<p>A young fellow, one Pierre Cusquel, who worked for Jean Salvart, also +called Jeanson, the master-mason of the castle, through the influence +of his employer, was permitted to enter the tower. He also found +Jeanne bound with a long chain attached to a beam, and with her feet +in shackles. Much later, he claimed to have warned her to be careful +of what she said, because her life was involved in it. It is true that +she talked volubly to her guards and that all she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.202" id="V2Page_ii.202">[Pg ii.202]</a></span> said was reported +to her judges. And it may have happened that the young Pierre, whose +master was on the English side, wished to advise her and even did so. +There is a suspicion, however, that like so many others he was merely +boasting.<a name="V2FNanchor_548_548" id="V2FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a></p> + +<p>The Sire Jean de Luxembourg came to Rouen. He went to the Maid's tower +accompanied by his brother, the Lord Bishop of Thérouanne, Chancellor +of England; and also by Humphrey, Earl of Stafford, Constable of +France for King Henry; and the Earl of Warwick, Governor of the Castle +of Rouen. At this interview there was also present the young Seigneur +de Macy, who held Jeanne to be of very modest bearing, since she had +repulsed his attempted familiarity.</p> + +<p>"Jeanne," said the Sire de Luxembourg, "I have come to ransom you if +you will promise never again to bear arms against us."</p> + +<p>These words do not accord with our knowledge of the negotiation for +the purchase of the Maid. They seem to indicate that even then the +contract was not complete, or at any rate that the vendor thought he +could break it if he chose. But the most remarkable point about the +Sire de Luxembourg's speech is the condition on which he says he will +ransom the Maid. He asks her to promise never again to fight against +England and Burgundy. From these words it would seem to have been his +intention to sell her to the King of France or to his +representative.<a name="V2FNanchor_549_549" id="V2FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a></p> + +<p>There is no evidence, however, of this speech having made any +impression on the English. Jeanne set no store by it.</p> + +<p>"In God's name, you do but jest," she replied;<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.203" id="V2Page_ii.203">[Pg ii.203]</a></span> "for I know well that +it lieth neither within your will nor within your power."</p> + +<p>It is related that when he persisted in his statement, she replied:</p> + +<p>"I know that these English will put me to death, believing that +afterwards they will conquer France."</p> + +<p>Since she certainly did not believe it, it seems highly improbable +that she should have said that the English would have put her to +death. Throughout the trial she was expecting, on the faith of her +Voices, to be delivered. She knew not how or when that deliverance +would come to pass, but she was as certain of it as of the presence of +Our Lord in the Holy Sacrament. She may have said to the Sire de +Luxembourg: "I know that the English want to put me to death." Then +she repeated courageously what she had already said a thousand times:</p> + +<p>"But were there one hundred thousand <i>Godons</i> more than at present, +they would not conquer the kingdom."</p> + +<p>On hearing these words, the Earl of Stafford unsheathed his sword and +the Earl of Warwick had to restrain his hand.<a name="V2FNanchor_550_550" id="V2FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> That the English +Constable of France should have raised his sword against a woman in +chains would be incredible, did we not know that about this time this +Earl of Stafford, hearing some one speak well of Jeanne, straightway +wished to transfix him.<a name="V2FNanchor_551_551" id="V2FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a></p> + +<p>In order that the Bishop and Vidame of Beauvais might exercise +jurisdiction at Rouen it was necessary that a concession of territory +should be granted him. The archiepiscopal see of Rouen was +vacant.<a name="V2FNanchor_552_552" id="V2FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a> For<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.204" id="V2Page_ii.204">[Pg ii.204]</a></span> this concession, therefore, the Bishop of Beauvais +applied to the chapter, with whom he had had misunderstandings.<a name="V2FNanchor_553_553" id="V2FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> +The canons of Rouen lacked neither firmness nor independence; more of +them were honest than dishonest; some were highly educated, +well-lettered and even kind-hearted. None of them nourished any ill +will toward the English. The Regent Bedford himself was a canon of +Rouen, as Charles VII was a canon of Puy.<a name="V2FNanchor_554_554" id="V2FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> On the 20th of October, +in that same year 1430, the Regent, donning surplice and amice, had +distributed the dole of bread and wine for the chapter.<a name="V2FNanchor_555_555" id="V2FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a> The +canons of Rouen were not prejudiced in favour of the Maid of the +Armagnacs; they agreed to the demand of the Bishop of Beauvais and +granted him the formal concession of territory.<a name="V2FNanchor_556_556" id="V2FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a></p> + +<p>On the 3rd of January, 1431, by royal decree, King Henry ordered the +Maid to be given up to the Bishop and Count of Beauvais, reserving to +himself the right to bring her before him, if she should be acquitted +by the ecclesiastical tribunal.<a name="V2FNanchor_557_557" id="V2FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless she was not placed in the Church prison, in one of those +dungeons near the Booksellers' Porch, where in the shadow of the +gigan<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.205" id="V2Page_ii.205">[Pg ii.205]</a></span>tic cathedral there rotted unhappy wretches who had erred in +matters of faith.<a name="V2FNanchor_558_558" id="V2FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a> There she would have endured sufferings far +more terrible than even the horrors of her military tower. The wrong +the Great Council of England inflicted on Jeanne by not handing her +over to the ecclesiastical powers of Rouen was far less than the +indignity they thereby inflicted on her judges.</p> + +<p>With the way thus opened before him, the Bishop of Beauvais proceeded +with all the violence one might expect from a Cabochien, albeit that +violence was qualified by worldly arts and canonical knowledge.<a name="V2FNanchor_559_559" id="V2FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a> +As promoter in the case, that is, as the magistrate who was to conduct +the prosecution, he selected one Jean d'Estivet, called Bénédicité, +canon of Bayeux and of Beauvais, Promoter-General of the diocese of +Beauvais. Jean d'Estivet was a friend of the Lord Bishop, and had been +driven out of the diocese by the French at the same time. He was +suspected of hostility to the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_560_560" id="V2FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a> The Lord Bishop appointed +Jean de la Fontaine, master of arts, licentiate of canon law, to be +"councillor commissary" of the trial.<a name="V2FNanchor_561_561" id="V2FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a> One of the clerks of the +ecclesiastical court of Rouen, Guillaume Manchon, priest, he appointed +first registrar.</p> + +<p>In the course of instructing this official as to what would be +expected of him, the Lord Bishop said to Messire Guillaume:</p> + +<p>"You must do the King good service. It is our<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.206" id="V2Page_ii.206">[Pg ii.206]</a></span> intention to institute +an elaborate prosecution (<i>un beau procès</i>) against this Jeanne."<a name="V2FNanchor_562_562" id="V2FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a></p> + +<p>As to the King's service, the Lord Bishop did not mean that it should +be rendered at the expense of justice; he was a man of some priestly +pride and was not likely to reveal his own evil designs. If he spoke +thus, it was because in France, for a century at least, the +jurisdiction of the Inquisition had been regarded as the jurisdiction +of the King.<a name="V2FNanchor_563_563" id="V2FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a> And as for the expression "an elaborate prosecution" +(<i>un beau procès</i>), that meant a trial in which legal forms were +observed and irregularities avoided, for it was a case in which were +interested the doctors and masters of the realm of France and indeed +the whole of Christendom. Messire Guillaume Manchon, well skilled in +legal procedure, was not likely to err in a matter of legal language. +An elaborate trial was a strictly regular trial. It was said, for +example, that "N—— and N—— had by elaborate judicial procedure +found such an one to be guilty."<a name="V2FNanchor_564_564" id="V2FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a></p> + +<p>Charged by the Bishop to choose another registrar to assist him, +Guillaume Manchon selected as his colleague Guillaume Colles, surnamed +Boisguillaume, who like him was a notary of the Church.<a name="V2FNanchor_565_565" id="V2FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a></p> + +<p>Jean Massieu, priest, ecclesiastical dean of Rouen, was appointed +usher of the court.<a name="V2FNanchor_566_566" id="V2FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.207" id="V2Page_ii.207">[Pg ii.207]</a></span></p> +<p>In that kind of trial, which was very common in those days, there were +strictly only two judges, the Ordinary and the Inquisitor. But it was +the custom for the Bishop to summon as councillors and assessors +persons learned in both canon and civil law. The number and the rank +of those councillors varied according to the case. And it is clear +that the obstinate upholder of a very pestilent heresy must needs be +more particularly and more ceremoniously tried than an old wife, who +had sold herself to some insignificant demon, and whose spells could +harm nothing more important than cabbages. For the common wizard, for +the multitude of those females, or <i>mulierculæ</i>, as they were +described by one inquisitor who boasted of having burnt many, the +judges were content with three or four ecclesiastical advocates and as +many canons.<a name="V2FNanchor_567_567" id="V2FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> When it was a question of a very notable personage +who had set a highly pernicious example, of a king's advocate, for +instance like Master Jean Segueut, who that very year, in Normandy, +had spoken against the temporal power of the Church, a large assembly +of doctors and prelates, English and French, were convoked, and the +doctors and masters of the University of Paris were consulted in +writing.<a name="V2FNanchor_568_568" id="V2FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a> Now it was fitting that the Maid of the Armagnacs should +be yet more elaborately and more solemnly tried, with a yet greater +concourse of doctors and of prelates; and thus it was ordained by the +Lord Bishop of Beauvais. As councillors and assessors he summoned the +canons of Rouen in as great a number as possible. Among those who<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.208" id="V2Page_ii.208">[Pg ii.208]</a></span> +answered his summons we may mention Raoul Roussel, treasurer of the +chapter; Gilles Deschamps, who had been chaplain to the late King, +Charles VI, in 1415; Pierre Maurice, doctor in theology, rector of the +University of Paris in 1428; Jean Alespée, one of the sixteen who +during the siege of 1418 had gone robed in black and with cheerful +countenance to place at the feet of King Henry V the life and honour +of the city; Pasquier de Vaux, apostolic notary at the Council of +Constance, President of the Norman <i>Chambre des Comptes</i>; Nicolas de +Vendères, whose candidature for the vacant see of Rouen was being +advocated by a powerful party; and, lastly, Nicolas Loiseleur. For the +same purpose, the Lord Bishop summoned the abbots of the great Norman +abbeys, Mont Saint-Michel-au-Péril-de-la-Mer, Fécamp, Jumièges, +Préaux, Mortemer, Saint-Georges de Boscherville, la +Trinité-du-mont-Sainte-Catherine, Saint-Ouen, Bec, Cormeilles, the +priors of Saint-Lô, of Rouen, of Sigy, of Longueville, and the abbot +of Saint Corneille of Compiègne. He summoned twelve ecclesiastical +advocates; likewise famous doctors and masters of the University of +Paris, Jean Beaupère, rector in 1412; Thomas Fiefvé, rector in 1427; +Guillaume Erart, Nicolas Midi,<a name="V2FNanchor_569_569" id="V2FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a> and that young doctor, abounding +in knowledge and in modesty, the brightest star in the Christian +firmament of the day, Thomas de Courcelles.<a name="V2FNanchor_570_570" id="V2FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> The Lord Bishop is +bent<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.209" id="V2Page_ii.209">[Pg ii.209]</a></span> upon turning the tribunal, which is to try Jeanne, into a +veritable synod; it is indeed a provincial council, before which she +is cited. Moreover, in effect, it is not only Jeanne the Maid, but +Charles of Valois, calling himself King of France, and lawful +successor of Charles VI who is to be brought to justice. Wherefore are +assembled so many croziered and mitred abbots, so many renowned +doctors and masters.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, there were other bright and shining lights of the +Church, whom the Bishop of Beauvais neglected to summon. He consulted +the two bishops of Coutances and Lisieux; he did not consult the +senior bishop of Normandy, the Bishop of Avranches, Messire Jean de +Saint-Avit, whom the chapter of the cathedral had charged with the +duty of ordination throughout the diocese during the vacancy of the +see of Rouen. But Messire Jean de Saint-Avit was considered and +rightly considered to favour King Charles.<a name="V2FNanchor_571_571" id="V2FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a> On the other hand +those English doctors and masters, residing at Rouen, who had been +consulted in Segueut's trial, were not consulted in that of +Jeanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_572_572" id="V2FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> The doctors and masters of the University of Paris, the +abbots of Normandy, the chapter of Rouen, held firmly to the Treaty of +Troyes; they were as prejudiced as the English clerks against the Maid +and the Dauphin Charles, and they were less suspected; it was all to +the good.<a name="V2FNanchor_573_573" id="V2FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a></p> + +<p>On Tuesday, the 9th of January, my Lord of Beauvais summoned eight +councillors to his house: the abbots of Fécamp and of Jumièges, the +prior of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.210" id="V2Page_ii.210">[Pg ii.210]</a></span> Longueville, the canons Roussel, Venderès, Barbier, +Coppequesne and Loiseleur.</p> + +<p>"Before entering upon the prosecution of this woman," he said to them, +"we have judged it good, maturely and fully to confer with men learned +and skilled in law, human and divine, of whom, thank God, there be +great number in this city of Rouen."</p> + +<p>The opinion of the doctors and masters was that information should be +collected concerning the deeds and sayings publicly imputed to this +woman.</p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop informed them that already certain information had +been obtained by his command, and that he had decided to order more to +be collected, which would be ultimately presented to the Council.<a name="V2FNanchor_574_574" id="V2FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a></p> + +<p>It is certain that a tabellion<a name="V2FNanchor_575_575" id="V2FNanchor_575_575"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_575_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a> of Andelot in Champagne, Nicolas +Bailly, requisitioned by Messire Jean de Torcenay, Bailie of Chaumont +for King Henry, went to Domremy, and with Gérard Petit, provost of +Andelot, and divers mendicant monks, made inquiry touching Jeanne's +life and reputation. The interrogators heard twelve or fifteen +witnesses and among others Jean Hannequin<a name="V2FNanchor_576_576" id="V2FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a> of Greux and Jean +Bégot, with whom they lodged.<a name="V2FNanchor_577_577" id="V2FNanchor_577_577"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_577_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a> We know from Nicolas Bailly himself +that they gathered not a single fact derogatory to Jeanne. And if we +may believe Jean Moreau, a citizen of Rouen, Maître Nicolas, having +brought my Lord of Beauvais the result of his researches, was treated +as a wicked man and a traitor; and obtained no reward for his +expenditure or his<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.211" id="V2Page_ii.211">[Pg ii.211]</a></span> labour.<a name="V2FNanchor_578_578" id="V2FNanchor_578_578"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_578_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a> This is possible, but it seems +strange. It can in no wise be true, however, that neither at +Vaucouleurs nor at Domremy, nor in the neighbouring villages was +anything discovered against Jeanne. Quite on the contrary, numbers of +accusations were collected against the inhabitants in general, who +were addicted to evil practices, and in particular against Jeanne, who +held intercourse with fairies,<a name="V2FNanchor_579_579" id="V2FNanchor_579_579"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_579_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a> carried a mandrake in her bosom, +and disobeyed her father and mother.<a name="V2FNanchor_580_580" id="V2FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a></p> + +<p>Abundant information was forthcoming, not only from Lorraine and from +Paris, but from the districts loyal to King Charles, from Lagny, +Beauvais, Reims, and even from so far as Touraine and Berry;<a name="V2FNanchor_581_581" id="V2FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a> +which was information enough to burn ten heretics and twenty witches. +Devilries were discovered which filled the priests with horror: the +finding of a lost cup and gloves, the exposure of an immoral priest, +the sword of Saint Catherine, the restoration of a child to life. +There was also a report of a rash letter concerning the Pope and there +were many other indications of witchcraft, heresy, and religious +error.<a name="V2FNanchor_582_582" id="V2FNanchor_582_582"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_582_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a> Such information was not to be included among the +documents of the trial.<a name="V2FNanchor_583_583" id="V2FNanchor_583_583"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_583_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a> It was the custom of the Holy Inquisition +to keep secret the evidence and even the names of the witnesses.<a name="V2FNanchor_584_584" id="V2FNanchor_584_584"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_584_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a> +In this case the Bishop of Beauvais might have pleaded as an excuse +for so doing the safety of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.212" id="V2Page_ii.212">[Pg ii.212]</a></span> the deponents, who might have suffered had +he published information gathered in provinces subject to the Dauphin +Charles. Even if their names were concealed, they would be identified +by their evidence. For the purposes of the trial, Jeanne's own +conversation in prison was the best source of information: she spoke +much and without any of the reserve which prudence might have +dictated.</p> + +<p>A painter, whose name is unknown, came to see her in her tower. He +asked her aloud and before her guards what arms she bore, as if he +wished to represent her with her escutcheon. In those days portraits +were very seldom painted from life, except of persons of very high +rank, and they were generally represented kneeling and with clasped +hands in an attitude of prayer. Though in Flanders and in Burgundy +there may have been a few portraits bearing no signs of devotion, they +were very rare. A portrait naturally suggested a person praying to +God, to the Holy Virgin, or to some saint. Wherefore the idea of +painting the Maid's picture doubtless must have met with the stern +disapproval of her ecclesiastical judges. All the more so because they +must have feared that the painter would represent this excommunicated +woman in the guise of a saint, canonised by the Church, as the +Armagnacs were wont to do.</p> + +<p>A careful consideration of this incident inclines us to think that +this man was no painter but a spy. Jeanne told him of the arms which +the King had granted to her brothers: an azure shield bearing a sword +between two golden <i>fleurs de lis</i>. And our suspicion is confirmed +when at the trial she is reproached with pomp and vanity for having +caused her arms to be painted.<a name="V2FNanchor_585_585" id="V2FNanchor_585_585"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_585_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.213" id="V2Page_ii.213">[Pg ii.213]</a></span></p> +<p>Sundry clerks introduced into her prison gave her to believe that they +were men-at-arms of the party of Charles of Valois.<a name="V2FNanchor_586_586" id="V2FNanchor_586_586"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_586_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a> In order to +deceive her, the Promoter himself, Maître Jean d'Estivet, disguised +himself as a poor prisoner.<a name="V2FNanchor_587_587" id="V2FNanchor_587_587"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_587_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a> One of the canons of Rouen, who was +summoned to the trial, by name Maître Nicolas Loiseleur, would seem to +have been especially inventive of devices for the discovery of +Jeanne's heresies. A native of Chartres, he was not only a master of +arts, but was greatly renowned for astuteness. In 1427 and 1428 he +carried through difficult negotiations, which detained him long months +in Paris. In 1430 he was one of those deputed by the chapter to go to +the Cardinal of Winchester in order to obtain an audience of King +Henry and commend to him the church of Rouen. Maître Nicolas Loiseleur +was therefore a <i>persona grata</i> with the Great Council.<a name="V2FNanchor_588_588" id="V2FNanchor_588_588"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_588_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a></p> + +<p>Having concerted with the Bishop of Beauvais and the Earl of Warwick, +he entered Jeanne's prison, wearing a short jacket like a layman. The +guards had been instructed to withdraw; and Maître Nicolas, left alone +with his prisoner, confided to her that he, like herself, was a native +of the Lorraine Marches, a shoemaker by trade, one who held to the +French party and had been taken prisoner by the English. From King +Charles he brought her tidings which were the fruit of his own +imagination. No one was dearer to Jeanne than her King. Thus having +won her confidence, the pseudo-shoemaker asked her sundry questions +concerning the angels and saints<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.214" id="V2Page_ii.214">[Pg ii.214]</a></span> who visited her. She answered him +confidingly, speaking as friend to friend, as countryman to +countryman. He gave her counsel, advising her not to believe all these +churchmen and not to do all that they asked her; "For," he said, "if +thou believest in them thou shalt be destroyed."</p> + +<p>Many a time, we are told, did Maître Nicolas Loiseleur act the part of +the Lorraine shoemaker. Afterwards he dictated to the registrars all +that Jeanne had said, providing thus a valuable source of information +of which a memorandum was made to be used during the examination. It +would even appear that during certain of these visits the registrars +were stationed at a peep-hole in an adjoining room.<a name="V2FNanchor_589_589" id="V2FNanchor_589_589"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_589_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a> If we may +believe the rumours current in the town, Maître Nicolas also disguised +himself as Saint Catherine, and by this means brought Jeanne to say +all that he wanted.</p> + +<p>He may not have been proud of such deceptions, but at any rate he made +no secret of them.<a name="V2FNanchor_590_590" id="V2FNanchor_590_590"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_590_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a> Many famous masters approved him; others +censured him.<a name="V2FNanchor_591_591" id="V2FNanchor_591_591"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_591_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a></p> + +<p>The angel of the schools, Thomas de Courcelles, when Nicolas told him +of his disguises, counselled him to abandon them.</p> + +<p>Afterwards the registrars pretended that it had been extremely +repugnant to them thus to overhear in hiding a conversation so +craftily contrived. The golden age of inquisitorial justice must have +been well over when so strict a doctor as Maître Thomas was willing +thus to criticise the most solemn forms of that justice. Inquisitorial +proceedings must in<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.215" id="V2Page_ii.215">[Pg ii.215]</a></span>deed have fallen into decay when two notaries of +the Church dream of eluding its most common prescriptions. The clerks +who disguised themselves as soldiers, the Promoter who took on the +semblance of a poor prisoner, were exercising the most regular +functions of the judicial system instituted by Innocent III.</p> + +<p>In acting the shoemaker and Saint Catherine, if he were seeking the +salvation and not the destruction of the sinner, if, contrary to +public report, far from inciting her to rebellion, he was reducing her +to obedience, if, in short, he were but deceiving her for her own +temporal and spiritual good, Maître Nicolas Loiseleur was proceeding +in conformity with established rules. In the <i>Tractatus de Hæresi</i> it +is written: "Let no man approach the heretic, save from time to time +two persons of faith and tact, who may warn him with precaution and as +having compassion upon him, to eschew death by confessing his errors, +and who may promise him that by so doing he shall escape death by +fire; for the fear of death, and the hope of life may peradventure +soften a heart which could be touched in no other wise."<a name="V2FNanchor_592_592" id="V2FNanchor_592_592"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_592_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a></p> + +<p>The duty of registrars was laid down in the following manner:</p> + +<p>"Matters shall be ordained thus, that certain persons shall be +stationed in a suitable place so as to surprise the confidences of +heretics and to overhear their words."<a name="V2FNanchor_593_593" id="V2FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a></p> + +<p>As for the Bishop of Beauvais, who had ordained<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.216" id="V2Page_ii.216">[Pg ii.216]</a></span> and permitted such +procedure, he found his justification and approbation in the words of +the Apostle Saint Paul to the Corinthians: "I did not burden you: +nevertheless, being crafty, I caught you with guile." "<i>Ego vos non +gravavi; sed cum essem astutus, dolo vos cepi</i>" (II Corinthians xii, +16).<a name="V2FNanchor_594_594" id="V2FNanchor_594_594"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_594_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, when Jeanne saw the Promoter, Jean d'Estivet, in his +churchman's habit she did not recognise him. And Maître Nicolas +Loiseleur also often came to her in monkish dress. In this guise he +inspired her with great confidence; she confessed to him devoutly and +had no other confessor.<a name="V2FNanchor_595_595" id="V2FNanchor_595_595"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_595_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a> She saw him sometimes as a shoemaker and +sometimes as a canon and never perceived that he was the same person. +Wherefore we must indeed believe her to have been incredibly simple in +certain respects; and these great theologians must have realised that +it was not difficult to deceive her.</p> + +<p>It was well known to all men versed in science, divine and human, that +the Enemy never entered into dealings with a maid without depriving +her of her virginity.<a name="V2FNanchor_596_596" id="V2FNanchor_596_596"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_596_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a> At Poitiers the French clerks had thought +of it, and when Queen Yolande assured them that Jeanne was a virgin, +they ceased to fear that she was sent by the devil.<a name="V2FNanchor_597_597" id="V2FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a> The Lord +Bishop of Beauvais in a different hope awaited a similar examination. +The Duchess of Bedford herself went to the prison. She was assisted by +Lady Anna Bavon and another matron. It has been said that the Re<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.217" id="V2Page_ii.217">[Pg ii.217]</a></span>gent +was hidden meanwhile in an adjoining room and looking through a hole +in the wall.<a name="V2FNanchor_598_598" id="V2FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a> This is by no means certain, but it is not +impossible; he was at Rouen a fortnight after Jeanne had been brought +there.<a name="V2FNanchor_599_599" id="V2FNanchor_599_599"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_599_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a> Whether the charge were groundless or well founded he was +seriously reproached for this curiosity. If there were many who in his +place would have been equally curious, every one must judge for +himself; but we must bear in mind that my Lord of Bedford believed +Jeanne a witch, and that it was not the custom in those days to treat +witches with the respect due to ladies. We must remember also that +this was a matter in which Old England was greatly concerned, and the +Regent loved his country with all his heart and all his strength.</p> + +<p>Upon the examination of the Duchess of Bedford as upon that of the +Queen of Sicily Jeanne appeared a virgin. The matrons knew various +signs of virginity; but for us a more certain sign is Jeanne's own +word. When she was asked wherefore she called herself the Maid, +whether she were one in reality, she replied: "I may tell you that +such I am."<a name="V2FNanchor_600_600" id="V2FNanchor_600_600"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_600_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a> The judges, as far as we know, set no store by this +favourable result of the examination. Did they believe with the wise +King Solomon that in such matters all inquiry is vain, and did they +reject the matrons' verdict by virtue of the saying: <i>Virginitatis +probatio non minus difficilis quam custodia</i>? No, they knew well that +she was indeed a virgin. They allowed it to be understood when they +did not assert the contrary.<a name="V2FNanchor_601_601" id="V2FNanchor_601_601"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_601_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a> And since they persisted in +believing her a witch, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.218" id="V2Page_ii.218">[Pg ii.218]</a></span> must have been because they imagined her to +have given herself to devils who had left her as they found her. The +morals of devils abounded in such inconsistencies, which were the +despair of the most learned doctors; every day new inconsistencies +were being discovered.</p> + +<p>On Saturday, the 13th of January, the Lord Abbot of Fécamp, the +doctors and masters, Nicolas de Venderès, Guillaume Haiton, Nicolas +Coppequesne, Jean de la Fontaine, and Nicolas Loiseleur, met in the +house of the Lord Bishop. There was read to them the information +concerning the Maid gathered in Lorraine and elsewhere. And it was +decided that according to this information a certain number of +articles should be drawn up in due form; which was done.<a name="V2FNanchor_602_602" id="V2FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a></p> + +<p>On Tuesday, the 23rd of January, the doctors and masters above named +considered the terms of these articles, and, finding them sufficient, +they decided that they might be used for the examination. Then they +resolved that the Bishop of Beauvais should order a preliminary +inquiry as to the deeds and sayings of Jeanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_603_603" id="V2FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a></p> + +<p>On Tuesday, the 13th of February, Jean d'Estivet, called Bénédicité, +Promoter, Jean de la Fontaine, Commissioner, Boisguillaume and +Manchon, Registrars, and Jean Massieu, Usher, took the oath faithfully +to discharge their various offices. Then straightway Maître Jean de la +Fontaine, assisted by two registrars, proceeded to the preliminary +inquiry.<a name="V2FNanchor_604_604" id="V2FNanchor_604_604"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_604_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a></p> + +<p>On Monday, the 19th of February, at eight o'clock<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.219" id="V2Page_ii.219">[Pg ii.219]</a></span> in the morning, the +doctors and masters assembled, to the number of eleven, in the house +of the Bishop of Beauvais; there they heard the reading of the +articles and the preliminary information. Whereupon they gave it as +their opinion, and, in conformity with this opinion, the Bishop +decided that there was matter sufficient to justify the woman called +the Maid being cited and charged touching a question of faith.<a name="V2FNanchor_605_605" id="V2FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_605_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a></p> + +<p>But now a fresh difficulty arose. In such a trial it was necessary for +the accused to appear at once before the Ordinary and before the +Inquisitor. The two judges were equally necessary for the validity of +the trial. Now the Grand Inquisitor for the realm of France, Brother +Jean Graverent, was then at Saint-Lô, prosecuting on a religious +charge a citizen of the town, one Jean Le Couvreur.<a name="V2FNanchor_606_606" id="V2FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a> In the +absence of Brother Jean Graverent, the Bishop of Beauvais had invited +the Vice-Inquisitor for the diocese of Rouen to proceed against Jeanne +conjointly with himself. Meanwhile the Vice-Inquisitor seemed not to +understand; he made no response; and the Bishop was left in +embarrassment with his lawsuit on his hands.</p> + +<p>This Vice-Inquisitor was Brother Jean Lemaistre, Prior of the +Dominicans of Rouen, bachelor of theology, a monk right prudent and +scrupulous.<a name="V2FNanchor_607_607" id="V2FNanchor_607_607"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_607_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a> At length in answer to a summons from the Usher, at +four o'clock on the 19th of February, 1413, he appeared in the house +of the Bishop of Beauvais. He declared<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.220" id="V2Page_ii.220">[Pg ii.220]</a></span> himself ready to intervene +provided that he had the right to do so, which he doubted. As the +reason for his uncertainty he alleged that he was the Inquisitor of +Rouen; now the Bishop of Beauvais was exercising his jurisdiction as +bishop of the diocese of Beauvais, but on borrowed territory; +wherefore was it not rather for the Inquisitor of Beauvais not for the +Inquisitor of Rouen, to sit on the judgment seat side by side with the +Bishop?<a name="V2FNanchor_608_608" id="V2FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a> He declared that he would ask the Grand Inquisitor of +France for an authorisation which should hold good for the diocese of +Beauvais. Meanwhile he consented to act in order to satisfy his own +conscience and to prevent the proceedings from lapsing, which, in the +opinion of all, must have ensued had the trial been instituted without +the concurrence of the Holy Inquisition.<a name="V2FNanchor_609_609" id="V2FNanchor_609_609"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_609_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a> All preliminary +difficulties were now removed. The Maid was cited to appear on +Wednesday, the 21st of February,<a name="V2FNanchor_610_610" id="V2FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a> 1431.</p> + +<p>On that day, at eight o'clock in the morning, the Bishop of Beauvais, +the Vicar of the Inquisitor, and forty-one Councillors and Assessors +assembled in the castle chapel. Fifteen of them were doctors in +theology, five doctors in civil and canon law, six bachelors in +theology, eleven bachelors in canon law, four licentiates in civil +law. The Bishop sat as judge. At his side were the Councillors and +Assessors, clothed either in the fine camlet of canons or in the +coarse cloth of mendicants, expressive, the one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.221" id="V2Page_ii.221">[Pg ii.221]</a></span> sacerdotal +solemnity, the other of evangelical meekness. Some glared fiercely, +others cast down their eyes. Brother Jean Lemaistre, Vice-Inquisitor +of the faith, was among them, silent, in the black and white livery of +poverty and obedience.<a name="V2FNanchor_611_611" id="V2FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a></p> + +<p>Before bringing in the accused, the usher informed the Bishop that +Jeanne, to whom the citation had been delivered, had replied that she +would be willing to appear, but she demanded that an equal number of +ecclesiastics of the French party should be added to those of the +English party. She requested also the permission to hear mass.<a name="V2FNanchor_612_612" id="V2FNanchor_612_612"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_612_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a> +The Bishop refused both demands;<a name="V2FNanchor_613_613" id="V2FNanchor_613_613"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_613_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a> and Jeanne was brought in, +dressed as a man, with her feet in shackles. She was made to sit down +at the table of the registrars.</p> + +<p>And now from the very outset these theologians and this damsel +regarded each other with mutual horror and hatred. Contrary to the +custom of her sex, a custom which even loose women did not dare to +infringe, she displayed her hair, which was brown and cut short over +the ears. It was possibly the first time that some of those young +monks seated behind their elders had ever seen a woman's hair. She +wore hose like a youth. To them her dress appeared immodest and +abominable.<a name="V2FNanchor_614_614" id="V2FNanchor_614_614"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_614_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a> She exasperated and irritated them. Had the Bishop of +Beauvais insisted on her appearing in hood and gown their anger +against her would have been less violent. This man's attire brought +before their minds the works performed by the Maid in the camp of the +Dauphin Charles, calling himself king. By the stroke of a magic wand +she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.222" id="V2Page_ii.222">[Pg ii.222]</a></span> had deprived the English men-at-arms of all their strength, and +thereby she had inflicted sore hurt on the majority of the churchmen +who were to judge her. Some among them were thinking of the benefices +of which she had despoiled them; others, doctors and masters of the +University, recalled how she had been about to lay Paris waste with +fire and sword;<a name="V2FNanchor_615_615" id="V2FNanchor_615_615"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_615_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a> others again, canons and abbots, could not +forgive her perchance for having struck fear into their hearts even in +remote Normandy. Was it possible for them to pardon the havoc she had +thus wrought in a great part of the Church of France, when they knew +she had done it by sorcery, by divination and by invoking devils? "A +man must be very ignorant if he will deny the reality of magic," said +Sprenger. As they were very learned, they saw magicians and wizards +where others would never have suspected them; they held that to doubt +the power of demons over men and things was not only heretical and +impious, but tending to subvert the whole natural and social order. +These doctors, seated in the castle chapel, had burned each one of +them ten, twenty, fifty witches, all of whom had confessed their +crimes. Would it not have been madness after that to doubt the +existence of witches?</p> + +<p>To us it seems curious that beings capable of causing hail-storms and +casting spells over men and animals should allow themselves to be +taken, judged, tortured, and burned without making any defence; but it +was constantly occurring; every ecclesiastical judge must have +observed it. Very learned men were able to account for it: they +explained that wizards and witches lost their power as soon as they +fell<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.223" id="V2Page_ii.223">[Pg ii.223]</a></span> into the hands of churchmen. This explanation was deemed +sufficient. The hapless Maid had lost her power like the others; they +feared her no longer.</p> + +<p>At least Jeanne hated them as bitterly as they hated her. It was +natural for unlettered saints, for the fair inspired, frank of mind, +capricious, and enthusiastic to feel an antipathy towards doctors all +inflated with knowledge and stiffened with scholasticism. Such an +antipathy Jeanne had recently felt towards clerks, even when as at +Poitiers they had been on the French side, and had not wished her evil +and had not greatly troubled her. Wherefore we may easily imagine how +intense was the repulsion with which the clerks of Rouen now inspired +her. She knew that they sought to compass her death. But she feared +them not; confidently she awaited from her saints and angels the +fulfilment of their promise, their coming for her deliverance. She +knew not when nor how her deliverance should come; but that come it +would she never once doubted. To doubt it would indeed have been to +doubt Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and even Our Lord; it would have +been to believe evil of her Voices. They had told her to fear nothing, +and of nothing was she afeard.<a name="V2FNanchor_616_616" id="V2FNanchor_616_616"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_616_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a> Fearless simplicity; whence came +her confidence in her Voices if not from her own heart?</p> + +<p>The Bishop required her to swear, according to the prescribed form +with both hands on the holy Gospels, that she would reply truly to all +that should be asked her.</p> + +<p>She could not. Her Voices forbade her telling any one of the +revelations they had so abundantly vouchsafed to her.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.224" id="V2Page_ii.224">[Pg ii.224]</a></span></p> + +<p>She answered: "I do not know on what you wish to question me. You +might ask me things that I would not tell you."</p> + +<p>And when the Bishop insisted on her swearing to tell the whole truth:</p> + +<p>"Touching my father and mother and what I did after my coming into +France I will willingly swear," she said; "but touching God's +revelations to me, those I have neither told nor communicated to any +man, save to Charles my King. And nought of them will I reveal, were I +to lose my head for it."</p> + +<p>Then, either because she wished to gain time or because she counted on +receiving some new directions from her <i>Council</i>, she added that in a +week she would know whether she might so reveal those things.</p> + +<p>At length she took the oath, according to the prescribed form, on her +knees, with both hands on the missal.<a name="V2FNanchor_617_617" id="V2FNanchor_617_617"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_617_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a> Then she answered +concerning her name, her country, her parents, her baptism, her +godfathers and godmothers. She said that to the best of her knowledge +she was about nineteen years of age.<a name="V2FNanchor_618_618" id="V2FNanchor_618_618"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_618_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a></p> + +<p>Questioned concerning her education, she replied: "From my mother I +learnt my Paternoster, my Ave Maria and my Credo."</p> + +<p>But, asked to repeat her Paternoster, she refused, for, she said, she +would only say it in confession. This was because she wanted the +Bishop to hear her confess.<a name="V2FNanchor_619_619" id="V2FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a></p> + +<p>The assembly was profoundly agitated; all spoke at once. Jeanne with +her soft voice had scandalised the doctors.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.225" id="V2Page_ii.225">[Pg ii.225]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Bishop forbade her to leave her prison, under pain of being +convicted of the crime of heresy.</p> + +<p>She refused to submit to this prohibition. "If I did escape," she +said, "none could reproach me with having broken faith, for I never +gave my word to any one."</p> + +<p>Afterwards she complained of her chains.</p> + +<p>The Bishop told her they were on account of her attempt to escape.</p> + +<p>She agreed: "It is true that I wanted to escape, and I still want to, +just like every other prisoner."<a name="V2FNanchor_620_620" id="V2FNanchor_620_620"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_620_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a></p> + +<p>Such a confession was very bold, if she had rightly understood the +judge when he said that by flight from prison she would incur the +punishment of a heretic. To escape from an ecclesiastical prison was +to commit a crime against the Church, but it was folly as well as +crime; for the prisons of the Church are penitentiaries, and the +prisoner who refuses salutary penance is as foolish as he is guilty; +for he is like a sick man who refuses to be cured. But Jeanne was not, +strictly speaking, in an ecclesiastical prison; she was in the castle +of Rouen, a prisoner of war in the hands of the English. Could it be +said that if she escaped she would incur excommunication and the +spiritual and temporal penalties inflicted on the enemies of religion? +There lay the difficulty. The Lord Bishop removed it forthwith by an +elaborate legal fiction. Three English men-at-arms, John Grey, John +Berwoist, and William Talbot, were appointed by the King to be +Jeanne's custodians. The Bishop, acting as an ecclesiastical judge, +himself delivered to them their charge, and made them swear on the +holy Gospels to bind the damsel and confine her.<a name="V2FNanchor_621_621" id="V2FNanchor_621_621"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_621_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.226" id="V2Page_ii.226">[Pg ii.226]</a></span> In this wise +the Maid became the prisoner of our holy Mother, the Church; and she +could not burst her bonds without falling into heresy. The second +sitting was appointed for the next day, the 22nd of February.<a name="V2FNanchor_622_622" id="V2FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.227" id="V2Page_ii.227">[Pg ii.227]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_XI" id="V2CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>THE TRIAL FOR LAPSE (<i>continued</i>)</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capw.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="W" title="W" class="floatl" />HEN a record of the proceedings came to be written down after the +first sitting, a dispute arose between the ecclesiastical notaries and +the two or three royal registrars who had likewise taken down the +replies of the accused. As might be expected, the two records differed +in several places. It was decided that on the contested points Jeanne +should be further examined.<a name="V2FNanchor_623_623" id="V2FNanchor_623_623"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_623_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> The notaries of the Church complained +also that they experienced great difficulty in seizing Jeanne's words +on account of the constant interruptions of the bystanders.</p> + +<p>In a trial by the Inquisition there was no place fixed for the +examination any more than for the other acts of the procedure. The +judges might examine the accused in a chapel, in a chapter-house, or +even in a prison or a torture-chamber. According to Messire Guillaume +Manchon it was in order to escape from the tumult of the first +sitting,<a name="V2FNanchor_624_624" id="V2FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a> and because there was no longer any reason for +proceeding with such solemn ceremony as at the opening of the trial, +that the judge and his councillors met in the Robing Room, a little +chamber at one end of the castle<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.228" id="V2Page_ii.228">[Pg ii.228]</a></span> hall;<a name="V2FNanchor_625_625" id="V2FNanchor_625_625"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_625_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a> and two English guards +were stationed at the door. According to the rules of inquisitorial +procedure, the assessors were not bound to be present at all the +deliberations.<a name="V2FNanchor_626_626" id="V2FNanchor_626_626"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_626_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a> This time forty-two were present, twenty-six of +the original ones and six newly appointed. Among these high clerics +was Brother Jean Lemaistre, Vice Inquisitor of the Faith, a humble +preaching friar. No longer as in the days of Saint Dominic was the +Vice Inquisitor the hunting hound of the Lord, now he was but the dog +of the Bishop, a poor monk, who dared neither to do nor to abstain +from doing. Such was the result of the assertion of Gallican +independence against papal supremacy. Dumb and timid, Brother Jean +Lemaistre was the last and the least of all the brethren in that +assembly, but he was ever looking for the day when he should be +sovereign judge and without appeal.<a name="V2FNanchor_627_627" id="V2FNanchor_627_627"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_627_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne was brought in by the Usher, Messire Jean Massieu. Again she +endeavoured to avoid taking the oath to tell everything; but she had +to swear on the Gospel.<a name="V2FNanchor_628_628" id="V2FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_628_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a></p> + +<p>She was examined by Maître Jean Beaupère, doctor in theology. In his +University of Paris he was regarded as a scholar of light and leading; +it had twice appointed him rector. It had charged him with the +functions of chancellor in the absence of Gerson, and, in 1419, had +sent him with Messire Pierre Cauchon to the town of Troyes, to give +aid and counsel to King Charles VI. Three years later<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.229" id="V2Page_ii.229">[Pg ii.229]</a></span> it had +despatched him to the Queen of England and the Duke of Gloucester to +enlist their support in its endeavour to obtain the confirmation of +its privileges. King Henry VI had just appointed him canon of +Rouen.<a name="V2FNanchor_629_629" id="V2FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Jean's first question to Jeanne was what was her age when she +left her father's house. She was unable to say, although on the +previous day she had stated her present age to be about nineteen.<a name="V2FNanchor_630_630" id="V2FNanchor_630_630"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_630_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a></p> + +<p>Interrogated as to the occupations of her childhood, she replied that +she was busy with household duties and seldom went into the fields +with the cattle.</p> + +<p>"For spinning and sewing," she said, "I am as good as any woman in +Rouen."<a name="V2FNanchor_631_631" id="V2FNanchor_631_631"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_631_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a></p> + +<p>Thus even in things domestic she displayed her ardour and her +chivalrous zeal; at the spinning-wheel and with the needle she +challenged all the women in a town, without knowing one of them.</p> + +<p>Questioned as to her confessions and her communions, she answered that +she confessed to her parish priest or to another priest when the +former was not able to hear her. But she refused to say whether she +had received the communion on other feast-days than Easter.<a name="V2FNanchor_632_632" id="V2FNanchor_632_632"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_632_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a></p> + +<p>In order to take her unawares, Maître Jean Beaupère proceeded without +method, passing abruptly from one subject to another. Suddenly he +spoke of her Voices. She gave him the following reply:</p> + +<p>"Being thirteen years of age, I heard the Voice of God, bidding me +lead a good life. And the first time<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.230" id="V2Page_ii.230">[Pg ii.230]</a></span> I was sore afeard. And the Voice +came almost at the hour of noon, in summer, in my father's garden...."</p> + +<p>She heard the Voice on the right towards the church. Rarely did she +hear it without seeing a light. This light was in the direction whence +the Voice came.<a name="V2FNanchor_633_633" id="V2FNanchor_633_633"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_633_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a></p> + +<p>When Jeanne said that her Voice spoke to her from the right, a doctor +more learned and more kindly disposed than Maître Jean would have +interpreted this circumstance favourably; for do we not read in +Ezekiel that the angels were upon the right hand of the dwelling; do +we not find in the last chapter of Saint Mark, that the women beheld +the Angel seated on the right, and finally does not Saint Luke +expressly state that the Angel appeared unto Zacharias on the right of +the altar burning with incense; whereupon the Venerable Bede observes: +"he appeared on the right as a sign that he was the bringer of divine +mercy."<a name="V2FNanchor_634_634" id="V2FNanchor_634_634"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_634_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a> But such things never occurred to the examiner. Thinking +to embarrass Jeanne, he asked how she came to see the light if it +appeared at her side.<a name="V2FNanchor_635_635" id="V2FNanchor_635_635"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_635_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a> Jeanne made no reply, and as if distraught, +she said:</p> + +<p>"If I were in a wood I should easily hear the Voices coming towards +me.... It seems to me to be a Voice right worthy. I believe that this +Voice was sent to me by God. After having heard it three times I knew +it to be the voice of an angel."</p> + +<p>"What instruction did this Voice give you for the salvation of your +soul?"<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.231" id="V2Page_ii.231">[Pg ii.231]</a></span></p> + +<p>"It taught me to live well, to go to church, and it told me to fare +forth into France."<a name="V2FNanchor_636_636" id="V2FNanchor_636_636"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_636_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a></p> + +<p>Then Jeanne related how, by the command of her Voice, she had gone to +Vaucouleurs, to Sire Robert de Baudricourt, whom she had recognised +without ever having seen him before, how the Duke of Lorraine had +summoned her to cure him, and how she had come into France.<a name="V2FNanchor_637_637" id="V2FNanchor_637_637"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_637_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a></p> + +<p>Thereafter she was brought to say that she knew well that God loved +the Duke of Orléans and that concerning him she had had more +revelations than concerning any man living, save the King; that she +had been obliged to change her woman's dress for man's attire and that +her <i>Council</i> had advised her well.<a name="V2FNanchor_638_638" id="V2FNanchor_638_638"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_638_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a></p> + +<p>The letter to the English was read before her. She admitted having +dictated it in those terms, with the exception of three passages. She +had not said <i>body for body</i> nor <i>chieftain of war</i>; and she had said +<i>surrender to the King</i> in the place <i>of surrender to the Maid</i>. That +the judges had not tampered with the text of the letter we may assure +ourselves by comparing it with other texts, which did not pass through +their hands, and which contain the expressions challenged by +Jeanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_639_639" id="V2FNanchor_639_639"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_639_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a></p> + +<p>In the beginning of her career, she believed that Our Lord, the true +King of France, had ordained her to deliver the government of the +realm to Charles of Valois, as His deputy. The words in which she gave +utterance to this idea are reported by too many persons strangers one +to another for us to doubt her having spoken them. "The King shall +hold the king<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.232" id="V2Page_ii.232">[Pg ii.232]</a></span>dom as a fief (<i>en commande</i>); the King of France is the +lieutenant of the King of Heaven." These are her own words and she did +actually say to the Dauphin: "Make a gift of your realm to the King of +Heaven."<a name="V2FNanchor_640_640" id="V2FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> But we are bound to admit that at Rouen not one of these +mystic ideas persists, indeed there they seem altogether beyond her. +In all her replies to her examiners, she seems incapable of any +abstract reasoning whatsoever and of any speculation however simple, +so that it is hard to understand how she should ever have conceived +the idea of the temporal rule of Jesus Christ over the Land of the +Lilies. There is nothing in her speech or in her thoughts to suggest +such meditations, wherefore we are led to believe that this +politico-theology had been taught her in her tender, teachable years +by ecclesiastics desiring to remove the woes of Church and kingdom, +but that she had failed to seize its spirit or grasp its inner +meaning. Now, in the midst of a hard life lived with men-at-arms, +whose simple souls accorded better with her own than the more +cultivated minds of the early directors of her meditations, she had +forgotten even the phraseology in which those suggested meditations +were expressed. Interrogated concerning her coming to Chinon, she +replied:</p> + +<p>"Without let or hindrance I went to my King. When I reached the town +of Sainte-Catherine de Fierbois, I sent first to the town of +Château-Chinon, where my King was. I arrived there about the hour of +noon and lodged in an inn, and, after dinner, I went to my King who +was in his castle."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.233" id="V2Page_ii.233">[Pg ii.233]</a></span></p> +<p>If we may believe the registrars, they never ceased wondering at her +memory. They were amazed that she should recollect exactly what she +had said a week before.<a name="V2FNanchor_641_641" id="V2FNanchor_641_641"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_641_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a> Nevertheless her memory was sometimes +curiously uncertain, and we have reason for thinking with the Bastard +that she waited two days at the inn before being received by the +King.<a name="V2FNanchor_642_642" id="V2FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a></p> + +<p>With regard to this audience in the castle of Chinon, she told her +judges she had recognised the King as she had recognised the Sire de +Baudricourt, by revelation.<a name="V2FNanchor_643_643" id="V2FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a></p> + +<p>The interrogator asked her: "When the Voice revealed your King to you, +was there any light?"<a name="V2FNanchor_644_644" id="V2FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a></p> + +<p>This question bore upon matters which were of great moment to her +judges; for they suspected the Maid of having committed a sacrilegious +fraud, or rather witchcraft, with the complicity of the King of +France. Indeed, they had learnt from their informers that Jeanne +boasted of having given the King a sign in the form of a precious +crown.<a name="V2FNanchor_645_645" id="V2FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> The following is the actual truth of the matter:</p> + +<p>The legend of Saint Catherine relates that on a day she received from +the hand of an angel a resplendent crown and placed it on the head of +the Empress of the Romans. This crown was the symbol of eternal +blessedness.<a name="V2FNanchor_646_646" id="V2FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a> Jeanne, who had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.234" id="V2Page_ii.234">[Pg ii.234]</a></span> brought up on this legend, +said that the same thing had happened to her. In France she had told +sundry marvellous stories of crowns, and in one of these stories she +imagined herself to be in the great hall of the castle at Chinon, in +the midst of the barons, receiving a crown from the hand of an angel +to give it to her King.<a name="V2FNanchor_647_647" id="V2FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a> This was true in a spiritual sense, for +she had taken Charles to his anointing and to his coronation. Jeanne +was not quick to grasp the distinction between two kinds of truth. She +may, nevertheless, have doubted the material reality of this vision. +She may even have held it to be true in a spiritual sense only. In any +case, she had of her own accord promised Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret not to speak of it to her judges.<a name="V2FNanchor_648_648" id="V2FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a></p> + +<p>"Saw you any angel above the King?"</p> + +<p>She refused to reply.<a name="V2FNanchor_649_649" id="V2FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a></p> + +<p>This time nothing more was said of the crown. Maître Jean Beaupère +asked Jeanne if she often heard the Voice.</p> + +<p>"Not a day passes without my hearing it. And it is my stay in great +need."<a name="V2FNanchor_650_650" id="V2FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a></p> + +<p>She never spoke of her Voices without describing them as her refuge +and relief, her consolation and her joy. Now all theologians agreed in +believing that good spirits when they depart leave the soul filled +with joy, with peace, and with comfort, and as proof they cited the +angel's words to Zacharias and Mary: "Be not afraid."<a name="V2FNanchor_651_651" id="V2FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> This +reason, however, was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.235" id="V2Page_ii.235">[Pg ii.235]</a></span> strong enough to persuade clerks of the +English party that Voices hostile to the English were of God.</p> + +<p>And the Maid added: "Never have I required of them any other final +reward than the salvation of my soul."<a name="V2FNanchor_652_652" id="V2FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a></p> + +<p>The examination ended with a capital charge: the attack on Paris on a +feast day. It was in this connection possibly that Brother Jacques of +Touraine, a friar of the Franciscan order, who from time to time put a +question, asked Jeanne whether she had ever been in a place where +Englishmen were being slain.</p> + +<p>"In God's name, was I ever in such a place?" Jeanne responded +vehemently. "How glibly you speak. Why did they not depart from France +and go into their own country?"</p> + +<p>A nobleman of England, who was in the chamber, on hearing these words, +said to his neighbours: "By my troth she is a good woman. Why is she +not English?"<a name="V2FNanchor_653_653" id="V2FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a></p> + +<p>The third public sitting was appointed for two days thence, Saturday, +the 24th of February.<a name="V2FNanchor_654_654" id="V2FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a></p> + +<p>It was Lent. Jeanne observed the fast very strictly.<a name="V2FNanchor_655_655" id="V2FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a></p> + +<p>On Friday, the 23rd, in the morning, she was awakened by her Voices +themselves. She arose from her bed and remained seated, her hands +clasped, giving thanks. Then she asked what she should reply to her +judges, beseeching the Voices thereupon to take counsel of Our Lord. +First the Voices uttered words she could not understand. That happened +sometimes, in difficult circumstances especially.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.236" id="V2Page_ii.236">[Pg ii.236]</a></span> Then they +said:<a name="V2FNanchor_656_656" id="V2FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a> "Reply boldly, God will aid thee."</p> + +<p>That day she heard them a second time at the hour of vespers and a +third time when the bells were ringing the <i>Ave Maria</i> in the evening. +In the night of Friday and Saturday they came and revealed to her many +secrets for the weal of the King of France. Thereupon she received +great consolation.<a name="V2FNanchor_657_657" id="V2FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a> Very probably they repeated the assurance that +she would be delivered from the hands of her enemies, and that on the +other hand her judges stood in great danger.</p> + +<p>She depended absolutely on her Voices for direction. When she was in +difficulty as to what to say to her judges, she prayed to Our Lord; +she addressed him devoutly, saying: "Good God, for the sake of thy +holy Passion, I beseech thee if thou lovest me to reveal unto me what +I should reply to these churchmen. Touching my dress I know well how I +was commanded to put it on; but as to leaving it I know nothing. In +this may it please thee to teach me."</p> + +<p>Then straightway the Voices came.<a name="V2FNanchor_658_658" id="V2FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a></p> + +<p>At the third sitting, held in the Robing Chamber, there were present +sixty-two assessors, of whom twenty were new.<a name="V2FNanchor_659_659" id="V2FNanchor_659_659"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_659_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne showed a greater repugnance than before to swearing on the holy +Gospels to reply to all that should be asked her. In charity the +Bishop warned her that this obstinate refusal caused her to be +suspected, and he required her to swear, under pain of being convicted +upon all the charges.<a name="V2FNanchor_660_660" id="V2FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a> Such was in<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.237" id="V2Page_ii.237">[Pg ii.237]</a></span>deed the rule in a trial by the +Inquisition. In 1310 a <i>béguine</i>, one La Porète, refused to take the +oath as required by the Holy Inquisitor of the Faith, Brother +Guillaume of Paris. She was excommunicated forthwith, and without +being further examined, after lengthy proceedings, she was handed over +to the Provost of Paris, who caused her to be burned alive. Her piety +at the stake drew tears from all the bystanders.<a name="V2FNanchor_661_661" id="V2FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a></p> + +<p>Still the Bishop failed to force an unconditional oath from the Maid; +she swore to tell the truth on all she knew concerning the trial, +reserving to herself the right to be silent on everything which in her +opinion did not concern it. She spoke freely of the Voices she had +heard the previous day, but not of the revelations touching the King. +When, however, Maître Jean Beaupère appeared desirous to know them, +she asked for a fortnight's delay before replying, sure that before +then she would be delivered; and straightway she fell to boasting of +the secrets her Voices had confided to her for the King's weal.</p> + +<p>"I would wish him to know them at this moment," she said; "even if as +the result I were to drink no wine from now till Easter."<a name="V2FNanchor_662_662" id="V2FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a></p> + +<p>"Drink no wine from now till Easter!" Did she thus casually use an +expression common in that land of the rose-tinted wine (<i>vin gris</i>), a +drop or two of which with a slice of bread sufficed the Domremy women +for a meal?<a name="V2FNanchor_663_663" id="V2FNanchor_663_663"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_663_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a> Or had she caught this manner of speech with the +habit of dealing hard clouts and good blows from the men-at-arms of +her company? Alas! what hypocras was she to drink during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.238" id="V2Page_ii.238">[Pg ii.238]</a></span> five +weeks before Easter! She was merely making use of a current phrase, as +was frequently her custom, and attributing no precise meaning to it, +unless it were that wine vaguely suggested to her mind the idea of +cordiality and the hope that after her deliverance she would see the +Lords of France filling a cup in her honour.</p> + +<p>Maître Jean Beaupère asked her whether she saw anything when she heard +her Voices.</p> + +<p>She replied: "I cannot tell you everything. I am not permitted. The +Voice is good and worthy.... To this question I am not bound to +reply."</p> + +<p>And she asked them to give her in writing the points concerning which +she had not given an immediate reply.<a name="V2FNanchor_664_664" id="V2FNanchor_664_664"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_664_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a></p> + +<p>What use did she intend to make of this writing? She did not know how +to read; she had no counsel. Did she want to show the document to some +false friend, like Loiseleur, who was deceiving her? Or was it her +intent to present it to her saints?</p> + +<p>Maître Beaupère asked whether her Voice had a face and eyes.</p> + +<p>She refused to answer and quoted a saying frequently on the lips of +children: "One is often hanged for having spoken the truth."<a name="V2FNanchor_665_665" id="V2FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Beaupère asked: "Do you know whether you stand in God's grace?"</p> + +<p>This was an extremely insidious question; it placed Jeanne in the +dilemma of having to avow herself sinful or of appearing unpardonably +bold. One of the assessors, Maître Jean Lefèvre of the Order of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.239" id="V2Page_ii.239">[Pg ii.239]</a></span> +Hermit Friars, observed that she was not bound to reply. There was +murmuring throughout the chamber.</p> + +<p>But Jeanne said: "If I be not, then may God bring me into it; if I be, +then may God keep me in it."<a name="V2FNanchor_666_666" id="V2FNanchor_666_666"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_666_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a></p> + +<p>The assessors were astonished at so ready an answer. And yet no +improvement ensued in their disposition towards her. They admitted +that touching her King she spoke well, but for the rest she was too +subtle, and with a subtlety peculiar to women.<a name="V2FNanchor_667_667" id="V2FNanchor_667_667"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_667_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a></p> + +<p>Thereafter, Maître Jean Beaupère examined Jeanne concerning her +childhood in her village. He essayed to show that she had been cruel, +had displayed a homicidal tendency from her earliest years, and had +been addicted to those idolatrous practices which had given the folk +of Domremy a bad name.<a name="V2FNanchor_668_668" id="V2FNanchor_668_668"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_668_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a></p> + +<p>Then he touched on a point of prime importance in elucidating the +obscure origin of Jeanne's mission:</p> + +<p>"Were you not regarded as the one who was sent from the Oak Wood?"</p> + +<p>In this direction he might have succeeded in obtaining important +revelations. False prophecies had indeed established Jeanne's +reputation in France; but these clerks were incapable of +discriminating amongst all these pseudo-Bedes and pseudo-Merlins.<a name="V2FNanchor_669_669" id="V2FNanchor_669_669"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_669_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne replied: "When I came to the King, certain asked me whether +there were in my country a wood called the Oak Wood; because of +prophecies saying that from the neighbourhood of this wood<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.240" id="V2Page_ii.240">[Pg ii.240]</a></span> should +come a damsel who would work wonders. But to such things I paid no +heed."</p> + +<p>This statement we must needs believe; but if she denied credence to +the prophecy of Merlin touching the Virgin of the Oak Wood, she paid +good heed to the prophecy foretelling the appearance of a Deliverer in +the person of a Maid coming from the Lorraine Marches, since she +repeated that prophecy to the two Leroyers and to her Uncle Lassois, +with an emphasis which filled them with astonishment. Now we must +admit that the two prophecies are as alike as two peas.<a name="V2FNanchor_670_670" id="V2FNanchor_670_670"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_670_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a></p> + +<p>Passing abruptly from Merlin the Magician, Maître Jean Beaupère asked: +"Jeanne, will you have a woman's dress?"</p> + +<p>She answered: "Give me one; and I will accept it and depart. Otherwise +I will not have it. I will be content with this one, since God is +pleased for me to wear it."</p> + +<p>On this reply, which contained two errors tending to heresy, the Lord +Bishop adjourned the court.<a name="V2FNanchor_671_671" id="V2FNanchor_671_671"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_671_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a></p> + +<p>The morrow, the 25th of February, was the first Sunday in Lent. On +that day or another, but probably on that day, my Lord Bishop sent +Jeanne a shad. Having partaken of this fish she had fever and was +seized with vomiting.<a name="V2FNanchor_672_672" id="V2FNanchor_672_672"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_672_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> Two masters of arts of the Paris +University, both doctors of medicine, Jean Tiphaine and Guillaume +Delachambre, assessors in the trial, were summoned by the Earl of +Warwick, who said to them:</p> + +<p>"According to what has been told me, Jeanne is<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.241" id="V2Page_ii.241">[Pg ii.241]</a></span> sick. I have summoned +you to devise measures for her recovery. The King would not for the +world have her die a natural death. She is dear to him, for he has +bought her dearly; his intent is that she die not, save by the hand of +justice, and that she should be burned. Do all that may be necessary, +therefore, visit her attentively, and endeavour to restore her."<a name="V2FNanchor_673_673" id="V2FNanchor_673_673"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_673_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a></p> + +<p>Conducted to Jeanne by Maître Jean d'Estivet, the doctors inquired of +her the cause of her suffering.</p> + +<p>She answered that she had eaten a carp sent her by the Lord Bishop of +Beauvais, and that she believed it to be the cause of her sickness.</p> + +<p>Did Jeanne suspect the Bishop of designing to poison her? That is what +Maître Jean d'Estivet thought, for he flew into a violent rage:</p> + +<p>"Whore!" he cried, "it is thine own doing; thou hast eaten herrings +and other things which have made thee ill."</p> + +<p>"I have not," she answered.</p> + +<p>They exchanged insults, and Jeanne's sickness thereupon grew +worse.<a name="V2FNanchor_674_674" id="V2FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a></p> + +<p>The doctors examined her and found that she had fever. Wherefore they +decided to bleed her.</p> + +<p>They informed the Earl of Warwick, who became anxious:</p> + +<p>"A bleeding!" he cried; "take heed! She is artful and might kill +herself."</p> + +<p>Nevertheless Jeanne was bled and recovered.<a name="V2FNanchor_675_675" id="V2FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a></p> + +<p>On Monday, the 26th, there was no examination.<a name="V2FNanchor_676_676" id="V2FNanchor_676_676"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_676_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.242" id="V2Page_ii.242">[Pg ii.242]</a></span> On the opening of +the fourth sitting, Tuesday, the 27th, Maître Jean Beaupère asked her +how she had been, which inquiry touched her but little. She replied +drily:</p> + +<p>"You can see for yourself. I am as well as it is possible for me to +be."<a name="V2FNanchor_677_677" id="V2FNanchor_677_677"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_677_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a></p> + +<p>This sitting was held in the Robing Chamber in the presence of +fifty-four assessors.<a name="V2FNanchor_678_678" id="V2FNanchor_678_678"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_678_678" class="fnanchor">[678]</a> Five of them had not been present before, +and among them was Maître Nicolas Loiseleur, canon of Rouen, whose +share in the proceedings had been to act the Lorraine shoemaker and +Saint Catherine of Alexandria.<a name="V2FNanchor_679_679" id="V2FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Jean Beaupère, as on the previous Saturday, was curious to know +whether Jeanne had heard her Voices. She heard them every day.<a name="V2FNanchor_680_680" id="V2FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a></p> + +<p>He asked her: "Is it an angel's voice that speaketh unto you, or the +voice of a woman saint or of a man saint? Or is it God speaking +without an interpreter?"</p> + +<p>Said Jeanne: "This voice is the voice of Saint Catherine and of Saint +Margaret; and on their heads are beautiful crowns, right rich and +right precious. I am permitted to tell you so by Messire. If you doubt +it send to Poitiers, where I was examined."<a name="V2FNanchor_681_681" id="V2FNanchor_681_681"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_681_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a></p> + +<p>She was right in appealing to the clerks of France. The Armagnac +doctors had no less authority in mat<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.243" id="V2Page_ii.243">[Pg ii.243]</a></span>ters of faith than the English +and Burgundian doctors. Were they not all to meet at the Council?</p> + +<p>The examiner asked: "How know ye that they are these two saints? Know +ye them one from another?"</p> + +<p>Said Jeanne: "Well do I know who they are; and I do know one from the +other."</p> + +<p>"How?"</p> + +<p>"By the greeting they give me."<a name="V2FNanchor_682_682" id="V2FNanchor_682_682"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_682_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a></p> + +<p>Let not Jeanne be hastily taxed with error or untruth. Did not the +Angel salute Gideon (Judges vi), and Raphaël salute Tobias (Tobit +xii)?<a name="V2FNanchor_683_683" id="V2FNanchor_683_683"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_683_683" class="fnanchor">[683]</a></p> + +<p>Thereafter Jeanne gave another reason: "I know them because they call +themselves by name."<a name="V2FNanchor_684_684" id="V2FNanchor_684_684"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_684_684" class="fnanchor">[684]</a></p> + +<p>When she was asked whether her saints were both clothed alike, whether +they were of the same age, whether they spoke at once, whether one of +them appeared before the other, she refused to reply, saying she had +not permission to do so.<a name="V2FNanchor_685_685" id="V2FNanchor_685_685"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_685_685" class="fnanchor">[685]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Jean Beaupère inquired which of the apparitions came to her the +first when she was about thirteen.</p> + +<p>Jeanne said: "It was Saint Michael. I beheld him with my eyes. And he +was not alone, but with him were angels from heaven. It was by +Messire's command alone that I came into France."</p> + +<p>"Did you actually behold Saint Michael and these angels in the body?"</p> + +<p>"I saw them with the eyes of my head as plainly as I see you; and when +they went away I<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.244" id="V2Page_ii.244">[Pg ii.244]</a></span> wept and should have liked them to take me with +them."</p> + +<p>"In what semblance was Saint Michael?"<a name="V2FNanchor_686_686" id="V2FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a></p> + +<p>She was not permitted to say.</p> + +<p>She was asked whether she had received permission from God to go into +France and whether God had commanded her to put on man's dress.</p> + +<p>By keeping silence on this point she became liable to be suspected of +heresy, and however she replied she laid herself open to serious +charges,—she either took upon herself homicide and abomination, or +she attributed it to God, which manifestly was to blaspheme.</p> + +<p>Concerning her coming into France, she said: "I would rather have been +dragged by the hair of my head than have come into France without +permission from Messire." Concerning her dress she added: "Dress is +but a little thing, less than nothing. It was not according to the +counsel of any man of this world that I put on man's clothing. I +neither wore this attire nor did anything save by the command of +Messire and his angels."<a name="V2FNanchor_687_687" id="V2FNanchor_687_687"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_687_687" class="fnanchor">[687]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Jean Beaupère asked: "When you behold this Voice coming towards +you, is there any light?"</p> + +<p>Then she replied with a jest, as at Poitiers: "Every light cometh not +to you, my fair lord."<a name="V2FNanchor_688_688" id="V2FNanchor_688_688"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_688_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a></p> + +<p>After all it was virtually against the King of France that these +doctors of Rouen were proceeding with craft and with cunning.</p> + +<p>Maître Jean Beaupère threw out the question:<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.245" id="V2Page_ii.245">[Pg ii.245]</a></span> "How did your King come +to have faith in your sayings?"</p> + +<p>"Because they were proved good to him by signs and also because of his +clerks."</p> + +<p>"What revelations were made unto your King?"</p> + +<p>"That you will not hear from me this year."</p> + +<p>As he listened to the damsel's words, must not my Lord of Beauvais, +who was in the counsels of King Henry, have reflected on that verse in +the Book of Tobias (xii, 7): "It is good to keep close the secret of a +king"?</p> + +<p>Thereafter Jeanne was called upon to reply at length concerning the +sword of Saint Catherine. The clerks suspected her of having found it +by the art of divination, and by invoking the aid of demons, and of +having cast a spell over it. All that she was able to say did not +remove their suspicions.<a name="V2FNanchor_689_689" id="V2FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a></p> + +<p>Then they passed on to the sword she had captured from a Burgundian.</p> + +<p>"I wore it at Compiègne," she said, "because it was good for dealing +sound clouts and good buffets."<a name="V2FNanchor_690_690" id="V2FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a> The buffet was a flat blow, the +clout was a side stroke. Some moments later, on the subject of her +banner, she said that, in order to avoid killing any one, she bore it +herself when they charged the enemy. And she added: "I have never +slain any one."<a name="V2FNanchor_691_691" id="V2FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a></p> + +<p>The doctors found that her replies varied.<a name="V2FNanchor_692_692" id="V2FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a> Of course they varied. +But if like her every hour of the day and night the doctors had been +seeing the heavens descending, if all their thoughts, all their +instincts,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.246" id="V2Page_ii.246">[Pg ii.246]</a></span> good and bad, all their desires barely formulated, had +been undergoing instant transformation into divine commands, their +replies would likewise have varied, and they would have doubtless been +in such a state of illusion that in their words and in their actions +they would have displayed less good sense, less gentleness and less +courage.</p> + +<p>The examinations were long; they lasted between three and four +hours.<a name="V2FNanchor_693_693" id="V2FNanchor_693_693"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_693_693" class="fnanchor">[693]</a> Before closing this one, Maître Jean Beaupère wished to +know whether Jeanne had been wounded at Orléans. This was an +interesting point. It was generally admitted that witches lost their +power when they shed blood. Finally, the doctors quibbled over the +capitulation of Jargeau, and the court adjourned.<a name="V2FNanchor_694_694" id="V2FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a></p> + +<p>A famous Norman clerk, Maître Jean Lohier, having come to Rouen, the +Count Bishop of Beauvais commanded that he should be informed +concerning the trial. On the first Saturday in Lent, the 24th of +February, the Bishop summoned him to his house near +Saint-Nicolas-le-Painteur, and invited him to give his opinion of the +proceedings. The views of Maître Jean Lohier greatly disturbed the +Bishop. Off he rushed to the doctors and masters, Jean Beaupère, +Jacques de Touraine, Nicolas Midi, Pierre Maurice, Thomas de +Courcelles, Nicolas Loiseleur, and said to them:</p> + +<p>"Here's Lohier, who holds fine views concerning our trial! He wants to +object to everything, and says that our proceedings are invalid. If we +were to take his advice we should begin everything over again, and all +we have done would be worthless! It is easy to see what he is aiming +at. By Saint John,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.247" id="V2Page_ii.247">[Pg ii.247]</a></span> we will do nothing of the kind; we will go on with +our trial now it is begun."</p> + +<p>The next day, in the Church of Notre Dame, Guillaume Manchon met +Maître Jean Lohier and asked him:</p> + +<p>"Have you seen anything of the records of the trial?"</p> + +<p>"I have," replied Maître Jean. "This trial is void. It is impossible +to support it on many grounds: firstly, it is not in regular +form."<a name="V2FNanchor_695_695" id="V2FNanchor_695_695"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_695_695" class="fnanchor">[695]</a></p> + +<p>By that he meant that proceedings should not have been taken against +Jeanne without preliminary inquiries concerning the probability of her +guilt; either he did not know of the inquiries instituted by my Lord +of Beauvais, or he deemed them insufficient.<a name="V2FNanchor_696_696" id="V2FNanchor_696_696"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_696_696" class="fnanchor">[696]</a></p> + +<p>"Secondly," continued Maître Jean Lohier, "the judges and assessors +when they are trying this case are shut up in the castle, where they +are not free to utter their opinions frankly. Thirdly, the trial +involves divers persons who are not called, notably it touches the +reputation of the King of France, to whose party Jeanne belonged, yet +neither he nor his representative is cited. Fourthly, neither +documents nor definite written charges have been produced, wherefore +this woman, this simple girl, is left to reply without guidance to so +many masters, to such great doctors and on such grave matters, +especially those concerning her revelations. For all these reasons the +trial appears to me to be invalid." Then he added: "You see how they +proceed. They will catch her if they can in her words. They take +advantage of the statements in which she says, 'I<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.248" id="V2Page_ii.248">[Pg ii.248]</a></span> know for certain,' +concerning her apparitions. But if she were to say, 'It seems to me,' +instead of 'I know for certain,' it is my opinion that no man could +convict her. I perceive that the dominant sentiment which actuates +them is one of hatred. Their intention is to bring her to her death. +Wherefore I shall stay here no longer. I cannot witness it. What I say +gives offence."<a name="V2FNanchor_697_697" id="V2FNanchor_697_697"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_697_697" class="fnanchor">[697]</a></p> + +<p>That same day Maître Jean left Rouen.<a name="V2FNanchor_698_698" id="V2FNanchor_698_698"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_698_698" class="fnanchor">[698]</a></p> + +<p>A somewhat similar incident occurred with regard to Maître Nicolas de +Houppeville, a famous cleric. In conference with certain churchmen, he +expressed the opinion that to appoint as Jeanne's judges members of +the party hostile to her was not a correct method of procedure; and he +added that Jeanne had already been examined by the clerks of Poitiers +and by the Archbishop of Reims, the metropolitan of this very Bishop +of Beauvais. Hearing of this expression of opinion, my Lord of +Beauvais flew into a violent rage, and summoned Maître Nicolas to +appear before him. The latter replied that the Official of Rouen was +his superior, and that the Bishop of Beauvais was not his judge. If it +be true, as is related, that Maître Nicolas was thereafter cast into +the King's prison, it was doubtless for a reason more strictly +judicial than that of having offended the Lord Bishop of Beauvais. It +is more probable, however, that this famous cleric did not wish to act +as assessor, and that he left Rouen in order to avoid being summoned +to take part in the trial.<a name="V2FNanchor_699_699" id="V2FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a></p> + +<p>Certain ecclesiastics, among others Maître Jean Pigache, Maître Pierre +Minier, and Maître Richard<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.249" id="V2Page_ii.249">[Pg ii.249]</a></span> de Grouchet, discovered long afterwards +that being threatened they had given their opinions under the +influence of fear. "We were present at that trial," they said, "but +throughout the proceedings we were always contemplating flight."<a name="V2FNanchor_700_700" id="V2FNanchor_700_700"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_700_700" class="fnanchor">[700]</a> +As a matter of fact, no violence was done to any man's opinions, and +such as refused to attend the trial were in no way molested. Threats! +But why should there be any? Was it difficult to convict a witch in +those days? Jeanne was no witch. But, then, neither were the others. +Still, between Jeanne and the other alleged witches there was this +difference, that Jeanne had cast her spells in favour of the +Armagnacs, and to convict her was to render a service to the English, +who were the masters. This was a point to be taken into consideration; +but there was something else which ought also to be borne in mind by +thoughtful folk: such a conviction would at the same time offend the +French, who were in a fair way to become the masters once more in the +place of the English. These matters were very perplexing to the +doctors; but the second consideration had less weight with them than +the first; they had no idea that the French were so near reconquering +Normandy.</p> + +<p>The fifth session of the court took place in the usual chamber on the +1st of March, in the presence of fifty-eight assessors, of whom nine +had not sat previously.<a name="V2FNanchor_701_701" id="V2FNanchor_701_701"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_701_701" class="fnanchor">[701]</a></p> + +<p>The first question the examiner put Jeanne was:</p> + +<p>"What say you of our Lord the Pope, and whom think you to be the true +pope?"</p> + +<p>She adroitly made answer by asking another question: "Are there +two?"<a name="V2FNanchor_702_702" id="V2FNanchor_702_702"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_702_702" class="fnanchor">[702]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.250" id="V2Page_ii.250">[Pg ii.250]</a></span></p> +<p>No, there were not two; Clement VIII's abdication had put an end to +the schism; the great rift in the Church had been closed for thirteen +years and all Christian nations recognized the Pope of Rome; even +France who had become resigned to the disappearance of her Avignon +popes. There was something, however, which neither the accused nor her +judges knew; on that 1st of March, 1431, far from there being two +popes, there was not even one; the Holy See had fallen vacant by the +death of Martin V on the 20th of February, and the vacancy was only to +be filled on the 3rd of March, by the election of Eugenius IV.<a name="V2FNanchor_703_703" id="V2FNanchor_703_703"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_703_703" class="fnanchor">[703]</a></p> + +<p>The examiner in questioning Jeanne concerning the Holy See was not +without a motive. That motive became obvious when he asked her whether +she had not received a letter from the Count of Armagnac. She admitted +having received the letter and having replied to it.</p> + +<p>Copies of these two letters were included in the evidence to be used +at the trial. They were read to Jeanne.</p> + +<p>It appeared that the Count of Armagnac had asked the Maid by letter +which of the three popes was the true one, and that Jeanne had replied +to him, likewise by letter, that for the moment she had not time to +answer, but that she would do so at her leisure when she should come +to Paris.</p> + +<p>Having heard these two letters read, Jeanne declared that the one +attributed to her was only partially hers. And since she always +dictated and could never read what had been taken down, it is +conceivable that hasty words, uttered with her foot in the stirrup, +may not have been accurately transcribed;<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.251" id="V2Page_ii.251">[Pg ii.251]</a></span> but in a series of involved +and contradictory replies she was unable to demonstrate how that which +she had dictated differed from the written text;<a name="V2FNanchor_704_704" id="V2FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a> and in itself +the letter appears much more likely to have proceeded from an ignorant +visionary than from a clerk who would have some knowledge, however +little, of church affairs.</p> + +<p>It contains certain words and turns of expression which are to be +found in Jeanne's other letters. There can hardly be any doubt that +this letter is by her; she had forgotten it. There is nothing +surprising in that; her memory, as we have seen, was curiously liable +to fail her.<a name="V2FNanchor_705_705" id="V2FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a></p> + +<p>On this document the judges based the most serious of charges; they +regarded it as furnishing proof of a most blamable temerity. What +arrogance on the part of this woman, so it seemed to them, to claim to +have been told by God himself that which the Church alone is entitled +to teach! And to undertake by means of an inner illumination to point +out the true pope, was that not to commit grave sin against the Bride +of Christ, and with sacrilegious hand to rend the seamless robe of our +Lord?</p> + +<p>For once Jeanne saw clearly how her judges were endeavouring to entrap +her, wherefore she twice declared her belief in the Sovereign Pontiff +of Rome.<a name="V2FNanchor_706_706" id="V2FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a> How bitterly she would have smiled had she known<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.252" id="V2Page_ii.252">[Pg ii.252]</a></span> that +the lights of the University of Paris, these famous doctors who held +it mortal sin to believe in the wrong pope, themselves believed in his +Holiness about as much as they disbelieved in him; that at that very +time certain of their number, Maître Thomas de Courcelles, so great a +doctor, Maître Jean Beaupère, the examiner, Maître Nicolas Loiseleur, +who acted the part of Saint Catherine, were hastening to despatch her, +in order that they might bestride their mules and amble away to Bâle, +there in the Synagogue of Satan to hurl thunderbolts against the Holy +Apostolic See, and diabolically to decree the subjection of the Pope +to the Council, the confiscation of his annates, dearer to him than +the apple of his eye, and finally his own deposition.<a name="V2FNanchor_707_707" id="V2FNanchor_707_707"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_707_707" class="fnanchor">[707]</a> Now would +have been the time for her to have cried, with the voice of a simple +soul, to the priests so keen to avenge upon her the Church's honour: +"I am more of a Catholic than you!" And the words in her mouth would +have been even more appropriate than on the lips of the Limousin clerk +of old. Yet we must not reproach these clerics for having been good +Gallicans at Bâle, but rather for having been cruel and hypocritical +at Rouen.</p> + +<p>In her prison the Maid prophesied before her guard, John Grey. +Informed of these prophecies, the judges wished to hear them from +Jeanne's own mouth.</p> + +<p>"Before seven years have passed," she said to them, "the English shall +lose a greater wager than any they lost at Orléans. They shall lose +everything in France. They shall suffer greater loss than ever they +have suffered in France, and that shall come to pass because God shall +vouchsafe unto the French great victory."<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.253" id="V2Page_ii.253">[Pg ii.253]</a></span></p> + +<p>"How do you know this?"</p> + +<p>"I know it by revelation made unto me and that this shall befall +within seven years. And greatly should I sorrow were it further +delayed. I know it by revelation as surely as I know that you are +before my eyes at this moment."</p> + +<p>"When shall this come to pass?"</p> + +<p>"I know neither the day nor the hour."</p> + +<p>"But the year?"</p> + +<p>"That ye shall not know for the present. But I should wish it to be +before Saint John's Day."</p> + +<p>"Did you not say that it should come to pass before Saint Martin in +the winter?"</p> + +<p>"I said that before Saint Martin in the winter many things should +befall and it might be that the English would be discomfited."</p> + +<p>Whereupon the examiner asked Jeanne whether when Saint Michael came to +her he was accompanied by Saint Gabriel.</p> + +<p>Jeanne replied: "I do not remember."<a name="V2FNanchor_708_708" id="V2FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a></p> + +<p>She did not remember whether, in the multitude of angels who visited +her, was the Angel Gabriel who had saluted Our Lady and announced unto +her the salvation of mankind. So many angels and archangels had she +seen that this one had not particularly impressed her.</p> + +<p>After an answer of such perfect simplicity how could these priests +proceed to question her on her visions? Were they not sufficiently +edified? But no! These innocent answers whetted the examiner's zeal. +With intense ardour and copious amplification, passing from angels to +saints, he multiplied petty and insidious questions. Did you see the +hair on their heads? Had they rings in their ears? Was there<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.254" id="V2Page_ii.254">[Pg ii.254]</a></span> anything +between their crowns and their hair? Was their hair long and hanging? +Had they arms? How did they speak? What kind of voices had they?<a name="V2FNanchor_709_709" id="V2FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a></p> + +<p>This last question touched on an important theological point. Demons, +whose voices are as rasping as a cart wheel or a winepress screw, +cannot imitate the sweet tones of saints.<a name="V2FNanchor_710_710" id="V2FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne replied that the Voice was beautiful, sweet, and soft, and +spoke in French.</p> + +<p>Whereupon she was asked craftily wherefore Saint Margaret did not +speak English.</p> + +<p>She replied: "How should she speak English, since she is not on the +side of the English?"<a name="V2FNanchor_711_711" id="V2FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a></p> + +<p>Two hundred years before, a poet of Champagne had said that the French +language, which Our Lord created beautiful and graceful, was the +language of Paradise.</p> + +<p>She was afterwards asked concerning her rings. This was a hard matter; +in those days there were many magic rings or rings bearing amulets. +They were fashioned by magicians under the influence of planets; and, +by means of wonder-working herbs and stones, these rings had spells +cast upon them and received miraculous virtues. Constellation rings +worked miracles. Jeanne, alas! had possessed but two poor rings, one +of brass, inscribed with the names Jésus and Marie, which she received +from her father and mother, the other her brother had given her. The +Bishop kept the latter; the other had been taken from her by the +Burgundians.<a name="V2FNanchor_712_712" id="V2FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.255" id="V2Page_ii.255">[Pg ii.255]</a></span></p> +<p>An attempt was made to incriminate her in a pact made with the Devil +near the Fairy Tree. She was not to be caught thus, but retorted by +prophesying her deliverance and the destruction of her enemies. "Those +who wish to banish me from this world may very likely leave it before +me.... I know that my King will win the realm of France."</p> + +<p>She was asked what she had done with her mandrake. She said she had +never had one.<a name="V2FNanchor_713_713" id="V2FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a></p> + +<p>Then the examiner appeared to be seized with curiosity concerning +Saint Michael. "Was he clothed?"</p> + +<p>She replied: "Doubt ye that Messire lacks wherewithal to clothe +himself?"</p> + +<p>"Had he hair?"</p> + +<p>"Wherefore should he have cut it off?"</p> + +<p>"Did he hold scales?"</p> + +<p>"I don't know."<a name="V2FNanchor_714_714" id="V2FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a></p> + +<p>Their object was to ascertain whether she saw Saint Michael as he was +represented in the churches, with scales for weighing souls.<a name="V2FNanchor_715_715" id="V2FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a></p> + +<p>When she said that at the sight of the Archangel it seemed to her she +was not in a state of mortal sin, the examiner fell to arguing on the +subject of her conscience. She replied like a true Christian.<a name="V2FNanchor_716_716" id="V2FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a> +Then he returned to the miracle of the sign, which had not been +referred to since the first sitting, to the mystery of Chinon, to that +wondrous crown, which Jeanne, following Saint Catherine of Alexandria, +believed she had received from the hand of an angel. But she had +promised Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret to say nothing about it.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.256" id="V2Page_ii.256">[Pg ii.256]</a></span></p> +<p>"When you showed the King the sign was there any one with him?"</p> + +<p>"I think there was no other person, albeit there were many folk not +far off."</p> + +<p>"Did you see a crown on the King's head when you gave him this sign?"</p> + +<p>"I cannot say without committing perjury."</p> + +<p>"Had your King a crown at Reims?"</p> + +<p>"My King, methinketh, took with pleasure the crown he found at Reims. +But afterwards a very rich crown was brought him. He did not wait for +it, because he wished to hurry on the ceremony according to the +request of the inhabitants of Reims who desired to rid their town of +the burden of men-at-arms. If he had waited he would have had a crown +a thousand times more rich."</p> + +<p>"Have you seen that richer crown?"</p> + +<p>"I cannot tell you without committing perjury. If I have not seen it I +have heard tell how rich and how magnificent it is."<a name="V2FNanchor_717_717" id="V2FNanchor_717_717"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_717_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne suffered intensely from being deprived of the sacraments. One +day when Messire Jean Massieu, performing the office of ecclesiastical +usher, was taking her before her judges, she asked him whether there +were not on the way some church or chapel in which was the body of Our +Lord Jesus Christ.<a name="V2FNanchor_718_718" id="V2FNanchor_718_718"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_718_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a></p> + +<p>Messire Jean Massieu, dean of Rouen, was a cleric of manners +dissolute; his inveterate lewdness had involved him in difficulties +with the Chapter and with the Official.<a name="V2FNanchor_719_719" id="V2FNanchor_719_719"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_719_719" class="fnanchor">[719]</a> He may have been neither +as brave<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.257" id="V2Page_ii.257">[Pg ii.257]</a></span> nor as frank as he wished to make out, but he was not hard +or pitiless.</p> + +<p>He told his prisoner that there was a chapel on the way. And he +pointed out to her the chapel of the castle.</p> + +<p>Then she besought him urgently to take her into the chapel in order +that she might worship Messire and pray.</p> + +<p>Readily did Messire Jean Massieu consent; and he permitted her to +kneel before the sanctuary. Devoutly bending, Jeanne offered her +prayer.</p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop, being informed of this incident, was highly +displeased. He instructed the Usher that in the future such devotions +must not be tolerated.</p> + +<p>And the Promoter, Maître Jean d'Estivet, on his part, addressed many a +reprimand to Messire Jean Massieu.</p> + +<p>"Rascal," he said, "what possesses thee to allow an excommunicated +whore to approach a church without permission? If ever thou doest the +like again I will imprison thee in that tower, where for a month thou +wilt see neither sun nor moon."</p> + +<p>Messire Jean Massieu heeded not this threat. And the Promoter, +perceiving this, himself took up his post at the chapel door when +Jeanne went that way. Thus he prevented the hapless damsel from +engaging in her devotions.<a name="V2FNanchor_720_720" id="V2FNanchor_720_720"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_720_720" class="fnanchor">[720]</a></p> + +<p>The sixth sitting was held in the same court as before, in the +presence of forty-one assessors, of whom six or seven were new, and +among them was Maître Guillaume Erart, doctor in theology.<a name="V2FNanchor_721_721" id="V2FNanchor_721_721"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_721_721" class="fnanchor">[721]</a></p> + +<p>In the beginning, the examiner asked Jeanne whether she had seen Saint +Michael and the saints,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.258" id="V2Page_ii.258">[Pg ii.258]</a></span> and whether she had seen anything but their +faces. He insisted: "You must say what you know."</p> + +<p>"Rather than say all that I know, I would have my head cut off."<a name="V2FNanchor_722_722" id="V2FNanchor_722_722"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_722_722" class="fnanchor">[722]</a></p> + +<p>They puzzled her with questions touching the nature of angelic bodies. +She was simple; with her own eyes she had seen Saint Michael; she said +so and could not say otherwise.</p> + +<p>The examiner, now as always, informed of the words she had let fall in +prison, asked her whether she had heard her Voices.</p> + +<p>"Yes, in good sooth. They told me that I should be delivered. But I +know neither the day nor the hour. And they told me to have good +courage, and to be of good cheer."<a name="V2FNanchor_723_723" id="V2FNanchor_723_723"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_723_723" class="fnanchor">[723]</a></p> + +<p>Of all this the judges believed nothing, because demonologists teach +that witches lose their power when an officer of Holy Church lays +hands upon them.</p> + +<p>The examiner recurred to her man's dress. Then he endeavoured to find +out whether she had cast spells over the banners of her companions in +arms.</p> + +<p>He sought out by what secret power she led the soldiers.</p> + +<p>This power she was willing to reveal: "I said to them: 'Go on boldly +against the English;' and at the same time I went myself."<a name="V2FNanchor_724_724" id="V2FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a></p> + +<p>In this examination, which was the most diffuse and the most captious +of all, the following curious question was put to the accused: "When +you were before Jargeau, what was it you were wearing behind your +helmet? Was there not something round?"<a name="V2FNanchor_725_725" id="V2FNanchor_725_725"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_725_725" class="fnanchor">[725]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.259" id="V2Page_ii.259">[Pg ii.259]</a></span></p> +<p>At the siege of Jargeau she had been struck on the head by a huge +stone which had not hurt her; and this her own party deemed +miraculous.<a name="V2FNanchor_726_726" id="V2FNanchor_726_726"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_726_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a> Did the judges of Rouen imagine that she wore a +golden halo, like the saints, and that this halo had protected her?</p> + +<p>Later she was examined on a more ordinary subject, concerning a +picture in the house of her host at Orléans, representing three women: +Justice, Peace, Union.</p> + +<p>Jeanne knew nothing about it;<a name="V2FNanchor_727_727" id="V2FNanchor_727_727"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_727_727" class="fnanchor">[727]</a> she was no connoisseur in tapestry +and in paintings, like the Duke of Bar and the Duke of Orléans; +neither were her judges, not on this occasion at any rate. And if they +were concerned about a picture in the house of Maître Boucher, it was +not so much on account of the painting as of the doctrine. These three +women that the wealthy Maître Boucher kept in his house were doubtless +nude. The painters of those days depicted on small panels allegories +and bathing scenes, and they painted nude women. Full foreheads, round +heads, golden hair, short figures of small build but with embonpoint, +their nudity minutely represented and but thinly veiled; many such +were produced in Flanders and in Italy. The illustrious masters, to +whom those pictures appeared corrupt and indecent, doubtless wished to +reproach Jeanne with having looked at them in the house of the +treasurer of the Duke of Orléans. It is not difficult to divine what +were the doctors' suspicions when they are found asking Jeanne whether +Saint Michael wore clothes, in what manner she greeted her saints, and +how she gave them her rings to touch.<a name="V2FNanchor_728_728" id="V2FNanchor_728_728"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_728_728" class="fnanchor">[728]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.260" id="V2Page_ii.260">[Pg ii.260]</a></span></p><p>They also wanted to make her admit that she had caused herself to be +honoured as a saint. She disconcerted them by the following reply: +"The poor folk came to me readily, because I did them no hurt, but +aided them to the best of my power."<a name="V2FNanchor_729_729" id="V2FNanchor_729_729"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_729_729" class="fnanchor">[729]</a></p> + +<p>Then the examination ranged over many and various subjects: Friar +Richard; the children Jeanne had held over the baptismal fonts; the +good wives of the town of Reims who touched rings with her; the +butterflies caught in a standard at Château Thierry.<a name="V2FNanchor_730_730" id="V2FNanchor_730_730"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_730_730" class="fnanchor">[730]</a></p> + +<p>In this town, certain of the Maid's followers were said to have caught +butterflies in her standard. Now doctors in theology knew for a +certainty that necromancers sacrificed butterflies to the devil. A +century before, at Pamiers, the tribunal of the Holy Inquisition had +condemned the Carmelite Pierre Recordi, who was accused of having +celebrated such a sacrifice. He had killed a butterfly and the devil +had revealed his presence by a breath of wind.<a name="V2FNanchor_731_731" id="V2FNanchor_731_731"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_731_731" class="fnanchor">[731]</a> Jeanne's judges +may have wished to involve her in similar fashion, or their design may +have been quite different. In war a butterfly in the cap was a sign +either of unconditional surrender or of the possession of a safe +conduct.<a name="V2FNanchor_732_732" id="V2FNanchor_732_732"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_732_732" class="fnanchor">[732]</a> Were the judges accusing her or her followers of having +feigned to surrender in order treacherously to attack the enemy? They +were quite capable of making such a charge. However that may be, the +examiner passed on to inquire concerning a lost glove found by Jeanne +in the town of Reims.<a name="V2FNanchor_733_733" id="V2FNanchor_733_733"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_733_733" class="fnanchor">[733]</a> It<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.261" id="V2Page_ii.261">[Pg ii.261]</a></span> was important to know whether it had +been discovered by magic art. Then the magistrate returned to several +of the capital charges of the trial: communion received in man's +dress; the hackney of the Bishop of Senlis, which Jeanne had taken, +thus committing a kind of sacrilege; the discoloured child she had +brought back to life at Lagny; Catherine de La Rochelle, who had +recently borne witness against her before the Official at Paris; the +siege of La Charité which she had been obliged to raise; the leap +which she had made in her despair from the keep of Beaurevoir, and, +finally, certain blasphemy she was falsely accused of having uttered +at Soissons concerning Captain Bournel.<a name="V2FNanchor_734_734" id="V2FNanchor_734_734"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_734_734" class="fnanchor">[734]</a></p> + +<p>Then the Lord Bishop declared the examination concluded. He added, +however, that should it appear expedient to interrogate Jeanne more +fully, certain doctors and masters would be appointed for that +purpose.<a name="V2FNanchor_735_735" id="V2FNanchor_735_735"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_735_735" class="fnanchor">[735]</a></p> + +<p>Accordingly, on Saturday, March the 10th, Maître Jean de la Fontaine, +the Bishop's commissioner, went to the prison. He was accompanied by +Nicolas Midi, Gérard Feuillet, Jean Fécard, and Jean Massieu.<a name="V2FNanchor_736_736" id="V2FNanchor_736_736"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_736_736" class="fnanchor">[736]</a> The +first point touched upon at this inquiry was the sortie from +Compiègne. The priests took great pains to prove to Jeanne that her +Voices must be bad or that she must have failed to understand them +since her obedience to them had brought about her destruction. Jacques +Gélu<a name="V2FNanchor_737_737" id="V2FNanchor_737_737"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_737_737" class="fnanchor">[737]</a> and Jean Gerson had foreseen this dilemma and had met it in +anticipation<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.262" id="V2Page_ii.262">[Pg ii.262]</a></span> with elaborate theological arguments.<a name="V2FNanchor_738_738" id="V2FNanchor_738_738"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_738_738" class="fnanchor">[738]</a> She was +examined concerning the paintings on her standard, and she replied:</p> + +<p>"Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret bade me take the standard and bear +it boldly, and have painted upon it the King of Heaven. And this, much +against my will, I told to my King. Touching its meaning I know nought +else."<a name="V2FNanchor_739_739" id="V2FNanchor_739_739"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_739_739" class="fnanchor">[739]</a></p> + +<p>They tried to make her out avaricious, proud, and ostentatious because +she possessed a shield and arms, a stable, chargers, demi-chargers, +and hackneys, and because she had money with which to pay her +household, some ten to twelve thousand livres.<a name="V2FNanchor_740_740" id="V2FNanchor_740_740"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_740_740" class="fnanchor">[740]</a> But the point on +which they questioned her most closely was the sign which had already +been twice discussed in the public examinations. On this subject the +doctors displayed an insatiable curiosity. For the sign was the exact +reverse of the coronation at Reims; it was an anointing, not with +divine unction but with magic charm, the crowning of the King of +France by a witch. Maître Jean de la Fontaine had this advantage over +Jeanne, he knew what she was going to say and what she wished to +conceal. "What is the sign that was given to your King?"</p> + +<p>"It is beautiful and honourable and very credible; it is the best and +the richest in the world...."</p> + +<p>"Does it still last?"</p> + +<p>"It is well to know that it lasts and will last for a thousand years. +My sign is in the King's treasury."</p> + +<p>"Is it of gold or silver, or of precious stones, or is it a crown?"</p> + +<p>"Nothing more will I tell unto you and no man<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.263" id="V2Page_ii.263">[Pg ii.263]</a></span> can devise anything so +rich as is this sign. Nevertheless, the sign that you need is that God +should deliver me out of your hands and no surer sign can he send +you...."</p> + +<p>"When the sign came to your King what reverence did you make to it?"</p> + +<p>"I thanked Our Lord for having delivered me from the troubles caused +me by the clerks of our party, who were arguing against me. And I +knelt down several times. An angel from God and from none other gave +the sign to my King. And many times did I give thanks to Our Lord. The +clerks ceased to attack me when they had seen the said sign."<a name="V2FNanchor_741_741" id="V2FNanchor_741_741"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_741_741" class="fnanchor">[741]</a></p> + +<p>"Did the churchmen of your party behold the sign?"</p> + +<p>"When my King and such as were with him had seen the sign and also the +angel who gave it, I asked my King whether he were pleased, and he +replied that he was. Then I departed and went into a little chapel +near by. I have since heard that after my departure more than three +hundred persons saw the sign. For love of me and in order that I +should be questioned no further, God was pleased to permit this sign +to be seen by all those of my party who did see it."</p> + +<p>"Did your King and you make any reverence to the angel when he brought +the sign?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, for my part, I did. I knelt and took off my hood."<a name="V2FNanchor_742_742" id="V2FNanchor_742_742"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_742_742" class="fnanchor">[742]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.264" id="V2Page_ii.264">[Pg ii.264]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_XII" id="V2CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>THE TRIAL FOR LAPSE (<i>continued</i>)</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N Monday, the 12th of March, Brother Jean Lemaistre received from +Brother Jean Graverent, Inquisitor of France, an order to proceed +against and to pronounce the final sentence on a certain woman, named +Jeanne, commonly called the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_743_743" id="V2FNanchor_743_743"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_743_743" class="fnanchor">[743]</a> On that same day, in the +morning, Maître Jean de la Fontaine, in presence of the Bishop, for +the second time examined Jeanne in her prison.<a name="V2FNanchor_744_744" id="V2FNanchor_744_744"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_744_744" class="fnanchor">[744]</a></p> + +<p>He first returned to the sign. "Did not the angel who brought the sign +speak?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, he told my King that he must set me to work in order that the +country might soon be relieved."</p> + +<p>"Was the angel, who brought the sign, the angel who first appeared +unto you or another?"</p> + +<p>"It was always the same and never did he fail me."</p> + +<p>"But inasmuch as you have been taken hath not the angel failed you +with regard to the good things of this life?"</p> + +<p>"Since it is Our Lord's good pleasure, I believe it was best for me to +be taken."</p> + +<p>"In the good things of grace hath not your angel failed you?"<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.265" id="V2Page_ii.265">[Pg ii.265]</a></span></p> + +<p>"How can he have failed me when he comforteth me every day?"<a name="V2FNanchor_745_745" id="V2FNanchor_745_745"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_745_745" class="fnanchor">[745]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Jean de la Fontaine then put her a subtle question and one as +nearly approaching humour as was permissible in an ecclesiastical +trial.</p> + +<p>"Did Saint Denys ever appear to you?"<a name="V2FNanchor_746_746" id="V2FNanchor_746_746"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_746_746" class="fnanchor">[746]</a></p> + +<p>Saint Denys, patron of the most Christian kings, Saint Denys, the war +cry of France, had allowed the English to take his abbey, that rich +church, to which queens came to receive their crowns, and wherein +kings had their burying. He had turned English and Burgundian, and it +was not likely he would come to hold converse with the Maid of the +Armagnacs.</p> + +<p>To the question: "Were you addressing God himself when you promised to +remain a virgin?" she replied:</p> + +<p>"It sufficed to give the promise to the messengers of God, to wit, +Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret."<a name="V2FNanchor_747_747" id="V2FNanchor_747_747"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_747_747" class="fnanchor">[747]</a></p> + +<p>They had sought to entrap her, for a vow must be made directly to God. +However, it might be argued, that it is lawful to promise a good thing +to an angel or to a man; and that this good thing, thus promised, may +form the substance of a vow. One vows to God what one has promised to +the saints. Pierre of Tarentaise (iv, dist: xxviii, a. 1) teaches that +all vows should be made to God: either to himself directly or through +the mediation of his saints.<a name="V2FNanchor_748_748" id="V2FNanchor_748_748"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_748_748" class="fnanchor">[748]</a></p> + +<p>According to a statement made during the inquiry, Jeanne had given a +promise of marriage to a young<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.266" id="V2Page_ii.266">[Pg ii.266]</a></span> peasant. Now the examiner endeavoured +to prove that she had been at liberty to break her vow of virginity +made in an irregular form; but Jeanne maintained that she had not +promised marriage, and she added:</p> + +<p>"The first time I heard my Voices, I vowed to remain a virgin as long +as it should please God."</p> + +<p>But this time it was Saint Michael and not the saints who had appeared +to her.<a name="V2FNanchor_749_749" id="V2FNanchor_749_749"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_749_749" class="fnanchor">[749]</a> She herself found it difficult to unravel the tangled web +of her dreams and her ecstasies. And from these vague visions of a +child the doctors were laboriously essaying to elaborate a capital +charge.</p> + +<p>Then a very grave and serious question was asked her by the examiner: +"Did you speak to your priest or to any other churchman of those +visions which you say were vouchsafed to you?"</p> + +<p>"No, I spoke of them only to Robert de Baudricourt and to my +King."<a name="V2FNanchor_750_750" id="V2FNanchor_750_750"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_750_750" class="fnanchor">[750]</a></p> + +<p>The vavasour of Champagne, a man of mature years and sound sense, when +in the days of King John, he, like the Maid, had heard a Voice in the +fields bidding him go to his King, went straightway and told his +priest. The latter commanded him to fast for three days, to do +penance, and then to return to the field where the Voice had spoken to +him.</p> + +<p>The vavasour obeyed. Again the Voice was heard repeating the command +it had previously given. The peasant again told his priest, who said +to him: "My brother, thou and I will abstain and fast for three days, +and I will pray for thee to Our Lord Jesus Christ." This they did, and +on the fourth day the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.267" id="V2Page_ii.267">[Pg ii.267]</a></span> good man returned to the field. After the Voice +had spoken for the third time, the priest enjoined his parishioner to +go forthwith and fulfil his mission, since such was the will of +God.<a name="V2FNanchor_751_751" id="V2FNanchor_751_751"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_751_751" class="fnanchor">[751]</a></p> + +<p>There is no doubt that, according to all appearances, this vavasour +had acted with greater wisdom than La Romée's daughter. By concealing +her visions from the priest the latter had slighted the authority of +the Church Militant. Still there might be urged in her defence the +words of the Apostle Paul, that where the spirit of God is there is +liberty.<a name="V2FNanchor_752_752" id="V2FNanchor_752_752"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_752_752" class="fnanchor">[752]</a> If ye be led of the Spirit ye are not under the +law.<a name="V2FNanchor_753_753" id="V2FNanchor_753_753"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_753_753" class="fnanchor">[753]</a> Was she a heretic or was she a saint? Therein lay the whole +trial.</p> + +<p>Then came this remarkable question: "Have you received letters from +Saint Michael or from your Voices?"</p> + +<p>She replied: "I have not permission to tell you; but in a week I will +willingly say all I know."<a name="V2FNanchor_754_754" id="V2FNanchor_754_754"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_754_754" class="fnanchor">[754]</a></p> + +<p>Such was her manner of speaking when there was something she wanted to +conceal but not to deny. The question must have been embarrassing +therefore. Moreover, these interrogatories were based on a good store +of facts either true or false; and in the questions addressed to the +Maid we may generally discern a certain anticipation of her replies. +What were those letters from Saint Michael and her other saints, the +existence of which she did not deny, but which were never produced by +her judges? Did certain of her party send them in the hope that she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.268" id="V2Page_ii.268">[Pg ii.268]</a></span> +would carry out their intentions, while under the impression that she +was obeying divine commands?</p> + +<p>Without insisting further for the present, the examiner passed on to +another grievance:</p> + +<p>"Have not your Voices called you <i>daughter of God</i>, <i>daughter of the +Church</i>, <i>great-hearted damsel</i>?"</p> + +<p>"Before the siege of Orléans and since, every day when they speak to +me, many times have they called me <i>Jeanne the Maid, daughter of +God</i>."<a name="V2FNanchor_755_755" id="V2FNanchor_755_755"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_755_755" class="fnanchor">[755]</a></p> + +<p>The examination was suspended and resumed in the afternoon.</p> + +<p>Maître Jean de la Fontaine questioned Jeanne concerning a dream of her +father, of which the judges had been informed in the preliminary +inquiry.<a name="V2FNanchor_756_756" id="V2FNanchor_756_756"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_756_756" class="fnanchor">[756]</a></p> + +<p>Sad it is to reflect that when Jeanne was accused of the sin of having +broken God's commandment, "Thou shalt honour thy father and thy +mother," neither her mother nor any of her kin asked to be heard as +witnesses. And yet there were churchmen in her family;<a name="V2FNanchor_757_757" id="V2FNanchor_757_757"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_757_757" class="fnanchor">[757]</a> but a +trial on a question of faith struck terror into all hearts.</p> + +<p>Again her man's dress was reverted to, and not for the last time.<a name="V2FNanchor_758_758" id="V2FNanchor_758_758"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_758_758" class="fnanchor">[758]</a> +We marvel at the profound meditations into which the Maid's doublet +and hose plunged these clerics. They contemplated them with gloomy +terror and in the light of the precepts of Deuteronomy.</p> + +<p>Thereafter they questioned her touching the Duke of Orléans. Their +object was to show from her own replies that her Voices had deceived +her when they<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.269" id="V2Page_ii.269">[Pg ii.269]</a></span> promised the prisoner's deliverance. Here they easily +succeeded. Then she pleaded that she had not had sufficient time.</p> + +<p>"Had I continued for three years without let or hindrance I should +have delivered him."</p> + +<p>In her revelations there had been mentioned a term shorter than three +years and longer than one.<a name="V2FNanchor_759_759" id="V2FNanchor_759_759"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_759_759" class="fnanchor">[759]</a></p> + +<p>Questioned again touching the sign vouchsafed to her King, she replied +that she would take counsel with Saint Catherine.</p> + +<p>On the morrow, Tuesday, the 13th of March, the Bishop and the +Vice-Inquisitor went to her prison. For the first time the +Vice-Inquisitor opened his mouth:<a name="V2FNanchor_760_760" id="V2FNanchor_760_760"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_760_760" class="fnanchor">[760]</a> "Have you promised and sworn to +Saint Catherine that you will not tell this sign?"</p> + +<p>He spoke of the sign given to the King. Jeanne replied:</p> + +<p>"I have sworn and I have promised that I will not myself reveal this +sign, because I was too urgently pressed to tell it. I vow that never +again will I speak of it to living man."<a name="V2FNanchor_761_761" id="V2FNanchor_761_761"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_761_761" class="fnanchor">[761]</a></p> + +<p>Then she continued forthwith: "The sign was that the Angel assured my +King, when bringing him the crown, that he should have the whole realm +of France, with God's help and my labours, and that he should set me +to work. That is to say, he should grant me men-at-arms. Otherwise he +would not be so soon crowned and anointed."</p> + +<p>"In what manner did the Angel bring the crown? Did he place it on your +King's head?"</p> + +<p>"It was given to an archbishop, to the Archbishop of Reims, meseemeth +in the King's presence. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.270" id="V2Page_ii.270">[Pg ii.270]</a></span> said Archbishop received it and gave it +to the King; and I myself was present; and it is put in the King's +treasury."</p> + +<p>"To what place was the crown brought?"</p> + +<p>"To the King's chamber in the castle of Chinon."</p> + +<p>"On what day and at what hour?"</p> + +<p>"The day I know not, the hour was full day. No further recollection +have I of the hour or of the month. But meseemeth it was the month of +April or March; it will be two years this month or next April. It was +after Easter."<a name="V2FNanchor_762_762" id="V2FNanchor_762_762"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_762_762" class="fnanchor">[762]</a></p> + +<p>"On the first day that you saw the sign did your King see it?"</p> + +<p>"Yes. He had it the same day."</p> + +<p>"Of what was the crown made?"</p> + +<p>"It is well to know that it was of fine gold, and so rich that I +cannot count its riches; and the crown meant that he would hold the +realm of France."</p> + +<p>"Were there jewels in it?"</p> + +<p>"I have told you that I do not know."</p> + +<p>"Did you touch it or kiss it?"</p> + +<p>"No."</p> + +<p>"Did the Angel who bore it come from above, or did he come from the +earth?"</p> + +<p>"He came from above. I understand that he came by Our Lord's command, +and he came in by the door of the chamber."</p> + +<p>"Did the Angel come along the ground, walking from the door of the +room?"</p> + +<p>"When he was come before the King he did him reverence, bowing low +before him and uttering the words concerning the sign which I have +already repeated; and thereupon the Angel recalled to the King's mind +the great patience he had had in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.271" id="V2Page_ii.271">[Pg ii.271]</a></span> midst of the long tribulation +that had befallen him; and as he came towards the King the Angel +walked and touched the ground."</p> + +<p>"How far was it from the door to the King?"</p> + +<p>"Methinketh it was a full lance's length;<a name="V2FNanchor_763_763" id="V2FNanchor_763_763"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_763_763" class="fnanchor">[763]</a> and as he had come so +he returned. When the Angel came, I accompanied him and went with him +up the steps into the King's chamber; and the Angel went in first. And +I said to the King: 'Sire, behold your sign; take it.'"<a name="V2FNanchor_764_764" id="V2FNanchor_764_764"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_764_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a></p> + +<p>In a spiritual sense we may say that this fable is true. This crown, +which "flowers sweetly and will flower sweetly if it be well +guarded,"<a name="V2FNanchor_765_765" id="V2FNanchor_765_765"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_765_765" class="fnanchor">[765]</a> is the crown of victory. When the Maid beholds the +Angel who brought it, it is her own image that appears before her. Had +not a theologian of her own party said that she might be called an +angel? Not that she had the nature of an angel, but she did the work +of one.<a name="V2FNanchor_766_766" id="V2FNanchor_766_766"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_766_766" class="fnanchor">[766]</a></p> + +<p>She began to describe the angels who had come with her to the King:</p> + +<p>"So far as I saw, certain among them were very like, the others +different. Some had wings. Some wore crowns, others did not. And they +were with Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, and they accompanied the +Angel of whom I have spoken and the other angels also into the chamber +of the King."<a name="V2FNanchor_767_767" id="V2FNanchor_767_767"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_767_767" class="fnanchor">[767]</a></p> + +<p>And thus for a long time, as she was pressed by her interrogator, she +continued to tell these marvellous stories one after another.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.272" id="V2Page_ii.272">[Pg ii.272]</a></span></p> + +<p>When she was asked for the second time whether the Angel had written +her letters, she denied it.<a name="V2FNanchor_768_768" id="V2FNanchor_768_768"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_768_768" class="fnanchor">[768]</a> But now it was the Angel who bore the +crown and not Saint Michael who was in question. And despite her +having said they were one and the same, she may have distinguished +between them. Therefore we shall never know whether she did receive +letters from Saint Michael the Archangel, or from Saint Catherine and +from Saint Margaret.</p> + +<p>Thereafter the examiner inquired touching a cup lost at Reims and +found by Jeanne as well as the gloves.<a name="V2FNanchor_769_769" id="V2FNanchor_769_769"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_769_769" class="fnanchor">[769]</a> Saints sometimes +condescended to find things that had been lost, as is proved by the +example of Saint Antony of Padua. It was always with the help of God. +Necromancers imitated their powers by invoking the aid of demons and +by profaning sacred things.</p> + +<p>She was also questioned concerning the priest who had a concubine. +Here again she was reproached with being possessed of a magic gift of +clairvoyance. It was by magic she had known that this priest had a +concubine. Many other such things were reported of her. For example, +it was said that at the sight of a certain loose woman she knew that +this woman had killed her child.<a name="V2FNanchor_770_770" id="V2FNanchor_770_770"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_770_770" class="fnanchor">[770]</a></p> + +<p>Then recurred the same old questions: "When you went to the attack on +Paris did you receive a revelation from your Voices? Was it revealed +to you that you should go against La Charité? Was it a revelation that +caused you to go to Pont-l'Evêque?"</p> + +<p>She denied that she had then received any revelation from her Voices.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.273" id="V2Page_ii.273">[Pg ii.273]</a></span></p> + +<p>The last question was: "Did you not say before Paris, 'Surrender the +town in the name of Jesus'?"</p> + +<p>She answered that she had not spoken those words, but had said, +"Surrender the town to the King of France."<a name="V2FNanchor_771_771" id="V2FNanchor_771_771"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_771_771" class="fnanchor">[771]</a></p> + +<p>The Parisians who were engaged in repelling the attack had heard her +saying, "Surrender to us speedily in the name of Jesus." These words +are consistent with all we know of Jeanne in the early years of her +career. She believed it to be the will of Messire that the towns of +the realm should surrender to her, whom he had sent to reconquer them. +We have noticed already that at the time of her trial Jeanne had +completely lost touch with her early illuminations and that she spoke +in quite another language.</p> + +<p>On the morrow, Wednesday, the 14th of March, there were two more +examinations in the prison. The morning interrogatory turned on the +leap from Beaurevoir. She confessed to having leapt without permission +from her Voices, preferring to die rather than to fall into the hands +of the English.<a name="V2FNanchor_772_772" id="V2FNanchor_772_772"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_772_772" class="fnanchor">[772]</a></p> + +<p>She was accused of blasphemy against God; but that was false.<a name="V2FNanchor_773_773" id="V2FNanchor_773_773"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_773_773" class="fnanchor">[773]</a></p> + +<p>The Bishop intervened: "You have said that we, the Lord Bishop, run +great danger by bringing you to trial. Of what danger were you +speaking? In what peril do we stand, we, your judges, and others?"</p> + +<p>"I said to my Lord of Beauvais: 'You declare that you are my judge, I +know not if you be. But take heed that ye judge not wrongly, for thus +would ye run great danger; and I warn you, so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.274" id="V2Page_ii.274">[Pg ii.274]</a></span> if Our Lord +chastise you for it, I have done my duty by warning you.'"</p> + +<p>"What is this peril or this danger?"</p> + +<p>"Saint Catherine has told me that I shall have succour. I know not +whether it will be my deliverance from prison, or whether, during the +trial, some tumult shall arise whereby I shall be delivered. I think +it will be either one or the other. My Voices most often tell me I +shall be delivered by a great victory. And afterwards they say to me: +'Be thou resigned, grieve not at thy martyrdom; thou shalt come in the +end to the kingdom of Paradise.' This do my Voices say unto me simply +and absolutely. I mean to say without fail. And I call my martyrdom +the trouble and anguish I suffer in prison. I know not whether still +greater sufferings are before me, but I wait on the Lord."<a name="V2FNanchor_774_774" id="V2FNanchor_774_774"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_774_774" class="fnanchor">[774]</a></p> + +<p>It would seem that thus her Voices promised the Maid at once a +spiritual and a material deliverance, but the two could hardly occur +together. This reply, expressive alike of fear and of illusion, was +one to call forth pity from the hardest; and yet her judges regarded +it merely as a means whereby they might entrap her. Feigning to +understand that from her revelations she derived a heretical +confidence in her eternal salvation, the examiner put to her an old +question in a new form. She had already given it a saintly answer. He +inquired whether her Voices had told her that she would finally come +to the kingdom of Paradise if she continued in the assurance that she +would be saved and not condemned in Hell. To this she replied with +that perfect faith with which her Voices inspired her: "I believe what +my Voices have told me touching my<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.275" id="V2Page_ii.275">[Pg ii.275]</a></span> salvation as strongly as if I were +already in Paradise."</p> + +<p>Such a reply was heretical. The examiner, albeit he was not accustomed +to discuss the Maid's replies, could not forbear remarking that this +one was of great importance.<a name="V2FNanchor_775_775" id="V2FNanchor_775_775"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_775_775" class="fnanchor">[775]</a></p> + +<p>Accordingly in the afternoon of that same day, she was shown a +consequence of her error; to wit, that if she received from her Voices +the assurance of eternal salvation she needed not to confess.<a name="V2FNanchor_776_776" id="V2FNanchor_776_776"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_776_776" class="fnanchor">[776]</a></p> + +<p>On this occasion Jeanne was questioned touching the affair of Franquet +d'Arras. The Bailie of Senlis had done wrong in asking the Maid for +her prisoner,<a name="V2FNanchor_777_777" id="V2FNanchor_777_777"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_777_777" class="fnanchor">[777]</a> the Lord Franquet,<a name="V2FNanchor_778_778" id="V2FNanchor_778_778"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_778_778" class="fnanchor">[778]</a> in order to put him to +death, and Jeanne's judges now incriminated her.</p> + +<p>The examiner pointed out the mortal sins with which the accused might +be charged: first, having attacked Paris on a feast-day; second, +having stolen the hackney of the Lord Bishop of Senlis; third, having +leapt from Beaurevoir; fourth, having worn man's dress; fifth, having +consented to the death of a prisoner of war. Touching all these +matters, Jeanne did not believe that she had committed mortal sin; but +with regard to the leap from Beaurevoir she acknowledged that she was +wrong, and that she had asked God to forgive her.<a name="V2FNanchor_779_779" id="V2FNanchor_779_779"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_779_779" class="fnanchor">[779]</a></p> + +<p>It was sufficiently established that the accused had fallen into +religious error. The tribunal of the Inquisition, out of its abounding +mercy, desired the salvation of the sinner. Wherefore on the morning<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.276" id="V2Page_ii.276">[Pg ii.276]</a></span> +of the very next day, Thursday, the 15th of March, my Lord of Beauvais +exhorted Jeanne to submit to the Church, and essayed to make her +understand that she ought to obey the Church Militant, for the Church +Militant was one thing and the Church Triumphant another. Jeanne +listened to him dubiously.<a name="V2FNanchor_780_780" id="V2FNanchor_780_780"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_780_780" class="fnanchor">[780]</a> On that day she was again questioned +touching her flight from the château of Beaulieu and her intention to +leave the tower without the permission of my Lord of Beauvais. As to +the latter she was firmly resolute.</p> + +<p>"Were I to see the door open, I would go, and it would be with the +permission of Our Lord. I firmly believe that if I were to see the +door open and if my guards and the other English were beyond power of +resistance, I should regard it as my permission and as succour sent +unto me by Our Lord. But without permission I would not go, save that +I might essay to go, in order to know whether it were Our Lord's will. +The proverb says: 'Help thyself and God will help thee.'<a name="V2FNanchor_781_781" id="V2FNanchor_781_781"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_781_781" class="fnanchor">[781]</a> This I +say so that, if I were to go, it should not be said I went without +permission."<a name="V2FNanchor_782_782" id="V2FNanchor_782_782"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_782_782" class="fnanchor">[782]</a></p> + +<p>Then they reverted to the question of her wearing man's dress.</p> + +<p>"Which would you prefer, to wear a woman's dress and hear mass, or to +continue in man's dress and not to hear mass?"</p> + +<p>"Promise me that I shall hear mass if I am in woman's dress, and then +I will answer you."</p> + +<p>"I promise you that you shall hear mass when you are in woman's +dress."</p> + +<p>"And what do you say if I have promised and sworn to our King not to +put off these clothes?<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.277" id="V2Page_ii.277">[Pg ii.277]</a></span> Nevertheless, I say unto you: 'Have me a robe +made, long enough to touch the ground, but without a train. I will go +to mass in it; then, when I come back, I will return to my present +clothes.'"</p> + +<p>"You must wear woman's dress altogether and without conditions."</p> + +<p>"Send me a dress like that worn by your burgess's daughters, to wit, a +long <i>houppelande</i>; and I will take it and even a woman's hood to go +and hear mass. But with all my heart I entreat you to leave me these +clothes I am now wearing, and let me hear mass without changing +anything."<a name="V2FNanchor_783_783" id="V2FNanchor_783_783"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_783_783" class="fnanchor">[783]</a></p> + +<p>Her aversion to putting off man's dress is not to be explained solely +by the fact that this dress preserved her best against the violence of +the men-at-arms; it is possible that no such objection existed. She +was averse to wearing woman's dress because she had not received +permission from her Voices; and we may easily divine why not. Was she +not a chieftain of war? How humiliating for such an one to wear +petticoats like a townsman's wife! And above all things just now, when +at any moment the French might come and deliver her by some great feat +of arms. Ought they not to find their Maid in man's attire, ready to +put on her armour and fight with them?</p> + +<p>Thereafter the examiner asked her whether she would submit to the +Church, whether she made a reverence to her Voices, whether she +believed the saints, whether she offered them lighted candles, whether +she obeyed them, whether in war she had ever done anything without +their permission or contrary to their command.<a name="V2FNanchor_784_784" id="V2FNanchor_784_784"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_784_784" class="fnanchor">[784]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.278" id="V2Page_ii.278">[Pg ii.278]</a></span></p> +<p>Then they came to the question which they held to be the most +difficult of all:</p> + +<p>"If the devil were to take upon himself the form of an angel, how +would you know whether he were a good angel or a bad?"</p> + +<p>She replied with a simplicity which appeared presumptuous: "I should +easily discern whether it were Saint Michael or an imitation of +him."<a name="V2FNanchor_785_785" id="V2FNanchor_785_785"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_785_785" class="fnanchor">[785]</a></p> + +<p>Two days later, on Saturday, the 17th of March, Jeanne was examined in +her prison both morning and evening.<a name="V2FNanchor_786_786" id="V2FNanchor_786_786"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_786_786" class="fnanchor">[786]</a></p> + +<p>Hitherto she had been very loath to describe the countenance and the +dress of the angel and the saints who had visited her in the village. +Maître Jean de la Fontaine endeavoured to obtain some light on this +subject.</p> + +<p>"In what form and semblance did Saint Michael come to you? Was he tall +and how was he clothed?"</p> + +<p>"He came in the form of a true <i>prud'homme</i>."<a name="V2FNanchor_787_787" id="V2FNanchor_787_787"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_787_787" class="fnanchor">[787]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne was not one to believe she saw the Archangel in a long doctor's +robe or wearing a cope of gold. Moreover it was not thus that he +figured in the churches. There he was represented in painting and in +sculpture, clothed in glittering armour, with a golden crown on his +helmet.<a name="V2FNanchor_788_788" id="V2FNanchor_788_788"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_788_788" class="fnanchor">[788]</a> In such guise did he appear to her "in the form of a +right true <i>prud'homme</i>," to take a word from the <i>Chanson de Roland</i>, +where a great sword thrust is called the thrust of a <i>prud'homme</i>. He +came to her in the garb of a great knight, like Arthur and +Charlemagne, wearing full armour.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.279" id="V2Page_ii.279">[Pg ii.279]</a></span></p> +<p>Once again the examiner put to Jeanne that question on which her life +or death depended:</p> + +<p>"Will you submit all your deeds and sayings, good or bad, to the +judgment of our mother, Holy Church?"</p> + +<p>"As for the Church, I love her and would maintain her with all my +power, for religion's sake," the Maid replied; "and I am not one to be +kept from church and from hearing mass. But as for the good works +which I have wrought, and touching my coming, for them I must give an +account to the King of Heaven, who has sent me to Charles, son of +Charles, King of France. And you will see that the French will shortly +accomplish a great work, to which God will appoint them, in which they +will shake nearly all France. I say it in order that when it shall +come to pass, it may be remembered that I have said it."<a name="V2FNanchor_789_789" id="V2FNanchor_789_789"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_789_789" class="fnanchor">[789]</a></p> + +<p>But she was unable to name the time when this great work should be +accomplished; and Maître Jean de la Fontaine returned to the point on +which Jeanne's fate depended.</p> + +<p>"Will you submit to the judgment of the Church?"</p> + +<p>"I appeal to Our Lord, who hath sent me, to Our Lady and to all the +blessed saints in Paradise. To my mind Our Lord and his Church are +one, and no distinction should be made. Wherefore do you essay to make +out that they are not one?"</p> + +<p>In justice to Maître Jean de la Fontaine we are bound to admit the +lucidity of his reply. "There is the Church Triumphant, in which are +God, his saints, the angels and the souls that are saved," he said. +"There is also the Church Militant, which is our Holy Father, the +Pope, the Vicar of God on earth; the cardinals, the prelates of the +Church and<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.280" id="V2Page_ii.280">[Pg ii.280]</a></span> the clergy, with all good Christians and Catholics; and +this Church in its assembly cannot err, for it is moved by the Holy +Ghost. Will you appeal to the Church Militant?"</p> + +<p>"I am come to the King of France from God, from the Virgin Mary and +all the blessed saints in Paradise and from the Church Victorious +above and by their command. To this Church I submit all the good deeds +I have done and shall do. As to replying whether I will submit to the +Church Militant, for the present, I will make no further answer."<a name="V2FNanchor_790_790" id="V2FNanchor_790_790"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_790_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a></p> + +<p>Again she was offered a woman's dress in which to hear mass; she +refused it.</p> + +<p>"As for a woman's dress, I will not take it yet, not until it be Our +Lord's will. And if it should come to pass that I be taken to judgment +and there divested of my clothes, I beg my lords of the Church the +favour of a woman's smock and covering for my head. I would rather die +than deny what Our Lord hath caused me to do. I believe firmly that +Our Lord will not let it come to pass that I should be cast so low, +and that soon I shall have help from God, and that by a miracle."</p> + +<p>Thereafter the following questions were put to her: "Do you not +believe to-day that fairies are evil spirits?"</p> + +<p>"I do not know."</p> + +<p>"Do you know whether Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret hate the +English?"</p> + +<p>"They love what Our Lord loves and hate what God hates."</p> + +<p>"Does God hate the English?"</p> + +<p>"Touching the love or hatred of God for the English and what he will +do for their souls I know noth<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.281" id="V2Page_ii.281">[Pg ii.281]</a></span>ing. But I do know that they will all +be driven out of France, save those who die there, and that God will +send victory to the French and defeat to the English."</p> + +<p>"Was God on the side of the English when they prospered in France?"</p> + +<p>"I know not whether God hated the French. But I believe that he +permitted them to be beaten for their sins, if they were in sin."<a name="V2FNanchor_791_791" id="V2FNanchor_791_791"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_791_791" class="fnanchor">[791]</a></p> + +<p>Jeanne was asked certain questions touching the banner on which she +had caused angels to be painted.</p> + +<p>She replied that she had had angels painted as she had seen them +represented in churches.<a name="V2FNanchor_792_792" id="V2FNanchor_792_792"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_792_792" class="fnanchor">[792]</a></p> + +<p>At this point the examination was adjourned. The last interrogation in +the prison<a name="V2FNanchor_793_793" id="V2FNanchor_793_793"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_793_793" class="fnanchor">[793]</a> took place after dinner. She had now endured fifteen +in twenty-five days, but her courage never flagged. This last time the +subjects were more than usually diverse and confused. First, the +examiner essayed to discover by what charms and evil practices good +fortune and victory had attended the standard painted with angelic +figures. Then he wanted to know wherefore the clerks put on Jeanne's +letters the sacred names of Jésus and Marie.<a name="V2FNanchor_794_794" id="V2FNanchor_794_794"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_794_794" class="fnanchor">[794]</a></p> + +<p>Then came the following subtle question: "Do you believe that if you +were married your Voices would come to you?"</p> + +<p>It was well known that she dearly cherished her virginity. Certain of +her words might be interpreted to mean that she considered this +virginity to be the cause of her good fortune; wherefore her examiners +were curious to know whether if she were adroitly<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.282" id="V2Page_ii.282">[Pg ii.282]</a></span> approached she +might not be brought to cast scorn on the married state and to condemn +intercourse between husbands and wives. Such a condemnation would have +been a grievous error, savouring of the heresy of the Cathari.<a name="V2FNanchor_795_795" id="V2FNanchor_795_795"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_795_795" class="fnanchor">[795]</a></p> + +<p>She replied: "I know not and I appeal to Our Lord."<a name="V2FNanchor_796_796" id="V2FNanchor_796_796"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_796_796" class="fnanchor">[796]</a> Then there +followed another question much more dangerous for one who like Jeanne +loved her King with all her heart.</p> + +<p>"Do you think and firmly believe that your King did right to kill or +cause to be killed my Lord of Burgundy?"</p> + +<p>"It was sore pity for the realm of France."<a name="V2FNanchor_797_797" id="V2FNanchor_797_797"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_797_797" class="fnanchor">[797]</a></p> + +<p>Then did the examiner put to her this grave question: "Do you hold +yourself bound to answer the whole truth to the Pope, God's Vicar, on +all that may be asked you touching religion and your conscience?"</p> + +<p>"I demand to be taken before him. Then will I make unto him such +answer as behoveth."<a name="V2FNanchor_798_798" id="V2FNanchor_798_798"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_798_798" class="fnanchor">[798]</a></p> + +<p>These words involved an appeal to the Pope, and such an appeal was +lawful. "In doubtful matters touching on religion," said St. Thomas, +"there ought always to be an appeal to the Pope or to the General +Council." If Jeanne's appeal were not in regular judicial form, it was +not her fault. She was ignorant of legal matters and neither guide nor +counsel had been granted to her. To the best of her knowledge, and +according to wont and justice, she appealed to the common father of +the faithful.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.283" id="V2Page_ii.283">[Pg ii.283]</a></span></p> + +<p>The doctors and masters were silent. And thus was closed against the +accused the one way of deliverance remaining to her. She was now +hopelessly lost. It is not surprising that Jeanne's judges, who were +partisans of England, ignored her right of appeal; but it is +surprising that the doctors and masters of the French party, the +clerks of the provinces loyal to King Charles, did not all and with +one voice sign an appeal and demand that the Maid, who had been judged +worthy by her examiners at Poitiers, should be taken before the Pope +and the Council.</p> + +<p>Instead of replying to Jeanne's request, the examiners inquired +further concerning those much discussed magic rings and apparitions of +demons.<a name="V2FNanchor_799_799" id="V2FNanchor_799_799"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_799_799" class="fnanchor">[799]</a></p> + +<p>"Did you ever kiss and embrace the Saints, Catherine and Margaret?"</p> + +<p>"I embraced them both."</p> + +<p>"Were they of a sweet savour?"</p> + +<p>"It is well to know. Yea, their savour was sweet."</p> + +<p>"When embracing them did you feel heat or anything else?"</p> + +<p>"I could not have embraced them without feeling and touching them."</p> + +<p>"What part did you kiss, face or feet?"</p> + +<p>"It is more fitting to kiss their feet than their faces."</p> + +<p>"Did you not give them chaplets of flowers?"</p> + +<p>"I have often done them honour by crowning with flowers their images +in churches. But to those who appeared to me never have I given +flowers as far as I can remember."</p> + +<p>"Know you aught of those who consort with fairies?"<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.284" id="V2Page_ii.284">[Pg ii.284]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I have never done so nor have I known anything about them. Yet I have +heard of them and that they were seen on Thursdays; but I do not +believe it, and to me it seems sorcery."<a name="V2FNanchor_800_800" id="V2FNanchor_800_800"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_800_800" class="fnanchor">[800]</a></p> + +<p>Then came a question touching her standard, deemed enchanted by her +judges. It elicited one of those epigrammatic replies she loved.</p> + +<p>"Wherefore was your standard rather than those of the other captains +carried into the church of Reims?"</p> + +<p>"It had been in the contest, wherefore should it not share the +prize?"<a name="V2FNanchor_801_801" id="V2FNanchor_801_801"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_801_801" class="fnanchor">[801]</a></p> + +<p>Now that the inquiries and examinations were concluded, it was +announced that the preliminary trial was at an end. The so-called +trial in ordinary opened on the Tuesday after Palm Sunday, the 27th of +March, in a room near the great hall of the castle.<a name="V2FNanchor_802_802" id="V2FNanchor_802_802"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_802_802" class="fnanchor">[802]</a></p> + +<p>Before ordering the deed of accusation to be read, my Lord of Beauvais +offered Jeanne the aid of an advocate.<a name="V2FNanchor_803_803" id="V2FNanchor_803_803"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_803_803" class="fnanchor">[803]</a> If this offer had been +postponed till then, it was doubtless because in his opinion Jeanne +had not previously needed such aid. It is well known that a heretic's +advocate, if he would himself escape falling into heresy, must +strictly limit his methods of defence. During the preliminary inquiry +he must confine himself to discovering the names of the witnesses for +the prosecution and to making them known to the accused. If the +heretic pleaded guilty then it was useless to grant him an +advocate.<a name="V2FNanchor_804_804" id="V2FNanchor_804_804"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_804_804" class="fnanchor">[804]</a> Now<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.285" id="V2Page_ii.285">[Pg ii.285]</a></span> my Lord maintained that the accusation was founded +not on the evidence of witnesses but on the avowals of the accused. +And this was doubtless his reason for not offering Jeanne an advocate +before the opening of the trial in ordinary, which bore upon matters +of doctrine.</p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop thus addressed the Maid: "Jeanne," said he, "all +persons here present are churchmen of consummate knowledge, whose will +and intention it is to proceed against you in all piety and kindness, +seeking neither vengeance nor corporal chastisement, but your +instruction and your return into the way of truth and salvation. As +you are neither learned nor sufficiently instructed in letters or in +the difficult matters which are to be discussed, to take counsel of +yourself, touching what you should do or reply, we offer you to choose +as your advocate one or more of those present, as you will. If you +will not choose, then one shall be appointed for you by us, in order +that he may advise you touching what you may do or say...."<a name="V2FNanchor_805_805" id="V2FNanchor_805_805"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_805_805" class="fnanchor">[805]</a></p> + +<p>Considering what the method of procedure was, this was a gracious +offer. And even though my Lord of Beauvais obliged the accused to +choose from among the counsellors and assessors, whom he had himself +summoned to the trial, he did more than he was bound to do. The choice +of a counsel did not belong to the accused; it belonged to the judge, +whose duty it was to appoint an honest, upright person. Moreover, it +was permissible for an ecclesiastical judge to refuse to the end to +grant the accused any counsel whatsoever. Nicolas Eymeric, in his +<i>Directorium</i>, decides that the Bishop and the In<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.286" id="V2Page_ii.286">[Pg ii.286]</a></span>quisitor, acting +conjointly, may constitute authority sufficient for the interpretation +of the law and may proceed informally, <i>de plano</i>, dispensing with the +ceremony of appointing counsel and all the paraphernalia of a +trial.<a name="V2FNanchor_806_806" id="V2FNanchor_806_806"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_806_806" class="fnanchor">[806]</a></p> + +<p>We may notice that my Lord of Beauvais offered the accused an advocate +on the ground of her ignorance of things divine and human, but without +taking her youthfulness into account. In other courts of law +proceedings against a minor—that is, a person under twenty-five—who +was not assisted by an advocate, were legally void.<a name="V2FNanchor_807_807" id="V2FNanchor_807_807"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_807_807" class="fnanchor">[807]</a> If this rule +had been binding in Inquisitorial procedure the Bishop, by his offer +of legal aid, would have avoided any breach of this rule; and as the +choice of an advocate lay with him, he might well have done so without +running any risk. "Our justice is not like theirs," Bernard Gui +rightly said, when he was comparing inquisitorial procedure with that +of the other ecclesiastical courts which conformed to the Roman law.</p> + +<p>Jeanne did not accept the judge's offer: "First," she said, "touching +what you admonish me for my good and in matters of religion, I thank +you and the company here assembled. As for the advocate you offer me, +I also thank you, but it is not my intent to depart from the counsel +of Our Lord. As for the oath you wish me to take, I am ready to swear +to speak the truth in all that concerns your suit."<a name="V2FNanchor_808_808" id="V2FNanchor_808_808"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_808_808" class="fnanchor">[808]</a></p> + +<p>Thereupon Maître Thomas de Courcelles began to read in French the +indictment which the Pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.287" id="V2Page_ii.287">[Pg ii.287]</a></span>moter had drawn up in seventy articles.<a name="V2FNanchor_809_809" id="V2FNanchor_809_809"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_809_809" class="fnanchor">[809]</a> +This text set forth in order the deeds with which Jeanne had already +been reproached and which were groundlessly held to have been +confessed by her and duly proved. There were no less than seventy +distinct charges of horrible crimes committed against religion and +Holy Mother Church. Questioned on each article, Jeanne with heroic +candour repeated her previous replies. The tedious reading of this +long accusation was continued and completed on the 28th of March, the +Wednesday after Palm Sunday.<a name="V2FNanchor_810_810" id="V2FNanchor_810_810"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_810_810" class="fnanchor">[810]</a> As was her wont, she asked for delay +in order to reply on certain points. On Easter Eve, the 31st of March, +the time granted having expired, my Lord of Beauvais went to the +prison, and, in the presence of the doctors and masters of the +University, demanded the promised replies. They nearly all touched on +the one accusation which included all the rest, the heresy in which +all heresies were comprehended,—the refusal to obey the Church +Militant. Jeanne finally declared her resolve to appeal to Our Lord +rather than to any man; this was to set at naught the authority of the +Pope and the Council.<a name="V2FNanchor_811_811" id="V2FNanchor_811_811"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_811_811" class="fnanchor">[811]</a></p> + +<p>The doctors and masters of the University of Paris advised that an +epitome should be made of the Promoter's voluminous indictment, its +chief points selected, and the seventy charges considerably +reduced.<a name="V2FNanchor_812_812" id="V2FNanchor_812_812"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_812_812" class="fnanchor">[812]</a> Maître Nicolas Midi, doctor in theology, performed this +task and submitted it when done to the judges and assessors.<a name="V2FNanchor_813_813" id="V2FNanchor_813_813"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_813_813" class="fnanchor">[813]</a> One +of them proposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.288" id="V2Page_ii.288">[Pg ii.288]</a></span> emendations. Brother Jacques of Touraine, a friar of +the Franciscan order, who was charged to draw up the document in its +final stage, admitted most of the corrections requested.<a name="V2FNanchor_814_814" id="V2FNanchor_814_814"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_814_814" class="fnanchor">[814]</a> In this +wise the incriminating propositions,<a name="V2FNanchor_815_815" id="V2FNanchor_815_815"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_815_815" class="fnanchor">[815]</a> which the judges claimed, +but claimed falsely, to have derived from the replies of the accused, +were resolved into twelve articles.<a name="V2FNanchor_816_816" id="V2FNanchor_816_816"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_816_816" class="fnanchor">[816]</a></p> + +<p>These twelve articles were not communicated to Jeanne. On Thursday, +the 12th of April, twenty-one masters and doctors met in the chapel of +the Bishop's Palace, and, after having examined the articles, engaged +in a conference, the result of which was unfavourable to the +accused.<a name="V2FNanchor_817_817" id="V2FNanchor_817_817"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_817_817" class="fnanchor">[817]</a></p> + +<p>According to them, the apparitions and revelations of which she +boasted came not from God. They were human inventions, or the work of +an evil spirit. She had not received signs sufficient to warrant her +believing in them. In the case of this woman these doctors and masters +discovered lies; a lack of verisimilitude; faith lightly given; +superstitious divinings; deeds scandalous and irreligious; sayings +rash, presumptuous, full of boasting; blasphemies against God and his +saints. They found her to have lacked piety in her behaviour towards +father and mother; to have come short in love towards her neighbour; +to have been addicted to idolatry, or at any rate to the invention of +lying tales and to schismatic conversation destructive of the unity, +the authority and the power of the Church; and, finally,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.289" id="V2Page_ii.289">[Pg ii.289]</a></span> to have been +skilled in the black art and to have strongly inclined to heresy.<a name="V2FNanchor_818_818" id="V2FNanchor_818_818"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_818_818" class="fnanchor">[818]</a></p> + +<p>Had she not been sustained and comforted by her heavenly Voices, the +Voices of her own heart, Jeanne would never have endured to the end of +this terrible trial. Not only was she being tortured at once by the +princes of the Church and the rascals of the army, but her sufferings +of body and mind were such as could never have been borne by any +ordinary human being. Yet she suffered them without her constancy, her +faith, her divine hope, one might almost say her cheerfulness, ever +being diminished. Finally she gave way; her physical strength, but not +her courage, was exhausted; she fell a victim to an illness which was +expected to be fatal. She seemed near her end, or rather, alas! near +her release.<a name="V2FNanchor_819_819" id="V2FNanchor_819_819"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_819_819" class="fnanchor">[819]</a></p> + +<p>On Wednesday, the 18th of April, my Lord of Beauvais and the +Vice-Inquisitor of the Faith went to her with divers doctors and +masters to exhort her in all charity; she was still very seriously +sick.<a name="V2FNanchor_820_820" id="V2FNanchor_820_820"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_820_820" class="fnanchor">[820]</a> My Lord of Beauvais represented to her that when on certain +difficult matters she had been examined before persons of great +wisdom, many things she had said had been noted as contrary to +religion. Wherefore, considering that she was but an unlettered woman, +he offered to provide her with men learned and upright who would +instruct her. He requested the doctors present to give her salutary +counsel, and he invited her herself, if any other such persons were +known to her, to indicate them, promising to summon them without fail.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.290" id="V2Page_ii.290">[Pg ii.290]</a></span></p> +<p>"The Church," he added, "never closes her heart against those who will +return to her."</p> + +<p>Jeanne answered that she thanked him for what he had said for her +salvation, and she added: "Meseemeth, that seeing the sickness in +which I lie, I am in great danger of death. If it be thus, then may +God do with me according to his good pleasure. I demand that ye permit +me to confess, that ye also give me the body of my Saviour and bury me +in holy ground."</p> + +<p>My Lord of Beauvais represented to her that if she would receive the +sacraments she must submit to the Church.</p> + +<p>"If my body die in prison," she replied, "I depend on you to have it +put in holy ground; if you do not, then I appeal to Our Lord."<a name="V2FNanchor_821_821" id="V2FNanchor_821_821"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_821_821" class="fnanchor">[821]</a></p> + +<p>Then she vehemently maintained the truth of the revelations she had +received from God, Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret.</p> + +<p>And when she was asked yet again whether she would submit herself and +her acts to Holy Mother Church, she replied: "Whatever happens to me, +I will never do or say aught save what I have already said at the +trial."<a name="V2FNanchor_822_822" id="V2FNanchor_822_822"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_822_822" class="fnanchor">[822]</a></p> + +<p>The doctors and masters one after the other exhorted her to submit to +Holy Mother Church. They quoted numerous passages from Holy Writ. They +promised her the body of Our Lord if she would obey; but she remained +resolute.</p> + +<p>"Touching this submission," she said, "I will reply naught save what I +have said already. I love God, I serve him, I am a good Christian, and +I wish with all my power to aid and support Holy Church."<a name="V2FNanchor_823_823" id="V2FNanchor_823_823"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_823_823" class="fnanchor">[823]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.291" id="V2Page_ii.291">[Pg ii.291]</a></span></p> +<p>In times of great need recourse was had to processions. "Do you not +wish," she was asked, "that a fine and famous procession be ordained +to restore you to a good estate if you be not therein?"</p> + +<p>She replied, "I desire the Church and all Catholics to pray for +me."<a name="V2FNanchor_824_824" id="V2FNanchor_824_824"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_824_824" class="fnanchor">[824]</a></p> + +<p>Among the doctors consulted there were many who recommended that she +should be again instructed and charitably admonished. On Wednesday, +the 2nd of May, sixty-three reverend doctors and masters met in the +Robing Room of the castle.<a name="V2FNanchor_825_825" id="V2FNanchor_825_825"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_825_825" class="fnanchor">[825]</a> She was brought in, and Maître Jean de +Castillon, doctor in theology, Archdeacon of Évreux,<a name="V2FNanchor_826_826" id="V2FNanchor_826_826"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_826_826" class="fnanchor">[826]</a> read a +document in French, in which the deeds and sayings with which Jeanne +was reproached were summed up in six articles. Then many doctors and +masters addressed to her in turn admonitions and charitable counsels. +They exhorted her to submit to the Church Militant Universal, to the +Holy Father the Pope and to the General Council. They warned her that +if the Church abandoned her, her soul would stand in great peril of +the penalty of eternal fire, whilst her body might be burned in an +earthly fire, and that by the sentence of other judges.</p> + +<p>Jeanne replied as before.<a name="V2FNanchor_827_827" id="V2FNanchor_827_827"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_827_827" class="fnanchor">[827]</a> On the morrow, Thursday, the 3rd of +May, the day of the Invention of the Holy Cross, the Archangel Gabriel +appeared to her. She was not sure whether she had seen him before. But +this time she had no doubt. Her Voices told her that it was he, and +she was greatly comforted.</p> + +<p>That same day she asked her Voices whether she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.292" id="V2Page_ii.292">[Pg ii.292]</a></span> should submit to the +Church and obey the exhortation of the clerics.</p> + +<p>Her Voices replied: "If thou desirest help from Our Lord, then submit +to him all thy doings."</p> + +<p>Jeanne wanted to know from her Voices whether she would be burned.</p> + +<p>Her Voices told her to wait upon the Lord and he would help her.<a name="V2FNanchor_828_828" id="V2FNanchor_828_828"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_828_828" class="fnanchor">[828]</a> +This mystic aid strengthened Jeanne's heart.</p> + +<p>Among heretics and those possessed, such obstinacy as hers was not +unparalleled. Ecclesiastical judges were well acquainted with the +stiff-neckedness of women who had been deceived by the Devil. In order +to force them to tell the truth, when admonitions and exhortations +failed, recourse was had to torture. And even such a measure did not +always succeed. Many of these wicked females (<i>mulierculæ</i>) endured +the cruellest suffering with a constancy passing the ordinary strength +of human nature. The doctors would not believe such constancy to be +natural; they attributed it to the machinations of the Evil One. The +devil was capable of protecting his servants even when they had fallen +into the hands of judges of the Church; he granted them strength to +bear the torture in silence. This strength was called the gift of +taciturnity.<a name="V2FNanchor_829_829" id="V2FNanchor_829_829"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_829_829" class="fnanchor">[829]</a></p> + +<p>On Wednesday, the 9th of May, Jeanne was taken to the great tower of +the castle, into the torture-chamber. There my Lord of Beauvais, in +the presence of the Vice Inquisitor and nine doctors and<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.293" id="V2Page_ii.293">[Pg ii.293]</a></span> masters, +read her the articles, to which she had hitherto refused to reply; and +he threatened her that if she did not confess the whole truth she +would be put to the torture.<a name="V2FNanchor_830_830" id="V2FNanchor_830_830"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_830_830" class="fnanchor">[830]</a></p> + +<p>The instruments were prepared; the two executioners, Mauger +Leparmentier, a married clerk, and his companion, were in readiness +close by her, awaiting the Bishop's orders.</p> + +<p>Six days before Jeanne had received great comfort from her Voices. Now +she replied resolutely: "Verily, if you were to tear my limbs asunder +and drive my soul out of my body, naught else would I tell you, and if +I did say anything unto you, I would always maintain afterwards that +you had dragged it from me by force."<a name="V2FNanchor_831_831" id="V2FNanchor_831_831"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_831_831" class="fnanchor">[831]</a></p> + +<p>My Lord of Beauvais decided to defer the torture, fearing that it +would do no good to so hardened a subject.<a name="V2FNanchor_832_832" id="V2FNanchor_832_832"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_832_832" class="fnanchor">[832]</a> On the following +Saturday, he deliberated in his house, with the Vice-Inquisitor and +thirteen doctors and masters; opinion was divided. Maître Raoul +Roussel advised that Jeanne should not be tortured lest ground for +complaint should be given against a trial so carefully conducted. It +would seem that he anticipated the Devil's granting Jeanne the gift of +taciturnity, whereby in diabolical silence she would be able to brave +the tortures of the Holy Inquisition. On the other hand Maître Aubert +Morel, licentiate in canon law, counsellor to the Official of Rouen, +Canon of the Cathedral, and Maître Thomas de Courcelles, deemed it +expedient to apply torture. Maître Nicolas Loiseleur, master of arts, +Canon of Rouen, whose share in the pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.294" id="V2Page_ii.294">[Pg ii.294]</a></span>ceedings had been to act Saint +Catherine and the Lorraine shoemaker, had no very decided opinion on +the subject, still it seemed to him by no means unprofitable that +Jeanne for her soul's welfare should be tortured. The majority of +doctors and masters agreed that for the present there was no need to +subject her to this trial. Some gave no reasons, others alleged that +it behoved them yet once again to warn her charitably. Maître +Guillaume Erard, doctor in theology, held that sufficient material for +the pronouncing of a sentence existed already.<a name="V2FNanchor_833_833" id="V2FNanchor_833_833"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_833_833" class="fnanchor">[833]</a> Thus among those, +who spared Jeanne the torture, were to be found the least merciful; +for the spirit of ecclesiastical tribunals was such that to refuse to +torture an accused was in certain cases to refuse him mercy.</p> + +<p>To the trial of Marguerite la Porète, the judges summoned no +experts.<a name="V2FNanchor_834_834" id="V2FNanchor_834_834"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_834_834" class="fnanchor">[834]</a> Touching the charges held as proven, they submitted a +written report to the University of Paris. The University gave its +opinion on everything but the truth of the charges. This reservation +was merely formal, and the decision of the University had the force of +a sentence. In Jeanne's trial this precedent was cited. On the 21st of +April, Maître Jean Beaupère, Maître Jacques de Touraine and Maître +Nicolas Midi left Rouen, and, at the risk of being attacked on the +road by men-at-arms, journeyed to Paris in order to present the twelve +articles to their colleagues of the University.</p> + +<p>On the 28th of April, the University, meeting in its general assembly +at Saint-Bernard, charged the Holy<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.295" id="V2Page_ii.295">[Pg ii.295]</a></span> Faculty of Theology and the +Venerable Faculty of Decrees with the examination of the twelve +articles.<a name="V2FNanchor_835_835" id="V2FNanchor_835_835"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_835_835" class="fnanchor">[835]</a></p> + +<p>On the 14th of May, the deliberations of the two Faculties were +submitted to all the Faculties in solemn assembly, who ratified them +and made them their own. The University then sent them to King Henry, +beseeching his Royal Majesty to execute justice promptly, in order +that the people, so greatly scandalised by this woman, be brought back +to good doctrine and holy faith.<a name="V2FNanchor_836_836" id="V2FNanchor_836_836"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_836_836" class="fnanchor">[836]</a> It is worthy of notice that in a +trial, in which the Pope, represented by the Vice-Inquisitor, was one +judge, and the King, represented by the Bishop, another, the Eldest +Daughter of Kings<a name="V2FNanchor_837_837" id="V2FNanchor_837_837"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_837_837" class="fnanchor">[837]</a> should have communicated directly with the King +of France, the guardian of her privileges.</p> + +<p>According to the Sacred Faculty of Theology, Jeanne's apparitions were +fictitious, lying, deceptive, inspired by devils. The sign given to +the King was a presumptuous and pernicious lie, derogatory to the +dignity of angels. Jeanne's belief in the visitations of Saint +Michael, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret was an error rash and +injurious because Jeanne placed it on the same plane as the truths of +religion. Jeanne's predictions were but superstitions, idle +divinations and vain boasting. Her statement that she wore man's dress +by the command of God was blasphemy, a violation of divine law and +ecclesiastical sanction, a contemning of the sacraments and tainted +with idolatry. In the letters she<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.296" id="V2Page_ii.296">[Pg ii.296]</a></span> had dictated, Jeanne appeared +treacherous, perfidious, cruel, sanguinary, seditious, blasphemous and +in favour of tyranny. In setting out for France she had broken the +commandment to honour father and mother, she had given an occasion for +scandal, she had committed blasphemy and had fallen from the faith. In +the leap from Beaurevoir, she had displayed a pusillanimity bordering +on despair and homicide; and, moreover, it had caused her to utter +rash statements touching the remission of her sin and erroneous +pronouncements concerning free will. By proclaiming her confidence in +her salvation, she uttered presumptuous and pernicious lies; by saying +that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret did not speak English, she +blasphemed these saints and violated the precept: "Thou shalt love thy +neighbour." The honours she rendered these saints were nought but +idolatry and the worship of devils. Her refusal to submit her doings +to the Church tended to schism, to the denial of the unity and +authority of the Church and to apostasy.<a name="V2FNanchor_838_838" id="V2FNanchor_838_838"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_838_838" class="fnanchor">[838]</a></p> + +<p>The doctors of the Faculty of Theology were very learned. They knew +who the three evil spirits were whom Jeanne in her delusion took for +Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret. They were Belial, +Satan, and Behemoth. Belial, worshipped by the people of Sidon, was +sometimes represented as an angel of great beauty; he is the demon of +disobedience. Satan is the Lord of Hell; and Behemoth is a dull, heavy +creature, who feeds on hay like an ox.<a name="V2FNanchor_839_839" id="V2FNanchor_839_839"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_839_839" class="fnanchor">[839]</a></p> + +<p>The venerable Faculty of Decrees decided that this schismatic, this +erring woman, this apostate, this liar, this soothsayer, be charitably +exhorted and duly<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.297" id="V2Page_ii.297">[Pg ii.297]</a></span> warned by competent judges, and that if +notwithstanding she persisted in refusing to abjure her error, she +must be given up to the secular arm to receive due chastisement.<a name="V2FNanchor_840_840" id="V2FNanchor_840_840"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_840_840" class="fnanchor">[840]</a> +Such were the deliberations and decisions which the Venerable +University of Paris submitted to the examination and to the verdict of +the Holy Apostolic See and of the sacrosanct General Council.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, where were the clerks of France? Had they nothing to say in +this matter? Had they no decision to submit to the Pope and to the +Council? Why did they not urge their opinions in opposition to those +of the Faculties of Paris? Why did they keep silence? Jeanne demanded +the record of the Poitiers trial. Wherefore did those Poitiers +doctors, who had recommended the King to employ the Maid lest, by +rejecting her, he should refuse the gift of the Holy Spirit, fail to +send the record to Rouen?<a name="V2FNanchor_841_841" id="V2FNanchor_841_841"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_841_841" class="fnanchor">[841]</a> Before the Maid espoused their waning +cause, these Poitiers doctors, these magistrates, these University +professors banished from Paris, advocates and counsellors of an exiled +Parlement, had not a robe to their backs nor shoes for their children. +Now, thanks to the Maid, they were every day regaining new hope and +vigour. And yet they left her, who had so nobly served their King, to +be treated as a heretic and a reprobate. Where were Brother Pasquerel, +Friar Richard, and all those churchmen who but lately surrounded her +in France and who looked to go with her to the Crusade against the +Bohemians and the Turks? Why<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.298" id="V2Page_ii.298">[Pg ii.298]</a></span> did they not demand a safe-conduct and +come and give evidence at the trial? Or at least why did they not send +their evidence? Why did not the Archbishop of Embrun, who but recently +gave such noble counsels to the King, send some written statement in +favour of the Maid to the judges at Rouen? My Lord of Reims, +Chancellor of the Kingdom, had said that she was proud but not +heretical. Wherefore now, acting contrary to his own interests and +honour, did he refrain from testifying in favour of her through whom +he had recovered his episcopal city? Wherefore did he not assert his +right and do his duty as metropolitan and censure and suspend his +suffragan, the Bishop of Beauvais, who was guilty of prevarication in +the administration of justice? Why did not the illustrious clerics, +whom King Charles had appointed deputies at the Council of Bâle, +undertake to bring the cause of the Maid before the Council? And +finally, why did not the priests, the ecclesiastics of the realm, with +one voice demand an appeal to the Holy Father?</p> + +<p>They all with one accord, as if struck dumb with astonishment, +remained passive and silent. Can they have feared that too searching a +light would be cast on Jeanne's cause by that illustrious University, +that Sun of the Church, which was consulted on religious matters by +all Christian states? Can they have suspected that this woman, who in +France had been considered a saint, might after all have been inspired +by the devil? But if what they had once believed they still held to be +true, if they believed that the Maid had come from God to lead their +King to his glorious coronation, then what are we to think of those +clerks, those ecclesiastics who denied the Daughter of God, on the eve +of her passion?</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.299" id="V2Page_ii.299">[Pg ii.299]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_XIII" id="V2CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>THE ABJURATION—THE FIRST SENTENCE</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N Saturday, the 19th of May, the doctors and masters, to the number +of fifty, assembled in the archiepiscopal chapel of Rouen. There they +unanimously declared their agreement with the decision of the +University of Paris; and my Lord of Beauvais ordained that a new +charitable admonition be addressed to Jeanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_842_842" id="V2FNanchor_842_842"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_842_842" class="fnanchor">[842]</a> Accordingly, on +Wednesday the 23rd, the Bishop, the Vice-Inquisitor, and the Promoter +went to a room in the castle, near Jeanne's cell. They were +accompanied by seven doctors and masters, by the Lord Bishop of Noyon +and by the Lord Bishop of Thérouanne.<a name="V2FNanchor_843_843" id="V2FNanchor_843_843"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_843_843" class="fnanchor">[843]</a> The latter, brother to +Messire Jean de Luxembourg who had sold the Maid, was held one of the +most notable personages of the Great Council of England; he was +Chancellor of France for King Henry, as Messire Regnault de Chartres +was for King Charles.<a name="V2FNanchor_844_844" id="V2FNanchor_844_844"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_844_844" class="fnanchor">[844]</a></p> + +<p>The accused was brought in, and Maître Pierre Maurice, doctor in +theology, read to her the twelve articles as they had been abridged +and commented upon, in conformity with the deliberations of the +Uni<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.300" id="V2Page_ii.300">[Pg ii.300]</a></span>versity; the whole was drawn up as a discourse addressed to Jeanne +directly:<a name="V2FNanchor_845_845" id="V2FNanchor_845_845"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_845_845" class="fnanchor">[845]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> I</b></p> + +<p>First, Jeanne, thou saidst that at about the age of +thirteen, thou didst receive revelations and behold +apparitions of angels and of the Saints, Catherine and +Margaret, that thou didst behold them frequently with thy +bodily eyes, that they spoke unto thee and do still +oftentimes speak unto thee, and that they have said unto +thee many things that thou hast fully declared in thy trial.</p> + +<p>The clerks of the University of Paris and others have +considered the manner of these revelations and apparitions, +their object, the substance of the things revealed, the +person to whom they were revealed; all points touching them +have they considered. And now they pronounce these +revelations and apparitions to be either lying fictions, +deceptive and dangerous, or superstitions, proceeding from +spirits evil and devilish.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> II</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said that thy King received a sign, by which +he knew that thou wast sent of God: to wit that Saint +Michael, accompanied by a multitude of angels, certain of +whom had wings, others crowns, and with whom were Saint +Catherine and Saint Margaret, came to thee in the town of +Château-Chinon; and that they all entered with thee and went +up the staircase of the castle, into the chamber of thy +King, before whom the angel who wore the crown made +obeisance. And once didst thou say that this crown which +thou callest a sign, was delivered to the Archbishop of +Reims who gave it to thy King, in the presence of a +multitude of princes and lords whom thou didst call by name.</p> + +<p>Now concerning this sign, the aforesaid clerks declare it to +lack verisimilitude, to be a presumptuous lie, deceptive,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.301" id="V2Page_ii.301">[Pg ii.301]</a></span> +pernicious, a thing counterfeited and attacking the dignity +of angels.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> III</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said that thou knewest the angels and the +saints by the good counsel, the comfort and the instruction +they gave thee, because they told thee their names and +because the saints saluted thee. Thou didst believe also +that it was Saint Michael who appeared unto thee; and that +the deeds and sayings of this angel and these saints are +good thou didst believe as firmly as thou believest in +Christ.</p> + +<p>Now the clerks declare such signs to be insufficient for the +recognition of the said saints and angels. The clerks +maintain that thou hast lightly believed and rashly +affirmed, and further that when thou sayst thou dost believe +as firmly etc., thou dost err from the faith.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said thou art assured of certain things +which are to come, that thou hast known hidden things, that +thou hast also recognized men whom thou hadst never seen +before, and this by the Voices of Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret.</p> + +<p>Thereupon the clerks declare that in these sayings are +superstition, divination, presumptuous assertion and vain +boasting.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> V</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said that by God's command and according to +his will, thou hast worn and dost still wear man's apparel. +Because thou hast God's commandment to wear this dress thou +hast donned a short tunic, jerkin, and hose with many +points. Thou dost even wear thy hair cut short above the +ears, without keeping about thee anything to denote the +feminine sex, save what nature hath given thee. And +oftentimes hast thou in this garb received the Sacra<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.302" id="V2Page_ii.302">[Pg ii.302]</a></span>ment of +the Eucharist. And albeit thou hast been many times +admonished to leave it, thou wouldest not, saying that thou +wouldst liefer die than quit this apparel, unless it were by +God's command; and that if thou wert still in this dress and +with those of thine own party it would be for the great weal +of France. Thou sayest also that for nothing wouldst thou +take an oath not to wear this dress and bear these arms; and +for all this that thou doest thou dost plead divine command.</p> + +<p>In such matters the clerks declare that thou blasphemest +against God, despising him and his Sacraments, that thou +dost transgress divine law, Holy Scripture and the canons of +the Church, that thou thinkest evil and dost err from the +faith, that thou art full of vain boasting, that thou art +addicted to idolatry and worship of thyself and thy clothes, +according to the customs of the heathen.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> VI</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast often said, that in thy letters thou hast +put these names, <i>Jhesus Maria</i>, and the sign of the cross, +to warn those to whom thou didst write not to do what was +indicated in the letter. In other letters thou hast boasted +that thou wouldst slay all those who did not obey thee, and +that by thy blows thou wouldst prove who had God on his +side. Also hast thou oftentimes said that all thy deeds were +by revelation and according to divine command.</p> + +<p>Touching such affirmations the clerks declare thee to be a +traitor, perfidious, cruel, desiring human bloodshed, +seditious, an instigator of tyranny, a blasphemer of God's +commandments and revelations.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> VII</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou sayest that according to revelations vouchsafed +unto thee at the age of seventeen, thou didst leave thy +parents' house against their will, driving them almost mad. +Thou didst go to Robert de Baudricourt, who, at thy +re<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.303" id="V2Page_ii.303">[Pg ii.303]</a></span>quest, gave thee man's apparel and a sword, also +men-at-arms to take thee to thy King. And being come to the +King, thou didst say unto him that his enemies should be +driven away, thou didst promise to bring him into a great +kingdom, to make him victorious over his foes, and that for +this God had sent thee. These things thou sayest thou didst +accomplish in obedience to God and according to revelation.</p> + +<p>In such things the clerks declare thee to have been +irreverent to thy father and mother, thus disobeying God's +command; to have given occasion for scandal, to have +blasphemed, to have erred from the faith and to have made a +rash and presumptuous promise.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> VIII</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said, that voluntarily thou didst leap from +the Tower of Beaurevoir, preferring rather to die than to be +delivered into the hands of the English and to live after +the destruction of Compiègne. And albeit Saint Catherine and +Saint Margaret forbade thee to leap, thou couldst not +restrain thyself. And despite the great sin thou hast +committed in offending these saints, thou didst know by thy +Voices, that after thy confession, thy sin was forgiven +thee.</p> + +<p>This deed the clerks declare thee to have committed through +cowardice turning to despair and probably to suicide. In +this matter likewise thou didst utter a rash and +presumptuous statement in asserting that thy sin is +forgiven, and thou dost err from the faith touching the +doctrine of free will.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> IX</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret +promised to lead thee to Paradise provided thou didst remain +a virgin; and that thou hadst vowed and promised them to +cherish thy virginity, and of that thou art as well assured +as if already thou hadst entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.304" id="V2Page_ii.304">[Pg ii.304]</a></span> into the glory of the +Blessed. Thou believest that thou hast not committed mortal +sin. And it seemeth to thee that if thou wert in mortal sin +the saints would not visit thee daily as they do.</p> + +<p>Such an assertion the clerks pronounce to be a pernicious +lie, presumptuous and rash, that therein lieth a +contradiction of what thou hadst previously said, and that +finally thy beliefs do err from the true Christian faith.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> X</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast declared it to be within thy knowledge that +God loveth certain living persons better than thee, and that +this thou hast learnt by revelation from Saint Catherine and +Saint Margaret: also that those saints speak French, not +English, since they are not on the side of the English. And +when thou knewest that thy Voices were for thy King, you +didst fall to disliking the Burgundians.</p> + +<p>Such matters the clerks pronounce to be a rash and +presumptuous assertion, a superstitious divination, a +blasphemy uttered against Saint Catherine and Saint +Margaret, and a transgression of the commandment to love our +neighbours.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> XI</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said that to those whom thou callest Saint +Michael, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, thou didst do +reverence, bending the knee, taking off thy cap, kissing the +ground on which they trod, vowing to them thy virginity: +that in the instruction of these saints, whom thou didst +invoke and kiss and embrace, thou didst believe as soon as +they appeared unto thee, and without seeking counsel from +thy priest or from any other ecclesiastic. And, +notwithstanding, thou believest that these Voices came from +God as firmly as thou believest in the Christian religion +and the Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Moreover thou hast +said that did any evil spirit appear to thee in the form of +Saint Michael thou wouldest know such a spirit and +distinguish him from the saint. And again<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.305" id="V2Page_ii.305">[Pg ii.305]</a></span> hast thou said, +that of thine own accord, thou hast sworn not to reveal the +sign thou gavest to thy King. And finally thou didst add: +"Save at God's command."</p> + +<p>Now touching these matters, the clerks affirm that supposing +thou hast had the revelations and beheld the apparitions of +which thou boastest and in such a manner as thou dost say, +then art thou an idolatress, an invoker of demons, an +apostate from the faith, a maker of rash statements, a +swearer of an unlawful oath.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><span class="smcap">Article</span> XII</b></p> + +<p>Item, thou hast said that if the Church wished thee to +disobey the orders thou sayest God gave thee, nothing would +induce thee to do it; that thou knowest that all the deeds +of which thou hast been accused in thy trial were wrought +according to the command of God and that it was impossible +for thee to do otherwise. Touching these deeds, thou dost +refuse to submit to the judgment of the Church on earth or +of any living man, and will submit therein to God alone. And +moreover thou didst declare this reply itself not to be made +of thine own accord but by God's command; despite the +article of faith: <i>Unam sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam</i>, +having been many times declared unto thee, and +notwithstanding that it behoveth all Christians to submit +their deeds and sayings to the Church militant especially +concerning revelations and such like matters.</p> + +<p>Wherefore the clerks declare thee to be schismatic, +disbelieving in the unity and authority of the Church, +apostate and obstinately erring from the faith.<a name="V2FNanchor_846_846" id="V2FNanchor_846_846"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_846_846" class="fnanchor">[846]</a></p></div> + +<p>Having completed the reading of the articles, Maître Pierre Maurice, +on the invitation of the Bishop, proceeded to exhort Jeanne. He had +been rector of the University of Paris in 1428.<a name="V2FNanchor_847_847" id="V2FNanchor_847_847"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_847_847" class="fnanchor">[847]</a> He was esteemed +an orator. He it was who, on the 5th of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.306" id="V2Page_ii.306">[Pg ii.306]</a></span> June, had discoursed in the +name of the chapter, before King Henry VI on the occasion of his +entering Rouen. He would seem to have been distinguished by some +knowledge of and taste for ancient letters, and to have been possessed +of precious manuscripts, amongst which were the comedies of Terence +and the <i>Æneid</i> of Virgil.<a name="V2FNanchor_848_848" id="V2FNanchor_848_848"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_848_848" class="fnanchor">[848]</a></p> + +<p>In terms of calculated simplicity did this illustrious doctor call +upon Jeanne to reflect on the effects of her words and sayings, and +tenderly did he exhort her to submit to the Church. After the wormwood +he offered her the honey; he spoke to her in words kind and familiar. +With remarkable adroitness he entered into the feelings and +inclinations of the maiden's heart. Seeing her filled with knightly +enthusiasm and loyalty to King Charles, whose coronation was her +doing, he drew his comparisons from chivalry, thereby essaying to +prove to her that she ought rather to believe in the Church Militant +than in her Voices and apparitions.</p> + +<p>"If your King," he said to her, "had appointed you to defend a +fortress, forbidding you to let any one enter it, would you not refuse +to admit whomsoever claiming to come from him did not present letters +and some other token. Likewise, when Our Lord Jesus Christ, on his +ascension into heaven, committed to the Blessed Apostle Peter and to +his successors the government of his Church, he forbade them to +receive such as claimed to come in his name but brought no +credentials."</p> + +<p>And, to bring home to her how grievous a sin it was to disobey the +Church, he recalled the time when she waged war, and put the case of a +knight who should disobey his king:<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.307" id="V2Page_ii.307">[Pg ii.307]</a></span></p> + +<p>"When you were in your King's dominion," he said to her, "if a knight +or some other owing fealty to him had arisen, saying, 'I will not obey +the King; I will not submit either to him or to his officers,' would +you not have said, 'He is a man to be censured'? What say you then of +yourself, you who, engendered in Christ's religion, having become by +baptism the daughter of the Church and the bride of Christ, dost now +refuse obedience to the officers of Christ, that is, to the prelates +of the Church?"<a name="V2FNanchor_849_849" id="V2FNanchor_849_849"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_849_849" class="fnanchor">[849]</a></p> + +<p>Thus did Maître Pierre Maurice endeavour to make Jeanne understand +him. He did not succeed. Against the courage of this child all the +reasons and all the eloquence of the world would have availed nothing. +When Maître Pierre had finished speaking, Jeanne, being asked whether +she did not hold herself bound to submit her deeds and sayings to the +Church, replied:</p> + +<p>"What I have always held and said in the trial that will I +maintain.... If I were condemned and saw the fagots lighted, and the +executioner ready to stir the fire, and I in the fire, I would say and +maintain till I died nought other than what I said during the trial."</p> + +<p>At these words the Bishop declared the discussion at an end, and +deferred the pronouncing of the sentence till the morrow.<a name="V2FNanchor_850_850" id="V2FNanchor_850_850"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_850_850" class="fnanchor">[850]</a></p> + +<p>The next day, the Thursday after Whitsuntide and the 24th day of May, +early in the morning, Maître Jean Beaupère visited Jeanne in her +prison and warned her that she would be shortly taken to the scaffold +to hear a sermon.</p> + +<p>"If you are a good Christian," he said, "you will<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.308" id="V2Page_ii.308">[Pg ii.308]</a></span> agree to submit all +your deeds and sayings to Holy Mother Church, and especially to the +ecclesiastical judges."</p> + +<p>Maître Jean Beaupère thought he heard her reply, "So I will."<a name="V2FNanchor_851_851" id="V2FNanchor_851_851"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_851_851" class="fnanchor">[851]</a></p> + +<p>If such were her answer, then it must have been because, worn out by a +flight of agony, her physical courage quailed at the thought of death +by burning.</p> + +<p>Just when he was leaving her, as she stood near a door, Maître Nicolas +Loiseleur gave her the same advice, and in order to induce her to +follow it, he made her a false promise:</p> + +<p>"Jeanne, believe me," he said. "You have your deliverance in your own +hands. Wear the apparel of your sex, and do what shall be required of +you. Otherwise you stand in danger of death. If you do as I tell you, +good will come to you and no harm. You will be delivered into the +hands of the Church."<a name="V2FNanchor_852_852" id="V2FNanchor_852_852"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_852_852" class="fnanchor">[852]</a></p> + +<p>She was taken in a cart and with an armed guard to that part of the +town called Bourg-l'Abbé, lying beneath the castle walls. And but a +short distance away the cart was stopped, in the cemetery of +Saint-Ouen, also called <i>les aitres<a name="V2FNanchor_853_853" id="V2FNanchor_853_853"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_853_853" class="fnanchor">[853]</a> Saint-Ouen</i>. Here a highly +popular fair was held every year on the feast day of the patron saint +of the Abbey.<a name="V2FNanchor_854_854" id="V2FNanchor_854_854"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_854_854" class="fnanchor">[854]</a> Here it was that Jeanne was to hear the sermon, as +so many other unhappy creatures had done before her. Places like this, +to which the folk could flock in crowds, were generally chosen for +these edifying spectacles. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.309" id="V2Page_ii.309">[Pg ii.309]</a></span> border of this vast charnel-house +for a hundred years there had towered a parish church, and on the +south there rose the nave of the abbey. Against the magnificent +edifice of the church two scaffolds had been erected,<a name="V2FNanchor_855_855" id="V2FNanchor_855_855"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_855_855" class="fnanchor">[855]</a> one large, +the other smaller. They were west of the porch which was called +<i>portail des Marmousets</i>, because of the multitudes of tiny figures +carved upon it.<a name="V2FNanchor_856_856" id="V2FNanchor_856_856"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_856_856" class="fnanchor">[856]</a></p> + +<p>On the great scaffold the two judges, the Lord Bishop and the +Vice-Inquisitor, took their places. They were assisted by the most +reverend Cardinal of Winchester, the Lord Bishops of Thérouanne, of +Noyon, and of Norwich, the Lord Abbots of Fécamp, of Jumièges, of Bec, +of Corneilles, of Mont-Saint-Michel-au-Péril-de-la-Mer, of Mortemart, +of Préaux, and of Saint-Ouen of Rouen, where the assembly was held, +the Priors of Longueville and of Saint-Lô, also many doctors and +bachelors in theology, doctors and licentiates in canon and civil +law.<a name="V2FNanchor_857_857" id="V2FNanchor_857_857"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_857_857" class="fnanchor">[857]</a> Likewise were there many high personages of the English +party. The other scaffold was a kind of pulpit. To it ascended the +doctor who, according to the use and custom of the Holy Inquisition +was to preach the sermon against Jeanne. He was Maître Guillaume +Erard, doctor in theology, canon of the churches of Langres and of +Beauvais.<a name="V2FNanchor_858_858" id="V2FNanchor_858_858"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_858_858" class="fnanchor">[858]</a> At this time he was very eager to go to Flanders, where +he was urgently<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.310" id="V2Page_ii.310">[Pg ii.310]</a></span> needed; and he confided to his young servitor, +Brother Jean de Lenisoles, that the preaching of this sermon caused +him great inconvenience. "I want to be in Flanders," he said. "This +affair is very annoying for me."<a name="V2FNanchor_859_859" id="V2FNanchor_859_859"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_859_859" class="fnanchor">[859]</a></p> + +<p>From one point of view, however, he must have been pleased to perform +this duty, since it afforded him the opportunity of attacking the King +of France, Charles VII, and of thereby showing his devotion to the +English cause, to which he was strongly attached.</p> + +<p>Jeanne, dressed as a man, was brought up and placed at his side, +before all the people.<a name="V2FNanchor_860_860" id="V2FNanchor_860_860"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_860_860" class="fnanchor">[860]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume Erard began his sermon in the following manner:</p> + +<p>"I take as my text the words of God in the Gospel of Saint John, +chapter xv: 'The branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide +in the vine.'<a name="V2FNanchor_861_861" id="V2FNanchor_861_861"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_861_861" class="fnanchor">[861]</a> Thus it behoveth all Catholics to remain abiding in +Holy Mother Church, the true vine, which the hand of Our Lord Jesus +Christ hath planted. Now this Jeanne, whom you see before you, falling +from error into error, and from crime into crime, hath become separate +from the unity of Holy Mother Church and in a thousand manners hath +scandalised Christian people."</p> + +<p>Then he reproached her with having failed, with having sinned against +royal Majesty and against God and the Catholic Faith; and all these +things must she henceforth eschew under pain of death by burning.</p> + +<p>He declaimed vehemently against the pride of this woman. He said that +never had there appeared in<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.311" id="V2Page_ii.311">[Pg ii.311]</a></span> France a monster so great as that which +was manifest in Jeanne; that she was a witch, a heretic, a schismatic, +and that the King, who protected her, risked the same reproach from +the moment that he became willing to recover his throne with the help +of such a heretic.<a name="V2FNanchor_862_862" id="V2FNanchor_862_862"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_862_862" class="fnanchor">[862]</a></p> + +<p>Towards the middle of his sermon, he cried out with a loud voice:</p> + +<p>"Ah! right terribly hast thou been deceived, noble house of France, +once the most Christian of houses! Charles, who calls himself thy head +and assumes the title of King hath, like a heretic and schismatic, +received the words of an infamous woman, abounding in evil works and +in all dishonour. And not he alone, but all the clergy in his lordship +and dominion, by whom this woman, so she sayeth, hath been examined +and not rejected. Full sore is the pity of it."<a name="V2FNanchor_863_863" id="V2FNanchor_863_863"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_863_863" class="fnanchor">[863]</a></p> + +<p>Two or three times did Maître Guillaume repeat these words concerning +King Charles. Then pointing at Jeanne with his finger he said:</p> + +<p>"It is to you, Jeanne, that I speak; and I say unto you that your King +is a heretic and a schismatic."</p> + +<p>At these words Jeanne was deeply wounded in her love for the Lilies of +France and for King Charles. She was moved with great feeling, and she +heard her Voices saying unto her:</p> + +<p>"Reply boldly to the preacher who is preaching to you."<a name="V2FNanchor_864_864" id="V2FNanchor_864_864"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_864_864" class="fnanchor">[864]</a></p> + +<p>Then obeying them heartily, she interrupted Maître Jean:</p> + +<p>"By my troth, Messire," she said to him, "saving your reverence, I +dare say unto you and swear at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.312" id="V2Page_ii.312">[Pg ii.312]</a></span> risk of my life, that he is the +noblest Christian of all Christians, that none loveth better religion +and the Church, and that he is not at all what you say."<a name="V2FNanchor_865_865" id="V2FNanchor_865_865"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_865_865" class="fnanchor">[865]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume ordered the Usher, Jean Massieu, to silence her.<a name="V2FNanchor_866_866" id="V2FNanchor_866_866"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_866_866" class="fnanchor">[866]</a> +Then he went on with his sermon, and concluded with these words: +"Jeanne, behold my Lords the Judges, who oftentimes have summoned you +and required you to submit all your acts and sayings to Mother Church. +In these acts and sayings were many things which, so it seemed to +these clerics, were good neither to say nor to maintain."<a name="V2FNanchor_867_867" id="V2FNanchor_867_867"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_867_867" class="fnanchor">[867]</a></p> + +<p>"I will answer you," said Jeanne. Touching the article of submission +to the Church, she recalled how she had asked for all the deeds she +had wrought and the words she had uttered to be reported to Rome, to +Our Holy Father the Pope, to whom, after God, she appealed. Then she +added: "And as for the sayings I have uttered and the deeds I have +done, they have all been by God's command."<a name="V2FNanchor_868_868" id="V2FNanchor_868_868"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_868_868" class="fnanchor">[868]</a></p> + +<p>She declared that she had not understood that the record of her trial +was being sent to Rome to be judged by the Pope.</p> + +<p>"I will not have it thus," she said. "I know not what you will insert +in the record of these proceedings. I demand to be taken to the Pope +and questioned by him."<a name="V2FNanchor_869_869" id="V2FNanchor_869_869"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_869_869" class="fnanchor">[869]</a></p> + +<p>They urged her to incriminate her King. But they wasted their breath.</p> + +<p>"For my deeds and sayings I hold no man responsible, neither my King +nor another."<a name="V2FNanchor_870_870" id="V2FNanchor_870_870"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_870_870" class="fnanchor">[870]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.313" id="V2Page_ii.313">[Pg ii.313]</a></span></p> +<p>"Will you abjure all your deeds and sayings? Will you abjure such of +your deeds and sayings as have been condemned by the clerks?"</p> + +<p>"I appeal to God and to Our Holy Father, the Pope."</p> + +<p>"But that is not sufficient. We cannot go so far to seek the Pope. +Each Ordinary is judge in his own diocese. Wherefore it is needful for +you to appeal to Our Holy Mother Church, and to hold as true all that +clerks and folks well learned in the matter say and determine touching +your actions and your sayings."<a name="V2FNanchor_871_871" id="V2FNanchor_871_871"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_871_871" class="fnanchor">[871]</a></p> + +<p>Admonished with yet a third admonition, Jeanne refused to recant.<a name="V2FNanchor_872_872" id="V2FNanchor_872_872"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_872_872" class="fnanchor">[872]</a> +With confidence she awaited the deliverance promised by her Voices, +certain that of a sudden there would come men-at-arms from France and +that in one great tumult of fighting-men and angels she would be +liberated. That was why she had insisted on retaining man's attire.</p> + +<p>Two sentences had been prepared: one for the case in which the accused +should abjure her error, the other for the case in which she should +persevere. By the first there was removed from Jeanne the ban of +excommunication. By the second, the tribunal, declaring that it could +do nothing more for her, abandoned her to the secular arm. The Lord +Bishop had them both with him.<a name="V2FNanchor_873_873" id="V2FNanchor_873_873"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_873_873" class="fnanchor">[873]</a></p> + +<p>He took the second and began to read: "In the name of the Lord, Amen. +All the pastors of the Church who have it in their hearts faithfully +to tend their flocks...."<a name="V2FNanchor_874_874" id="V2FNanchor_874_874"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_874_874" class="fnanchor">[874]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, as he read, the clerks who were round Jeanne urged her to +recant, while there was yet time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.314" id="V2Page_ii.314">[Pg ii.314]</a></span> Maître Nicolas Loiseleur exhorted +her to do as he had recommended, and to put on woman's dress.<a name="V2FNanchor_875_875" id="V2FNanchor_875_875"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_875_875" class="fnanchor">[875]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume Erard was saying: "Do as you are advised and you will +be delivered from prison."<a name="V2FNanchor_876_876" id="V2FNanchor_876_876"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_876_876" class="fnanchor">[876]</a></p> + +<p>Then straightway came the Voices unto her and said: "Jeanne, passing +sore is our pity for you! You must recant what you have said, or we +abandon you to secular justice.... Jeanne, do as you are advised. +Jeanne, will you bring death upon yourself!"<a name="V2FNanchor_877_877" id="V2FNanchor_877_877"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_877_877" class="fnanchor">[877]</a></p> + +<p>The sentence was long and the Lord Bishop read slowly:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We judges, having Christ before our eyes and also the +honour of the true faith, in order that our judgment may +proceed from the Lord himself, do say and decree that thou +hast been a liar, an inventor of revelations and apparitions +said to be divine; a deceiver, pernicious, presumptuous, +light of faith, rash, superstitious, a soothsayer, a +blasphemer against God and his saints. We declare thee to be +a contemner of God even in his sacraments, a prevaricator of +divine law, of sacred doctrine and of ecclesiastical +sanction, seditious, cruel, apostate, schismatic, having +committed a thousand errors against religion, and by all +these tokens rashly guilty towards God and Holy +Church.<a name="V2FNanchor_878_878" id="V2FNanchor_878_878"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_878_878" class="fnanchor">[878]</a>"</p></div> + +<p>Time was passing. Already the Lord Bishop had uttered the greater part +of the sentence.<a name="V2FNanchor_879_879" id="V2FNanchor_879_879"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_879_879" class="fnanchor">[879]</a> The executioner was there, ready to take off the +condemned in his cart.<a name="V2FNanchor_880_880" id="V2FNanchor_880_880"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_880_880" class="fnanchor">[880]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.315" id="V2Page_ii.315">[Pg ii.315]</a></span></p><p>Then suddenly, with hands clasped, Jeanne cried that she was willing +to obey the Church.<a name="V2FNanchor_881_881" id="V2FNanchor_881_881"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_881_881" class="fnanchor">[881]</a></p> + +<p>The judge paused in the reading of the sentence.</p> + +<p>An uproar arose in the crowd, consisting largely of English +men-at-arms and officers of King Henry. Ignorant of the customs of the +Inquisition, which had not been introduced into their country, these +<i>Godons</i> could not understand what was going on; all they knew was +that the witch was saved. Now they held Jeanne's death to be necessary +for the welfare of England; wherefore the unaccountable actions of +these doctors and the Lord Bishop threw them into a fury. In their +Island witches were not treated thus; no mercy was shown them, and +they were burned speedily. Angry murmurs arose; stones were thrown at +the registrars of the trial.<a name="V2FNanchor_882_882" id="V2FNanchor_882_882"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_882_882" class="fnanchor">[882]</a> Maître Pierre Maurice, who was doing +his best to strengthen Jeanne in the resolution she had taken, was +threatened and the <i>coués</i> very nearly made short work with him.<a name="V2FNanchor_883_883" id="V2FNanchor_883_883"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_883_883" class="fnanchor">[883]</a> +Neither did Maître Jean Beaupère and the delegates from the University +of Paris escape their share of the insults. They were accused of +favouring Jeanne's errors.<a name="V2FNanchor_884_884" id="V2FNanchor_884_884"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_884_884" class="fnanchor">[884]</a> Who better than they knew the +injustice of these reproaches?</p> + +<p>Certain of the high personages sitting on the platform at the side of +the judge complained to the Lord Bishop that he had not gone on to the +end of the sentence but had admitted Jeanne to repentance.</p> + +<p>He was even reproached with insults, for one was heard to cry: "You +shall pay for this."</p> + +<p>He threatened to suspend the trial.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.316" id="V2Page_ii.316">[Pg ii.316]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I have been insulted," he said. "I will proceed no further until +honourable amends have been done me."<a name="V2FNanchor_885_885" id="V2FNanchor_885_885"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_885_885" class="fnanchor">[885]</a></p> + +<p>In the tumult, Maître Guillaume Erard unfolded a double sheet of +paper, and read Jeanne the form of abjuration, written down according +to the opinion of the masters. It was no longer than the Lord's Prayer +and consisted of six or seven lines of writing. It was in French and +began with these words: "I, Jeanne...." The Maid submitted therein to +the sentence, the judgment, and the commandment of the Church; she +acknowledged having committed the crime of high treason and having +deceived the people. She undertook never again to bear arms or to wear +man's dress or her hair cut round her ears.<a name="V2FNanchor_886_886" id="V2FNanchor_886_886"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_886_886" class="fnanchor">[886]</a></p> + +<p>When Maître Guillaume had read the document, Jeanne declared she did +not understand it, and wished to be advised thereupon.<a name="V2FNanchor_887_887" id="V2FNanchor_887_887"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_887_887" class="fnanchor">[887]</a> She was +heard to ask counsel of Saint Michael.<a name="V2FNanchor_888_888" id="V2FNanchor_888_888"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_888_888" class="fnanchor">[888]</a> She still believed firmly +in her Voices, albeit they had not aided her in her dire necessity, +neither had spared her the shame of denying them. For, simple as she +was, at the bottom of her heart she knew well what the clerks were +asking of her; she realised that they would not let her go until she +had pronounced a great recantation. All that she said was merely in +order to gain time and because she was afraid of death; yet she could +not bring herself to lie.</p> + +<p>Without losing a moment Maître Guillaume said<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.317" id="V2Page_ii.317">[Pg ii.317]</a></span> to Messire Jean +Massieu, the Usher: "Advise her touching this abjuration."</p> + +<p>And he passed him the document.<a name="V2FNanchor_889_889" id="V2FNanchor_889_889"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_889_889" class="fnanchor">[889]</a></p> + +<p>Messire Jean Massieu at first made excuse, but afterwards he complied +and warned Jeanne of the danger she was running by her refusal to +recant.</p> + +<p>"You must know," he said, "that if you oppose any of these articles +you will be burned. I counsel you to appeal to the Church Universal as +to whether you should abjure these articles or not."</p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume Erard asked Jean Massieu: "Well, what are you saying +to her?"</p> + +<p>Jean Massieu replied: "I make known unto Jeanne the text of the deed +of abjuration and I urge her to sign it. But she declares that she +knoweth not whether she will."</p> + +<p>At this juncture, Jeanne, who was still being pressed to sign, said +aloud: "I wish the Church to deliberate on the articles. I appeal to +the Church Universal as to whether I should abjure them. Let the +document be read by the Church and the clerks into whose hands I am to +be delivered. If it be their counsel that I ought to sign it and do +what I am told, then willingly will I do it."<a name="V2FNanchor_890_890" id="V2FNanchor_890_890"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_890_890" class="fnanchor">[890]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume Erard replied: "Do it now, or you will be burned this +very day."</p> + +<p>And he forbade Jean Massieu to confer with her any longer.</p> + +<p>Whereupon Jeanne said that she would liefer sign than be burned.<a name="V2FNanchor_891_891" id="V2FNanchor_891_891"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_891_891" class="fnanchor">[891]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.318" id="V2Page_ii.318">[Pg ii.318]</a></span></p> +<p>Then straightway Messire Jean Massieu gave her a second reading of the +deed of abjuration. And she repeated the words after the Usher. As she +spoke her countenance seemed to express a kind of sneer. It may have +been that her features were contracted by the violent emotions which +swayed her and that the horrors and tortures of an ecclesiastical +trial may have overclouded her reason, subject at all times to strange +vagaries, and that after such bitter suffering there may have come +upon her the actual paroxysm of madness. On the other hand it may have +been that with sound sense and calm mind she was mocking at the clerks +of Rouen; she was quite capable of it, for she had mocked at the +clerks of Poitiers. At any rate she had a jesting air, and the +bystanders noticed that she pronounced the words of her abjuration +with a smile.<a name="V2FNanchor_892_892" id="V2FNanchor_892_892"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_892_892" class="fnanchor">[892]</a> And her gaiety, whether real or apparent, roused +the wrath of those burgesses, priests, artisans, and men-at-arms who +desired her death.</p> + +<p>"'Tis all a mockery. Jeanne doth but jest,"<a name="V2FNanchor_893_893" id="V2FNanchor_893_893"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_893_893" class="fnanchor">[893]</a> they cried.</p> + +<p>Among the most irate was Master Lawrence Calot, Secretary to the King +of England. He was seen to be in a violent rage and to approach first +the judge and then the accused. A noble of Picardy who was present, +the very same who had essayed familiarities with Jeanne in the Castle +of Beaurevoir, thought he saw this Englishman forcing Jeanne to sign a +paper.<a name="V2FNanchor_894_894" id="V2FNanchor_894_894"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_894_894" class="fnanchor">[894]</a> He was mistaken. In every crowd there are those who see +things that never happen. The Bishop would not have permitted such a +thing; he was devoted to the Regent, but on a question of form he +would never have given way. Meanwhile, under<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.319" id="V2Page_ii.319">[Pg ii.319]</a></span> this storm of insults, +amidst the throwing of stones and the clashing of swords, these +illustrious masters, these worthy doctors grew pale. The Prior of +Longueville was awaiting an opportunity to make an apology to the +Cardinal of Winchester.<a name="V2FNanchor_895_895" id="V2FNanchor_895_895"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_895_895" class="fnanchor">[895]</a></p> + +<p>On the platform a chaplain of the Cardinal violently accused the Lord +Bishop. "You do wrong to accept such an abjuration. 'Tis a mere +mockery," he said.</p> + +<p>"You lie," retorted my Lord Pierre. "I, the judge of a religious suit, +ought to seek the salvation of this woman rather than her death."</p> + +<p>The Cardinal silenced his chaplain.<a name="V2FNanchor_896_896" id="V2FNanchor_896_896"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_896_896" class="fnanchor">[896]</a></p> + +<p>It is said that the Earl of Warwick came up to the judges and +complained of what they had done, adding: "The King is not well +served, since Jeanne escapes."</p> + +<p>And it is stated that one of them replied: "Have no fear, my Lord. She +will not escape us long."<a name="V2FNanchor_897_897" id="V2FNanchor_897_897"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_897_897" class="fnanchor">[897]</a></p> + +<p>It is hardly credible that any one should have actually said so, but +doubtless there were many at that time who thought it.</p> + +<p>With what scorn must the Bishop of Beauvais have regarded those dull +minds, incapable of understanding the service he was rendering to Old +England by forcing this damsel to acknowledge that all she had +declared and maintained in honour of her King was but lying and +illusion.</p> + +<p>With a pen that Massieu gave her Jeanne made a cross at the bottom of +the deed.<a name="V2FNanchor_898_898" id="V2FNanchor_898_898"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_898_898" class="fnanchor">[898]</a></p> + +<p>In the midst of howls and oaths from the English,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.320" id="V2Page_ii.320">[Pg ii.320]</a></span> my Lord of Beauvais +read the more merciful of the sentences. It relieved Jeanne from +excommunication and reconciled her to Holy Mother Church.<a name="V2FNanchor_899_899" id="V2FNanchor_899_899"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_899_899" class="fnanchor">[899]</a> Further +the sentence ran:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"... Because thou hast rashly sinned against God and Holy +Church, we, thy judges, that thou mayest do salutary +penance, out of our Grace and moderation, do condemn thee +finally and definitely to perpetual prison, with the bread +of sorrow and the water of affliction, so that there thou +mayest weep over thy offences and commit no other that may +be an occasion of weeping."<a name="V2FNanchor_900_900" id="V2FNanchor_900_900"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_900_900" class="fnanchor">[900]</a></p></div> + +<p>This penalty, like all other penalties, save death and mutilation, lay +within the power of ecclesiastical judges. They inflicted it so +frequently that in the early days of the Holy Inquisition, the Fathers +of the Council of Narbonne said that stones and mortar would become as +scarce as money.<a name="V2FNanchor_901_901" id="V2FNanchor_901_901"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_901_901" class="fnanchor">[901]</a> It was a penalty doubtless, but one which in +character and significance differed from the penalties inflicted by +secular courts; it was a penance. According to the mercy of +ecclesiastical law, prison was a place suitable for repentance, where, +in one perpetual penance, the condemned might eat the bread of sorrow +and drink the waters of affliction.</p> + +<p>How foolish was he, who by refusing to enter that prison or by +escaping from it, should reject the salutary healing of his soul! By +so doing he was fleeing from the gentle tribunal of penance, and the +Church in sadness cut him off from the communion of the faithful. By +inflicting this penalty, which a good Catholic must needs regard +rather as a favour than<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.321" id="V2Page_ii.321">[Pg ii.321]</a></span> a punishment, my Lord the Bishop and my Lord +the Holy Vicar of the Inquisition were conforming to the custom, +whereby our Holy Mother Church became reconciled to heretics. But had +they power to execute their sentence? The prison to which they +condemned Jeanne, the expiatory prison, the salutary confinement, must +be in a dungeon of the Church. Could they send her there?</p> + +<p>Jeanne, turning towards them, said: "Now, you Churchmen, take me to +your prison. Let me be no longer in the hands of the English."<a name="V2FNanchor_902_902" id="V2FNanchor_902_902"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_902_902" class="fnanchor">[902]</a></p> + +<p>Many of those clerics had promised it to her.<a name="V2FNanchor_903_903" id="V2FNanchor_903_903"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_903_903" class="fnanchor">[903]</a> They had deceived +her. They knew it was not possible; for it had been stipulated that +the King of England's men should resume possession of Jeanne after the +trial.<a name="V2FNanchor_904_904" id="V2FNanchor_904_904"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_904_904" class="fnanchor">[904]</a></p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop gave the order: "Take her back to the place whence you +brought her."<a name="V2FNanchor_905_905" id="V2FNanchor_905_905"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_905_905" class="fnanchor">[905]</a></p> + +<p>He, a judge of the Church, committed the crime of surrendering the +Church's daughter reconciled and penitent, to laymen. Among them she +could not mourn over her sins; and they, hating her body and caring +nought for her soul, were to tempt her and cause her to fall back into +error.</p> + +<p>While Jeanne was being taken back in the cart to her tower in the +fields, the soldiers insulted her and their captains did not rebuke +them.<a name="V2FNanchor_906_906" id="V2FNanchor_906_906"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_906_906" class="fnanchor">[906]</a></p> + +<p>Thereafter, the Vice-Inquisitor and with him divers doctors and +masters, went to her prison and charitably exhorted her. She promised +to wear woman's apparel, and to let her head be shaved.<a name="V2FNanchor_907_907" id="V2FNanchor_907_907"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_907_907" class="fnanchor">[907]</a></p> + +<p>The Duchess of Bedford, knowing that she was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.322" id="V2Page_ii.322">[Pg ii.322]</a></span> virgin, saw to it that +she was treated with respect.<a name="V2FNanchor_908_908" id="V2FNanchor_908_908"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_908_908" class="fnanchor">[908]</a> As the ladies of Luxembourg had +done formerly, she essayed to persuade her to wear the clothing of her +sex. By a certain tailor, one Jeannotin Simon, she had had made for +Jeanne a gown which she had hitherto refused to wear. Jeannotin +brought the garment to the prisoner, who this time did not refuse it. +In putting it on, Jeannotin touched her bosom, which she resented. She +boxed his ears;<a name="V2FNanchor_909_909" id="V2FNanchor_909_909"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_909_909" class="fnanchor">[909]</a> but she consented to wear the gown provided by +the Duchess.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.323" id="V2Page_ii.323">[Pg ii.323]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_XIV" id="V2CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>THE TRIAL FOR RELAPSE—SECOND SENTENCE—DEATH OF THE MAID</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capo.jpg" width="116" height="125" alt="O" title="O" class="floatl" />N the following Sunday, which was Trinity Sunday, there arose a +rumour that Jeanne had resumed man's apparel. The report spread +rapidly from the castle down the narrow streets where lived the clerks +in the shadow of the cathedral. Straightway notaries and assessors +hastened to the tower which looked on the fields.</p> + +<p>In the outer court of the castle they found some hundred men-at-arms, +who welcomed them with threats and curses.<a name="V2FNanchor_910_910" id="V2FNanchor_910_910"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_910_910" class="fnanchor">[910]</a> These fellows did not +yet understand that the judges had conducted the trial so as to bring +honour to old England and dishonour to the French. They did not +realise what it meant when the Maid of the Armagnacs, who hitherto had +obstinately persisted in her utterances, was at length brought to +confess her impostures. They did not see how great was the advantage +to their country when it was published abroad throughout the world +that Charles of Valois had been conducted to his coronation by a +heretic. But no, the only idea these brutes were capable of grasping +was the burning of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.324" id="V2Page_ii.324">[Pg ii.324]</a></span> the girl prisoner who had struck terror into their +hearts. The doctors and masters they treated as traitors, false +counsellors and Armagnacs.<a name="V2FNanchor_911_911" id="V2FNanchor_911_911"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_911_911" class="fnanchor">[911]</a></p> + +<p>In the castle yard is Maître André Marguerie, bachelor in decrees, +archdeacon of Petit-Caux, King's Counsellor,<a name="V2FNanchor_912_912" id="V2FNanchor_912_912"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_912_912" class="fnanchor">[912]</a> who is inquiring +what has happened. He had displayed great assiduity in the trial. The +Maid he held to be a crafty damsel.<a name="V2FNanchor_913_913" id="V2FNanchor_913_913"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_913_913" class="fnanchor">[913]</a> Now again he desired to give +an expert's judgment touching what had just occurred.</p> + +<p>"That Jeanne is to be seen dressed as a man is not everything," he +said. "We must know what motives induced her to resume masculine +attire."</p> + +<p>Maître André Marguerie was an eloquent orator, one of the shining +lights of the Council of Constance. But, when a man-at-arms raised his +axe against him and called out "Traitor! Armagnac!" Maître Marguerie +asked no further questions, but speedily departed, and went to bed +very sick.<a name="V2FNanchor_914_914" id="V2FNanchor_914_914"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_914_914" class="fnanchor">[914]</a></p> + +<p>The next day, Monday the 25th, there came to the castle the +Vice-Inquisitor, accompanied by divers doctors and masters. The +Registrar, Messire Guillaume Manchon, was summoned. He was such a +coward that he dared not come save under the escort of one of the Earl +of Warwick's men-at-arms.<a name="V2FNanchor_915_915" id="V2FNanchor_915_915"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_915_915" class="fnanchor">[915]</a> They found Jeanne wearing man's +apparel, jerkin and short tunic, with a hood covering her shaved head. +Her face was in tears and disfigured by terrible suffering.<a name="V2FNanchor_916_916" id="V2FNanchor_916_916"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_916_916" class="fnanchor">[916]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.325" id="V2Page_ii.325">[Pg ii.325]</a></span></p><p>She was asked when and why she had assumed this attire.</p> + +<p>She replied: "'Tis but now that I have donned man's dress and put off +woman's."</p> + +<p>"Wherefore did you put it on and who made you?"</p> + +<p>"I put it on of my own will and without constraint. I had liefer wear +man's dress than woman's."</p> + +<p>"You promised and swore not to wear man's dress."</p> + +<p>"I never meant to take an oath not to wear it."</p> + +<p>"Wherefore did you return to it?"</p> + +<p>"Because it is more seemly to take it and wear man's dress, being +amongst men, than to wear woman's dress.... I returned to it because +the promise made me was not kept, to wit, that I should go to mass and +should receive my Saviour and be loosed from my bonds."</p> + +<p>"Did you not abjure, and promise not to return to this dress?"</p> + +<p>"I had liefer die than be in bonds. But if I be allowed to go to mass +and taken out of my bonds and put in a prison of grace, and given a +woman to be with me, I will be good and do as the Church shall +command."</p> + +<p>"Have you heard your Voices since Thursday?"</p> + +<p>"Yes."</p> + +<p>"What did they say unto you?"</p> + +<p>"They told me that through Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret God gave +me to wit his sore pity for the treachery, to which I consented in +abjuring and recanting to save my life, and that in saving my life I +was losing my soul. Before Thursday my Voices had told me what I +should do and what I did do on that day. On the scaffold my Voices +told me to reply boldly to the preacher. He is a false<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.326" id="V2Page_ii.326">[Pg ii.326]</a></span> preacher.... +Many things did he say that I have never done. If I were to say that +God has not sent me I should be damned. It is true that God has sent +me. My Voices have since told me that by confessing I committed a +great wickedness which I ought never to have done. All that I said I +uttered through fear of the fire."<a name="V2FNanchor_917_917" id="V2FNanchor_917_917"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_917_917" class="fnanchor">[917]</a></p> + +<p>Thus spake Jeanne in sore sorrow. And now what becomes of those +monkish tales of attempted violence related long afterwards by a +registrar and two churchmen?<a name="V2FNanchor_918_918" id="V2FNanchor_918_918"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_918_918" class="fnanchor">[918]</a> And how can Messire Massieu make us +believe that Jeanne, unable to find her petticoats, put on her hose in +order not to appear before her guards unclothed?<a name="V2FNanchor_919_919" id="V2FNanchor_919_919"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_919_919" class="fnanchor">[919]</a> The truth is +very different. It is Jeanne herself who confesses bravely and simply. +She repented of her abjuration, as of the greatest sin she had ever +committed. She could not forgive herself for having lied through fear +of death. Her Voices, who, before the sermon at Saint-Ouen had +foretold that she would deny them, now came to her and spoke of "the +sore pity of her treachery." Could they say otherwise since they were +the voices of her own heart? And could Jeanne fail to listen to them +since she had always listened to them whenever they had counselled her +to sacrifice and self-abnegation?</p> + +<p>It was out of obedience to her heavenly <i>Council</i> that Jeanne had +returned to man's apparel, because she would not purchase her life at +the price of denying the Angel and the Saints, and because with her +whole heart and soul she rebelled against her recantation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.327" id="V2Page_ii.327">[Pg ii.327]</a></span></p> + +<p>Still the English were seriously to blame for having left her man's +clothes. It would have been more humane to have taken them from her, +since if she wore them she must needs die. They had been put in a +bag.<a name="V2FNanchor_920_920" id="V2FNanchor_920_920"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_920_920" class="fnanchor">[920]</a> Her guards may even be suspected of having tempted her by +placing under her very eyes those garments which recalled to her days +of happiness. They had taken away all her few possessions, even her +poor brass ring, everything save that suit which meant death to her.</p> + +<p>To blame also were her ecclesiastical judges who should not have +sentenced her to imprisonment if they foresaw that they could not +place her in an ecclesiastical prison, nor have commanded her a +penance which they knew they were unable to enforce. Likewise to blame +were the Bishop of Beauvais and the Vice-Inquisitor; because after +having, for the good of her sinful soul, prescribed the bread of +bitterness and the water of affliction, they gave her not this bread +and this water, but delivered her in disgrace into the hands of her +cruel enemies.</p> + +<p>When she uttered the words, "God by Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret +hath given me to wit the sore pity of the treason to which I +consented," Jeanne consummated the sacrifice of her life.<a name="V2FNanchor_921_921" id="V2FNanchor_921_921"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_921_921" class="fnanchor">[921]</a></p> + +<p>The Bishop and the Inquisitor had now to proceed in conformity with +the law. The interrogatory however lasted a few moments longer.</p> + +<p>"Do you believe that your Voices are Saint Margaret and Saint +Catherine?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, and they come from God."</p> + +<p>"Tell us the truth touching the crown."<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.328" id="V2Page_ii.328">[Pg ii.328]</a></span></p> + +<p>"To the best of my knowledge I told you the truth of everything at the +trial."</p> + +<p>"On the scaffold, at the time of your abjuration, you did acknowledge +before us your judges and before many others, and in the presence of +the people, that you had falsely boasted your Voices to be those of +Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret."</p> + +<p>"I did not mean thus to do or to say. I did not deny, neither did I +intend to deny, my apparitions and to say that they were not Saint +Margaret and Saint Catherine. All that I have said was through fear of +the fire, and I recanted nothing that was not contrary to the truth. I +had liefer do my penance once and for all, to wit by dying, than +endure further anguish in prison. Whatsoever abjuration I have been +forced to make, I never did anything against God and religion. I did +not understand what was in the deed of abjuration, wherefore I did not +mean to abjure anything unless it were Our Lord's will. If the judges +wish I will resume my woman's dress. But nothing else will I do."<a name="V2FNanchor_922_922" id="V2FNanchor_922_922"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_922_922" class="fnanchor">[922]</a></p> + +<p>Coming out of the prison, my Lord of Beauvais met the Earl of Warwick +accompanied by many persons. He said to him: "Farewell. <i>Faites bonne +chère.</i>" It is said that he added, laughing: "It is done! We have +caught her."<a name="V2FNanchor_923_923" id="V2FNanchor_923_923"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_923_923" class="fnanchor">[923]</a> The words are his, doubtless, but we are not certain +that he laughed.</p> + +<p>On the morrow, Tuesday the 29th, he assembled the tribunal in the +chapel of the Archbishop's house. The forty-two assessors present were +informed of what had happened on the previous day and invited to state +their opinions, the nature of which might easily be anticipated.<a name="V2FNanchor_924_924" id="V2FNanchor_924_924"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_924_924" class="fnanchor">[924]</a> +Every heretic who retracted<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.329" id="V2Page_ii.329">[Pg ii.329]</a></span> his confession was held a perjurer, not +only impenitent but relapsed. And the relapsed were given up to the +secular arm.<a name="V2FNanchor_925_925" id="V2FNanchor_925_925"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_925_925" class="fnanchor">[925]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Nicholas de Venderès, canon, archdeacon, was the first to state +his opinion.</p> + +<p>"Jeanne is and must be held a heretic. She must be delivered to the +secular authority."<a name="V2FNanchor_926_926" id="V2FNanchor_926_926"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_926_926" class="fnanchor">[926]</a></p> + +<p>The Lord Abbot of Fécamp expressed his opinion in the following terms: +"Jeanne has relapsed. Nevertheless it is well that the terms of her +abjuration once read to her, be read a second time and explained, and +that at the same time she be reminded of God's word. This done, it is +for us, her judges, to declare her a heretic and to abandon her to the +secular authority, entreating it to deal leniently with her."<a name="V2FNanchor_927_927" id="V2FNanchor_927_927"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_927_927" class="fnanchor">[927]</a></p> + +<p>This plea for leniency was a mere matter of form. If the Provost of +Rouen had taken it into consideration he also would have been +excommunicated, with a further possibility of temporal +punishment.<a name="V2FNanchor_928_928" id="V2FNanchor_928_928"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_928_928" class="fnanchor">[928]</a> And yet there were certain counsellors who even +wished to dispense with this empty show of pity, urging that there was +no need for such a supplication.</p> + +<p>Maître Guillaume Erard and sundry other assessors, among whom were +Maîtres Marguerie, Loiseleur, Pierre Maurice, and Brother Martin +Ladvenu, were of the opinion of my Lord Abbot of Fécamp.<a name="V2FNanchor_929_929" id="V2FNanchor_929_929"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_929_929" class="fnanchor">[929]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Thomas de Courcelles advised the woman being again charitably +admonished touching the salvation of her soul.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.330" id="V2Page_ii.330">[Pg ii.330]</a></span></p> + +<p>Such likewise was the opinion of Brother Isambart de la Pierre.<a name="V2FNanchor_930_930" id="V2FNanchor_930_930"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_930_930" class="fnanchor">[930]</a></p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop, having listened to these opinions, concluded that +Jeanne must be proceeded against as one having relapsed. Accordingly +he summoned her to appear on the morrow, the 30th of May, in the old +Market Square.<a name="V2FNanchor_931_931" id="V2FNanchor_931_931"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_931_931" class="fnanchor">[931]</a></p> + +<p>On the morning of that Wednesday, the 30th of May, by the command of +my Lord of Beauvais, the two young friars preachers, bachelors in +theology, Brother Martin Ladvenu and Brother Isambart de la Pierre, +went to Jeanne in her prison. Brother Martin told her that she was to +die that day.</p> + +<p>At the approach of this cruel death, amidst the silence of her Voices, +she understood at length that she would not be delivered. Cruelly +awakened from her dream, she felt heaven and earth failing her, and +fell into a deep despair.</p> + +<p>"Alas!" she cried, "shall so terrible a fate betide me as that my body +ever pure and intact shall to-day be burned and reduced to ashes? Ah +me! Ah me! Liefer would I be seven times beheaded than thus be burned. +Alas! had I been in the prison of the Church, to which I submitted, +and guarded by ecclesiastics and not by my foes and adversaries, so +woeful a misfortune as this would not have befallen me. Oh! I appeal +to God, the great judge, against this violence and these sore wrongs +with which I am afflicted."<a name="V2FNanchor_932_932" id="V2FNanchor_932_932"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_932_932" class="fnanchor">[932]</a></p> + +<p>While she was lamenting, the doctors and masters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.331" id="V2Page_ii.331">[Pg ii.331]</a></span> Nicolas de +Venderès, Pierre Maurice and Nicolas Loiseleur, entered the prison; +they came by order of my Lord of Beauvais.<a name="V2FNanchor_933_933" id="V2FNanchor_933_933"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_933_933" class="fnanchor">[933]</a> On the previous day +thirty-nine counsellers out of forty-two, declaring that Jeanne had +relapsed, had added that they deemed it well she should be reminded of +the terms of her abjuration.<a name="V2FNanchor_934_934" id="V2FNanchor_934_934"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_934_934" class="fnanchor">[934]</a> Wherefore, according to the counsel +of these clerics, the Lord Bishop had sent certain learned doctors to +the relapsed heretic and had resolved to come to her himself.</p> + +<p>She must needs submit to one last examination.</p> + +<p>"Do you believe that your Voices and apparitions come from good or +from evil spirits?"</p> + +<p>"I know not; but I appeal to my Mother the Church."<a name="V2FNanchor_935_935" id="V2FNanchor_935_935"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_935_935" class="fnanchor">[935]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Pierre Maurice, a reader of Terence and Virgil, was filled with +pity for this hapless Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_936_936" id="V2FNanchor_936_936"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_936_936" class="fnanchor">[936]</a> On the previous day he had declared +her to have relapsed because his knowledge of theology forced him to +it; and now he was concerned for the salvation of this soul in peril, +which could not be saved except by recognising the falseness of its +Voices.</p> + +<p>"Are they indeed real?" he asked her.</p> + +<p>She replied, "Whether they be good or bad, they appeared to me."</p> + +<p>She affirmed that with her eyes she had seen, with her ears heard, the +Voices and apparitions which had been spoken of at the trial.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.332" id="V2Page_ii.332">[Pg ii.332]</a></span></p> + +<p>She heard them most frequently, she said, at the hour of compline and +of matins, when the bells were ringing.<a name="V2FNanchor_937_937" id="V2FNanchor_937_937"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_937_937" class="fnanchor">[937]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Pierre Maurice, being the Pope's secretary, was debarred from +openly professing the Pyrrhonic philosophy. He inclined, however, to a +rational interpretation of natural phenomena, if we may judge from his +remarking to Jeanne that the ringing of bells often sounded like +voices.</p> + +<p>Without describing the exact form of her apparitions, Jeanne said they +came to her in a great multitude and were very tiny. She believed in +them no longer, being fully persuaded that they had deceived her.</p> + +<p>Maître Pierre Maurice asked about the Angel who had brought the crown.</p> + +<p>She replied that there had never been a crown save that promised by +her to her King, and that the Angel was herself.<a name="V2FNanchor_938_938" id="V2FNanchor_938_938"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_938_938" class="fnanchor">[938]</a></p> + +<p>At that moment the Lord Bishop of Beauvais and the Vice-Inquisitor +entered the prison, accompanied by Maître Thomas de Courcelles and +Maître Jacques Lecamus.<a name="V2FNanchor_939_939" id="V2FNanchor_939_939"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_939_939" class="fnanchor">[939]</a></p> + +<p>At the sight of the Judge who had brought her to such a pass she +cried, "Bishop, I die through you."</p> + +<p>He replied by piously admonishing her. "Ah! Jeanne, bear all in +patience. You die because you have not kept your promise and have +returned to evil-doing.<a name="V2FNanchor_940_940" id="V2FNanchor_940_940"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_940_940" class="fnanchor">[940]</a> Now, Jeanne," he asked her, "you have +always said that your Voices promised you deliver<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.333" id="V2Page_ii.333">[Pg ii.333]</a></span>ance; you behold how +they have deceived you, wherefore tell us the truth."</p> + +<p>She replied, "Verily, I see that they have deceived me."<a name="V2FNanchor_941_941" id="V2FNanchor_941_941"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_941_941" class="fnanchor">[941]</a></p> + +<p>The Bishop and the Vice-Inquisitor withdrew. They had triumphed over a +poor girl of twenty.</p> + +<p>"If after their condemnation heretics repent, and if the signs of +their repentance are manifest, the sacraments of confession and the +eucharist may not be denied them, provided they demand them with +humility."<a name="V2FNanchor_942_942" id="V2FNanchor_942_942"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_942_942" class="fnanchor">[942]</a> Thus ran the sacred decretals. But no recantation, no +assurance of conformity, could save the relapsed heretic. He was +permitted confession, absolution, and communion; which means that at +the bar of the Sacrament the sincerity of his repentance and +conversion was believed in. But at the same time it was declared +judicially that his repentance was not believed in and that +consequently he must die.<a name="V2FNanchor_943_943" id="V2FNanchor_943_943"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_943_943" class="fnanchor">[943]</a></p> + +<p>Brother Martin Ladvenu heard Jeanne's confession. Then he sent Messire +Massieu, the Usher, to my Lord of Beauvais, to inform him that she +asked to be given the body of Jesus Christ.</p> + +<p>The Bishop assembled certain doctors to confer on this subject; and +after they had deliberated, he replied to the Usher: "Tell Brother +Martin to give her the communion and all that she shall ask."<a name="V2FNanchor_944_944" id="V2FNanchor_944_944"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_944_944" class="fnanchor">[944]</a></p> + +<p>Messire Massieu returned to the castle to bear this reply to Brother +Martin. For a second time Brother<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.334" id="V2Page_ii.334">[Pg ii.334]</a></span> Martin heard Jeanne in confession +and gave her absolution.<a name="V2FNanchor_945_945" id="V2FNanchor_945_945"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_945_945" class="fnanchor">[945]</a></p> + +<p>A cleric, one Pierre, brought the body of Our Lord in an unceremonious +fashion, on a paten covered with the cloth used to put over the +chalice, without lights or procession, without surplice or stole.<a name="V2FNanchor_946_946" id="V2FNanchor_946_946"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_946_946" class="fnanchor">[946]</a></p> + +<p>This did not please Brother Martin, who sent to fetch a stole and +candles.</p> + +<p>Then, taking the consecrated host in his fingers and presenting it to +Jeanne, he said: "Do you believe this to be the body of Christ?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, and it alone is able to deliver me."</p> + +<p>And she entreated that it should be given to her.</p> + +<p>"Do you still believe in your Voices?" asked the officiating priest.</p> + +<p>"I believe in God alone, and will place no trust in the Voices who +have thus deceived me."<a name="V2FNanchor_947_947" id="V2FNanchor_947_947"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_947_947" class="fnanchor">[947]</a></p> + +<p>And shedding many tears she received the body of Our Lord very +devoutly. Then to God, to the Virgin Mary and to the saints she +offered prayers beautiful and reverent and gave such signs of +repentance that those present were moved to tears.<a name="V2FNanchor_948_948" id="V2FNanchor_948_948"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_948_948" class="fnanchor">[948]</a></p> + +<p>Contrite and sorrowful she said to Maître Pierre Maurice:<a name="V2FNanchor_949_949" id="V2FNanchor_949_949"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_949_949" class="fnanchor">[949]</a> "Maître +Pierre, where shall I be this evening?"</p> + +<p>"Do you not trust in the Lord?" asked the canon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.335" id="V2Page_ii.335">[Pg ii.335]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Yea, God helping me, I shall be in Paradise."<a name="V2FNanchor_950_950" id="V2FNanchor_950_950"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_950_950" class="fnanchor">[950]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Nicolas Loiseleur exhorted her to correct the error she had +caused to grow up among the people.</p> + +<p>"To this end you must openly declare that you have been deceived and +have deceived the folk and that you humbly ask pardon."</p> + +<p>Then, fearing lest she might forget when the time came for her to be +publicly judged, she asked Brother Martin to put her in mind of this +matter and of others touching her salvation.<a name="V2FNanchor_951_951" id="V2FNanchor_951_951"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_951_951" class="fnanchor">[951]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Loiseleur went away giving signs of violent grief. Walking +through the streets like a madman, he was howled at by the +<i>Godons</i>.<a name="V2FNanchor_952_952" id="V2FNanchor_952_952"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_952_952" class="fnanchor">[952]</a></p> + +<p>It was about nine o'clock in the morning when Brother Martin and +Messire Massieu took Jeanne out of the prison, wherein she had been in +bonds one hundred and seventy-eight days. She was placed in a cart, +and, escorted by eighty men-at-arms, was driven along the narrow +streets to the Old Market Square, close to the River.<a name="V2FNanchor_953_953" id="V2FNanchor_953_953"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_953_953" class="fnanchor">[953]</a> This square +was bordered on the east by a wooden market-house, the butcher's +market, on the west by the cemetery of Saint-Sauveur, on the edge of +which, towards the square, stood the church of Saint-Sauveur.<a name="V2FNanchor_954_954" id="V2FNanchor_954_954"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_954_954" class="fnanchor">[954]</a> In +this<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.336" id="V2Page_ii.336">[Pg ii.336]</a></span> place three scaffolds had been raised, one against the northern +gable of the market-house; and in its erection several tiles of the +roof had been broken.<a name="V2FNanchor_955_955" id="V2FNanchor_955_955"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_955_955" class="fnanchor">[955]</a> On this scaffold Jeanne was to be +stationed, there to listen to the sermon. Another and a larger +scaffold had been erected adjoining the cemetery. There the judges and +the prelates were to sit.<a name="V2FNanchor_956_956" id="V2FNanchor_956_956"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_956_956" class="fnanchor">[956]</a> The pronouncing of sentence in a +religious trial was an act of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. For the +place of its pronouncement the Inquisitor and the Ordinary preferred +consecrated territory, holy ground. True it is that a bull of Pope +Lucius forbade such sentences to be given in churches and cemeteries; +but the judges eluded this rule by recommending the secular arm to +modify its sentence. The third scaffold, opposite the second, was of +plaster, and stood in the middle of the square, on the spot whereon +executions usually took place. On it was piled the wood for the +burning. On the stake which surmounted it was a scroll bearing the +words:</p> + +<p>"Jehanne, who hath caused herself to be called the Maid, a liar, +pernicious, deceiver of the people, soothsayer, superstitious, a +blasphemer against God, presumptuous, miscreant, boaster, idolatress, +cruel, dissolute, an invoker of devils, apostate, schismatic, and +heretic."<a name="V2FNanchor_957_957" id="V2FNanchor_957_957"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_957_957" class="fnanchor">[957]</a></p> + +<p>The square was guarded by one hundred and sixty men-at-arms. A crowd +of curious folk pressed behind the guards, the windows were filled and +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.337" id="V2Page_ii.337">[Pg ii.337]</a></span> roofs covered with onlookers. Jeanne was brought on to the +scaffold which had its back to the market-house gable. She wore a long +gown and hood.<a name="V2FNanchor_958_958" id="V2FNanchor_958_958"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_958_958" class="fnanchor">[958]</a> Maître Nicolas Midi, doctor in theology, came up +on to the same platform and began to preach to her.<a name="V2FNanchor_959_959" id="V2FNanchor_959_959"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_959_959" class="fnanchor">[959]</a> As the text +of his sermon he took the words of the Apostle in the first Epistle to +the Corinthians:<a name="V2FNanchor_960_960" id="V2FNanchor_960_960"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_960_960" class="fnanchor">[960]</a> "And whether one member suffer, all the members +suffer with it." Jeanne patiently listened to the sermon.<a name="V2FNanchor_961_961" id="V2FNanchor_961_961"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_961_961" class="fnanchor">[961]</a></p> + +<p>Then my Lord of Beauvais, in his own name and that of the +Vice-Inquisitor, pronounced the sentence.</p> + +<p>He declared Jeanne to be a relapsed heretic.</p> + +<p>"We declare that thou, Jeanne, art a corrupt member, and in order that +thou mayest not infect the other members, we are resolved to sever +thee from the unity of the Church, to tear thee from its body, and to +deliver thee to the secular power. And we reject thee, we tear thee +out, we abandon thee, beseeching this same secular power, that +touching death and the mutilation of the limbs, it may be pleased to +moderate its sentence...."<a name="V2FNanchor_962_962" id="V2FNanchor_962_962"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_962_962" class="fnanchor">[962]</a></p> + +<p>By this formula, the ecclesiastical judge withdrew from any share in +the violent death of a fellow creature: <i>Ecclesia abhorret a +sanguine</i>.<a name="V2FNanchor_963_963" id="V2FNanchor_963_963"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_963_963" class="fnanchor">[963]</a> But every one knew how much such an entreaty was +worth; and all were aware that if the impossible had happened and the +magistrate had granted it, he would have been subject to the same +penalties as the heretic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.338" id="V2Page_ii.338">[Pg ii.338]</a></span> Things had now come to such a pass that had +the city of Rouen belonged to King Charles, he himself could not have +saved the Maid from the stake.</p> + +<p>When the sentence was announced Jeanne breathed heart-rending sighs. +Weeping bitterly, she fell on her knees, commended her soul to God, to +Our Lady, to the blessed saints of Paradise, many of whom she +mentioned by name. Very humbly did she ask for mercy from all manner +of folk, of whatsoever rank or condition, of her own party and of the +enemy's, entreating them to forgive the wrong she had done them and to +pray for her. She asked pardon of her judges, of the English, of King +Henry, of the English princes of the realm. Addressing all the priests +there present she besought each one to say a mass for the salvation of +her soul.<a name="V2FNanchor_964_964" id="V2FNanchor_964_964"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_964_964" class="fnanchor">[964]</a></p> + +<p>Thus for one half hour did she continue with sighs and tears to give +expression to the sentiments of humiliation and contrition with which +the clerics had inspired her.<a name="V2FNanchor_965_965" id="V2FNanchor_965_965"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_965_965" class="fnanchor">[965]</a></p> + +<p>And even now she did not neglect to defend the honour of the fair +Dauphin, whom she had so greatly loved.</p> + +<p>She was heard to say: "It was never my King who induced me to do +anything I have done, either good or evil."<a name="V2FNanchor_966_966" id="V2FNanchor_966_966"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_966_966" class="fnanchor">[966]</a></p> + +<p>Many of the bystanders wept. A few English laughed. Certain of the +captains, who could make nothing of the edifying ceremonial of +ecclesiastical justice, grew impatient. Seeing Messire Massieu in the +pulpit and hearing him exhort Jeanne to make a good end, they cried:<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.339" id="V2Page_ii.339">[Pg ii.339]</a></span></p> + +<p>"What now, priest! Art thou going to keep us here to dinner?"<a name="V2FNanchor_967_967" id="V2FNanchor_967_967"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_967_967" class="fnanchor">[967]</a></p> + +<p>At Rouen, when a heretic was given up to the secular arm, it was +customary to take him to the town hall, where the town council made +known unto him his sentence.<a name="V2FNanchor_968_968" id="V2FNanchor_968_968"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_968_968" class="fnanchor">[968]</a> In Jeanne's case these forms were +not observed. The Bailie, Messire le Bouteiller, who was present, +waved his hand and said: "Take her, take her."<a name="V2FNanchor_969_969" id="V2FNanchor_969_969"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_969_969" class="fnanchor">[969]</a> Straightway, two +of the King's sergeants dragged her to the base of the scaffold and +placed her in a cart which was waiting. On her head was set a great +fool's cap made of paper, on which were written the words: +"<i>Hérétique, relapse, apostate, idolâtre</i>"; and she was handed over to +the executioner.<a name="V2FNanchor_970_970" id="V2FNanchor_970_970"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_970_970" class="fnanchor">[970]</a></p> + +<p>A bystander heard her saying: "Ah! Rouen, sorely do I fear that thou +mayest have to suffer for my death."<a name="V2FNanchor_971_971" id="V2FNanchor_971_971"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_971_971" class="fnanchor">[971]</a></p> + +<p>She evidently still regarded herself as the messenger from Heaven, the +angel of the realm of France. Possibly the illusion, so cruelly reft +from her, returned at last to enfold her in its beneficent veil. At +any rate, she appears to have been crushed; all that re<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.340" id="V2Page_ii.340">[Pg ii.340]</a></span>mained to her +was an infinite horror of death and a childlike piety.</p> + +<p>The ecclesiastical judges had barely time to descend and flee from a +spectacle which they could not have witnessed without violating the +laws of clerical procedure. They were all weeping: the Lord Bishop of +Thérouanne, Chancellor of England, had his eyes full of tears. The +Cardinal of Winchester, who was said never to enter a church save to +pray for the death of an enemy,<a name="V2FNanchor_972_972" id="V2FNanchor_972_972"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_972_972" class="fnanchor">[972]</a> had pity on this damsel so woeful +and so contrite. Brother Pierre Maurice, the canon who was a reader of +the Æneid, could not keep back his tears. All the priests who had +delivered her to the executioner were edified to see her make so holy +an end. That is what Maître Jean Alespée meant when he sighed: "I +would that my soul were where I believe the soul of that woman to +be."<a name="V2FNanchor_973_973" id="V2FNanchor_973_973"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_973_973" class="fnanchor">[973]</a> To himself and the hapless sufferer he applied the following +lines from the <i>Dies iræ</i>:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Qui Mariam absolvisti,<br /> +Mihi quoque spem dedisti.</i><a name="V2FNanchor_974_974" id="V2FNanchor_974_974"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_974_974" class="fnanchor">[974]</a><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>But none the less he must have believed that by her heresies and her +obstinacy she had brought death on herself.</p> + +<p>The two young friars preachers and the Usher Massieu accompanied +Jeanne to the stake.</p> + +<p>She asked for a cross. An Englishman made a tiny one out of two pieces +of wood, and gave it to her. She took it devoutly and put it in her +bosom, on her<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.341" id="V2Page_ii.341">[Pg ii.341]</a></span> breast. Then she besought Brother Isambart to go to the +neighbouring church to fetch a cross, to bring it to her and hold it +before her, so that as long as she lived, the cross on which God was +crucified should be ever in her sight.</p> + +<p>Massieu asked a priest of Saint-Sauveur for one, and it was brought. +Jeanne weeping kissed it long and tenderly, and her hands held it +while they were free.<a name="V2FNanchor_975_975" id="V2FNanchor_975_975"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_975_975" class="fnanchor">[975]</a></p> + +<p>As she was being bound to the stake she invoked the aid of Saint +Michael; and now at length no examiner was present to ask her whether +it were really he she saw in her father's garden. She prayed also to +Saint Catherine.<a name="V2FNanchor_976_976" id="V2FNanchor_976_976"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_976_976" class="fnanchor">[976]</a></p> + +<p>When she saw a light put to the stake, she cried loudly, "Jesus!" This +name she repeated six times.<a name="V2FNanchor_977_977" id="V2FNanchor_977_977"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_977_977" class="fnanchor">[977]</a> She was also heard asking for holy +water.<a name="V2FNanchor_978_978" id="V2FNanchor_978_978"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_978_978" class="fnanchor">[978]</a></p> + +<p>It was usual for the executioner, in order to cut short the sufferings +of the victim, to stifle him in dense smoke before the flames had had +time to ascend; but the Rouen executioner was too terrified of the +prodigies worked by the Maid to do thus; and besides he would have +found it difficult to reach her, because the Bailie had had the +plaster scaffold made unusually high. Wherefore the executioner +himself, hardened man that he was, judged her death to have been a +terribly cruel one.<a name="V2FNanchor_979_979" id="V2FNanchor_979_979"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_979_979" class="fnanchor">[979]</a></p> + +<p>Once again Jeanne uttered the name of Jesus; then she bowed her head +and gave up her spirit.<a name="V2FNanchor_980_980" id="V2FNanchor_980_980"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_980_980" class="fnanchor">[980]</a></p> + +<p>As soon as she was dead the Bailie commanded<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.342" id="V2Page_ii.342">[Pg ii.342]</a></span> the executioner to +scatter the flames in order to see that the prophetess of the +Armagnacs had not escaped with the aid of the devil or in some other +manner.<a name="V2FNanchor_981_981" id="V2FNanchor_981_981"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_981_981" class="fnanchor">[981]</a> Then, after the poor blackened body had been shown to the +people, the executioner, in order to reduce it to ashes, threw on to +the fire coal, oil and sulphur.</p> + +<p>In such an execution the combustion of the corpse was rarely +complete.<a name="V2FNanchor_982_982" id="V2FNanchor_982_982"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_982_982" class="fnanchor">[982]</a> Among the ashes, when the fire was extinguished, the +heart and entrails were found intact. For fear lest Jeanne's remains +should be taken and used for witchcraft or other evil practices,<a name="V2FNanchor_983_983" id="V2FNanchor_983_983"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_983_983" class="fnanchor">[983]</a> +the Bailie had them thrown into the Seine.<a name="V2FNanchor_984_984" id="V2FNanchor_984_984"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_984_984" class="fnanchor">[984]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.343" id="V2Page_ii.343">[Pg ii.343]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_XV" id="V2CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>AFTER THE DEATH OF THE MAID—THE END OF THE SHEPHERD—LA DAME DES +ARMOISES</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capi.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" />N the evening, after the burning, the executioner, as was his wont, +went whining and begging to the monastery of the preaching friars. The +creature complained that he had found it very difficult to make an end +of Jeanne. According to a legend invented afterwards, he told the +monks that he feared damnation for having burned a saint.<a name="V2FNanchor_985_985" id="V2FNanchor_985_985"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_985_985" class="fnanchor">[985]</a> Had he +actually spoken thus in the house of the Vice-Inquisitor he would have +been straightway cast into the lowest dungeon, there to await a trial +for heresy, which would have probably resulted in his being sentenced +to suffer the death he had inflicted on her whom he had called a +saint. And what could have led him to suppose that the woman condemned +by good Father Lemaistre and my Lord of Beauvais was not a bad woman? +The truth is that in the presence of these friars he arrogated to +himself merit for having executed a witch and taken pains therein, +wherefore he came to ask for his pot of wine. One of the monks, who +happened to be a friar preacher, Brother Pierre Bosquier, forgot +himself so far as to say that it was wrong to have condemned the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.344" id="V2Page_ii.344">[Pg ii.344]</a></span> +Maid. These words, albeit they were heard by only a few persons, were +carried to the Inquisitor General. When he was summoned to answer for +them, Brother Pierre Bosquier declared very humbly that his words were +altogether wrong and tainted with heresy, and that indeed he had only +uttered them when he was full of wine. On his knees and with clasped +hands he entreated Holy Mother Church, his judges and the most +redoubtable lords to pardon him. Having regard to his repentance and +in consideration of his cloth and of his having spoken in a state of +intoxication, my Lord of Beauvais and the Vice-Inquisitor showed +indulgence to Brother Pierre Bosquier. By a sentence pronounced on the +8th of August, 1431, they condemned him to be imprisoned in the house +of the friars preachers and fed on bread and water until Easter.<a name="V2FNanchor_986_986" id="V2FNanchor_986_986"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_986_986" class="fnanchor">[986]</a></p> + +<p>On the 12th of June the judges and counsellors, who had sat in +judgment on Jeanne, received letters of indemnity from the Great +Council. What was the object of these letters? Was it in case the +holders of them should be proceeded against by the French? But in that +event the letters would have done them more harm than good.<a name="V2FNanchor_987_987" id="V2FNanchor_987_987"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_987_987" class="fnanchor">[987]</a></p> + +<p>The Lord Chancellor of England sent to the Emperor, to the Kings and +to the princes of Christendom, letters in Latin; to the prelates, +dukes, counts, lords, and all the towns of France, letters in +French.<a name="V2FNanchor_988_988" id="V2FNanchor_988_988"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_988_988" class="fnanchor">[988]</a> Herein he made known unto them that King Henry and his +Counsellors had had sore pity on the Maid, and that if they had caused +her death it was through<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.345" id="V2Page_ii.345">[Pg ii.345]</a></span> their zeal for the faith and their +solicitude Christian folk.<a name="V2FNanchor_989_989" id="V2FNanchor_989_989"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_989_989" class="fnanchor">[989]</a></p> + +<p>In like tenor did the University of Paris write to the Holy Father, +the Emperor and the College of Cardinals.<a name="V2FNanchor_990_990" id="V2FNanchor_990_990"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_990_990" class="fnanchor">[990]</a></p> + +<p>On the 4th of July, the day of Saint-Martin-le-Bouillant, Master Jean +Graverent, Prior of the Jacobins, Inquisitor of the Faith, preached at +Saint-Martin-des-Champs. In his sermon he related the deeds of Jeanne, +and told how for her errors and shortcomings she had been delivered to +the secular judges and burned alive.</p> + +<p>Then he added: "There were four, three of whom have been taken, to +wit, this Maid, Pierronne, and her companion. One, Catherine de la +Rochelle, still remaineth with the Armagnacs. Friar Richard, the +Franciscan, who attracted so great a multitude of folk when he +preached in Paris at the Innocents and elsewhere, directed these +women; he was their spiritual father."<a name="V2FNanchor_991_991" id="V2FNanchor_991_991"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_991_991" class="fnanchor">[991]</a></p> + +<p>With Pierronne burned in Paris, her companion eating the bread of +bitterness and drinking the water of affliction in the prison of the +Church, and Jeanne burned at Rouen, the royal company of <i>béguines</i> +was now almost entirely annihilated. There only remained to the King +the holy dame of La Rochelle, who had escaped from the hands of the +Paris Official; but her indiscreet talk had rendered her +troublesome.<a name="V2FNanchor_992_992" id="V2FNanchor_992_992"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_992_992" class="fnanchor">[992]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.346" id="V2Page_ii.346">[Pg ii.346]</a></span> While his penitents were being discredited, good +Friar Richard himself had fallen on evil days. The Vicars in the +diocese of Poitiers and the Inquisitor of the Faith had forbidden him +to preach. The great orator, who had converted so many Christian folk, +could no longer thunder against gaming-tables and dice, against +women's finery, and mandrakes arrayed in magnificent attire. No longer +could he declare the coming of Antichrist nor prepare souls for the +terrible trials which were to herald the imminent end of the world. He +was ordered to lie under arrest in the Franciscan monastery at +Poitiers. And doubtless it was with no great docility that he +submitted to the sentence of his superiors; for on Friday, the 23rd of +March, 1431, we find the Ordinary and the Inquisitor, asking aid in +the execution of the sentence from the Parliament of Poitiers, which +did not refuse it. Why did Holy Church exercise such severity towards +a preacher endowed with so wondrous a power of moving sinful souls? We +may at any rate suspect the reason. For some time the English and +Burgundian clergy had been accusing him of apostasy and magic. Now, +owing to the unity of the Church in general and to that of the +Gallican Church in particular, owing also to the authority of that +bright sun of Christendom, the University of Paris, when a clerk was +suspected of error and heresy by the doctors of the English and +Burgundian party he came to be looked at askance by the clergy who +were loyal to King Charles. Especially was this so when in a matter +touching the Catholic faith, the University had pronounced against him +and in favour of the English. It is quite likely that the clerks of +Poitiers had been prejudiced against Friar Richard by Pierronne's +conviction and even by the Maid's trial.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.347" id="V2Page_ii.347">[Pg ii.347]</a></span> The good brother, who +persisted in preaching the end of the world, was strongly suspected of +dealing in the black art. Wherefore, realising the fate which was +threatening him, he fled, and was never heard of again.<a name="V2FNanchor_993_993" id="V2FNanchor_993_993"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_993_993" class="fnanchor">[993]</a></p> + +<p>None the less, however, did the counsellors of King Charles continue +to employ the devout in the army. At the time of the disappearance of +Friar Richard and his penitents, they were making use of a young +shepherd whom my Lord the Archbishop, Duke of Reims and Chancellor of +the kingdom, had proclaimed to be Jeanne's miraculous successor. And +it was in the following circumstance that the shepherd was permitted +to display his power.</p> + +<p>The war continued. Twenty days after Jeanne's death the English in +great force marched to recapture the town of Louviers. They had +delayed till then, not, as some have stated, because they despaired of +succeeding in anything as long as the Maid lived, but because they +needed time to collect money and engines for the siege.<a name="V2FNanchor_994_994" id="V2FNanchor_994_994"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_994_994" class="fnanchor">[994]</a> In the +July and August of this same year, at Senlis and at Beauvais, my Lord +of Reims, Chancellor of France and the Maréchal de Boussac, were +upholding the French cause. And we may be sure that my Lord of Reims +was upholding it with no little vigour since at the same time he was +defending the benefices which were so dear to him.<a name="V2FNanchor_995_995" id="V2FNanchor_995_995"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_995_995" class="fnanchor">[995]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.348" id="V2Page_ii.348">[Pg ii.348]</a></span> A Maid had +reconquered them, now he intended a lad to hold them. With this object +he employed the little shepherd, Guillaume, from the Lozère Mountains, +who, like Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Catherine of Sienna, had +received stigmata. A party of French surprised the Regent at Mantes +and were on the point of taking him prisoner. The alarm was given to +the army besieging Louviers; and two or three companies of men-at-arms +were despatched. They hastened to Mantes, where they learnt that the +Regent had succeeded in reaching Paris. Thereupon, having been +reinforced by troops from Gournay and certain other English garrisons, +being some two thousand strong and commanded by the Earls of Warwick, +Arundel, Salisbury, and Suffolk, and by Lord Talbot and Sir Thomas +Kiriel, the English made bold to march upon Beauvais. The French, +informed of their approach, left the town at daybreak, and marched out +to meet them in the direction of Savignies. King Charles's men, +numbering between eight hundred and one thousand combatants, were +commanded by the Maréchal de Boussac, the Captains La Hire, Poton, and +others.<a name="V2FNanchor_996_996" id="V2FNanchor_996_996"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_996_996" class="fnanchor">[996]</a></p> + +<p>The shepherd Guillaume, whom they believed to be sent of God, was at +their head, riding side-saddle and displaying the miraculous wounds in +his hands, his feet, and his left side.<a name="V2FNanchor_997_997" id="V2FNanchor_997_997"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_997_997" class="fnanchor">[997]</a></p> + +<p>When they were about two and a half miles from the town, just when +they least expected it, a shower of arrows came down upon them. The +English, informed by their scouts of the French approach, had lain in +wait for them in a hollow of the road. Now<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.349" id="V2Page_ii.349">[Pg ii.349]</a></span> they attacked them closely +both in the van and in the rear. Each side fought valiantly. A +considerable number were slain, which was not the case in most of the +battles of those days, when few but the fugitives were killed. But the +French, feeling themselves surrounded, were seized with panic, and +thus brought about their own destruction. Most of them, with the +Maréchal de Boussac and Captain La Hire, fled to the town of Beauvais. +Captain Poton and the shepherd, Guillaume, remained in the hands of +the English, who returned to Rouen in triumph.<a name="V2FNanchor_998_998" id="V2FNanchor_998_998"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_998_998" class="fnanchor">[998]</a></p> + +<p>Poton made sure of being ransomed in the usual manner. But the little +shepherd could not hope for such a fate; he was suspected of heresy +and magic; he had deceived Christian folk and accepted from them +idolatrous veneration. The signs of our Saviour's passion that he bore +upon him helped him not a whit; on the contrary the wounds, by the +French held to have been divinely imprinted, to the English seemed the +marks of the devil.</p> + +<p>Guillaume, like the Maid, had been taken in the diocese of Beauvais. +The Lord Bishop of this town, Messire Pierre Cauchon, who had claimed +the right to try Jeanne, made a similar claim for Guillaume; and the +shepherd was granted what the Maid had been refused, he was cast into +an ecclesiastical prison.<a name="V2FNanchor_999_999" id="V2FNanchor_999_999"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_999_999" class="fnanchor">[999]</a> He would seem to have been less +difficult to guard than Jeanne and also less important. But the +English had recently learnt what was involved in a trial by the +Inquisition; they now knew how lengthy and how punctilious it was. +Moreover, they did not see how it would profit them if this shepherd +were con<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.350" id="V2Page_ii.350">[Pg ii.350]</a></span>victed of heresy. If the French had set their hope of success +in war<a name="V2FNanchor_1000_1000" id="V2FNanchor_1000_1000"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1000_1000" class="fnanchor">[1000]</a> in Guillaume as they had done in Jeanne, then that hope +was but short-lived. To put the Armagnacs to shame by proving that +their shepherd lad came from the devil, that game was not worth the +candle. The youth was taken to Rouen and thence to Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_1001_1001" id="V2FNanchor_1001_1001"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1001_1001" class="fnanchor">[1001]</a></p> + +<p>He had been a prisoner for four months when King Henry VI, who was +nine years old, came to Paris to be crowned in the church of Notre +Dame with the two crowns of France and England. With high pomp and +great rejoicing he made his entrance into the city on Sunday, the 16th +of December. Along the route of the procession, in the Rue du +Ponceau-Saint-Denys, had been constructed a fountain adorned with +three sirens; and from their midst rose a tall lily stalk, from the +buds and blossoms of which flowed streams of wine and milk. Folk +flocked to drink of the fountain; and around its basin men disguised +as savages entertained them with games and sham fights.</p> + +<p>From the Porte Saint-Denys to the Hôtel Saint-Paul in the Marais, the +child King rode beneath a great azure canopy, embroidered with +flowers-de-luce in gold, borne first by the four aldermen hooded and +clothed in purple, then by the corporations, drapers, grocers, +money-changers, goldsmiths and hosiers. Before him went twenty-five +heralds and twenty-five trumpeters; followed by nine handsome men and +nine beautiful ladies, wearing magnificent armour and bearing great +shields, representing the nine <i>preux</i> and the nine <i>preuses</i>, also by +a number of knights and squires. In this brilliant<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.351" id="V2Page_ii.351">[Pg ii.351]</a></span> procession +appeared the little shepherd Guillaume; he no longer stretched out his +arms to show the wounds of the passion, for he was strongly +bound.<a name="V2FNanchor_1002_1002" id="V2FNanchor_1002_1002"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1002_1002" class="fnanchor">[1002]</a></p> + +<p>After the ceremony he was conducted back to prison, whence he was +taken later to be sewn in a sack and thrown into the Seine.<a name="V2FNanchor_1003_1003" id="V2FNanchor_1003_1003"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1003_1003" class="fnanchor">[1003]</a> Even +the French admitted that Guillaume was but a simpleton and that his +mission was not of God.<a name="V2FNanchor_1004_1004" id="V2FNanchor_1004_1004"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1004_1004" class="fnanchor">[1004]</a></p> + +<p>In 1433, the Constable, with the assistance of the Queen of Sicily, +caused the capture and planned the assassination of La Trémouille. It +was the custom of the nobles of that day to appoint counsellors for +King Charles and afterwards to kill them. However, the sword which was +to have caused the death of La Trémouille, owing to his corpulence, +failed to inflict a mortal wound. His life was saved, but his +influence was dead. King Charles tolerated the Constable as he had +tolerated the Sire de la Trémouille.<a name="V2FNanchor_1005_1005" id="V2FNanchor_1005_1005"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1005_1005" class="fnanchor">[1005]</a></p> + +<p>The latter left behind him the reputation of having been grasping and +indifferent to the welfare of the kingdom. Perhaps his greatest fault +was that he governed in a time of war and pillage, when friends and +foes alike were devouring the realm. He was charged with the +destruction of the Maid, of whom he was said to have been jealous. +This accusation proceeds from the House of Alençon, with whom the Lord +Chamberlain was not popular.<a name="V2FNanchor_1006_1006" id="V2FNanchor_1006_1006"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1006_1006" class="fnanchor">[1006]</a> On the contrary, it must be +admitted, that after the Lord Chan<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.352" id="V2Page_ii.352">[Pg ii.352]</a></span>cellor, La Trémouille was the +boldest in employing the Maid, and if later she did thwart his plans +there is nothing to prove that it was his intention to have her +destroyed by the English. She destroyed herself and was consumed by +her own zeal.</p> + +<p>Rightly or wrongly, the Lord Chamberlain was held to be a bad man; +and, although his successor in the King's favour, the Duc de +Richemont, was avaricious, hard, violent, incredibly stupid, surly, +malicious, always beaten and always discontented, the exchange +appeared to be no loss. The Constable came in a fortunate hour, when +the Duke of Burgundy was making peace with the King of France.</p> + +<p>In the words of a Carthusian friar, the English who had entered the +kingdom by the hole made in Duke John's head on the Bridge of +Montereau, only retained their hold on the kingdom by the hand of Duke +Philip. They were but few in number, and if the giant were to withdraw +his hand a breath of wind would suffice to blow them away. The Regent +died of sorrow and wrath, beholding the fulfilment of the horoscope of +King Henry VI: "Exeter shall lose what Monmouth hath won."<a name="V2FNanchor_1007_1007" id="V2FNanchor_1007_1007"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1007_1007" class="fnanchor">[1007]</a></p> + +<p>On the 13th of April, 1436, the Count of Richemont entered Paris. The +nursing mother of Burgundian clerks and <i>Cabochien</i> doctors, the +University herself, had helped to mediate peace.<a name="V2FNanchor_1008_1008" id="V2FNanchor_1008_1008"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1008_1008" class="fnanchor">[1008]</a></p> + +<p>Now, one month after Paris had returned to her allegiance to King +Charles, there appeared in Lorraine a certain damsel. She was about +twenty-five<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.353" id="V2Page_ii.353">[Pg ii.353]</a></span> years old. Hitherto she had been called Claude; but she +now made herself known to divers lords of the town of Metz as being +Jeanne the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_1009_1009" id="V2FNanchor_1009_1009"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1009_1009" class="fnanchor">[1009]</a></p> + +<p>At this time, Jeanne's father and eldest brother were dead.<a name="V2FNanchor_1010_1010" id="V2FNanchor_1010_1010"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1010_1010" class="fnanchor">[1010]</a> +Isabelle Romée was alive. Her two youngest sons were in the service of +the King of France, who had raised them to the rank of nobility and +given them the name of Du Lys. Jean, the eldest, called +Petit-Jean,<a name="V2FNanchor_1011_1011" id="V2FNanchor_1011_1011"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1011_1011" class="fnanchor">[1011]</a> had been appointed Bailie of Vermandois, then +Captain of Chartres. About this year, 1436, he was provost and captain +of Vaucouleurs.<a name="V2FNanchor_1012_1012" id="V2FNanchor_1012_1012"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1012_1012" class="fnanchor">[1012]</a></p> + +<p>The youngest, Pierre, or Pierrelot, who had fallen into the hands of +the Burgundians before Compiègne at the same time as Jeanne, had just +been liberated from the prison of the Bastard of Vergy.<a name="V2FNanchor_1013_1013" id="V2FNanchor_1013_1013"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1013_1013" class="fnanchor">[1013]</a></p> + +<p>Both brothers believed that their sister had been burned at Rouen. But +when they were told that she was living and wished to see them, they +appointed a meeting at La-Grange-aux-Ormes, a village in the meadows +of the Sablon, between the Seille and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.354" id="V2Page_ii.354">[Pg ii.354]</a></span> Moselle, about two and a +half miles south of Metz. They reached this place on the 20th of May. +There they saw her and recognised her immediately to be their sister; +and she recognised them to be her brothers.<a name="V2FNanchor_1014_1014" id="V2FNanchor_1014_1014"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1014_1014" class="fnanchor">[1014]</a></p> + +<p>She was accompanied by certain lords of Metz, among whom was a man +right noble, Messire Nicole Lowe, who was chamberlain to Charles +VII.<a name="V2FNanchor_1015_1015" id="V2FNanchor_1015_1015"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1015_1015" class="fnanchor">[1015]</a> By divers tokens these nobles recognised her to be the Maid +Jeanne who had taken King Charles to be crowned at Reims. These tokens +were certain signs on the skin.<a name="V2FNanchor_1016_1016" id="V2FNanchor_1016_1016"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1016_1016" class="fnanchor">[1016]</a> Now there was a prophecy +concerning Jeanne which stated her to have a little red mark beneath +the ear.<a name="V2FNanchor_1017_1017" id="V2FNanchor_1017_1017"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1017_1017" class="fnanchor">[1017]</a> But this prophecy was invented after the events to +which it referred. Consequently we may believe the Maid to have been +thus marked. Was this the token by which the nobles of Metz recognised +her?</p> + +<p>We do not know by what means she claimed to have escaped death; but +there is reason to think<a name="V2FNanchor_1018_1018" id="V2FNanchor_1018_1018"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1018_1018" class="fnanchor">[1018]</a> that she attributed her deliverance to +her holiness. Did she say that an angel had saved her from the fire? +It might be read in books how in the ancient amphitheatres lions +licked the bare feet of virgins,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.355" id="V2Page_ii.355">[Pg ii.355]</a></span> how boiling oil was as soothing as +balm to the bodies of holy martyrs; and how according to many of the +old stories nothing short of the sword could take the life of God's +maidens. These ancient histories rested on a sure foundation. But if +such tales had been related of the fifteenth century they might have +appeared less credible. And this damsel does not seem to have employed +them to adorn her adventure. She was probably content to say that +another woman had been burned in her place.</p> + +<p>According to a confession she made afterwards, she came from Rome, +where, accoutred in harness of war, she had fought valiantly in the +service of Pope Eugenius. She may even have told the Lorrainers of the +feats of prowess she had there accomplished.</p> + +<p>Now Jeanne had prophesied (at least so it was believed) that she would +die in battle against the infidel and that her mantle would fall upon +a maid of Rome. But such a saying, if it were known to these nobles of +Metz, would be more likely to denounce this so-called Jeanne as an +imposture than witness to the truth of her mission.<a name="V2FNanchor_1019_1019" id="V2FNanchor_1019_1019"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1019_1019" class="fnanchor">[1019]</a> However this +might be, they believed what this woman told them.</p> + +<p>Perhaps, like many a noble of the republic,<a name="V2FNanchor_1020_1020" id="V2FNanchor_1020_1020"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1020_1020" class="fnanchor">[1020]</a> they were more +inclined to King Charles than to the Duke of Burgundy. And we may be +sure that, chivalrous knights as they were, they esteemed chivalry +wherever they found it; wherefore, because of her valour they admired +the Maid; and they made her good cheer.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.356" id="V2Page_ii.356">[Pg ii.356]</a></span></p> +<p>Messire Nicole Lowe gave her a charger and a pair of hose. The charger +was worth thirty francs—a sum wellnigh royal—for of the two horses +which at Soissons and at Senlis the King gave the Maid Jeanne, one was +worth thirty-eight livres ten sous, and the other thirty-seven livres +ten sous.<a name="V2FNanchor_1021_1021" id="V2FNanchor_1021_1021"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1021_1021" class="fnanchor">[1021]</a> Not more than sixteen francs had been paid for the +horse with which she had been provided at Vaucouleurs.<a name="V2FNanchor_1022_1022" id="V2FNanchor_1022_1022"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1022_1022" class="fnanchor">[1022]</a></p> + +<p>Nicole Grognot, governor of the town,<a name="V2FNanchor_1023_1023" id="V2FNanchor_1023_1023"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1023_1023" class="fnanchor">[1023]</a> offered a sword to the +sister of the Du Lys brothers; Aubert Boullay presented her with a +hood.<a name="V2FNanchor_1024_1024" id="V2FNanchor_1024_1024"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1024_1024" class="fnanchor">[1024]</a></p> + +<p>She rode her horse with the same skill which seven years earlier, if +we may believe some rather mythical stories, had filled with wonder +the old Duke of Lorraine.<a name="V2FNanchor_1025_1025" id="V2FNanchor_1025_1025"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1025_1025" class="fnanchor">[1025]</a> And she spoke certain words to Messire +Nicole Lowe which confirmed him in his belief that she was indeed that +same Maid Jeanne who had fared forth into France. She had the ready +tongue of a prophetess, and spoke in symbols and parables, revealing +nought of her intent.</p> + +<p>Her power would not come to her before Saint John the Baptist's Day, +she said. Now this was the very time which the Maid, after the Battle +of Patay, in 1429, had fixed for the extermination of the English in +France.<a name="V2FNanchor_1026_1026" id="V2FNanchor_1026_1026"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1026_1026" class="fnanchor">[1026]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.357" id="V2Page_ii.357">[Pg ii.357]</a></span></p> +<p>This prophecy had not been fulfilled and consequently had not been +mentioned again. Jeanne, if she ever uttered it, and it is quite +possible that she did, must have been the first to forget it. +Moreover, Saint John's Day was a term commonly cited in leases, fairs, +contracts, hirings, etc., and it is quite conceivable that the +calendar of a prophetess may have been the same as that of a labourer.</p> + +<p>The day after their arrival at La Grange-aux-Ormes, Monday, the 21st +of May, the Du Lys brothers took her, whom they held to be their +sister, to that town of Vaucouleurs<a name="V2FNanchor_1027_1027" id="V2FNanchor_1027_1027"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1027_1027" class="fnanchor">[1027]</a> whither Isabelle Romée's +daughter had gone to see Sire Robert de Baudricourt. In this town, in +the year 1436, there were still living many persons of different +conditions, such as the Leroyer couple and the Seigneur Aubert +d'Ourches,<a name="V2FNanchor_1028_1028" id="V2FNanchor_1028_1028"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1028_1028" class="fnanchor">[1028]</a> who had seen Jeanne in February, 1429.</p> + +<p>After a week at Vaucouleurs she went to Marville, a small town between +Corny and Pont-á-Mousson. There she spent Whitsuntide and abode for +three weeks in the house of one Jean Quenat.<a name="V2FNanchor_1029_1029" id="V2FNanchor_1029_1029"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1029_1029" class="fnanchor">[1029]</a> On her departure +she was visited by sundry inhabitants of Metz, who gave her jewels, +recognising her to<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.358" id="V2Page_ii.358">[Pg ii.358]</a></span> be the Maid of France.<a name="V2FNanchor_1030_1030" id="V2FNanchor_1030_1030"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1030_1030" class="fnanchor">[1030]</a> Jeanne, it will be +remembered, had been seen by divers knights of Metz at the time of +King Charles's coronation at Reims. At Marville, Geoffroy Desch, +following the example of Nicole Lowe, presented the so-called Jeanne +with a horse. Geoffroy Desch belonged to one of the most influential +families of the Republic of Metz. He was related to Jean Desch, +municipal secretary in 1429.<a name="V2FNanchor_1031_1031" id="V2FNanchor_1031_1031"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1031_1031" class="fnanchor">[1031]</a></p> + +<p>From Marville, she went on a pilgrimage to Notre Dame de Liance, +called Lienche by the Picards and known later as Notre Dame de Liesse. +At Liance was worshipped a black image of the Virgin, which, according +to tradition, had been brought by the crusaders from the Holy Land. +The chapel containing this image was situated between Laon and Reims. +It was said, by the priests who officiated there, to be one of the +halting places on the route of the coronation procession, where the +kings and their retinues were accustomed to stop on their return from +Reims; but this is very likely not to be true. Whether it were such a +halting place or no, there is no doubt that the folk of Metz displayed +a particular devotion to Our Lady of Liance; and it seemed fitting +that Jeanne, who had escaped from an English prison, should go and +give thanks for her marvellous deliverance to the Black Virgin of +Picardy.<a name="V2FNanchor_1032_1032" id="V2FNanchor_1032_1032"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1032_1032" class="fnanchor">[1032]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.359" id="V2Page_ii.359">[Pg ii.359]</a></span></p> +<p>Thence she went on her way to Arlon, to Elisabeth of Gorlitz, Duchess +of Luxembourg, an aunt by marriage of the Duke of Burgundy.<a name="V2FNanchor_1033_1033" id="V2FNanchor_1033_1033"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1033_1033" class="fnanchor">[1033]</a> She +was an old woman, who had been twice a widow. By extortion and +oppression she had made herself detested by her vassals. By this +princess Jeanne was well received. There was nothing strange in that. +Persons living holy lives and working miracles were much sought after +by princes and nobles who desired to discover secrets or to obtain the +fulfilment of some wish. And the Duchess of Luxembourg might well +believe this damsel to be the Maid Jeanne herself, since the brothers +Du Lys, the nobles of Metz and the folk of Vaucouleurs were of that +opinion.</p> + +<p>For the generality of men, Jeanne's life and death were surrounded by +marvels and mysteries. Many had from the first doubted her having +perished by the hand of the executioner. Certain were curiously +reticent on this point; they said: "the English had her publicly burnt +at Rouen, or some other woman like her."<a name="V2FNanchor_1034_1034" id="V2FNanchor_1034_1034"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1034_1034" class="fnanchor">[1034]</a> Others confessed that +they did not know what had become of her.<a name="V2FNanchor_1035_1035" id="V2FNanchor_1035_1035"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1035_1035" class="fnanchor">[1035]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, when throughout Germany and France the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.360" id="V2Page_ii.360">[Pg ii.360]</a></span> rumour spread that the +Maid was alive and had been seen near Metz, the tidings were variously +received. Some believed them, others did not. An ardent dispute, which +arose between two citizens of Arles, gives some idea of the emotion +aroused by such tidings. One maintained that the Maid was still alive; +the other asserted that she was dead; each one wagered that what he +said was true. This was no light wager, for it was made and registered +in the presence of a notary, on the 27th of June, 1436, only five +weeks after the interview at La Grange-aux-Ormes.<a name="V2FNanchor_1036_1036" id="V2FNanchor_1036_1036"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1036_1036" class="fnanchor">[1036]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, in the beginning of August, the Maid's eldest brother, Jean +du Lys, called Petit-Jean, had gone to Orléans to announce that his +sister was alive. As a reward for these good tidings, he received for +himself and his followers ten pints of wine, twelve hens, two +goslings, and two leverets.<a name="V2FNanchor_1037_1037" id="V2FNanchor_1037_1037"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1037_1037" class="fnanchor">[1037]</a></p> + +<p>The birds had been purchased by two magistrates; the name of one, +Pierre Baratin, is to be found in the account books of the fortress, +in 1429,<a name="V2FNanchor_1038_1038" id="V2FNanchor_1038_1038"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1038_1038" class="fnanchor">[1038]</a> at the time of the expedition to Jargeau; the other was +an old man of sixty-six, a burgess passing rich, Aignan de +Saint-Mesmin.<a name="V2FNanchor_1039_1039" id="V2FNanchor_1039_1039"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1039_1039" class="fnanchor">[1039]</a></p> + +<p>Messengers were passing to and fro between the town of Duke Charles +and the town of the Duchess of Luxembourg. On the 9th of August a +letter from Arlon reached Orléans. About the middle of the month a +pursuivant arrived at Arlon. He was called<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.361" id="V2Page_ii.361">[Pg ii.361]</a></span> Cœur-de-Lis, in honour +of the heraldic symbol of the city of Orléans, which was a lily-bud, a +kind of trefoil. The magistrates of Orléans had sent him to Jeanne +with a letter, the contents of which are unknown. Jeanne gave him a +letter for the King, in which she probably requested an audience. He +took it straight to Loches, where King Charles was negotiating the +betrothal of his daughter Yolande to Prince Amedée of Savoie.<a name="V2FNanchor_1040_1040" id="V2FNanchor_1040_1040"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1040_1040" class="fnanchor">[1040]</a></p> + +<p>After forty-one days' journey the pursuivant returned to the +magistrates, who had despatched him on the 2nd of September. The +messenger complained of a great thirst, wherefore the magistrates, +according to their wont, had him served in the chamber of the +town-hall with bread, wine, pears, and green walnuts. This repast cost +the town two <i>sous</i> four <i>deniers</i> of Paris, while the pursuivant's +travelling expenses amounted to six <i>livres</i> which were paid in the +following month. The town varlet who provided the walnuts was that +same Jacquet Leprestre who had served during the siege. Another letter +from the Maid had been received by the magistrates on the 25th of +August.<a name="V2FNanchor_1041_1041" id="V2FNanchor_1041_1041"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1041_1041" class="fnanchor">[1041]</a></p> + +<p>Jean du Lys proceeded just as if his miracle-working sister had in +very deed been restored to him. He went to the King, to whom he +announced the wonderful tidings. Charles cannot have entirely +disbelieved them since he ordered Jean du Lys to be given a gratuity +of one hundred francs. Whereupon Jean promptly demanded these hundred +francs from the King's treasurer, who gave him twenty. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.362" id="V2Page_ii.362">[Pg ii.362]</a></span> coffers of +the victorious King were not full even then.</p> + +<p>Having returned to Orléans, Jean appeared before the town-council. He +gave the magistrates to wit that he had only eight francs, a sum by no +means sufficient to enable him and four retainers to return to +Lorraine. The magistrates gave him twelve francs.<a name="V2FNanchor_1042_1042" id="V2FNanchor_1042_1042"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1042_1042" class="fnanchor">[1042]</a></p> + +<p>Every year until then the anniversary of the Maid had been celebrated +in the church of Saint-Sanxon<a name="V2FNanchor_1043_1043" id="V2FNanchor_1043_1043"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1043_1043" class="fnanchor">[1043]</a> on the eve of Corpus Christi and +on the previous day. In 1435, eight ecclesiastics of the four +mendicant orders sang a mass for the repose of Jeanne's soul. In this +year, 1436, the magistrates had four candles burnt, weighing together +nine and a half pounds, and pendent therefrom the Maid's escutcheon, a +silver shield bearing the crown of France. But when they heard the +Maid was alive they cancelled the arrangements for a funeral service +in her memory.<a name="V2FNanchor_1044_1044" id="V2FNanchor_1044_1044"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1044_1044" class="fnanchor">[1044]</a></p> + +<p>While these things were occurring in France, Jeanne was still with the +Duchess of Luxembourg. There she met the young Count Ulrich of +Wurtemberg, who refused to leave her. He had a handsome cuirasse made +for her and took her to Cologne. She still called herself the Maid of +France sent by God.<a name="V2FNanchor_1045_1045" id="V2FNanchor_1045_1045"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1045_1045" class="fnanchor">[1045]</a></p> + +<p>Since the 24th of June, Saint John the Baptist's<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.363" id="V2Page_ii.363">[Pg ii.363]</a></span> Day, her power had +returned to her. Count Ulrich, recognising her supernatural gifts, +entreated her to employ them on behalf of himself and his friends. +Being very contentious, he had become seriously involved in the schism +which was then rending asunder the diocese of Trèves. Two prelates +were contending for the see; one, Udalric of Manderscheit, appointed +by the chapter, the other Raban of Helmstat, Bishop of Speyer, +appointed by the Pope.<a name="V2FNanchor_1046_1046" id="V2FNanchor_1046_1046"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1046_1046" class="fnanchor">[1046]</a> Udalric took the field with a small force +and twice besieged and bombarded the town of which he called himself +the true shepherd. These proceedings brought the greater part of the +diocese on to his side.<a name="V2FNanchor_1047_1047" id="V2FNanchor_1047_1047"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1047_1047" class="fnanchor">[1047]</a> But although aged and infirm, Raban too +had weapons; they were spiritual but powerful: he pronounced an +interdict against all such as should espouse the cause of his rival.</p> + +<p>Count Ulrich of Wurtemberg, who was among the most zealous of +Udalric's supporters, questioned the Maid of God concerning him.<a name="V2FNanchor_1048_1048" id="V2FNanchor_1048_1048"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1048_1048" class="fnanchor">[1048]</a> +Similar cases had been submitted to the first Jeanne when she was in +France. She had been asked, for example, which of the three popes, +Benedict, Martin, or Clement, was the true father of the faithful, and +without immediately pronouncing on the subject she had promised to +designate the Pope to whom obedience<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.364" id="V2Page_ii.364">[Pg ii.364]</a></span> was due, after she had reached +Paris and rested there.<a name="V2FNanchor_1049_1049" id="V2FNanchor_1049_1049"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1049_1049" class="fnanchor">[1049]</a> The second Jeanne replied with even more +assurance; she declared that she knew who was the true archbishop and +boasted that she would enthrone him.</p> + +<p>According to her, it was Udalric of Manderscheit, he whom the Chapter +had appointed. But when Udalric was summoned before the Council of +Bâle, he was declared an usurper; and the fathers did what it was by +no means their unvarying rule to do,—they confirmed the nomination of +the Pope.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately the Maid's intervention in this dispute attracted the +attention of the Inquisitor General of the city of Cologne, Heinrich +Kalt Eysen, an illustrious professor of theology. He inquired into the +rumours which were being circulated in the city touching the young +prince's protégée; and he learnt that she wore unseemly apparel, +danced with men, ate and drank more than she ought, and practised +magic. He was informed notably that in a certain assembly the Maid +tore a table-cloth and straightway restored it to its original +condition, and that having broken a glass against the wall she with +marvellous skill put all its pieces together again. Such deeds caused +Kalt Eysen to suspect her strongly of heresy and witchcraft. He +summoned her before his tribunal; she refused to appear. This +disobedience displeased the Inquisitor General, and he sent to fetch +the defaulter. But the young Count of Wurtemberg hid his Maid in his +house, and afterwards contrived to get her secretly out of the town. +Thus she escaped the fate of her whom she was willing only partially +to imitate. As he could do nothing else, the Inquisitor excommunicated +her.<a name="V2FNanchor_1050_1050" id="V2FNanchor_1050_1050"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1050_1050" class="fnanchor">[1050]</a> She took<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.365" id="V2Page_ii.365">[Pg ii.365]</a></span> refuge at Arlon with her protectress, the Duchess +of Luxembourg. There she met Robert des Armoises, Lord of Tichemont. +She may have seen him before, in the spring, at Marville, where he +usually resided. This nobleman was probably the son of Lord Richard, +Governor of the Duchy of Bar in 1416. Nothing is known of him, save +that he surrendered this territory to the foreigner without the Duke +of Bar's consent, and then beheld it confiscated and granted to the +Lord of Apremont on condition that he should conquer it.</p> + +<p>It was not extraordinary that Lord Robert should be at Arlon, seeing +that his château of Tichemont was near this town. He was poor, albeit +of noble birth.<a name="V2FNanchor_1051_1051" id="V2FNanchor_1051_1051"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1051_1051" class="fnanchor">[1051]</a></p> + +<p>The so-called Maid married him,<a name="V2FNanchor_1052_1052" id="V2FNanchor_1052_1052"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1052_1052" class="fnanchor">[1052]</a> apparently with the approval of +the Duchess of Luxembourg. According to the opinion of the Holy +Inquisitor of Cologne, this marriage was contracted merely to protect +the woman against the interdict and to save her from the sword of the +Church.<a name="V2FNanchor_1053_1053" id="V2FNanchor_1053_1053"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1053_1053" class="fnanchor">[1053]</a></p> + +<p>Soon after her marriage she went to live at Metz in<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.366" id="V2Page_ii.366">[Pg ii.366]</a></span> her husband's +house, opposite the church of Sainte-Ségolène, over the Sainte-Barbe +Gate. Henceforth she was Jeanne du Lys, the Maid of France, the Lady +of Tichemont. By these names she is described in a contract dated the +7th of November, 1436, by which Robert des Armoises and his wife, +authorised by him, sell to Collard de Failly, squire, dwelling at +Marville, and to Poinsette, his wife, one quarter of the lordship of +Haraucourt. At the request of their dear friends, Messire Robert and +Dame Jeanne, Jean de Thoneletil, Lord of Villette, and Saubelet de +Dun, Provost of Marville, as well as the vendors, put their seals to +the contract to testify to its validity.<a name="V2FNanchor_1054_1054" id="V2FNanchor_1054_1054"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1054_1054" class="fnanchor">[1054]</a></p> + +<p>In her dwelling, opposite the Sainte-Ségolène Church, la Dame des +Armoises gave birth to two children.<a name="V2FNanchor_1055_1055" id="V2FNanchor_1055_1055"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1055_1055" class="fnanchor">[1055]</a> Somewhere in +Languedoc<a name="V2FNanchor_1056_1056" id="V2FNanchor_1056_1056"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1056_1056" class="fnanchor">[1056]</a> there was an honest squire who, when he heard of these +births, seriously doubted whether Jeanne the Maid and la Dame des +Armoises could be one and the same person. This was Jean d'Aulon, who +had once been Jeanne's steward. From information he had received from +women who knew, he did not believe her to be the kind of woman likely +to have children.<a name="V2FNanchor_1057_1057" id="V2FNanchor_1057_1057"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1057_1057" class="fnanchor">[1057]</a></p> + +<p>According to Brother Jean Nider, doctor in theology of the University +of Vienne, this fruitful union turned out badly. A priest, and, as he +says, a priest who might more appropriately be called a pander, +seduced this witch with words of love and carried her off. But Brother +Jean Nider adds that the priest<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.367" id="V2Page_ii.367">[Pg ii.367]</a></span> secretly took la Dame des Armoises to +Metz and there lived with her as his concubine.<a name="V2FNanchor_1058_1058" id="V2FNanchor_1058_1058"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1058_1058" class="fnanchor">[1058]</a> Now it is proved +that her own home was in that very town; hence we may conclude that +this friar preacher does not know what he is talking about.<a name="V2FNanchor_1059_1059" id="V2FNanchor_1059_1059"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1059_1059" class="fnanchor">[1059]</a></p> + +<p>The fact of the matter is that she did not remain longer than two +years in the shadow of Sainte-Ségolène.</p> + +<p>Although she had married, it was by no means her intention to forswear +prophesying and chivalry. During her trial Jeanne had been asked by +the examiner: "Jeanne, was it not revealed to you that if you lost +your virginity your good fortune would cease and your Voices desert +you?" She denied that such things had been revealed to her. And when +he insisted, asking her whether she believed that if she were married +her Voices would still come to her, she answered like a good +Christian: "I know not, and I appeal to God."<a name="V2FNanchor_1060_1060" id="V2FNanchor_1060_1060"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1060_1060" class="fnanchor">[1060]</a> Jeanne des +Armoises likewise held that good fortune had not forsaken her on +account of her marriage. Moreover, in those days of prophecy there +were both widows and married women who, like Judith of Bethulia, acted +by divine inspiration. Such had been Dame Catherine de la Rochelle, +although perhaps after all she had not done anything so very +great.<a name="V2FNanchor_1061_1061" id="V2FNanchor_1061_1061"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1061_1061" class="fnanchor">[1061]</a></p> + +<p>In the summer of 1439, la Dame des Armoises went to Orléans. The +magistrates offered her wine and meat as a token of gladness and +devotion. On the first of August they gave her a dinner and presented<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.368" id="V2Page_ii.368">[Pg ii.368]</a></span> +her with two hundred and ten livres of Paris as an acknowledgment of +the service she had rendered to the town during the siege. These are +the very terms in which this expenditure is entered in the account +books of that city.<a name="V2FNanchor_1062_1062" id="V2FNanchor_1062_1062"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1062_1062" class="fnanchor">[1062]</a></p> + +<p>If the folk of Orléans did actually take her for the real Maid, +Jeanne, then it must have been more on account of the evidence of the +Du Lys brothers, than on that of their own eyes. For, when one comes +to think of it, they had seen her but very seldom. During that week in +May, she had only appeared before them armed and on horseback. +Afterwards in June, 1429, and January, 1430, she had merely passed +through the town. True it was she had been offered wine and the +magistrates had sat at table with her;<a name="V2FNanchor_1063_1063" id="V2FNanchor_1063_1063"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1063_1063" class="fnanchor">[1063]</a> but that was nine years +ago. And the lapse of nine years works many a change in a woman's +face. They had seen her last as a young girl, now they found her a +woman and the mother of two children. Moreover they were guided by the +opinion of her kinsfolk. Their attitude provokes some astonishment, +however, when one thinks of the conversation at the banquet, and of +the awkward and inconsistent remarks the dame must have uttered. If +they were not then undeceived, these burgesses must have been passing +simple and strongly prejudiced in favour of their guest.</p> + +<p>And who can say that they were not? Who can say that, after having +given credence to the tidings brought by Jean du Lys, the townsfolk +did not begin to discover the imposture? That the belief in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.369" id="V2Page_ii.369">[Pg ii.369]</a></span> +survival of Jeanne was by no means general in the city, during the +visit of la Dame des Armoises, is proved by the entries in the +municipal accounts of sums expended on the funeral services, which we +have already mentioned. Supposing we abstract the years 1437 and 1438, +the anniversary service had at any rate been held in 1439, two days +before Corpus-Christi, and only about three months before the banquet +on the 1st of August.<a name="V2FNanchor_1064_1064" id="V2FNanchor_1064_1064"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1064_1064" class="fnanchor">[1064]</a> Thus these grateful burgesses of Orléans +were at one and the same time entertaining their benefactress at +banquets and saying masses in memory of her death.</p> + +<p>La Dame des Armoises only spent a fortnight with them. She left the +city towards the end of July. Her departure would seem to have been +hasty and sudden. She was invited to a supper, at which she was to +have been presented with eight pints of wine, but when the wine was +served she had gone, and the banquet had to be held without her.<a name="V2FNanchor_1065_1065" id="V2FNanchor_1065_1065"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1065_1065" class="fnanchor">[1065]</a> +Jean Quillier and Thévanon of Bourges were present. This Thévanon may +have been that Thévenin Villedart, with whom Jeanne's brothers dwelt +during the siege.<a name="V2FNanchor_1066_1066" id="V2FNanchor_1066_1066"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1066_1066" class="fnanchor">[1066]</a> In Jean Quillier we recognise the young draper +who, in June, 1429, had furnished fine Brussels cloth of purple, +wherewith to make a gown for the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_1067_1067" id="V2FNanchor_1067_1067"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1067_1067" class="fnanchor">[1067]</a></p> + +<p>La Dame des Armoises had gone to Tours, where she gave herself out to +be the true Jeanne. She gave the Bailie of Touraine a letter for the +King; and the Bailie undertook to see that it was delivered to the +Prince, who was then at Orléans, having arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.370" id="V2Page_ii.370">[Pg ii.370]</a></span> there but shortly +after Jeanne's departure. The Bailie of Touraine in 1439 was none +other than that Guillaume Bellier who ten years before as lieutenant +of Chinon had received the Maid into his house and committed her to +the care of his devout wife.<a name="V2FNanchor_1068_1068" id="V2FNanchor_1068_1068"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1068_1068" class="fnanchor">[1068]</a></p> + +<p>To the messenger, who bore this letter, Guillaume Bellier also gave a +note for the King written by himself, and "touching the deeds of la +Dame des Armoises."<a name="V2FNanchor_1069_1069" id="V2FNanchor_1069_1069"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1069_1069" class="fnanchor">[1069]</a> We know nothing of its purport.<a name="V2FNanchor_1070_1070" id="V2FNanchor_1070_1070"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1070_1070" class="fnanchor">[1070]</a></p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards the Dame went off into Poitou. There she placed +herself at the service of Seigneur Gille de Rais, Marshal of +France.<a name="V2FNanchor_1071_1071" id="V2FNanchor_1071_1071"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1071_1071" class="fnanchor">[1071]</a> He it was who in his early youth had conducted the Maid +to Orléans, had been with her throughout the coronation campaign, had +fought at her side before the walls of Paris. During Jeanne's +captivity he had occupied Louviers and pushed on boldly to Rouen. Now +throughout the length and breadth of his vast domains he was +kidnapping children, mingling magic with debauchery, and offering to +demons the blood and the limbs of his countless victims. His monstrous +doings spread terror round his castles of Tiffauges and Machecoul, and +already the hand of the Church was upon him.</p> + +<p>According to the Holy Inquisitor of Cologne, la Dame des Armoises +practised magic; but it was not as an invoker of demons that the +Maréchal de Rais employed her; he placed her in authority over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.371" id="V2Page_ii.371">[Pg ii.371]</a></span> +men-at-arms,<a name="V2FNanchor_1072_1072" id="V2FNanchor_1072_1072"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1072_1072" class="fnanchor">[1072]</a> in somewhat the same position as Jeanne had +occupied at Lagny and Compiègne. Did she do great prowess? We do not +know. At any rate she did not hold her office long; and after her it +was bestowed on a Gascon squire, one Jean de Siquemville.<a name="V2FNanchor_1073_1073" id="V2FNanchor_1073_1073"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1073_1073" class="fnanchor">[1073]</a> In the +spring of 1440 she was near Paris.<a name="V2FNanchor_1074_1074" id="V2FNanchor_1074_1074"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1074_1074" class="fnanchor">[1074]</a></p> + +<p>For nearly two years and a half the great town had been loyal to King +Charles. He had entered the city, but had failed to restore it to +prosperity. Deserted houses were everywhere falling into ruins; wolves +penetrated into the suburbs and devoured little children.<a name="V2FNanchor_1075_1075" id="V2FNanchor_1075_1075"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1075_1075" class="fnanchor">[1075]</a> The +townsfolk, who had so recently been Burgundian, could not all forget +how the Maid in company with Friar Richard and the Armagnacs had +attacked the city on the day of the Nativity of Our Lady. There were +many, doubtless, who bore her ill will and believed she had been +burned for her sins; but her name no longer excited universal +reprobation as in 1429. Certain even among her former enemies regarded +her as a martyr to the cause of her liege lord.<a name="V2FNanchor_1076_1076" id="V2FNanchor_1076_1076"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1076_1076" class="fnanchor">[1076]</a> Even in Rouen +such an opinion was not unknown, and it was much more likely to be +held in the city of Paris which had lately turned French. At the +rumour that Jeanne was not dead, that she had been recognised by the +people of Orléans and was coming to Paris, the lower orders in the +city grew excited and disturbances were threatening.</p> + +<p>Under Charles of Valois in 1440, the spirit of the University was just +the same as it had been under<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.372" id="V2Page_ii.372">[Pg ii.372]</a></span> Henry of Lancaster in 1431. It honoured +and respected the King of France, the guardian of its privileges and +the defender of the liberties of the Gallican Church. The illustrious +masters felt no remorse at having demanded and obtained the +chastisement of the rebel and heretic, Jeanne the Maid. Whosoever +persists in error is a heretic; whosoever essays and fails to +overthrow the powers that be is a rebel. It was God's will that in +1440 Charles of Valois should possess the city of Paris; it had not +been God's will in 1429; wherefore the Maid had striven against God. +With equal bitterness would the University, in 1440, have proceeded +against a Maid of the English.</p> + +<p>The magistrates who had returned to their Paris homes from their long +dreary exile at Poitiers sat in the Parlement side by side with the +converted Burgundians.<a name="V2FNanchor_1077_1077" id="V2FNanchor_1077_1077"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1077_1077" class="fnanchor">[1077]</a> In the days of adversity these faithful +servants of King Charles had set the Maid to work, but now in 1440 it +was none of their business to maintain publicly the truth of her +mission and the purity of her faith. Burned by the English, that was +all very well. But a trial conducted by a bishop and a vice-inquisitor +with the concurrence of the University is not an English trial; it is +a trial at once essentially Gallican and essentially Catholic. +Jeanne's name was forever branded throughout Christendom. That +ecclesiastical sentence could be reversed by the Pope alone. But the +Pope had no intention of doing this. He was too much afraid of +displeasing the King of Catholic England; and moreover were he once to +admit that an inquisitor of the faith had pronounced a wrong sentence +he would undermine all human authority. The French<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.373" id="V2Page_ii.373">[Pg ii.373]</a></span> clerks submit and +are silent. In the assemblies of the clergy no one dares to utter +Jeanne's name.</p> + +<p>Fortunately for them neither the doctors and masters of the University +nor the sometime members of the Parlement of Poitiers share the +popular delusion touching la Dame des Armoises. They have no doubt +that the Maid was burned at Rouen. And they fear lest this woman, who +gives herself out to be the deliverer of Orléans, may arouse a tumult +by her entrance into the city. Wherefore the Parlement and the +University send out men-at-arms to meet her. She is arrested and +brought to the Palais.<a name="V2FNanchor_1078_1078" id="V2FNanchor_1078_1078"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1078_1078" class="fnanchor">[1078]</a></p> + +<p>She was examined, tried and sentenced to be publicly exhibited. In the +Palais de Justice, leading up from the court called the Cour-de-Mai, +there was a marble slab on which malefactors were exhibited. La Dame +des Armoises was put up there and shown to the people whom she had +deceived. The usual sermon was preached at her and she was forced to +confess publicly.<a name="V2FNanchor_1079_1079" id="V2FNanchor_1079_1079"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1079_1079" class="fnanchor">[1079]</a></p> + +<p>She declared that she was not the Maid, that she was married to a +knight and had two sons. She told how one day, in her mother's +presence, she heard a woman speak slightingly of her; whereupon she +proceeded to attack the slanderer, and, when her mother restrained +her, she turned her blows against her parent. Had she not been in a +passion she would never have struck her mother. Notwithstanding this +provocation, here was a special case and one reserved for the papal +jurisdiction. Whosoever had raised his hand against his father or his +mother, as likewise against a priest or a clerk, must go and ask<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.374" id="V2Page_ii.374">[Pg ii.374]</a></span> +forgiveness of the Holy Father, to whom alone belonged the power of +convicting or acquitting the sinner. This was what she had done. "I +went to Rome," she said, "attired in man's apparel. I engaged as a +soldier in the war of the Holy Father Eugenius, and in this war I +twice committed homicide."</p> + +<p>When had she journeyed to Rome? Probably before the exile of Pope +Eugenius to Florence, about the year 1433, when the condottieri of the +Duke of Milan were advancing to the gates of the Eternal City.<a name="V2FNanchor_1080_1080" id="V2FNanchor_1080_1080"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1080_1080" class="fnanchor">[1080]</a></p> + +<p>We do not find either the University, or the Ordinary, or the Grand +Inquisitor demanding the trial of this woman, who was suspected of +witchcraft and of homicide, and who was attired in unseemly garments. +She was not prosecuted as a heretic, doubtless because she was not +obstinate, and obstinacy alone constitutes heresy.</p> + +<p>Henceforth she attracted no further attention. It is believed, but on +no very trustworthy evidence, that she ended by returning to Metz, to +her husband, le Chevalier des Armoises, and that she lived quietly and +respectably to a good old age, dwelling in the house over the door of +which were her armorial bearings, or rather those of Jeanne the Maid, +the sword, the crown and the Lilies.<a name="V2FNanchor_1081_1081" id="V2FNanchor_1081_1081"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1081_1081" class="fnanchor">[1081]</a></p> + +<p>The success of this fraud had endured four years. After all it is not +so very surprising. In every age<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.375" id="V2Page_ii.375">[Pg ii.375]</a></span> people have been loath to believe in +the final end of existences which have touched their imagination; they +will not admit that great personalities can be struck down by death +like ordinary folk; such an end to a noble career is repugnant to +them. Impostors, like la Dame des Armoises, never fail to find some +who will believe in them. And the Dame appeared at a time which was +singularly favourable to such a delusion; intellects had been dulled +by long suffering; communication between one district and another was +rendered impossible or difficult, and what was happening in one place +was unknown quite near at hand; in the minds of men there reigned +dimness, ignorance, confusion.</p> + +<p>But even then folk would not have been imposed upon so long by this +pseudo-Jeanne had it not been for the support given her by the Du Lys +brothers. Were they her dupes or her accomplices? Dull-witted as they +may have been, it seems hardly credible that the adventuress could +have imposed upon them. Admitting that she very closely resembled La +Romée's daughter, the woman from La Grange-aux-Ormes cannot possibly +for any length of time have deceived two men who knew Jeanne +intimately, having been brought up with her and come with her into +France.</p> + +<p>If they were not imposed upon, then how can we account for their +conduct? They had lost much when they lost their sister. When he +arrived at La Grange-aux-Ormes, Pierre du Lys had just quitted a +Burgundian prison; his ransom had been paid with his wife's dowry, and +he was then absolutely destitute.<a name="V2FNanchor_1082_1082" id="V2FNanchor_1082_1082"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1082_1082" class="fnanchor">[1082]</a> Jean, Bailie of Vermandois, +afterwards Governor of Chartres and about 1436 Bailie of Vau<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.376" id="V2Page_ii.376">[Pg ii.376]</a></span>couleurs, +was hardly more prosperous.<a name="V2FNanchor_1083_1083" id="V2FNanchor_1083_1083"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1083_1083" class="fnanchor">[1083]</a> Such circumstances explained much. +And yet it is unlikely that they of themselves alone and unsupported +would have played a game so difficult, so risky, and so dangerous. +From the little we know of their lives we should conclude that they +were both too simple, too naïf, too placid, to carry on such an +intrigue.</p> + +<p>We are tempted to believe that they were urged on by some higher and +greater power. Who knows? Perhaps by certain indiscreet persons in the +service of the King of France. The condemnation and death of Jeanne +was a serious attack upon the prestige of Charles VII. May he not have +had in his household or among his counsellors certain subjects who +were rashly jealous enough to invent this appearance, in order to +spread abroad the belief that Jeanne the Maid had not died the death +of a witch, but that by virtue of her innocence and her holiness she +had escaped the flames? If this were so, then we may regard the +imposture of the pseudo-Jeanne, invented at a time when it seemed +impossible ever to obtain a papal revision of the trial of 1431, as an +attempt, surreptitious and fraudulent and speedily abandoned, to bring +about her rehabilitation.</p> + +<p>Such a hypothesis would explain why the Du Lys brothers were not +punished or even disgraced, when they had put themselves in the wrong, +had deceived King and people and committed the crime of high treason. +Jean continued provost of Vaucouleurs for many a long year, and then, +when relieved of his office, received a sum of money in lieu of it. +Pierre, as well as his mother, La Romée, was living at Orléans. In +1443 he received from Duke Charles, who had returned to France three +years before, the grant<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.377" id="V2Page_ii.377">[Pg ii.377]</a></span> of an island in the Loire, +l'Île-aux-Bœufs,<a name="V2FNanchor_1084_1084" id="V2FNanchor_1084_1084"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1084_1084" class="fnanchor">[1084]</a> which was fair grazing land. Nevertheless, +he remained poor, and was constantly receiving help from the Duke and +the townsfolk of Orléans.<a name="V2FNanchor_1085_1085" id="V2FNanchor_1085_1085"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1085_1085" class="fnanchor">[1085]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.378" id="V2Page_ii.378">[Pg ii.378]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2CHAPTER_XVI" id="V2CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h3>AFTER THE DEATH OF THE MAID (<i>continued</i>)—THE ROUEN JUDGES AT THE +COUNCIL OF BÂLE AND THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION—THE REHABILITATION +TRIAL—THE MAID OF SARMAIZE—THE MAID OF LE MANS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capf.jpg" width="114" height="125" alt="F" title="F" class="floatl" />ROM year to year the Council of Bâle drew out its deliberations in a +series of sessions well nigh as lengthy as the tail of the dragon in +the Apocalypse. Its manner of reforming at once the Church, its +members, and its head struck terror into the hearts of the sovereign +Pontiff and the Sacred College. Sorrowfully did Æneus Sylvius exclaim, +"There is assembled at Bâle, not the Church of God indeed, but the +synagogue of Satan."<a name="V2FNanchor_1086_1086" id="V2FNanchor_1086_1086"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1086_1086" class="fnanchor">[1086]</a> But though uttered by a Roman cardinal, +even such an expression can hardly be termed violent when applied to +the synod which established free elections to bishoprics, suppressed +the right of bestowing the pallium, of exacting annates and payments +to the papal chancery, and which was endeavouring to restore the +papacy to evangelical poverty. The King of France and the Emperor, on +the other hand, looked favourably on the Council when it essayed to +bridle the ambition and greed of the Bishop of Rome.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.379" id="V2Page_ii.379">[Pg ii.379]</a></span></p> +<p>Now among the Fathers who displayed the greatest zeal in the +reformation of the Church were the masters and doctors of the +University of Paris, those who had sat in judgment on Jeanne the Maid, +and notably Maître Nicolas Loiseleur and Maître Thomas de Courcelles. +Charles VII convoked an assembly of the clergy of the realm in order +to examine the canons of Bâle. The assembly met in the Sainte-Chapelle +at Bourges, on the 1st of May, 1438. Master Thomas de Courcelles, +appointed delegate by the Council, there conferred with the Lord +Bishop of Castres. Now in 1438 the Bishop of Castres was that elegant +humanist, that zealous counsellor of the crown, who, in style truly +Ciceronian, complained in his letters that so closely was he bound to +his glebe, the court, that no time remained to him to visit his +spouse.<a name="V2FNanchor_1087_1087" id="V2FNanchor_1087_1087"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1087_1087" class="fnanchor">[1087]</a> He was none other than that Gérard Machet, the King's +confessor, who had, in 1429, along with the clerks at Poitiers, +pleaded the authority of prophecy in favour of the Maid, in whom he +found nought but sincerity and goodness.<a name="V2FNanchor_1088_1088" id="V2FNanchor_1088_1088"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1088_1088" class="fnanchor">[1088]</a> Maître Thomas de +Courcelles at Rouen had urged the Maid's being tortured and delivered +to the secular arm.<a name="V2FNanchor_1089_1089" id="V2FNanchor_1089_1089"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1089_1089" class="fnanchor">[1089]</a> At the Bourges assembly the two churchmen +agreed touching the supremacy of General Councils, the freedom of +episcopal elections, the suppression of annates and the rights of the +Gallican Church. At that moment it was not likely that either one or +the other remembered the poor Maid. From the deliberations of this +assembly, in which Maître Thomas played an important part, there +issued the solemn edict promulgated by the King on the 7th of July, +1438; the Pragmatic<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.380" id="V2Page_ii.380">[Pg ii.380]</a></span> Sanction. By this edict the canons of Bâle became +the constitution of the Church of France.<a name="V2FNanchor_1090_1090" id="V2FNanchor_1090_1090"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1090_1090" class="fnanchor">[1090]</a></p> + +<p>The Emperor also agreed to the reforms of Bâle. So audacious did the +Fathers become that they summoned Pope Eugenius to appear before their +tribunal. When he refused to obey their summons, they deposed him, +declaring him to be disobedient, obstinate, rebellious, a breaker of +rules, a perturber of ecclesiastical unity, a perjurer, a schismatic, +a hardened heretic, a squanderer of the treasures of the Church, +scandalous, simoniacal, pernicious and damnable.<a name="V2FNanchor_1091_1091" id="V2FNanchor_1091_1091"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1091_1091" class="fnanchor">[1091]</a> Such was the +condemnation of the Holy Fathers pronounced among other doctors by +Maître Jean Beaupère, Maître Thomas de Courcelles and Maître Nicolas +Loiseleur, who had all three so sternly reproached Jeanne with having +refused to submit to the Pope.<a name="V2FNanchor_1092_1092" id="V2FNanchor_1092_1092"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1092_1092" class="fnanchor">[1092]</a> Maître Nicolas had been extremely +energetic throughout the Maid's trial, playing alternately the parts +of the Lorraine prisoner and Saint Catherine; when she was led to the +stake he had run after her like a madman.<a name="V2FNanchor_1093_1093" id="V2FNanchor_1093_1093"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1093_1093" class="fnanchor">[1093]</a> This same Maître +Nicolas now displayed great activity in the Council wherein he +attained to some eminence. He upheld the view that the General Council +canonically convoked, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.381" id="V2Page_ii.381">[Pg ii.381]</a></span> superior to the Pope and in a position to +depose him. And albeit this canon was a mere master of arts, he made +such an impression on the Fathers at Bâle that in 1439, they +despatched him to act as juris-consult at the Diet of Mainz. Meanwhile +his attitude was strongly displeasing to the chapter which had sent +him as deputy to the Council. The canons of Rouen sided with the +Sovereign Pontiff and against the Fathers, on this point joining issue +with the University of Paris. They disowned their delegate and sent to +recall him on the 28th of July, 1438.<a name="V2FNanchor_1094_1094" id="V2FNanchor_1094_1094"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1094_1094" class="fnanchor">[1094]</a></p> + +<p>Maître Thomas de Courcelles, one of those who had declared the Pope +disobedient, obstinate, rebellious and the rest, was nominated one of +the commissioners to preside over the election of a new pope, and, +like Loiseleur, a delegate to the Diet of Mainz. But, unlike +Loiseleur, he was not disowned by those who had appointed him, for he +was the deputy of the University of Paris who recognised the Pope of +the Council, Felix, to be the true Father of the Faithful.<a name="V2FNanchor_1095_1095" id="V2FNanchor_1095_1095"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1095_1095" class="fnanchor">[1095]</a> In +the assembly of the French clergy held at Bourges in the August of +1440, Maître Thomas spoke in the name of the Fathers of Bâle. He +discoursed for two hours to the complete satisfaction of the +King.<a name="V2FNanchor_1096_1096" id="V2FNanchor_1096_1096"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1096_1096" class="fnanchor">[1096]</a> Charles VII, while remaining loyal to Pope Eugenius, +maintained the Pragmatic Sanction. Maître Thomas de Courcelles was +henceforth one of the pillars of the French Church.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the English government had declared for the Pope and against +the Council.<a name="V2FNanchor_1097_1097" id="V2FNanchor_1097_1097"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1097_1097" class="fnanchor">[1097]</a> My Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.382" id="V2Page_ii.382">[Pg ii.382]</a></span> Pierre Cauchon, who had become Bishop of +Lisieux, was Henry VI's ambassador at the Council. And at Bâle a +somewhat unpleasant experience befell him. By reason of his +translation to the see of Lisieux he owed Rome annates to the amount +of 400 golden florins. In Germany he was informed by the Pope's +Treasurer that by his failure to pay this sum, despite the long delays +granted to him, he had incurred excommunication, and that being +excommunicate, by presuming to celebrate divine service he had +committed irregularity.<a name="V2FNanchor_1098_1098" id="V2FNanchor_1098_1098"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1098_1098" class="fnanchor">[1098]</a> Such accusations must have caused him +considerable annoyance. But after all, such occurrences were frequent +and of no great consequence. On churchmen these thunderbolts fell but +lightly, doing them no great hurt.</p> + +<p>From 1444, the realm of France, disembarrassed alike of adversaries +and of defenders, was free to labour, to work at various trades, to +engage in commerce and to grow rich. In the intervals between wars and +during truces, King Charles's government, by the interchange of +natural products and of merchandise, also, we may add, by the +abolition of tolls and dues on the Rivers Seine, Oise, and Loire, +effected the actual conquest of Normandy. Thus, when the time for +nominal conquest came, the French had only to take possession of the +province. So easy had this become, that in the rapid campaign of +1449,<a name="V2FNanchor_1099_1099" id="V2FNanchor_1099_1099"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1099_1099" class="fnanchor">[1099]</a> even the Constable was not beaten, neither was the Duke of +Alençon. In his royal and peaceful manner Charles VII resumed +possession of his town of Rouen, just as twenty years before he had +taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.383" id="V2Page_ii.383">[Pg ii.383]</a></span> Troyes and Reims, as the result of an understanding with the +townsfolk and in return for an amnesty and the grant of rights and +privileges to the burghers. He entered the city on Monday, the 10th of +November, 1449.</p> + +<p>The French government felt itself strong enough even to attempt the +reconquest of that essentially English province, Aquitaine. In 1451, +my Lord the Bastard, now Count of Dunois, took possession of the +fortress of Blaye. Bordeaux and Bayonne surrendered in the same year. +In the following manner did the Lord Bishop of Le Mans celebrate these +conquests, worthy of the majesty of the most Christian King.</p> + +<p>"Maine, Normandy, Aquitaine, these goodly provinces have returned to +their allegiance to the King. Almost without the shedding of French +blood hath this been accomplished. It hath not been necessary to +overthrow the ramparts of many strongly walled towns, or to demolish +their fortifications or for the inhabitants to suffer either pillage +or murder."<a name="V2FNanchor_1100_1100" id="V2FNanchor_1100_1100"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1100_1100" class="fnanchor">[1100]</a></p> + +<p>Indeed Normandy and Maine were quite content at being French once +more. The town of Bordeaux was alone in regretting the English, whose +departure spelt its ruin. It revolted in 1452; and then after +considerable difficulty was reconquered once and for all.</p> + +<p>King Charles, henceforth rich and victorious, now desired to efface +the stain inflicted on his reputation by the sentence of 1431. He +wanted to prove to the whole world that it was no witch who had +conducted him to his coronation. He was now eager to appeal against +the condemnation of the Maid. But this<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.384" id="V2Page_ii.384">[Pg ii.384]</a></span> condemnation had been +pronounced by the church, and the Pope alone could order it to be +cancelled. The King hoped to bring the Pope to do this, although he +knew it would not be easy. In the March of 1450, he proceeded to a +preliminary inquiry;<a name="V2FNanchor_1101_1101" id="V2FNanchor_1101_1101"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1101_1101" class="fnanchor">[1101]</a> and matters remained in that position until +the arrival in France of Cardinal d'Estouteville, the legate of the +Holy See. Pope Nicolas had sent him to negotiate with the King of +France a peace with England and a crusade against the Turks. Cardinal +d'Estouteville, who belonged to a Norman family, was just the man to +discover the weak points in Jeanne's trial. In order to curry favour +with Charles, he, as legate, set on foot a new inquiry at Rouen, with +the assistance of Jean Bréhal, of the order of preaching friars, the +Inquisitor of the Faith in the kingdom of France. But the Pope did not +approve of the legate's intervention;<a name="V2FNanchor_1102_1102" id="V2FNanchor_1102_1102"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1102_1102" class="fnanchor">[1102]</a> and for three years the +revision was not proceeded with. Nicolas V would not allow it to be +thought that the sacred tribunal of the most holy Inquisition was +fallible and had even once pronounced an unjust sentence. And there +existed at Rome a stronger reason for not interfering with the trial +of 1431: the French demanded revision; the English were opposed to it; +and the Pope did not wish to annoy the English, for they were then +just as good and even better Catholics than the French.<a name="V2FNanchor_1103_1103" id="V2FNanchor_1103_1103"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1103_1103" class="fnanchor">[1103]</a></p> + +<p>In order to relieve the Pope from embarrassment and set him at his +ease, the government of Charles VII<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.385" id="V2Page_ii.385">[Pg ii.385]</a></span> invented an expedient: the King +was not to appear in the suit; his place was to be taken by the family +of the Maid. Jeanne's mother, Isabelle Romée de Vouthon, who lived in +retirement at Orléans,<a name="V2FNanchor_1104_1104" id="V2FNanchor_1104_1104"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1104_1104" class="fnanchor">[1104]</a> and her two sons, Pierre and Jean du Lys, +demanded the revision.<a name="V2FNanchor_1105_1105" id="V2FNanchor_1105_1105"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1105_1105" class="fnanchor">[1105]</a> By this legal artifice the case was +converted from a political into a private suit. At this juncture +Nicolas V died, on the 24th of March, 1455. His successor, Calixtus +III, a Borgia, an old man of seventy-eight, by a rescript dated the +11th of June, 1455, authorised the institution of proceedings. To this +end he appointed Jean Jouvenel des Ursins, Archbishop of Reims, +Guillaume Chartier, Bishop of Paris, and Richard Olivier, Bishop of +Coutances, who were to act conjointly with the Grand Inquisitor of +France.<a name="V2FNanchor_1106_1106" id="V2FNanchor_1106_1106"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1106_1106" class="fnanchor">[1106]</a></p> + +<p>From the first it was agreed that certain of those concerned in the +original trial were not now to be involved, "for they had been +deceived." Notably it was admitted that the Daughter of Kings, the +Mother of Learning, the University of Paris, had been led into error +by a fraudulent indictment consisting of twelve articles. It was +agreed that the whole responsibility should be thrown on to the Bishop +of Beauvais and the Promoter, Guillaume d'Estivet, who were both +deceased. The precaution was necessary. Had it not been taken, certain +doctors very influential with the King and very dear to the Church of +France would have been greatly embarrassed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.386" id="V2Page_ii.386">[Pg ii.386]</a></span></p> + +<p>On the 7th of November, 1455, Isabelle Romée and her two sons, +followed by a long procession of innumerable ecclesiasties, laymen, +and worthy women, approached the church of Notre Dame in Paris to +demand justice from the prelates and papal commissioners.<a name="V2FNanchor_1107_1107" id="V2FNanchor_1107_1107"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1107_1107" class="fnanchor">[1107]</a></p> + +<p>Informers and accusers in the trial of the late Jeanne were summoned +to appear at Rouen on the 12th of December. Not one came.<a name="V2FNanchor_1108_1108" id="V2FNanchor_1108_1108"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1108_1108" class="fnanchor">[1108]</a> The +heirs of the late Messire Pierre Cauchon declined all liability for +the deeds of their deceased kinsman, and touching the civil +responsibility, they pleaded the amnesty granted by the King on the +reconquest of Normandy.<a name="V2FNanchor_1109_1109" id="V2FNanchor_1109_1109"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1109_1109" class="fnanchor">[1109]</a> As had been expected, the proceedings +went forward without any obstacle or even any discussion.</p> + +<p>Inquiries were instituted at Domremy, at Orléans, at Paris, at +Rouen.<a name="V2FNanchor_1110_1110" id="V2FNanchor_1110_1110"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1110_1110" class="fnanchor">[1110]</a> The friends of Jeannette's childhood, Hauviette, +Mengette, either married or grown old; Jeannette, the wife of +Thévenin; Jeannette, the widow of Estellin; Jean Morel of Greux; +Gérardin of Épinal, the Burgundian, and his wife Isabellette, who had +been godmother to Jacques d'Arc's daughter; Perrin, the bell-ringer; +Jeanne's uncle Lassois; the Leroyer couple and a score of peasants +from Domremy all appeared. Bertrand de Poulengy, then sixty-three and +gentleman of the horse to the King of France, was heard; likewise Jean +de Novelompont, called Jean de Metz, who had been raised to noble rank +and was now living at Vaucouleurs, where he held some military office. +Gentlemen and ecclesiasties of Lorraine and Cham<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.387" id="V2Page_ii.387">[Pg ii.387]</a></span>pagne were +examined.<a name="V2FNanchor_1111_1111" id="V2FNanchor_1111_1111"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1111_1111" class="fnanchor">[1111]</a> Burgesses of Orléans were also called, and notably +Jean Luillier, the draper, who in June, 1429, had furnished fine +Brussels cloth of purple for Jeanne's gown and ten years later had +been present at the banquet given by the magistrates of Orléans in +honour of the Maid who, as it was believed, had escaped burning.<a name="V2FNanchor_1112_1112" id="V2FNanchor_1112_1112"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1112_1112" class="fnanchor">[1112]</a> +Jean Luillier was the most intelligent of the witnesses; as for the +others, of whom there were about two dozen townsmen and townswomen, of +between fifty and sixty years of age, they did little but repeat his +evidence.<a name="V2FNanchor_1113_1113" id="V2FNanchor_1113_1113"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1113_1113" class="fnanchor">[1113]</a> He spoke well; but the fear of the English dazzled him +and he saw many more of them than there had ever been.</p> + +<p>Touching the examination at Poitiers there were called an advocate, a +squire, a man of business, François Garivel, who was fifteen at the +time of Jeanne's interrogation.<a name="V2FNanchor_1114_1114" id="V2FNanchor_1114_1114"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1114_1114" class="fnanchor">[1114]</a> The only cleric summoned was +Brother Seguin of Limousin.<a name="V2FNanchor_1115_1115" id="V2FNanchor_1115_1115"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1115_1115" class="fnanchor">[1115]</a> The clerics of Poitiers were first +as disinclined to risk themselves in this matter as were those of +Rouen; a burnt child dreads the fire. La Hire and Poton of +Saintrailles were dead. The survivors of Orléans and of Patay were +called; the Bastard Jean, now Count of Dunois and Longueville, who +gave his evidence like a clerk;<a name="V2FNanchor_1116_1116" id="V2FNanchor_1116_1116"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1116_1116" class="fnanchor">[1116]</a> the old Sire de Gaucourt, who in +his eighty-fifth year made some effort of memory, and for the rest +gave the same evidence as the Count of Dunois;<a name="V2FNanchor_1117_1117" id="V2FNanchor_1117_1117"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1117_1117" class="fnanchor">[1117]</a> the Duke of +Alençon, on the point of making an alliance with the English and of +procuring a powder<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.388" id="V2Page_ii.388">[Pg ii.388]</a></span> with which to dry up the King,<a name="V2FNanchor_1118_1118" id="V2FNanchor_1118_1118"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1118_1118" class="fnanchor">[1118]</a> but who was +none the less talkative and vain-glorious;<a name="V2FNanchor_1119_1119" id="V2FNanchor_1119_1119"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1119_1119" class="fnanchor">[1119]</a> Jeanne's steward, +Messire Jean d'Aulon, who had become a knight, a King's Counsellor and +Seneschal of Beaucaire,<a name="V2FNanchor_1120_1120" id="V2FNanchor_1120_1120"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1120_1120" class="fnanchor">[1120]</a> and the little page Louis de Coutes, now +a noble of forty-two.<a name="V2FNanchor_1121_1121" id="V2FNanchor_1121_1121"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1121_1121" class="fnanchor">[1121]</a> Brother Pasquerel too was called; even in +his old-age he remained superficial and credulous.<a name="V2FNanchor_1122_1122" id="V2FNanchor_1122_1122"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1122_1122" class="fnanchor">[1122]</a> And there was +heard also the widow of Maître René de Bouligny, Demoiselle Marguerite +la Toroulde, who delicately and with a good grace related what she +remembered.<a name="V2FNanchor_1123_1123" id="V2FNanchor_1123_1123"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1123_1123" class="fnanchor">[1123]</a></p> + +<p>Care was taken not to summon the Lord Archbishop of Rouen, Messire +Raoul Roussel, as a witness of the actual incidents of the trial, +albeit he had sat in judgment on the Maid, side by side with my Lord +of Beauvais. As for the Vice Inquisitor of Religion, Brother Jean +Lemaistre, he might have been dead, so completely was he ignored. +Nevertheless, certain of the assessors were called: Jean Beaupère, +canon of Paris, of Besançon and of Rouen; Jean de Mailly, Lord Bishop +of Noyon; Jean Lefèvre, Bishop of Démétriade; divers canons of Rouen, +sundry ecclesiastics who appeared some unctuous, others stern and +frowning;<a name="V2FNanchor_1124_1124" id="V2FNanchor_1124_1124"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1124_1124" class="fnanchor">[1124]</a> and, finally, the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.389" id="V2Page_ii.389">[Pg ii.389]</a></span> illustrious Thomas de +Courcelles, who, after having been the most laborious and assiduous +collaborator of the Bishop of Beauvais, recalled nothing when he came +before the commissioners for the revision.<a name="V2FNanchor_1125_1125" id="V2FNanchor_1125_1125"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1125_1125" class="fnanchor">[1125]</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a name="V2Bastard"> +<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="258" height="400" alt="Bastard of Orleans" title="Bastard of Orleans" /></a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE BASTARD OF ORLEANS</b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><i>From an old engraving</i></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image10a.jpg">Enlarge</a></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p>Among those who had been most zealous to procure Jeanne's condemnation +were those who were now most eagerly labouring for her rehabilitation. +The registrars of the Lord Bishop of Beauvais, the Boisguillaumes, the +Manchons, the Taquels, all those ink-pots of the Church who had been +used for her death sentence, worked wonders when that sentence had to +be annulled; all the zeal they had displayed in the institution of the +trial they now displayed in its revision; they were prepared to +discover in it every possible flaw.<a name="V2FNanchor_1126_1126" id="V2FNanchor_1126_1126"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1126_1126" class="fnanchor">[1126]</a></p> + +<p>And in what a poor and paltry tone did these benign fabricators of +legal artifices denounce the cruel iniquity which they had themselves +perpetrated in due form! Among them was the Usher, Jean Massieu, a +dissolute priest,<a name="V2FNanchor_1127_1127" id="V2FNanchor_1127_1127"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1127_1127" class="fnanchor">[1127]</a> of scandalous morals, but a kindly fellow for +all that, albeit somewhat crafty and the inventor of a thousand +ridiculous stories against Cauchon, as if the old Bishop were not +black enough already.<a name="V2FNanchor_1128_1128" id="V2FNanchor_1128_1128"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1128_1128" class="fnanchor">[1128]</a> The revision commissioners produced a +couple of sorry monks, Friar Martin Ladvenu and Friar Isambart de la +Pierre, from the monastery of the preaching friars at Rouen. They wept +in a heart-rending manner as they told of the pious end of that poor +Maid, whom they had declared a heretic, then a relapsed heretic, and +had finally burned alive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.390" id="V2Page_ii.390">[Pg ii.390]</a></span> There was not one of the clerks charged +with the examination of Jeanne but was touched to the heart at the +memory of so saintly a damsel.<a name="V2FNanchor_1129_1129" id="V2FNanchor_1129_1129"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1129_1129" class="fnanchor">[1129]</a></p> + +<p>Huge piles of memoranda drawn up by doctors of high repute, canonists, +theologians and jurists, both French and foreign, were furnished for +the trial. Their chief object was to establish by scholastic reasoning +that Jeanne had submitted her deeds and sayings to the judgment of the +Church and of the Holy Father. These doctors proved that the judges of +1431 had been very subtle and Jeanne very simple. Doubtless, it was +the best way to make out that she had submitted to the Church; but +they over-reached themselves and made her too simple. According to +them she was absolutely ignorant, almost an idiot, understanding +nothing, imagining that the clerics who examined her in themselves +alone constituted the Church Militant. This had been the impression of +the doctors on the French side in 1429. <i>La Pucelle</i>, "<i>une puce</i>," +said the Lord Archbishop of Embrun.<a name="V2FNanchor_1130_1130" id="V2FNanchor_1130_1130"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1130_1130" class="fnanchor">[1130]</a></p> + +<p>But there was another reason for making her appear as weak and +imbecile as possible. Such a representation exalted the power of God, +who through her had restored the King of France to his inheritance.</p> + +<p>Declarations confirming this view of the Maid were obtained by the +commissioners from most of the witnesses. She was simple, she was very +simple, she was absolutely simple, they repeated one after the other. +And they all in the same words added: "Yes, she was simple, save in +deeds of war, wherein she was well skilled."<a name="V2FNanchor_1131_1131" id="V2FNanchor_1131_1131"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1131_1131" class="fnanchor">[1131]</a> Then the captains +said how clever<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.391" id="V2Page_ii.391">[Pg ii.391]</a></span> she was in placing cannon, albeit they knew well to +the contrary. But how could she have failed to be well versed in deeds +of war, since God himself led her against the English? And in this +possession of the art of war by an unskilled girl lay the miracle.</p> + +<p>The Grand Inquisitor of France, Jean Bréhal, in his reminiscence +enumerates the reasons for believing that Jeanne came from God. One of +the proofs which seems to have struck him most forcibly is that her +coming is foretold in the prophecies of Merlin, the Magician.<a name="V2FNanchor_1132_1132" id="V2FNanchor_1132_1132"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1132_1132" class="fnanchor">[1132]</a></p> + +<p>Believing that he could prove from one of Jeanne's answers that her +first apparitions were in her thirteenth year, Brother Jean Bréhal +argues that the fact is all the more credible seeing that this number +13, composed of 3, which indicates the Blessed Trinity, and of 10, +which expresses the perfect observation of the Decalogue, is +marvellously favourable to divine visitations.<a name="V2FNanchor_1133_1133" id="V2FNanchor_1133_1133"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1133_1133" class="fnanchor">[1133]</a></p> + +<p>On the 16th of June, 1455, the sentence of 1431 was declared unjust, +unfounded, iniquitous. It was nullified and pronounced invalid.</p> + +<p>Thus was honour restored to the messenger of the coronation, thus was +her memory reconciled with the Church. But that abundant source whence +on the appearance of this child there had flowed so many pious legends +and heroic fables was henceforth dried up. The rehabilitation trial +added little to the popular legend. It rendered it possible to connect +with Jeanne's death the usual incidents narrated of the martyrdom of +virgins, such as the dove taking flight from the stake, the name of +Jesus written in letters of<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.392" id="V2Page_ii.392">[Pg ii.392]</a></span> flame, the heart intact in the +ashes.<a name="V2FNanchor_1134_1134" id="V2FNanchor_1134_1134"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1134_1134" class="fnanchor">[1134]</a> The miserable deaths of the wicked judges were insisted +upon. True it is that Jean d'Estivet, the Promoter, was found dead in +a dove-cot,<a name="V2FNanchor_1135_1135" id="V2FNanchor_1135_1135"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1135_1135" class="fnanchor">[1135]</a> that Nicolas Midi was attacked by leprosy, that +Pierre Cauchon died when he was being shaved.<a name="V2FNanchor_1136_1136" id="V2FNanchor_1136_1136"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1136_1136" class="fnanchor">[1136]</a> But, among those +who aided and accompanied the Maid, more than one came to a bad end. +Sire Robert de Baudricourt, who had sent Jeanne to the King, died in +prison, excommunicated for having laid waste the lands of the chapter +of Toul.<a name="V2FNanchor_1137_1137" id="V2FNanchor_1137_1137"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1137_1137" class="fnanchor">[1137]</a> The Maréchal de Rais was sentenced to death.<a name="V2FNanchor_1138_1138" id="V2FNanchor_1138_1138"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1138_1138" class="fnanchor">[1138]</a> The +Duke of Alençon, convicted of high treason, was pardoned only to fall +under a new condemnation and to die in captivity.<a name="V2FNanchor_1139_1139" id="V2FNanchor_1139_1139"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1139_1139" class="fnanchor">[1139]</a></p> + +<p>Two years after Charles VII had ordered the preliminary inquiry into +the trial of 1431, a woman, following the example of la Dame des +Armoises, passed herself off as the Maid Jeanne.</p> + +<p>At this time there lived in the little town of Sarmaize, between the +Marne and the Meuse, two cousins german of the Maid, Poiresson and +Périnet, both sons of the late Jean de Vouthon, Isabelle Romée's +brother, who in his lifetime had been a thatcher by trade. Now, on a +day in 1452, it befell that the curé of Notre Dame de Sarmaize, Simon +Fauchard, being in the market-house of the town, there came to him a +woman dressed as a youth who asked him to play at tennis with her.</p> + +<p>He consented, and when they had begun their<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.393" id="V2Page_ii.393">[Pg ii.393]</a></span> game the woman said to +him, "Say boldly that you have played tennis with the Maid." And at +these words Simon Fauchard was right joyful.</p> + +<p>The woman afterwards went to the house of Périnet, the carpenter, and +said, "I am the Maid; I come to visit my Cousin Henri."</p> + +<p>Périnet, Poiresson, and Henri de Vouthon made her good cheer and kept +her in their house, where she ate and drank as she pleased.<a name="V2FNanchor_1140_1140" id="V2FNanchor_1140_1140"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1140_1140" class="fnanchor">[1140]</a></p> + +<p>Then, when she had had enough, she went away.</p> + +<p>Whence came she? No one knows. Whither did she go? She may probably be +recognised in an adventuress, who not long afterwards, with her hair +cut short and a hood on her head, wearing doublet and hose, wandered +through Anjou, calling herself Jeanne the Maid. While the doctors and +masters, engaged in the revision of the trial, were gathering evidence +of Jeanne's life and death from all parts of the kingdom, this false +Jeanne was finding credence with many folk. But she became involved in +difficulties with a certain Dame of Saumoussay,<a name="V2FNanchor_1141_1141" id="V2FNanchor_1141_1141"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1141_1141" class="fnanchor">[1141]</a> and was cast +into the prison of Saumur, where she lay for three months. At the end +of this time, having been banished from the dominions of the good King +René, she married one Jean Douillet; and, by a document dated the 3rd +day of February, 1456, she received permission to return to Saumur, on +condition of living there respectably and ceasing to wear man's +apparel.<a name="V2FNanchor_1142_1142" id="V2FNanchor_1142_1142"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1142_1142" class="fnanchor">[1142]</a></p> + +<p>About this time there came to Laval in the diocese<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.394" id="V2Page_ii.394">[Pg ii.394]</a></span> of Le Mans, a +damsel between eighteen and twenty-two, who was a native of a +neighbouring place called Chassé-les-Usson. Her father's name was Jean +Féron and she was commonly called Jeanne la Férone.</p> + +<p>She was inspired from heaven, and the names Jesus and Mary were for +ever on her lips; yet the devil cruelly tormented her. The Dame de +Laval, mother of the Lords André and Guy, being now very aged, +marvelled at the piety and the sufferings of the holy damsel; and she +sent her to Le Mans, to the Bishop.</p> + +<p>Since 1449, the see of Le Mans had been held by Messire Martin +Berruyer of Touraine. In his youth he had been professor of philosophy +and rhetoric at the University of Paris. Later he had devoted himself +to theology and had become one of the directors of the College of +Navarre. Although he was infirm with age, his learning was such that +he was consulted by the commissioners for the rehabilitation +trial,<a name="V2FNanchor_1143_1143" id="V2FNanchor_1143_1143"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1143_1143" class="fnanchor">[1143]</a> whereupon he drew up a memorandum touching the Maid. +Herein he believes her to have been verily sent of God because she was +abject and very poor and appeared well nigh imbecile in everything +that did not concern her mission. Messire Martin argues that it was by +reason of the King's virtues that God had vouchsafed to him the help +of the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_1144_1144" id="V2FNanchor_1144_1144"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1144_1144" class="fnanchor">[1144]</a> Such an idea found favour with the theologians of +the French party.</p> + +<p>The Lord Bishop, Martin Berruyer, heard Jeanne la Férone in +confession, renewed her baptism, confirmed her in the faith and gave +her the name of Marie, in gratitude for the abounding grace which the +most Holy Virgin, Mother of God, had granted to his servant.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.395" id="V2Page_ii.395">[Pg ii.395]</a></span></p> + +<p>This maid was subject to the violent attacks of evil spirits. Many a +time did my Lord of Mans behold her covered with bleeding wounds, +struggling in the grasp of the enemy, and on several occasions he +delivered her by means of exorcisms. Greatly was he edified by this +holy damsel, who made known unto him marvellous secrets, who abounded +in pious revelations and noble Christian utterances. Wherefore in +praise of La Férone he wrote many letters<a name="V2FNanchor_1145_1145" id="V2FNanchor_1145_1145"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1145_1145" class="fnanchor">[1145]</a> to princes and +communities of the realm.</p> + +<p>The Queen of France, who was then very old and whose husband had long +ago deserted her, heard tell of the Maid of Le Mans, and wrote to +Messire Martin Berruyer, requesting him to make the damsel known unto +her.</p> + +<p>Thus there befel, what we have seen happening over and over again in +this history, that when a devout person, leading a contemplative life +uttered prophecies, those in places of authority grew curious +concerning her and desired to submit her to the judgment of the Church +that they might know whether the goodness that appeared in her were +true or false. Certain officers of the King visited La Férone at Le +Mans.</p> + +<p>As revelations touching the realm of France had been vouchsafed to +her, she spoke to them the following words:</p> + +<p>"Commend me very humbly to the King and bid him recognise the grace +which God granteth unto him, and lighten the burdens of his people."<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.396" id="V2Page_ii.396">[Pg ii.396]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the December of 1460, she was summoned before the Royal Council, +which was then sitting at Tours, while the King, who was sick of an +ulcer in the leg, was residing in the Château of Les Montils.<a name="V2FNanchor_1146_1146" id="V2FNanchor_1146_1146"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1146_1146" class="fnanchor">[1146]</a> +The Maid of Le Mans was examined in like manner as the Maid Jeanne had +been, but the result was unfavourable; she was found wanting in +everything. Brought before the ecclesiastical court she was convicted +of imposture. It appeared that she was no maid, but was living in +concubinage with a cleric, that certain persons in the service of my +Lord of Le Mans instructed her in what she was to say, and that such +was the origin of the revelations she made to the Reverend Father in +God, Messire Martin Berruyer, under the seal of the confession. +Convicted of being a hypocrite, an idolatress, an invoker of demons, a +witch, a magician, lascivious, dissolute, an enchantress, a mine of +falsehood, she was condemned to have a fool's cap put on her head and +to be preached at in public, in the towns of Le Mans, Tours and Laval. +On the 2nd of May, 1461, she was exhibited to the folk at Tours, +wearing a paper cap and over her head a scroll on which her deeds were +set forth in lines of Latin and of French. Maître Guillaume de +Châteaufort, Grand Master of the Royal College of Navarre, preached to +her. Then she was cast into close confinement in a prison, there to +weep over her sins for the space of seven years, eating the bread of +sorrow and drinking the water of affliction;<a name="V2FNanchor_1147_1147" id="V2FNanchor_1147_1147"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1147_1147" class="fnanchor">[1147]</a> at the end of which +time she rented a house of ill fame.<a name="V2FNanchor_1148_1148" id="V2FNanchor_1148_1148"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1148_1148" class="fnanchor">[1148]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.397" id="V2Page_ii.397">[Pg ii.397]</a></span></p><p>On Wednesday, the 22nd of July, 1461, covered with ulcers internal and +external, believing himself poisoned and perhaps not without reason, +Charles VII died, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, in his Château +of Mehun-sur-Yèvre.<a name="V2FNanchor_1149_1149" id="V2FNanchor_1149_1149"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1149_1149" class="fnanchor">[1149]</a></p> + +<p>On Thursday, the 6th of August, his body was borne to the Church of +Saint-Denys in France and placed in a chapel hung with velvet; the +nave was draped with black satin, the vault was covered with blue +cloth embroidered with flowers-de-luce.<a name="V2FNanchor_1150_1150" id="V2FNanchor_1150_1150"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1150_1150" class="fnanchor">[1150]</a> During the ceremony, +which took place on the following day, a funeral oration was delivered +on Charles VII. The preacher was no less a personage than the most +highly renowned professor at the University of Paris, the doctor, who +according to the Princes of the Roman Church was ever aimable and +modest, he who had been the stoutest defender of the liberties of the +Gallican Church, the ecclesiastic who, having declined a Cardinal's +hat, bore to the threshold of an illustrious old age none other title +than that of Dean of the Canons of Notre Dame de Paris, Maître Thomas +de Courcelles.<a name="V2FNanchor_1151_1151" id="V2FNanchor_1151_1151"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1151_1151" class="fnanchor">[1151]</a> Thus it befell that the assessor of Rouen, who +had been the most bitterly bent on procuring Jeanne's cruel +condemnation, celebrated the memory of the victorious King whom the +Maid had conducted to his solemn coronation.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.399" id="V2Page_ii.399">[Pg ii.399]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2APPENDICES" id="V2APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.401" id="V2Page_ii.401">[Pg ii.401]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2APPENDIX_I" id="V2APPENDIX_I"></a>APPENDIX I</h2> + +<h3>LETTER FROM DOCTOR G. DUMAS</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capm.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="M" title="M" class="floatl" />Y DEAR MASTER,—You ask for my medical opinion in the case of Jeanne +d'Arc. Had I been able to examine it at my leisure with the Doctors +Tiphaine and Delachambre, who were summoned before the tribunal at +Rouen, I might have found it difficult to come to any definite +conclusion. And even more difficult do I find it now, when my +diagnosis must necessarily be retrospective and based upon +examinations conducted by persons who never dreamed of attempting to +discover the existence of any nervous disease. However since they +ascribed what we now call disease to the influence of the devil, their +questions are not without significance for us. Therefore with many +reservations I will endeavour to answer your question.</p> + +<p>Of Jeanne's inherited constitution we know nothing; and of her +personal antecedents we are almost entirely ignorant. Our only +information concerning such matters comes from Jean d'Aulon, who, on +the evidence of several women, states<a name="V2FNanchor_1152_1152" id="V2FNanchor_1152_1152"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1152_1152" class="fnanchor">[1152]</a> that she was never fully +developed, a condition which frequently occurs in neurotic subjects.</p> + +<p>We should, however, be unable to arrive at any conclusion concerning +Jeanne's nervous constitution had not her judges, and in particular +Maître Jean Beaupère, in the numerous examinations to which they +subjected her,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.402" id="V2Page_ii.402">[Pg ii.402]</a></span> elicited certain significant details on the subject of +her hallucinations.</p> + +<p>Maître Beaupère begins by inquiring very judiciously whether Jeanne +had fasted the day before she first heard her voices. Whence we infer +that the interdependence of inanition and hallucinations was +recognised by this illustrious professor of theology. Before +condemning Jeanne as a witch he wanted to make sure that she was not +merely suffering from weakness. Some time later we find Saint Theresa +suspecting that the visions said to have been seen by a certain nun +were merely the result of long fasting. Saint Theresa insisted on the +nun's partaking of food, and the visions ceased.</p> + +<p>Jeanne replies that she had only fasted since the morning, and Maître +Beaupère proceeds to ask:</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "In what direction did you hear the voice?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "I heard it on the right, towards the church."</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "Was the voice accompanied by any light?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "I seldom heard it without there being a light. This light +appeared in the direction whence the voice came."<a name="V2FNanchor_1153_1153" id="V2FNanchor_1153_1153"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1153_1153" class="fnanchor">[1153]</a></p> + +<p>We might wonder whether by the expression "<i>à droite</i>" (<i>a latere +dextro</i>) Jeanne meant her own right side or the position of the church +in relation to her; and in the latter case, the information would have +no clinical significance; but the context leaves no doubt as to the +veritable meaning of her words.</p> + +<p>"How can you," urges Jean Beaupère, "see this light which you say +appears to you, if it is on your right?"</p> + +<p>If it had been merely a question of the situation of the church and +not of Jeanne's own right side, she would only have had to turn her +face to see the light in front of her, and Jean Beaupère's objection +would have been pointless.</p> + +<p>Consequently at about the age of thirteen, at the period of puberty, +which for her never came, Jeanne would appear to have been subject on +her right side to unilateral<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.403" id="V2Page_ii.403">[Pg ii.403]</a></span> hallucinations of sight and hearing. Now +Charcot<a name="V2FNanchor_1154_1154" id="V2FNanchor_1154_1154"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1154_1154" class="fnanchor">[1154]</a> considered unilateral hallucinations of sight to be +common in cases of hysteria.<a name="V2FNanchor_1155_1155" id="V2FNanchor_1155_1155"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1155_1155" class="fnanchor">[1155]</a> He even thought that in hysterical +subjects they are allied to a hemianæsthesia situated on the same side +of the body, and which in Jeanne would be on the right side. Jeanne's +trial might have proved the existence of this hemianæsthesia, an +extremely significant symptom in the diagnosis of hysteria, if the +judges had applied torture or merely had examined the skin of the +subject in order to discover anæsthesia patches which were called +marks of the devil.<a name="V2FNanchor_1156_1156" id="V2FNanchor_1156_1156"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1156_1156" class="fnanchor">[1156]</a> But from the merely oral examination which +took place we can only draw inferences concerning Jeanne's general +physical condition. In case excessive importance should be attached to +such inferences I should add that in the diagnosis of hysteria +contemporary neurologists pay less attention than did Charcot to +unilateral hallucinations of sight.</p> + +<p>The other characteristics of Jeanne's hallucinations revealed by her +examinations during the trial are no less interesting than these, +although they do not lead to any more certain conclusions.</p> + +<p>Those visions and voices, which the subject refers to an external +source and which are so characteristic of hysterical hallucinations, +proceed suddenly from the subconscious self. Jeanne's conscious self +was so far from being prepared for her voices that she declares she +was very much afraid when she first heard them: "I was thirteen when I +heard a voice coming from God telling me to lead a good life. And the +first time I was very much afraid. This voice came to me about noon; +it was in the summer, in my father's garden."<a name="V2FNanchor_1157_1157" id="V2FNanchor_1157_1157"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1157_1157" class="fnanchor">[1157]</a></p> + +<p>And then straightway the voice becomes imperative.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.404" id="V2Page_ii.404">[Pg ii.404]</a></span> It demands an +obedience which is not refused: "It said to me: 'Go forth into +France,' and I could no longer stay where I was."<a name="V2FNanchor_1158_1158" id="V2FNanchor_1158_1158"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1158_1158" class="fnanchor">[1158]</a></p> + +<p>Her visions all occur in the same manner. They appeal to the senses in +exactly the same way and are received by the Maid with equal +credulity.</p> + +<p>Finally, these hallucinations of hearing and of sight are soon +associated with similar hallucinations of smell and touch, which serve +to confirm Jeanne's belief in their reality.</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "Which part of Saint Catherine did you touch?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "You will hear nothing more."</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "Did you kiss or embrace Saint Catherine or Saint Margaret?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "I embraced them both."</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "In embracing them did you feel heat or anything?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "I could not embrace them without feeling and touching +them."<a name="V2FNanchor_1159_1159" id="V2FNanchor_1159_1159"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1159_1159" class="fnanchor">[1159]</a></p> + +<p>Because they thus appeal to the senses and seem to possess a certain +material reality, hysterical hallucinations make a profound and +ineffaceable impression on those who experience them. The subjects +speak of them as being actual and very striking facts. When they +become accusers, as so many women do who claim to have been the +victims of imaginary assaults, they support their assertions in the +most energetic fashion.</p> + +<p>Not only does Jeanne see, hear, smell and touch her saints, she joins +the procession of angels they bring in their train. With them she +performs actual deeds, as if there were perfect unity between her life +and her hallucinations.</p> + +<p>"I was in my lodging, in the house of a good woman, near the <i>château</i> +of Chinon, when the angel came. And then he and I went together to the +King."</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "Was this angel alone?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "This angel was with a goodly company of other<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.405" id="V2Page_ii.405">[Pg ii.405]</a></span> angels.<a name="V2FNanchor_1160_1160" id="V2FNanchor_1160_1160"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1160_1160" class="fnanchor">[1160]</a> +They were with him, but not every one saw them.... Some were very much +alike; others were not, or at any rate not as I saw them. Some had +wings. Certain even wore crowns, and in their company were Saint +Catherine and Saint Margaret. With the angel aforesaid and with the +other angels they went right into the King's chamber."</p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "Tell us how the angel left you."</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "He left me in a little chapel, and at his departure I was very +sorrowful, and I even wept. Willingly would I have gone away with him; +I mean my soul would have gone."<a name="V2FNanchor_1161_1161" id="V2FNanchor_1161_1161"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1161_1161" class="fnanchor">[1161]</a></p> + +<p>In all these hallucinations there is the same objective clearness, the +same subjective certitude as in toxic hallucinations; and this +clearness, this certitude, may in Jeanne's case suggest hysteria.</p> + +<p>But if in certain respects Jeanne resembles hysterical subjects, in +others she differs from them. She seems early to have acquired an +independence of her visions and an authority over them.</p> + +<p>Without ever doubting their reality, she resists them and sometimes +disobeys them, when, for example, in defiance of Saint Catherine, she +leaps from her prison of Beaurevoir: "Well nigh every day Saint +Catherine told me not to leap and that God would come to my aid, and +also would succour those of Compiègne. And I said to Saint Catherine: +'Since God is to help those of Compiègne, I want to be with +them.'"<a name="V2FNanchor_1162_1162" id="V2FNanchor_1162_1162"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1162_1162" class="fnanchor">[1162]</a></p> + +<p>On another occasion she assumes such authority over her visions that +she can make the two saints come at her bidding when they do not come +of themselves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.406" id="V2Page_ii.406">[Pg ii.406]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Q.</i> "Do you call these saints, or do they come without being called?"</p> + +<p><i>A.</i> "They often come without being called, and sometimes when they +did not come I asked God to send them speedily."<a name="V2FNanchor_1163_1163" id="V2FNanchor_1163_1163"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1163_1163" class="fnanchor">[1163]</a></p> + +<p>All this is not in the accepted manner of the hysterical, who are +usually somewhat passive with regard to their nervous fits and +hallucinations. But Jeanne's dominance over her visions is a +characteristic I have noted in many of the higher mystics and in those +who have attained notoriety. This kind of subject, after having at +first passively submitted to his hysteria, afterwards uses it rather +than submits to it, and finally by means of it attains in his ecstasy +to that divine union after which he strives.</p> + +<p>If Jeanne were hysterical, such a characteristic would help us to +determine the part played by the neurotic side of her nature in the +development of her character and in her life.</p> + +<p>If there were any hysterical strain in her nature, then it was by +means of this hysterical strain that the most secret sentiments of her +heart took shape in the form of visions and celestial voices. Her +hysteria became the open door by which the divine—or what Jeanne +deemed the divine—entered into her life. It strengthened her faith +and consecrated her mission; but in her intellect and in her will +Jeanne remains healthy and normal. Nervous pathology can therefore +cast but a feeble light on Jeanne's nature. It can reveal only one +part of that spirit which your book resuscitates in its entirety. With +the expression of my respectful admiration, believe me, my dear +master,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Doctor G. Dumas</span>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.407" id="V2Page_ii.407">[Pg ii.407]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2APPENDIX_II" id="V2APPENDIX_II"></a>APPENDIX II</h2> + +<h3>THE FARRIER OF SALON</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capt.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" />OWARDS the end of the seventeenth century, there lived at +Salon-en-Crau, near Aix, a farrier, one François Michel. He came of a +respectable family. He himself had served in the cavalry regiment of +the Chevalier de Grignan. He was held to be a sensible man, honest and +devout. He was close on forty when, in February, 1697, he had a +vision.</p> + +<p>Returning to his home one evening, he beheld a spectre, holding a +torch in its hand. This spectre said to him:</p> + +<p>"Fear nothing. Go to Paris and speak to the King. If thou dost not +obey this command thou shalt die. When thou shalt approach to within a +league of Versailles, I will not fail to make known unto thee what +things thou shalt say to his Majesty. Go to the Governor of thy +province, who will order all that is necessary for thy journey."</p> + +<p>The figure which thus addressed him was in the form of a woman. She +wore a royal crown and a mantle embroidered with flowers-de-luce of +gold, like the late Queen, Marie-Thérèse, who had died a holy death +full fourteen years before.</p> + +<p>The poor farrier was greatly afraid. He fell down at the foot of a +tree, knowing not whether he dreamed or was awake. Then he went back +to his house, and told no man of what he had seen.</p> + +<p>Two days afterwards he passed the same spot. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.408" id="V2Page_ii.408">[Pg ii.408]</a></span> again he beheld +the same spectre, who repeated the same orders and the same threats. +The farrier could no longer doubt the reality of what he saw; but as +yet he could not make up his mind what to do.</p> + +<p>A third apparition, more imperious and more importunate than the +first, reduced him to obedience. He went to Aix, to the Governor of +the province; he saw him and told him how he had been given a mission +to speak to the King. The Governor at first paid no great heed to him. +But the visionary's patient persistence could not fail to impress him. +Moreover, since the King was personally concerned in the matter, it +ought not to be entirely neglected. These considerations led the +Governor to inquire from the magistrates of Salon touching the +farrier's family and manner of life. The result of these inquiries was +very favourable. Accordingly the Governor deemed it fitting to proceed +forthwith to action. In those days no one was quite sure whether +advice, very useful to the most Christian of Kings, might not be sent +by some member of the Church Triumphant through the medium of a common +artisan. Still less were they sure that some plot in which the welfare +of the State was concerned might not be hatched under colour of an +apparition. In both contingencies, the second of which was quite +probable, it would be advisable to send François Michel to Versailles. +And this was the decision arrived at by the Governor.</p> + +<p>For the transport of François Michel he adopted measures at once sure +and inexpensive. He confided him to an officer who was taking recruits +in that direction. After having received the communion in the church +of the Franciscans, who were edified by his pious bearing, the farrier +set out on February 25 with his Majesty's young soldiers, with whom he +travelled as far as La Ferté-sous-Jouarre. On his arrival at +Versailles, he asked to see the King or at least one of his Ministers +of State. He was directed to M. de Barbezieux, who, when he was still +very young, had succeeded his father, M. de Louvois,<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.409" id="V2Page_ii.409">[Pg ii.409]</a></span> and in that +position had displayed some talent. But the good farrier declined to +tell him anything, because he was not a Minister of State.</p> + +<p>And it was true that Barbezieux, although a Minister, was not a +Minister of State. But that a farrier from Provence should be capable +of drawing such a distinction occasioned considerable surprise.</p> + +<p>M. de Barbezieux doubtless did not evince such scorn for this +compatriot of Nostradamus as would have been shown in his place by a +man of broader mind. For he, like his father, was addicted to the +practice of astrology, and he was always inquiring concerning his +horoscope of a certain Franciscan friar who had predicted the hour of +his death.</p> + +<p>We do not know whether he gave the King a favourable report of the +farrier, or whether the latter was admitted to the presence of M. de +Pomponne, who was then at the head of the administration of Provence. +But we do know that Louis XIV consented to see the man. He had him +brought up the steps leading to the marble courtyard, and then granted +him a lengthy audience in his private apartments.</p> + +<p>On the morrow, as the King was coming down his private staircase on +his way out hunting, he met Marshal de Duras, who was Captain of the +King's bodyguard for the day. With his usual freedom of speech the +Marshal spoke to the King of the farrier, using a common saying:</p> + +<p>"Either the man is mad, or the King is not noble."</p> + +<p>At these words the King, contrary to his usual habit, paused and +turned to the Marshal de Duras:</p> + +<p>"Then I am not noble," he said, "for I talked to him for a long time, +and he spoke very sensibly; I assure you he is far from being mad."</p> + +<p>The last words he uttered with so solemn a gravity that those who were +present were astonished.</p> + +<p>Persons who claim to be inspired are expected to show some sign of +their mission. In a second interview, François Michel showed the King +a sign in fulfilment of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.410" id="V2Page_ii.410">[Pg ii.410]</a></span> promise he had given. He reminded him of an +extraordinary circumstance which the son of Anne of Austria believed +known to himself alone. Louis XIV himself admitted it, but for the +rest preserved a profound silence touching this interview.</p> + +<p>Saint Simon, always eager to collect every court rumour, believed it +was a question of some phantom, which more than twenty years before +had appeared to Louis XIV in the Forest of Saint-Germain.</p> + +<p>For the third and last time the King received the farrier of Salon.</p> + +<p>The courtiers displayed so much curiosity in this visionary that he +had to be shut up in the monastery of Des Rècollets. There the little +Princess of Savoy, who was shortly to marry the Duke of Burgundy, came +to see him with several lords and ladies of the court.</p> + +<p>He appeared slow to speak, good, simple, and humble. The King ordered +him to be furnished with a fine horse, clothes, and money; then he +sent him back to Provence.</p> + +<p>Public opinion was divided on the subject of the apparition which had +appeared to the farrier and the mission he had received from it. Most +people believed that he had seen the spirit of Marie-Thérèse; but some +said it was Nostradamus.<a name="V2FNanchor_1164_1164" id="V2FNanchor_1164_1164"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1164_1164" class="fnanchor">[1164]</a></p> + +<p>It was only at Salon, where he slept in the church of the Franciscans, +that this astrologer was absolutely believed in. His "Centuries," +which appeared at Paris and at Lyon in no less than ten editions in +the course of one century, entertained the credulous throughout the +kingdom. In 1693, there had just been published a book of the +prophecies of Nostradamus showing how they had been fulfilled in +history from the reign of Henry II down to that of Louis the Great.<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.411" id="V2Page_ii.411">[Pg ii.411]</a></span></p> + +<p>It came to be believed that in the following mysterious quatrain the +farrier's coming had been prophesied:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +"Le penultiesme du surnom du Prophète,<br /> +Prendra Diane pour son iour et repos:<br /> +Loing vaguera par frénétique teste,<br /> +En délivrant un grand peuple d'impos."<a name="V2FNanchor_1165_1165" id="V2FNanchor_1165_1165"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1165_1165" class="fnanchor">[1165]</a><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<p>An attempt was made to apply these obscure lines to the poor prophet +of Salon. In the first line he is said to figure as one of the twelve +minor prophets, Micah, which name is closely allied to Michel. In the +second line Diane was said to be the mother of the farrier, who was +certainly called by that name. But if the line means anything at all, +it is more likely to refer to the day of the moon, Monday. It was +carefully pointed out that in the third line <i>frénétique</i> means not +<i>mad</i> but <i>inspired</i>. The fourth and only intelligible line would +suggest that the spectre bade Michel ask the King to lessen the taxes +and dues which then weighed so heavily on the good folk of town and +country:</p> + +<p><i>En délivrant un grand peuple d'impos.</i> This was enough to make the +farrier popular and to cause those unhappy sufferers to centre in this +poor windbag their hopes for a better future. His portrait was +engraved in copper-plate, and below it was written the quatrain of +Nostradamus. M. d'Argenson,<a name="V2FNanchor_1166_1166" id="V2FNanchor_1166_1166"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1166_1166" class="fnanchor">[1166]</a> who was at the head of the police +department, had these portraits seized. They were suppressed, so says +the <i>Gazette d'Amsterdam</i>, on account of the last line of the quatrain +written beneath the portrait, the line which runs: <i>En délivrant un +grand peuple d'impos</i>. Such an expression was hardly likely to please +the court.</p> + +<p>No one ever knew exactly what was the mission the farrier received +from his spectre. Subtle folk suspected one of Madame de Maintenon's +intrigues. She had a friend<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.412" id="V2Page_ii.412">[Pg ii.412]</a></span> at Marseille, a Madame Arnoul, who was as +ugly as sin, it was said, and yet who managed to make men fall in love +with her. They thought that this Madame Arnoul had shown Marie-Thérèse +to the good man of Salon in order to induce the King to live +honourably with widow Scarron. But in 1697 widow Scarron had been +married to Louis for twelve years at least; and one cannot see why +ghostly aid should have been necessary to attach the old King to her.</p> + +<p>On his return to his native town, François Michel shoed horses as +before.</p> + +<p>He died at Lançon, near Salon, on December 10, 1726.<a name="V2FNanchor_1167_1167" id="V2FNanchor_1167_1167"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1167_1167" class="fnanchor">[1167]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.413" id="V2Page_ii.413">[Pg ii.413]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2APPENDIX_III" id="V2APPENDIX_III"></a>APPENDIX III</h2> + +<h3>MARTIN DE GALLARDON</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capi.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="I" title="I" class="floatl" />GNACE THOMAS MARTIN was by calling a husbandman. A native of +Gallardon in Eure-et-Loir, he dwelt there with his wife and four +children in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Those who knew +him tell us that he was of average height, with brown straight hair, a +calm glance, a thin countenance and an air of quiet and assurance. A +pencil portrait, which his son, M. le Docteur Martin, has kindly sent +me, gives a more exact idea of the visionary. The portrait, which is +in profile, presents a forehead curiously high and straight, a long +narrow head, round eyes, broad nostrils, a compressed mouth, a +protruding chin, hollow cheeks and an air of austerity. He is dressed +as a <i>bourgeois</i>, with a collar and white cravat.</p> + +<p>According to the evidence of his brother, a man both physically and +mentally sound, his was the gentlest of natures; he never sought to +attract attention; in his regular piety there was nothing ecstatic. +Both the mayor and the priest of Gallardon confirmed this description. +They agreed in representing him to have been a good simple creature, +with an intellect well-balanced although not very active.</p> + +<p>In 1816 he was thirty-three. On January 15 in this year he was alone +in his field, over which he was spreading manure, when in his ear he +heard a voice which had<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.414" id="V2Page_ii.414">[Pg ii.414]</a></span> not been preceded by footsteps. Then he +turned his head in the direction of the voice and saw a figure which +alarmed him. In comparison with human size it was but slight; its +countenance, which was very thin, dazzled by its unnatural whiteness. +It was wearing a high hat and a frock-coat of a light colour, with +laced shoes.</p> + +<p>It said in a kindly tone: "You must go to the King; you must warn him +that his person is in danger, that wicked people are seeking to +overthrow his Government."</p> + +<p>It added further recommendations to Louis XVIII touching the +necessity of having an efficient police, of keeping holy the Sabbath, +of ordering public prayers and of suppressing the disorders of the +Carnival. If such measures be neglected, it said, "France will fall +into yet greater misfortunes." All this was doubtless nothing more or +less than what M. La Perruque, Priest of Gallardon, had a hundred +times repeated from the pulpit on Sunday.</p> + +<p>Martin replied:</p> + +<p>"Since you know so much about it, why don't you perform your errand +yourself? Why do you appeal to a poor man like me who knows not how to +express himself?"</p> + +<p>Then the unknown replied to Martin:</p> + +<p>"It is not I who will go, but you; do as I command you."</p> + +<p>As soon as he had uttered these words, his feet rose from the ground, +his body bent, and with this double movement he vanished.</p> + +<p>From this time onwards, Martin was haunted by the mysterious being. +One day, having gone down into his cellar, he found him there. On +another occasion, during vespers, he saw him in church, near the holy +water stoup, in a devout attitude. When the service was over, the +unknown accompanied Martin on his way home and again commanded him to +go and see the King. The farmer told his relatives who were with him, +but neither of them had seen or heard anything.</p> + +<p>Tormented by these apparitions, Martin communicated<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.415" id="V2Page_ii.415">[Pg ii.415]</a></span> them to his +priest, M. La Perruque. He, being certain of the good faith of his +parishioner and deeming that the case ought to be submitted to the +diocesan authority, sent the visionary to the Bishop of Versailles. +The Bishop was then M. Louis Charrier de la Roche, a priest who in the +days of the Revolution had taken the oath to the Republic. He resolved +to subject Martin to a thorough examination; and from the first he +told him to ask the unknown what was his name, and who it was who sent +him.</p> + +<p>But when the messenger in the light-coloured frock-coat appeared +again, he declared that his name must remain unknown.</p> + +<p>"I come," he added, "from him who has sent me, and he who has sent me +is above me."</p> + +<p>He may have wished to conceal his name; but at least he did not +conceal his views; the vexation he displayed on the escape of La +Valette<a name="V2FNanchor_1168_1168" id="V2FNanchor_1168_1168"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1168_1168" class="fnanchor">[1168]</a> proved that in politics he was an ultra Royalist of the +most violent type.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Comte de Bréteuil, Prefect of Eure-et-Loir, had been +told of the visionary at the same time as the Bishop. He also +questioned Martin. He expected to find him a nervous, agitated person; +but when he found him tranquil, speaking simply, but with logical +sequence and precision, he was very astonished.</p> + +<p>Like M. l'Abbé La Perruque he deemed the matter sufficiently important +to bring before the higher authorities. Accordingly he sent Martin, +under the escort of a lieutenant of <i>gendarmerie</i>, to the Ministre de +la Police Générale.</p> + +<p>Having reached Paris on March 8, Martin lodged with the <i>gendarme</i> at +the Hôtel de Calais, in the Rue Montmartre. They occupied a +double-bedded room. One morning, when Martin was in bed, he beheld an +apparition and told Lieutenant André, who could see nothing, although +it was broad daylight. Indeed, Martin's visita<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.416" id="V2Page_ii.416">[Pg ii.416]</a></span>tions became so +frequent that they ceased to cause him either surprise or concern. It +was only to the abrupt disappearance of the unknown that he could +never grow accustomed. The voice continued to give the same command. +One day it told him that if it were not obeyed France would not know +peace until 1840.</p> + +<p>In 1816 the Ministre de la Police Générale was the Comte Decazes who +was afterwards created a duke. He was in the King's confidence. But he +knew that the extreme Royalists were hatching plots against his royal +master. Decazes wished to see the good man from Gallardon, suspecting +doubtless, that he was but a tool in the hands of the Extremists. +Martin was brought to the Minister, who questioned him and at once +perceived that the poor creature was in no way dangerous. He spoke to +him as he would to a madman, endeavouring to regard the subject of his +mania as if it were real, and so he said:</p> + +<p>"Don't be agitated; the man who has been troubling you is arrested; +you will have nothing more to fear from him."</p> + +<p>But these words did not produce the desired effect. Three or four +hours after this interview, Martin again beheld the unknown, who, +after speaking to him in his usual manner, said: "When you were told +that I had been arrested, you were told a lie; he who said so has no +power over me."</p> + +<p>On Sunday, March 10, the unknown returned; and on that day he +disclosed the matter concerning which the Bishop of Versailles had +inquired, and which he had said at first he would never reveal.</p> + +<p>"I am," he declared, "the Archangel Raphaël, an angel of great renown +in the presence of God, and I have received power to afflict France +with all manner of suffering."</p> + +<p>Three days later, Martin was shut up in Charenton on the certificate +of Doctor Pinel, who stated him to be suffering from intermittent +mania with alienation of mind.</p> + +<p>He was treated in the kindest manner and was even per<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.417" id="V2Page_ii.417">[Pg ii.417]</a></span>mitted to enjoy +some appearance of liberty. Pinel himself originated the humane +treatment of the insane. Martin in the asylum was not forsaken by the +blessed Raphaël. On Friday, the 15th, as the peasant was tying his +shoe laces, the Archangel in his frock-coat of a light colour, spoke +to him these words:</p> + +<p>"Have faith in God. If France persists in her incredulity, the +misfortunes I have predicted will happen. Moreover, if they doubt the +truth of your visions, they have but to cause you to be examined by +doctors in theology."</p> + +<p>These words Martin repeated to M. Legros; Director of the Royal +Institution of Charenton, and asked him what a doctor in theology was. +He did not know the meaning of the term. In the same manner, when he +was at Gallardon he had asked the priest, M. La Perruque, the meaning +of certain expressions the voice had used. For example, he did not +understand the wild frenzy of France [<i>le délvie de la France</i>] nor +the evils to which she would fall a victim [<i>elle serait en proie</i>]. +But there is nothing that need puzzle us in such ignorance, if it +really existed. Martin may well have remembered the words he did not +understand and which he afterwards attributed to his Archangel still +without understanding them.</p> + +<p>The visions recurred at brief intervals. On Sunday, March 31, the +Archangel appeared to him in the garden, took his hand, which he +pressed affectionately, opened his coat and displayed a bosom of so +dazzling a whiteness that Martin could not bear to gaze on it. Then he +took off his hat.</p> + +<p>"Behold my forehead," he said, "and give heed that it beareth not the +mark of the beast whereby the fallen angels were sealed."</p> + +<p>Louis XVIII expressed a desire to see Martin and to question him. The +King, like his favourite Minister, believed the visionary to be a tool +in the hands of the extreme party.</p> + +<p>On Tuesday, April 2, Martin was taken to the Tuileries<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.418" id="V2Page_ii.418">[Pg ii.418]</a></span> and brought +into the King's closet, where was also M. Decazes. As soon as the King +saw the farmer, he said to him: "Martin, I salute you."</p> + +<p>Then he signed to his Minister to withdraw. Thereupon Martin, +according to his own telling, repeated to the King all that the +Archangel had revealed to him, and disclosed to Louis XVIII sundry +secret matters concerning the years he had spent in exile; finally he +made known to him certain plots which had been formed against his +person. Then the King, profoundly agitated and in tears, raised his +hands and his eyes to heaven and said to Martin:</p> + +<p>"Martin, these are things which must never be known save to you and to +me."</p> + +<p>The visionary promised him absolute secrecy.</p> + +<p>Such was the interview of April 2, according to the account given of +it by Martin, who then, under the influence of M. La Perruque's +sermons, was an infatuated Royalist. It would be interesting to know +more of this priest whose inspiration is obvious throughout the whole +story. Louis XVIII agreed with M. Decazes that the man was quite +harmless; and he was sent back to his plough.</p> + +<p>Later, the agents of one of those false dauphins so numerous under the +Restoration, got hold of Martin and made use of him in their own +interest. After Louis XVIII's death, under the influence of these +adventurers, the poor man, reconstituting the story of his interview +with the late King, introduced into it other revelations he claimed to +have received and completely changed the whole character of the +incident. In this second version the passionate Royalist of 1816 was +transformed into an accusing prophet, who came to the King's own +palace to denounce him as a usurper and a regicide, forbidding him in +God's name to be crowned at Reims.</p> + +<p>Such ramblings I cannot relate at length. They are to be found fully +detailed in the book of M. Paul Marin. The author of this work would +have done well to indicate that these follies were suggested to the +unhappy man by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.419" id="V2Page_ii.419">[Pg ii.419]</a></span> partisans of Naundorf, who was passing himself off +as the Duke of Normandy, who had escaped from the Temple.</p> + +<p>Thomas Ignace Martin died at Chartres in 1834. It is alleged, but it +has never been proved, that he was poisoned.<a name="V2FNanchor_1169_1169" id="V2FNanchor_1169_1169"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1169_1169" class="fnanchor">[1169]</a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.420" id="V2Page_ii.420">[Pg ii.420]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V2APPENDIX_IV" id="V2APPENDIX_IV"></a>APPENDIX IV</h2> + +<h3>ICONOGRAPHICAL NOTE</h3> + + +<p><img src="images/capt.jpg" width="113" height="125" alt="T" title="T" class="floatl" />HERE is no authentic picture of Jeanne. From her we know that at +Arras she saw in the hands of a Scotsman a picture in which she was +represented on her knees presenting a letter to her King. From her we +know also that she never caused to be made either image or painting of +herself, and that she was not aware of the existence of any such image +or painting. The portrait painted by the Scotsman, which was doubtless +very small, is unfortunately lost and no copy of it is known.<a name="V2FNanchor_1170_1170" id="V2FNanchor_1170_1170"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1170_1170" class="fnanchor">[1170]</a> +The slight pen-and-ink figure, drawn on a register of May 10, 1429, by +a clerk of the Parlement of Paris, who had never seen the Maid, must +be regarded as the mere scribbling of a scribe who was incapable of +even designing a good initial letter.<a name="V2FNanchor_1171_1171" id="V2FNanchor_1171_1171"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1171_1171" class="fnanchor">[1171]</a> I shall not attempt to +reconstruct the iconography of the Maid.<a name="V2FNanchor_1172_1172" id="V2FNanchor_1172_1172"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1172_1172" class="fnanchor">[1172]</a> The bronze equestrian +statue in the Cluny Museum produces a grotesque effect that one is +tempted to believe deliberate, if one may ascribe such an intention to +an old sculptor. It dates from the reign of Charles VIII. It is a +Saint George or a Saint Maurice, which, at a time doubtless quite +recent, was taken to represent the Maid. Between the legs of the +miserable jade, on which the figure is mounted, was engraved the +inscription: <i>La pucelle</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.421" id="V2Page_ii.421">[Pg ii.421]</a></span> <i>dorlians</i>, a description which would not +have been employed in the fifteenth century.<a name="V2FNanchor_1173_1173" id="V2FNanchor_1173_1173"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1173_1173" class="fnanchor">[1173]</a> About 1875, the +Cluny Museum exhibited another statuette, slightly larger, in painted +wood, which was also believed to be fifteenth century, and to +represent Jeanne d'Arc. It was relegated to the store-room, when it +turned out to be a bad seventeenth-century Saint Maurice from a church +at Montargis.<a name="V2FNanchor_1174_1174" id="V2FNanchor_1174_1174"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1174_1174" class="fnanchor">[1174]</a> Any saint in armour is frequently described as a +Jeanne d'Arc. This is what happened to a small fifteenth-century head +wearing a helmet, found buried in the ground at Orléans, broken off +from a statue and still bearing traces of painting: a work in good +style and with a charming expression.<a name="V2FNanchor_1175_1175" id="V2FNanchor_1175_1175"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1175_1175" class="fnanchor">[1175]</a> I have not patience to +relate how many initial letters of antiphonaries and sixteenth-, +seventeenth- and even eighteenth-century miniatures have been touched +up or repainted and passed off as true and ancient representations of +Jeanne. Many of them I have had the opportunity of seeing.<a name="V2FNanchor_1176_1176" id="V2FNanchor_1176_1176"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1176_1176" class="fnanchor">[1176]</a> On +the other hand, if they were not so well known, it would give me +pleasure to recall certain manuscripts of the fifteenth century, +which, like <i>Le Champion des Dames</i> and <i>Les Vigiles de Charles VII</i>, +contain miniatures in which the Maid is portrayed according to the +fancy of the illuminator. Such pictures are interesting because they +reveal her as she was imagined by those who lived during her lifetime +or shortly afterwards. It is not their merit that appeals to us; they +possess none; and in no way do they suggest Jean Foucquet.<a name="V2FNanchor_1177_1177" id="V2FNanchor_1177_1177"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1177_1177" class="fnanchor">[1177]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.422" id="V2Page_ii.422">[Pg ii.422]</a></span></p><p>While the Maid lived, and especially while she was in captivity, the +French hung her picture in churches.<a name="V2FNanchor_1178_1178" id="V2FNanchor_1178_1178"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1178_1178" class="fnanchor">[1178]</a> In the Museum of Versailles +there is a little painting on wood which is said to be one of those +votive pictures. It represents the Virgin with the Child Jesus, having +Saint Michael on her right and Jeanne d'Arc on her left.<a name="V2FNanchor_1179_1179" id="V2FNanchor_1179_1179"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1179_1179" class="fnanchor">[1179]</a> It is +of Italian workmanship and very roughly executed. Jeanne's head, which +has disappeared beneath the blows of some hard-pointed instrument, +must have been execrably drawn, if we may judge from the others +remaining on this panel. All four figures are represented with a +scrolled and beaded nimbus, which would have certainly been condemned +by the clerics of Paris and Rouen. And indeed others less strict might +accuse the painter of idolatry when he exalted to the left hand of the +Virgin, to be equal with the Prince of Heavenly Hosts, a mere creature +of the Church Militant.</p> + +<p>Standing, her head, neck, and shoulders covered with a kind of furred +hood and tippet fringed with black, her gauntlets and shoes of mail, +girt above her red tunic with a belt of gold, Jeanne may be recognised +by her name inscribed over her head, and also by the white banner, +embroidered with <i>fleurs-de-lis</i>, which she raises in her right hand, +and by her silver shield, embossed in the German style; on the shield +is a sword bearing on its point a crown. A three-lined inscription in +French is on the steps of the throne, whereon sits the Virgin Mary. +Although the inscription is three parts effaced and almost +unintelligible, with the aid of my learned friend, M. Pierre de +Nolhac, Director of the Museum of Versailles, I have succeeded in +deciphering a few words. These would convey the idea that the +inscription consisted of prayers and wishes for the salvation of +Jeanne, who had fallen into the hands of the enemy. It would appear +therefore that we have here one of those <i>ex voto</i> hung in the +churches of France during the captivity of the Maid. In such a case +the nimbus round<span class="pagenum"><a name="V2Page_ii.423" id="V2Page_ii.423">[Pg ii.423]</a></span> the head of a living person and the isolated +position of Jeanne would be easily explained; it is possible that +certain excellent Frenchmen, thinking no evil, adapted to their own +use some picture which originally represented the Virgin between two +personages of the Church Triumphant. By a few touches they transformed +one of these personages into the Maid of God. In so small a panel they +could find no place more suitable to her mortal state, none like those +generally occupied at the feet of the Virgin and saints by the +kneeling donors of pictures. This too might explain perhaps why Saint +Michael, the Virgin and the Maid have their names inscribed above +them. Over the head of the Maid we read <i>ane darc</i>. This form <i>Darc</i> +may have been used in 1430.<a name="V2FNanchor_1180_1180" id="V2FNanchor_1180_1180"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1180_1180" class="fnanchor">[1180]</a> In the inscription on the steps of +the throne I discern <i>Jehane dArc</i>, with a small <i>d</i> and a capital <i>A</i> +for <i>dArc</i>, which is very curious. This causes me to doubt the +genuineness of the inscription.</p> + +<p>The <i>bestion</i> tapestry<a name="V2FNanchor_1181_1181" id="V2FNanchor_1181_1181"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1181_1181" class="fnanchor">[1181]</a> in the Orléans Museum,<a name="V2FNanchor_1182_1182" id="V2FNanchor_1182_1182"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1182_1182" class="fnanchor">[1182]</a> which +represents Jeanne's arrival before the King at Chinon, is of German +fifteenth-century workmanship. Coarse of tissue, barbarous in design, +and monotonous in colour, it evinces a certain taste for sumptuous +adornment but also an absolute disregard for literal truth.</p> + +<p>Another German work was exhibited at Ratisbonne in 1429. It +represented the Maid fighting in France. But this painting is +lost.<a name="V2FNanchor_1183_1183" id="V2FNanchor_1183_1183"></a><a href="#V2Footnote_1183_1183" class="fnanchor">[1183]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 35%;" /> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joan1">Volume I</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#contents">Contents</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#joanindex">Index</a></b></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="V2FOOTNOTES" id="V2FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES</h2> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1_1" id="V2Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 323, 324. Perceval de +Cagny, pp. 160, 161. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 115. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 98. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 196.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_2_2" id="V2Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Ordonnances des rois de France</i>, vol. ix, p. 71. H. +Martin and Lacroix, <i>Histoire de la ville de Soissons</i>, Soissons, +1837, in 8vo, ii, pp. 283 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_3_3" id="V2Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 53, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_4_4" id="V2Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_5_5" id="V2Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 323, 324. Perceval de +Cagny, p. 160. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 339.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_6_6" id="V2Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Suret</i> is sour wine (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_7_7" id="V2Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> C. Dormay, <i>Histoire de la ville de Soissons</i>, Soissons, +1664, vol. ii, pp. 382 <i>et seq.</i> H. Martin and Lacroix, <i>Histoire de +Soissons</i>, vol. ii, p. 319. Pécheur, <i>Annales du diocèse de Soissons</i>, +vol. iv, p. 513. Félix Brun, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et le capitaine de Soissons +en 1430</i>, Soissons, 1904, p. 34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_8_8" id="V2Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 49, 50. Le P. Daniel, +<i>Histoire de la milice française</i>, vol. i, p. 356. Félix Brun, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc et le capitaine de Soissons</i>, pp. 26, 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_9_9" id="V2Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> De l'Epinois, <i>Notes extraites des archives communales de +Compiègne</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. xxix, p. +483. Sorel, <i>Prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 101, 102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_10_10" id="V2Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 160. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 340.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_11_11" id="V2Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 340. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 323. Félix Bourquelot, <i>Histoire de Provins</i>, Provins, vol. iv, pp. +79 <i>et seq.</i> Th. Robillard, <i>Histoire pittoresque topographique et +archéologique de Crécy-en-Brie</i>, 1852, p. 42. L'Abbé C. Poquet, +<i>Histoire de Château-Thierry</i>, 1839, vol. i, pp. 290 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_12_12" id="V2Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 160, 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_13_13" id="V2Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 324, 325. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, p. 115. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 98, 99. +Perceval de Cagny, p. 161. Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, June to July, 1429. +<i>Proceedings</i>, vol. iii, pp. 322 <i>et seq.</i> Morosini, vol. iv, appendix +xvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_14_14" id="V2Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 98. Varin, +<i>Archives législatives de la ville de Reims</i>, Statuts, vol. i (annot. +according to doc. no. xxi), p. 741. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, +original doc. no. 19, p. 118.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_15_15" id="V2Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 160.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_16_16" id="V2Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> This place name is not to be found in Rogier's copy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_17_17" id="V2Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 139, 140, and Varin, <i>loc. cit.</i> +<i>Statuts</i>, vol. i, p. 603, according to Rogier's copy. H. Jadart, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, proofs and illustrations, vol. xiv, pp. 104, +105, and facsimile of the original copy formerly in the Reims +municipal archives, now in the possession of M. le Comte de +Maleissye.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_18_18" id="V2Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 233, 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_19_19" id="V2Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 202, 203, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_20_20" id="V2Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 325. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 99, 100. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 119, 120. +Gilles de Roye, p. 207.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_21_21" id="V2Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_22_22" id="V2Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Guerre de la Hottée de Pommes</i>, cf. vol. i, p. 92. +(W.S.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_23_23" id="V2Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaut de Metz</i> in D. +Calmet. <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. v, orig. docs., cols, xli-xlvii. +Villeneuve-Bargemont, <i>Précis historique de la vie du roi René</i>, Aix, +1820, in 8vo. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Le roi René</i>, Paris, 1875, 2 vols. +in 8vo. Vallet de Viriville, in <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, 1866, +xli, pp. 1009-1015.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_24_24" id="V2Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 444. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Domremy</i>, p. cxcix. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 156, note 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_25_25" id="V2Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 105-111.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_26_26" id="V2Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, Jean Chartier. <i>Journal du +siège</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_27_27" id="V2Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 340, 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_28_28" id="V2Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 161. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 100. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_29_29" id="V2Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Varin, <i>Archives législatives de la ville de Reims</i>, +Statuts, vol. i, p. 742.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_30_30" id="V2Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_31_31" id="V2Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 14, 15. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 326.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_32_32" id="V2Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_33_33" id="V2Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Thomas Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, chap. vi. A. +Tuetey, <i>Les écorcheurs sous Charles VII</i>, Montbéliard, 1874, 2 vols. +in 8vo, <i>passim</i>. H. Lepage, <i>Épisodes de l'histoire des routiers en +Lorraine</i> (1362-1446), in <i>Journal d'archéologie lorraine</i>, vol. xv, +pp. 161 <i>et seq.</i> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises</i>, +<i>passim</i>. H. Martin et Lacroix, <i>Histoire de Soissons</i>, p. 318, +<i>passim</i>. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Épisodes de l'invasion anglaise. La +guerre de partisans dans la Haute Normandie</i> (1424-1429), in +<i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. liv, pp. 475-521; vol. lv, +pp. 258-305; vol. lvi, pp. 432-508.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_34_34" id="V2Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Pardon issued by King Henry VI to an inhabitant of +Noyant, in Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers</i>, vol. i, pp. 23, 31. F. +Brun, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et le capitaine de Soissons</i>, note iii, p. 41.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_35_35" id="V2Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers</i>, vol. i, pp. 23, 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_36_36" id="V2Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 170, 171. +Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 96. <i>Livre des trahisons</i>, pp. 167, 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_37_37" id="V2Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 170. According to +Monstrelet (vol. iv, p. 96), Denis de Vauru, the Bastard's cousin, was +beheaded in the Market of Paris.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_38_38" id="V2Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 14, 15. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 326.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_39_39" id="V2Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 108, 109, 188, 189.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_40_40" id="V2Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 14, 15. It is Dunois who is +giving evidence, and the text runs: <i>In custodiendo oves ipsorum, cum +sorore et fratribus meis, qui multum gauderent videre me</i>. But there +is reason to believe she had only one sister, whom she had lost before +coming into France. As for her brothers, two of them were with her. +Dunois' evidence appears to have been written down by a clerk +unacquainted with events. The hagiographical character of the passage +is obvious.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_41_41" id="V2Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 423.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_42_42" id="V2Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 51, 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_43_43" id="V2Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 340, 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_44_44" id="V2Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_45_45" id="V2Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 342, 343.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_46_46" id="V2Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Georges Chastellain, fragments published by J. Quicherat +in <i>La Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, 1st series, vol. iv, p. +78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_47_47" id="V2Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 341, 342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_48_48" id="V2Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 324; vol. iii, p. 130. Monstrelet, +vol. iv, p. 388.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_49_49" id="V2Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_50_50" id="V2Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iv, pp. 206, 406, 444, 470, 472. Rymer, +<i>Fœdera</i>, vol. iv, p. 141. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La panique +anglaise</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_51_51" id="V2Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 246, 298. Letter from Alain +Chartier in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 131 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_52_52" id="V2Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 344, 345. Perceval de Cagny, +pp. 161, 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_53_53" id="V2Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Flammermont, <i>Histoire de Senlis pendant la seconds +partie de la guerre de cent ans</i> (1405-1441), in <i>Mémoires de la +Société de l'Histoire de Paris</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_54_54" id="V2Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 101, 102. +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 328. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 118. +Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 453. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. +188, 189; vol. iv, appendix xvii. Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, July, 1429. +Raynaldi, <i>Annales ecclesiastici</i>, pp. 77, 88. S. Bougenot, <i>Notices +et extraits de manuscrits intéressant l'histoire de France conservés a +la Bibliothèque impérial de Vienne</i>, p. 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_55_55" id="V2Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Now, come forth Beauty (W.S.). <i>Le Livre des trahisons +de France</i>, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, in <i>La collection des chroniques +belges</i>, 1873, p. 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_56_56" id="V2Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 162. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, p. 102. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 329. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +pp. 119, 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_57_57" id="V2Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_58_58" id="V2Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_59_59" id="V2Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 329. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_60_60" id="V2Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_61_61" id="V2Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 346.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_62_62" id="V2Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_63_63" id="V2Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>. <i>Journal du +siège.</i> Monstrelet, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_64_64" id="V2Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 332. Perceval de Cagny, p. +165. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 106. Cochon, p. 457. G. +Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La panique anglaise</i>, Paris, 1894, in 8vo, pp. 10, +11. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 215, note 3. Ch. de Beaurepaire, <i>De +l'administration de la Normandie sous la domination anglaise aux +années 1424, 1425, 1429</i>, p. 62 (<i>Mémoires de la Société des +Antiquaires de Normandie</i>, vol. xxiv).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_65_65" id="V2Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> A virelay was a later variation of the lay, differing +from it chiefly in the arrangement of the rhymes (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_66_66" id="V2Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Le Roux de Lincy and Tisserand, <i>Paris et ses +historiens</i>, pp. 426 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_67_67" id="V2Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> A winged stag (<i>le cerf-volant</i>) is the symbol of a +king. Froissart thus explains its origin. Before setting out for +Flanders, in 1382, Charles VI dreamed that his falcon had flown away. +"Thē apered sodenly before hym a great hart with wynges whereof he +had great joye." And the hart bore him to his lost bird. Froissart, +Bk. II, ch. clxiv. [The Chronycle of Syr John Froissart translated by +Lord Berners, vol. iii, p. 339, Tudor Translation, 1901.] (W.S.) +According to Juvénal des Ursins, Charles VI, in 1380, met in the +Forest of Senlis a stag with a golden collar bearing this inscription: +<i>Hoc me Cæsar donavit</i> (Paillot, <i>Parfaite science des armoiries</i>, +Paris, 1660, in fo., p. 595). In the works of Eustache Deschamps this +same allegory is frequently employed to designate the king. (Eustache +Deschamps, <i>œuvres</i>, ed. G. Raynaud, vol. ii, p. 57.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_68_68" id="V2Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 66, 67.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_69_69" id="V2Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 133, 338, 340 <i>et seq.</i>; vol. iv, +pp. 305, 480; vol. v, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_70_70" id="V2Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 3 <i>et seq.</i> R. Thomassy, <i>Essai sur +les écrits politiques de Christine de Pisan, suivi d'une notice +littéraire et de pièces inédites</i>, Paris, 1838, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_71_71" id="V2Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Du beau jardin des nobles fleurs de lis.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_72_72" id="V2Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> M. Pierre Champion has kindly communicated to me the +text of this unpublished ballad, which he discovered in a French MS. +at Stockholm, LIII, fol. 238. This is the title which the copyist +affixed to it about 1472: <i>Ballade faicte quant le Roy Charles +VII<sup>eme</sup> fut couronne a Rains du temps de Jehanne daiz dicte la +Pucelle</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_73_73" id="V2Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> P. Meyer, <i>Ballade contre les Anglais</i> (1429), in +<i>Romania</i>, xxi (1892), pp. 50, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_74_74" id="V2Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Arrière, Englois coués, arrière!</i> For Coués see + <a href="#joan1">vol. i</a>, +p. <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a>, + <a href="#FNanchor_234_234">note 2</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_75_75" id="V2Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> +</p> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Par le vouloir dou roy Jésus<br /> +Et Jeanne la douce Pucelle.</i><br /> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_76_76" id="V2Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> For the legend cf. <i>Merlin, roman en prose du XIII<sup>e</sup> +siècle</i>, ed. G. Paris and J. Ulrich, 1886, 2 vols. in 8vo, +introduction. <i>Premier volume de Merlin</i>, Paris, Vérard, 1498, in fol. +Hersart de la Villemarqué, <i>Myrdhin ou l'enchanteur Merlin, son +histoire, ses œuvres, son influence</i>, Paris, 1862, in 12mo. La +Borderie, <i>Les véritables prophéties de Merlin; examen des poèmes +bretons attribués à ce barde</i>, in <i>Revue de Bretagne</i>, vol. liii +(1883). D'Arbois de Jubainville, <i>Merlin est il un personnage réel ou +les origines de la légende de Merlin</i>, in <i>Revue des questions +historiques</i>, vol. v (1868), pp. 559, 568.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_77_77" id="V2Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 340. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et +consultations</i>, p. 402.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_78_78" id="V2Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 344, 345.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_79_79" id="V2Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Philippe de Bergame, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 523; vol. +v, pp. 108, 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_80_80" id="V2Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 100. Philippe de Bergame, <i>De +claris mulieribus</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 323. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 271. Perceval de Boulainvilliers, <i>Lettre au duc de +Milan</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 119, 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_81_81" id="V2Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> J. Bréhal, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 345.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_82_82" id="V2Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 328. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 18. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 106. Perceval de Cagny, +pp. 163, 164. Morosini, pp. 212, 213. Flammermont, <i>Senlis pendant la +seconde période de la guerre cent ans</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société de +l'Histoire de Paris</i>, vol. v, 1878, p. 241.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_83_83" id="V2Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 164. Monstrelet, p. 352. De +l'Epinois, <i>Notes extraites des archives communales de Compiègne</i>, pp. +483, 484. A. Sorel, <i>Séjours de Jeanne d'Arc à Compiègne, maisons ou +elle a logé en 1429 et 1430</i>, Paris, 1889, in 8vo, 20 pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_84_84" id="V2Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> French <i>attournés</i>, cf. La Curne, <i>attournés</i>, Godefroi, +<i>atornés</i>, magistrates at Compiègne, elected on St. John the Baptist's +Day for three years (W.S.). <i>Procès</i>, vol. v, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_85_85" id="V2Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 331. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 106. A. Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc +devant Compiègne</i>, Paris, 1889, in 8vo, pp. 117, 118. Duc de la +Trémoïlle, <i>Les La Trémoïlle pendant cinq siècles</i>, Nantes, 1890, in +4to, vol. i, pp. 185, 212. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy, capitaine +de Compiègne</i>, Paris, 1906, in 8vo, proofs and illustrations, vol. +xiii, p. 137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_86_86" id="V2Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 327. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 118. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 106. Monstrelet, vol. +iv, pp. 353, 354. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 214, 215.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_87_87" id="V2Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> A. Sarrazin, <i>Pierre Cauchon, juge de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +Paris, 1901, in 8vo, pp. 49 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_88_88" id="V2Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 354.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_89_89" id="V2Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> A. Sorel, <i>Séjours de Jeanne d'Arc à Compiègne</i>, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_90_90" id="V2Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 164, 165. <i>Chronique de Tournai</i>, +vol. iii, in the <i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>, ed. Smedt, p. +414.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_91_91" id="V2Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 82, 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_92_92" id="V2Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 245, 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_93_93" id="V2Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> A. Longnon, <i>Les limites de la France et l'étendue de la +domination anglaise à l'époque de la mission de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, +1875, in 8vo. Vallet de Viriville, in <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, +iii, col. 255, 257.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_94_94" id="V2Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Chronique de Mathieu d'Escouchy</i>, vol. i, p. 68, and +proofs and illustrations, pp. 126, 128, 139, 140. Dom Vaissette, +<i>Histoire générale du Languedoc</i>, vol. iv, pp. 469, 470. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 151. Vallet de Viriville, in +<i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, 1861, vol. iii, pp. 255-257. Le P. +Ayroles, <i>La vierge guerrière</i>, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_95_95" id="V2Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Annales juris pontificis</i> (1872-1875), vii, 385. E. +Muntz, <i>La tiare pontificale du VIII<sup>e</sup> au XVI<sup>e</sup> siècle</i> in <i>Mem. +Acad. Inscript. et Belles Lettres</i>, vol. xxvi, I, pp. 235-324, fig. +<i>Les arts à la cour des papes pendant les XV<sup>e</sup> et XVI<sup>e</sup> siècles</i>, +in <i>Bibl. des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et Rome</i>, vol. iv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_96_96" id="V2Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Baluze, <i>Vitæ paparum Avenionensium</i>, 1693, I, pp. 1182 +<i>et seq.</i> Fabricius, <i>Bibliotheca medii ævi</i>, 1734, I, p. 1109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_97_97" id="V2Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Cf. + <a href="#joan1">vol. i</a>, p. <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_98_98" id="V2Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> According to Le Maire, <i>Histoire et antiquités de la +ville et duché d'Orléans</i>, p. 197, this request is addressed to +"Jeanne the Maid, greatly to be honoured and most devout, sent by the +King of Heaven for the restoration, and for the extirpation of the +English who tyrannize over France." <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 253. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_99_99" id="V2Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Noël Valois, <i>La France et le grand schisme d'Occident</i>, +vol. iv (1902), in 8vo, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_100_100" id="V2Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_101_101" id="V2Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 466, 467.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_102_102" id="V2Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 245, 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_103_103" id="V2Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_104_104" id="V2Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 165. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 331. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 106. Morosini, vol. +iii, pp. 212, 213. The accounts of Hémon Raguier, in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. +iv, p. 24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_105_105" id="V2Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 450.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_106_106" id="V2Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> So called because stamped with the picture of the +Annunciation and bearing the inscription: <i>Salus populi suprema lex +est</i>; the coin was worth about £1 of our money (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_107_107" id="V2Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 104. Extracts from the 13th account +of Hémon Raguier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 267. E. Dupuis, <i>Jean +Fouquerel, évêque de Senlis</i>, in <i>Mémoires du comité archéologique de +Senlis</i>, 1875, vol. i, p. 93. Vatin, <i>Combat sous Senlis entre Charles +VII et les Anglais</i>, in <i>Comité archéologique de Senlis, Comptes +rendus et mémoires</i>, 1866, pp. 41, 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_108_108" id="V2Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 264.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_109_109" id="V2Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 165. The 25th according to <i>Le +journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_110_110" id="V2Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> J. Doublet, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys en +France, contenant les antiquités d'icelle, les fondations, +prérogatives et privileges</i>, Paris, 1625, 2 vol. in 4to, vol. i, ch. +xx and xxiv. Des Rues, <i>Les antiquités, fondations et singularités des +plus célèbres villes</i>, pp. 84, 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_111_111" id="V2Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> J. Doublet, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys</i>, vol. +i, ch. xxxi, xxxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_112_112" id="V2Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Cf. + <a href="#joan1">vol. i</a>, p. <a href="#Page_i.182">182</a> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_113_113" id="V2Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Thomassin, <i>Registre Delphinal</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, +p. 304. See Du Cange, <i>Glossaire</i> under the word <i>Auriflamme</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_114_114" id="V2Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> J. Doublet, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys</i>, vol. +i, ch. xxii. D. Michel Félibien, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye royale de +Saint-Denys en France</i>, Paris, in folio, 1706, pp. 229, 320. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Notice du manuscrit de P. Cochon</i>, at the end of <i>La +chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 360. <i>Chronique de Du Guesclin</i>, ed. +Francisque-Michel, pp. 452 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_115_115" id="V2Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 107, 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_116_116" id="V2Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> D. M. Félibien, <i>op. cit.</i>, ch. ii, pp. 528 <i>et seq.</i> +Illustrations. J. Doublet, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. i, ch. xliii, xlvi. +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 301. <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. vii, col. 142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_117_117" id="V2Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <i>Religieux de Saint-Denis</i>, pp. 154, 156, 226.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_118_118" id="V2Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Estienne Binet, <i>La vie apostolique de saint Denys +l'Aréopagite, patron et apostre de la France</i>, Paris, 1624, in 12mo. +J. Doublet, <i>Histoire chronologique pour la vérité de Saint Denys +l'Aréopagite, apôtre de France et premier évêque de Paris</i>, Paris, +1646, in 4to, and <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys en France</i>, p. +95. J. Havet, <i>Les origines de Saint-Denis</i>, in <i>Les Questions +mérovingiennes</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_119_119" id="V2Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_120_120" id="V2Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 179, note 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_121_121" id="V2Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 101, 209, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_122_122" id="V2Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 241, 242. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 354.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_123_123" id="V2Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_124_124" id="V2Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 304. Noël Valois, <i>Un nouveau témoignage +sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire +de France</i>, Paris, 1907, in 8vo, separate issue, pp. 17, 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_125_125" id="V2Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_126_126" id="V2Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, p. 281.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_127_127" id="V2Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 81.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_128_128" id="V2Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_129_129" id="V2Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_130_130" id="V2Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 112. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 404, +408. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 192; vol. iv, appendix xviii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_131_131" id="V2Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_132_132" id="V2Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 332. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 106. P. Cochon, p. 457. Perceval de Cagny, p. +165.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_133_133" id="V2Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 352, 353. <i>Journal d'un +bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 247, 248. D. Félibien, <i>Histoire de Paris</i>, +vol. ii, p. 813, and proofs and illustrations, vol. iv, p. 591. +Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 208, 209, 224, note 2; vol. iv, appendix +xviii, pp. 343, 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_134_134" id="V2Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Cf. + <a href="#joan1">vol. i</a>, p. <a href="#Page_i.34">34</a>, + <a href="#FNanchor_272_272">note 3</a> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_135_135" id="V2Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, ch. +vii. <i>La diplomatie de Charles VII jusqu'au traité d'Arras</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_136_136" id="V2Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_137_137" id="V2Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Le Roux de Lincy, <i>Hugues Aubriot, prévôt de Paris sous +Charles V</i>, Paris, 1862, in 8vo, <i>passim</i>. <i>Paris et ses historiens au +XIV<sup>e</sup> et XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i> by Le Roux de Lincy and Tisserand, Paris, in +fol. [<i>Histoire générale de Paris.</i>]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_138_138" id="V2Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Delamare, <i>Traité de la police</i>, Paris, 1710, in folio, +vol. i, p. 79. A. Bonnardot, <i>Dissertation archéologique sur les +enceintes de Paris, suivie de recherches sur les portes fortifiées qui +dépendaient des enceintes de Paris</i>, 1851, in 4to, with plan. <i>Études +archéologiques sur les anciens plans de Paris</i>, 1853, in 4to. +<i>Appendice aux études archéologiques sur les anciens plans de Paris et +aux dissertations sur les enceintes de Paris</i>, Paris, 1877, in 4to. +<i>Étude sur Gilles Corrozet, suivie d'une notice sur un manuscrit de la +Bibliothèque des ducs de Bourgogne, contenant une description de +Paris, en 1432</i>, par Guillebert de Metz, Paris, 1846, in 8vo, 56 +pages. Kausler, <i>Atlas des plus mémorables batailles</i>, Carlsruhe, +1831, pl. 34. H. Legrand, <i>Paris en 1380</i>, with plan conjecturally +reconstructed, Paris in fol. 1868, p. 58. A. Guilaumot, <i>Les Portes de +l'enceinte de Paris sous Charles V</i>, Paris, 1879. Rigaud, <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle, campagne de Paris, cartes et plans</i>, Bergerac, 1886, in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_139_139" id="V2Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 180.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_140_140" id="V2Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 189.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_141_141" id="V2Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 136, 137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_142_142" id="V2Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 107. <i>Document inédit relatif à l'état de +Paris en 1430</i>, in <i>Revue des sociétés savantes</i>, 1863, p. 203.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_143_143" id="V2Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Christine de Pisan, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, stanza 56, p. +20. Le Roux de Lincy and Tisserand, <i>Paris et ses historiens</i>, p. +426.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_144_144" id="V2Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 251. A. Longnon, +<i>Paris pendant la domination anglaise (1420-1436), documents extraits +des registres de la chancellerie de France</i>, Paris, 1877, in 8vo, +introduction, p. xiij. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, +vol. ii, p. 116, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_145_145" id="V2Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 248. <i>Chronique +de la Pucelle</i>, p. 297. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 79, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_146_146" id="V2Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 257. +Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 453. Morosini, vol. iii, p. +198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_147_147" id="V2Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 38. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. i, pp. 106, 107. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 454.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_148_148" id="V2Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> See + <a href="#joan1">vol. i</a>, p. <a href="#Page_i.222">222</a>, + <a href="#Footnote_816_816">note 2</a> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_149_149" id="V2Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 239, note 2. Le +Roux de Lincy and Tisserand, <i>Paris et ses historiens</i>, pp. 340 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_150_150" id="V2Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> 14th July, 1429, <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. +240, 241. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 240. Morosini, vol. +iii, p. 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_151_151" id="V2Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 241.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_152_152" id="V2Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 356.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_153_153" id="V2Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 242.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_154_154" id="V2Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_155_155" id="V2Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, May. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. +332. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 355. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, +pp. 106, 107. Wallon, <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. i, p. 290, note 1. G. +Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La panique anglaise</i>, p. 9. Morosini, vol. iii, p. +216, note 5; vol. iv, appendix xviii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_156_156" id="V2Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_157_157" id="V2Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 243. Perceval de +Cagny, p. 166. <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, folio, 486 verso.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_158_158" id="V2Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_159_159" id="V2Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 243, 244.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_160_160" id="V2Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Cf. <i>ante</i>, p. + <a href="#V2Page_ii.45">45</a>, <a href="#V2FNanchor_106_106">note 2</a> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_161_161" id="V2Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Register of the Deliberations of the Chapter of Notre +Dame (Arch. Nat., LL, 716, pp. 173, 174), in <i>Le journal d'un +bourgeois de Paris</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i> Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, vol. iii, pp. 530, 531, proofs and illustrations, J, p. 639. +Le P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Le procès de Jeanne d'Arc et +l'université de Paris</i>, Nogent-le-Rotrou, 1898, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_162_162" id="V2Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Register of the Deliberations of the Chapter of Notre +Dame, in Tuetey, notes to <i>Le Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. +241, note 1. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 456. Le P. Ayroles, +<i>La vraie Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iii, proofs and illustrations, p. 640.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_163_163" id="V2Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Register of the Deliberations of the Chapter of Notre +Dame, <i>loc. cit.</i> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 332. <i>Journal d'un +bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 244. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 354. Martial +d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, ed. Coustelier, vol. i, p. 113. Perceval de +Cagny, p. 166. <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, folio, 486 verso. Le P. +Ayroles, <i>La vrai Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iii, p. 531.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_164_164" id="V2Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Voragine, <i>Legenda Aurea</i>. Anquetil, <i>La nativité, +miracle extrait de la légende dorée</i>, in <i>Mem. Soc. Agr. de Bayeux</i>, +1883, vol. x, p. 286. Douhet, <i>Dictionnaire des mystères</i>, 1854, p. +545.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_165_165" id="V2Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 166, 168. <i>Chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, pp. 333, 334. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 107, +109. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 456, 458. <i>Journal d'un +bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 244, 245. <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. +486 verso. P. Cochon, ed. Beaurepaire, p. 307. Morosini, vol. iii, p. +210.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_166_166" id="V2Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Gaguin, <i>Hist. Francorum</i>, Frankfort, 1577, book viii, +chap. ii, p. 158. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition en +France</i>, p. 121. Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Age, +vol. ii, p. 126. (The Turlupins were a German sect who called +themselves "the Brethren of the Free Spirit." W.S.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_167_167" id="V2Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 161. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 120, note 1. G. +Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Un détail du siège de Paris, par Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in +<i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. xlvi, 1885, pp. 5 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_168_168" id="V2Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Deliberation of the Chapter of Notre Dame, <i>loc. cit.</i> +<i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 245. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_169_169" id="V2Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 240, 246, 298; vol. iii, pp. 425, +427; vol. v, pp. 97, 107, 130, 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_170_170" id="V2Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 57, 146, 168, 250.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_171_171" id="V2Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 130 (letter of the 17th of July, +1429), vol. i, p. 298. "Et hoc sciebar per revelationem." Cf. vol. i, +pp. 57, 260, 288 in contradiction.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_172_172" id="V2Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_173_173" id="V2Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 147, 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_174_174" id="V2Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> In 1254 Saint Louis founded this hospital for three +hundred blind knights whose eyes had been put out by the Saracens. +(W.S.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_175_175" id="V2Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Le Roux de Lincy and Tisserand, <i>Paris et ses +historiens</i>, pp. 205 and 231, note 4. Adolphe Berty, <i>Topographie +historique du vieux Paris, région du Louvre et des Tuileries</i>, p. 180, +and app. vi, p. ix. E. Eude, <i>L'attaque de Jeanne d'Arc contre Paris, +1429</i>, in <i>Cosmos</i>, nouv. série, xxix (1894), pp. 241, 244.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_176_176" id="V2Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_177_177" id="V2Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 332, 333. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_178_178" id="V2Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_179_179" id="V2Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_180_180" id="V2Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 245.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_181_181" id="V2Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 67.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_182_182" id="V2Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 333. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 109. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 127. Martial +d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, ed. Coustelier, 1724, vol. i, p. 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_183_183" id="V2Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 167. Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. +355, 356. Morosini, vol. iii, note 3. E. Eude, <i>L'attaque de Jeanne +d'Arc contre Paris</i>, in <i>Cosmos</i>, 22 Sept., 1894, vol. xxix. P. Marin, +<i>Le génie militaire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Grande revue de Paris et de +Saint-Pétersbourg</i>, 2nd year, vol. i, 1889, p. 142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_184_184" id="V2Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 57, 246. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois +de Paris</i>, p. 245. Deliberations of the Chapter of Notre Dame, <i>loc. +cit.</i> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 457. Perceval de Cagny, +Jean Chartier, <i>Journal du siège</i>, Monstrelet, Morosini, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_185_185" id="V2Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 298.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_186_186" id="V2Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 111, 273. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +iv, p. 50. F. Brun, <i>Jeanne d Arc et le capitaine de Soissons</i>, pp. 31 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_187_187" id="V2Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_188_188" id="V2Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> The oath "<i>Par mon martin</i>" (by my staff) is an +invention of the scribe who wrote the <i>Chronicle</i> which is attributed +to Perceval de Cagny, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_189_189" id="V2Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 334. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 128. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 109. Monstrelet, vol. +iv, pp. 355, 356.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_190_190" id="V2Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Deliberation of the Chapter of Notre Dame, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_191_191" id="V2Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 245.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_192_192" id="V2Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_193_193" id="V2Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 245, 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_194_194" id="V2Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> For the opinions of the townsfolk of Paris, see various +acts of Henry VI of the 18th and 25th of Sept., 1429 (MS. Fontanieu, +115). Sauval, <i>Antiquités de Paris</i>, vol. iii, p. 586 and <i>circ.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_195_195" id="V2Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> A. Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la domination anglaise</i>, p. +302.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_196_196" id="V2Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 456, 458.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_197_197" id="V2Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> <i>Relation du greffier de La Rochelle</i>, p. 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_198_198" id="V2Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> <i>Chronique de Normandie</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 342, +343.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_199_199" id="V2Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_200_200" id="V2Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> <i>Chronique normande</i>, in <i>La chronique de la +Pucelle</i>, p. 465. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 120, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_201_201" id="V2Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Duchesne, <i>Histoire de la maison de Montmorency</i>, p. +232. Perceval de Cagny, p. 168. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 118, 119.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_202_202" id="V2Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Un détail du siège de Paris</i>, in +<i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. xlvi, 1885, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_203_203" id="V2Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 168, 169. Morosini, vol. iii, p. +219, note 4. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, +p. 120, note 1. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>Un détail du siège de Paris</i>, +<i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_204_204" id="V2Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Diminutive of <i>amie</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_205_205" id="V2Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 184, 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_206_206" id="V2Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_207_207" id="V2Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_208_208" id="V2Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_209_209" id="V2Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_210_210" id="V2Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_211_211" id="V2Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 122, 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_212_212" id="V2Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 169. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +pp. 335 <i>et seq.</i> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 112 <i>et +seq.</i> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 356. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, +p. 246. Berry in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 48. Gilles de Roye, p. 208.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_213_213" id="V2Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_214_214" id="V2Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 109. Perceval de +Cagny, p. 170. Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, vol. i, p. 114. Jacques +Doublet, <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys</i>, pp. 13, 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_215_215" id="V2Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> La Curne, at the word <i>Blanc</i>: white armour was worn by +squires, gilded armour by knights. Bouteiller, in his <i>Somme Rurale</i>, +refers to the "<i>harnais doré</i>" (gilded armour) of the knights. Cf. Du +Tillet, <i>Recueil des rois de France</i>, ch. <i>Des chevaliers</i>, p. 431. Du +Cange, <i>Observations sur les établissements de la France</i>, p. 373.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_216_216" id="V2Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_217_217" id="V2Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 130. Perceval de Cagny, pp. 170, +171. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 246, 247. Berry, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 79. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_218_218" id="V2Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 86. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 265. P. Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc en Berry, avec des documents et des éclaircissements inédits</i>, +Paris, 1892, in 12mo, chap. vi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_219_219" id="V2Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 85, note 1. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 418, note 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_220_220" id="V2Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_221_221" id="V2Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 81, 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_222_222" id="V2Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, pp. +72, 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_223_223" id="V2Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> "<i>In balneo et stuphis.</i>" <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_224_224" id="V2Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>L'amant rendu cordelier à l'observance d'amour</i>; poem +attributed to Martial d'Auvergne, A. de Montaiglon, Paris, 1881, in +8vo, lines 1761-1776 and note p. 184. A. Franklin, <i>La vie privée +d'autrefois</i>, vol. ii, <i>Les soins de la toilette</i>, Paris, 1887, in +18mo, pp. 20 <i>et seq.</i> A. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Le bain au moyen âge</i>, +in <i>Revue du monde catholique</i>, vol. xiv, pp. 870-881.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_225_225" id="V2Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>Livre des métiers</i>, by Étienne Boileau, edited by De +Lespinasse and F. Bonnardot, Paris, 1879, pp. 154, 155, and note. G. +Bayle, <i>Notes pour servir à l'histoire de la prostitution au moyen +âge</i>, in <i>Mémoires de l'Académie de Vauctuse</i>, 1887, pp. 241, 242. Dr. +P. Pansier, <i>Histoire des prétendus statuts de la reine Jeanne</i>, in +<i>Le Janus</i>, 1902, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_226_226" id="V2Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, pp. +76, 77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_227_227" id="V2Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_228_228" id="V2Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_229_229" id="V2Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 87. Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, pp. 73, 74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_230_230" id="V2Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 86, 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_231_231" id="V2Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 86, 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_232_232" id="V2Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_233_233" id="V2Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_234_234" id="V2Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 87, 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_235_235" id="V2Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Noël Valois, <i>Un nouveau témoignage sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +in <i>Annuaire bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France</i>, Paris, +1907, in 8vo, pp. 8 and 18 (separate issue).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_236_236" id="V2Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 217. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 265. A. Buhot de Kersers, <i>Histoire et +statistique du département du Cher, canton de Mehun</i>, Bourges, 1891, +in 4to, pp. 261 <i>et seq.</i> A. de Champeaux and P. Gauchery, <i>Les +travaux d'art exécutés pour Jean de France, duc de Berry</i>, Paris, +1894, in 4to, pp. 7, 9, and the miniature in <i>Les grandes heures</i> of +Duke Jean of Berry at Chantilly.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_237_237" id="V2Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 170, 171. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 48. Letter from the Sire d'Albret to the people of Riom, +in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 148, 149. Martin Le Franc, <i>Champion des +dames</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_238_238" id="V2Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 310. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +p. 107. Morosini, vol. ii, p. 229, note 4. Perceval de Cagny, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_239_239" id="V2Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 217. Jaladon de la Barre, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc à Saint-Pierre-le-Moustier et deux juges nivernais à Rouen</i>, +Nevers, 1868, in 8vo, chaps. ix <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_240_240" id="V2Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 356. Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_241_241" id="V2Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 217.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_242_242" id="V2Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 218.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_243_243" id="V2Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 106. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de +Paris</i>, pp. 259, 260, 271, 272. Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +iv, pp. 503, 504. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, pp. 74 <i>et seq.</i> +N. Quellien, <i>Perrinaïc, une compagne de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1891, +in 8vo. Mme. Pascal-Estienne, <i>Perrinaïk</i>, Paris, 1893, in 8vo. J. +Trévedy, <i>Histoire du roman de Perrinaïc</i>, Saint-Brieuc, 1894, in 8vo. +<i>Le roman de Perrinaïc</i>, Vannes, 1894, in 8vo. A. de la Borderie, +<i>Pierronne et Perrinaïc</i>, Paris, 1894, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_244_244" id="V2Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, index at the words <i>Catherine</i>, +<i>Michel</i>, <i>Marguerite</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_245_245" id="V2Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_246_246" id="V2Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 271, 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_247_247" id="V2Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 104 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_248_248" id="V2Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 450. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de +Paris</i>, pp. 271, 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_249_249" id="V2Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_250_250" id="V2Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_251_251" id="V2Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_252_252" id="V2Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Arcère, <i>Histoire de La Rochelle</i>, 1756, in 4to, vol. +i, p. 271. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 104, note. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 24, 75 <i>et seq.</i>, 219, 279.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_253_253" id="V2Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 107, 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_254_254" id="V2Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_255_255" id="V2Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 108, 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_256_256" id="V2Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_257_257" id="V2Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_258_258" id="V2Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_259_259" id="V2Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> "Perrinet Crasset, mason and captain of men-at-arms." +<i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 446 verso. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 117. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 174. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 328.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_260_260" id="V2Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. cclxxviii. A. de +Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, p. 109. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iii, pp. 20, 21, 373 <i>et seq.</i> J. de Fréminville, +<i>Les écorcheurs en Bourgogne</i> (1435-1445); <i>Étude sur les compagnies +franches au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Dijon, 1888, in 8vo. P. Champion, +<i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>. Proofs and illustrations, xxx.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_261_261" id="V2Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Sainte-Marthe, <i>Histoire généalogique de la maison de +la Trémoïlle</i>, 1668, in 12mo, pp. 149 <i>et seq.</i> L. de La Trémoïlle, +<i>Les La Trémoïlle pendant cinq siècles</i>, Nantes, 1890, vol. i, p. +165.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_262_262" id="V2Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 149. Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, +vol. iii. <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 129. Monstrelet, vol. v, chap, lxxii. +A. de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, p. 108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_263_263" id="V2Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 146. F. Perot, <i>Un document inédit +sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Bulletin de la Société archéologique de +l'Orléanais</i>, vol. xii, 1898-1901, p. 231.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_264_264" id="V2Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 147-150. Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, ch. viii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_265_265" id="V2Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. cclxxix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_266_266" id="V2Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Acta Sanctorum, March, i, 554, col. 2, no. 61. Abbé +Bizouard, <i>Histoire de sainte Colette</i>, pp. 35, 37. S[ilvere], +<i>Histoire chronologique de la bienheureuse Colette</i>, Paris, 1628, in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_267_267" id="V2Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>The Maid</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_268_268" id="V2Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> <i>Servant.</i> Cf. Godefroy, <i>Lexique de l'ancien Français</i> +(W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_269_269" id="V2Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> <i>Histoire chronologique de la bienheureuse Colette</i>, +pp. 168-200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_270_270" id="V2Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et les ordres mendiants</i>, in +<i>Revue des deux mondes</i>, 1881, vol. xlv, p. 90. L. de Kerval, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc et les Franciscains</i>, Vanves, 1893, pp. 49, 51. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. cclxxviii <i>et seq.</i> F. Perot, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en +Bourbonnais</i>, Orléans, in 8vo, 26 pp., 1889. F. André, <i>La vérité sur +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in 8vo, 1895, pp. 308 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_271_271" id="V2Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 146-148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_272_272" id="V2Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 146, 148. Facsimile in <i>Le Musée des +archives départementales</i>, p. 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_273_273" id="V2Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> F. Perot (<i>Bulletin de la Société archéologique de +l'Orléanais</i>, vol. xii, p. 231).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_274_274" id="V2Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> A. de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, p. 107, proofs +and illustrations, xvii, pp. 159, 168. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 268, 270, +according to the original documents in the Orléans Library.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_275_275" id="V2Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> La Thaumassière, <i>Histoire du Berry</i>, p. 161. <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 356, 357. Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en +Berry</i>, pp. 105 <i>et seq.</i> A. de Villaret, <i>Campagne des Anglais</i>, pp. +111, 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_276_276" id="V2Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> <i>Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires du Centre</i>, +vol. iv, 1870-1872, pp. 211, 239.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_277_277" id="V2Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 126. Lanéry d'Arc and L. Jeny, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en Berry</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_278_278" id="V2Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_279_279" id="V2Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, pp. 216, 217.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_280_280" id="V2Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Extract from the Book of Accounts of the town of +Périgueux, in <i>Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du +Périgord</i>, vol. xiv, January to February, 1887. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +à Domremy</i>, proofs and illustrations, ccxvii, p. 252. Le P. Chapotin, +<i>La guerre de cent ans et les dominicains</i>, pp. 74 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_281_281" id="V2Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_282_282" id="V2Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_283_283" id="V2Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 232, 233. Le P. Denifle and +Chatelain, <i>Cartularium Univ. Paris</i>, vol. iv, p. 515.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_284_284" id="V2Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Noël Valois, <i>Un nouveau témoignage sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +Paris, 1907, in 8vo, 19 pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_285_285" id="V2Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 232.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_286_286" id="V2Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 354, 355.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_287_287" id="V2Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> <i>Sentent la persinée</i>: literally, smell of roast +parsley. Cf. Godefroy, <i>Lexique de l'ancien français</i> at the word +<i>persinée</i>. <i>Sentir la persinée</i>: to be suspected of heresy (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_288_288" id="V2Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Pardon granted to Le Sourd and Jehannin Daix, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 142-145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_289_289" id="V2Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_290_290" id="V2Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 84; vol. iv, pp. 312 <i>et passim</i>. +A. de Villaret, <i>loc. cit.</i> Proofs and illustrations.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_291_291" id="V2Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 150-153. J. Hordal, <i>Heroinae +nobilissimae Joannae Darc, lotharingæ, vulgo aurelianensis puellae +historia....</i> Ponti-Mussi, 1612, small 4to. C. du Lys, <i>Traité +sommaire tant du nom et des armes que de la naissance et parenté de la +Pucelle, justifié par plusieurs patentes et arrêts, enquêtes et +informations....</i> Paris, 1633, in 4to. De la Roque, <i>Traité de la +noblesse</i>, Paris, 1678, in 4to, ch. xliii. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +en Berry</i>, ch. x.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_292_292" id="V2Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> See analytical index, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, at the word +<i>Pucelle</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_293_293" id="V2Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_294_294" id="V2Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 19, 74, 203. H. Daniel Lacombe, +<i>L'hôte de Jeanne d'Arc à Poitiers, Maître Jean Rabateau, président du +parlement de Paris</i>, in <i>Revue du Bas-Poitou</i>, 1891, pp. 48, 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_295_295" id="V2Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 88 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_296_296" id="V2Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Extract from the Accounts of the town of Orléans, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 331.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_297_297" id="V2Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Un épisode de la vie de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. iv (1st +series), p. 488. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 154-156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_298_298" id="V2Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> Jules Doinel, <i>Note sur une maison de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in +<i>Mémoires de la Société archéologique et historique de l'Orléanais</i>, +vol. xv, pp. 491-500.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_299_299" id="V2Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 15, 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_300_300" id="V2Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Jules Doinel, <i>Note sur une maison de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +<i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_301_301" id="V2Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. 360.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_302_302" id="V2Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_303_303" id="V2Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Accounts of the fortress, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 259, +260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_304_304" id="V2Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_305_305" id="V2Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 173. <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, +p. 258. <i>Berry</i>, in Godefroy, p. 376. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 294, +notes 4, 5. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, +pp. 139, 163. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +144.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_306_306" id="V2Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 378. D. Plancher, <i>Histoire de +Bourgogne</i>, vol. iv, p. 137. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 268.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_307_307" id="V2Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Du Tillet, <i>Recueil des rois de France</i>, vol. ii, p. 39 +(ed. 1601-1602). Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, March, 1430.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_308_308" id="V2Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, pp. 35, 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_309_309" id="V2Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. +351, 389.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_310_310" id="V2Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 160, according to Rogier's copy. H. +Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, proofs and illustrations xv. Facsimile +in Wallon, 1876 edition, p. 200. The original of this letter exists, +likewise the original of the letter addressed on the 9th of November, +1429, to the citizens of Riom. These two letters, about one hundred +and twenty-six days apart, are not written by the same scribe. The +signature of neither one nor the other can be attributed to the hand +which indited the rest of the letter. The seven letters of the name +<i>Jehanne</i> seem to have been written by some one whose hand was being +held, which is not surprising, seeing that the Maid did not know how +to write. But a comparison of the two signatures reveals their close +similarity. In both the stem of the J slopes in the same direction and +is of identical length; the first <i>n</i> through one letter being written +on the top of another has three pothooks instead of two; the second +pothook of the second <i>n</i> obviously written in two strokes is too +long, in short the two signatures correspond exactly. We must conclude +therefore that having once obtained the Maid's signature by guiding +her hand, an impression was taken to serve as a model for all her +other letters. To judge from the two missives of the 9th of November, +1429 and the 16th of March, 1430, this impression was most faithfully +reproduced. Cf. <i>post</i>, p. <a href="#V2Page_ii.117">117</a>, + <a href="#V2FNanchor_330_330">note 2</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_311_311" id="V2Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_312_312" id="V2Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_313_313" id="V2Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_314_314" id="V2Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_315_315" id="V2Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 24, 86, 87. J. Zeller, +<i>Histoire d'Allemagne</i>, vol. vii, <i>La réforme</i>, Paris, 1891, pp. 78 +<i>et seq.</i> E. Denis, <i>Jean Hus et la guerre des Hussites</i> (1879); <i>Les +origines de l'Unité des Frères Bohêmes</i>, Angers, 1885, in 8vo, pp. 5 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_316_316" id="V2Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Two of the great leaders of the Hussites who held large +parts of central Germany in terror from 1419-1434 (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_317_317" id="V2Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> L. Paris, <i>Cabinet historique</i>, vol. i, 1855, pp. 74, +76. Rogier, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 294. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 132, +133, 136, 137, 168, 169, 188, 189; vol. iv, supplement, xvii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_318_318" id="V2Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 240; vol. v, p. 126.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_319_319" id="V2Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 82-85. Christine de Pisan, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 416. Eberhard Windecke, pp. 60-63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_320_320" id="V2Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 108, 115, 188.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_321_321" id="V2Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> Lea, <i>A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages</i>, +vol. ii, p. 481 (1906).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_322_322" id="V2Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Th. de Sickel, <i>Lettre de Jeanne d'Arc aux Hussites</i>, +in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, 3rd series, vol. ii, p. 81. +A wrong date is given in the German translation used by Quicherat, +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 156-159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_323_323" id="V2Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_324_324" id="V2Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_325_325" id="V2Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Another of the Hussite leaders (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_326_326" id="V2Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> J. Nider, <i>Formicarium</i> in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. +502-504.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_327_327" id="V2Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 161, 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_328_328" id="V2Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iv, p. 299, and H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +à Reims</i>, pp. 60 <i>et seq.</i> Mémoires de Pierre Coquault, <i>ibid.</i>, pp. +109 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_329_329" id="V2Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> This letter was published by J. Quicherat, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 161, 162, and by M. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, pp. +106, 107 and document XVI, according to Rogier's inaccurate copy. The +original which had disappeared from the municipal archives at Reims +was considered to be lost; but it has been found in the possession of +the Count de Maleissye. Cf. the reproduction by A. Marty and M. Lepet, +<i>L'histoire de Jeanne d'Arc.... Cent facsimilés de manuscrits, de +miniatures</i>, Paris, 1907, in large 4to. Here for the first time is to +be found a text correct according to the original document.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_330_330" id="V2Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> The signature appears to be autograph. It differs from +the two identical signatures of the letters from Riom and Reims (see +<i>ante</i>, p. <a href="#V2Page_ii.108">108</a>, <a href="#V2FNanchor_310_310">note 1</a>); and it bears trace of the resistance of a +hand which was being guided.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_331_331" id="V2Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 161, 162. Varin, <i>Archives +législatives de la ville de Reims</i>, vol. i, p. 596. H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc à Reims</i>, pp. 106, 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_332_332" id="V2Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, who was in the pay of the Duke of +Alençon, is the only chronicler to suggest it, p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_333_333" id="V2Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> "In the year 1430, Jeanne the Maid started from the +country of Berry accompanied by divers fighting men...." Jean +Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_334_334" id="V2Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 120. Martial +d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, ed. Coustellier, vol. i, p. 117. Note +concerning G. de Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 177. P. Champion, +<i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 36, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_335_335" id="V2Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> <i>Journal du siège</i>, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_336_336" id="V2Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. +293, note 3. True, the loan was made later; none the less the +dependence of Jean d'Aulon on the Sire de la Trémouille existed at +this time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_337_337" id="V2Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 99, note. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. +235, 238.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_338_338" id="V2Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> This comes from the <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, +p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_339_339" id="V2Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 159, 160.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_340_340" id="V2Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> The Pardon of Jean de Calais in A. Longnon, <i>Paris sous +la domination anglaise</i>, pp. 301-309. Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers</i>, +vol. i, pp. 34-50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_341_341" id="V2Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> So it appears from Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 274-275.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_342_342" id="V2Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 228-231. Concerning Perrinet +Gressart see <a href="#joan1">vol. i</a>, p. + <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_343_343" id="V2Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> May 3, 1430.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_344_344" id="V2Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La panique anglaise</i>. Le P. +Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iii, pp. 572-574.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_345_345" id="V2Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 115, 253, April 17-23. Perceval de +Cagny, p. 173. <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 502 recto. P. +Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 158, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_346_346" id="V2Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 363 (April 16).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_347_347" id="V2Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 125. Monstrelet, +vol. iv, p. 378. Chastellain, vol. ii, p. 28. Melun certainly belonged +to the French on the 23rd of April, 1430.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_348_348" id="V2Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 114-116. G. Leroy, <i>Histoire de +Melun</i>, Melun, 1887, in 8vo, ch. <span lang="el" title="Transcriber's Note: ellipses in original">xvi ... x ...</span> <i>Jeanne d'Arc à +Melun, mi-avril</i>, 1430, Melun, 1896, 32 pp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_349_349" id="V2Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_350_350" id="V2Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 259.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_351_351" id="V2Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, pp. 334, 335. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 110, 111. F.A. Denis, <i>Le séjour de Jeanne +d'Arc à Lagny</i>, Lagny, 1894, in 8vo, pp. 3 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_352_352" id="V2Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 384. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, pp. 120, 121. Perceval de Cagny, p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_353_353" id="V2Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>loc. cit.</i> Martial d'Auvergne, +<i>Vigiles</i>, vol. i, p. 117. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 38, +note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_354_354" id="V2Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_355_355" id="V2Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 384.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_356_356" id="V2Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> H. Jadart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Reims</i>, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_357_357" id="V2Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 158.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_358_358" id="V2Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 158, 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_359_359" id="V2Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 71, 72. Sauval, +<i>Antiquités de Paris</i>, vol. i, p. 104. A. Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la +domination anglaise</i>, p. 118. H. Legrand, <i>Paris en 1380</i>, Paris, +1868, in 4to, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_360_360" id="V2Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> <i>Piquette</i>, a sour wine or cider, made from the residue +of grapes or apples. A kind of second brewing (W.S.). <i>Journal d'un +bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 150, 154, 156, 187. Francisque-Michel and +Edouard Fournier, <i>Histoire des hôtelleries, cabarets, hôtels garnis</i>, +Paris, 1851 (2 vols. in 8vo), vol. ii, p. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_361_361" id="V2Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> A. Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la domination anglaise</i>, p. +117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_362_362" id="V2Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 71, 72. A. +Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la domination anglaise</i>, p. 118, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_363_363" id="V2Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> A. Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la domination anglaise</i>, pp. +119-123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_364_364" id="V2Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 251, 253. +Falconbridge, in A. Longnon, <i>Paris pendant la domination anglaise</i>, +p. 302, note 1. Sauval, <i>Antiquités de Paris</i>, vol. iii, p. 536. +Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 140. +Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 274 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_365_365" id="V2Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 158, 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_366_366" id="V2Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_367_367" id="V2Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 254. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 385. E. +Richer, <i>Histoire manuscrite de la Pucelle</i>, book i, folio 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_368_368" id="V2Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, pp. 210, 211.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_369_369" id="V2Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_370_370" id="V2Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> A. Denis, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Lagny</i>, Lagny, 1896, in 8vo, +pp. 4 <i>et seq.</i> J.A. Lepaire, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Lagny</i>, Lagny, 1880, in +8vo, 38 pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_371_371" id="V2Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_372_372" id="V2Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> <i>Religieux de Saint-Denis</i>, vol. ii, p. 82. Jean +Juvénal des Ursins, in <i>Coll. Michaud et Poujoulat</i>, p. 395, col. 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_373_373" id="V2Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> <i>Acta Sanctorum</i>, 6th of March, pp. 381 and 617. Abbé +Bizouard, <i>Histoire de Sainte Colette</i>, pp. 35, 37. Abbé Douillet, +<i>Sainte Colette, sa vie, ses œuvres</i>, 1884, pp. 150-154.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_374_374" id="V2Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> Le Curé de Saint-Sulpice, <i>Notre-Dame de France</i>, +Paris, in 8vo, vol. vi, 1860, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_375_375" id="V2Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> For the etymology of Avioth see C. Bonnabelle, <i>Petite +étude sur Avioth et son église</i>, in <i>Annuaire de la Meuse</i>, 1883, in +18mo, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_376_376" id="V2Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Le Curé de Saint-Sulpice, <i>loc. cit.</i>, vol. v, pp. 107 +<i>et seq.</i> Bonnabelle, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 13 <i>et seq.</i> Jacquemain, +<i>Notre-Dame d'Avioth et son église monumentale</i>, Sedan, 1876, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_377_377" id="V2Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 105, 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_378_378" id="V2Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Arch. mun. of Senlis in <i>Musé des archives +départementales</i>, pp. 304, 305. J. Flammermont, <i>Histoire de Senlis +pendant la seconds partie de la guerre de cent ans</i>, p. 245. Perceval +de Cagny, p. 173. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 294, note 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_379_379" id="V2Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> Manuscript History of Beauvais by Hermant, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 165. G. Lecocq, <i>Étude historique sur le séjour de Jeanne +d'Arc à Elincourt-Sainte-Marguerite</i>, Amiens, 1879, in 8vo, 13 pages. +A. Peyrecave, <i>Notes sur le séjour de Jeanne d'Arc à +Elincourt-Sainte-Marguerite</i>, Paris, 1875, in 8vo. +<i>Elincourt-Sainte-Marguerite, notice historique et archéologique</i>, +Compiègne, 1888. Ch. vii, pp. 113, 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_380_380" id="V2Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 164, 165. <i>Les miracles de Madame +Sainte Katerine de Fierboys</i>, pp. 16, 62, 63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_381_381" id="V2Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>. Proofs and +illustrations, pp. 150, 154. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 276, note 3. Note +concerning G. de Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_382_382" id="V2Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> Monstrelet, ch. xxx. Note concerning G. de Flavy, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 175. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>. Proofs and +illustrations, xliv, xlv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_383_383" id="V2Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> "In this country the Emperor [of Constantinople] has a +city called Capha, which is a seaport belonging to the Genoese and +whence is obtained wood for the making of bows and cross-bows, +likewise wine called Rommenie." <i>Le Livre de description des pays de +Gilles le Bouvier.</i> Ed. E.T. Hamy, Paris, 1908, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_384_384" id="V2Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> De La Fons-Mélicocq, <i>Documents inédits sur le siège de +Compiègne de 1430</i> in <i>La Picardie</i>, vol. iii, 1857, pp. 22, 23. P. +Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>. Proofs and illustrations, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_385_385" id="V2Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 178. H. de Lépinois, +<i>Notes extraites des archives communales de Compiègne</i>, in +<i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, 1863, vol. xxiv, p. 486. A. +Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc devant Compiègne et l'histoire des +sièges de la même ville sous Charles VI et Charles VII, d'après des +documents inédits avec vues et plans</i>, Paris, 1889, in 8vo, p. 268.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_386_386" id="V2Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Jacques Duclercq, <i>Mémoires</i>, ed. Reiffenberg, vol. i, +p. 419. <i>Le Temple de Bocace</i> in <i>Les œuvres de Georges +Chastellain</i>, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, vol. vii, p. 95. P. Champion, +<i>Guillaume de Flavy, capitaine de Compiègne, contribution à l'histoire +de Jeanne d'Arc et à l'étude de la vie militaire et privée au +XV<sup>ième</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1906, in 8vo, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_387_387" id="V2Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 125. <i>Chronique +des cordeliers</i>, fol. 495 recto. Rogier, in Varin, <i>Arch. de la ville +de Reims</i>, 11th part, Statuts, vol. i, p. 604. A. Sorel, <i>loc. cit.</i>, +p. 167. P. Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_388_388" id="V2Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 379, 381. <i>Chronique des +cordeliers</i>, fol. 495 recto. <i>Livre des trahisons</i>, p. 202.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_389_389" id="V2Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 382, 383. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_390_390" id="V2Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> According to a note by Dom Bertheau, in A. Sorel, +<i>Séjours de Jeanne d'Arc à Compiègne, maisons où elle a logé en 1429 +et 1430</i>, with view and plans, Paris, 1888, in 8vo, pp. 11, 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_391_391" id="V2Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Magistrates of the town. Cf. <i>ante</i>, p. + <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2FNanchor_84_84">note 3</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_392_392" id="V2Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> <i>Accounts of the town of Compiègne</i>, CC 13, folio 291. +Dom Gillesson, <i>Antiquités de Compiègne</i>, vol. v, p. 95. A. Sorel, <i>La +prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 145, note 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_393_393" id="V2Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Choisy surrendered on the 16th of May. <i>Chronique des +cordeliers</i>, fol. 497, verso. <i>Livre des trahisons</i>, p. 201. +Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 382. Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 49. A. +Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 145, 146. P. Champion, +<i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, pp. 40-41, 162-163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_394_394" id="V2Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, pp. 49, 50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_395_395" id="V2Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> F. Brun, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et le capitaine de Soissons en +1430</i>, Soissons, 1904, p. 5 (extract from <i>l'Argus Soissonnais</i>). P. +Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 41.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_396_396" id="V2Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Berry, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 50. P. Champion, <i>loc. +cit.</i>, p. 168. Proofs and illustrations, xxxv, p. 168. F. Brun, +<i>Nouvelles recherches sur le fait de Soissons (Jeanne d'Arc et Bournel +en 1430) à propos d'un livre récent</i>, Meulan, 1907, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_397_397" id="V2Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 273.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_398_398" id="V2Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> I have rejected the story told by Alain Bouchard of +Jeanne's meeting with the little children in the Church of Saint +Jacques. (<i>Les grandes croniques de Bretaigne</i>, Paris, Galliot Du Pré, +1514, fol. cclxxxi.) M. Pierre Champion (<i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 283) +has irrefutably demonstrated its unauthenticity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_399_399" id="V2Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 382. Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, +vol. ii, p. 178. <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 498 verso.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_400_400" id="V2Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 114. Perceval de Cagny, p. 174. +Extract from a note concerning G. de Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +176. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 296, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_401_401" id="V2Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Manuscript map of Compiègne in 1509, in Debout, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, vol. ii, p. 293. Plan of the town of Compiègne, engraved by +Aveline in the 17th century, reduction published by <i>La Société +historique de Compiègne</i>, May, 1877. Lambert de Ballyhier, <i>Compiègne +historique et monumental</i>, 1842, 2 vols. in 8vo, engravings. Plan of +the restitution of the town of Compiègne in 1430, in A. Sorel, <i>La +prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_402_402" id="V2Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 383, 384.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_403_403" id="V2Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, p. 196.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_404_404" id="V2Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 116. Letter from Philippe le Bon to +the inhabitants of Saint-Quentin, <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 166. Letter from +Philippe le Bon to Amédée, Duke of Savoy in P. Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i> +Proofs and illustrations, xxxvii. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, +p. 458. William Worcester, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 475, and <i>Le +Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 255.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_405_405" id="V2Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 78, 223, 224. Chastellain, vol. +ii, p. 49. The Clerk of the Brabant <i>Chambre des Comptes</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 428.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_406_406" id="V2Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> Notes concerning G. de Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +177. <i>Chronique de Tournai</i>, in <i>Recueil des Chroniques de Flandre</i>, +1856, vol. iii, pp. 415, 416.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_407_407" id="V2Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Chastellain, vol. ii, p. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_408_408" id="V2Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, p. 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_409_409" id="V2Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 387. Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, +vol. ii, p. 179. Chastellain, vol. ii, p. 48. Note concerning G. de +Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_410_410" id="V2Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Letter from the Duke of Burgundy to the inhabitants of +Saint-Quentin, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 166. Monstrelet, Lefèvre de +Saint-Rémy, Chastellain. Notes concerning G. de Flavy, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_411_411" id="V2Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 176. Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, p. 458. Monstrelet. Note concerning G. de Flavy; Lefèvre de +Saint-Rémy, Chastellain, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_412_412" id="V2Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Note concerning G. de Flavy, <i>loc. cit.</i> Du Fresne de +Beaucourt, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et Guillaume de Flavy</i> in <i>Bulletin de la +Société de l'Histoire de France</i>, vol. iii, 1861, pp. 173 <i>et seq.</i> Z. +Rendu, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et G. de Flavy</i>, Compiègne, 1865, in 8vo, 32 pp. +A. Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 209. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume +de Flavy</i>, appendix i, pp. 282, 286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_413_413" id="V2Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_414_414" id="V2Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 175. Chastellain, vol. ii, p. 49. +Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 122; vol. iii, p. 207. +Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_415_415" id="V2Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_416_416" id="V2Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Letter from the Duke of Burgundy in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +166. Perceval de Cagny, p. 175. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 400. Lefèvre +de Saint-Rémy, p. 175. Chastellain, vol. ii, p. 49. Note concerning G. +de Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 174. Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, +vol. i, p. 118. P. Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 46, 49. Lanéry d'Arc, +<i>Livre d'Or</i>, pp. 513-518.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_417_417" id="V2Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Richer, <i>Histoire manuscrite de la Pucelle</i>, book iv, +fol. 188 <i>et seq.</i> P. Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i> Proofs and illustrations, +xxxiii. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 388. Note concerning G. de Flavy, +<i>loc. cit.</i> Letter from the Duke of Burgundy to the inhabitants of +Saint-Quentin, <i>loc. cit.</i> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 255. +Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 459.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_418_418" id="V2Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> According to <i>Le Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. +255, four hundred French were killed or drowned.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_419_419" id="V2Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Note concerning G. de Flavy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +176. Perceval de Cagny, p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_420_420" id="V2Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Letter from the Duke of Burgundy to the inhabitants of +Saint-Quentin, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_421_421" id="V2Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 388. Chastellain, vol. ii, p. +50. A. Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 253 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_422_422" id="V2Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Jean Jouffroy, in d'Achery, <i>Spicilegium</i>, iii, pp. 823 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_423_423" id="V2Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 388.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_424_424" id="V2Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 389. P. Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_425_425" id="V2Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> <i>La Chronique des cordeliers</i>, and Monstrelet, +<i>passim</i>. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. +165, 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_426_426" id="V2Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 167. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_427_427" id="V2Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 358. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iii, p. 534. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, +pp. 169-171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_428_428" id="V2Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> Note concerning Guillaume de Flavy in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, +p. 177. A. Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 333.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_429_429" id="V2Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 458. <i>Journal +d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 255. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. +96. U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc au cimetière de +Saint-Ouen et l'authenticité de sa formule</i>, Paris, 1902, in 8vo, p. +18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_430_430" id="V2Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 8-10. E. O'Reilly, <i>Les deux +procès</i>, vol. ii, pp. 13, 14. P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Chartularium +Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. iv, p. 516, no. 2372.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_431_431" id="V2Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 12. E. O'Reilly, <i>Les deux +procès</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_432_432" id="V2Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 3, 12; vol. iii, p. 378; vol. v, +p. 392.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_433_433" id="V2Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> <i>Domini canes.</i> Thus they are represented in the +frescoes of the Capella degli Spagnuoli in Santa-Maria-Novella at +Florence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_434_434" id="V2Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribuneaux de l'inquisition en +France</i>, ch. ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_435_435" id="V2Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Le P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Chartularium +universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. iv, p. 510; <i>Le procès de Jeanne +d'Arc et l'université de Paris</i>, Paris, 1897, in 8vo, 32 pp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_436_436" id="V2Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, <i>passim</i>. +Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 450.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_437_437" id="V2Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 237. T. Basin, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. iv, pp. 103, 104. +Monstrelet, vol. iv, ch. lxiii. Bougenot, <i>Deux documents inédits +relatifs à Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue bleue</i>, 13 Feb., 1892, pp. 203, +204.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_438_438" id="V2Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> Le P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Chartularium +Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. iv, p. 515, no. 2370; <i>Le procès de +Jeanne d'Arc et l'université de Paris</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_439_439" id="V2Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 389. Perceval de Cagny, p. 176. +Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 300-302; vol. iv, pp. 254-355. De La +Fons-Mélicocq, <i>Une cité picarde au moyen âge ou Noyon et les +Noyonnais aux XIV<sup>e</sup> et XV<sup>e</sup> siècles</i>, Noyon, 1841, vol. ii, pp. +100-105. In 1441 Lyonnel de Wandomme, who was governor of this town, +was driven out by the inhabitants on the death of Jean de Luxembourg +(Monstrelet, vol. v, p. 456).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_440_440" id="V2Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, p. 177, very doubtful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_441_441" id="V2Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 163-164, 249.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_442_442" id="V2Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_443_443" id="V2Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Note sur deux médailles de plomb +relatives à Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1861, in 8vo, 30 pages. Forgeais, +<i>Notice sur les plombs historiés trouvés dans la Seine</i>, Paris, 1860, +in 8vo. J. Quicherat, <i>Médaille frappée en l'honneur de la Pucelle, +Six dessins sur Jeanne d'Arc tirés d'un manuscrit du XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, +in <i>L'autographe</i>, No. 24, 15 Nov., 1864.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_444_444" id="V2Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> P. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le culte de Jeanne d'Arc au XV<sup>e</sup> +siècle</i>, Paris, 1887, in 8vo, 29 pages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_445_445" id="V2Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_446_446" id="V2Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> Carreau, <i>Histoire manuscrite de Touraine</i>, in +<i>Procès</i>, vol. v, pp. 253, 254.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_447_447" id="V2Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 104. E. Maignien, <i>Oraisons latines +pour la délivrance de Jeanne d'Arc</i>. Grenoble, 1867, in 8vo (<i>Revue +des Sociétés savantes</i>, vol. iv, pp. 412-414). G. de Braux, <i>Trois +oraisons pour la délivrance de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Journal de la +Société d'Archéologie Lorraine</i>, June, 1887, pp. 125, 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_448_448" id="V2Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> <i>Vita Jacobi Gelu ab ipso conscripta</i>, in <i>Bulletin de +la Société archéologique de Touraine</i>, iii, 1867, pp. 266 <i>et seq.</i> +The Rev. Father Marcellin Fornier, <i>Histoire des Alpes Maritimes ou +Cottiennes</i>, vol. ii, pp. 313 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_449_449" id="V2Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 319, 320.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_450_450" id="V2Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Thomassin, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 312. <i>Chronique du +doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 323. <i>Chronique de +Tournai</i>, in <i>Recueil des chroniques de Flandre</i>, vol. iii, p. 415. +<i>Chronique de Normandie</i>, ed. A. Hellot, Rouen, 1881, in 8vo, pp. 77, +78. <i>Chronique de Lorraine</i>, ed. Abbé Marchal (<i>Recueil de documents +sur l'histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. v).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_451_451" id="V2Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Summary of a letter from Regnault de Chartres to the +inhabitants of Reims, <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_452_452" id="V2Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 272. Lefèvre de +Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 263. Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, vol. i, p. +124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_453_453" id="V2Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> A. Maury, <i>La stigmatisation et les stigmates</i>, in +<i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i>, 1854, ch. viii, pp. 454-482. Dr. Subled, <i>Les +stigmates selon la science</i>, in <i>Science catholique</i>, 1894, vol. viii, +pp. 1073 <i>et seq.</i>; vol. ix, pp. 2 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_454_454" id="V2Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Letter from Regnault de Chartres, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, +p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_455_455" id="V2Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 295 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_456_456" id="V2Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> Letter from Regnault de Chartres, in <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, +p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_457_457" id="V2Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_458_458" id="V2Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> This point was not called in question at the time; but +what might be discussed is whether the Bishop of Beauvais could +exercise ordinary jurisdiction over the Maid. On this subject see: +Abbé Ph. H. Dunand, <i>Histoire complète de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1899, +vol. ii, pp. 412, 413.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_459_459" id="V2Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> Robillard de Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges et +assesseurs du procès de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Rouen, 1890, p. 12. Douet +d'Arcq, <i>Choix de pièces inédites relatives au règne de Charles VI</i>, +vol. i, pp. 356, 357. Chanoine Cerf, <i>Pierre Cauchon de Sommièvre, +chanoine de Reims et de Beauvais, évêque de Beauvais et de Lisieux; +son origine, ses dignités, sa mort et ses sépultures</i>, in <i>Travaux de +l'Académie de Reims</i>, CI (1898), pp. 363 <i>et seq.</i>, A. Sarrazin, +<i>Pierre Cauchon, juge de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1901, in 8vo, pp. 26 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_460_460" id="V2Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. i, p. 116. +A. Sarrazin, <i>P. Cauchon</i>, pp. 36, 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_461_461" id="V2Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> Du Boulay, <i>Historia Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, 1670, +vol. v, p. 912. The Abbé Delettre, <i>Histoire du diocèse de Beauvais</i>, +Beauvais, 1842, vol. ii, p. 348.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_462_462" id="V2Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> Robillard de Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. +13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_463_463" id="V2Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> A. Sarrazin, <i>P. Cauchon</i>, pp. 58 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_464_464" id="V2Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, vol. x, p. 408, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_465_465" id="V2Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 13. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Procès de +condamnation</i>, pp. 10 <i>et seq.</i> A. Sarrazin, <i>P. Cauchon</i>, pp. 108 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_466_466" id="V2Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 10, 11. M. Fournier, <i>La faculté +de décret</i>, vol. i, p. 353, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_467_467" id="V2Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 13, 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_468_468" id="V2Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_469_469" id="V2Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> Du Boulay, <i>Historia Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. +v, pp. 393-408. <i>Monumenta conciliorum generalium seculi decimi +quinti</i>, vol. i, pp. 70 <i>et seq.</i> Le P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Le +procès de Jeanne d'Arc et l'Université de Paris</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_470_470" id="V2Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Valeran Varanius, ed. Prarond, Paris, 1889, book iv, p. +100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_471_471" id="V2Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 109, 110; vol. ii, p. 298; vol. +iii, p. 121. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 389. E. Gomart, <i>Jeanne d'Arc au +château de Beaurevoir</i>, Cambrai, 1865, in 8vo, 47 pages (<i>Mem. de la +Société d'émulation de Cambrai</i>, xxxviii, 2, pp. 305-348). L. Sambier, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc et la région du Nord</i>, Lille, 1901, in 8vo, 63 pages. +Cf. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 300, notes 3 and 4, vol. iv, supplement +xxi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_472_472" id="V2Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 95, 231. Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. +402. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. 2; +vol. ii, pp. 72, 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_473_473" id="V2Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> A. Duchêne, <i>Histoire de la maison de Béthune</i>, ch. +iii, and proofs and illustrations, p. 33. Vallet de Viriville, <i>loc. +cit.</i>, and Morosini, vol. iv, pp. 352, 354.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_474_474" id="V2Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 95, 231.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_475_475" id="V2Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 438, 457; vol. iii, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_476_476" id="V2Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 120, 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_477_477" id="V2Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_478_478" id="V2Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 150, 151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_479_479" id="V2Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 13; vol. v, p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_480_480" id="V2Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 110, 151, 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_481_481" id="V2Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 166. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de +Paris</i>, p. 268. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, pp. 53, 58.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_482_482" id="V2Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 507, recto. Morosini, +vol. iii, pp. 301-303. <i>Chronique de Tournai</i>, ed. Smedt, in <i>Recueil +des Chroniques de Flandre</i>, vol. iii, pp. 416, 417.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_483_483" id="V2Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> Lottin, <i>Recherches sur la ville d'Orléans</i>, vol. i, p. +252. <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 99, note 1. <i>Journal du siège</i>, pp. 235-238. +S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. cclxiii, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_484_484" id="V2Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 296, 297.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_485_485" id="V2Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> Register of the Accounts of the town of Tours for the +year 1430, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 473, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_486_486" id="V2Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 473.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_487_487" id="V2Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 473.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_488_488" id="V2Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_489_489" id="V2Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 106, note. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois +de Paris</i>, p. 271. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Procès de condamnation de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. lxi-lxv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_490_490" id="V2Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_491_491" id="V2Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 271, 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_492_492" id="V2Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Voltaire, <i>Dictionnaire philosophique</i>, article, Arc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_493_493" id="V2Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 259, 260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_494_494" id="V2Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 259-260, +271-272. Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 504. A. de +la Borderie, <i>Pierronne et Perrinaïc</i>, pp. 7 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_495_495" id="V2Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> H. Vandenbroeck, <i>Extraits des anciens registres des +consaux de la ville de Tournai</i>, vol. ii (1422-1430), and Morosini, +vol. iii, pp. 185, 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_496_496" id="V2Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> H. Vandenbroeck, <i>Extraits analytiques des anciens +registres des consaux de la ville de Tournai</i>, vol. ii, pp. 338, +371-373. Canon H. Debout, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et les villes d'Arras et de +Tournai</i>, Paris, n.d., p. 24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_497_497" id="V2Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Le P. Anselme, <i>Histoire généalogique de la maison de +France</i>, vol. iii, pp. 723, 724. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 175, 176. Morosini, vol. iv, supplement +xix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_498_498" id="V2Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 95, 231.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_499_499" id="V2Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 13, 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_500_500" id="V2Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> <i>Les miracles de madame Sainte Katerine</i>, Bourassé, +<i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_501_501" id="V2Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> "Was waited on in prison like a lady," says <i>Le Journal +d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 271, concerning the Rouen prison.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_502_502" id="V2Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_503_503" id="V2Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 101, 206, 291; vol. iii, p. 87; vol. v, +pp. 104, 305. Chastellain, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, vol. ii, p. 46. +P. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le culte de Jeanne d'Arc au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Orléans, +1887, in 8vo. Noël Valois, <i>Un nouveau témoignage sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +pp. 8, 13, 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_504_504" id="V2Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 95, 96, 231. Canon Henri Debout, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc prisonnière à Arras</i>, Arras, 1894, in 16mo; <i>Jeanne +d'Arc et les villes d'Arras et de Tournai</i>, Paris, 1904, in 8vo; +<i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. ii, pp. 394 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_505_505" id="V2Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> On the 7th of November, 1430, a messenger from the town +of Arras received forty shillings for having taken two sealed letters +to the Duke of Burgundy, one from Jean de Luxembourg, the other from +David de Brimeu, Governor of the Bailiwick of Arras; we know nothing +of the tenor of these letters written concerning "the case of the +Maid." P. Champion, <i>Notes sur Jeanne d'Arc, II; Jeanne d'Arc à +Arras</i>, in <i>Le Moyen Âge</i>, July-August, 1907, pp. 200, 201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_506_506" id="V2Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> H. de Lépinois, <i>Notes extraites des archives +communales de Compiègne</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, +1863, vol. xxiv, p. 486. A. Sorel, <i>Prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 268. P. +Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, pp. 38, 48 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_507_507" id="V2Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 500 verso.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_508_508" id="V2Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Chastellain, vol. ii, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_509_509" id="V2Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 390.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_510_510" id="V2Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 390, 391. Lefèvre de +Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 180. Morosini, vol. iii, pp. 306, 307. +Chastellain, vol. ii, pp. 51, 54. A. Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 233 <i>et seq.</i> P. Champion. <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, p. 50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_511_511" id="V2Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. i, pp. 49 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_512_512" id="V2Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 502 verso. P. +Champion, <i>Guillaume de Flavy</i>, proofs and illustrations, xli, xlii, +xliii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_513_513" id="V2Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> <i>Livre des trahisons</i>, p. 202.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_514_514" id="V2Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iii, pp. 410-415. Lefèvre de +Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 185. <i>Livre des trahisons</i>, p. 202. A. Sorel, +<i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, proofs and illustrations, xiii, p. 341. P. +Champion, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_515_515" id="V2Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 418. De La Fons-Mélicocq, +<i>Documents inédits sur le siège de Compiègne</i>, in <i>La Picardie</i>, vol. +iii, 1857, pp. 22, 23. Stevenson, <i>Letters and Papers</i>, vol. ii, part +i, p. 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_516_516" id="V2Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, p. 419. P. Champion, <i>Guillaume de +Flavy</i>, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_517_517" id="V2Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> Sorel, <i>La prise de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, proofs and +illustrations, p. 343.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_518_518" id="V2Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 9. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire +de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_519_519" id="V2Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 236. U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration +de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 18, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_520_520" id="V2Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 276, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_521_521" id="V2Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> Chronicle of Jean de la Chapelle, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, +pp. 358-360. Lefils, <i>Histoire de la ville du Crotoy et de son +château</i>, pp. 111-118. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La panique anglaise</i>, p. +8, note 5. L'Abbé Bouthors, <i>Histoire de Saint-Riquier</i>, Abbeville, +1902, pp. 185, 215, 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_522_522" id="V2Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 22, 137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_523_523" id="V2Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 121. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +et la Normandie</i>, pp. 63 <i>et seq.</i>; Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Livre d'or</i>, p. +521.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_524_524" id="V2Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 89; vol. iii, p. 121. Le P. Ignace +de Jésus Maria, <i>Histoire généalogique des comtes de Ponthieu et +maïeurs d'Abbeville</i>, Paris, 1657, p. 490. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 361.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_525_525" id="V2Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Monstrelet, vol. iv, pp. 353, 354. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_526_526" id="V2Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 15, 16. M. Fournier, <i>La Faculté +de décret et l'Université de Paris</i>, vol. i, p. 353.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_527_527" id="V2Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 21. Le P. Ignace de Jésus Maria, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 363. F. Poulaine, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Rouen</i>, Paris, +1899, in 16mo. Ch. Lemire, <i>Jeanne d'Arc en Picardie et en Normandie</i>, +Paris, 1903, p. 10, <i>passim</i>. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Livre d'or</i>, pp. 524, +549.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_528_528" id="V2Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la Normandie au XV<sup>e</sup> +siècle</i>, Rouen, 1896, in 4to, ch. v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_529_529" id="V2Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 136-137. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_530_530" id="V2Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> L. de Duranville, <i>Le château de Bouvreuil</i>, in <i>La +Revue de Rouen</i>, 1852, p. 387. A. Deville, <i>La tour de la Pucelle du +château de Rouen</i>, in <i>Précis des travaux de l'Académie de Rouen</i>, +1865-1866, pp. 236-268. Bouquet, <i>Notice sur le donjon du château de +Philippe-Auguste</i>, Rouen, 1877, pp. 7 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_531_531" id="V2Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 317, 345; vol. iii, p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_532_532" id="V2Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 154. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la +Normandie</i>, p. 190, note 1. L. Delisle, <i>Revue des Sociétés savantes</i>, +1867, 4th series, vol. v, p. 440. F. Bouquet, <i>Jeanne d'Arc au donjon +de Rouen</i>, in <i>Revue de Normandie</i>, 1867, vol. vi, pp. 873-883. L. +Delisle, <i>Revue des Sociétés savantes</i>, vol. v (1867). Lanéry d'Arc, +pp. 528-533.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_533_533" id="V2Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Ballin, <i>Renseignements sur le Vieux-Château de Rouen</i>, +in <i>Revue de Rouen</i>, 1842, p. 35. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la +Normandie</i>, p. 188.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_534_534" id="V2Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_535_535" id="V2Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 155.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_536_536" id="V2Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 180. A. Sarrazin, pp. 191, 192.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_537_537" id="V2Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, pp. 240, 241.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_538_538" id="V2Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_539_539" id="V2Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 322.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_540_540" id="V2Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 216, 217. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, p. 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_541_541" id="V2Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_542_542" id="V2Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> Lea, <i>A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages</i> +(1906), vol. iii, p. 359.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_543_543" id="V2Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 154.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_544_544" id="V2Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 318, 319; vol. iii, pp. 131, 140, +148, 161. A. Sarrazin, <i>P. Cauchon</i>, p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_545_545" id="V2Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 186, 187.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_546_546" id="V2Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 199, 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_547_547" id="V2Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_548_548" id="V2Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_549_549" id="V2Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> Morosini, vol. iii, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_550_550" id="V2Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 121, 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_551_551" id="V2Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 140.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_552_552" id="V2Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> C. de Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le procès de +condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Précis des travaux de l'Académie de +Rouen</i>, 1867-1868, pp. 470-479. U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, p. 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_553_553" id="V2Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_554_554" id="V2Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. ii, p. 732. Vallet de +Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 213, 214. S. Luce, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, p. ccxcv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_555_555" id="V2Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> C. de Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le procès de +condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i> A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +et la Normandie</i>, pp. 168, 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_556_556" id="V2Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> 28 December, 1430. <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 20, 23. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. 46.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_557_557" id="V2Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 18, 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_558_558" id="V2Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la Normandie</i>, pp. 1771, +1778.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_559_559" id="V2Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 147. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_560_560" id="V2Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 24; vol. iii, p. 162. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. 26. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +et la Normandie</i>, p. 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_561_561" id="V2Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_562_562" id="V2Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 25; vol. iii, p. 137. A. Sarrazin, +<i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 221, 222.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_563_563" id="V2Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition en +France</i>, pp. 550, 551.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_564_564" id="V2Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le procès de +condamnation</i>, p. 320.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_565_565" id="V2Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 25; vol. iii, p. 137. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches....</i> p. 103. A. Sarrazin, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. +222, 223.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_566_566" id="V2Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 26. De Beaurepaire, +<i>Recherches....</i> p. 115. A. Sarrazin, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 223, 224.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_567_567" id="V2Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> Eymeric, <i>Directorium Inquisitorium</i>, quest. 85. J. +Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 109. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les +juges</i>, p. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_568_568" id="V2Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches....</i> pp. 321 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_569_569" id="V2Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 27-114. J. +Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, pp. 103, 104. Boucher de Molandon, +<i>Guillaume Erard l'un des juges de la Pucelle</i>, in <i>Bulletin du comité +hist. and phil.</i>, 1892, pp. 3-10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_570_570" id="V2Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 30, note. Du Boulay, <i>Historia +Universitatis, Paris</i>, vol. v, pp. 912, 920. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, p. 105. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes</i>, pp. 30, 31. A. Sarrazin, +<i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 226, 227.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_571_571" id="V2Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 5, 6. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes</i>, +pp. 121-125. A. Sarrazin, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 308-310.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_572_572" id="V2Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches</i>, pp. 321 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_573_573" id="V2Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_574_574" id="V2Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 5-8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_575_575" id="V2Footnote_575_575"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_575_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> A notary or secretary in France under the old monarchy +(W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_576_576" id="V2Footnote_576_576"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_576_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_577_577" id="V2Footnote_577_577"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_577_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 453.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_578_578" id="V2Footnote_578_578"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_578_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 192, 193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_579_579" id="V2Footnote_579_579"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_579_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 105, 146, 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_580_580" id="V2Footnote_580_580"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_580_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 208, 209, 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_581_581" id="V2Footnote_581_581"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_581_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_582_582" id="V2Footnote_582_582"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_582_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 245, 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_583_583" id="V2Footnote_583_583"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_583_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_584_584" id="V2Footnote_584_584"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_584_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i> J. Quicherat, +<i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, pp. 122-124. L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de +l'inquisition</i>, pp. 389-395.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_585_585" id="V2Footnote_585_585"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_585_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 117, 300.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_586_586" id="V2Footnote_586_586"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_586_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 362.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_587_587" id="V2Footnote_587_587"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_587_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_588_588" id="V2Footnote_588_588"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_588_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 72-82. A. +Sorel, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 243, 247.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_589_589" id="V2Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 10, 342; vol. iii, pp. 140, 141, +156, 160 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_590_590" id="V2Footnote_590_590"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_590_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_591_591" id="V2Footnote_591_591"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_591_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 141.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_592_592" id="V2Footnote_592_592"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_592_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> <i>Tractatus de hæresi pauperum de Lugduno</i>, apud +Martene, <i>Thesaurus anecd.</i>, vol. v, col. 1787. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, pp. 131, 132.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_593_593" id="V2Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> Eymeric, <i>Directorium</i>, part iii, <i>Cautelæ inquisitorum +contra hæreticorum cavilationes et fraudes</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_594_594" id="V2Footnote_594_594"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_594_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition en +France</i>, p. 394.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_595_595" id="V2Footnote_595_595"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_595_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 10, 342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_596_596" id="V2Footnote_596_596"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_596_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur Agnès +Sorel</i>, pp. 33 <i>et seq.</i> Du Cange, <i>Glossaire</i>, at the word +<i>Matrimonium</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_597_597" id="V2Footnote_597_597"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_597_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 102, 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_598_598" id="V2Footnote_598_598"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_598_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 155, 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_599_599" id="V2Footnote_599_599"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_599_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a> A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la Normandie</i>, p. 40.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_600_600" id="V2Footnote_600_600"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_600_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_601_601" id="V2Footnote_601_601"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_601_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 217, 218.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_602_602" id="V2Footnote_602_602"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_602_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 27, 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_603_603" id="V2Footnote_603_603"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_603_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 28, 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_604_604" id="V2Footnote_604_604"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_604_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 29, 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_605_605" id="V2Footnote_605_605"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_605_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 31-33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_606_606" id="V2Footnote_606_606"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_606_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 32. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. +102. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 24-27. Le P. Chapotin, +<i>La guerre de cent ans, Jeanne d'Arc et les dominicains</i>, pp. 141-143. +A. Sarrazin, <i>P. Cauchon</i>, p. 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_607_607" id="V2Footnote_607_607"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_607_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_608_608" id="V2Footnote_608_608"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_608_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 35. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les +juges</i>, p. 394. Doinel, <i>Mémoire de la Société +archéologique-historique de l'Orléanais</i>, 1892, vol. xxiv, p. 403. Le +P. Chapotin, <i>La guerre de cent ans, Jeanne d'Arc et les dominicains</i>, +p. 141. U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_609_609" id="V2Footnote_609_609"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_609_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_610_610" id="V2Footnote_610_610"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_610_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 40-42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_611_611" id="V2Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 38, 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_612_612" id="V2Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 42-43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_613_613" id="V2Footnote_613_613"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_613_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_614_614" id="V2Footnote_614_614"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_614_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_615_615" id="V2Footnote_615_615"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_615_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> Le P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Le procès de Jeanne d'Arc +et l'Université de Paris</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_616_616" id="V2Footnote_616_616"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_616_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 88, 94, 151, 155, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_617_617" id="V2Footnote_617_617"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_617_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_618_618" id="V2Footnote_618_618"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_618_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 46.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_619_619" id="V2Footnote_619_619"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_619_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 46-47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_620_620" id="V2Footnote_620_620"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_620_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_621_621" id="V2Footnote_621_621"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_621_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 47, 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_622_622" id="V2Footnote_622_622"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_622_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_623_623" id="V2Footnote_623_623"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_623_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 131-136.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_624_624" id="V2Footnote_624_624"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_624_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 135.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_625_625" id="V2Footnote_625_625"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_625_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 48. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et +la Normandie</i>, pp. 323, 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_626_626" id="V2Footnote_626_626"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_626_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, p. +420.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_627_627" id="V2Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 48-50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_628_628" id="V2Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 50.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_629_629" id="V2Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> Du Boulay, <i>Historia Universitatis Paris.</i>, vol. v, p. +919. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 27-30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_630_630" id="V2Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_631_631" id="V2Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_632_632" id="V2Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 51, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_633_633" id="V2Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_634_634" id="V2Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> Bréhal, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, ed. Lanéry d'Arc, p. 409.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_635_635" id="V2Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> See + <a href="#V2APPENDIX_I">Appendix I</a>, Letter from Doctor G. Dumas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_636_636" id="V2Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_637_637" id="V2Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 53, 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_638_638" id="V2Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_639_639" id="V2Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 55, 56; vol. v, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_640_640" id="V2Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 456; vol. iii, pp. 91, 92. +Morosini, vol. iii, p. 104. Eberhard Windecke, pp. 152, 153. J. +Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, pp. 131-133. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iv, p. 440, ch. i, <i>La royauté de Jésus Christ</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_641_641" id="V2Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 89, 142, 161, 176, 178, 201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_642_642" id="V2Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_643_643" id="V2Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_644_644" id="V2Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_645_645" id="V2Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> We find it impossible to agree with Quicherat (<i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>) and admit that Jeanne gradually invented the fable of the +crown during her examination and while her judges were questioning her +as to "the sign." The manner in which the judges conducted this part +of their examination proves that they were acquainted with the whole +of the extraordinary story.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_646_646" id="V2Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> <i>Legenda Aurea</i>, ed. 1846, pp. 789 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_647_647" id="V2Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 120-122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_648_648" id="V2Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_649_649" id="V2Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_650_650" id="V2Footnote_650_650"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_650_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_651_651" id="V2Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> Jean Bréhal, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, ed. Lanéry d'Arc, p. 409.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_652_652" id="V2Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_653_653" id="V2Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 48.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_654_654" id="V2Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_655_655" id="V2Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 61, 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_656_656" id="V2Footnote_656_656"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_656_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_657_657" id="V2Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 61-64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_658_658" id="V2Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 279.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_659_659" id="V2Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 58-60.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_660_660" id="V2Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 60, 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_661_661" id="V2Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> <i>Grandes chroniques</i>, ed. P. Paris, vol. v, p. 188.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_662_662" id="V2Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_663_663" id="V2Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> E. Hinzelin, <i>Chez Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 37, 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_664_664" id="V2Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 64, 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_665_665" id="V2Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 65. "<i>Souvent on est blâmé de trop +parler</i>," a proverb common in the 15th century. Cf. Le Roux de Lincy, +<i>Les proverbes français</i>, vol. ii, p. 417.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_666_666" id="V2Footnote_666_666"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_666_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_667_667" id="V2Footnote_667_667"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_667_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 21, 358.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_668_668" id="V2Footnote_668_668"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_668_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 65-68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_669_669" id="V2Footnote_669_669"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_669_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_670_670" id="V2Footnote_670_670"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_670_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> The French expression runs, "<i>se resemblent comme deux +sœurs</i>."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_671_671" id="V2Footnote_671_671"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_671_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_672_672" id="V2Footnote_672_672"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_672_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 48, 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_673_673" id="V2Footnote_673_673"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_673_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_674_674" id="V2Footnote_674_674"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_674_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_675_675" id="V2Footnote_675_675"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_675_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 51, 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_676_676" id="V2Footnote_676_676"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_676_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> What induces me to fix this illness on the 25th of +February is Jean Beaupère's question at the sitting of the 27th, "How +have you been?" and Jeanne's ironical reply. This indisposition must +not be confused, as it generally has been, with Jeanne's serious +illness, which occurred after Easter. The shad and the herrings belong +naturally to Lent; and Maître Delachambre says explicitly that Jeanne +recovered after the bleeding.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_677_677" id="V2Footnote_677_677"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_677_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_678_678" id="V2Footnote_678_678"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_678_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 68, 69.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_679_679" id="V2Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 332, 362; vol. iii, pp. 60, 133, +141, 156, 162, 173, 181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_680_680" id="V2Footnote_680_680"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_680_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_681_681" id="V2Footnote_681_681"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_681_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_682_682" id="V2Footnote_682_682"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_682_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_683_683" id="V2Footnote_683_683"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_683_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 406.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_684_684" id="V2Footnote_684_684"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_684_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_685_685" id="V2Footnote_685_685"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_685_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 72, 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_686_686" id="V2Footnote_686_686"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_686_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_687_687" id="V2Footnote_687_687"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_687_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 74, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_688_688" id="V2Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 75. I have re-inserted "my fine lord" +according to <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_689_689" id="V2Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 75-77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_690_690" id="V2Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 77, 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_691_691" id="V2Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_692_692" id="V2Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 34; vol. ii, p. 318.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_693_693" id="V2Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 350, 365.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_694_694" id="V2Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 79, 80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_695_695" id="V2Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 11, 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_696_696" id="V2Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> See the evidence of Thomas de Courcelles in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iii, p. 38.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_697_697" id="V2Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 12, 300, 341; vol. iii, p. 138.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_698_698" id="V2Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 12, 203, 252, 300; vol. iii, pp. +50, 138.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_699_699" id="V2Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 252, 326, 354, 356; vol. iii, pp. +171, 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_700_700" id="V2Footnote_700_700"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_700_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 356, 359.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_701_701" id="V2Footnote_701_701"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_701_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 80, 81.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_702_702" id="V2Footnote_702_702"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_702_702"><span class="label">[702]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_703_703" id="V2Footnote_703_703"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_703_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> <i>Analecta juris Pontif.</i>, vol. xiv, p. 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_704_704" id="V2Footnote_704_704"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_704_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 82, 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_705_705" id="V2Footnote_705_705"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_705_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> The expression, "<i>À Dieu vous recommande, Dieu soit +garde de vous</i>," occurs in the letters to the people of Tournai, to +those of Troyes and of Reims, and in the letter to the Duke of +Burgundy. And what is still more significant, in two of these letters, +one to the people of Troyes, the other to the Duke of Burgundy, are +the words: "<i>Le Roi du ciel, mon droiturier et souverain seigneur</i>." +<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_706_706" id="V2Footnote_706_706"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_706_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 82, 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_707_707" id="V2Footnote_707_707"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_707_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 27, 32, 75, +82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_708_708" id="V2Footnote_708_708"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_708_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 84, 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_709_709" id="V2Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_710_710" id="V2Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> Le Loyer, iv, <i>Livres des Spectres</i>, Angers, 1605, in +4to.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_711_711" id="V2Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_712_712" id="V2Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 86, 87. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Les anneaux +de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de +France</i>, vol. xxx, 1868, pp. 82, 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_713_713" id="V2Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_714_714" id="V2Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_715_715" id="V2Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> A. Maury, <i>Croyances et légendes du moyen âge</i>, pp. 171 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_716_716" id="V2Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_717_717" id="V2Footnote_717_717"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_717_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 90, 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_718_718" id="V2Footnote_718_718"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_718_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_719_719" id="V2Footnote_719_719"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_719_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le procès de +condamnation</i>, p. 115.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_720_720" id="V2Footnote_720_720"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_720_720"><span class="label">[720]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_721_721" id="V2Footnote_721_721"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_721_721"><span class="label">[721]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 91, 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_722_722" id="V2Footnote_722_722"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_722_722"><span class="label">[722]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_723_723" id="V2Footnote_723_723"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_723_723"><span class="label">[723]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 94.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_724_724" id="V2Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 95-97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_725_725" id="V2Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_726_726" id="V2Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, p. 301. <i>Journal du siège</i>, +pp. 98, 99.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_727_727" id="V2Footnote_727_727"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_727_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_728_728" id="V2Footnote_728_728"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_728_728"><span class="label">[728]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_729_729" id="V2Footnote_729_729"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_729_729"><span class="label">[729]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 102.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_730_730" id="V2Footnote_730_730"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_730_730"><span class="label">[730]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_731_731" id="V2Footnote_731_731"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_731_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> Lea (1906), vol. iii, p. 456.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_732_732" id="V2Footnote_732_732"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_732_732"><span class="label">[732]</span></a> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, p. 237.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_733_733" id="V2Footnote_733_733"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_733_733"><span class="label">[733]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 104.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_734_734" id="V2Footnote_734_734"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_734_734"><span class="label">[734]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 111.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_735_735" id="V2Footnote_735_735"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_735_735"><span class="label">[735]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 111, 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_736_736" id="V2Footnote_736_736"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_736_736"><span class="label">[736]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_737_737" id="V2Footnote_737_737"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_737_737"><span class="label">[737]</span></a> Gélu, <i>Questio quinta</i>, in <i>Mémoires et consultations +en faveur de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, ed. Lanéry d'Arc, pp. 593 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_738_738" id="V2Footnote_738_738"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_738_738"><span class="label">[738]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 299 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_739_739" id="V2Footnote_739_739"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_739_739"><span class="label">[739]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_740_740" id="V2Footnote_740_740"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_740_740"><span class="label">[740]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 117, 119.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_741_741" id="V2Footnote_741_741"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_741_741"><span class="label">[741]</span></a> On the contrary it was then that they began to argue +against her or that they began to argue most effectively. She seems to +forget that the interview at Chinon preceded the examination at +Poitiers. It is interesting to notice that Brother Pasquerel, who was +informed of these matters by her, makes the same error in his +evidence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_742_742" id="V2Footnote_742_742"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_742_742"><span class="label">[742]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 120, 122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_743_743" id="V2Footnote_743_743"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_743_743"><span class="label">[743]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 122-124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_744_744" id="V2Footnote_744_744"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_744_744"><span class="label">[744]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_745_745" id="V2Footnote_745_745"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_745_745"><span class="label">[745]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 126.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_746_746" id="V2Footnote_746_746"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_746_746"><span class="label">[746]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_747_747" id="V2Footnote_747_747"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_747_747"><span class="label">[747]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_748_748" id="V2Footnote_748_748"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_748_748"><span class="label">[748]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations</i>, pp. 224, +434, 435. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. i, pp. 351 <i>et +seq.</i>, 481 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_749_749" id="V2Footnote_749_749"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_749_749"><span class="label">[749]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 128.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_750_750" id="V2Footnote_750_750"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_750_750"><span class="label">[750]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_751_751" id="V2Footnote_751_751"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_751_751"><span class="label">[751]</span></a> <i>Chronique des quatre premiers Valois</i>, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_752_752" id="V2Footnote_752_752"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_752_752"><span class="label">[752]</span></a> II Corinthians, iv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_753_753" id="V2Footnote_753_753"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_753_753"><span class="label">[753]</span></a> Galatians v, 18. Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et +consultations</i>, p. 275.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_754_754" id="V2Footnote_754_754"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_754_754"><span class="label">[754]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_755_755" id="V2Footnote_755_755"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_755_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 130, 131.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_756_756" id="V2Footnote_756_756"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_756_756"><span class="label">[756]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 131, 132.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_757_757" id="V2Footnote_757_757"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_757_757"><span class="label">[757]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 252. E. de Bouteiller and G. de +Braux, <i>Nouvelles recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 14, +15. S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>, pp. xlvi <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_758_758" id="V2Footnote_758_758"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_758_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 133.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_759_759" id="V2Footnote_759_759"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_759_759"><span class="label">[759]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 134.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_760_760" id="V2Footnote_760_760"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_760_760"><span class="label">[760]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 134, 138.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_761_761" id="V2Footnote_761_761"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_761_761"><span class="label">[761]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 139.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_762_762" id="V2Footnote_762_762"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_762_762"><span class="label">[762]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 140, 141.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_763_763" id="V2Footnote_763_763"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_763_763"><span class="label">[763]</span></a> About ten feet (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_764_764" id="V2Footnote_764_764"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_764_764"><span class="label">[764]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 141-142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_765_765" id="V2Footnote_765_765"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_765_765"><span class="label">[765]</span></a> "<i>Fleure bon et fleurera bon, pourvu qu'elle soit bien +gardée.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_766_766" id="V2Footnote_766_766"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_766_766"><span class="label">[766]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations</i>, p. 212. Le +P. Ayroles, <i>La vraie Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. i, p. 346.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_767_767" id="V2Footnote_767_767"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_767_767"><span class="label">[767]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 144.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_768_768" id="V2Footnote_768_768"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_768_768"><span class="label">[768]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_769_769" id="V2Footnote_769_769"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_769_769"><span class="label">[769]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_770_770" id="V2Footnote_770_770"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_770_770"><span class="label">[770]</span></a> Eberhard Windecke, pp. 184, 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_771_771" id="V2Footnote_771_771"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_771_771"><span class="label">[771]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 147, 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_772_772" id="V2Footnote_772_772"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_772_772"><span class="label">[772]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 150, 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_773_773" id="V2Footnote_773_773"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_773_773"><span class="label">[773]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_774_774" id="V2Footnote_774_774"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_774_774"><span class="label">[774]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 154, 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_775_775" id="V2Footnote_775_775"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_775_775"><span class="label">[775]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_776_776" id="V2Footnote_776_776"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_776_776"><span class="label">[776]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_777_777" id="V2Footnote_777_777"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_777_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, pp. + <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a> <i>et seq.</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_778_778" id="V2Footnote_778_778"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_778_778"><span class="label">[778]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 158, 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_779_779" id="V2Footnote_779_779"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_779_779"><span class="label">[779]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 159, 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_780_780" id="V2Footnote_780_780"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_780_780"><span class="label">[780]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_781_781" id="V2Footnote_781_781"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_781_781"><span class="label">[781]</span></a> <i>Ayde-toy, Dieu te aidera.</i> <i>Le Jouvencel</i>, vol. ii, p. +33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_782_782" id="V2Footnote_782_782"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_782_782"><span class="label">[782]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 163, 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_783_783" id="V2Footnote_783_783"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_783_783"><span class="label">[783]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 165, 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_784_784" id="V2Footnote_784_784"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_784_784"><span class="label">[784]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 166-169.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_785_785" id="V2Footnote_785_785"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_785_785"><span class="label">[785]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 170, 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_786_786" id="V2Footnote_786_786"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_786_786"><span class="label">[786]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_787_787" id="V2Footnote_787_787"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_787_787"><span class="label">[787]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_788_788" id="V2Footnote_788_788"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_788_788"><span class="label">[788]</span></a> S. Luce, <i>Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy</i>. Proofs and +illustrations, pp. 74, 75.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_789_789" id="V2Footnote_789_789"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_789_789"><span class="label">[789]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_790_790" id="V2Footnote_790_790"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_790_790"><span class="label">[790]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 174, 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_791_791" id="V2Footnote_791_791"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_791_791"><span class="label">[791]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_792_792" id="V2Footnote_792_792"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_792_792"><span class="label">[792]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 180.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_793_793" id="V2Footnote_793_793"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_793_793"><span class="label">[793]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_794_794" id="V2Footnote_794_794"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_794_794"><span class="label">[794]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 182-183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_795_795" id="V2Footnote_795_795"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_795_795"><span class="label">[795]</span></a> Martène and Durand, <i>Thesaurus novus anecdotorum</i>, vol. +v, col. 1760 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_796_796" id="V2Footnote_796_796"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_796_796"><span class="label">[796]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_797_797" id="V2Footnote_797_797"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_797_797"><span class="label">[797]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 184.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_798_798" id="V2Footnote_798_798"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_798_798"><span class="label">[798]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 184, 185.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_799_799" id="V2Footnote_799_799"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_799_799"><span class="label">[799]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 185.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_800_800" id="V2Footnote_800_800"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_800_800"><span class="label">[800]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 187.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_801_801" id="V2Footnote_801_801"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_801_801"><span class="label">[801]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_802_802" id="V2Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_803_803" id="V2Footnote_803_803"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_803_803"><span class="label">[803]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_804_804" id="V2Footnote_804_804"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_804_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, pp. 130, 131. E. +Méru, <i>Directorium Inquisitorium</i>, Romæ, 1578, p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_805_805" id="V2Footnote_805_805"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_805_805"><span class="label">[805]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 200, 201. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, pp. 129, 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_806_806" id="V2Footnote_806_806"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_806_806"><span class="label">[806]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, +pp. 400 <i>et seq.</i> U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. +34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_807_807" id="V2Footnote_807_807"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_807_807"><span class="label">[807]</span></a> Méru, <i>Directorium Inquisitorium</i>, p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_808_808" id="V2Footnote_808_808"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_808_808"><span class="label">[808]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_809_809" id="V2Footnote_809_809"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_809_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 202-323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_810_810" id="V2Footnote_810_810"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_810_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 202.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_811_811" id="V2Footnote_811_811"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_811_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 324, 325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_812_812" id="V2Footnote_812_812"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_812_812"><span class="label">[812]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 327; vol. iii, p. 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_813_813" id="V2Footnote_813_813"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_813_813"><span class="label">[813]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 60. U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration +de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 38.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_814_814" id="V2Footnote_814_814"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_814_814"><span class="label">[814]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 232. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, pp. 124, 129.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_815_815" id="V2Footnote_815_815"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_815_815"><span class="label">[815]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 22, 212; vol. iii, p. 306; vol. +v, p. 461.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_816_816" id="V2Footnote_816_816"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_816_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 328, 336.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_817_817" id="V2Footnote_817_817"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_817_817"><span class="label">[817]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 337.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_818_818" id="V2Footnote_818_818"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_818_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 337, 374.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_819_819" id="V2Footnote_819_819"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_819_819"><span class="label">[819]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_820_820" id="V2Footnote_820_820"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_820_820"><span class="label">[820]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 374-375.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_821_821" id="V2Footnote_821_821"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_821_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 376, 378.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_822_822" id="V2Footnote_822_822"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_822_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 379.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_823_823" id="V2Footnote_823_823"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_823_823"><span class="label">[823]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 380, 381.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_824_824" id="V2Footnote_824_824"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_824_824"><span class="label">[824]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 381.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_825_825" id="V2Footnote_825_825"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_825_825"><span class="label">[825]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 381, 382.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_826_826" id="V2Footnote_826_826"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_826_826"><span class="label">[826]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 114, 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_827_827" id="V2Footnote_827_827"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_827_827"><span class="label">[827]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 383, 399.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_828_828" id="V2Footnote_828_828"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_828_828"><span class="label">[828]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 400, 401.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_829_829" id="V2Footnote_829_829"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_829_829"><span class="label">[829]</span></a> Nicolas Eymeric, <i>Directorium inquisitorium....</i> Rome, +1586, in fol. p. 24, col. 1. Ludovicus a Paramo, <i>De origine et +progressu officii sanctæ inquisitionis</i>, MDXCIIX, in fol., lib. III, +questio 5, p. 709.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_830_830" id="V2Footnote_830_830"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_830_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 399.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_831_831" id="V2Footnote_831_831"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_831_831"><span class="label">[831]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 399, 400.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_832_832" id="V2Footnote_832_832"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_832_832"><span class="label">[832]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 401, 402.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_833_833" id="V2Footnote_833_833"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_833_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 402, 404.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_834_834" id="V2Footnote_834_834"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_834_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a> <i>Recueil des historiens de la France</i>, vol. xx, p. 601; +vol. xxi, p. 34. <i>Histoire littéraire de la France</i>, vol. xxvii, p. +70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_835_835" id="V2Footnote_835_835"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_835_835"><span class="label">[835]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 407, 413, 420. M. Fournier, <i>La +faculté de décret de l'Université de Paris</i>, p. 353. Le P. Denifle and +Chatelain, <i>Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. iv, pp. 510 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_836_836" id="V2Footnote_836_836"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_836_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 407, 408. U. Chevalier, +<i>L'abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_837_837" id="V2Footnote_837_837"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_837_837"><span class="label">[837]</span></a> The University of Paris (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_838_838" id="V2Footnote_838_838"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_838_838"><span class="label">[838]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 414, 419.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_839_839" id="V2Footnote_839_839"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_839_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 414. Migne, <i>Dictionnaire des sciences +occultes</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_840_840" id="V2Footnote_840_840"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_840_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 417, 420.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_841_841" id="V2Footnote_841_841"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_841_841"><span class="label">[841]</span></a> From a theological point of view the record of the +Poitiers trial may have been insignificant; but at any rate it +contained the arguments presented to the King and the memoranda of +Gélu and of Gerson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_842_842" id="V2Footnote_842_842"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_842_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 404, 429.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_843_843" id="V2Footnote_843_843"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_843_843"><span class="label">[843]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 429, 430.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_844_844" id="V2Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 126-127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_845_845" id="V2Footnote_845_845"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_845_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 430.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_846_846" id="V2Footnote_846_846"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_846_846"><span class="label">[846]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 430, 437.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_847_847" id="V2Footnote_847_847"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_847_847"><span class="label">[847]</span></a> Du Boulay, <i>Historia Universitatis Parisiensis</i>, vol. +v, p. 929.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_848_848" id="V2Footnote_848_848"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_848_848"><span class="label">[848]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. 88.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_849_849" id="V2Footnote_849_849"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_849_849"><span class="label">[849]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 437, 441.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_850_850" id="V2Footnote_850_850"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_850_850"><span class="label">[850]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 441, 442.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_851_851" id="V2Footnote_851_851"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_851_851"><span class="label">[851]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 21.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_852_852" id="V2Footnote_852_852"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_852_852"><span class="label">[852]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 146. De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur +les juges</i>, pp. 445 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_853_853" id="V2Footnote_853_853"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_853_853"><span class="label">[853]</span></a> Old name for a cemetery close to a church. Godefroy, +<i>Lexique de l'ancien français</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_854_854" id="V2Footnote_854_854"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_854_854"><span class="label">[854]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 351.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_855_855" id="V2Footnote_855_855"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_855_855"><span class="label">[855]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_856_856" id="V2Footnote_856_856"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_856_856"><span class="label">[856]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur le cimetière de Saint-Ouen +de Rouen</i>, in <i>Précis analytique des travaux de l'Académie de Rouen</i> +1875-1876, pp. 211, 230, plan. U. Chevalier, <i>L'abjuration de Jeanne +d'Arc et l'authenticité de sa formule</i>, p. 44. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne +d'Arc et la Normandie</i>, p. 351.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_857_857" id="V2Footnote_857_857"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_857_857"><span class="label">[857]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 442, 444. O'Reilly, <i>Les deux +procès</i>, vol. i, pp. 70-93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_858_858" id="V2Footnote_858_858"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_858_858"><span class="label">[858]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 402, 408.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_859_859" id="V2Footnote_859_859"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_859_859"><span class="label">[859]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_860_860" id="V2Footnote_860_860"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_860_860"><span class="label">[860]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 469, 470.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_861_861" id="V2Footnote_861_861"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_861_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 444. E. Richer, <i>Histoire manuscrite de la +Pucelle d'Orléans</i>, bk. i, fol. 8; bk. ii, fol. 198, v<sup>o</sup>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_862_862" id="V2Footnote_862_862"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_862_862"><span class="label">[862]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_863_863" id="V2Footnote_863_863"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_863_863"><span class="label">[863]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 15, 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_864_864" id="V2Footnote_864_864"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_864_864"><span class="label">[864]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 456, 457. U. Chevalier, +<i>L'abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 46, 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_865_865" id="V2Footnote_865_865"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_865_865"><span class="label">[865]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 15, 17, 335, 345, 353, 367.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_866_866" id="V2Footnote_866_866"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_866_866"><span class="label">[866]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_867_867" id="V2Footnote_867_867"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_867_867"><span class="label">[867]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 444, 445.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_868_868" id="V2Footnote_868_868"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_868_868"><span class="label">[868]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 445.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_869_869" id="V2Footnote_869_869"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_869_869"><span class="label">[869]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 358.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_870_870" id="V2Footnote_870_870"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_870_870"><span class="label">[870]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 445.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_871_871" id="V2Footnote_871_871"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_871_871"><span class="label">[871]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 445, 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_872_872" id="V2Footnote_872_872"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_872_872"><span class="label">[872]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_873_873" id="V2Footnote_873_873"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_873_873"><span class="label">[873]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_874_874" id="V2Footnote_874_874"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_874_874"><span class="label">[874]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 473.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_875_875" id="V2Footnote_875_875"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_875_875"><span class="label">[875]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_876_876" id="V2Footnote_876_876"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_876_876"><span class="label">[876]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 17, 331; vol. iii, pp. 52, 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_877_877" id="V2Footnote_877_877"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_877_877"><span class="label">[877]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_878_878" id="V2Footnote_878_878"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_878_878"><span class="label">[878]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 474, 475.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_879_879" id="V2Footnote_879_879"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_879_879"><span class="label">[879]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 473 note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_880_880" id="V2Footnote_880_880"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_880_880"><span class="label">[880]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 65, 147, 149, 273. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur le procès</i>, p. 358.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_881_881" id="V2Footnote_881_881"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_881_881"><span class="label">[881]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_882_882" id="V2Footnote_882_882"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_882_882"><span class="label">[882]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 137, 376.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_883_883" id="V2Footnote_883_883"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_883_883"><span class="label">[883]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 356; vol. iii, pp. 157, 178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_884_884" id="V2Footnote_884_884"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_884_884"><span class="label">[884]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_885_885" id="V2Footnote_885_885"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_885_885"><span class="label">[885]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 90, 147, 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_886_886" id="V2Footnote_886_886"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_886_886"><span class="label">[886]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 52, 65, 132, 156, 197. U. Chevalier, +<i>L'Abjuration de Jeanne d'Arc</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_887_887" id="V2Footnote_887_887"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_887_887"><span class="label">[887]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 156, 157 (evidence of Jean +Massieu, Usher of the court).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_888_888" id="V2Footnote_888_888"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_888_888"><span class="label">[888]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_889_889" id="V2Footnote_889_889"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_889_889"><span class="label">[889]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_890_890" id="V2Footnote_890_890"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_890_890"><span class="label">[890]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 331; vol. iii, p. 157. This deed, +written in a large hand and containing but a few lines, appears to be +an abridgment of that contained in the <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 447, 448 +(cf. vol. iii, pp. 156, 197).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_891_891" id="V2Footnote_891_891"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_891_891"><span class="label">[891]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 156, 197.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_892_892" id="V2Footnote_892_892"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_892_892"><span class="label">[892]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 338; vol. iii, p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_893_893" id="V2Footnote_893_893"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_893_893"><span class="label">[893]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 55, 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_894_894" id="V2Footnote_894_894"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_894_894"><span class="label">[894]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 123.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_895_895" id="V2Footnote_895_895"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_895_895"><span class="label">[895]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 361. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, p. 135.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_896_896" id="V2Footnote_896_896"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_896_896"><span class="label">[896]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 147, 156.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_897_897" id="V2Footnote_897_897"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_897_897"><span class="label">[897]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 376.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_898_898" id="V2Footnote_898_898"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_898_898"><span class="label">[898]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 17; vol. iii, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_899_899" id="V2Footnote_899_899"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_899_899"><span class="label">[899]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 450, 452.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_900_900" id="V2Footnote_900_900"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_900_900"><span class="label">[900]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 452.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_901_901" id="V2Footnote_901_901"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_901_901"><span class="label">[901]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, p. 454.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_902_902" id="V2Footnote_902_902"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_902_902"><span class="label">[902]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_903_903" id="V2Footnote_903_903"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_903_903"><span class="label">[903]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 52, 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_904_904" id="V2Footnote_904_904"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_904_904"><span class="label">[904]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_905_905" id="V2Footnote_905_905"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_905_905"><span class="label">[905]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_906_906" id="V2Footnote_906_906"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_906_906"><span class="label">[906]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 376.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_907_907" id="V2Footnote_907_907"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_907_907"><span class="label">[907]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 452-453.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_908_908" id="V2Footnote_908_908"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_908_908"><span class="label">[908]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 155.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_909_909" id="V2Footnote_909_909"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_909_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_910_910" id="V2Footnote_910_910"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_910_910"><span class="label">[910]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_911_911" id="V2Footnote_911_911"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_911_911"><span class="label">[911]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 14; vol. iii, p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_912_912" id="V2Footnote_912_912"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_912_912"><span class="label">[912]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, pp. 82 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_913_913" id="V2Footnote_913_913"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_913_913"><span class="label">[913]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 354.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_914_914" id="V2Footnote_914_914"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_914_914"><span class="label">[914]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, pp. 158, 180.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_915_915" id="V2Footnote_915_915"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_915_915"><span class="label">[915]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 454; vol. iii, p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_916_916" id="V2Footnote_916_916"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_916_916"><span class="label">[916]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 5. Isambart's evidence refers to +this day, the 28th.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_917_917" id="V2Footnote_917_917"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_917_917"><span class="label">[917]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 455-457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_918_918" id="V2Footnote_918_918"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_918_918"><span class="label">[918]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 5, 8, 365; vol. iii, pp. 148, +149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_919_919" id="V2Footnote_919_919"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_919_919"><span class="label">[919]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_920_920" id="V2Footnote_920_920"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_920_920"><span class="label">[920]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_921_921" id="V2Footnote_921_921"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_921_921"><span class="label">[921]</span></a> "<i>Responsio mortifera</i>," wrote the notary Boisguillaume +in the margin of his minutes. <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 456, 457.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_922_922" id="V2Footnote_922_922"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_922_922"><span class="label">[922]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 456-458.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_923_923" id="V2Footnote_923_923"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_923_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 5, 8, 305.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_924_924" id="V2Footnote_924_924"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_924_924"><span class="label">[924]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 459, 467.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_925_925" id="V2Footnote_925_925"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_925_925"><span class="label">[925]</span></a> Bernard Gui, <i>Pratique</i>, part iii, p. 144. L. Tanon, +<i>Tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, pp. 464 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_926_926" id="V2Footnote_926_926"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_926_926"><span class="label">[926]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 462, 463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_927_927" id="V2Footnote_927_927"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_927_927"><span class="label">[927]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_928_928" id="V2Footnote_928_928"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_928_928"><span class="label">[928]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, pp. 472, 473.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_929_929" id="V2Footnote_929_929"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_929_929"><span class="label">[929]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 463, 467.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_930_930" id="V2Footnote_930_930"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_930_930"><span class="label">[930]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 466.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_931_931" id="V2Footnote_931_931"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_931_931"><span class="label">[931]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 467, 469.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_932_932" id="V2Footnote_932_932"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_932_932"><span class="label">[932]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 3, 4 (evidence of Brother +Isambart de la Pierre). <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 8 (evidence of Brother Martin +Ladvenu).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_933_933" id="V2Footnote_933_933"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_933_933"><span class="label">[933]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 481. (In the Introduction I have +given my reasons for regarding the information given after the death +of the Maid as possessing great historical significance.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_934_934" id="V2Footnote_934_934"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_934_934"><span class="label">[934]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 462-467.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_935_935" id="V2Footnote_935_935"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_935_935"><span class="label">[935]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 479. Or "to such of you as are churchmen." +<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 482 (information furnished after her death).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_936_936" id="V2Footnote_936_936"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_936_936"><span class="label">[936]</span></a> Robillard de Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_937_937" id="V2Footnote_937_937"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_937_937"><span class="label">[937]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 480.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_938_938" id="V2Footnote_938_938"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_938_938"><span class="label">[938]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 480, 481 (information furnished after her +death).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_939_939" id="V2Footnote_939_939"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_939_939"><span class="label">[939]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 482, 483.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_940_940" id="V2Footnote_940_940"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_940_940"><span class="label">[940]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 114 (evidence of Brother Jehan +Toutmouillé).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_941_941" id="V2Footnote_941_941"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_941_941"><span class="label">[941]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 481, 482 (information given after +Jeanne's death).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_942_942" id="V2Footnote_942_942"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_942_942"><span class="label">[942]</span></a> <i>Textus decretalium</i>, lib. v, ch. iv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_943_943" id="V2Footnote_943_943"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_943_943"><span class="label">[943]</span></a> Ignace de Doellinger, <i>La Papauté</i>, traduit par A. +Giraud-Teulon, Paris, 1904, in 8vo, p. 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_944_944" id="V2Footnote_944_944"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_944_944"><span class="label">[944]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 158.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_945_945" id="V2Footnote_945_945"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_945_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 334.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_946_946" id="V2Footnote_946_946"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_946_946"><span class="label">[946]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 19, 334. De Beaurepaire, +<i>Recherches sur le procès</i>, pp. 116, 117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_947_947" id="V2Footnote_947_947"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_947_947"><span class="label">[947]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 482, 483 (information procured +after Jeanne's death).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_948_948" id="V2Footnote_948_948"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_948_948"><span class="label">[948]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 19, 308, 320; vol. iii, pp. 114, +158, 183, 197.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_949_949" id="V2Footnote_949_949"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_949_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a> For Jeanne's communion see also De Beaurepaire, +<i>Recherches sur le procès</i>, pp. 116-117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_950_950" id="V2Footnote_950_950"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_950_950"><span class="label">[950]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 191.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_951_951" id="V2Footnote_951_951"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_951_951"><span class="label">[951]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 485. Maître N. Taquel would lead us +to believe that the interrogatories took place after Jeanne's +communion, but this can hardly be admitted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_952_952" id="V2Footnote_952_952"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_952_952"><span class="label">[952]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 320; vol. iii, p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_953_953" id="V2Footnote_953_953"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_953_953"><span class="label">[953]</span></a> A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la Normandie</i>, p. 369.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_954_954" id="V2Footnote_954_954"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_954_954"><span class="label">[954]</span></a> Bouquet, <i>Rouen aux différentes époques de son +histoire</i>, pp. 25 <i>et seq.</i> A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la +Normandie</i>, pp. 374, 375. De Beaurepaire, <i>Mémoires sur le lieu du +supplice de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, with plan of the Old Market Square of Rouen +according to the <i>Livre de fontaine de 1525</i>, Rouen, 1867, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_955_955" id="V2Footnote_955_955"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_955_955"><span class="label">[955]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Note sur la prise du château de Rouen, +par Ricarville</i>, Rouen, 1857, in 8vo, p. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_956_956" id="V2Footnote_956_956"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_956_956"><span class="label">[956]</span></a> Bouquet, <i>Jeanne d'Arc au château de Rouen</i>, p. 25. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Mémoire sur le lieu du supplice de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 32. +A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc et la Normandie</i>, pp. 376 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_957_957" id="V2Footnote_957_957"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_957_957"><span class="label">[957]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 459.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_958_958" id="V2Footnote_958_958"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_958_958"><span class="label">[958]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 470; vol. ii, pp. 14, 303, 328; +vol. iii, pp. 159, 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_959_959" id="V2Footnote_959_959"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_959_959"><span class="label">[959]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 470; vol. ii, p. 334; vol. iii, pp. +53, 114, 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_960_960" id="V2Footnote_960_960"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_960_960"><span class="label">[960]</span></a> Chapter xii, 26 (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_961_961" id="V2Footnote_961_961"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_961_961"><span class="label">[961]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_962_962" id="V2Footnote_962_962"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_962_962"><span class="label">[962]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_963_963" id="V2Footnote_963_963"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_963_963"><span class="label">[963]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, p. +374.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_964_964" id="V2Footnote_964_964"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_964_964"><span class="label">[964]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 19; vol. iii, p. 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_965_965" id="V2Footnote_965_965"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_965_965"><span class="label">[965]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 19, 351.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_966_966" id="V2Footnote_966_966"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_966_966"><span class="label">[966]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_967_967" id="V2Footnote_967_967"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_967_967"><span class="label">[967]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 6, 20; vol. iii, pp. 53, 177, +186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_968_968" id="V2Footnote_968_968"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_968_968"><span class="label">[968]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 188. A. Sarrazin, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +et la Normandie</i>, p. 386. Guedon and Ladvenu added to their evidence +that not long afterwards a certain Georges Folenfant was also given up +to the secular arm. But the Archbishop and the Inquisitor sent Ladvenu +to the Bailie "in order to warn him that the said Georges was not to +be treated like the Maid who was burned without the pronouncement of +any definite and final sentence." <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_969_969" id="V2Footnote_969_969"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_969_969"><span class="label">[969]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_970_970" id="V2Footnote_970_970"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_970_970"><span class="label">[970]</span></a> Falconbridge, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 459. Yet Martin +Ladvenu says "until the last hour," etc., which is obviously false.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_971_971" id="V2Footnote_971_971"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_971_971"><span class="label">[971]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_972_972" id="V2Footnote_972_972"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_972_972"><span class="label">[972]</span></a> Shakespeare, Henry VI, part 1, act i, scene 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_973_973" id="V2Footnote_973_973"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_973_973"><span class="label">[973]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 6; vol. iii, pp. 53, 191, 375.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_974_974" id="V2Footnote_974_974"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_974_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a> <i>Missel Romain, Office des morts.</i> Cf. Le P. C. Clair, +<i>Le Dies iræ, histoire, traduction et commentaire</i>, Paris, in 8vo, +1881, pp. 38-142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_975_975" id="V2Footnote_975_975"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_975_975"><span class="label">[975]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 6, 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_976_976" id="V2Footnote_976_976"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_976_976"><span class="label">[976]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_977_977" id="V2Footnote_977_977"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_977_977"><span class="label">[977]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_978_978" id="V2Footnote_978_978"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_978_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 8; vol. iii, pp. 169, 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_979_979" id="V2Footnote_979_979"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_979_979"><span class="label">[979]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_980_980" id="V2Footnote_980_980"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_980_980"><span class="label">[980]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_981_981" id="V2Footnote_981_981"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_981_981"><span class="label">[981]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 191. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de +Paris</i>, pp. 269, 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_982_982" id="V2Footnote_982_982"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_982_982"><span class="label">[982]</span></a> L. Tanon, <i>Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition</i>, p. +478.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_983_983" id="V2Footnote_983_983"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_983_983"><span class="label">[983]</span></a> <i>Chronique des cordeliers</i>, fol. 507 verso. <i>Journal +d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 269.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_984_984" id="V2Footnote_984_984"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_984_984"><span class="label">[984]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 159, 160, 185; vol. iv, p. 518. +Th. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, vol. i, p. 83. +Th. Cochard, <i>Existe-t-il des reliques de Jeanne d'Arc?</i> Orléans, +1891, in 8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_985_985" id="V2Footnote_985_985"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_985_985"><span class="label">[985]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 7, 352, 366.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_986_986" id="V2Footnote_986_986"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_986_986"><span class="label">[986]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 493, 495.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_987_987" id="V2Footnote_987_987"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_987_987"><span class="label">[987]</span></a> Le P. Denifle and Chatelain, <i>Cartularium Universitatis +Parisiensis</i>, vol. iv, p. 527.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_988_988" id="V2Footnote_988_988"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_988_988"><span class="label">[988]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 240, 243.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_989_989" id="V2Footnote_989_989"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_989_989"><span class="label">[989]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 485, 496; vol. iv, p. 403. +Monstrelet, vol. iv, ch. cv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_990_990" id="V2Footnote_990_990"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_990_990"><span class="label">[990]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 496, 500.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_991_991" id="V2Footnote_991_991"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_991_991"><span class="label">[991]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 270, 272. This +sermon contains curious inaccuracies. Are they the fault of the +Inquisitor or of the author of <i>Le Journal</i>?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_992_992" id="V2Footnote_992_992"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_992_992"><span class="label">[992]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 473.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_993_993" id="V2Footnote_993_993"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_993_993"><span class="label">[993]</span></a> Th. Basin, <i>Histoire de Charles VII et de Louis XI</i>, +vol. iv, pp. 103, 104. Monstrelet, ch. lxiii. Bougenot, <i>Deux +documents inédits relatifs à Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue bleue</i>, 13 Feb., +1892, pp. 203, 204.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_994_994" id="V2Footnote_994_994"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_994_994"><span class="label">[994]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 3, 344, 348, 373; vol. iii, p. +189; vol. v, pp. 169, 179, 181. Dibon, <i>Essai sur Louviers</i>, Rouen, +1836, in 8vo, pp. 33 <i>et seq.</i> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de +Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, pp. 246 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_995_995" id="V2Footnote_995_995"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_995_995"><span class="label">[995]</span></a> Le P. Denifle, <i>La désolation des églises de France +vers le milieu du XV<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, vol. i, p. xvi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_996_996" id="V2Footnote_996_996"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_996_996"><span class="label">[996]</span></a> Jean Chartier, <i>Chronique</i>, vol. i, p. 132. Monstrelet, +vol. iv, p. 433. Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 265.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_997_997" id="V2Footnote_997_997"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_997_997"><span class="label">[997]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_998_998" id="V2Footnote_998_998"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_998_998"><span class="label">[998]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 272.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_999_999" id="V2Footnote_999_999"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_999_999"><span class="label">[999]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +ii, p. 248. De Beaurepaire, <i>Recherches sur les juges</i>, p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1000_1000" id="V2Footnote_1000_1000"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1000_1000"><span class="label">[1000]</span></a> Lea, <i>History of the Inquisition</i>, vol. iii, 377 (ed. +1905).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1001_1001" id="V2Footnote_1001_1001"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1001_1001"><span class="label">[1001]</span></a> Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, pp. 263, 264.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1002_1002" id="V2Footnote_1002_1002"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1002_1002"><span class="label">[1002]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 274.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1003_1003" id="V2Footnote_1003_1003"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1003_1003"><span class="label">[1003]</span></a> Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. ii, p. 264.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1004_1004" id="V2Footnote_1004_1004"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1004_1004"><span class="label">[1004]</span></a> Martial d'Auvergne, <i>Vigiles</i>, ed. Coustelier, vol. +i.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1005_1005" id="V2Footnote_1005_1005"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1005_1005"><span class="label">[1005]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique d'Arthur de Richemont</i>, p. 81. +Vallet de Viriville, in <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 297. E. Cosneau, <i>Le connétable +de Richemont</i>, pp. 200, 201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1006_1006" id="V2Footnote_1006_1006"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1006_1006"><span class="label">[1006]</span></a> Perceval de Cagny, pp. 170, 173, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1007_1007" id="V2Footnote_1007_1007"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1007_1007"><span class="label">[1007]</span></a> Carlier, <i>Histoire des Valois</i>, 1764, in 4to, vol. ii, +p. 442. Vallet de Viriville, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. i, p. +307. The Regent also believed in astrology (B.N. MS. 1352).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1008_1008" id="V2Footnote_1008_1008"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1008_1008"><span class="label">[1008]</span></a> Gruel, <i>Chronique d'Arthur de Richemont</i>, pp. 120, +121. Dom Félibien, <i>Histoire de Paris</i>, vol. iv, p. 597.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1009_1009" id="V2Footnote_1009_1009"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1009_1009"><span class="label">[1009]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud de Metz</i>, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 321, 324. Jacomin Husson, <i>Chronique de Metz</i>, +ed. Michelant, Metz, 1870, pp. 64, 65. Cf. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Une +fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue des questions historiques</i>, October, +1871, pp. 562 <i>et seq.</i> Vergniaud-Romagnési, <i>Des portraits de Jeanne +d'Arc et de la fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société +d'Agriculture d'Orléans</i>, vol. i (1853), pp. 250, 253. De Puymaigre, +<i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue nouvelle d'Alsace-Lorraine</i>, vol. +v (1885), pp. 533 <i>et seq.</i> A. France, <i>Une fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in +<i>Revue des familles</i>, 15 February, 1891.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1010_1010" id="V2Footnote_1010_1010"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1010_1010"><span class="label">[1010]</span></a> Varanius alone says that Jacques d'Arc died of sorrow +at the loss of his daughter. <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1011_1011" id="V2Footnote_1011_1011"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1011_1011"><span class="label">[1011]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 280.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1012_1012" id="V2Footnote_1012_1012"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1012_1012"><span class="label">[1012]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 279, 280. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La fausse +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 6, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1013_1013" id="V2Footnote_1013_1013"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1013_1013"><span class="label">[1013]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 210. Lefèvre de Saint-Rémy, vol. +ii, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1014_1014" id="V2Footnote_1014_1014"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1014_1014"><span class="label">[1014]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 321, 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1015_1015" id="V2Footnote_1015_1015"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1015_1015"><span class="label">[1015]</span></a> <i>Le Metz ancien</i> (Metz, 1856, 2 vol. in folio) by the +Baron d'Hannoncelles, which contains the genealogy of Nicole Lowe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1016_1016" id="V2Footnote_1016_1016"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1016_1016"><span class="label">[1016]</span></a> "And was recognised by divers tokens" (<i>enseignes</i>) +(<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 322). M. Lecoy de la Marche (<i>Une fausse Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, in <i>Revue des questions historiques</i>, October, 1871, p. 565), +and M. Gaston Save (<i>Jehanne des Armoises, Pucelle d'Orléans</i>, Nancy, +1893, p. 11) understand that she was recognised by several officers or +ensigns (<i>enseignes</i>). I have interpreted <i>enseignes</i> in the ordinary +sense of marks on the skin, birth-marks. (Cf. La Curne.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1017_1017" id="V2Footnote_1017_1017"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1017_1017"><span class="label">[1017]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 322.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1018_1018" id="V2Footnote_1018_1018"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1018_1018"><span class="label">[1018]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 354.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1019_1019" id="V2Footnote_1019_1019"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1019_1019"><span class="label">[1019]</span></a> Nevertheless see on this subject M. Germain +Lefèvre-Pontalis, who is our authority for this prophecy (Eberhard +Windecke, pp. 108-111).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1020_1020" id="V2Footnote_1020_1020"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1020_1020"><span class="label">[1020]</span></a> The republic of Metz (W.S.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1021_1021" id="V2Footnote_1021_1021"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1021_1021"><span class="label">[1021]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 322. Chronique de Philippe de Vigneulles, in <i>Les +chroniques Messines</i> of Huguenin, p. 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1022_1022" id="V2Footnote_1022_1022"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1022_1022"><span class="label">[1022]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, p. 457. L. Champion, <i>Jeanne d'Arc +écuyère</i>, ch. ii, ch. vi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1023_1023" id="V2Footnote_1023_1023"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1023_1023"><span class="label">[1023]</span></a> Variant of <i>La chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i> +sent from Metz to Pierre du Puy, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 322, 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1024_1024" id="V2Footnote_1024_1024"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1024_1024"><span class="label">[1024]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 322, 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1025_1025" id="V2Footnote_1025_1025"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1025_1025"><span class="label">[1025]</span></a> D. Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. vii. Proofs +and illustrations, col. vi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1026_1026" id="V2Footnote_1026_1026"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1026_1026"><span class="label">[1026]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 322, 324. Eberhard Windecke, p. +108. Morosini, vol. iii, p. 62, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1027_1027" id="V2Footnote_1027_1027"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1027_1027"><span class="label">[1027]</span></a> M. le Baron de Braux was kind enough to write to me +from Boucq near Foug, Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the 28th of June, 1896, +explaining that Bacquillon (<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 322) is an erroneous +reading of one of the manuscripts of the Doyen of Saint-Thibaud. "By +comparing," he added, "the various versions (V. Quicherat and <i>Les +chroniques Messines</i>) we may ascertain that it is really Vaucouleurs, +Valquelou," mistaken for Bacquillon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1028_1028" id="V2Footnote_1028_1028"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1028_1028"><span class="label">[1028]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 406, 408, 445, 449.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1029_1029" id="V2Footnote_1029_1029"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1029_1029"><span class="label">[1029]</span></a> The <i>Chronique de Tournai</i> says of the true Jeanne +that she came from Mareville, a small town between Metz and +Pont-à-Mousson. "This Jeanne had long dwelt and served in a <i>métairie</i> +[a kind of farm] of this place."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1030_1030" id="V2Footnote_1030_1030"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1030_1030"><span class="label">[1030]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. +v, pp. 322, 324. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Jeanne des Armoises</i>, p. 566. G. +Save, <i>Jehanne des Armoises, pucelle d'Orléans</i>, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1031_1031" id="V2Footnote_1031_1031"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1031_1031"><span class="label">[1031]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 352 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1032_1032" id="V2Footnote_1032_1032"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1032_1032"><span class="label">[1032]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 322, 324. Dom Lelong, <i>Histoire du diocèse de Laon</i>, 1783, +p. 371. Abbé Ledouble, <i>Les origines de Liesse et du pèlerinage de +Notre-Dame</i>, Soissons, 1885, pp. 6 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1033_1033" id="V2Footnote_1033_1033"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1033_1033"><span class="label">[1033]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 322, note 2. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, +<i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 21, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1034_1034" id="V2Footnote_1034_1034"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1034_1034"><span class="label">[1034]</span></a> <i>Chronique normande</i> (MS. in the British Museum), in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 344. Symphorien Champier, <i>Nef des Dames</i>, Lyon, +1503, <i>ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1035_1035" id="V2Footnote_1035_1035"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1035_1035"><span class="label">[1035]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 272. <i>Chronique +normande</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes</i>, second series, +vol. iii, p. 116. D. Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, p. vi, proofs and +illustrations. G. Save, <i>Jehanne des Armoises</i>, pp. 6, 7. It is well +known that Gabriel Naudé maintained the paradox that Jeanne was only +burned in effigy. <i>Considérations politiques sur les coups d'état</i>, +Rome, 1639, in 4to. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. +8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1036_1036" id="V2Footnote_1036_1036"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1036_1036"><span class="label">[1036]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le culte de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Orléans, +1887, in 8vo. <i>Revue du Midi.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1037_1037" id="V2Footnote_1037_1037"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1037_1037"><span class="label">[1037]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 275. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. +ii, p. 286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1038_1038" id="V2Footnote_1038_1038"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1038_1038"><span class="label">[1038]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 262. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Jeanne +des Armoises</i>, p. 568.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1039_1039" id="V2Footnote_1039_1039"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1039_1039"><span class="label">[1039]</span></a> He died at the age of one hundred and eighteen. +<i>Trial</i>, iii, p. 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1040_1040" id="V2Footnote_1040_1040"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1040_1040"><span class="label">[1040]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 326. Vallet de Viriville, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. ii, p. 376, note. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, +<i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 23, note 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1041_1041" id="V2Footnote_1041_1041"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1041_1041"><span class="label">[1041]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 327.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1042_1042" id="V2Footnote_1042_1042"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1042_1042"><span class="label">[1042]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 326. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, +pp. 284-285.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1043_1043" id="V2Footnote_1043_1043"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1043_1043"><span class="label">[1043]</span></a> Since 1432. But there is no evidence of any +anniversary service having been held in 1433 and 1434. It was +reinstituted in 1439.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1044_1044" id="V2Footnote_1044_1044"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1044_1044"><span class="label">[1044]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 274, 275. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, +vol. i, p. 286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1045_1045" id="V2Footnote_1045_1045"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1045_1045"><span class="label">[1045]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 323. Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +325. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 566.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1046_1046" id="V2Footnote_1046_1046"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1046_1046"><span class="label">[1046]</span></a> <i>Art de vérifier les dates</i>, vol. xv, pp. 236 <i>et +seq.</i> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. xiii, pp. 970 <i>et seq.</i>; Gams, <i>Series +Episcoporum</i> (1873), pp. 317, 319.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1047_1047" id="V2Footnote_1047_1047"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1047_1047"><span class="label">[1047]</span></a> Quicherat, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 502, note, +erroneously states that the contest for the Archbishopric of Trèves +was between Raban of Helmstat and Jacques of Syrck. Concerning Jacques +of Syrck or Sierck, see de Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. +iv, p. 264.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1048_1048" id="V2Footnote_1048_1048"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1048_1048"><span class="label">[1048]</span></a> Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, book v, ch. viii. D. +Calmet, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, vol. ii, p. 906.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1049_1049" id="V2Footnote_1049_1049"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1049_1049"><span class="label">[1049]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 245-246.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1050_1050" id="V2Footnote_1050_1050"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1050_1050"><span class="label">[1050]</span></a> Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. +502; vol. v, p. 324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1051_1051" id="V2Footnote_1051_1051"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1051_1051"><span class="label">[1051]</span></a> H. Vincent, <i>La maison des Armoises, originaire de +Champagne</i>, in <i>Mémoires de la Société d'Archéologie Lorraine</i>, 3rd +series, vol. v (1877), p. 324. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La fausse Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, p. 2, note 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1052_1052" id="V2Footnote_1052_1052"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1052_1052"><span class="label">[1052]</span></a> In his <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i> (vol. v, pp. clxiv <i>et +seq.</i>), Dom Calmet says that the contract of marriage between Robert +des Armoises and the Maid of France, which had long been preserved in +the family, was lost in his day. There is no need to regret it, for it +is now known that this contract was forged by Father Jérôme Vignier. +Le Comte de Marsy (<i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc, Claude des Armoises; du +degré de confiance à accorder aux découvertes de Jérôme Vignier</i>, +Compiègne, 1890) and M. Tamizey de Larroque (<i>Revue critique</i>, the +20th October, 1890). For Vignier's other forgeries cf. Julien Havet, +<i>Questions Mérovingiennes</i>, ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1053_1053" id="V2Footnote_1053_1053"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1053_1053"><span class="label">[1053]</span></a> Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, bk. v, ch. viii. <i>Trial</i>, +vol. iv, pp. 503, 504.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1054_1054" id="V2Footnote_1054_1054"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1054_1054"><span class="label">[1054]</span></a> The preceding deed, by which "<i>Robert des Harmoises et +la Pucelle Jehanne d'Arc, sa femme</i>," acquired the estate of Fléville, +is very doubtful (D. Calmet, 2nd edition, vol. v, p. clxiv, note).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1055_1055" id="V2Footnote_1055_1055"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1055_1055"><span class="label">[1055]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, p. 323. <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 354-355.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1056_1056" id="V2Footnote_1056_1056"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1056_1056"><span class="label">[1056]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 206, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1057_1057" id="V2Footnote_1057_1057"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1057_1057"><span class="label">[1057]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1058_1058" id="V2Footnote_1058_1058"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1058_1058"><span class="label">[1058]</span></a> Jean Nider, <i>Formicarium</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1059_1059" id="V2Footnote_1059_1059"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1059_1059"><span class="label">[1059]</span></a> <i>Chronique du doyen de Saint-Thibaud</i>, in <i>Trial</i>, +vol. v, pp. 323-324.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1060_1060" id="V2Footnote_1060_1060"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1060_1060"><span class="label">[1060]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1061_1061" id="V2Footnote_1061_1061"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1061_1061"><span class="label">[1061]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, pp. 106, 108, 119, 296. <i>Journal d'un +bourgeois de Paris.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1062_1062" id="V2Footnote_1062_1062"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1062_1062"><span class="label">[1062]</span></a> Extracts from the accounts of the town of Orléans, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 331-332. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Une fausse Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, pp. 570-571.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1063_1063" id="V2Footnote_1063_1063"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1063_1063"><span class="label">[1063]</span></a> Original documents of Orléans, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. +270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1064_1064" id="V2Footnote_1064_1064"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1064_1064"><span class="label">[1064]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 274. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, +p. 286.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1065_1065" id="V2Footnote_1065_1065"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1065_1065"><span class="label">[1065]</span></a> Extracts from the accounts of the town of Orléans, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 331-332. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, vol. i, p. 287.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1066_1066" id="V2Footnote_1066_1066"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1066_1066"><span class="label">[1066]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1067_1067" id="V2Footnote_1067_1067"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1067_1067"><span class="label">[1067]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 112-113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1068_1068" id="V2Footnote_1068_1068"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1068_1068"><span class="label">[1068]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 17; vol. v, p. 327.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1069_1069" id="V2Footnote_1069_1069"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1069_1069"><span class="label">[1069]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, p. 332. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La +fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 23-24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1070_1070" id="V2Footnote_1070_1070"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1070_1070"><span class="label">[1070]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1071_1071" id="V2Footnote_1071_1071"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1071_1071"><span class="label">[1071]</span></a> Vallet de Viriville, <i>Notices et extraits de chartes +et de manuscrits appartenant au British Museum</i>, in <i>Bibliothèque de +l'École des Chartes</i>, vol. viii, 1846, p. 116.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1072_1072" id="V2Footnote_1072_1072"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1072_1072"><span class="label">[1072]</span></a> Abbé Bossard, <i>Gille de Rais</i>, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1073_1073" id="V2Footnote_1073_1073"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1073_1073"><span class="label">[1073]</span></a> Pardon, in <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 332-334.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1074_1074" id="V2Footnote_1074_1074"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1074_1074"><span class="label">[1074]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 335. Lecoy de la +Marche, <i>Une fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 574.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1075_1075" id="V2Footnote_1075_1075"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1075_1075"><span class="label">[1075]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 338 <i>et seq.</i> +De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iii, pp. 384 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1076_1076" id="V2Footnote_1076_1076"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1076_1076"><span class="label">[1076]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, p. 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1077_1077" id="V2Footnote_1077_1077"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1077_1077"><span class="label">[1077]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iii, ch. +xvi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1078_1078" id="V2Footnote_1078_1078"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1078_1078"><span class="label">[1078]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 354, 355. Lecoy +de la Marche, <i>Une fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 574.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1079_1079" id="V2Footnote_1079_1079"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1079_1079"><span class="label">[1079]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1080_1080" id="V2Footnote_1080_1080"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1080_1080"><span class="label">[1080]</span></a> <i>Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris</i>, pp. 354, 355. Lecoy +de la Marche, <i>Une fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 574. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, +<i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1081_1081" id="V2Footnote_1081_1081"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1081_1081"><span class="label">[1081]</span></a> Vergnaud-Romagnési, <i>Des portraits de Jeanne d'Arc et +de la fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i> and <i>Mémoire sur les fausses Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +in <i>Les Mémoires de la Société d'Agriculture d'Orléans</i>, 1854, in +8vo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1082_1082" id="V2Footnote_1082_1082"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1082_1082"><span class="label">[1082]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 210, 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1083_1083" id="V2Footnote_1083_1083"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1083_1083"><span class="label">[1083]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 279.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1084_1084" id="V2Footnote_1084_1084"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1084_1084"><span class="label">[1084]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, pp. 212, 214. Lottin, <i>Recherches</i>, +vol. i, p. 287. Duleau, <i>Vidimus d'une charte de Charles VII, +concédant à Pierre du Lys la possession de l'Isle-aux-Bœufs</i>, +Orléans, 1860, in 8vo. 6. G. Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La fausse Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, p. 28, note 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1085_1085" id="V2Footnote_1085_1085"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1085_1085"><span class="label">[1085]</span></a> I have not made use of the very late evidence given by +Pierre Sala (<i>Trial</i>, vol. iv, p. 281). It is vague and somewhat +legendary, and cannot possibly be introduced into the Life of La Dame +des Armoises. For the bibliography of this interesting subject, see +Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Le livre d'or de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 573, 580, and G. +Lefèvre-Pontalis, <i>La fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1895, in 8vo, +concerning the account given by M. Gaston Save. +</p><p> +There are those who have supposed, without adducing any proof, that +this pseudo-Jeanne was a sister of the Maid (Lebrun de Charmettes, +<i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, vol. iv, pp. 291 <i>et seq.</i>). Francis +André, <i>La vérité sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1895, in 18mo, pp. 75 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1086_1086" id="V2Footnote_1086_1086"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1086_1086"><span class="label">[1086]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iii, p. +335.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1087_1087" id="V2Footnote_1087_1087"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1087_1087"><span class="label">[1087]</span></a> Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'église de son +temps</i>, p. 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1088_1088" id="V2Footnote_1088_1088"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1088_1088"><span class="label">[1088]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 565.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1089_1089" id="V2Footnote_1089_1089"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1089_1089"><span class="label">[1089]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, p. 403.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1090_1090" id="V2Footnote_1090_1090"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1090_1090"><span class="label">[1090]</span></a> <i>Ordonnances</i>, vol. xiii, pp. 267, 291. <i>Preuves des +libertés de l'église gallicane</i>, edited by Lenglet-Dufresnoy, second +part, p. 6. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iii, pp. +353, 361. N. Arlos, <i>Histoire de la pragmatique sanction, etc.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1091_1091" id="V2Footnote_1091_1091"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1091_1091"><span class="label">[1091]</span></a> Hefelé, <i>Histoire de l'Église gallicane</i>, vol. xx, p. +357. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iii, p. 363. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Les états de Normandie sous la domination anglaise</i>, pp. +66, 67, 185, 188.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1092_1092" id="V2Footnote_1092_1092"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1092_1092"><span class="label">[1092]</span></a> Du Boulay, <i>Hist. Universitatis</i>, vol. v, p. 431. De +Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1093_1093" id="V2Footnote_1093_1093"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1093_1093"><span class="label">[1093]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 10, 12, 332, 362; vol. iii, pp. +60, 133, 141, 145, 156, 162, 173, 181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1094_1094" id="V2Footnote_1094_1094"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1094_1094"><span class="label">[1094]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges et assesseurs du +procès de condamnation</i>, pp. 78, 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1095_1095" id="V2Footnote_1095_1095"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1095_1095"><span class="label">[1095]</span></a> J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus nouveaux</i>, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1096_1096" id="V2Footnote_1096_1096"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1096_1096"><span class="label">[1096]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. iii, p. +372.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1097_1097" id="V2Footnote_1097_1097"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1097_1097"><span class="label">[1097]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Les états de Normandie sous la +domination anglaise</i>, pp. 66, 67, 185, 188. De Beaucourt, <i>loc. cit.</i> +p. 362.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1098_1098" id="V2Footnote_1098_1098"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1098_1098"><span class="label">[1098]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 17. <i>Notes sur les +juges et assesseurs du procès de condamnation</i>, p. 117. <i>Recherches +sur le procès</i>, p. 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1099_1099" id="V2Footnote_1099_1099"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1099_1099"><span class="label">[1099]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. v, ch. +i.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1100_1100" id="V2Footnote_1100_1100"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1100_1100"><span class="label">[1100]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 249.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1101_1101" id="V2Footnote_1101_1101"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1101_1101"><span class="label">[1101]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 1, 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1102_1102" id="V2Footnote_1102_1102"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1102_1102"><span class="label">[1102]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. iii, col. 1129 and vol. xi, +col. 90. De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. v, p. 219. Le +P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'église de son temps</i>, ch. vi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1103_1103" id="V2Footnote_1103_1103"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1103_1103"><span class="label">[1103]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Les états de Normandie sous la +domination anglaise</i>, pp. 185, 188.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1104_1104" id="V2Footnote_1104_1104"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1104_1104"><span class="label">[1104]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 276.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1105_1105" id="V2Footnote_1105_1105"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1105_1105"><span class="label">[1105]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 108, 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1106_1106" id="V2Footnote_1106_1106"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1106_1106"><span class="label">[1106]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 95. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant +l'église de son temps</i>, p. 607. J. Belon and F. Balme, <i>Jean Bréhal, +grand inquisiteur de France et la réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc</i>, +Paris, 1893, in 4to.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1107_1107" id="V2Footnote_1107_1107"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1107_1107"><span class="label">[1107]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 82, 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1108_1108" id="V2Footnote_1108_1108"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1108_1108"><span class="label">[1108]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 92, 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1109_1109" id="V2Footnote_1109_1109"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1109_1109"><span class="label">[1109]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 193, 196.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1110_1110" id="V2Footnote_1110_1110"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1110_1110"><span class="label">[1110]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 291, 463; vol. iii, pp. 1, 202.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1111_1111" id="V2Footnote_1111_1111"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1111_1111"><span class="label">[1111]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 378, 463.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1112_1112" id="V2Footnote_1112_1112"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1112_1112"><span class="label">[1112]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. v, pp. 112, 113, 331.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1113_1113" id="V2Footnote_1113_1113"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1113_1113"><span class="label">[1113]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 23, 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1114_1114" id="V2Footnote_1114_1114"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1114_1114"><span class="label">[1114]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 1, 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1115_1115" id="V2Footnote_1115_1115"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1115_1115"><span class="label">[1115]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iii, p. 202.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1116_1116" id="V2Footnote_1116_1116"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1116_1116"><span class="label">[1116]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 2 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1117_1117" id="V2Footnote_1117_1117"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1117_1117"><span class="label">[1117]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1118_1118" id="V2Footnote_1118_1118"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1118_1118"><span class="label">[1118]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. vi, p. +43. P. Dupuy, <i>Histoire des Templiers</i>, 1658, in 4to. Cimber and +Danjou, <i>Archives curieuses de l'histoire de France</i>, vol. i, pp. +137-157. (See also, Michelet, History of France, translated by G.H. +Smith, vol. ii, p. 206.) Note—Alençon says to his English valet: "If +I could have a powder that I wot of and put it in the vessel in which +the King's sheets are washed, he should sleep sound enough [<i>dormir +tout sec</i>]." <i>Trial of Alençon</i> (W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1119_1119" id="V2Footnote_1119_1119"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1119_1119"><span class="label">[1119]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 90.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1120_1120" id="V2Footnote_1120_1120"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1120_1120"><span class="label">[1120]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1121_1121" id="V2Footnote_1121_1121"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1121_1121"><span class="label">[1121]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1122_1122" id="V2Footnote_1122_1122"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1122_1122"><span class="label">[1122]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1123_1123" id="V2Footnote_1123_1123"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1123_1123"><span class="label">[1123]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 85.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1124_1124" id="V2Footnote_1124_1124"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1124_1124"><span class="label">[1124]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 20, 21, 161; vol. iii, pp. 43, +53, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1125_1125" id="V2Footnote_1125_1125"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1125_1125"><span class="label">[1125]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 44, 56. J. Quicherat, <i>Aperçus +nouveaux</i>, p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1126_1126" id="V2Footnote_1126_1126"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1126_1126"><span class="label">[1126]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. ii, pp. 161; vol. iii, pp. 41, 42, 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1127_1127" id="V2Footnote_1127_1127"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1127_1127"><span class="label">[1127]</span></a> De Beaurepaire, <i>Notes sur les juges</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1128_1128" id="V2Footnote_1128_1128"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1128_1128"><span class="label">[1128]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 329 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1129_1129" id="V2Footnote_1129_1129"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1129_1129"><span class="label">[1129]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. ii, pp. 363 <i>et seq.</i>, 434 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1130_1130" id="V2Footnote_1130_1130"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1130_1130"><span class="label">[1130]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations en faveur de +Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 576.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1131_1131" id="V2Footnote_1131_1131"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1131_1131"><span class="label">[1131]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, pp. 32, 87, 100, 116, 119, 120, +126, 128 <i>et passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1132_1132" id="V2Footnote_1132_1132"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1132_1132"><span class="label">[1132]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations</i>, p. 402.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1133_1133" id="V2Footnote_1133_1133"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1133_1133"><span class="label">[1133]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 398.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1134_1134" id="V2Footnote_1134_1134"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1134_1134"><span class="label">[1134]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 355.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1135_1135" id="V2Footnote_1135_1135"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1135_1135"><span class="label">[1135]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1136_1136" id="V2Footnote_1136_1136"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1136_1136"><span class="label">[1136]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. xi, col. 793.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1137_1137" id="V2Footnote_1137_1137"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1137_1137"><span class="label">[1137]</span></a> <i>Histoire ecclésiastique et politique de la ville et +du diocèse de Toul</i>, 1707, p. 529.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1138_1138" id="V2Footnote_1138_1138"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1138_1138"><span class="label">[1138]</span></a> Abbé Bossard, <i>Gilles de Rais</i>, pp. 333 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1139_1139" id="V2Footnote_1139_1139"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1139_1139"><span class="label">[1139]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. vi, p. +197.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1140_1140" id="V2Footnote_1140_1140"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1140_1140"><span class="label">[1140]</span></a> Inquiry of 1476, in G. de Braux and E. de Bouteiller, +<i>Nouvelles recherches</i>, p. 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1141_1141" id="V2Footnote_1141_1141"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1141_1141"><span class="label">[1141]</span></a> Or Chaumussay. Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Une fausse Jeanne +d'Arc</i>, Paris, 1871, in 8vo, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1142_1142" id="V2Footnote_1142_1142"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1142_1142"><span class="label">[1142]</span></a> Lecoy de la Marche, <i>Une fausse Jeanne d'Arc</i>, in +<i>Revue des questions historiques</i>, October, 1871, p. 576. <i>Le roi +René</i>, Paris, 1875, vol. i, pp. 308-327; vol. ii, pp. 281-283.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1143_1143" id="V2Footnote_1143_1143"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1143_1143"><span class="label">[1143]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii, p. 314, note 1. <i>Gallia +Christiana</i>, vol. ii, fol. 518. Du Boulay, <i>Hist. Univ. Paris</i>, vol. +v, p. 905. Le P. Ayroles, <i>La Pucelle devant l'église de son temps</i>, +pp. 403, 404.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1144_1144" id="V2Footnote_1144_1144"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1144_1144"><span class="label">[1144]</span></a> Lanéry d'Arc, <i>Mémoires et consultations</i>, p. 247.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1145_1145" id="V2Footnote_1145_1145"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1145_1145"><span class="label">[1145]</span></a> Du Clercq, <i>Mémoires</i>, ed. Reiffenberg, Brussels, +1823, vol. iii, pp. 98 <i>et seq.</i> Jean de Roye, <i>Chronique +scandaleuse</i>, ed. Bernard de Mandrot, 1894, vol. i, pp. 13, 14. +<i>Chronique de Bourdigné</i>, ed. Quatrebarbes, vol. ii, p. 212. Dom +Piolin, <i>Histoire de l'église du Mans</i>, vol. v, p. 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1146_1146" id="V2Footnote_1146_1146"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1146_1146"><span class="label">[1146]</span></a> Chastellain, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, vol. iii, p. +444.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1147_1147" id="V2Footnote_1147_1147"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1147_1147"><span class="label">[1147]</span></a> Jacques du Clercq, <i>Mémoires</i>, vol. iii, pp. 107 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1148_1148" id="V2Footnote_1148_1148"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1148_1148"><span class="label">[1148]</span></a> Antoine du Faur, <i>Livre des femmes célèbres</i>, in +<i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 336.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1149_1149" id="V2Footnote_1149_1149"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1149_1149"><span class="label">[1149]</span></a> De Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. vi, pp. +442, 451. <i>Chronique Martiniane</i>, ed. P. Champion, p. 110.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1150_1150" id="V2Footnote_1150_1150"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1150_1150"><span class="label">[1150]</span></a> Mathieu d'Escouchy, vol. ii, p. 422. Jean Chartier, +<i>Chronique</i>, vol. iii, pp. 114-121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1151_1151" id="V2Footnote_1151_1151"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1151_1151"><span class="label">[1151]</span></a> <i>Gallia Christiana</i>, vol. vii, col. 151 and 214. +Hardouin, <i>Acta Conciliorum</i>, vol. ix, col. 1423. De Beaucourt, +<i>Histoire de Charles VII</i>, vol. vi, p. 444.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1152_1152" id="V2Footnote_1152_1152"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1152_1152"><span class="label">[1152]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. iii. p. 219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1153_1153" id="V2Footnote_1153_1153"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1153_1153"><span class="label">[1153]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 52 and <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1154_1154" id="V2Footnote_1154_1154"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1154_1154"><span class="label">[1154]</span></a> A famous French alienist (1825-1893).—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1155_1155" id="V2Footnote_1155_1155"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1155_1155"><span class="label">[1155]</span></a> <i>Progrès medical</i>, January 19, 1878.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1156_1156" id="V2Footnote_1156_1156"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1156_1156"><span class="label">[1156]</span></a> The existence of patches devoid of feeling was +considered in the Middle Ages to prove that the subject was a witch. +Hence needles were run into the supposed witch. And if she felt them +in every part of her body she was acquitted.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1157_1157" id="V2Footnote_1157_1157"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1157_1157"><span class="label">[1157]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1158_1158" id="V2Footnote_1158_1158"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1158_1158"><span class="label">[1158]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1159_1159" id="V2Footnote_1159_1159"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1159_1159"><span class="label">[1159]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1160_1160" id="V2Footnote_1160_1160"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1160_1160"><span class="label">[1160]</span></a> According to the evidence of Maître Pierre Maurice, at +the condemnation trial (vol. i. p. 480), Jeanne must have seen the +angels "in the form of certain infinitesimal things" (<i>sub specie +quarumdam rerum minimarum</i>). This was also the character of the +hallucinations experienced by Saint Rose of Lima ("Vie de Sainte Rose +de Lima," by P. Léonard Hansen, p. 179).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1161_1161" id="V2Footnote_1161_1161"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1161_1161"><span class="label">[1161]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 144.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1162_1162" id="V2Footnote_1162_1162"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1162_1162"><span class="label">[1162]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 110.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1163_1163" id="V2Footnote_1163_1163"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1163_1163"><span class="label">[1163]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 279 and <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1164_1164" id="V2Footnote_1164_1164"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1164_1164"><span class="label">[1164]</span></a> Michel de Nostre-Dame, called Nostradamus (1503-1566), +a Provençal astrologer, whose prophecies were published under the +title of "Centuries." He was invited to the French court by Catherine +de' Medici, and became the doctor of Charles IX.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1165_1165" id="V2Footnote_1165_1165"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1165_1165"><span class="label">[1165]</span></a> The last syllable but one of the surname of the +Prophet will Diane take for her day and her rest. Far shall wander +that inspired one delivering a great nation from the burden of taxes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1166_1166" id="V2Footnote_1166_1166"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1166_1166"><span class="label">[1166]</span></a> Marc René Marquis d'Argenson (1652-1721), after being +Lieutenant Général de la Police at Paris, became, from 1718-1720, +Président du Conseil des Finances and Garde des Sceaux.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1167_1167" id="V2Footnote_1167_1167"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1167_1167"><span class="label">[1167]</span></a> <i>Gazette d'Amsterdam</i>, March-May, 1697; <i>Annales de la +cour et de Paris</i> (vol. ii. pp. 204, 219); <i>Theatrum Europæum</i> (vol. +xv. pp. 359-360); <i>Mémoires de Sourches</i> (vol. v. pp. 260, 263); +<i>Lettres de Madame Dunoyer</i> (Letter xxvi); <i>Saint Simon, Mémoires</i>, +ed. Régnier (<i>Collection des Grands Ecrivains de la France</i>), vol. vi. +pp. 222, 228, 231; Appendix X, p. 545; <i>Mémoires du duc de Luynes</i>, +vol. x. pp. 410, 412—Abbé Proyart, <i>Vie du duc de Bourgogne</i> (ed. +1782), vol. i. pp. 978, 981.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1168_1168" id="V2Footnote_1168_1168"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1168_1168"><span class="label">[1168]</span></a> Antoine Marie Chamans, Comte de La Valette +(1769-1830), was a French general during the first empire. Having been +arrested in 1815 and condemned to death, he was saved by his +wife.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1169_1169" id="V2Footnote_1169_1169"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1169_1169"><span class="label">[1169]</span></a> <i>Rapport adressé à S. Ex. le Ministre de la Police +Générale sur l'état du nommé Martin, envoyé par son ordre à la maison +royale de Charenton, le 13 Mars, 1816, par MM. Pinel, médecin en chef +de l'hôpital de la Salpêtriere, et Royer-Collard, médecin en chef de +la maison royale de Charenton, et l'un et l'autre professeurs à la +faculté de médecine de Paris.</i> Inscribed at the end with the +date—Paris, 6 May, 1816—39 pages in 4<sup>o</sup> MS. in the library of the +author. Le Capitaine Paul Marin, <i>Thomas Martin de Gallardon Les +Médecins et les thaumaturges du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, s.d. in +18<sup>o</sup>. <i>Mémoires de la Comtesse de Boignes</i>, edited by Charles +Nicoullaud, Paris, 1907, vol. iii. pp. 355 and <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1170_1170" id="V2Footnote_1170_1170"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1170_1170"><span class="label">[1170]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, pp. 100, 292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1171_1171" id="V2Footnote_1171_1171"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1171_1171"><span class="label">[1171]</span></a> There is a wood engraving of this figure in Wallon, +<i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1172_1172" id="V2Footnote_1172_1172"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1172_1172"><span class="label">[1172]</span></a> E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, <i>Notes +iconographiques sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Paris and Orléans, 1879, in 18<sup>o</sup> +royal paper.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1173_1173" id="V2Footnote_1173_1173"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1173_1173"><span class="label">[1173]</span></a> Reproduced in many works, notably opposite p. 17 in +the book of E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, referred to above.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1174_1174" id="V2Footnote_1174_1174"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1174_1174"><span class="label">[1174]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, see woodcut opposite p. 8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1175_1175" id="V2Footnote_1175_1175"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1175_1175"><span class="label">[1175]</span></a> In the Orléans Museum. A copper-plate engraving by M. +Georges Lavalley, in the <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, of M. Raoul Bergot, Tours, +s.d. large 8<sup>o</sup>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1176_1176" id="V2Footnote_1176_1176"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1176_1176"><span class="label">[1176]</span></a> Of this class of so-called portrait, I will merely +mention the miniature which serves as frontispiece to vol. iv. of <i>La +Vrai Jeanne d'Arc</i>, of P. Ayroles, Paris, 1898, in large 8<sup>o</sup>, and +the miniature of the Spetz Collection, reproduced in the <i>Jeanne +d'Arc</i> of Canon Henri Debout, vol. ii. p. 103 (also in <i>The Maid of +France</i> by Andrew Lang, 1908. W.S.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1177_1177" id="V2Footnote_1177_1177"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1177_1177"><span class="label">[1177]</span></a> <i>Le champion des dames</i>, MS. of the fifteenth century; +<i>Bibl. nat.</i>, fonds français, No. 841; Martial d'Auvergne, MS. of the +end of the fifteenth century, fonds français, No. 5054. An initial of +a fifteenth-century Latin MS., <i>Bibl. nat.</i>, No. 14665.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1178_1178" id="V2Footnote_1178_1178"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1178_1178"><span class="label">[1178]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 100. N. Valois, <i>Un nouveau +témoignage sur Jeanne d'Arc</i>, pp. 8, 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1179_1179" id="V2Footnote_1179_1179"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1179_1179"><span class="label">[1179]</span></a> Reproduced in chromo in Wallon's <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1180_1180" id="V2Footnote_1180_1180"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1180_1180"><span class="label">[1180]</span></a> The form <i>Darc</i> occurs in the condemnation trial +(<i>Trial</i>, vol. i, p. 191, vol. ii, p. 82). But side by side we find +also <i>Dars</i> (document dated March 31, 1427), <i>Day</i> (patent of +nobility), <i>Daiz</i> (communicated to me by M. Pierre Champion) and +<i>Daix</i> (<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1181_1181" id="V2Footnote_1181_1181"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1181_1181"><span class="label">[1181]</span></a> Tapestry representing small animals.—W.S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1182_1182" id="V2Footnote_1182_1182"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1182_1182"><span class="label">[1182]</span></a> Reproduced in chromo in Wallon's <i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, <i>cf.</i> +J. Quicherat, <i>Histoire du costume en France depuis les temps les plus +reculés, jusqu' la fin du XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1875, large +octavo, p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="V2Footnote_1183_1183" id="V2Footnote_1183_1183"></a><a href="#V2FNanchor_1183_1183"><span class="label">[1183]</span></a> <i>Trial</i>, vol. v, p. 270.</p></div> + + +<p><a name="joanindex" id="joanindex"></a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + +<p style="text-align: center"><b><a href="#Aaron">A</a> <a href="#Babylon">B</a> +<a href="#Cabasse">C</a> <a href="#Dagobert">D</a> <a href="#Edward">E</a> +<a href="#Fabre">F</a> <a href="#Gabriel">G</a> <a href="#Hainault">H</a> +<a href="#Ile">I</a> <a href="#Jacob">J</a> <a href="#Kalt">K</a> +<a href="#LAverdy">L</a> <a href="#Machecoul">M</a> <a href="#Notre">N</a> +<a href="#Ogiviller">O</a> <a href="#Palm">P</a> <a href="#Quenat">Q</a> +<a href="#Raban">R</a> <a href="#Saarbruck">S</a> <a href="#Tachov">T</a> +<a href="#Udalric">U</a> <a href="#Vailly">V</a> <a href="#Waldaires">W</a> +<a href="#Yolande">Y</a> <a href="#Zabillet">Z</a></b></p> + +<p style="text-align: center"> </p> + +<p> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Aaron">Aaron</a></span>, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Arras, Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Abbeville, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Absalom, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Achilles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Ænius Sylvius, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.378">378</a><br /> +<br /> +Aëtius, i. <a href="#Page_i.119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Ahasuerus, i. <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a><br /> +<br /> +Ahaz, i. <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Aimery, Guillaume, examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Aisne, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.460">460</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Aix, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +Alain du Bey, i. <a href="#Page_i.235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Alain, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +Albi, Consuls of, i. <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.398">398</a><br /> +<br /> +Albigenses, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Albret">Albret</a>, Charles, Sire d', i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne in charge of ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.94">94</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Alençon, Bailie of, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame of, i. <a href="#Page_i.185">185</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchy of, i. <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, +<a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_i.186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_i.195">195</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Beaugency, i. <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a>-367</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">career of, i. <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">commands the army, i. <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>-355, <a href="#Page_i.362">362</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consults Jeanne before Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_i.378">378</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">evidence of, i. +<a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a>, +<a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a>, <a href="#Page_xliv">xliv</a>, +<a href="#Page_xlix">xlix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.382">382</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heads attack on Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.70">70</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.73">73</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">skirmishes round Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.61">61</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">uses Jeanne as a mascotte, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">imprisoned, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Alespée, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.340">340</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexander the Great, i. <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_i.226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexandria, i. <a href="#Page_i.36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_i.40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_i.239">239</a><br /> +<br /> +Alison du Mai, i. <a href="#Page_i.93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_i.94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Allée, Pierre d', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Alphonso of Aragon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.39">39</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Amazons, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_i.329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Amblény, plain of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Ambleville, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">detained by English, i. <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Amboise, i. <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Amedee">Amedée</a> of Savoie, Prince, i. <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.155">155</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.361">361</a><br /> +<br /> +Amiens, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Amiète</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Amos, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Ampulla, the Sacred, i. <a href="#Page_liv">liv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_i.391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_i.393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>-448, <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +Amydas, King, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Ananias, a hermit, i. <a href="#Page_i.36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Andelot, i. <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Andouillette, Lord Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.428">428</a><br /> +<br /> +André, Lieutenant, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Andrieu, Robert, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Angers, i. <a href="#Page_i.63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Angerville, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Anis, i. <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Anjou, i. <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of, i. <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Anne of Austria, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Annunciation, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Antichrist, coming of, i. <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Antoine de Lorraine, Lord of Joinville, i. <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Antonio de Rho, i. <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Apollodorus, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Appleby, William, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Apples, cause of war, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Apremont, Lord of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Aquitaine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Aragon, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Arbre-des-Dames</i>, or <i>Arbre-des-Fées</i>, romance of, i. <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Arc, Catherine d', i. <a href="#Page_i.4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_i.35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">family ennobled, i. +<a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.102">102</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.212">212</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a name="Isabelle">Isabelle</a> d', i. <a href="#Page_i.68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">origin of mother of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Puy, i. <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_i.220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">demands rehabilitation, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacques d', i. +<a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">home of, i. <a href="#Page_i.6">6</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">freeman or serf, i. <a href="#Page_i.17">17</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rents fortress of Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his duties as village elder, i. <a href="#Page_i.25">25</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visits Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his anxiety about Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.68">68</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">simplicity of, i. <a href="#Page_i.95">95</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacques or Jacquemin d', brother of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.4">4</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.20">20</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a name="Jean">Jean</a> d', i. <a href="#Page_i.4">4</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">joins Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">believes Jeanne to be alive, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a>-376</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">demands rehabilitation, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. Lanéry d', i. +<a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolas d', i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a name="Pierre">Pierre</a> d', i. <a href="#Page_i.7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.375">375</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.376">376</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">joins Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">taken prisoner, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.152">152</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">demands rehabilitation, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Archambaud of Villars, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Arcis, i. <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a><br /> +<br /> +Areopagite, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Arezzo, i. <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Argenson, M. d', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Aristotle, i. <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_i.383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Arles, i. <a href="#Page_i.119">119</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +Arlon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.359">359</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Armagnac Conspiracy to enter Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>-130<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Jean_IV">Jean IV</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Armagnacs and Burgundians, war between, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a> <i>et passim</i><br /> +<br /> +Armoises, Robert des, Lord of Tichemont, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Arnaud of Corraze, Raimond, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Arnolin, Messire, i. <a href="#Page_i.65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Arnoul, Madame, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Arnoult of Aulnoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Aronde, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Arras, i. <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.191">191</a>-196, <a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franquet d', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.275">275</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Artaxerxes, i. <a href="#Page_i.409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Arthur of Brittany, <i>see</i> <a href="#Richemont">Count of Richemont</a><br /> +<br /> +Artois, Bailie of, i. <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a><br /> +<br /> +Arundel, Earl of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Ascension Day, i. <a href="#Page_i.291">291</a>-294; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Astarac, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Astrologers, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_i.473">473</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.409">409</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foretell the death of Salisbury, i. <a href="#Page_i.127">127</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>see</i> <a href="#Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Attila, i. <a href="#Page_i.119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_i.208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a><br /> +<br /> +Aube, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a><br /> +<br /> +Aubriot, Hugues, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Aubrit, Jannet, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.13">13</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Augsburg, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Augustinians, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_i.220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Aulnoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Aulon, Jean d', Squire to Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, +<a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a>, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, +<a href="#Page_xxxiv">xxxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_i.259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_i.277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_i.284">284</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.364">364</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.160">160</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St.-Loup, i. <a href="#Page_i.285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_i.287">287</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_i.299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_i.308">308</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">questions Jeanne as to her Council, i. <a href="#Page_i.341">341</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St. Pierre-le-Moustier, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.85">85</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.152">152</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Aunoy, Jean d', i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marguerite d', i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Autun, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Auvergne, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a><br /> +<br /> +Aurelian, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Auxerre, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_i.465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_i.472">472</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.404">404</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII at, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a>-407</span><br /> +<br /> +Avignon, i. <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_i.464">464</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Avioth, hill of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Avranches, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.30">30</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ayroles, Le Père, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Azincourt, i. <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_i.229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Babylon">Babylon</a></span>, i. <a href="#Page_i.260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Baignart, Robert, i. <a href="#Page_i.355">355</a><br /> +<br /> +Bailiet, i. <a href="#Page_lvii">lvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Balaam's Ass, i. <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Bâle, Council of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.176">176</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.252">252</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.364">364</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.378">378</a><br /> +<br /> +Bar, i. <a href="#Page_i.13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ravaged by La Hire, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.73">73</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bar-sur-Aube, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Bar-sur-Seine, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Baratin, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +Barbazan, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.199">199</a><br /> +<br /> +Barbezieux, M. de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +Barbier, Canon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Barbin, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Barcelona, i. <a href="#Page_i.40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Baretta, Bartolomeo, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.118">118</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.147">147</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.148">148</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.155">155</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Barrère, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_xlvi">xlvi</a>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Barrey, Edite, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, godfather of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Barrois, i. <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Barron, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Basque, The, upholds the standard, i. <a href="#Page_i.308">308</a>-310<br /> +<br /> +Bassigny, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Bastard of Granville, i. <a href="#Page_i.279">279</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of <a name="Bastard">Orléans</a>, i. +<a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_lvi">lvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_i.251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.15">15</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">evidence of, i. +<a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a>, +<a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">becomes Count of Dunois, i. +<a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">obtains supplies, i. <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">parentage of, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a>-269</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">achievements of, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lends musicians to the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.133">133</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">leaves Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attacks Fastolf's convoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sends to inquire of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">regards Jeanne's mission as religious, i. <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_i.266">266</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.284">284</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">advises Jeanne to hold aloof, i. <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets the army from Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speaks with Jeanne of Falstolf, i. <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pacifies Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.294">294</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">demands Jeanne's heralds, i. <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attacks Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a>-355</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marvels at Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.335">335</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">policy of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Poitiers, <i>see</i> <a href="#Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Vauru, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.12">12</a>-14</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Vergy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Wandomme, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.152">152</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.154">154</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bastardy, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Battle of the Herrings, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a>-140, <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_i.230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_i.473">473</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Baudot de Noyelles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.146">146</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Baudricourt, Lord of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Baudricourt">Robert de Baudricourt</a><br /> +<br /> +Baudrin, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Bavon, Lady Anna, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Bayeux, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Bayonne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Bazoches, Thomas de, i. <a href="#Page_i.440">440</a><br /> +<br /> +Beans sown at Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_i.413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_i.426">426</a><br /> +<br /> +Béarn, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaucaire, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaugency, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_i.255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.439">439</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.23">23</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English at, i. <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French take, i. <a href="#Page_i.362">362</a>-368</span><br /> +<br /> +Beaulieu, Castle of, Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.159">159</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaumont, Andrieu de, i. <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaumont-sur-Oise, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaune, i. <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaupère, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.307">307</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.315">315</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.380">380</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">questions Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.228">228</a>-234, <a href="#V2Page_ii.237">237</a>-240, <a href="#V2Page_ii.242">242</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a>-406</span><br /> +<br /> +Beaurepaire, M. Robillard de, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, +<a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaurevoir, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.195">195</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a>-191, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.273">273</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.318">318</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.405">405</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Beauvais, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.11">11</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.211">211</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">archdeacon of, i. <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishop of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Cauchon">Cauchon</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders to Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.35">35</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English march on, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bec, Abbot of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Bec-d'Allier, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Bede, the Venerable, prophecies of, i. <a href="#Page_i.178">178</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.30">30</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Bedford">Bedford</a>, Duchess of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.216">216</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.217">217</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.321">321</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">seizes Alençon, i. <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">returns to England, i. <a href="#Page_i.107">107</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">addressed by Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_i.247">247</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">policy towards Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">robs the bishops, i. <a href="#Page_i.409">409</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">challenges Charles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.16">16</a>-19</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">believes Jeanne a witch, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.18">18</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.217">217</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cedes Paris to Philip, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">keeps the crusaders in France, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">canon of Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.204">204</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">death of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bégot, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Beguines</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Behemoth, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Belial, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Bellême, Château de, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Belles, Dames, i. <a href="#Page_i.125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Bellier, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Bellona, i. <a href="#Page_lxxii">lxxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Bells and St. Catherine, i. <a href="#Page_i.341">341</a><br /> +<br /> +Bénédicité, <i>see</i> <a href="#Estivet">Estivet</a><br /> +<br /> +Benedict XIII, pope, i. <a href="#Page_i.40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.40">40</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Benedict XIV, pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Bennade, Bishop, i. <a href="#Page_i.50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Bernard le Breton, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Bernardino of Siena, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Berne, i. <a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Berruyer, Martin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Berry, Duc de, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">duchy of, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.211">211</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Berthe, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Bertrand">Bertrand</a> de Poulengy, i. <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a>, +<a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#Page_i.65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_i.82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_i.87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_i.220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a>-105</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Berwoist, John, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Besançon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Bethlehem, i. <a href="#Page_i.454">454</a><br /> +<br /> +Bethsaida, i. <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Bethulia, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Béthune, Jeanne de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Biget, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Billoray, Martin, Grand Inquisitor, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Blackfriars, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Black Prince, i. <a href="#Page_i.164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Blaise, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Blanche of Castile, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Blasphemy forbidden, i. <a href="#Page_i.253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +Blaye, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Blésois, i. <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Bloch, M. Camille, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Sauveur, i. <a href="#Page_i.253">253</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army returns to, i. <a href="#Page_i.265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_i.277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English at, i. <a href="#Page_i.360">360</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Boian, Captain, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Boilet, Colette, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Boillève, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Bois-Chênu, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.239">239</a><br /> +<br /> +Boisguillaume, <i>see</i> <a href="#Colles">Colles</a><br /> +<br /> +Bolingbroke, i. <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a><br /> +<br /> +Bona of Milan, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Bonne de Savoie, i. <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a><br /> +<br /> +Bonnet, M. Raoul, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bonval, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Bordeaux, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Borenglise, Castle of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Bosquier, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.343">343</a><br /> +<br /> +Bossuet, i. <a href="#Page_lvi">lvi</a><br /> +<br /> +Boucher, Charlotte, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.271">271</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_i.314">314</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne lodges with, i. +<a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.259">259</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bouchet, i. <a href="#Page_i.265">265</a><br /> +<br /> +Boudant, Hélie, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Boulainvilliers, Percevalde, i. <a href="#Page_i.376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a><br /> +<br /> +Bouligny, René de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Boullay, Aubert, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Boulogne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Boulogne-la-Petite, i. <a href="#Page_i.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Bouray, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Bourbon, Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, +<a href="#Page_lxiv">lxiv</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Bourbonnais, i. <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Bourgeois, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Bourges, i. <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">chapter of, i. <a href="#Page_i.152">152</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.379">379</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defray costs of war, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bourget, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Bourgogne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Bourlémont, Château of, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bournel, Guichard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.70">70</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.143">143</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Boussac, Marshal de, i. <a href="#Page_i.141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in command, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_i.315">315</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.194">194</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.347">347</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.244">244</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Orléans with Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to meet Talbot, i. <a href="#Page_i.288">288</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leads army towards Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bouteiller, Sire le, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.339">339</a><br /> +<br /> +Bouvier, Gilles le, i. <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Brabant, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Bray-sur-Seine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Bréhal, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.384">384</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Bréteuil, Comte de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Bretigny, Treaty of, i. <a href="#Page_lxiv">lxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Bretons, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Briare, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Brie, i. <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.17">17</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Brimeu, David de, <i>see</i> <a href="#Ligny">Lord of Ligny</a><br /> +<br /> +Brinion-l'Archevêque, i. <a href="#Page_i.421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_i.426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_i.439">439</a><br /> +<br /> +Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_i.387">387</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restored by Duke John, i. <a href="#Page_i.380">380</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Brook of the Three Springs, i. <a href="#Page_i.17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Brousson, M. Jean, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Bruges, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Buchon, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Bueil, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_i.232">232</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.50">50</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Builhon, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Burey-en-Vaux, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Burey-la-Côte, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Philip">Philip</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Butchers of Paris, i. <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Butterflies, significance of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Cabasse">Cabasse</a></span>, Raymond, i. <a href="#Page_i.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Cabochiens, The, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.170">170</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Caffa, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Cagny, Perceval de, i. <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, +<a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Cailly, Guy de, i. <a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a><br /> +<br /> +Calais, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Calendrier des Vieillards</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Calixtus III, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Calot, Lawrence, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Cambrai, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Camilla, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_i.222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_i.329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Cana, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Cany, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Capitouls</i> of Toulouse, i. <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Carlier, Bietremieu, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Carmelites, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.120">120</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plots of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>-131</span><br /> +<br /> +Cartesianism, i. <a href="#Page_lviii">lviii</a><br /> +<br /> +Cassandra, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Castille, Étienne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.199">199</a><br /> +<br /> +Castillon, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.291">291</a><br /> +<br /> +Castres, Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Cathari, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_i.210">210</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.111">111</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.157">157</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Catherine de la Rochelle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.85">85</a>-88, <a href="#V2Page_ii.101">101</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.167">167</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.88">88</a>-90, <a href="#V2Page_ii.184">184</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employed by Friar Richard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a>-185, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.345">345</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.367">367</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cato, i. <a href="#Page_i.327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Catherine, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Cauchon">Cauchon</a>, Pierre, Bishop of Beauvais, i. <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a>, +<a href="#Page_li">li</a>, <a href="#Page_lii">lii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.440">440</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.35">35</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.46">46</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">consults the University of Paris, i. <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">claims Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.170">170</a>-178, <a href="#V2Page_ii.181">181</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.195">195</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.203">203</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.204">204</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conducts her trial, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.205">205</a>-284</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reads the sentence on Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.314">314</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.320">320</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.337">337</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears her retract, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.324">324</a>-328</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">claims Guillaume the shepherd, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.349">349</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bâle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.382">382</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">responsibility thrown on, deceased, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cayeux, Hugues de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Cazin du Boys, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Ceffonds, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Cerquenceaux, Abbot of, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Chabannes, Jacques de, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Chabot, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Chailly, Denis de, i. <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord de, i. <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Châlons, i. <a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_i.394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_i.405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_i.417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_i.424">424</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders to Charles VII, i. <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a>-437</span><br /> +<br /> +Chambley, Alarde de, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chambre des Comptes</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Champagne, i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war in, i. <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">route through, i. <a href="#Page_i.393">393</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Champigny, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Champion, M. Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>, +<a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Chandos, standard of, i. <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chanson de Roland</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapelain, i. <a href="#Page_lv">lv</a>, +<a href="#Page_lxv">lxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapelle, Jean de la, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>-130<br /> +<br /> +Chapelle-St.-Denys, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapon, Perrot, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Charavay, M. Noël, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Charcot, Dr., ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Charenton, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Charlemagne, crown and sword of, i. <a href="#Page_i.444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_i.476">476</a><br /> +<br /> +Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, <i>see</i> <a href="#Lorraine">Lorraine</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sire d'Albret, <i>see</i> <a href="#Albret">Albret</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Charles V, i. <a href="#Page_i.148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_i.224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.64">64</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">piety of, i. <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Charles VI, i. <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_i.429">429</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.228">228</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">believer in prophecy, i. <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, i. <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Charles_VII">Charles VII</a>, i. <a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.209">209</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.361">361</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attacked through Jeanne, i. +<a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.177">177</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.233">233</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.244">244</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.310">310</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.376">376</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">escutcheons of, i. <a href="#Page_i.31">31</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.26">26</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's prophecies concerning, i. <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.81">81</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prisoner of the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends for Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, i. <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a>-149, <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resources of, i. <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>-155, <a href="#Page_i.331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Le Bien Servi</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examines reports of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_i.168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_i.323">323</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.328">328</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interviews Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.168">168</a>-173, <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">personal appearance of, i. <a href="#Page_i.170">170</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">legitimacy of, i. <a href="#Page_i.172">172</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warned against Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seeks a sign, i. <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_i.214">214</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">has Jeanne armed and mounted, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a>-223</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">announces the relief of Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urged by Jeanne to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Voices not heard by, i. <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives Jeanne after Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation of; moral value of, i. <a href="#Page_i.391">391</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">innocent of death of Duke John, i. <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">starts for Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_i.421">421</a>-434</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Châlons, i. <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summons Reims to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.439">439</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crowned at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.443">443</a>-449</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">progress to Compiègne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>-24, <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">challenged by Bedford, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.16">16</a>-19</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes truce with Burgundy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>-53</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hated in Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.59">59</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders army back from Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.73">73</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves St. Denys, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disbands the army, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">peaceful policy of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.120">120</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">schemes to win Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">maintains the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.381">381</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urges trial for rehabilitation, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a>-385</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.397">397</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Charles VIII, i. <a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Charles, Duke of Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_i.142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.269">269</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bribes the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">raises supplies, i. <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ballad by, i. <a href="#Page_i.235">235</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be rescued by Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.357">357</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">piety of, i. <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">colours of, i. <a href="#Page_i.356">356</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captivity of, i. <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Charles Martel, i. <a href="#Page_i.102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_i.223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_i.226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon, i. <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Charles the Wise, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Charny, Lord of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Charpaigne, i. <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Charpentier, P., i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Chartier, Alain, i. <a href="#Page_xlv">xlv</a>, +<a href="#Page_lxiii">lxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.251">251</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, i. <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>-xiii, +<a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a>, +<a href="#Page_xlv">xlv</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chartiers, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Chartres, i. <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.213">213</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +Chassé-les-Usson, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Chastel, Jean du, i. <a href="#Page_i.104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Chastellain, Georges, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Chastillon, Sire de, commander of Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.438">438</a>-442<br /> +<br /> +Châteaubriand, i. <a href="#Page_lix">lix</a><br /> +<br /> +Châteaubrun, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Châteaudun, i. <a href="#Page_i.114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor of, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Châteaufort, Guillaume de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Châteauneuf, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +Château-of-Sully, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +Châteaurenard, i. <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Château-Thierry, i. <a href="#Page_i.440">440</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.7">7</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Châteauvillain, Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_i.411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Chatterton, Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a><br /> +<br /> +Chaumont, i. <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupied by the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.23">23</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.210">210</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chécy, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.341">341</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army reaches, i. <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cheminon, Abbey of, i. <a href="#Page_i.47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a><br /> +<br /> +Chénier, Marie-Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_xlvi">xlvi</a>, <a href="#Page_lxv">lxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Cher, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +Chinon, i. <a href="#Page_xxxviii">xxxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_i.99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_i.151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_i.466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_i.476">476</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.300">300</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_i.156">156</a>-185, <a href="#Page_i.468">468</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.232">232</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.404">404</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">castles of, i. <a href="#Page_i.158">158</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand Carroy, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Vieille Porte, i. <a href="#Page_i.168">168</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castle of Coudray, i. <a href="#Page_i.173">173</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII at, i. <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Choisy-au-Bac, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Choisy-sur-Aisne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Chorazin, i. <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Christine de Pisan, i. <a href="#Page_i.179">179</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.56">56</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poems of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.24">24</a>-30</span><br /> +<br /> +Chroniclers of the period, i. <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chronique d'Antonio Morosini</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i>, <i>La</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chronique de l'Etablissement de la fête</i>, <i>Le</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chronique des Cordeliers</i>, <i>Le</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a><br /> +<br /> +Chrysippus, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Chursates, i. <a href="#Page_i.40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Cilinia, i. <a href="#Page_i.50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>City of God</i>, <i>The</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Clain, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Clairoix, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.147">147</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Claude de Metz, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a><br /> +<br /> +Clefmont, Barthélemy de, i. <a href="#Page_i.28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Clement VIII, pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.40">40</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.42">42</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.250">250</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Clement of Alexandria, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Clermont, i. <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_i.446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.45">45</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.73">73</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cowardice of, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Climat-du-Camp, i. <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Clopinel, i. <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Clorinda, i. <a href="#Page_lxxii">lxxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Clotaire, King, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Clotilde, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.51">51</a>-53<br /> +<br /> +Clovis, King, i. <a href="#Page_i.49">49</a>-53, <a href="#Page_i.55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_i.182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Coarraze, Lord de, i. <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a><br /> +<br /> +Cœur-de-Lis, i. <a href="#Page_i.118">118</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.361">361</a><br /> +<br /> +Coinage, the Maid an authority on, i. <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Colard de Mailly, i. <a href="#Page_i.442">442</a><br /> +<br /> +Colet de Vienne, i. <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Colette of Corbie, i. <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a>, <a href="#Page_lxxii">lxxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_i.453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_i.472">472</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.135">135</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Colin, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_i.97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Colles">Colles</a>, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.206">206</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Cologne, i. <a href="#Page_i.383">383</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.362">362</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.364">364</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Colonna, Otto, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Comberel, Hugues de, i. <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Combleux, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Comment-Qu'il-Soit, i. <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a><br /> +<br /> +Commercy, i. <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Damoiseau de, <i>see</i> +<a href="#Robert_de_Saarbruck">Robert de Saarbruck</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Compiègne, i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.2">2</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.107">107</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.160">160</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.168">168</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.180">180</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrenders to Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.405">405</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.151">151</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.155">155</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a>-196</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Corneille, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Conches, Governor of, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Confessor, The King's, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Constable of France, i. <a href="#Page_i.400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.382">382</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">feared by the King, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plots to seize Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds as favourite, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.351">351</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Constable of Scotland, i. <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Constance, Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.200">200</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council of, i. <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.39">39</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.42">42</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Constantinople, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Coppequesne, Nicolas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Corbeil, i. <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Corbie, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_i.472">472</a><br /> +<br /> +Cordeliers, the, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Cormeilles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Corneille, Abbot of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Corny, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Coronation, moral value of, i. <a href="#Page_i.391">391</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of queens, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Corraze, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Corsini, Giovanni, i. <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Costus, King, i. <a href="#Page_i.35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Coudray, i. <a href="#Page_i.158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Coudun, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.146">146</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.150">150</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Coulommiers, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Council, Jeanne's, <i>see</i> <a href="#Voices">Voices, &c.</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Charles VII, makes use of the Maid as a mascotte, i. +<a href="#Page_i.378">378</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.101">101</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans of, regarding the coronation, i. <a href="#Page_i.386">386</a>-394</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ceases to employ Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Courcelles, Thomas de, during the trial, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.214">214</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.252">252</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.286">286</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.293">293</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.332">332</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.389">389</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bâle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.379">379</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delivers the funeral oration on Charles VII, ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.397">397</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Courtenay, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Cousinot, Guillaume, Chronicle of, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +Coussey, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Coutances, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Coutes, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne de, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis de, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Couvreur, Jean le, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Crécy-en-Brie, i. <a href="#Page_xlvii">xlvii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.229">229</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Cremona, i. <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Crépy-en-Valois, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.12">12</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.16">16</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.19">19</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.23">23</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Créquy, Sire de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.149">149</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Croissy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Crotoy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Crusades, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_i.419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_i.457">457</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.15">15</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.29">29</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Cuissart, C., i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Culant, Admiral de, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Currency of the period, i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Cusquel, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Cyrus, i. <a href="#Page_i.429">429</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Dagobert">Dagobert</a></span>, King, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Daix, Jehannin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Dammartin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Daniel, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Dante Alighieri, i. <a href="#Page_lxviii">lxviii</a><br /> +<br /> +Darnley, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Daron, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Dauphin, The, <i>see</i> <a href="#Charles_VII">Charles VII</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's use of title explained, i. <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dauphiné, i. <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +David, King, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_i.237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_i.454">454</a><br /> +<br /> +Deborah, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_i.328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Decazes, Comte, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.418">418</a><br /> +<br /> +Delachambre, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Démétriade, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Denmark, i. <a href="#Page_i.177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Desch, Geoffroy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.358">358</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.358">358</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Deschamps, Eustache, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Devils, entrance of, i. <a href="#Page_i.85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Didier of Saint Dié, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Dieppe, i. <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dies Iræ</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.340">340</a><br /> +<br /> +Dijon, i. <a href="#Page_i.402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a><br /> +<br /> +Diminutives, origin of, i. <a href="#Page_i.6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Dinteville, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +Diocletian, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Directorium</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.285">285</a><br /> +<br /> +Dive, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Dominicans, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Dommartin-la-Cour, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Dommartin-le-Franc, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_i.28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_i.73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_i.212">212</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_i.17">17</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inhabitants of suspected of witchcraft, i. <a href="#Page_i.15">15</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">feudal overlordship of, i. <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortress of the island let, i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">precautions against pillage, i. <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pillaged by Henri of Savoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pillaged by Antoine de Vergy, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_i.74">74</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inquiries at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">freed from <i>tailles</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.452">452</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Douillet, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Doulevant, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Drapier, Perrin le, i. <a href="#Page_i.43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Drugy, Château of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Ducoudray, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Duisy, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Dumas, Dr. Georges, i. <a href="#Page_xxxiv">xxxiv</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a>-406<br /> +<br /> +Dun, Saubelet de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Dunand, Canon, i. <a href="#Page_lxii">lxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Dunois, Count of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Bastard">Bastard of Orléans</a><br /> +<br /> +Durance, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Durand de Brie, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.127">127</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Saint-Dié, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Durandal, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Duras, Marshal de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Dutaillis, M. Petit, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiii">lxxiii</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Edward">Edward</a> III</span>, i. <a href="#Page_i.460">460</a><br /> +<br /> +Elijah, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_i.419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +Elincourt, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Elisha, i. <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a><br /> +<br /> +Embrun, archbishop of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Gelu">Jacques Gélu</a><br /> +<br /> +Emilius, i. <a href="#Page_i.50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Engélide, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +English, hatred of the, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupation of France, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.23">23</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">army driven from France, i. <a href="#Page_xlvii">xlvii</a>-xlix</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hesitates between Angers and Orléans, i. +<a href="#Page_i.63">63</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lays siege to Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">position in France, i. <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">composition of, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deserters from, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disorganised by Salisbury's death, i. <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">celebrates Noël, i. <a href="#Page_i.133">133</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plight of, outside Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appears in Le Portereau, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupies St.-Loup, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">erects worthless bastions, i. <a href="#Page_i.232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">privations of, i. <a href="#Page_i.232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned by Jeanne to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.351">351</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives Jeanne's letter, i. <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a>-277</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regards Jeanne as a witch, i. <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a>-277, <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a>; ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.121">121</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defends Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>-313</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defends Les Augustins, i. <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.316">316</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_i.353">353</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the battle of Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.369">369</a>-376</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bray-sur-Seine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skirmishes with French, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.23">23</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Jeanne's capture, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.152">152</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.175">175</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives her up to the Bishop of Beauvais, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.204">204</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tumult at the recantation, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.315">315</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.318">318</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Enoch, i. <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Epictetus, i. <a href="#Page_lxvii">lxvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Épinal, Gérardin d', i. <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isabellette d', i. <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas d', i. <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_i.437">437</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Erard, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.257">257</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preaches against Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a>-314</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reads the abjuration, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.316">316</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Eratosthenes, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Érault, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes at her dictation, i. <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Escouchy, Mathieu d', i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a><br /> +<br /> +Estellin, Beatrix, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeannette, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Esther, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Estivet">Estivet</a>, Jean d', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.205">205</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.213">213</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.216">216</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Estouteville, Cardinal d', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Étampes, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of, i. <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Eugenius IV, pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.250">250</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.355">355</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.374">374</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Eure, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Euripides, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Eve, i. <a href="#Page_i.206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Évreux, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.23">23</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailie of, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Eymerie, Nicolas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.285">285</a><br /> +<br /> +Ezekiel, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Fabre">Fabre</a></span>, M. Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_lxii">lxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Failly, Collard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Fair of le Lendit, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairy lore of Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Falconbridge, Baron, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Fastolf, Sir John, i. <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">convoys victuals, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Janville, i. <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approaches Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_i.367">367</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans of, i. <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">uncertainty of fate of, i. <a href="#Page_i.397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fauchard, Simon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Fauveau, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Fécamp, abbot of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Fécard, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Felix, pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.381">381</a><br /> +<br /> +Féron, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Férone, Jeanne la, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferrier, Vincent, i. <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Fesenzac, i. <a href="#Page_i.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Feuillet, Gérard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Fiefvé, Thomas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Fierbois, i. <a href="#Page_i.102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Catherine's Chapel, i. <a href="#Page_i.223">223</a>-226</span><br /> +<br /> +Fitz Walter, i. <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Flamenc, Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Flavy, Guillaume de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.132">132</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.141">141</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.147">147</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fleury, i. <a href="#Page_i.114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_i.288">288</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.127">127</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Florence, i. <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Flyeng Hart, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Foix, Count of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +<i><a name="Fontaine">Fontaine</a>-auz-Bonnes-Fées-Notre-Seigneur</i>, romance of, i. <a href="#Page_i.10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_i.13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Fontaine, Jean de la, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.205">205</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.268">268</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Forest of Guise, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Forestel, Wavrin du, i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort St. George, i. <a href="#Page_i.159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Fossé, Guion du, i. <a href="#Page_i.142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Foucault, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Foucquet, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.421">421</a><br /> +<br /> +Foug, Geoffrey de, i. <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Fouquerel, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Fournier, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_i.418">418</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exorcises Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.84">84</a>-86</span><br /> +<br /> +France, kingdom of, distressful state of, i. <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_i.151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Franciscans, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Franquet d'Arras, prisoner of Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +French army, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.21">21</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">famine in, i. <a href="#Page_i.425">425</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fresnay-le-Gelmert, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Fresnoy, Abbé Longlet du, i. <a href="#Page_lviii">lviii</a><br /> +<br /> +Freycinet, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_xl">xl</a><br /> +<br /> +Friar Richard, Jeanne's chaplain, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.18">18</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.82">82</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.97">97</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.101">101</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.189">189</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.345">345</a>-347<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of, i. <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preaches in Paris, i. <a href="#Page_i.413">413</a>-417; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.59">59</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspects Jeanne of witchcraft, i. <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_i.418">418</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_i.422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_i.424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_i.430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_i.434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">designs of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.86">86</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Orléans, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.182">182</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fribourg, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Friesland, Lady of, i. <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Froissart, i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a><br /> +<br /> +Frontey, Guillaume, Vicar of Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Furtivolus, i. <a href="#Page_i.471">471</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></span>, Archangel appears to Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.291">291</a><br /> +<br /> +Gaillard, Château, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.199">199</a><br /> +<br /> +Galelière, la, lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Gallardon, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Gamaliel, i. <a href="#Page_i.214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Gambetta, i. <a href="#Page_xl">xl</a><br /> +<br /> +Gangres, Council of, i. <a href="#Page_i.197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Garivel, François, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a><br /> +<br /> +Gascon's plan to fall on Fastolf's convoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Gascony, i. <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Gasque of Avignon, la, i. <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Gath, i. <a href="#Page_i.454">454</a><br /> +<br /> +Gâtinais, i. <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Gaucourt, Sire de, Governor of Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; +ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.69">69</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">obtains supplies, i. <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lodges Jeanne at Coudray, i. <a href="#Page_i.173">173</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leads the attack on Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.470">470</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gazette d'Amsterdam</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Gelu">Gélu</a>, Jacques, bishop of Embrun, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_i.425">425</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.28">28</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treatise on Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_i.320">320</a>-325</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistrusts Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Jeanne's captivity, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.162">162</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Geneva, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Germain, Bishop, i. <a href="#Page_i.404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Gerson, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_lvii">lvii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.112">112</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.228">228</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">career of, i. <a href="#Page_i.324">324</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his treatise on Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_xlix">xlix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.326">326</a>-331; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gervais, Canon, i. <a href="#Page_i.209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Geste des nobles François</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Gethyn, Sir Richard, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a>-368<br /> +<br /> +Gévaudan, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Ghent, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Ghiberti, Lorenzo, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Giac, Lord de, i. <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibeaumex, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Gideon, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.243">243</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of, i. <a href="#Page_i.202">202</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gien, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_i.472">472</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French army at, i. <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Giffart, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +Girard, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a><br /> +<br /> +Girault, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a><br /> +<br /> +Giresme, Nicole de, i. <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Glacidas, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Glasdale, William, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_i.126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">answers Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, i. <a href="#Page_i.312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_i.471">471</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gloucester, Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_i.107">107</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.229">229</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage of, i. <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_i.402">402</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Godefroy, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Godons</i>, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Golden Legend, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Goliath, i. <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_i.454">454</a><br /> +<br /> +Gondrecourt, Castellany of, i. <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">le-Château, i. <a href="#Page_i.65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Good Friday, coinciding with the Annunciation, i. <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Gooseberry Spring, <i>see</i> <a href="#Fontaine">Fontaine-aux-Bonnes-Fées</a><br /> +<br /> +Gorcum, Heinrich von, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Gorlitz, Elizabeth of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.359">359</a><br /> +<br /> +Gottlieben, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Gouges, Lord Martin, i. <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Gough, Matthew, i. <a href="#Page_i.367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Gournay-sur-Aronde, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.141">141</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Gouye, Colin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Granier, Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Graverent, Jean, Grand Inquisitor, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.185">185</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.219">219</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Graville, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a><br /> +<br /> +Gray, Lord Richard, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Friday, i. <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Grenoble, Parliament of, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Gressart, Perrinet, i. <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.91">91</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Greux, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">freed from <i>tallies</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.452">452</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colin de, i. <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Grey Friars, Neufchâteau, monastery of, i. <a href="#Page_i.71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_i.72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Grey, John, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.225">225</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.252">252</a><br /> +<br /> +Grignan, Chevalier de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +Grognot, Nicolas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Grouchet, Richard de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Gubbio, i. <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Guérard, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Guesclin, Bertrand du, i. <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Guesdon, Laurent, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Gueuville, Nicolas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Gugen, Arnault de, i. <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a><br /> +<br /> +Gui, Bernard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Guido da Forli, i. <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Guillaume">Guillaume</a>, Jaquet, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.126">126</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.127">127</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chaumont, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Gévaudan, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a>-169, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a>-351</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Bastard of Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with the White Hands, i. <a href="#Page_i.209">209</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Guillemette de la Rochelle, i. <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gérard, i. <a href="#Page_i.76">76</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Guillot de Guyenne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Guitry, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord de, i. <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Guyenne, held by England, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a herald, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">detained by the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a>-276, <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Guyntonia Vaticinium</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Guyon du Fossé, i. <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Hainault">Hainault</a></span>, Countess of, i. <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Haiton, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Halbourd, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Halsall, Gilbert, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Hannequin, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Harancourt, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Harcourt, Christophe d', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">questions Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.334">334</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Harfleur, i. <a href="#Page_lxiv">lxiv</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Hauviette, i. <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Hector de Chartres, i. <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Hellande, Antoine de, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +Hennequins, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +Hennins, i. <a href="#Page_i.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Henri">Henri</a> de Savoie, pillages Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_i.28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry II of England, i. <a href="#Page_i.159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry II of France, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry V of England, i. <a href="#Page_lxiv">lxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_i.176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, i. <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">betrothal of, i. <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Henry VI of England, i. <a href="#Page_li">li</a>, <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.432">432</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.171">171</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.306">306</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.382">382</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">minority of, i. <a href="#Page_i.107">107</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resources of, i. <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.244">244</a>-247</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be crowned at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.198">198</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.350">350</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Henry VI</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Heraclides Ponticus, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Heresy, Church's treatment of, i. <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Heretics burnt at the stake, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.100">100</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Hermine, i. <a href="#Page_i.380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Hermit Friars, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.239">239</a><br /> +<br /> +Hermite, Pierre l', i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a><br /> +<br /> +Herodias, i. <a href="#Page_i.172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Historia Britonum</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +History, art of writing, i. <a href="#Page_lxviii">lxviii</a><br /> +<br /> +Hodierne, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.440">440</a><br /> +<br /> +Holophernes, i. <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_i.341">341</a><br /> +<br /> +Honecourt, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Hordal, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_lv">lv</a><br /> +<br /> +Hospitality, rules of, i. <a href="#Page_i.271">271</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Houppembière, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Houppeville, Nicolas de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Hovecourt, i. <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Hugh Capet, i. <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Hungerford, Lord, i. <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Huns invade Gaul, i. <a href="#Page_i.119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Huss, John, i. <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.115">115</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Hussites, The, i. <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#Page_i.441">441</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.86">86</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign against, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Ile">Île</a>-aux-Bœufs</span>, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +Île-aux-Bourdons, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.265">265</a><br /> +<br /> +Île-aux-Toiles, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +Île Biche-d'Orge, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Île-Charlemagne, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a><br /> +<br /> +Île-de-France, i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.2">2</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">held by England, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Île-Jourdain, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Île Martinet, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Île Saint-Loup, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Illiers, Florent d', i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Immerguet, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Innocent III, pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.157">157</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Inquisition, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.157">157</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.176">176</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secrecy of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.211">211</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Invention of the Holy Cross, i. <a href="#Page_i.280">280</a><br /> +<br /> +Isabeau of Bavaria, i. <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Isabella of Lorraine, i. <a href="#Page_i.91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Isle-Adam, Sire de l', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Jacob">Jacob</a></span>, i. <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dominique, i. <a href="#Page_i.65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jacobins, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Jacqueline of Bavaria, Countess, i. <a href="#Page_i.401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_i.402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Jacques de Chabannes, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Touraine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.235">235</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.288">288</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jacquier, i. <a href="#Page_i.7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Jadart, M. Henri, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Jahel, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Janville, i. <a href="#Page_i.122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English at, i. <a href="#Page_i.371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_i.376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_i.290">290</a>-439; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.87">87</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.88">88</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.182">182</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.184">184</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.360">360</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French attack on, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_i.355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_i.362">362</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English occupy, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.97">97</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.259">259</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jarry, M. L., i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Jean_IV">Jean IV</a>., Count d'Armagnac asks Jeanne to indicate true pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>-43<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruelty of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">excommunicated, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.40">40</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Jean_Salm">Jean</a>, Count of Neufchâtel, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of Salm, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Gand, i. <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Metz, i. <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_i.87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_i.222">222</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">questions Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_i.83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_i.99">99</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">accompanies Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_i.105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Saintrailles, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.21">21</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">le Bon, i. <a href="#Page_i.148">148</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warned by the vavasour, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jean-Sans-Peur, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Jeanne">Jeanne d'Arc</a>, authorities for life of, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-xxxiii, <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mission of, i. <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxix">xxxix</a>, <a href="#Page_lx">lx</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.231">231</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">its political aspect, i. <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">simplicity of, i. <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a>, <a href="#Page_lx">lx</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military skill of, i. <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_xliii">xliii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.82">82</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.391">391</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visionary nature of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a>-xxxvii</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">priests' influence on, i. <a href="#Page_xxxviii">xxxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.44">44</a>-47, <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.66">66</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">virginity of, i. <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.80">80</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.216">216</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.265">265</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">historical reputation of, i. <a href="#Page_liv">liv</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portraits of, i. <a href="#Page_liii">liii</a>, <a href="#Page_lxii">lxii</a>, <a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.336">336</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.191">191</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.212">212</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a>-423</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.467">467</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">parentage of, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">baptism of, i. <a href="#Page_i.4">4</a>-6</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early childhood of, i. <a href="#Page_i.6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_i.8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_i.23">23</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">education of, i. <a href="#Page_i.8">8</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">piety of, i. <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_i.80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_i.463">463</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shares the village rites, i. <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.15">15</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">childhood of, i. <a href="#Page_i.28">28</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first hears Voices, i. <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recognises St. Michael, i. <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited at Domremy by SS. Catherine and Marguerite, i. +<a href="#Page_i.43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_i.47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vows to preserve her virginity, i. <a href="#Page_i.42">42</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her love of bells, i. <a href="#Page_i.43">43</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by St. Michael, i. <a href="#Page_i.56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Robert de Baudricourt at Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a>-66</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies concerning the Dauphin, i. <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.81">81</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ridiculed, i. <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.99">99</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspected of witchcraft, i. <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_i.418">418</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.19">19</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.50">50</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.121">121</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.175">175</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.177">177</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Neufchâteau, i. <a href="#Page_i.71">71</a>-74</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned to appear at Toul, i. <a href="#Page_i.73">73</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Robert de Baudricourt again, i. <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her second visit to Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>-89</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">announces her mission to relieve Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares her mission to the Dauphin, i. <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a>-84</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies her death, i. <a href="#Page_i.78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.15">15</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.203">203</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent for by the Dauphin, i. <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a>-105</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adopts man's attire, i. <a href="#Page_i.84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exorcised by Jean Fournier, i. <a href="#Page_i.84">84</a>-86</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent for by Duke of Lorraine, i. <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>-95</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to her parents, i. <a href="#Page_i.95">95</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dictates a letter to the King, i. <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Chinon, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_i.185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">questioned as to her mission, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her interviews with Charles, and the Sign, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a>-173, +<a href="#Page_i.183">183</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.262">262</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.269">269</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dress of, i. <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_i.197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_i.329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_i.356">356</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.147">147</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.179">179</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.192">192</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.221">221</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.244">244</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.258">258</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.268">268</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.276">276</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.280">280</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Duke of Alençon, i. <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a>-186, <a href="#Page_i.195">195</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is taken to Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.185">185</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examined at Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>-203</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her aversion to theologians, i. <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.221">221</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.223">223</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dictates a manifesto to the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies the coronation at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_i.200">200</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retorts on Seguin, i. <a href="#Page_i.200">200</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foretells the raising of the siege, i. <a href="#Page_i.201">201</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her sign victory itself, i. <a href="#Page_i.202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_i.214">214</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">result of examination at Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">miracles attributed to, i. <a href="#Page_i.215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a>-477; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.137">137</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sets out for Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.216">216</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">armour of, i. <a href="#Page_i.216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her chaplain, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">horses of, i. <a href="#Page_i.222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_i.346">346</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sword of, i. <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a>-77, <a href="#V2Page_ii.133">133</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.245">245</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">standard of, i. <a href="#Page_i.227">227</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.104">104</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.262">262</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.281">281</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.284">284</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dictates manifestoes to the English from Poitiers and +Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.244">244</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exhorts the French soldiers to repentance, i. <a href="#Page_i.254">254</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her banner, i. <a href="#Page_i.255">255</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Blois for Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">misled as to route, i. <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>-263</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approaches the Bastard, i. <a href="#Page_i.260">260</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her ignorance of Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.260">260</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her mission at Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.263">263</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies change of wind, i. <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">asks to return to Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.265">265</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Chécy, i. <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summons the English to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_i.316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a>-269</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leads the Orléannais to the holy places, i. +<a href="#Page_i.277">277</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surveys the bastions, i. <a href="#Page_i.279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is offered wine, i. <a href="#Page_i.279">279</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her belief in herself, i. <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_i.343">343</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.6">6</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.66">66</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.112">112</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets the army from Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">jests with the Bastard, i. <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">roused from sleep by her Council, i. <a href="#Page_i.284">284</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St.-Loup, i. <a href="#Page_i.285">285</a>-291</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her influence in Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans kept from, i. <a href="#Page_i.293">293</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives counsel in Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>-313</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded in the foot, i. <a href="#Page_i.300">300</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies her wound, i. <a href="#Page_i.301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_i.306">306</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies success in Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.303">303</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is wounded in the shoulder, i. <a href="#Page_i.306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_i.314">314</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears Mass on the Sabbath, i. <a href="#Page_i.315">315</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Orléans for Blois and Tours, i. +<a href="#Page_i.318">318</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approved by Gélu, i. <a href="#Page_i.320">320</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approved by Gerson, i. <a href="#Page_i.326">326</a>-331</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urges the King to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">questioned as to her Voices, i. <a href="#Page_i.334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_i.341">341</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.229">229</a>-235, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.238">238</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.242">242</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.253">253</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.258">258</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.268">268</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.274">274</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.277">277</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.283">283</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#V2Page_ii.327">327</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a>-334, <a href="#V2Page_ii.402">402</a>-406</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Loches, i. <a href="#Page_i.335">335</a>-338</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fame of, i. <a href="#Page_i.336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a>-385, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a>-477; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.160">160</a>-163</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her prayer for France, i. <a href="#Page_i.336">336</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">consulted as a saint, i. <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_i.434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_i.452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_i.453">453</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a>-43, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.81">81</a>-83, <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Selles-en-Berry, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wishes for prayers for her soul, i. <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies the English evacuation, i. <a href="#Page_i.344">344</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies to Guy de Laval, i. <a href="#Page_i.346">346</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marches on Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a>-355</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives gifts at Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_i.356">356</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hopes to rescue the captive Duke, i. <a href="#Page_i.357">357</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets the Constable, i. <a href="#Page_i.364">364</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Beaugency, i. <a href="#Page_i.364">364</a>-367</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_i.376">376</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies victory at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies the coronation of Charles, i. <a href="#Page_i.378">378</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Constable's plot to seize, i. <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her loyalty to Charles VII, i. <a href="#Page_i.380">380</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her progress to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">led by the King's Council, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Gien, i. <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dictates a letter to Tournai, i. <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a>-400</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invites Burgundy to the coronation, i. <a href="#Page_i.400">400</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dictates a letter to Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_i.419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_i.422">422</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_i.424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_i.427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_i.430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_i.432">432</a>-434</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophesies victory at Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_i.427">427</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Châlons, i. <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a>-458</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dreams of a crown, i. <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.233">233</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.234">234</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.255">255</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.269">269</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ring of, i. <a href="#Page_i.453">453</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.254">254</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to the Duke of Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.456">456</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">legends of, i. <a href="#Page_i.463">463</a>-476</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophecies by, i. <a href="#Page_i.470">470</a>-477; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.355">355</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>re</i> the English, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.252">252</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Reims, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>-6, <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.107">107</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.116">116</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political judgment of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.7">7</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">betrayed, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.16">16</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rides with the scouts, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poems in honour of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.25">25</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prophecies relating to, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.29">29</a>-32</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">personal appearance of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.32">32</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Compiègne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marches towards Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a>-77</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">replies to the Count d'Armagnac, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.43">43</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stands as godmother, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.50">50</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parisian opinion of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.59">59</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.98">98</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.158">158</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summons Paris to surrender, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.67">67</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.273">273</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is wounded in the thigh, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.69">69</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.72">72</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turned from Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.72">72</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drives prostitutes from the army, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.74">74</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Selles-en-Berry, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a>-82</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the attack on St.-Pierre-le-Moustier, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.85">85</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Catherine de la Rochelle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.87">87</a>-90, <a href="#V2Page_ii.101">101</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">collects money for the army, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.88">88</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.94">94</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Moulins, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Riom, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.93">93</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.94">94</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">grant of nobility, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.102">102</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.212">212</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fêted at Orléans, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Tours, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.104">104</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leases a house in Orléans, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Sully, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a>-118</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on crusading, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letter to Sigismund, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.112">112</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the trenches of Melun, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.122">122</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to exchange prisoners, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a>-132</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Senlis, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">used as a mascotte, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.148">148</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Margny, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.148">148</a>-150</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is taken prisoner, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.152">152</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts escape from Beaulieu, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.160">160</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prayers for deliverance of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.161">161</a>-163</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">claimed by Cauchon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.170">170</a>-178, <a href="#V2Page_ii.181">181</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.195">195</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.204">204</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Beaurevoir, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaps from the Tower, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.181">181</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.273">273</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.275">275</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.295">295</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.405">405</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Tournai, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.189">189</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Arras, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.191">191</a>-196, <a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken to Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a>-198</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in prison at Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.198">198</a>-204, <a href="#V2Page_ii.212">212</a>-217</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">information against, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a>-212, <a href="#V2Page_ii.239">239</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her wish to escape, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.225">225</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a prisoner of the Church, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.225">225</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preliminary trial, i. <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_lii">lii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.221">221</a>-284</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">place of trial of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.227">227</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.247">247</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letter to the English, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.231">231</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illness of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.220">220</a>-242, <a href="#V2Page_ii.289">289</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to reveal the King's secret, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.245">245</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.262">262</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trial of, pronounced illegal, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>-248</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her letter to the Count d'Armagnac, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.250">250</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">does not speak to the priests of her visions, ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.266">266</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.275">275</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.287">287</a>-289, <a href="#V2Page_ii.291">291</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.295">295</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.300">300</a>-305</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">would appeal to the pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.282">282</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.312">312</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is offered an advocate, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.284">284</a>-286</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trial in ordinary, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.284">284</a>-322</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sustained by her Voices, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.289">289</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.291">291</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her desire for the sacraments, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.290">290</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the torture chamber, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deserted by her friends, i. <a href="#Page_liv">liv</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.297">297</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exhorted by Maurice, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.305">305</a>-307</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to recant, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.307">307</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.313">313</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preached at by Erard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.308">308</a>-314</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sentence against, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.314">314</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recants, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.315">315</a>-319</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English resume possession of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.321">321</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resumes woman's attire, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.322">322</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resumes man's attire, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.324">324</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retracts her recantation, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.325">325</a>-328</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is told of her death, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.380">380</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second recantation of, i. <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confesses and receives the Sacrament, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.333">333</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is burnt at the stake, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.335">335</a>-342</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trial for rehabilitation, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>-xxxii, <a href="#Page_xlii">xlii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.384">384</a>-392</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">medical opinion on, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a>-406</span><br /> +<br /> +Jeanne of Évreux, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Valois, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">du Lys, Claude de Metz, impersonates Jeanne d'Arc, ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a>-376</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Maid of Sermaize, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jeremiah, i. <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">image carved by, i. <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jerusalem, i. <a href="#Page_i.186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Yolande">Yolande</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jesus Christ, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Jhesus-Maria on the standard, i. <a href="#Page_i.227">227</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on letters, i. <a href="#Page_i.245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_i.397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_i.419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_i.456">456</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.43">43</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Jeanne's ring, i. <a href="#Page_i.452">452</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Joachim, François, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Joash, i. <a href="#Page_xl">xl</a>, <a href="#Page_i.202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +John, Count of Porcien, <i>see</i> <a href="#Bastard">the Bastard of Orléans</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Brittany, caution of, i. <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a>-381</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Burgundy, murder of, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_i.422">422</a>; ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.17">17</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.63">63</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XXIII, Pope, i. <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Joinville, Jeanne de, inherits Bourlémont, i. <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Château de, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jonah, i. <a href="#Page_i.344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Joshua, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Journal du Siège, Le</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Jouvenel des Ursins, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_lxiv">lxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_i.192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Judas Maccabæus, i. <a href="#Page_i.328">328</a><br /> +<br /> +Judith, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_i.328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_i.341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.87">87</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Julien, hill of, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Jumièges, Abbot of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Justin, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Kalt">Kalt</a> Eysen</span>, Heinrich, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +Kennedy, Lord Hugh, i. <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Kermoisan, Thudal de, i. <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Kernanna, i. <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a><br /> +<br /> +King's Evil, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +Kiriel, Sir Thomas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Kyrthrizian, Richard, i. <a href="#Page_i.224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="LAverdy">L'Averdy</a></span>, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_lix">lix</a><br /> +<br /> +La Beauce, i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_i.255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_i.354">354</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plain of, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">route through, i. <a href="#Page_i.259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_i.371">371</a></span><br /> +<br /> +La Belle d'Anjou, i. <a href="#Page_i.184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +La Bergère, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_i.350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +La Bougue, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +La Chapelle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.50">50</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +La Charité, i. <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.167">167</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.90">90</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.94">94</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a></span><br /> +<br /> +La Croix-Boissée, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +La Croix-Morin, i. <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +La Ferté-Milon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.16">16</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +La Grange-aux-Ormes, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="La_Hire">La Hire</a>, i. <a href="#Page_i.105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_i.465">465</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.68">68</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.199">199</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ravages Bar, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comes to Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bribed by Tours, i. <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.244">244</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets the army from Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pursues the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.316">316</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the way to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<br /> +La Joyeuse, i. <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +La Lomagne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +La Motte-Nangis, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +La Perruque, M., ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.414">414</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>La Petite Ancelle</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +La Porète, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.237">237</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>La Pucelle</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.93">93</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +La Retrève, i. <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_i.374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +La Roche-St.-Quentin, i. <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +La Rochelle, i. <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_i.360">360</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +La Romée, i. <a href="#Page_i.177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +La Rousse, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +La Sologne, i. <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">route through, i. <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_i.284">284</a></span><br /> +<br /> +La Trémouille, Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xlix">xlix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_i.446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King's favourite, i. <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_i.152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_i.253">253</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Chinon, i. <a href="#Page_i.184">184</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">starts for Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bribed by Auxerre, i. <a href="#Page_i.406">406</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">governs Compiègne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.35">35</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.45">45</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">before Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.69">69</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.72">72</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">held to ransom, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.91">91</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne in charge of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.109">109</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tries a substitute for Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.163">163</a>-169</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.351">351</a></span><br /> +<br /> +La Tour-d'Auvergne, Baron, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +La Valette, Comte de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Laban, i. <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Labrousse, Suzette, i. <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Lactantius, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Ladvenu, Martin, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.330">330</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.333">333</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Lagny-sur-Marne, i. <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_xlvi">xlvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.147">147</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.211">211</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.371">371</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.133">133</a>-137</span><br /> +<br /> +Laiguisé, Gille, i. <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huet, i. <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, policy of, i. <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a>-411, <a href="#Page_i.428">428</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lançon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Lang, Mr. Andrew, i. <a href="#Page_v">v</a><br /> +<br /> +Langeais, i. <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Langres, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Langlois, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. E., i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Languedoc, i. <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Laon, i. <a href="#Page_i.50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.460">460</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.11">11</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.358">358</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lapau, i. <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Laplace, i. <a href="#Page_lxviii">lxviii</a><br /> +<br /> +Lassois, Durand, i. <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_i.66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_i.76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Lattes, i. <a href="#Page_i.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Launoy, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_lv">lv</a><br /> +<br /> +Laval, André de, i. <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_i.364">364</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne de, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">château of, i. <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.396">396</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">family, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Jeanne de, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_i.346">346</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.47">47</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guy de, i. <a href="#Page_i.346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_i.364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_i.446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.47">47</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lavisse, M. Ernest, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiii">lxxiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Boucher, Marie, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Brun de Charmettes, i. <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Dunois, i. <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Fèvre de St.-Remy, i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Le Jouvencel</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Langart, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Lendit, Fair of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Maçon, Robert, i. <a href="#Page_xlii">xlii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Maistre, Husson, i. <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Mans, i. <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.287">287</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maid of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a>-396</span><br /> +<br /> +Les Martinets, i. <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Les Montils, Château of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Petit, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Portereau, i. <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.300">300</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orléannais at, i. <a href="#Page_i.301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_i.307">307</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Le Sourd, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Le Vauseul, Aveline, i. <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Les Augustins, Battle of, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Les-Douze-Pierres, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Lebuin, Michel, i. <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Lecamus de Beaulieu, i. <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.332">332</a><br /> +<br /> +Leclerc, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Lecourt, Gille, i. <a href="#Page_i.224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Lefèvre, Gervaise, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.95">95</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.238">238</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lefèvre-Pontalis, M. Germain, i. <a href="#Page_v">v</a>, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_lxii">lxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Legends of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_liv">liv</a><br /> +<br /> +Legros, M., ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.417">417</a><br /> +<br /> +Leliis, Théodore de, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Lemaistre, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.219">219</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.221">221</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.228">228</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.264">264</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.343">343</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Lenisoles, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +Lenten observances, i. <a href="#Page_i.156">156</a>-158<br /> +<br /> +Leparmentier, Mauger, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +Leprestre, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_i.279">279</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.104">104</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.361">361</a><br /> +<br /> +Leroyer, Catherine, i. <a href="#Page_i.79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_i.80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_i.84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_i.86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_i.97">97</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henri, i. <a href="#Page_i.79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_i.97">97</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lettrée, i. <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a><br /> +<br /> +Lévy, MM. Calmann, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Liébault de Baudricourt, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Liège, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Lignerolles, i. <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_i.374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Ligny">Ligny</a>, David de Brimeu, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.91">91</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne in charge of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.191">191</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lille, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Limousin, i. <a href="#Page_i.200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Lingui, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Lisieux, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.382">382</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Loches, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.361">361</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.335">335</a>-338</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Lætare</i> Sunday, i. <a href="#Page_i.13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_i.156">156</a><br /> +<br /> +Logic, picture of, i. <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a><br /> +<br /> +Lohéac, Marshal of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Lohier, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>-248<br /> +<br /> +Loire, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Loiret, The, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>-113<br /> +<br /> +Loiseleur, Nicolas, at the trial of Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.213">213</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.238">238</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.242">242</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.252">252</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.293">293</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.308">308</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.314">314</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.334">334</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bâle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.379">379</a>-381</span><br /> +<br /> +Lombard, Jean, examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +London, fort, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tower of, i. <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Longueville, i. <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_lvi">lvi</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prior of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.319">319</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Loré, Lord Ambrose de, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_i.434">434</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, i. <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a herald, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.155">155</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles II, Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.81">81</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.231">231</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes war on La Hire, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends for Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>-95</span><br /> +<br /> +Louis I of Bourbon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.91">91</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Louis VIII, i. <a href="#Page_i.443">443</a><br /> +<br /> +Louis XI, i. <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Louis XIV, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.409">409</a>-412<br /> +<br /> +Louis XVIII, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.414">414</a>-419<br /> +<br /> +Louis, Dauphin, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.39">39</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">betrothed to Margaret of Scotland, i. <a href="#Page_i.83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Louis, Duke of Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, i. <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Louis of Luxembourg, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Louis the Fat, i. <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Louvet, President, i. <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Louviers, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Louvois, M. de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.408">408</a><br /> +<br /> +Lowe, Nicole, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.354">354</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Lozère Mountains, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Luce, Siméon, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_lxii">lxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Luciabelus, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Lucifer, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Lucius, Pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.336">336</a><br /> +<br /> +Luçon, i. <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a><br /> +<br /> +Lude, Sire du, i. <a href="#Page_i.353">353</a><br /> +<br /> +Luillier, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_i.356">356</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Lunéville, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Luxembourg, Dame Jeanne de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.190">190</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.359">359</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.362">362</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of Ligny, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.143">143</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.149">149</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne in charge of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.154">154</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.159">159</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.172">172</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.177">177</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.188">188</a>-191, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits her at Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.202">202</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Luys, Doctor, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a><br /> +<br /> +Luzarches, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Lyon, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.410">410</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Les Célestins, i. <a href="#Page_i.324">324</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lyonnais, i. <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Lyonnel, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Lys, Du, i. <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>; <i>see</i> +<a href="#Jean">Jean</a> and <a href="#Pierre">Pierre d'Arc</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Machecoul">Machecoul</a></span>, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Machet, Gérard, i. <a href="#Page_xlii">xlii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.379">379</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">circulates prophecies of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_i.197">197</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Maçon, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a><br /> +<br /> +Macy, Aimond de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.179">179</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Magala, i. <a href="#Page_i.454">454</a><br /> +<br /> +Maguelonne, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.188">188</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Maillé, Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_i.446">446</a><br /> +<br /> +Mailly, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Maine, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_i.387">387</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Maintenon, Mme. de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Mainz, Diet of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.381">381</a><br /> +<br /> +Maire, Guillaume le, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Manchon, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.205">205</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.227">227</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.247">247</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.257">257</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.324">324</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Mandrakes, i. <a href="#Page_i.415">415</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Mantes, i. <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Manuel, Nicolas, i. <a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.201">201</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Marchenoir, i. <a href="#Page_i.255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Maréchal, Humbert, i. <a href="#Page_i.465">465</a><br /> +<br /> +Margaret of Scotland, i. <a href="#Page_i.83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Margny, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.146">146</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.153">153</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack on, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.148">148</a>-150</span><br /> +<br /> +Marguerie, André, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.324">324</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Marguerite of Bavaria, i. <a href="#Page_i.93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Marie de Maillé, i. <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Marie de Sully, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Marie, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_i.396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.182">182</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Marie-Thérèse, Queen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +Marne, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Marseilles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin V, Pope, i. <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_i.402">402</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.175">175</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.250">250</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">policy of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.39">39</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crusaders of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.109">109</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Henri, i. <a href="#Page_l">l</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Ignace Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mission of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.413">413</a>-419</span><br /> +<br /> +Martin, M. le Dr., ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, M. Paul, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.418">418</a><br /> +<br /> +Marville, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.358">358</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.368">368</a><br /> +<br /> +Massieu, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.206">206</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.228">228</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.256">256</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.312">312</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.317">317</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.319">319</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.326">326</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.333">333</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.338">338</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.340">340</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Mathieu II, of Lorraine, i. <a href="#Page_i.71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +Mathurins, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Matthias, Don, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Maupertuis, i. <a href="#Page_i.229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Maurice, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.280">280</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.334">334</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.340">340</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exhorts Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.305">305</a>-307, <a href="#V2Page_ii.315">315</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Maxentius, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_i.36">36</a>-41<br /> +<br /> +Maxey-sur-Meuse, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_i.23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_i.35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Maxey-sur-Vaise, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Maximian, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Mayenne, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Meaux, i. <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tree of Vauru, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.12">12</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Megret, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Mehun-sur-Yèvre, i. <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.102">102</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.397">397</a><br /> +<br /> +Meledon, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Melun, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.120">120</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defenders of, i. <a href="#Page_i.114">114</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.122">122</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Melusina, i. <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Mende, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.404">404</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mountain, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mengette, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Mennot, Robert le, i. <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Merari, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercier, Catherine le, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercury, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Merlin, prophecies of, i. <a href="#Page_i.10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a>-177, <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.30">30</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.391">391</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of, i. <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mesnage, Mathieu, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Messire</i>, Jeanne's use of, i. <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne as the herald of, i. <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_i.262">262</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Metz, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.354">354</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.374">374</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war against, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Meung-sur-Loire, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_i.127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_i.255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_i.439">439</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.23">23</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English retreat to, i. <a href="#Page_i.316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_i.362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.371">371</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French take, i. <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Meurthe, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +Meuse, course of the, i. <a href="#Page_i.1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Meyer, M. Paul, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiii">lxxiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Micah, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Michel, François, farrier, mission of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a>-412<br /> +<br /> +Michelet, i. <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Midi, Nicolas, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.287">287</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.337">337</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Midianites, i. <a href="#Page_i.202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Miélot, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Milan, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.374">374</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Milbeau, Yves, questions Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_i.418">418</a><br /> +<br /> +Minerva, i. <a href="#Page_lxxii">lxxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Minet, Jean, Vicar of Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Minguet, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Minier, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Miriam, i. <a href="#Page_i.327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_i.330">330</a><br /> +<br /> +Mitry, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Molandon, Boucher, de, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Moleyns, Lord, i. <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_i.312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Molyns, William, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Moniteur</i>, <i>Le</i>, i. <a href="#Page_lx">lx</a><br /> +<br /> +Monks spread legends of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.212">212</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">join the armies, i. <a href="#Page_i.254">254</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Monmouth, i. <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Monod, M. Gabriel, i. <a href="#Page_v">v</a><br /> +<br /> +Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Montacute, Thomas, <i>see</i> <a href="#Salisbury">Salisbury, Earl of</a><br /> +<br /> +Montaing, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Montalcin, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Montan, the hermit, i. <a href="#Page_i.50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Montargis, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.421">421</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor of, i. <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Montbéliard-Saarbruck, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a><br /> +<br /> +Montéclaire, i. <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Montendre, i. <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Montepilloy, i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.21">21</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Montereau, Bridge of, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_i.400">400</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.16">16</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.17">17</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.19">19</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.52">52</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Montesclère, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_i.299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Montfaucon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.87">87</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.88">88</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.127">127</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, Lord, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Montier-en-Saulx, i. <a href="#Page_i.65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Montigny-le-Roi, i. <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Montjoie, i. <a href="#Page_i.435">435</a><br /> +<br /> +Montmaillard, i. <a href="#Page_i.116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Montmédy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Montmirail, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Montmorency, Sire de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Montpellier, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_i.210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a><br /> +<br /> +Montpensier, Count of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Montpipeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burnt by the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Montremur, Raymon de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Mont-Saint-Michel-au-Péril-de-la-Mer, Abbey of, i. <a href="#Page_i.30">30</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Morant, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Morcellet, Sire de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Morel, Aubert, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.293">293</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, godfather of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a>; ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Moreau, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.182">182</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Morhier, Sir Simon, i. <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Morieau, Raulin, i. <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a><br /> +<br /> +Morin, Jourdain, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Mortemart, Abbot of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Mortemer, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne de, i. <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Moselle, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a><br /> +<br /> +Moses, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_i.327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Moslant, Philibert de, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_i.432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_i.433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_i.438">438</a><br /> +<br /> +Moulins, i. <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.13">13</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mount Ganelon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.146">146</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sombar, i. <a href="#Page_i.30">30</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tombe, i. <a href="#Page_i.30">30</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mousque, Maître, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Mugot, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_i.285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_i.306">306</a><br /> +<br /> +Muñoz, Gil, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Musnier, Simonin, i. <a href="#Page_i.7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Myrmidons, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mystère du Siège</i>, <i>Le</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Notre">Notre</a></span> Dame d'Amiens, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Ancis, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Ardents, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.134">134</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des-Aviots, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.136">136</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Bermont, i. <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Clèry, i. <a href="#Page_i.127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_i.288">288</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Fierbois, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Liance or Liesse, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.358">358</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de-la-Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.195">195</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de-la-Voûte, i. <a href="#Page_i.80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Nancy, i. <a href="#Page_i.14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_i.68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_i.93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_i.95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Nantes Bridge, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a><br /> +<br /> +Napoleon Bonaparte, i. <a href="#Page_lix">lix</a><br /> +<br /> +Narbonne, Council of, i. <a href="#Page_i.318">318</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Nations, union of, i. <a href="#Page_lxvii">lxvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Nativity of the B.V.M., ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Naundorf, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.419">419</a><br /> +<br /> +Navarre, College of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Naviel, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Nebuchadnezzar, i. <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_i.409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Nennius, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Nettles, i. <a href="#Page_i.356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Neufchâteau, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_i.436">436</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">people of Domremy shelter at, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Neufchâtel, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Nevers, i. <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Neville, William, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Nicanor, i. <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Nicolas V, Pope, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Nicolazic, Yves, i. <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Nicole de Giresme, i. <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a><br /> +<br /> +Nicopolis, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_i.253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_i.457">457</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Nider, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Noël, feast of, i. <a href="#Page_i.133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Nogent-sur-Seine, i. <a href="#Page_i.438">438</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Noirouffle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Nolhac, M. Pierre de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.422">422</a><br /> +<br /> +Nonnette, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Normandy, held by England, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war in, i. <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_i.387">387</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French lose, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.23">23</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.24">24</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French conquest of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.382">382</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Norwich, Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a>, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.409">409</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Novelompont, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a>, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Noviant, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_i.174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Noyon, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.144">144</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Nucelles, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Nuremberg, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Nyssa, i. <a href="#Page_i.206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Ogiviller">Ogiviller</a></span>, Château d', i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henri d', i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Oise, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Olet Stone, i. <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Olibrius, Governor, i. <a href="#Page_i.32">32</a>-34; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Olivet, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Olivier, Richard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Or, Mme. d', i. <a href="#Page_i.433">433</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Oriflamme</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Origen, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.360">360</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">administration of, prior to siege, i. <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizens and garrison of, i. <a href="#Page_i.122">122</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, i. <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>-114</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's house in, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizens of, buy off the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prepare for war, i. <a href="#Page_i.116">116</a>-121</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">refuse to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.122">122</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">destroy their suburbs, i. <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">celebrate Noël, i. <a href="#Page_i.133">133</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">send to the Duke of Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.142">142</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hear of the Maid, i. <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lose faith in their defenders, i. <a href="#Page_i.230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_i.242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pillage St.-Laurent, i. <a href="#Page_i.234">234</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">penitence of, i. <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their belief in Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">welcome Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a>-273, <a href="#Page_i.277">277</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rebel against the knights, i. <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">overestimate the English forces, i. <a href="#Page_i.280">280</a>-282, +<a href="#Page_i.301">301</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack St.-Loup, i. <a href="#Page_i.284">284</a>-291</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>-313</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">poverty of, i. <a href="#Page_i.331">331</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">recognise Jeanne as their commander, i. <a href="#Page_i.339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a>; +ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">defray expedition to Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>; and to Beaugency, +i. <a href="#Page_i.366">366</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their gifts to Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.355">355</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">defray costs, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.94">94</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">welcome Jeanne's impersonator, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.360">360</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.367">367</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City of:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Aumône, i. <a href="#Page_i.230">230</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Bouchet Wharf, i. <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Chesneau, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_i.125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Écu St.-Georges, i. <a href="#Page_i.241">241</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Field of St.-Privé, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hôtel de la Pomme, i. <a href="#Page_i.122">122</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Île de Charlemagne, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Île Motte des Poissonniers, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Île Motte S.-Antoine, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Belle Croix, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Croix Boissée, i. <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Portereau, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Les Augustins, i. <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">capture of, i. <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_i.362">362</a>; +ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.149">149</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.194">194</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack on, i. <a href="#Page_i.125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>-313, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_i.470">470</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">abandoned by French, i. <a href="#Page_i.126">126</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">English garrison in, i. <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">London, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_i.303">303</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olivet, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attacked, i. <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pont Jacquemin-Rousselet, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte Bernier or Bannier, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte de Bourgogne, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.470">470</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jeanne enters by, i. <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_i.269">269</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte Paris, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_i.288">288</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte du Pont, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte Renard, i. <a href="#Page_i.114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_i.286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stormed, i. <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte S.-Aignan, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rouen, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rue Aux-Petits-Souliers, i. <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.105">105</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rue de la Rose, i. <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_i.294">294</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rue des Hôtelleries, i. <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rue des Talmeliers, i. <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Aignan, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ste.-Croix, i. <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Euverte, i. <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Jean-de-Bray, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Jean-le-Blanc, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Ladre, Chapel of, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Laurent-des-Orgerils, <i>see</i> under +<a href="#St.-Laurent">St.-Laurent</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St.-Loup, <i>see</i> under <a href="#St.-Loup">St.-Loup</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Michel, Church of, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St.-Paul, i. <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St.-Pierre-Empont, i. <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Pierre-Ensentelée, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St.-Pouair, i. <a href="#Page_i.262">262</a>; attacked, i. <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.-Sulpice, i. <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour de l'Abreuvoir, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour de la Barre-Flambert, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour Croiche-Meuffroy, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour Neuve, i. <a href="#Page_i.109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour de Notre Dame, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_i.126">126</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour Regnard, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour St.-Antoine, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tour S. Samson, i. <a href="#Page_i.110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University of, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Siege of, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">journal of, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">defences of, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">surrounded by English, i. <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">victuals sent by Mme. Yolande, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">procession in, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">first attack, i. <a href="#Page_i.125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack by Talbot, i. <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">semi-investment of, i. <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sally from, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">victuals enter, i. <a href="#Page_i.232">232</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burgundians leave, i. <a href="#Page_i.234">234</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">raised, i. <a href="#Page_i.316">316</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cost of, i. <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Orléans, a herald, i. <a href="#Page_i.118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Orléans, Duke of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Charles_VII">Charles</a><br /> +<br /> +Orly, Henri d', <i>see</i> <a href="#Henri">Henri of Savoy</a><br /> +<br /> +Orne, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Ourches, Aubert d', i. <a href="#Page_i.13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Ours, Seigneur de l', ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.125">125</a>-133<br /> +<br /> +Oxford, i. <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Palm">Palm</a></span> Sunday, i. <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Pamiers, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +Panyngel, Richard, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Paradise, mediæval conception of, i. <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_i.237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Pardiac, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count of, i. <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Paris, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_i.386">386</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.19">19</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English occupation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.55">55</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne prophesies concerning, i. <a href="#Page_i.201">201</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII to enter, i. <a href="#Page_i.247">247</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parliament of, i. <a href="#Page_i.326">326</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">synod at, i. <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_i.413">413</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne outside, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.50">50</a>-77</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">governed by Duke Philip, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.52">52</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defences of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.55">55</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.66">66</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burgundian allegiance of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizens of, their dislike of Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a>-60</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their horror of Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.59">59</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack on, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.64">64</a>-70, <a href="#V2Page_ii.97">97</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armagnac Conspiracy in, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>-131</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examinations for witchcraft in, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.185">185</a>-187</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.187">187</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry VI crowned in, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.350">350</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.371">371</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's impersonator in, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.371">371</a>-374</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City of:</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hôtel de l'Arbre-See, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hôtel de l'Ours, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hôtel de la Pomme de Pin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.129">129</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inns of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Les Célestins, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.55">55</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Les Moulins, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.66">66</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Montmartre, i. <a href="#Page_i.417">417</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pont Neuf, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Porte St.-Antoine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.129">129</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Porte St.-Denys, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.55">55</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.350">350</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Porte St.-Martin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rue Barbette, i. <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rue St.-Antoine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.125">125</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Antoine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ste.-Chapelle, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Denys, i. <a href="#Page_i.326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_i.330">330</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Eloi, i. <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ste.-Geneviève, i. <a href="#Page_i.413">413</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.62">62</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Honoré, i. <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.66">66</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Jean-en-Grève, i. <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Laurent, i. <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St.-Merry, i. <a href="#Page_i.415">415</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">University of, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.409">409</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.54">54</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.371">371</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">consulted, by the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">opinion of Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.98">98</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a>-297</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">rectors of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">claim Jeanne for the inquisition, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.156">156</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.172">172</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.177">177</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.190">190</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">decision of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">mediates peace, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">error of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">of Troy, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Parlament at Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Partada, Alonzo de, i. <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_i.299">299</a><br /> +<br /> +Parthenay, i. <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Pasquerel, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_i.259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_i.283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_i.285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_i.300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_i.306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.109">109</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.133">133</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.189">189</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes Jeanne's chaplain, i. <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_i.220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne confesses to, i. <a href="#Page_i.290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_i.307">307</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes at Jeanne's dictation, i. <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne talks with, i. <a href="#Page_i.342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_i.343">343</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">superseded, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.86">86</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Sigismund, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.112">112</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Patay, Battle of, i. <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>, <a href="#Page_xlii">xlii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.369">369</a>-376; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.109">109</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Town of, i. <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Patrie, la</i>, idea of, i. <a href="#Page_lx">lx</a>, <a href="#Page_lxiii">lxiii</a>-lxviii<br /> +<br /> +Paul, Eléonore de, i. <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Peñiscola, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Penthesilea, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_i.222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a><br /> +<br /> +Pepin the Short, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Perceval de Cagny, i. <a href="#Page_i.227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Perche, i. <a href="#Page_i.387">387</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Perdriau, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Perdriel, Jaquet, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.129">129</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Periapts</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a><br /> +<br /> +Périgueux, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Périnet, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Perquin, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Perrin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Petit, Gérard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pharaoh, i. <a href="#Page_i.409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Philip">Philip</a>, Duke of Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_i.325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_i.361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_i.432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_i.438">438</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">welcomes the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ravages Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is offered Orléans as a pledge, i. <a href="#Page_i.142">142</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.233">233</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invited to the coronation, i. <a href="#Page_i.400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_i.456">456</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the truce with, i. <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.7">7</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>-53, <a href="#V2Page_ii.107">107</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.52">52</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his designs on Compiègne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a>-151</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exults over Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.153">153</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to give her up, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.156">156</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.159">159</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes peace with Charles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.352">352</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Philip the Good, i. <a href="#Page_i.398">398</a><br /> +<br /> +Philippe I, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +Philippe VI, i. <a href="#Page_i.79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Philippe le Bel, i. <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Philippe of Valois, i. <a href="#Page_i.148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_i.209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a><br /> +<br /> +Picardy, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">held by England, i. <a href="#Page_i.21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pierre de Beauvau, i. <a href="#Page_i.223">223</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de la Chapelle, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de St.-Valerien, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pierre de Versailles, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rebukes Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.335">335</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isambard de la, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.330">330</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.341">341</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.389">389</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pierronne of Brittany, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.86">86</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.97">97</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.185">185</a>-187, <a href="#V2Page_ii.345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Pigache, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Pillas, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.271">271</a><br /> +<br /> +Pinel, Dr., ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Pithiviers, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Plancy, Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +Plutarch, i. <a href="#Page_xlvi">xlvi</a><br /> +<br /> +Poignant, Guyot, i. <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Poiresson, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Poissy, Abbey of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_xlvii">xlvii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_i.164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_i.329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_i.343">343</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.81">81</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.297">297</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.318">318</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.346">346</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battle of, i. <a href="#Page_i.63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_i.102">102</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charged with examination of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.188">188</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hôtel de la Rose, i. <a href="#Page_i.192">192</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parliament of, i. <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.187">187</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_i.185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_i.223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_i.239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_i.242">242</a>; ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">examines Guillaume the shepherd, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.166">166</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poverty of, i. <a href="#Page_i.188">188</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rue St.-Étienne, i. <a href="#Page_i.216">216</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poitou, i. <a href="#Page_i.148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Pole, Alexander, i. <a href="#Page_i.354">354</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir John, i. <a href="#Page_i.354">354</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <i>see</i> <a href="#Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, Earl of</span><br /> +<br /> +Pomponne, M. de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Pont-à-Mousson, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.135">135</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Pontanus, Paul, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Ponthieu, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Pont-l'Evêque, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.144">144</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Pontorson, Governor of, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Pont-Ste.-Maxence, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.107">107</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Porcien, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Porète, Marguerite la, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.237">237</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +Porphyrius, i. <a href="#Page_i.39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_i.41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Port de Lates, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Poton de Saintrailles, i. <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.244">244</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attacks Jargean, i. <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the way to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.349">349</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poulengy, <i>see</i> <a href="#Bertrand">Bertrand</a><br /> +<br /> +Power, Hamish, i. <a href="#Page_i.227">227</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.104">104</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Héliote, i. <a href="#Page_i.228">228</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.104">104</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poynings, Lord, i. <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_i.310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_i.312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Pragmatic Sanction, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Préaux, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbot of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Premonstratensians, the, i. <a href="#Page_i.473">473</a><br /> +<br /> +Pressy, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Prestre, Jacquet le, i. <a href="#Page_i.279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Preuilly, Jeanne de, i. <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Preux</i>, <i>Les</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +Priam of Troy, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, <a href="#Page_lxviii">lxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_i.382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Priests, influence on Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_xxxviii">xxxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.45">45</a>-47, <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_i.66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_i.79">79</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adapt the prophecy of Merlin, i. <a href="#Page_i.178">178</a>-180</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">their view of her mission, i. <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">spread legends, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.28">28</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Privat, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Procops, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Prophecies, adaptation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.178">178</a>-180<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Bede, i. <a href="#Page_i.178">178</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_i.470">470</a>-477; <i>see also</i> +under <a href="#Jeanne">Jeanne d'Arc</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">two distinct sources of, i. <a href="#Page_i.78">78</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Merlin, i. <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a>-177</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concerning Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.29">29</a>-32, <a href="#V2Page_ii.111">111</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.239">239</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">literal interpretation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_i.426">426</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of our Lord by Sibyls, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Maiden Redemptress, revised, i. <a href="#Page_i.45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.80">80</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">royal heed of, i. <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>-162</span><br /> +<br /> +Prostitutes in the French army, i. <a href="#Page_i.253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_i.291">291</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Provins, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.3">3</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.7">7</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Pucelle, i. <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Puy-en-Velay, i. <a href="#Page_i.218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.204">204</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Vierge Noire, i. <a href="#Page_i.277">277</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Puy, Jean du, i. <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Quenat">Quenat</a></span>, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Quicherat, Jules, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a>, <a href="#Page_l">l</a>, <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Quillier, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Raban">Raban</a></span> of Helmstat, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Rabateau, Jean, Lay Attorney-General, Jeanne in the house of, i. <a href="#Page_i.191">191</a>-203; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Rabelais, i. <a href="#Page_lxv">lxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Raguenel, Tiphaine, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +Raimondi, Cosmo, i. <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Rainguesson, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Rais, Maréchal de, Marshal of France, i. <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_i.287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.67">67</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_i.299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resources of, i. <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leads to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rampston, Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Raphaël, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.243">243</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.416">416</a><br /> +<br /> +Ratisbonne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.423">423</a><br /> +<br /> +Raymond, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a><br /> +<br /> +Récollets, Des, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Recordi, Pierre, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +Regent, <i>see</i> <a href="#Bedford">Bedford</a><br /> +<br /> +Regnart family, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +Régnier de Bouligny, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Regnault">Regnault</a> de Chartres, Chancellor of France, Archbishop of Reims, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_xliii">xliii</a>, <a href="#Page_xlix">xlix</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#V2Page_ii.192">192</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">held to ransom, i. <a href="#Page_i.148">148</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">finds the coronation at Reims politic, i. <a href="#Page_i.199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_i.393">393</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.442">442</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">career of, i. <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>-156</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gathers an army, i. <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, i. <a href="#Page_i.390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_i.476">476</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approves of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.390">390</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crowns Charles VII, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>-449</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">questions Jeanne as to her death, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.15">15</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">policy of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tries a substitute for Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.163">163</a>-169, <a href="#V2Page_ii.347">347</a>-351</span><br /> +<br /> +Regnault, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_i.354">354</a><br /> +<br /> +Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_i.209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_i.405">405</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.116">116</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.119">119</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.211">211</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.358">358</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Regnault">Regnault de Chartres</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ampulla of, i. <a href="#Page_i.52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_i.56">56</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathedral of, i. <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_i.453">453</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">labyrinth in, i. <a href="#Page_i.320">320</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII, crowned at, i. <a href="#Page_i.443">443</a>-449</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizens of, welcome Charles VII, i. <a href="#Page_i.394">394</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">surrender to Charles VII, i. <a href="#Page_i.437">437</a>-443</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">invoke help of Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coronation at, prophesied, i. <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's letter to, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.107">107</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's progress to, i. <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Porte Dieulimire, i. <a href="#Page_i.443">443</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Remi, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.50">50</a>-53</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">route to, i. <a href="#Page_i.393">393</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rue du Parvis, i. <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St.-Denys, i. <a href="#Page_i.444">444</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tau, i. <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Reinach, M. Solomon, i. <a href="#Page_v">v</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Relation, La</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a><br /> +<br /> +Remeswelle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Rene">Réné</a> d'Anjou, Duke of Bar, Count of Vaudémont, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_i.96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>; ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restores cattle to Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.27">27</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, i. <a href="#Page_i.91">91</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succession of, disputed, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Requests, master of, i. <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Ressons, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Resurrections of unbaptized children, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.135">135</a>-137, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Reuilly, i. <a href="#Page_i.267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +Rhodes, order of, i. <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Richemont">Richemont</a>, Arthur, Duke of Brittany, Constable of France, Count of, i. <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">held to ransom, i. <a href="#Page_i.176">176</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Beaugency, i. <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a>-367</span><br /> +<br /> +Richer, Edmond, i. <a href="#Page_lv">lv</a>, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Rifflart</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_i.311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Rigueur, Jean le, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Riom, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Baudricourt">Robert</a> de Baudricourt, Captain of Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>, <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.231">231</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.266">266</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offends the Duke of Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seen by Jacques d'Arc, i. <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his opinion of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_i.78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_i.84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_i.87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_i.97">97</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letters concerning Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.168">168</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Robert_de_Saarbruck">Robert</a> de Saarbruck, makes war against Didier et Durand de Saint-Dié, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a formidable neighbour, i. <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taxes Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.25">25</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Robert, Duke of Bar, i. <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Wise, i. <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Robine, Marie, i. <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Roche, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Roche, M. Louis Charrier de la, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a><br /> +<br /> +Rochechouart, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Rochefort, Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_i.432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_i.433">433</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogier, i. <a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Rolland the Scrivener, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Romain, Henri, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Romance of the Rose</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a><br /> +<br /> +Rome, i. <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.26">26</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.99">99</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.111">111</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.374">374</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress of, i. <a href="#Page_i.449">449</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Romée, Isabelle, mother of Jeanne, <i>see</i> <a href="#Isabelle">Isabelle</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">origin of surname, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Romorantin, Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Rosier family, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Rostrenen, François de, i. <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_i.381">381</a><br /> +<br /> +Rouge Bombarde, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Roule, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Roussel, Raoul, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.293">293</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Rouvray-St.-Denis, i. <a href="#Page_i.138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_i.229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_i.282">282</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battle of, i. <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rouen, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#Page_li">li</a>, <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_i.332">332</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.24">24</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.171">171</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourg-l'Abbé, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.308">308</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.464">464</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.198">198</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Old Market Square, Jeanne is burnt in, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.335">335</a>-342</span><br /> +<br /> +Royer, Thévenin le, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Roze, Jeannette, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Ru, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Rude, i. <a href="#Page_lxiii">lxiii</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Saarbruck">Saarbruck</a></span>, Robert de, <i>see</i> <a href="#Robert_de_Saarbruck">Robert</a><br /> +<br /> +Sabbat, i. <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Sabbath, fighting on the, i. <a href="#Page_i.315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Sabinella, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Sablon, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a><br /> +<br /> +Sailly, i. <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Agnes, i. <a href="#Page_i.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Aignan, i. <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of, i. <a href="#Page_i.118">118</a>-120</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shrine of, i. <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intercedes for Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_i.314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII at, i. <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Amance, i. <a href="#Page_i.7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Ambrose, i. <a href="#Page_i.471">471</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Andrew, Cross of, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.66">66</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Anthony of Padua, i. <a href="#Page_xxxix">xxxix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Augustine, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Avy, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Barbara, i. <a href="#Page_i.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Bellin, Geoffroy de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Benedict, order of, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Benoit-sur-Loire, Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Catherine, i. <a href="#Page_xxxix">xxxix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history and martyrdom of, i. <a href="#Page_i.34">34</a>-41, <a href="#Page_i.159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_i.328">328</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her shrine and miracles at Fierbois, i. <a href="#Page_i.102">102</a>-105, +<a href="#Page_i.475">475</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sword of, i. <a href="#Page_i.223">223</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.245">245</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">language of, i. <a href="#Page_i.200">200</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">touches rings, i. <a href="#Page_i.453">453</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comforts Jeanne at Beaurevoir, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.180">180</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.182">182</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crown of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.233">233</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comforts Jeanne in prison, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.274">274</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Siena, i. <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a>, <a href="#Page_lxxii">lxxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_i.469">469</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.167">167</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="St._Catherine">St. Catherine</a> and St. Margaret, i. <a href="#Page_lvi">lvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_i.215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_i.239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_i.263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_i.437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_i.449">449</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.43">43</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appear to Jeanne at Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_i.49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reassure Jeanne at Poitiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appear to Jeanne at Chinon and Tours, i. <a href="#Page_i.224">224</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bid Jeanne take the standard, i. <a href="#Page_i.227">227</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appear to Jeanne at Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_i.301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_i.340">340</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.357">357</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">comfort Jeanne wounded, i. <a href="#Page_i.307">307</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appear at Rouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.325">325</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.327">327</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speak of Catherine de la Rochelle, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.90">90</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foretell Jeanne's death, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.122">122</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's testimony concerning, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.242">242</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.295">295</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.296">296</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.403">403</a>-406</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">embraced by Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.283">283</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.404">404</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Ste.-Catherine">Ste.-Catherine-de-Fierbois</a>, i. <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Cecilia, i. <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Charlemagne, i. <a href="#Page_i.182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Christina, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Claire, Convent of Neufchâteau, i. <a href="#Page_i.71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Clare, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">order of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.92">92</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Claude, i. <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Cyr, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Denys, i. <a href="#Page_xlv">xlv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_i.335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_i.417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_i.476">476</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.46">46</a>-49, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.265">265</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">head of, i. <a href="#Page_i.326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_i.330">330</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.61">61</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.46">46</a>-49</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.46">46</a>-53, <a href="#V2Page_ii.75">75</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English sack, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial of Charles VII at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.397">397</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Dizier, i. <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Dominic, i. <a href="#Page_xxxix">xxxix</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">order of, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Dorothea, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Etienne, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Euphemia, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Euphrosyne, i. <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Euverte, i. <a href="#Page_i.118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_i.120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_i.392">392</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intercedes for Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_i.314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Florentin, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Florent-les-Saumur, i. <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_i.353">353</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbey of, i. <a href="#Page_i.184">184</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Fort, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Francis of Assisi, i. <a href="#Page_xxxix">xxxix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_i.220">220</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.166">166</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">order of, i. <a href="#Page_i.71">71</a>-73</span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Gabriel, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Geneviève, i. <a href="#Page_i.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-George, i. <a href="#Page_i.250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shield of, i. <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of, i. <a href="#Page_i.159">159</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English cry of, i. <a href="#Page_i.273">273</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Georges de Boscherville, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Gilles, Lord, i. <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Grégoire de Tours, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Gregory, Pope, i. <a href="#Page_i.85">85</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Nyssa, i. <a href="#Page_i.206">206</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Hubert's Day, i. <a href="#Page_i.371">371</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Jean-d'-Angers, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Jean-de-Braye, i. <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Jean-de-la Ruelle, i. <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Jean-des-Bois, i. <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Jean-le-Blanc, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_i.263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_i.293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_i.297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_i.298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Jerome, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-John the Baptist, high repute of, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">day of, i. <a href="#Page_i.344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_i.464">464</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.123">123</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.253">253</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.362">362</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-John the Evangelist, i. <a href="#Page_i.206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_i.430">430</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Julien, i. <a href="#Page_i.157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Ladre, i. <a href="#Page_i.136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_i.143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="St.-Laurent">St.-Laurent-des-Orgerils</a>, i. <a href="#Page_i.112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_i.114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_i.119">119</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English camp at, i. <a href="#Page_i.131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_i.278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_i.288">288</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_i.307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_i.313">313</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pillaged by citizens of Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.234">234</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Laurence's Eve, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Lawrence, i. <a href="#Page_i.157">157</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Lô, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.219">219</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prior of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Louis, i. <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.14">14</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crown of, i. <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="St.-Loup">St.-Loup</a>, i. <a href="#Page_xli">xli</a>, <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_i.134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_i.264">264</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbaye aux Dames, i. <a href="#Page_i.289">289</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack on, i. <a href="#Page_i.284">284</a>-291, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_i.461">461</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Convent of the Ladies of, i. <a href="#Page_i.287">287</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English occupy, i. <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Luke, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Marc, i. <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Marcellin, i. <a href="#Page_i.180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Marcoul, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Marcoul-de-Corberry, i. <a href="#Page_i.459">459</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Marie-de-Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Margaret, i. <a href="#Page_liv">liv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_i.263">263</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history and martyrdom of, i. <a href="#Page_i.32">32</a>-34</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honoured in France, i. <a href="#Page_i.31">31</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">language of, i. <a href="#Page_i.200">200</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.254">254</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Church of, at Elincourt, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> <a href="#St._Catherine">St. Catherine and St. Margaret</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Mark, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Martha, i. <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Martin-de-Tours, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Martin-le-Bouillant, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Martin's Day, i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.181">181</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Mary Magdalen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Maurice, i. <a href="#Page_i.404">404</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.420">420</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Mesmin, Aignan de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.360">360</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="St.-Michael">St.-Michael</a>, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_i.118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_i.141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_i.160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_i.263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_i.437">437</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.316">316</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.341">341</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patron saint of France, i. <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_i.30">30</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appears to St. Catherine, i. <a href="#Page_i.37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_i.44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_i.56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_i.340">340</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.243">243</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feast of, i. <a href="#Page_i.314">314</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">personal appearance of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.255">255</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.278">278</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters from, i. <a href="#Page_xliii">xliii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.267">267</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Nicholas, Chapel of, i. <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Nicholas-du-Port, i. <a href="#Page_i.90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_i.97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Nicolas-le-Painteur, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.246">246</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Ouen, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.308">308</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Paul, i. <a href="#Page_i.55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_i.213">213</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.216">216</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Péravy, i. <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_i.374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Peter, i. <a href="#Page_i.51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_i.55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_i.206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Phal, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_i.418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_i.422">422</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Pierre de Chaumont, Priory of, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Pierre-le-Moustier, attack on, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.84">84</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.85">85</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Pol, Bastard, i. <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Privé, i. <a href="#Page_i.292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Quentin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Remi, i. <a href="#Page_i.4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_i.445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of, i. <a href="#Page_i.49">49</a>-53</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">miracles of, i. <a href="#Page_i.54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_i.55">55</a></span><br /> +<br /> +St.-Riquier, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Sanxon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Sauveur, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Ste.-Ségolène, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Sigismond, i. <a href="#Page_i.256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_i.373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Sixtus, i. <a href="#Page_i.51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Thecla, i. <a href="#Page_i.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Theresa, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Thiébault Spring, i. <a href="#Page_i.9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_lxviii">lxviii</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Urbain, Abbey of, i. <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Urbain, Pope, i. <a href="#Page_i.98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Valery, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +St.-Vallier, Sire de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Saint Simon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Saints consulted, i. <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Sakya Muni, i. <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_i.116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_i.151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_i.287">287</a>; <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_i.348">348</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invades France, i. <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Janville, i. <a href="#Page_i.122">122</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, i. <a href="#Page_i.126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_i.127">127</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Salm, Count of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Jean_Salm">Jean</a><br /> +<br /> +Salon-en-Crau, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a><br /> +<br /> +Salvart, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.199">199</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Samoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Samson, i. <a href="#Page_i.384">384</a><br /> +<br /> +Samuel, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a><br /> +<br /> +Sanguin, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Saonelle, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Sarmaize, Maid of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Satan, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Saul, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_i.454">454</a><br /> +<br /> +Saulcy, i. <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Saumoussay, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Saumur, i. <a href="#Page_i.103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Sauve, Catherine, i. <a href="#Page_i.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Savignies, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Savin Renaud, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.128">128</a>-130<br /> +<br /> +Savoy, Duke of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Amedee">Amédée</a><br /> +<br /> +Scales, Thomas, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned by Jeanne to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Meung, i. <a href="#Page_i.362">362</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_i.397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Scarron, i. <a href="#Page_lv">lv</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Scotland, i. <a href="#Page_i.154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Secret, the King's, i. <a href="#Page_i.172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Seguent, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Seguin, Brother, examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.200">200</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.387">387</a><br /> +<br /> +Séez, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.447">447</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Seille, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a><br /> +<br /> +Sein, Island of, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Seine, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.4">4</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Selles-en-Berry, i. <a href="#Page_i.450">450</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.9">9</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a>-346; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Selles-sur-Cher, i. <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Semendria, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Semoy, i. <a href="#Page_i.268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Seneca, i. <a href="#Page_lxvii">lxvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Senlis, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.11">11</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.44">44</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.144">144</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.138">138</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.165">165</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.195">195</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Senlis, Bailie of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.131">131</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">horse of bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.45">45</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sens, i. <a href="#Page_i.403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_i.413">413</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Sepet, Marius, i. <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Septfonds, i. <a href="#Page_i.88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Sept-Saulx, Castle of, i. <a href="#Page_i.443">443</a><br /> +<br /> +Sermaize, i. <a href="#Page_i.15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege of, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Séverac, Marshal de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Seville, i. <a href="#Page_i.167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Shakespeare, quoted, i. <a href="#Page_i.233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Sibylla Francica</i>, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.473">473</a><br /> +<br /> +Sibyls, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_i.385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_i.414">414</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.27">27</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Sicily, Queen of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Yolande">Yolande</a><br /> +<br /> +Sidon, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Siena, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Sigismund, Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_i.215">215</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.109">109</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.112">112</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Sigy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Simon, Jeannotin, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.322">322</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magus, i. <a href="#Page_i.162">162</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Siquemville, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.371">371</a><br /> +<br /> +Soissons, i. <a href="#Page_i.460">460</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.7">7</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.11">11</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.356">356</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles III at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a>-3</span><br /> +<br /> +Solomon, King, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_i.212">212</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.187">187</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Somme, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.394">394</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Songs, by a Norman Clerk, i. <a href="#Page_i.128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Sorel, M. Alexandre, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Spencer, Richard, i. <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Speyer, Bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Spiers, i. <a href="#Page_i.473">473</a><br /> +<br /> +Sprenger, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Stafford, Humphrey, Earl of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.202">202</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Standard, Jeanne's, i. <a href="#Page_i.227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_i.343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_i.448">448</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.67">67</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.308">308</a>-310</span><br /> +<br /> +States General, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>-151<br /> +<br /> +Stenay, i. <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Stuart, John, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord William, i. <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Suave, Catherine, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_i.261">261</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned by, Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Jargeau, i. <a href="#Page_i.349">349</a>-354</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Pole, Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Suger, Abbot, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Sully, i. <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#Page_xlix">xlix</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.120">120</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.185">185</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.106">106</a>-118</span><br /> +<br /> +Suzannah, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Tachov">Tachov</a></span>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Taille</i>, i. <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Talbot, Sir John, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_i.135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_i.231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_i.245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_i.345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_i.368">368</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approaches Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.132">132</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conducts the siege, i. <a href="#Page_i.260">260</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summoned by Jeanne to surrender, i. <a href="#Page_i.262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_i.276">276</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sallies from St.-Laurent, i. <a href="#Page_i.288">288</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans of, i. <a href="#Page_i.301">301</a>-305, <a href="#Page_i.313">313</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advance of, i. <a href="#Page_i.367">367</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken prisoner at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_i.375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_i.377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_i.397">397</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.399">399</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.225">225</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Talmont, Abbot of, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Taquel, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Tarascon, beast of, i. <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a><br /> +<br /> +Tarentaise, Pierre of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.265">265</a><br /> +<br /> +Terence, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.306">306</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Termes, Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_i.369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_i.376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Théaulde de Valpergue, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Theodosius, i. <a href="#Page_i.32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_i.198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Thérouanne, Bishop of, defends Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.60">60</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.202">202</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.299">299</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.340">340</a><br /> +<br /> +Thévanon of Bourges, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Thévenin, Jeannette, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Thibault, Gobert, i. <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a>, <a href="#Page_i.194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_i.196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_i.258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Thibonville, Germain de, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Thiembronne, Guichard de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Thoisy, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.398">398</a><br /> +<br /> +Thoneletil, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Thons, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Thouars, Baron de, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Tichemont, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Tiffanges, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Tiphaine, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Tillay, Jamet du, i. <a href="#Page_i.140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_i.144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reports of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tillemonts, i. <a href="#Page_lvii">lvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Titivillus, i. <a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Tobias, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.243">243</a><br /> +<br /> +Tonnerre, i. <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Torcenay, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Toul, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_i.68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_i.73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_i.89">89</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Toulouse, i. <a href="#Page_i.111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.337">337</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seneschal of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.96">96</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Touque, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Touraine, i. <a href="#Page_i.101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_i.108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_i.149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_i.150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Tournai, citizens of, invited to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.397">397</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">their loyalty to France, i. <a href="#Page_i.398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_i.399">399</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.188">188</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.192">192</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Touroulde, Marguerite de la, i. <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.79">79</a>-82, <a href="#V2Page_ii.388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Tours, i. <a href="#Page_i.151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_i.475">475</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.104">104</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.139">139</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.369">369</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_i.216">216</a>-229, <a href="#Page_i.319">319</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resists pillage, i. <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trades of, i. <a href="#Page_i.221">221</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII at, i. <a href="#Page_i.331">331</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council at, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.396">396</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prays for deliverance of Jeanne, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.161">161</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loyal to Charles VII, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.184">184</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tractatus</i>, <i>de Hæresi</i> ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Tree of Vauru, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.12">12</a>-14<br /> +<br /> +Trent, Council of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Trèves, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_l">l</a>, <a href="#Page_i.153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_i.331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_i.333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_i.427">427</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Trie, Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Tringant, i. <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Trinitarians, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Trinte-du-mont-St.-Catherine, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Troissy, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.124">124</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.131">131</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Troyes, i. <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_i.394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_i.405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_i.410">410</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.2">2</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.49">49</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.59">59</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.71">71</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.86">86</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.116">116</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.228">228</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.383">383</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English disposition of, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manufactures of, i. <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles VII at, i. <a href="#Page_i.411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_i.421">421</a>-434</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne's letter to, i. <a href="#Page_i.419">419</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council of, write to Reims, i. <a href="#Page_i.420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_i.424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_i.429">429</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treat with Charles, i. <a href="#Page_i.421">421</a>-431</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opinion of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.422">422</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St.-Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortifications of, i. <a href="#Page_i.424">424</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comporté Gates, i. <a href="#Page_i.427">427</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Madeleine, i. <a href="#Page_i.427">427</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrender of, i. <a href="#Page_i.466">466</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxix">xxxix</a>, <a href="#Page_xlviii">xlviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_i.82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_i.408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_i.409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a>; +ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.158">158</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.176">176</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.209">209</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Truce, with Burgundy, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.51">51</a>-53<br /> +<br /> +Tudert, Jean, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Turelure, Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_i.189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examines Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Turks, threaten Constantinople, i. <a href="#Page_i.249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Turlaut, Collot, i. <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Turlupines, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Udalric">Udalric</a> of Manderscheit</span>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Ulrich, Count of Wurtemberg, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +Unicorn and the Maid, i. <a href="#Page_i.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Ursins, Jean Jouvenel des, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Uruffe, i. <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Vailly">Vailly</a></span>, i. <a href="#Page_i.460">460</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Valenciennes, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Valens, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_i.197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Valentia, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Valentine of Milan, i. <a href="#Page_i.358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Valois, peasants of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Valpergue, i. <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Van Eyck, Brothers, i. <a href="#Page_i.402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Varambon, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.465">465</a><br /> +<br /> +Varro, i. <a href="#Page_i.205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Varville, i. <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a><br /> +<br /> +Vaucouleurs, situation of, i. <a href="#Page_i.1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_i.2">2</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">castellany of, i. <a href="#Page_i.19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">besieged by de Vergy, i. <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne at, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxxviii">xxxviii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_i.61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_i.67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_i.95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_i.161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_i.351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_i.451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_i.473">473</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.231">231</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.357">357</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vaudémont, Count of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Rene">Réné d'Anjou</a><br /> +<br /> +Vaudrey, Philibert de, i. <a href="#Page_i.412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Vauru, Lord Denis de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.12">12</a>-14<br /> +<br /> +Vauseul, Jeanne le, i. <a href="#Page_i.76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Vaux, Pasquier de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Vavasour warns King John, i. <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_i.63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.266">266</a><br /> +<br /> +Vegetius, i. <a href="#Page_i.302">302</a><br /> +<br /> +Velleda, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Velly, Jean de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Venderès, Nicolas de, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.208">208</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.210">210</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.218">218</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.329">329</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Vendôme, Count of, i. <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_i.355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_i.446">446</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.34">34</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.53">53</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.63">63</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.83">83</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.142">142</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.194">194</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presents Jeanne to Charles, i. <a href="#Page_i.169">169</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_i.379">379</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Venette, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.145">145</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.150">150</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Venice, i. <a href="#Page_i.130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Venus, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Verdun, Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Verduzan, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_i.139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Vergy, Antoine de, i. <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_i.77">77</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lays siege to Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.87">87</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vergy Jean de, Seneschal of Burgundy, i. <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Vermandois, i. <a href="#Page_i.442">442</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.159">159</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bailie of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.353">353</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Verneuil, i. <a href="#Page_xlvii">xlvii</a>, <a href="#Page_i.25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_i.63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_i.106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_i.229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_i.145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_i.146">146</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.197">197</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crotoy Tower, i. <a href="#Page_i.183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_i.185">185</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Versailles, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.407">407</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishop of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.415">415</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vesle, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.443">443</a><br /> +<br /> +Vian de Bar, i. <a href="#Page_i.465">465</a><br /> +<br /> +Vienne, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.158">158</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vierzon, i. <a href="#Page_i.155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +Vignolles, Etienne de, <i>see</i> <a href="#La_Hire">La Hire</a><br /> +<br /> +Vigny, Alfred de, i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a><br /> +<br /> +Villars, i. <a href="#Page_i.121">121</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_i.296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_i.304">304</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reports of Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.238">238</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Villedart, Thévenin, i. <a href="#Page_i.272">272</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Villette, Lord of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Villon, François, i. <a href="#Page_lxv">lxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Vincennes, Castle of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.57">57</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort of, i. <a href="#Page_i.386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Virgil's <i>Æneid</i>, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.306">306</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Virgin Mary, The, position of, i. <a href="#Page_i.206">206</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">image of, at Tours, i. <a href="#Page_i.219">219</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intercedes for Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.327">327</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Virginity, special virtues of, i. <a href="#Page_i.204">204</a>-211, <a href="#Page_i.322">322</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Virgo, i. <a href="#Page_i.166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Viriville, Vallet de, i. <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Visconti, The, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Vittel, Jeannette de, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.12">12</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thiesselin, de, i. <a href="#Page_i.5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_i.20">20</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vivien, i. <a href="#Page_i.175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Vitré, i. <a href="#Page_i.338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +<a name="Voices">Voices</a>, hallucinatory, i. <a href="#Page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.22">22</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.401">401</a>-406<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first heard by Jeanne, i. <a href="#Page_i.29">29</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reveal her mission, i. <a href="#Page_i.44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_i.47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_i.56">56</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Vaucouleurs, i. <a href="#Page_i.62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_i.78">78</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Neufchâteau, i. <a href="#Page_i.74">74</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Chinon and Tours, i. <a href="#Page_i.224">224</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.295">295</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Les Tourelles, i. <a href="#Page_i.308">308</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at St.-Denys, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.76">76</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne questioned concerning, i. <a href="#Page_i.193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_i.197">197</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.229">229</a>-235, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.238">238</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.242">242</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.253">253</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.258">258</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.261">261</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.268">268</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.272">272</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.277">277</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.283">283</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instruct Jeanne as to the English, i. <a href="#Page_i.260">260</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit Jeanne daily, i. <a href="#Page_i.340">340</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">counsel Jeanne before Patay, i. <a href="#Page_i.370">370</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foretell French victory, i. <a href="#Page_i.457">457</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speak of Paris, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.65">65</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forbid escape, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.181">181</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instruct Jeanne that she must see Henry VI, ii. +<a href="#V2Page_ii.160">160</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forbid her revelations, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.223">223</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.234">234</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.237">237</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.255">255</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.269">269</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne in prison sustained by, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.235">235</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.258">258</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.289">289</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.291">291</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.293">293</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bid Jeanne protest against Erard, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.311">311</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.325">325</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bid her recant, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.314">314</a>; <i>see also</i> under <a href="#Ste.-Catherine">Ste.-Catherine</a>, <a href="#St.-Michael">St.-Michael</a>, <i>and</i> <a href="#Jeanne">Jeanne d'Arc</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Voltaire, i. <a href="#Page_lvii">lvii</a><br /> +<br /> +Vouthon, Henri de, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_i.15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_i.47">47</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.393">393</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isabella de, i. <a href="#Page_i.59">59</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Puy, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.25">25</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.392">392</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mengette de, i. <a href="#Page_i.7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_i.24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_i.48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_i.76">76</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolas de, i. <a href="#Page_i.252">252</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perrinet de, i. <a href="#Page_i.16">16</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Waldaires">Waldaires</a></span>, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_i.70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Wallon, H., i. <a href="#Page_lxi">lxi</a><br /> +<br /> +Wals, Jean de, i. <a href="#Page_i.81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Walter, Richard, i. <a href="#Page_i.124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +War of the Apple Baskets, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a punishment for sin, i. <a href="#Page_i.235">235</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a trade, i. <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Warwick, Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_li">li</a>, <a href="#Page_i.129">129</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.177">177</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.198">198</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.202">202</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.213">213</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.240">240</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.319">319</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.324">324</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.328">328</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Wearmouth, i. <a href="#Page_i.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Well-dressings, i. <a href="#Page_i.156">156</a><br /> +<br /> +Wells, Mr. H.G., i. <a href="#Page_lxix">lxix</a><br /> +<br /> +William, Duke of Normandy, i. <a href="#Page_i.123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Winchester, i. <a href="#Page_i.177">177</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, i. <a href="#Page_i.107">107</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal of, i. <a href="#Page_i.441">441</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.20">20</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.110">110</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.213">213</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.309">309</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.319">319</a>, +<a href="#V2Page_ii.340">340</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Windecke, Eberhard de, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a><br /> +<br /> +Windsor, i. <a href="#Page_i.275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_i.359">359</a><br /> +<br /> +Wine, valued, i. <a href="#Page_i.279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Witchcraft, i. <a href="#Page_i.190">190</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspected at Domremy, i. <a href="#Page_i.13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_i.15">15</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanne suspected of, i. <a href="#Page_i.69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_i.274">274</a>; <i>see</i> +<a href="#Jeanne">Jeanne</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and wounds, i. <a href="#Page_i.306">306</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trials for, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.207">207</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.222">222</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Witches, burnt, i. <a href="#Page_i.163">163</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Wurtemberg, Count Ulrich of, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Yolande">Yolande</a></span> of Aragon, Queen of Sicily, Duchess of Anjou, i. <a href="#Page_i.26">26</a>, +<a href="#Page_i.91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_i.147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_i.152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_i.211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_i.217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_i.389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_i.458">458</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.8">8</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.183">183</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.216">216</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.351">351</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends victuals to Orléans, i. <a href="#Page_i.92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_i.240">240</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Blois, i. <a href="#Page_i.243">243</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Yonne, The, i. <a href="#Page_i.100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_i.407">407</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Ysabeau, Queen, i. <a href="#Page_i.22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_i.60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_i.80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_i.172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_i.395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_i.423">423</a>; ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.41">41</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.58">58</a>, <a href="#V2Page_ii.178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap"><a name="Zabillet">Zabillet</a></span>, Romée, i. <a href="#Page_i.3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Zacharias, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Zizka, ii. <a href="#V2Page_ii.115">115</a><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Joan of Arc, Vol. 1 and 2 +(of 2), by Anatole France + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF JOAN OF ARC *** + +***** This file should be named 19488-h.htm or 19488-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/4/8/19488/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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