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diff --git a/19715.txt b/19715.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0feabd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/19715.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3225 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of +Norwich, by C. H. B. Quennell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Norwich + A Description of Its Fabric and A Brief History of the Episcopal See + +Author: C. H. B. Quennell + +Release Date: November 5, 2006 [EBook #19715] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORWICH CATHEDRAL *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Cortesi and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Illustration: Norwich Cathedral from the South-East.] + + + + + THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF + NORWICH + A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC + AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE + EPISCOPAL SEE + + BY + C.H.B. QUENNELL + + [Illustration: Arms of Norwich] + + WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS + + + LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1898 + + W.H. WHITE AND CO. LIMITED + RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH + + * * * * * + + + + +GENERAL PREFACE + + +This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the +great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books +at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work +compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the +student of Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in +language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist. + +To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case +would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general +sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful +are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially in +questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) +the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the +Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3) the +important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master +of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on the +English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to +the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the +reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in +reference to the histories of the respective sees. + + GLEESON WHITE, + EDWARD F. STRANGE, + _Editors of the Series._ + + * * * * * + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE + + +The task of writing a monograph, on such an essentially Norman Cathedral +as Norwich, has been most pleasing to one who owns to an especial +fondness for that sturdy architecture which was evolved in England +during one of her stormiest epochs--from the end of the eleventh till +the end of the twelfth century. + +I would here acknowledge indebtedness and thanks due to the Very Rev. +the Dean and Mrs Sheepshanks for the personal interest they evinced, and +for his material help; to Mr J.B. Spencer, the sub-sacrist, for that +help which his intimate association with the cathedral enabled him to +offer; and to Mr S.K. Greenslade for the loan of the drawings reproduced +under his name; as well as to the Photochrom Co. Ltd., Messrs S.B. Bolas +& Co., and Mr F.G.M. Beaumont for the use of their photographs. The +views of the cathedral as it appeared in the early part of the +nineteenth century are reproduced from Britton's "Norwich," and from a +volume by Charles Wild. + + C.H.B.Q. + + * * * * * + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE +CHAPTER I.--History of the Fabric 3 + +CHAPTER II.--The Cathedral--Exterior 23 + The Cathedral Precincts 23 + The Erpingham Gate 23 + St. Ethelbert's Gate and the Gate-House 25 + Chapel of St. John the Evangelist 27 + The West Front of the Cathedral 28 + Exterior of Nave 31 + The South Transept 32 + The Diocesan Registry Offices and Slype 35 + The Chapter-House 36 + The Tower and Spire 36 + The Eastern Arm of Cathedral or Presbytery 39 + The Chapels of St. Mary-the-Less and Saint Luke 39, 40 + The Jesus Chapel and Reliquary Chapel 40 + The North Transept 40 + The Bishop's Palace 43 + +CHAPTER III.--The Interior 45 + The Nave 45 + The Choir Screen 49 + The Nave Vault 50 + The West Window and West Door 55 + The North and South Aisles of Nave 55, 56 + Monuments in Nave and Aisles of Nave 57, 58 + The Cloisters 58 + The Walks--East, South, and West 62, 63 + The Ante-choir and Choir 64 + The Pelican Lectern 68 + The Presbytery 68 + Reliquary Chapel 72 + Monuments in the Presbytery 74 + The North Transept 76 + The Tower and Triforium Walks 79 + The Processional Path 79 + The Jesus Chapel 83 + St. Luke's Chapel 88 + Treasury and Muniment Room 88 + The Bauchon Chapel 88 + The South Transept 88 + Monuments 91 + +CHAPTER IV.--The Sees of the East Anglian Bishops 95 + +CHAPTER V.--The City 111 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + PAGE +Norwich Cathedral from the South-East _Frontispiece_ +Arms of Norwich _Title_ +The Cathedral from the South-West 2 +The Cathedral in the Seventeenth Century 9 +West Front of the Cathedral in 1816 15 +The Cathedral from the South-West Angle of Cloisters 22 +The Erpingham Gate 24 +St. Ethelbert's Gate 25 +The Gate-House of the Bishop's Palace 25 +West Front of the Cathedral 28 +The Clerestory and Triforium of Choir (South Side) 32 +The Tower in 1816 37 +Exterior of the Chapel of St. Luke from the East 40 +A Norman Capital 46 +The Nave, looking East 47 +The Choir Screen and Organ from the Nave 51 +The North Aisle of Nave, looking West 56 +The East Walk of the Cloisters 58 +The Cloisters from the Garth 59 +The Prior's Door 63 +The Choir and Presbytery 65 +A Stall in the Choir 67 +The Choir and Presbytery in 1816 69 +The Choir Stalls at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century 70 +The Choir, looking West 72 +Detail of the Presbytery Clerestory and Vaulting 74 +The Choir Apse 77 +Detail of the Clerestory, North Transept 80 +The South Aisle of Presbytery, looking East 81 +Norman Work in the Lantern of Tower 83 +The Ante-Reliquary Bridge Chapel 84 +Doorway and Screen between South Transept and Aisle of Presbytery 88 +View across the Apse from the Chapel of St. Luke 89 +The Resurrection: from the Painted Retable formerly in the + Jesus Chapel 93 +Norwich Castle 99 +The Guildhall 103 +Monument of Bishop Goldwell 107 +The Pelican Lectern in the Choir 110 +Pull's Ferry 112 +PLAN OF THE CATHEDRAL 113 + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: The Cathedral from the South-West.] + + + + +CHAPTER I + +HISTORY OF THE FABRIC OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY OF +NORWICH + + +Norwich Cathedral stands on the site of no earlier church: it is to-day, +in its plan and the general bulk of its detail, as characteristically +Norman as when left finished by the hand of Eborard, the second bishop +of Norwich. + +The church was founded by Herbert de Losinga, the first bishop, as the +cathedral priory of the Benedictine monastery in Norwich (a sketch of +its constitution at this period will be found in the Notes on the +Diocese); the foundation-stone was laid in 1096 on a piece of land +called Cowholme,--meaning a pasture surrounded by water,--and the church +was dedicated to the Holy Trinity. + +It may be of interest to the tourist and student to review briefly what +sort and manner of man Herbert the founder was; what had been his +environment prior to his appointment as the first bishop of Norwich; and +what the causes were which had as their effect the building of the +cathedral. + +The characteristics of the cathedral are--its long nave, which is +typical of the Norman church; its glorious apsidal termination, +encircled by a procession path, which recalls the plan of a French +cathedral; and the form of this, with the remains of its old bishops' +chair centrally placed, and with the westward position, of the throne at +Torcello and other Italian churches, of the basilican type of plan. + +Herbert, surnamed de Losinga, transferred the see from Thetford to +Norwich in 1094, and it is from this period that the history of the +cathedral may be said to commence. + +Herbert was a prelate of a type that in the early days helped to build +up the Church and give her stability. His nature must have been +curiously complex; on the one hand, a man of action and with great +capability of administration, often justifying his means by the end he +had in view, and not being debarred from realising his schemes by any +delicate scruples, he yet, on the other hand, presents in his letters a +chastened spirituality that is not compatible with the methods he +pursued when thinking only of the temporal advantages which might accrue +on any certain line of action. But it may be said that his letters +appear to date from the later period of his life, and after he had +founded the cathedral as an expiation of that sin of simony he appears +to have so deeply repented. + +Yet in the earlier period, which we shall note, he was emphatically the +man of action, the typical administrator, who, mixing freely in the +political life of the times, was strengthening the position of the +Church, and gradually leading her up to that position, which she +ultimately gained, of Arbitress of Kings and Empires. + +He had also a morbid belief in the power of money--he probably would +have agreed that "every man has his price," and his simoniacal dealings +with William Rufus, which procured his preferment to Norwich, afford +evidence of this weak trait in his character. + +Herbert's birthplace is disputed, and, as Dean Goulburn remarked, this +is but natural: a man so justly celebrated would not, or, rather, +historians will not be content with one; so that though he cannot rival +Homer in that seven cities desired to be accredited each as his +birthplace, yet Herbert falls not far short, and this fact alone will +perhaps give some idea of his popularity during his life, and the +interest then aroused which has lasted down to our own times. From a +small pamphlet issued by the dean and chapter in 1896, and containing +extracts from the _Registrum Primum_, we learn that "In primis Ecclesiam +prefatam fundavit piae memoriae Herbertus Episcopus, qui Normanniae in +pago Oximensi natus." First Herbert, the bishop, of pious memory, who +was born in Normandy, in the district of Oximin (or Exmes). + +This seems very credible, and the old monkish chronicler who was +responsible for the _Registrum Primum_ and its rugged Latin, may have +had authentic proof of the truth of his assertion. The manuscript dates +from the thirteenth century, and no considerable period, historically +considered, had then passed since Herbert had been one of the prime +movers of the religious and political life of the day. + +Blomefield, the antiquary, attributed to him a Suffolk extraction, and +then again spoke of his Norman descent: thus agreeing in some measure +with the _Registrum Primum_. And again, another idea is that he was born +in the hundred of Hoxne, where he possessed property, and his father +before him. + +Herbert had, we know, received his education in Normandy, and had taken +his vows at, and ultimately had risen to be prior of, the Abbey of +Fecamp in Normandy; and it was while vigorously administering this +office that he received an invitation from William Rufus to come to +England, being offered as an inducement the appointment of Abbot of +Ramsey. + +And no doubt from this period the spiritual side of his duties must of +necessity have been somewhat neglected. From the position of prior of +Fecamp, his circle of power limited to the neighbourhood of his priory, +and his duties rounded by the due observance of the rules of his order, +he was given at once the administration of what was one of the richest +abbeys in England, and attained at once the power of a great feudal +lord. He was Sewer to William Rufus as well, an office endowed with fees +and perquisites, and so to Herbert came the temptation of accumulating +wealth for his own ambitious ends. It was not, however, the sin of a +small man: he introduced no personal element into his greed, but rather +thought of his party and his Church, although, of necessity, an +environment so purely temporal told on the spiritual side of his +character. It might be best to connect the links of the East Anglian +bishoprics here, although in the notes on the diocese the matter is gone +into at more length. + +Herbert de Losinga was the first bishop of Norwich, to which town the +see was transferred in compliance with a decree of Lanfranc's Synod, +held in 1075, that all sees should be fixed at the principal towns in +their dioceses. + +Felix was the first bishop of East Anglia, and fixed his see at Dunwich +in 630. + +The see was divided by Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 669 into +those of Elmham and Dunwich; and these again were united under Wildred +in 870, and the see fixed at Elmham, and where it remained till 1070, +when Herfast, a chaplain of William the Conqueror's, moved his see to +Thetford. + +Now, about this time, when Herbert was abbot of Ramsey and Sewer to +William Rufus, the see of Thetford was vacant, and Herbert gave the king +to understand that if he was appointed to the vacant bishopric, and his +father made Abbot of Winchester, he was willing and able to pay for such +preferment a sum of L1900: a part of his accumulated savings, no doubt, +and a very large amount for that time. + +William II. made these appointments, and the sum mentioned was paid into +the royal treasury; but the bishop found that he had attained his end at +a cost other than he had reckoned on; public opinion in those days was +quite as powerful a force as it is now, though the channels along which +its force could be felt and its strength find expression were limited. +Indignation was rife, and monkish versifiers and chroniclers protested +in lines more or less uncomplimentary, and more or less forcible, their +loathing of such sin of simony. + +Now it is probable that, in expiation of this transgression, Herbert +came to build Norwich Cathedral. It is certain that he almost at once +repented. In after years, in his letters, he says, "I entered on mine +office disgracefully, but by the help of God's grace I shall pass out of +it with credit." + +In Dean Goulburn's admirable monograph on the cathedral many of +Herbert's letters are given, and these alone would go to stamp him as a +wonderful man. His conscience was awakened by the popular outcry against +his sin of simony, he plunged into his new duties at Thetford with +ardour in the vain hope of distraction, but failed to find that +consolation he had hoped to; and so about 1093 he determined on a visit +to Rome to tender his resignation and confess his sin to Pope Urban. He +journeyed to Rome and was kindly received, and the absolution he desired +readily granted. The Pope was glad to see an English bishop come to him +for advice, and in granting him absolution he strengthened considerably +his claim to be regarded as head of the English Church. + +This lengthy preamble may seem somewhat unjustifiable, but if we are to +study any building aright, and if we are to interpret in any measure its +meaning and symbolism, it cannot wholly be done on any line of abstract +aestheticism or archaeological instinct, however intuitive it may be: +we must in some measure think of the builders of old times and of the +influences which with them produced its inception and have left it to +come down the ages to us. + +It is interesting to note that Herbert's early French training +influenced him in the planning of the beautiful eastern termination to +his cathedral, and the grand sweep of the procession path. Similar +apsidal terminations, of slightly later date, once existed at Ely, and +still remain in a modified form at Peterborough. + +The old tribunal arrangement of presbyters' seats with the central +bishop's throne facing west, which was part of Herbert's first plan, no +doubt may safely be accredited to the influence of his journey to Rome, +and where he may have become familiar with what was the usual basilican +arrangement. + +Herbert returned to England, penitent and forgiven for his sin, and it +is probable that the Pope had laid on him, as a penance, an injunction +to build churches and found religious houses, and that with the +remainder of his wealth he determined to transfer the see from Thetford +to Norwich and to build in the latter place his cathedral church. It +would also have been in compliance with the decree of Lanfranc's Synod. +The see was transferred on the 9th of April 1094, and Herbert was +consecrated on the same day by Thomas, Archbishop of York. + +Norwich was then an important town; in the Middle Ages it ranked as the +second city in the kingdom. Its prosperity was chiefly due to its large +trade in wool. It is a moot point whether the town was ever a settlement +of the Romans, no traces of such occupation having ever been discovered. +The castle mound, no doubt, formed some part of the earthworks of an +earlier stronghold. The word Norwich is probably of Norse origin, +meaning the north village or the village on the North Creek +("_wic_"--_i.e._ a creek). The city stood on a tidal bay in 1004, in +which year the Danes under Sweyn completely devastated and ruined the +town in revenge for the massacre of their countrymen by Aethelred the +Unready two years before. So that the history of the town of Norwich, as +we now know it, may be said to have started directly after this. + +The foundation-stone of the cathedral was laid in 1096; and upon it, +according to the _Registrum Primum_, the following inscription is said +to have been placed:--"In nomine patris et filii et spiritus Sancti Amen +Ego Herbertus Episcopus apposui istum lapidem." (In the Name of the +Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, Amen, I, Herbert the +Bishop, have placed this stone.) + +It was the custom of the Norman builders to start building from the +easternmost part of the church, as the more sacred part of the +structure, and then build westwards; so that probably this +foundation-stone, for which diligent search has been made in vain, was +in the eastmost wall of the original Norman Lady Chapel--in fact, the +_Registrum Primum_ describes how Herbert began the work "where is now +the chapel of the Blessed Mary." This chapel was demolished to make way +for the beautiful thirteenth-century Lady Chapel which Dean Gardiner +destroyed. + +The thirteenth-century builders of the Lady Chapel may have used +Herbert's foundation-stone in their walling; Dean Lefroy quite lately, +while repairing parts of the tower and east end, came across pieces of +stone with beautiful "dog-tooth" ornament upon them, which had been used +to repair the masonry that, it was evident, at one time had formed part +of the thirteenth-century Lady Chapel. This must be so, since in no +other part of the building save the arches now remaining in the extreme +eastern wall of the procession path, which at one time gave access to +the Lady Chapel, does such ornament occur. + +It is probable, and the more generally accredited supposition, that +Herbert built the presbytery with its encircling procession path and the +original trefoil of Norman chapel radiating therefrom;--the choir and +transepts with the two chapels projecting eastwards and the first two +bays of the nave. Harrod advances a theory that he completely finished +the whole of the cathedral church, as well as the offices for the +housing of the sixty monks who were placed therein, in 1101. + +He also built the episcopal palace on the north side of the cathedral, +of which some parts remain to this day incorporated with work of a later +period; he seems to have founded and built other churches in Norwich and +Yarmouth. He died on the 22nd of July 1119, in the twenty-ninth year of +his episcopate, and was buried before the high altar in his own +cathedral church. + +[Illustration: The Cathedral in the Seventeenth Century.] + +Bishop Eborard, who succeeded in 1121, is credited with having finished +the nave from the point where Herbert had left it. The evidence which +goes to support this theory is taken from the _Registrum Primum_. +"Moreover, the same Herbert completed the church of Norwich in his own +time, as I have learned from the account of old people, but have not +found in writing, as far as the altar of the Holy Cross, which is now +called the altar of St. William. He also built all the episcopal +dwelling-house, except the great hall." The altar referred to was on the +north side of choir screen. + +Herbert also provided the base for the tower only, probably up to the +roof level; the remainder, up to the parapet, was finished about the +time of Henry I., but at that earlier period it was without the stone +spire which now adds dignity to the cathedral from any point of view. + +The roofs at this time were generally of a flat wooden construction +throughout (similar to that of Peterborough Cathedral), and probably +decorated with lozenges, flowers, and symbolical devices. When recently, +under Dean Lefroy, the whitewash and paint were cleaned off from the +stonework, many indications have been found of a most beautiful scheme +of colour decoration. + +Though we, in this part, are following up the history of the cathedral +structure, yet it may be interesting to note that it was during the +episcopate of Bishop Eborard that the boy saint, St. William of Norwich, +was said to have been martyred. He was the son of country folk who +gained a living by agriculture. During his life he worked many miracles, +and by his death gave Norwich a share of his glory. It is related that +he was tortured by the Jews, and on the spot where they were discovered +secretly burying him, in Thorpe Wood, a chapel was erected called the +Chapel of St. William in the Wood. Very little now remains of this +structure, but the site can still be traced. The altar before referred +to was set up to his memory in Norwich Cathedral, on the north side of +the screen leading into the ante-choir. + +Bishop Eborard resigned the see, or was deposed in 1145, and retired to +the abbey of Fontenay, Mont-Bard, Cote d'Or, in the South of France. He +had re-enforced a mandate of Herbert's that the clergy of the diocese +should contribute to the fund in aid of the fabric. + +During the episcopate of Eborard's successor, Bishop William de Turbe, +the cathedral appears neither to have gained or suffered until, about +1169 or 1170, a fire broke out in the monastic buildings; the +fire-extinguishing appliances in those days, if indeed there were any at +all, could not prevent it spreading to the cathedral. It is generally +believed that the original Norman Lady Chapel was also well destroyed. + +Bishop William de Turbe, although an old man at the time (he died in +1174), is said to have taken a vow that he would not go from within +twelve leucas of the cathedral, unless compelled by the direst +necessity, until the ravages of the flames had been repaired. He is +reported to have seated himself at the door of the cathedral, and to +have begged alms for this purpose from the worshippers. The work of +reparation was carried on by his successor, John of Oxford, who may also +be said to have completely finished Herbert's cathedral. He provided the +furniture of the church, the vestments, books and ornaments, and, +probably, entirely re-modelled the monastic buildings. He is also said +to have built the Infirmary, of which now only three piers remain, to +the south of the cloisters. + +In the years following, various works were doubtless carried on, but it +is not until the time of Walter de Suffield, about 1250, that anything +important in the way of structural alteration was effected. The fire of +1169 had in part or whole destroyed the original Norman Lady Chapel, and +Bishop de Turbe had restored the same in some measure. But the _cultus_ +of the Blessed Virgin in the interval had gathered strength wonderfully; +chapels dedicated to her naturally became important, and Bishop Suffield +determined to pull down the old Norman work and rebuild a chapel in the +Early English style then prevalent. Dean Goulburn, in his work on the +cathedral, estimated the size of the later chapel at 90 feet long by 30 +feet wide, and these dimensions are shown plotted in dotted lines on the +plan in this book. This is longer and narrower than the size given in +previous conjectures, but Dean Goulburn had the opportunity of +inspecting the foundations of the chapel, which, with those of the still +earlier one, lie buried but a few feet below the surface in a garden to +the east of the cathedral. In the same place, and over the entrance +arches remaining, the height and lines of the later roof can be seen +still plainly marked on the stonework. These entrance arches are +beautifully moulded and decorated on the inside with the "dog-tooth" +ornament--a decoration peculiar to the Early English style. + +The theological reaction which followed close on this movement led to +the neglect of the chapel, and obviated the necessity of maintaining it +as a place of worship. It had probably greatly decayed; that Dean +Gardiner (1573-89), no longer needing it for services, was tempted to +pull it down, as a cheaper expedient than keeping it in repair. + +In 1271 Norwich was visited by a terrific thunderstorm, when the tower +was struck by lightning. The damage, however, was not great, as, +fortunately, the excessive rains which followed quenched the fire that +had been kindled. This incident, however, was the precursor of one of +the stormiest periods in the history of the city and its cathedral +church. Roger de Skerning occupied the episcopal chair, and the prior +was one William de Brunham, a man of fierce and truculent disposition. +An outbreak of hostilities between the citizens on the one hand and the +monks on the other, was brought about by his arbitrary assumption of +power; the bishop throughout, ostensibly preferring the safer game of a +somewhat anomalous position of neutrality, is nevertheless believed to +have covertly sanctioned his proceedings. + +A fair was held in Tombland--to the west of the precincts--annually on +Trinity Sunday, and by right of ancient custom the priors reaped large +revenues by the imposition of tolls on the sales. Tombland, derived from +_Tomeland_, a vacant space, had originally formed part of the estate +bequeathed by Herbert, the founder, to the monks; the boundaries in +course of time had become matters of controversy, and it is probable +that the citizens felt the imposition of these tolls and dues to be a +real and serious grievance. A riot broke out and the monks were driven +within their gates. Had the prior at this juncture chosen to act +peacefully, it is probable that history would contain no record of the +sacrilege that followed. He, however, decided to resist force by force, +and carefully generaled his monks, disposing them at the various +strategic points of his domain. At the same time he sent to Yarmouth for +mercenaries--these arrived and the tables were turned; the prior's +forces sallied forth from the gates and robbed and pillaged the town. + +The citizens, roused to a pitch of madness, drove them and the soldiers +back again within the walls of the monastery; the bishop, instead of +acting as peacemaker, appears to have preserved his position of +neutrality and quietly stopped in his palace. There was a short interval +of truce, but it only served as a breath to fan the flames; the citizens +besieged the cathedral precincts, and by the means probably of slings +succeeded in hurling combustible materials into the buildings, with a +result that the whole of the monastery and the cathedral itself was soon +in flames. It seems to be an established fact that the prior had placed +men in the tower to shoot at the citizens, and it is conjectured that +they, and not the citizens, were the cause of the outbreak here. + +The only part of the cathedral that escaped was the Lady Chapel; the +rest was gutted, vestments and ornaments were carried off, and the monks +for the most part slain. + +So ended the first part of this lamentable chapter in the history of +Norwich. A sentence of excommunication was passed on the city, and King +Henry hastened to Norwich to preside at the trial of the prisoners. + +The accounts which have come down to us are as varied as might be +expected, the chroniclers of the one party, of course, blaming the other +side; it seems, however, to have been proved "that, after all, the +church was burnt by that accursed prior"; but many of the citizens were +hung, drawn and quartered, and the city had to pay in all 3000 marks +towards repairing the church and monastical buildings, and to provide a +gold pyx, weighing ten pounds, of gold; the monks in their turn had to +make new gates and entrances into the precincts. The St. Ethelbert's +Gate-house was part of the work imposed on the monks; it is of early +Decorated character and was erected probably early in the fourteenth +century. + +Bishop Roger de Skerning had died in retirement on the 22nd of January +1277, and in the meantime the work of reparation had proceeded with such +vigour that on Advent Sunday 1278 his successor, Bishop Middleton, was +inaugurated with great state; Edward I. and his Queen with the Bishops +of London, Hereford, and Waterford being present. He does not seem to +have done much in the way of building, though the work of reparation was +carried on; he died in 1287, and it was left to his successor, Bishop +Ralph de Walpole, to begin the work of rebuilding the cloisters. The +original Norman cloisters, which had endured until the time of the great +fire in 1272, were probably of wood. It was determined to rebuild them +in stone in the prevailing style. The cloisters are described in more +detail in the notes on the interior of the cathedral, so that it will be +sufficient to state here that their building spread over a period of one +hundred and thirty-three years, and that they were finished during the +episcopate of Bishop Alnwick. + +[Illustration: West Front of the Cathedral in 1816.] + +Bishop Walpole built the eastern walk of the cloisters, together with +the chapter-house; he was translated to Ely about 1299, and the work +carried on by his successor, Bishop Salmon, who built the south walk, +also a chapel and hall attached to the bishop's palace. Of this nothing +remains in the garden of the palace except a grand ruin, which is +supposed to have formed the entrance or porch to the hall. + +He founded also the chapel dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, +converted by Edward VI. into, and now used as, a grammar school; below +it was a charnel-house. + +Continuing the history of the fabric, we can pass on to the episcopate +of Bishop Percy, during which, about 1361, the wooden spire and parts of +central tower of the cathedral were blown down by a violent gale of +wind, and the presbytery was greatly damaged by the falling material. +This bishop rebuilt the present clerestory, designed in the transitional +style between Decorated and Perpendicular; the vault is later. It is +also probable that he repaired the spire. + +During Bishop Wakering's time the Erpingham gate of the close was +erected, and as well the cloister that formerly connected the palace on +the north side with the cathedral. He also founded a chantry for one +monk at his tomb. + +His successor, Alnwick, completed the cloisters. The gateway to the +palace was built by him about 1430, and probably replaced an earlier +structure. He also began the work of remodelling the central compartment +of the west front. He left directions in his will to his executors to +make a large west window, the cost to be charged to his estate. The +doorway under this window, built over the old Norman one, and +encroaching on the side arcading, was executed during his episcopate, +the window being eventually added during the time of Bishop Lyhart to +throw additional light on to the vault he erected, and its wonderful +sculptures. + +In 1446, on February 27th, Walter Lyhart, or le Hart, was consecrated, +and it is to him that Norwich Cathedral owes the superb _lierne_ vault +that now spans the nave. Other important works were carried out by him; +the spire which had been blown down in 1362 (and had probably been +re-constructed by Bishop Percy--though there is no record of such work), +was struck by lightning in 1463, and the burning mass fell through the +presbytery roof, which up till this period was still in wood, completely +destroying it, and making necessary the vault added by Lyhart's +successor. + +During this episcopate the rood screen was erected, and a sumptuous +monument placed over the grave of the founder. + +The stone spire must have been added about this time, replacing the +former wooden construction. + +Bishop Lyhart left to his successor, Bishop Goldwell, in his will 2200 +marks for repairing the dilapidations caused by the fire of 1463. During +this bishop's episcopate we find that the cathedral was brought nearly +to that state in which we have it now,--the tower was still further +adorned with Perpendicular battlements, the presbytery was vaulted in +with stone, and the flying-buttresses added around the eastern apse to +take the consequent thrust of the new vault. + +Internally, also, the lower stages of the presbytery were +Perpendicularised by the addition of the four centred arches that still +remain, and in the second bay of which, eastward from the tower, on the +south side, was erected Bishop Goldwell's altar tomb. + +His successor, Lane, occupied the see but a short while, 1499-1500, and +in turn was succeeded by Bishop Nykke--he is more generally called _Nix_ +(snow), sarcastically, as his character appears to have been of the +blackest. During his episcopate, the cathedral was again visited by fire +in 1509. The sacristy, with all the books and ornaments, was consumed, +and the wooden roofs of both transepts totally destroyed. + +Bishop Nykke constructed the stone vaulting that, covering both arms of +the church, completed the stone vaulting throughout the cathedral. His +chantry, which is on the south side of the nave, and occupies two bays +of the aisle, was arranged by him before his death, and its richness is +inversely proportionate to the degradation of his character. + +The tracery in the Norman arch leading from the south aisle of the +presbytery into the transept, is of late Perpendicular style, and was +added by Robert of Calton, who was destined to be the last prior but one +of Norwich: William Castleton was the last prior and the first dean. +Bishop Nykke died in 1535-6, and was succeeded by William Rupgg or +Repes, who was the last bishop elected by the chapter of the monks of +the Benedictine monastery of Norwich. Monasticism was doomed; Wolsey had +fallen, and his property had been confiscated in 1529. The smaller +monasteries were dissolved in 1536, and in 1538 the greater shared the +same fate, among them Norwich. + +Most interesting is the parallel which can be drawn between the history +of the Church and of that architecture which she especially fostered. +Gothic or Christian art was developed from the remains of a Roman +civilisation, and so long as it had the healthy organic growth which was +consequent on the evolution of a series of constructive problems fairly +faced and in turn conquered, and again, stimulated by the growth of the +Church, to which it was handmaiden, developed style after style in +regular sequence, until the builders, finding they had conquered +construction, took to imposing ornament. From that time, instead of +ornamenting construction, they constructed ornament; and as the +Reformation came to the Church in the sixteenth century so to +architecture came degradation. And then the Renaissance of pagan types, +from which the Gothic had derived its being by a rational development, +was by the revivalists of those days hotch-potched into a more or less +homogeneous mass, which even the genius of Wren could leave but coldly +pedantic. + +The history of the architecture of the cathedral might safely stop with +the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538, since when it is a mere +recapitulation of the doings and undoings of various sets of more or +less deeply incriminated fanatics and restorers. + +So that we do not feel inclined to enter into more detail, in the few +remaining notes on the history of the structure. + +Dean Gardiner, 1573-89, was a great reformer, and, as we have already +noted, pulled down the thirteenth-century Lady Chapel, and as well the +chapter-house. + +In 1643 the cathedral was taken possession of by Cromwell's soldiers, +and the work of spoliation carried on. The organ was probably destroyed +at this time, for Dean Crofts set up a new organ in 1660, the case of +which was re-modelled in 1833, and still remains. It is also perhaps +needless to state that the cathedral was repeatedly whitewashed during +the eighteenth century. + +In June 1801 a fire broke out in the roof of the nave, but was +extinguished before much damage had been done. + +The various works effected during this century are mentioned +specifically elsewhere in these notes, under the headings of the parts +of the building where they have occurred. + + + + +[Illustration: The Cathedral from the South-West Angle of Cloisters.] + +CHAPTER II + +THE CATHEDRAL--EXTERIOR + + +Norwich Cathedral does not tell to great advantage from the outside: its +chief charm is undoubtedly the interior. It stands in a hollow, on what +is probably the lowest ground in the city. The best view of the +cathedral is obtained from the low ground to the eastward near the +river, and close to Pull's Ferry; here the extreme length of the nave, +which Fergusson remarked justified the addition of western towers, is +lost partly by foreshortening, and by the projection forward of the +south transept, over which the old Norman tower, with its later +battlements and spire, rises grandly above the sweep of the apse, with +the still remaining circular chapels below. + +#The Cathedral Precincts#, or Close, running from Tombland eastward to +the river, are entered by two gates to the precincts and one to the +bishop's palace. + +#The Erpingham Gate#, opposite the west front of the cathedral, was +built by Sir Thomas Erpingham, and as an architectural compilation "is +original and unique." In elevation it consists of one lofty +well-proportioned arch supported on either side by semi-hexagonal +buttresses taken up as high as the apex of arch; above comes a plain +gable, in which, centred over the arch below, is a canopied niche with +the kneeling figure of Sir Thomas Erpingham. + +Built probably about 1420, and while yet some of the noble simplicity of +the thirteenth had not passed into the over-wrought richness of the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, it presents a type of the best +Perpendicular work we have in England. + +The form of the arch is lofty, and may have been suggested by the wish +to preserve a view through of the cathedral. + +The arch moulding is enriched on the outer part with figures of fourteen +female saints, and on the inner with twelve male saints; the +semi-hexagonal panelled buttresses are covered with the shields of the +families of Erpingham, Clopton, and Walton, and each has a seated figure +of an ecclesiastic on the top. + +[Illustration: The Erpingham Gate.] + +The richness of this lower arch stage tells against the plain gable +over, and is quite admirable in effect and defensible as a method of +design; it is ornament decorating construction pure and simple, and not +what later work generally was and is, constructed ornament, suggesting +over-elaborate construction thereby made necessary. It will be noticed +that labels with the word "Yenk" (think) sculptured thereon are placed +between the shafts on either side of the archway; this has been +construed "pend" by some writers, and from this the view was taken that +Sir Thomas Erpingham was made to build the gate as a penance for +favouring Lollardism, and that the figure of himself in the gable over +the archway represents him as praying pardon for the offence. + +This interpretation, however, amusing as it is, is probably erroneous, +and the gate, with its shields of allied families, stands to the memory +of its founder. Sir Thomas Erpingham was at Agincourt in 1415, and +Shakespeare, in Act iv. of Henry V., remarks of him that he was "a +knight grown grey with age and honour." Sir Thomas Browne also (p. 9 of +his "Repertorium") says: "He was a Knight of the Garter in the time of +Henry IV. and some part of Henry V., and I find his name in the list of +the Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports." + +Sir Thomas Erpingham had two wives, Joan Clopton and Joan Walton, whose +arms appear on the gateway. + +[Illustration: St. Ethelbert's Gate.] + +#St. Ethelbert's Gate#, to the south, is an early "Decorated" structure. +Its elevation is divided into three storeys, in the lowest of which is +the gateway, with flat buttresses on each side carried up the height of +two storeys, and enriched with pedimented niches in both stages. In the +compartment over the arch are seven niches, four of which are pierced +with windows. The upper stage is in flintwork. It was built by the +citizens as part of the fine imposed on them for their share in the +riots and fire of 1272 by the Court of King Henry III., though probably +not until some years had elapsed, and when Edward the First had come to +the throne. The upper part of the front was restored early in this +century. The back elevation is interesting--the window over the arch +being typical of the style. + +[Illustration: The Gate-House of the Bishop's Palace.] + +#The Gate-House# forming the entrance to the bishop's palace, on the +north side of the cathedral, was built by Bishop Alnwyck about 1430, and +probably replaced an earlier structure; it is an interesting piece of +Perpendicular work, and consists, in the lower stage, of a gate and +doorway under a deep horizontal band ornamented with plain shields and +monograms of the Virgin. The gateway on the left side reaches up to the +horizontal bands, and has spandrels on either side; the doorway is +smaller. Above are two windows with a niche between, and over all is a +parapet of modern work. Flat buttresses flank the entire composition on +either side. The wooden gates were added by Bishop Lyhart (1446-72). + +Returning to the Erpingham gate, and entering the Close through it, +immediately on our left we come to the #Chapel of St. John the +Evangelist# (converted by Edward VI., and still used as a school), +founded by Bishop Salmon (1299-1325). This building replaced an older +structure, used as a charnel, and provision was made for this need in +the new edifice; the vaults under the chapel were used for the same +purpose. The porch is a later building added by Lyhart (1446-72). + +#The West Front of the Cathedral# has probably received worse treatment +than any other portion of the building, and stands now as the most +unsatisfactory part of the whole. The design consists in its width of +three compartments, with two separating and two flanking turrets. The +centre compartment is of the width of the nave, and those on either side +the width of the aisles. In the centre comes the main doorway, flanked +on either side with niches, and over these, filling the entire breadth, +the great nine-light west window, with the Norman turrets carried up to +the base of the gable. The compartments on either side are finished off +by horizontal mouldings taken across somewhat below the level of the +springing of the archivolt of the main window, and have flanking turrets +covered with plain pinnacles. The large west window is disproportionate, +and even the assurance cheerfully given by most authorities, that it +resembles the window of Westminster Hall, fails to prove that it is of +suitable size here. It may be as well to note in order the various +changes which have affected the west front. Mr B.W. Spaull, in Dean +Goulburn's work on the Cathedral, made reference to the discovery of an +alteration to the main entrance which must have been prior to that now +existing. It consisted of a small _parvise_ or room added above at some +time subsequent to the original foundation. As the details are not now +apparent, it is best to refer readers to the work named for fuller +information. + +The addition, however, of later Perpendicular triforium windows to the +nave superimposed over the original Norman lights, which were blocked +up, may have affected the west front. This can best be seen by viewing, +for instance, the south side of the nave. The Norman roofs sloped down +to the original triforium windows, but after the later addition were +made almost flat, and must have necessitated some mask wall in the west +front. + +[Illustration: West Front of the Cathedral.] + +In Britton's "History of Norwich" is a drawing which is reproduced at p. +15. It will be seen that the turrets at each side of the west window are +shown finished with stone cupolas, the tops of which were level with the +apex of the gable. The two outside flanking turrets are shown finished +by circular drums above the parapet, and covered with leaden cupolas; +these, with the Perpendicular battlements, were probably added as the +mask before referred to, and necessitated by the imposition of an +additional storey at the triforium level. Certainly the west front, as +shown then, was better far than now. However, in 1875, "_restoration_" +set in, and these cupolas were removed, and stone "pepper-box" pinnacles +imposed on the turrets in their stead. The gable was restored, and the +character of the work wholly destroyed, crocketted where before plain, +and the niche added in the place of the small light over the vault shown +in Britton's plate. In the side compartments the Perpendicular +battlementing was removed and the round cannon ball holes gratuitously +inserted. + +The two pinnacles at the sides of the west window have since been +removed. + +The earlier change in the central compartment of the front from Norman +to Perpendicular was effected by the additions of the door and window +still remaining. Bishop Alnwyck, who was translated to Lincoln in 1436, +added the doorway during his episcopate, and it was probably built right +over and covering the original Norman door and arcading. He also left +provision in his will for the west window, and this was added by Bishop +Lyhart (1446-72), to throw additional light on to the vaulting and +sculptures of the nave; from the inside it will be seen that it +completely fills the width of the nave, and follows the line of the +vault up. + +The north side of the cathedral lies within the gardens of the bishop's +palace, which can be entered from the interior of the cathedral, through +a small door in the north aisle of the presbytery; the eastern end of +the cathedral also lies within a private garden, but permission to enter +it can usually be obtained. + +#Exterior of Nave.#--Those portions of the precincts near the western +end of the cathedral are known as the Upper Close; and, walking round +the exterior of the cloisters, we come to the Lower Close. The nave on +the south side can be seen well either from the upper or lower Close, +and can be better examined in detail from the interior of the cloisters. +Its elevation consists of fourteen bays divided by flat Norman +buttresses. In height it is composed of what, at first sight, appears a +bewildering confusion of arches, arcades, and windows. Over the aisle +windows, hidden by the north walk of cloisters, comes a Norman wall +arcading; and over this the Norman triforium windows blocked up, and +again, above the later Perpendicular triforium, superimposed on the old, +and finished with a battlemented parapet. Behind this come the triforium +roof, and then beyond the original Norman clerestory, each bay with a +triple arch formation, the centre arch pierced for a window. And then +above all, the lead roof over nave vault. + +The radical changes that have taken place since the nave was built by +Bishop Eborard (1121-45) consist of the insertion in the aisles of later +"Decorated" traceried windows in place of the original Norman ones, and +of the superimposition, before referred to, at triforium level of a +whole range of "Perpendicular" windows over the old Norman work, which +were blocked up at this period. The pristine aspect, then, of this +elevation of the nave would have shown a sloping roof over the aisles +where now the later addition occurs. The battlementing, too, over the +clerestory to the nave is later work, to correspond with battlementing +over the triforium windows. It will be noticed that the two bays next +the transept in the triforium are higher than the others, in order to +throw additional light into the choir. + +Also on this same south side, in the seventh and eighth bays from the +west end, two very late windows occur, inserted in the Norman arcading +under the original triforium windows; these were inserted by Bishop +Nykke to light the chapel he built in two bays of the south aisle of the +nave. + +The curious raking of the lead rolls to the nave roof is noticeable; the +mediaeval builders did this with a view of counteracting the "crawl" of +the lead. Lead, under the variations of temperature of the atmosphere, +expands and contracts considerably; and from its own weight, and the +steepness of the roofs, the contraction takes place in a downward +direction, and starts the joints, letting in the weather. This raking of +the vertical rolls was a device whereby the old builders in some measure +got over their difficulty by inducing a fixed expansion and contraction. + +[Illustration: The Clerestory and Triforium of Choir (South Side).] + +#The South Transept# projects boldly forward from under the tower; +without aisles, its ridge and parapet correspond in height to those of +the nave; this narrowness, with the tower and spire showing over +behind, gives it an appearance of height, as approached from the lower +close. This effect of height is emphasised by the partition of the +design in its width, by flat Norman buttresses, with shafts in the +angles, and by the flat faces of the flanking turrets. The work, +however, is without interest, from the fact that, though the _ensemble_ +in some measure has been retained, the whole of the exterior face of the +stonework was re-cased by Salvin, 1830-40, during which period various +restorations were effected. Before these alterations, the Norman +flanking turrets finished with a "Perpendicular" battlementing, enriched +with shields and quatrefoils, and with crocketted pinnacles set at the +four angles; this battlementing was removed, and the present +uninteresting pepper-boxes took their place. No doubt they have it in +their favour that they _may_ be more like the original Norman +terminations than were those they replaced, which were, however, real +"Perpendicular," and these are only sham Norman. Originally, from the +eastward side of the south transept, projected a semi-circular chapel, +shown on plan by dotted lines, and corresponding to that still remaining +on the north side of the cathedral. It was part of the original plan, +and though we believe no record exists of its destruction, it can safely +be premised that its fate came about through the _cultus_ of the saint +to whom it was dedicated declining, and consequent neglect and ruin +following made its destruction cheaper than its reparation. It was +replaced by a sacristy in the fifteenth century, the lines of roof to +which can still be seen over on the stonework. This later sacristy was +destroyed by the fire of 1509, that burned as well the wooden roofs of +the transepts, and necessitated the stone vaults added by Bishop Nykke. + +#The Diocesan Registry Offices# now occupy the space on which once stood +the Norman chapel, and later the Sacristy. + +The building projecting eastward, south of this space, and marked A on +plan, was once a chapel, said by Blomefield to have been dedicated to +St. Edmund. It is now used as the #Dean's Vestry# in the lower storey, +and as the #Chapter Clerk's Office# in the upper. + +At the same time that the later restorations were effected to the south +transept, the groined #Slype# and singing-school above it were +destroyed, and the present door in the south transept from the lower +close was opened. A pre-restoration view is published of the east end +of the cathedral, showing the slype, in Britton's "Norwich." The visitor +should also bear in mind that this space immediately in front of the +south transept was originally occupied by the #Chapter-House#, situated +as shown by dotted lines on plan, and separated from the cathedral by +the slype. The entrance arches to the chapter-house from the east walk +of the cloisters still remain and fix definitely its position; it +projected eastward about eighty feet. + +#The Tower and Spire# mark the crossing of the choir and transepts, the +tower only being Norman, and square on plan, with flat Norman +buttresses, covered with vertical shafts on the face of each. These +buttresses start from the level of the parapets to Nave, Transept, and +Presbytery, and rise right up until, well over the parapet of the tower, +they are finished by crocketted pinnacles. Between these buttresses are +horizontal bands of design: the lowest, a Norman arcade of nine arches, +three of which are pierced as windows; then, above this, a smaller wall +arcade with interlaced arches; and then, above again, the principal +feature, an arcading of nine arches, three pierced for windows, and the +others filled with wall tracery of diamonds and circles; then, between +this last and the battlemented parapet, occur five vertical panels, each +comprising two circles, the upper pierced for a window. Above, soaring +upward, rises the later crocketted spire. Herbert, the founder, provided +the foundations of tower, and probably carried up the walls to the level +of the nave roof; the rest of the tower was finished during the reign of +Henry I., and is a beautiful specimen of the work of that time; but here +again our sentiment and sympathy experience a shock when we learn that +the stonework was almost entirely refaced in 1856. The tower was crowned +by a wooden spire from 1297; this was blown down in 1361, and probably +brought away in its fall some part of the Norman turrets of the tower. +It fell eastward, damaging the presbytery so badly that the clerestory +had to be rebuilt. The wooden spire was reconstructed probably at the +same time, though no record exists of such work, and the present Early +Perpendicular turrets were added. The spire, we know, was again +overtaken by misfortune in 1463, when it was struck by lightning, and +again falling eastward, went through the presbytery roof. The present +spire was then constructed in stone by Bishop Lyhart (1446-72), and +was finished by his successor, Bishop Goldwell (1472-99), who added the +battlements. + +[Illustration: The Tower in 1816.] + +It will hardly be necessary to enlarge on the beauty of this spire of +Norwich, as the dominant feature, seen from the south-east, rising above +the curved sweep of the apse, and strongly buttressed by the south +transept, it stands up, clearly defined against the western sky, and +points upward, significant and symbolical at once of the ends and +aspirations of the church below. + +#The Eastern Arm of Cathedral or Presbytery# takes its history from the +tower. Here, as in the nave, there are the original triforium windows +blocked up, and a range of Perpendicular work superimposed on the old. +Above and beyond this, supported between each bay by flying buttresses, +comes the transitional Decorated to Perpendicular clerestory, +considerably higher than the original Norman clerestory remaining to the +nave. At the base of each flying buttress are figures of saints. The +roof and Norman clerestory were damaged by the falling tower in 1361, +but were rebuilt by Bishop Percy, 1355-69. This work is transitional +Decorated to Perpendicular. The presbytery was then re-roofed with a +framed timber construction, which was consumed by the falling of the +burning spire, struck by lightning in 1463. The present stone vault was +added in its place by Bishop Goldwell, 1472-99. This necessitated the +addition as well of flying buttresses to take the thrust of the vault. + +The battlementing to the presbytery also was added at the same time as +the flying buttresses. + +It will also be noted that here, as in the nave, an addition was made in +the way of a range of later "Perpendicular" windows superimposed over +the original Norman triforium, which was blocked up. + +#The Chapel of St. Mary-the-Less#, marked B on plan, projects southward +from the presbytery, and dates from the fourteenth century. Between this +and the circular Norman chapel of St. Luke, was Bishop Wakeryng's +chapel. It has long since disappeared, but the doorway of Perpendicular +design remained until about 1841, when it was removed and the +compartment Normanised--a piece of wanton vandalism and the destruction +of an historical link. + +The circular Norman chapels, of which two remain, are very interesting. +In the original plan of the founder there were three; but the +easternmost was superseded by Early English structure, which in its turn +was demolished. + +#The Chapel of Saint Luke#, marked C on plan, flanking the south side of +the apse, was much restored in the sixties; in Britton's "Norwich," +published in 1816, late "Decorated" windows are shown; these were +replaced by _modern_ Norman. Its form is peculiar; on plan, that of two +circles interpenetrating. On elevation, in the lower stage, are the +modern Norman windows, with shafts in jambs, over which occur two tiers +of arcading, in the higher of which window openings are pierced. The +position of the Norman Lady Chapel is shown by dotted lines, as well as +the rectangular shape of the Early English chapel built by Walter de +Suffield (1245-57) about 1250. The line of the roof of the later chapel +can still be seen plainly traced on the stonework over the arches which +once gave entrance to it. This later chapel was destroyed by Dean +Gardiner in Queen Elizabeth's reign. The foundations of both chapels +have been laid open quite recently but a few feet under the level of the +garden. + +[Illustration: Exterior of the Chapel of St. Luke from the East.] + +#The Jesus Chapel#, marked D on plan, on the north side of the apse, +retains the early "Perpendicular" windows inserted in the Norman work; +its other characteristics are as those described to St. Luke's Chapel in +the south. + +On the north side of the presbytery, and to the west of the Jesus +Chapel, were other chapels, shown on the plan by dotted lines; the +positions of their roofs are clearly marked yet on the stonework. One +must have been the #Reliquary Chapel#; the bridge chapel in the north +aisle of presbytery formed its ante-chapel. + +#The North Transept#, and generally the north side of the cathedral, are +more conveniently examined from the gardens of the bishop's palace, +whence this portion of the exterior of the cathedral can best be seen. + +The details of the fabric on the north side are essentially the same as +those described to the south side of cathedral; though here the work has +been less restored, and consequently is of more interest to the student. +The original Norman chapel, now used as a store-house, projects eastward +from the north transept; a corresponding feature occurred in the south +transept, but has long since vanished. + +#The Bishop's Palace# stands to the north of the cathedral, and was +formerly connected with it by a vaulted passage, Herbert, the founder, +built the first palace, of which portions are incorporated in the +present building. Bishop Salmon (1299-1325) in 1318, according to the +patent rolls of the twelfth year of the reign of Edward II., obtained +licence to buy a piece of land 47 perches 4 feet in length, and 23 +perches 12 feet in breadth, to enlarge and rebuild thereon the palace of +Herbert. He also built a chapel, and the great hall, measuring 120 feet +from north to south, and 60 feet wide, with kitchen, buttery, and +offices at the west end. The grand ruin somewhat to the east of the +palace now is supposed to have formed part of the entrance to this hall. +It was, however, too large to keep up, and so was leased by Bishop +Nykke, just before his death in 1535 to the mayor, sheriff, and +citizens, so that the Guild of S. George might hold their annual feast +there. Later on it became a meeting-house. The present private chapel of +the bishop was built by Bishop Reynolds in 1662 across part of the south +end. + +To the north of the nave of the cathedral, and on the west side of the +palace, was an open area called the _green-yard,_ and in Sir Thomas +Browne's "Works," vol. iv. p. 27 (London, 1835) is an account of the +_combination sermons_ which were preached here in the summer prior to +the Reformation. + +"Before the late times the combination sermons were preached, in the +summer time, at the Cross in the Green Yard where there was a good +accommodation for the auditors. The mayor, aldermen, with their wives +and officers, had a well-contrived place built against the wall of the +Bishop's palace, covered with lead, so that they were not offended by +rain. Upon the north side of the church, places were built gallery wise, +one above another, where the dean, prebends and their wives, gentlemen, +and the better sort, very well heard the sermon: the rest either stood +or sat in the green, upon long forms provided for them, paying a penny +or half-penny a-piece, as they did at S. Paul's Cross in London. The +Bishop and chancellor heard the sermons at the windows of the Bishop's +palace: the pulpit had a large covering of lead over it, and a cross +upon it; and there were eight or ten stairs of stone about it, upon +which the hospital boys and others stood. The preacher had his face to +the south, and there was a painted board of a foot and a half broad and +about a yard and a half long hanging over his head, before, upon which +were painted the names of the benefactors towards the Combination Sermon +which he particularly commemorated in his prayer...." + +On the north side of the cathedral, in the seventh compartment of the +aisle from the west end, the walled-up entrance to the _green-yard_ is +to be noticed. + +There is no doubt that this space was originally the cemetery of the +monks, and Harrod quotes from the _Chronicle_ of John de Whethamsted to +that effect. A stone coffin lid found here in 1848 goes to confirm this. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE INTERIOR + + +Norwich Cathedral is justly celebrated for the beauty of its interior. +Entering from the upper close by the north aisle door, and then taking a +position immediately under the great west window, facing east, there is +before one the long perspective of the Norman nave, the choir and +presbytery, while overhead comes the later vault, telling richly by +contrast with the severe plainness of the earlier work below. The +extreme length of the cathedral is about 407 feet. The nave, always long +in Norman churches, is here over 200 feet from the west door to the +choir screen. Although some critics object to the position of the organ +on this same screen, there can be no doubt that, not only is it a most +admirable position for the instrument acoustically, but also that its +presence here does not detract from the general effect of the interior. +From the west end of the nave, as a dark silhouette against the eastern +apsidal windows, or as an object in the middle distance, it helps the +spectator to realise the length of the cathedral. A certain sense of +mystery and something undiscerned adds to the charm of an interior, and +the organ here helps, with the screen, to enshrine the eastern arm and +most sacred portion of the building, and interrupts the vista for the +sake of which disastrous sacrifices have been made in many of our +cathedral churches. + +#The Nave# consists of seven double bays; in all, fourteen compartments +from the west end to the tower crossing. + +It will be noticed that, in the plan (page 113), a square of the nave, +occupying longitudinally the space of two bays of the aisles, is +indicated by the dotted lines; also a main pier is marked as Y and a +subsidiary pier as z. + +The main piers, as at Y, are large rectangular masses, having on the +nave side a flat buttress-like piece added, with shafts in the angles, +and bearing on the face the two vaulting shafts. On the aisle side are +two shafts to each transverse arch; and on the two lateral faces are +triple shafts to the arcade arches, with four angle shafts at each +corner of the main pier, taking the outer rings to same. The plan is the +same at the triforium level. The smaller or subsidiary piers (as at X) +have single vaulting shafts on the nave face, double ones to the aisle, +and under the arcade arches convex faces, with four angle shafts, as in +main piers. The plan of these piers determines the elevation. The nave +arcade arches, ornamented with the billet, and triforium with a +_chevron_ or zig-zag, are almost equal in size, and over these lower +stages comes the typical triple Norman clerestory with walk; the whole +covered in by the fine lierne vault. + +[Illustration: A Norman Capital.] + +The vault has thirteen complete bays and two semi-bays, one at either +end. The junctions between this later vault and the Norman work can be +seen. The main piers had the original double shafts cut off at the level +of the top of the triforium arches, the later single shaft being brought +down and joined by a peculiar branch-like connection. The original +shafts to the subsidiary piers, which it is probable took only a minor +part in carrying the flat Norman wooden roof, were finished by a cap at +the impost level of the triforium, and the later shaft was brought down +and finished by the _rebus_ of Bishop Lyhart, the constructor of the +vault. This _rebus_ should be noticed; it is a pun in stone, with its +hart lying in water. It will also be noticed that the outer arches of +the triforium are not concentric with the sub-arches. + +[Illustration: The Nave, looking East.] + +The bases of the shafts have been Perpendicularised, probably when the +vault was added, and the Norman character of the lateral shafts spoilt +by scraping. + +The building of the nave is usually attributed to Bishop Eborard +(1121-45), but some eminent archaeologists believe that the whole +cathedral, nave and all, was built by Herbert, 1091-1119, the first +bishop and founder. We believe there is no documentary evidence against +this theory. The _Registrum Primum_ says: "Moreover, the same Herbert +completed the church of Norwich in his own time, as I have learned from +the account of old people, _but have not found in writing,_ as far as +the altar of the holy cross, which is now called the altar of S. +William." + +The billet enrichment on the main arches, and the chevron or zig-zag on +those of the triforium, have been looked upon as indicating that this +part of the building--the five western bays of nave--is later than the +presbytery, the arches there lacking this ornament. But as these are +quite the earliest forms of ornament used by the Norman builders, their +occurrence here at Norwich cannot prove much. It is better perhaps to +reserve judgment, and be content with merely stating the facts and the +more generally accredited theories as to the age of the western part of +the nave. + +The subsidiary circular columns in the fifth bay of the nave from the +west end should be noticed. A small enriched shaft in the clerestory of +the north transept is here illustrated. This very beautiful style of +treatment was common to the Norman builder, with the Romanesque, and the +Romans before them. + +#The Choir Screen# crosses the nave between the subsidiary piers to the +sixth bay. Of the original work erected by Bishop Lyhart, 1446-72, the +sub-structure of the present screen is the only portion remaining. +Traces of two altars, one on either side of the doorway, can still be +seen; these were originally dedicated to St. William of Norwich and St. +Mary. These altars were enclosed in chapels formed by screens coming +forward to the extent of half the bay, and stopped against the main nave +piers on either side--the double vaulting shafts on the face of which +are stopped by corbels, carved as heads, at about the height that the +chapels would have reached. They were vaulted over, and above came the +rood loft and organ. The rood loft was damaged by the Puritans, and +probably removed after the Restoration. Dean Crofts, in 1660, set up a +new organ. + +In Britton's "Norwich," 1816, the upper stage of the choir screen is +shown divided into square panels, occurring vertically over the lower +stage; the screens to the chapels before referred to having been +destroyed. In 1833 Salvin remodelled the choir, and turned his attention +to the choir screen: the organ was placed in its present position, and +cased with the frame of that instrument which Dean Crofts had set up in +1660; and the overhanging vault to the screen was added. + +#The Nave Vault# (height 72 feet), which was added by Bishop Lyhart, +1446-72, took the place of the original Norman wooden roof destroyed by +fire in 1463. This earlier Norman roof was most probably like that now +existing at Peterborough, and was no doubt profusely decorated with +colour. The vault is of Perpendicular design, and known as _lierne_; +such vaults may be distinguished by the fact that between the main ribs, +springing from the vaulting shafts, are placed cross ribs forming a +pattern, as it were, and bracing the main ribs, but not in any great +measure structural. This vault at Norwich may be taken as typical of the +last legitimate development of the stone roof; it was the precursor of +the later fan vaulting, such as we find in Henry VII.'s chapel at +Westminster, where legitimate construction was replaced by ostentatious +ingenuity and the accumulation of needless ornament and detail. + +The carved bosses here at Norwich, occurring at the intersection of the +ribs, are worth careful study. Those who care to go into the matter in +the fullest detail should consult Dean Goulburn's book published in +1876, which not only gives an admirable history of the fabric and the +See, but enters fully into the detail and symbolic meaning of each of +the 328 bosses. + +In this list, compiled from that volume, mention is made only of those +bosses on the main longitudinal rib of the vault; it is hoped that this +method will enable the visitor to readily enter into the meaning of any +group of bosses, by providing a keynote to the whole. The subjects are +taken from Bible history, and each epoch is usually grouped around some +central incident figured on the main longitudinal ribs. In each bay No. +4 is the large central boss. + +[Illustration: The Choir Screen and Organ from the Nave.] + +#The Easternmost Bay.--No. 1.# + + (1.) The Creation of Light. + (2.) A Figure of the Almighty. + (3.) A White Hart. + (4.) The Temptation. + (5.) A White Swan. + (6.) The Death of Cain. + +#The Second Bay.--No. 2.# + + (1.) Cain driven out as a Fugitive. + (2.) Noah building the Ark. + (3.) Noah's Drunkenness. + (4.) The Ark on the Waters. + (5.) Meaning indefinite. + (6.) Noah planting the Vine. + +#The Third Bay.--No. 3.# + + (1.) The Building of the Tower of Babel. + (2.) The Tower of Babel shown as Feudal Fortress. + (3.) Abraham entertaining an Angel. + (4.) Abraham sacrificing Isaac. + (5.) Jacob deceiving Isaac. + (6.) Isaac blessing Esau. + +#The Fourth Bay.--No. 4.# + + (1.) Sarah at the Door of Abraham's House. + (2.) Jacob going to Padan-Aram. + (3.) Jacob wrestling with the Angel. + (4.) Jacob pilling the Green Poplar Rods. + (5.) Jacob's Ladder. + (6.) Jacob making the Covenant with Laban. + +#The Fifth Bay.--No. 5.# + + (1.) Jacob sending Joseph to his Brethren. + (2.) Joseph journeying to his Brethren. + (3.) Joseph stripped of his Coat of Many Colours. + (4.) Joseph cast into the Pit. + (5.) Joseph sold to the Ishmaelite Merchants. + (6.) Joseph set up over the Egyptians. + +#The Sixth Bay.--No. 6.# + + (1.) Joseph selling corn. + (2.) Moses in the Ark of Bulrushes. + (3.) The Angel appearing to Moses in the Burning Bush. + (4.) The Overthrow of the Egyptians in the Red Sea. + (5.) The Ark of the Covenant. + (6.) Samson rending the Lion. + +#The Seventh Bay.--No. 7.# + + (1.) Samson taking the Gates of the City of Gaza. + (2.) David smiting Goliath. + (3.) David cutting off Goliath's Head. + (4.) David crowned. + (5.) David charging Solomon. + (6.) Solomon enthroned. + +#The Eighth Bay.--No. 8.# + + (1.) Solomon enthroned. + (2.) The Annunciation. + (3.) The Presentation in the Temple. + (4.) The Nativity. + (5.) The Visitation. + (6.) Herod decreeing the Massacre of the Innocents. + +#The Ninth Bay.--No. 9.# + + (1.) The Flight into Egypt. + (2.) Christ in the midst of the Doctors. + (3.) The Marriage in Cana of Galilee. + (4.) The Baptism of Our Lord. + (5.) The Raising of Lazarus. + (6.) The Supper in Bethany. + +#The Tenth Bay.--No. 10.# + + (1.) Christ's Entry into Jerusalem. + (2.) Circular Hole for Descent of Thurible. + (3.) Our Lord sending forth the Disciples. + (4.) The Last Supper. + (5.) Disciples preparing for the Foot-washing. + (6.) Our Lord washing Peter's Feet. + +#The Eleventh Bay.--No. 11.# + + (1.) Our Lord in Gethsemane. + (2.) Christ crowned with Thorns. + (3.) Christ led to Pilate. + (4.) Christ before Pilate. + (5.) Christ Blindfolded. + (6.) Christ Betrayed. + +#The Twelfth Bay.--No. 12.# + + (1.) Christ taken to the House of the High Priest. + (2.) Christ nailed to the Cross. + (3.) The Soldiers casting Lots. + (4.) The Crucifixion. + (5.) The Entombment. + (6.) Christ in Hades. + +#The Thirteenth Bay.--No. 13.# + + (1.) Soldiers watching the Holy Sepulchre. + (2.) The Resurrection. + (3.) Three Apostles. + (4.) The Ascension. + (5.) The Virgin praying. + (6.) The Day of Pentecost. + +#The Fourteenth Bay.--No. 14.# + + (1.) A Miracle of Exorcism. + (2.) The Jaws of Hell. + (3.) The Drunkard's Doom. + (4.) The Last Judgment. + (5.) St. Peter. + (6.) The Holy Trinity. + (7.) Bishop Lyhart, the Builder of the Vault. + +To all those who take an interest in early stone cutting, this vault of +Norwich is a store of inexhaustible treasure; the bosses, rudely cut as +they are, tell their own tales with singular truth and directness. Their +sculpture may not display the anatomical knowledge of the work of the +Renaissance; yet it has a distinct decorative value that has been seldom +equalled in the later decadent period. The fourteen large central bosses +on the main longitudinal ribs present in themselves an epitome not only +of Bible history, but of the connecting incidents forming the theme of +Christian teaching. In the tenth bay, on the longitudinal rib, there is, +in place of a boss, a circular hole through the vault. It is supposed to +have been formed to allow a thurible to be suspended therefrom into the +church below. Harrod, quoting from Lambard's "Topographical Dictionary," +says: "I myself, being a child, once saw in Poule's Church at London, at +a feast of Whitsontide, wheare the comyng down of the Holy Gost was set +forth by a white pigeon that was let to fly _out of a hole that is yet +to be seen in the mydst of the roof of the great ile_, and by a long +censer which, descending out of the same place almost to the very +ground, was swinged up and down at such a length that it reached at one +swepe _almost to the west gate of the church, and with the other to the +queer_ [_quire_] _stairs of the same_, breathing out over the whole +church and companie a most pleasant perfume of such sweet things as +burned therein." + +It is probable that the hole in the nave vault at Norwich was used for a +similar purpose; and its position would seem to agree with such use, +situated as it is about midway between the west end and where the front +of the mediaeval rood loft occurred. + +#The West Window#, added, as we have already noted by Bishop Lyhart, to +light the vault, resembles that of Westminster Hall in the lines of its +tracery; the glass by Hedgeland constitutes a memorial to Bishop Stanley +(d. 1849). + +#West Door.#--The original Norman arch remains over the doorway on the +inside. + +#The North Aisle of Nave#, the Norman windows of which were entirely +replaced by Decorated ones, is covered by plain quadri-partite vaults. +In the triforium over, as previously noted in description of exterior, +the side walls were raised, the original Norman windows blocked up and +Perpendicular ones placed over, the roof being at the same time raised +on the outside to the necessary height, and made of a shallower pitch; +this is clearly noticeable from the triforium walks. + +In the easternmost bays, two windows were raised still more to gain +additional light for the choir. + +In the seventh bay from the west end occurs the door once leading to the +_green yard_. + +[Illustration: The North Aisle of Nave, looking West.] + +#The South Aisle of Nave# corresponds with the north, and is covered +with a plain quadri-partite vault, with the exception of the seventh and +eighth bays from the west; these were converted by Bishop Nykke into a +chapel enclosed by screens, and are marked on the plan as E.E. The +Norman vaults were here removed and the late Perpendicular ones +constructed in their stead; the windows appear to be of still later +date, but are supposed to have been, and most probably were, inserted at +this period. + +#Monuments in Nave.#--The nave suffered severely at the hands of the +Puritans, who destroyed many of the early tombs and effigies. Especially +noticeable is the lack of brasses; all these have disappeared, with the +exception only of one in the Jesus Chapel. Another singularity is that +the burial-place of most of the bishops who are known to have been +interred in the cathedral is quite uncertain. The best of them seem to +have been content with a plain slab and inscribed brass; only Nykke, of +infamous memory, left so gorgeous a chapel behind to perpetuate it. + +Bishop Hall, in his "Hard Measure," gives a sketch of vivid historical +interest of the sacrilege committed during the Puritan rebellion, and +when, in 1643, the cathedral was in the possession of the fanatics. +"Lord, what work was here, what clattering of glasses, what beating down +of Walls, what tearing up of Monuments, what pulling down of Seates, +what wresting out of Irons and Brass from the Windows and Graves. What +defacing of Armes, what demolishing of curious stone work, that had not +any representation in the World, but only of the cost of the Founder and +skill of the Mason, what toting and piping upon the destroyed Organ +pipes, and what a hideous triumph on the Market day before all the +Countrey, when, in a kind of Sacrilegious and profane procession, all +the Organ pipes, Vestments, both Copes and Surplices, together with the +Leaden Crosse which had been newly sawne down from over the Green-Yard +Pulpit, and the Service books and singing books that could be had, were +carried to the fire in the publick Market place; A leud wretch walking +before the Train, in his Cope trailing in the dirt, with a Service book +in his hand, imitating in an impious scorne the tune, and usurping the +words of the Letany; neer the Publick Crosse, all these monuments of +Idolatry must be sacrificed to the fire, not without much Ostentation of +a zealous joy." + +#Monuments in North Aisle of Nave.#--In the fifth bay of the nave arcade +(marked I on plan) is the altar tomb of Sir Thomas Wyndham and his four +wives. This was originally in the Lady Chapel, then, for a time, the +Jesus Chapel, and about 1869 moved to its present position. + +Between the sixth and seventh bay is buried Dean Prideaux (d. 1724). The +ninth bay of aisle is lighted by a memorial window to William Smith (d. +1849), Professor of Modern History at Cambridge. In the tenth bay +(marked 2 on plan) is the altar tomb, with panelled sides, to Sir John +Hobart (d. 1507), Attorney-General to Henry VII. + +#Monuments in South Aisle of Nave# from the west.--In the sixth bay is a +memorial window by Wailes to members of the Hales family. In the seventh +bay (marked 3 on plan) is the tomb of Chancellor Spencer; the rents of +the dean and chapter were formerly paid here. The ninth bay (marked 4 on +plan) contains the altar tomb of Bishop Parkhurst (1560-74). + +[Illustration: The East Walk of the Cloisters.] + +#The Cloisters# and destroyed monastic buildings.--The cloisters are +on the south side of the cathedral, the interior garth being about 145 +feet square. + +[Illustration: The Cloisters from the Garth.] + +The original Norman cloisters, which were probably of a wooden +construction, were destroyed by the fire of 1272; and the work of +building the present cloisters was commenced by Bishop Walpole (1289-99) +about 1297, but they were not completely finished until 1430, in the +time of Bishop Alnwyck (1426-36). They present an interesting, and, at +the same time, complex study of the development of the styles during the +one hundred and thirty-three years which passed during their erection; a +paper by the Rev. D.J. Stewart (published in vol. 32 of the +_Archaeological Journal_) goes minutely into their construction, and the +several parts the various bishops of Norwich played in their design. +Those who wish to study this part of the cathedral thoroughly cannot do +better than refer to this paper. + +It will be noticed that, despite the lengthy period occupied in the +construction of the cloisters, the result is in no way inharmonious; it +is only in the detail, and especially the open tracery to the bays, that +the difference of style is very perceptible. + +Counting the angle severies as in each walk, it will be noticed that +there are fourteen severies on the east side; and thirteen on the other +three. Each is nearly square on plan, and vaulted over with horizontal +longitudinal and transverse ribs, between which occur diagonals and +_tiercerons_; with carved bosses at the intersections. The piers +carrying the vaults consist of groups of separate cylindrical shafts of +Purbeck marble. + +On the three sides--east, west, and south--there are separate storeys of +apartments over the vaults, which were used for various purposes by the +monks. + +In elevation--and of course this can best be seen from the Garth--each +bay is divided by a projecting buttress with diagonal one in the angles; +the arches are filled with open tracery carried by two mullions; it is +this tracery which marks most clearly the various changes of style. The +shape of the arch is similar throughout. This was a concession on the +part of the later builders which ensured harmony in the whole; but on +each side the tracery is varied. On the east side it is geometrical in +character, the work being transitional between Early English and +Decorated; on the south side the tracery is more flowing and has +advanced to Decorated; on the west side again, we get the transitional +style between Decorated and Perpendicular, with some _flamboyant_ or +flame-like detail; while on the north and latest side it is frankly +Perpendicular. + +#The East Walk# of cloisters is the earliest; access to which is gained +from the south aisle of nave of cathedral, through the #Prior's Door#; +of this fine specimen of early Decorated work we give an illustration. +In the sixth bay, from, and counting the angle, may be seen the +walled-up entrance to the Slype. In the seventh, eighth, and ninth bays +remain the arches which once gave entrance to the chapter-house; these +were walled up until about 1850. + +According to the itinerary of William of Worcester, the chapter-house, +which was built by Bishop Walpole (1289-99), projected eastward about 80 +feet, terminating with a polygonal apse, as shown by the dotted lines to +our plan. + +The prolongation of this east walk southwards beyond the south walk of +the cloisters, led formerly to the infirmary; of which now only remain +the three piers in the lower close; the greater part having been pulled +down in 1804. During some time in the eighteenth century the infirmary +was used as a workhouse. + +The dormitories in all monasteries were connected with one of the +transepts, usually the south, so that the monks could at all hours +easily gain access to the cathedral for the performance of the offices +of their order; it is probable, therefore, that the rooms over this east +walk of the cloisters here at Norwich may have been used as dormitories, +with a staircase on the western side of the south transept leading to +them. The dormitories are supposed by some antiquarians to have been +placed south of the destroyed chapter-house; the door in the twelfth bay +of the east wall of the cloisters (marked 5 on plan) probably giving +rise to the supposition. + +The sculptured vault-bosses in this walk are illustrative of incidents +in Gospel story and of the legends of the four evangelists. + +#The South Walk#, the south wall of which was also the wall of the +refectory. A door (marked 6 on plan) at the western end of this walk led +to the refectory. To the west were probably the kitchen and offices. The +sculptured bosses of the vault over this walk are illustrations of +scenes from the Book of Revelation. + +[Illustration: The Prior's Door.] + +#The West Walk.#--In the first two bays (marked 7 on plan) are the +lavatories of the monks; and in the fourth bay, a door (marked 8 on +plan) that formerly led to the guest hall, pulled down by Dean Gardiner, +1573-89. The cellarer whose duty it was to look after the guests +probably had apartments above. + +A door in the last bay leads to the #Choir School#; this was formerly +the #Locutory#, where the monks indulged in their daily gossip. The +western wall is in the Early Decorated style; the body of the room +dating from Norman times. + +The door into the south aisle of the cathedral from this walk, known as +the #Monks' Door#, is of an elaborate example of the Perpendicular +style. + +Returning along the #North Walk#, the latest part of the cloisters, we +come again to the prior's door, by entering which the rest of the +interior may be inspected. + +#The Ante-choir# occupies one compartment of the nave, and is +immediately under the organ loft. It was in mediaeval times a chapel +dedicated to Our Lady of Pity. The screens between this ante-choir and +the aisles on north and south, were in part formed from the +Perpendicular screen which originally divided off the Jesus Chapel from +the north aisle of the presbytery. Here in the ante-choir they are +certainly preferable, even as "mutilated Perpendicular," to any modern +substitute; though it was lamentable vandalism to remove them from their +original positions, where they are shown in Britton's "History." + +#The Choir.#--It may be as well here to give a brief sketch of the +various re-modellings which have been effected in the arrangement of the +choir and presbytery of the cathedral. + +Britton shows, in one of his plates published in 1816, the floor of the +choir continued at its level until, immediately before the altar, in the +apse, it rises by five steps to the level of the sanctuary (the +presbytery, after the Reformation, had been cut off from the choir by a +wooden screen, in front of which stood the communion table). Across both +transepts, in the beginning of the century, there stood cumbrous +two-storeyed structures containing pews not unlike boxes at a theatre, +as shown in a drawing here reproduced. In 1837, when Salvin re-modelled +the choir, these were removed, and on the south side replaced by a stone +gallery, and this again has been taken down. + +In Dean Goulburn's time the floor of the presbytery was raised by two +steps, which occurred one bay past the tower arch eastward. + +[Illustration: The Choir and Presbytery.] + +Quite recently, there have been further alterations carried out by +Dean Lefroy. The eastern arm of the building was closed for two and a +half years, and during this time the whole of the whitewash, etc., +covering the stonework was flaked off, with much benefit to the +appearance of this part of the interior. The level of the presbytery +floor has been brought forward to the tower arch, and at the same time +the floors of both transepts and choir were brought to one level, and +various obstructions in the way of pews and raised floors removed. + +The choir was opened after this work by Archbishop Benson, 2nd May 1894. + +[Illustration: A Stall in the Choir.] + +#The Choir# extends one bay, or the space of two compartments, into the +nave, as was usual in cathedral priories, and was originally occupied +during the offices of the Benedictines by the prior, sub-prior, and the +sixty monks. The bishop--who was the nominal abbot--with his presbyters, +occupied the presbytery. + +The stalls, sixty in number, with an additional two for the prior and +sub-prior, facing east, are fine specimens of fifteenth-century work, +the detail varying though the main lines are preserved in each. + +Each of these stalls retains the _subsellium_ or _miserere_, which, +hinged at the back, turns up and discloses a small ledge beneath +supported by carving, which ledge is supposed to have been used by the +aged monks to rest on during the first long office of the Benedictines, +which lasted four hours. Did they, however, by any chance allow the +seat to fall, they are said to have had to go through the whole of their +prayers again as a penance. All these _misereres_ are worth studying, +especially as the white and grey paint which had disfigured them has +been cleaned off since 1806. + +The choir was re-arranged by Salvin in 1833, and the chancellor's stall, +shown in early prints, against the north-east tower pier, was removed at +this time. The presbytery was filled with stalls, which have been lately +removed, and in part refixed in the nave. During the recent alterations +the row of fifteenth-century stalls, each with its _miserere_, has been +removed from its original position in front of the canopied stalls, and +placed across the transepts, and their place taken by others, made up of +various fragments of old seating. + +Also the older bishop's throne, erected by Dean Lloyd late in the +eighteenth century, "in resemblance to ancient Gothic workmanship," was +removed from the south-east pier of the tower and placed in the +consistory court, and its place taken (1894) by the present erection, +designed by Pearson also in the style of ancient Gothic workmanship, and +made by Cornish and Gaymer. The new pulpit, taking the place of that put +up after the demolition of the chancellor's stall, was designed by J.D. +Seddon, and executed by H. Hems of Exeter. + +#The Pelican Lectern#, now in the choir (see illustration, p. 110), was +formerly hidden away in the Jesus Chapel; it is late Decorated in +character; the three small figures were added in 1845. There is enough +metal in this piece of mediaeval work to make a dozen modern replicas. + +#The Presbytery# consists of two double severies, or four compartments, +terminated by a semi-circular apse of five compartments. The four +compartments on either side have, in the lower stages of their design, +rich four-centred arches of Perpendicular period, with niches between on +the piers; the spandrels are filled in to a horizontal line, above +which, at the level of the triforium floor, is an elaborate cusped +cresting. The triforium is Norman, lofty in scale. Over this come four +light transitional (Decorated to Perpendicular) clerestory windows, with +niches canopied forward in the thickness of the wall over the clerestory +path; the windows being on the outer face of wall. From the apex of the +ogee arches of the niches spring the vaulting ribs of the later vault, +without any intermediate shaft. The apse preserves its Norman +characteristics in the lower stage as well as at the triforium level. +Here the interest of the student must surely be concentrated; as this +eastern arm of the cathedral is the earliest part of the building. +Herbert, the founder, laid the foundation-stone at the extreme east, +probably in the original Norman Lady Chapel, and built westwards, and +here, in front of the high altar, was he buried. + +[Illustration: The Choir and Presbytery in 1816.] + +The remains of the first bishop's throne, with the westward position, +are in the central bay of the apse. Behind it, in the screen wall, can +be discerned an arch which looks like a door head; if there be a vault +beneath the presbytery, it is probable that this is the walled-up +entrance. + +On the east side of the tower over the arch can be seen the lines of the +original Norman roof. The Norman clerestory was so badly damaged by part +of the tower falling in 1362 that the present clerestory was built in +its place by Bishop Percy (1355-69), the presbytery, at the same time +being covered over with a framed timber roof. In 1463 this (together +with the spire) was struck by lightning, and fell burning into the +presbytery, where it burned itself away. Here and there in the aisles, +and wherever the Norman stonework is visible, traces of an orange +discoloration give evidence of the heat generated by the mass. + +The present lierne vault was added by Bishop Goldwell (1472-99), and his +rebus, a gold well, can be seen cut on the bosses at the intersections +of vaulting ribs. The curious junction of the later vault with the +ogee-shaped arches of the clerestory should be noticed. + +While the original triforium yet remains, the character of the main +arcade was altered by the insertion of the four-centred "Perpendicular" +arches, the work of Bishop Goldwell, whose tomb is under one on the +south side. These lower arches were filled with screens, removed in +1875. + +The lower apsidal arches, in the beginning of the century, were +completely filled with imitation Norman work; this has been cleared away +to the original height of the screen wall, with much improvement to the +general effect. + +[Illustration: The Choir Stalls at the beginning of the Nineteenth +Century.] + +The present altar, designed by Sir A.W. Blomfield, occupies probably the +position of the original altar. The question where the high altar stood +has provoked much speculation. Professor Willis placed it more to the +westward, thinking that a quatrefoiled opening or hagioscope in the +screen wall of the last bay on the north side of the Presbytery (marked +9 on plan) was made to afford a view of it from the aisle. Harrod points +out that there is a small hole in the vault above, from which probably +hung down the light of the sacrament. The position of this hole, and the +fact that such a light would necessarily be placed before the altar, and +not over or behind it, is evidence that the altar was about where it is +now. Blomfield, again, averred that the people stood in the aisle and +confessed to the priest standing in the sanctuary, the "voice coming +through a hole made in the wall for that purpose," the hole being the +hagioscope referred to. But, as Harrod observes, to do this the priest +must have assumed a recumbent position, which is neither convenient nor +usual. + +The real use, no doubt, of this bay of the arcade, was for the Easter +sepulchre; its usual position is on the north side of the sanctuary. It +will be noticed also that in the aisle immediately behind is a raised +gallery of Decorated character, access to which was gained from the +sanctuary by steps on the left side of the bay of the arcade, in which +occurs the hagioscope. This gallery formed the ante-chapel to the +#Reliquary Chapel#, which projected northwards from the aisle of the +cathedral; the roof line of this chapel can be seen plainly from the +outside. From the reliquary chapel on Good Friday the crucifix and pyx +were taken out and deposited in the Easter sepulchre below; and from the +vault above, through the hole before referred to, was hung the great +sepulchre light. More probably the hagioscope was intended to be used by +the watcher at the sepulchre. + +[Illustration: The Choir, looking West.] + +The arrangement of the presbytery, as we have already noted when +referring to the plates here reproduced from Britton, has undergone many +changes; in the beginning of the century the level of the floor of the +choir was continued until between the third and fourth bay from the +tower in the presbytery, where it rose by five steps to the level of the +sanctuary floor. Harrod speaks of two steps up at the third pier past +the tower, and three at the fourth or point of the junction of the apse. +In Dean Goulburn's time, the sanctuary space was enlarged by being +brought forward one bay. The present floor, designed by Sir A.W. +Blomfield in glass mosaic and porphyry, was executed by Powell +Brothers. Then also was added the somewhat elaborate communicants' rail, +executed in bronze and spars. In enlarging the sanctuary, Dean Goulburn +moved the three steps from the fourth pier past the tower to the third, +and at the same time the two steps at the third pier were moved forward +to the first past the tower. And now again, during the recent works of +reparation, the presbytery floor has been brought forward at one level +to the tower arch, where it descends to the level of the choir floor by +five steps: screens which filled the first bays on either side were +removed, and similar flights of steps now descend from the presbytery +and the north and south aisles. The cumbrous stalls were also removed, +and in part refixed in the nave. + +The stained glass which fills the clerestory windows of the apse dates +from 1846, and was made by Yarrington. The window in the triforium just +above the altar contains modern stained-glass, dedicated to the memory +of Canon Thurlow. + +#Monuments in the Presbytery.#--The monument of Herbert, the first +bishop of Norwich, and the founder of the cathedral, was raised in the +centre of presbytery, before the high altar. It was so much injured +during the time of the Rebellion that a new one was erected in 1682; +this again was levelled, and a slab placed in the floor at the same +place now remains. + +In the second bay eastward from the tower (south side), marked 10 on +plan--Bishop Goldwell's (1472-99) chantry, and the altar tomb, +remarkable for the effigy in full pontificals (see illustration). Bloxam +remarks that it is "the only instance of the monumental effigy of a +bishop, prior to the Reformation, in which the _cappa pluvialis_, or +processional cope, is represented as the outward vestment instead of the +casula or chesible." The tomb is placed to the south of the recess; in +the space east was an altar. + +In the third bay eastward was Bishop Wakering's (1416-25) tomb, the only +part of which now remaining is visible from the south aisle, and +consists of a series of panels with plain shields and figures two by +two, with the several instruments of the Passion. There were formerly +steps down into the south aisle from this bay. In the same place is a +monument to Bishop Overall (d. 1619). + +[Illustration: Detail of the Presbytery Clerestory and Vaulting.] + +In the fourth bay (marked 11 on plan) the altar tomb of Sir William +Boleyn of Blickling (d. 1505). + +Of the fourth bay eastward from tower on the south side (marked 9 on +plan), Sir Thomas Browne says: "On the north of the choir--_the +presbytery is meant_--between the two arches, next to Queen +Elizabeth's seat, were buried Sir Thomas Erpingham and his wives, the +Lady Joan, etc., whose pictures were in the painted glass windows next +to this place, with the arms of the Erpinghams. The insides of both the +pillars were painted in red colours, with divers figures and +inscriptions from the top almost to the bottom, which are now washed out +by the late whiting of the pillars.... There was a long brass +inscription about the tombstone, which was torn away in the late times, +the name of Erpingham only remaining." + +During the recent works, under this same spot was found a leaden coffin +enclosing human bones, which were possibly the remains of Sir Thomas +Erpingham. + +An amusing tale is told by Harrod of Roger Bigod's burial in the +cathedral. He was the founder of Thetford Priory, and died in 1107, +leaving directions that his body should be buried in his own monastery. +The prior of Thetford was much perplexed to hear that Bishop Herbert had +taken possession of the body, and had determined that it should be +interred with all the due solemnities at Norwich. Herbert was anxious to +secure for his own foundation so valuable a source of income as the +offerings and celebrations at the tomb of a pious man like Bigod; and no +doubt the prior was not actuated alone by love for his departed abbot. +The bishop won, and Roger Bigod was buried in the cathedral, possibly in +the same crypt which is supposed to contain the bones of Herbert +himself. + +#The North Transept#, like the south, is without aisles or triforium, +the wall space up to the clerestory level being decorated with wall +arcading, varying considerably in position and detail in each +compartment. The clerestory follows round from the nave, and overhead is +the later lierne vault. It was, together with the eastern arm of the +cathedral, closed for two and a half years, during which period the +whole of the lime-white and paint encrusting the stonework was flaked +off. The work, so far as we can understand, was really a restoration, +inasmuch as the original stonework was restored to view. The level of +the floor was made to correspond with that of the choir, and a raised +wooden floor with the benches thereon removed. The transepts were built +by Herbert, the first bishop and founder. Both originally had an apsidal +chapel on the eastern wall, but only that on the north arm remains, +and access to this now is not possible from the transept. Dedicated at +one time to St. Anne, it is now used as a store-house. + +[Illustration: The Choir Apse.] + +The vault was added by Bishop Nykke, and was necessitated by a fire in +1509, which consumed the wooden roofs of both transepts. During the +recent works the small arcading immediately under the line of the vault +was discovered walled up, the builders of the later vault in all +probability having done this, as in many cases the line of the vault +cuts over the arcading. This was opened up, and is distinctively +interesting in helping to reconstruct the original finish to the Norman +work under the roof. + +#The Tower and Triforium Walks#, to which access is gained by a +staircase in the east wall of north transept, are of much interest. In +the triforium the imposition of the later work on the Norman is clearly +noticeable, and the original Norman triple windows walled up with the +wall shafts which once supported the semi-arches of the triforium roof. +Some of the best views of the interior are to be gained from the +triforium and clerestory paths. + +#Interior of Tower.#--A continuation of the same staircase leads to the +clerestory, and from thence access is gained to the tower galleries. +Above the arches of the crossing there is a vaulted passage in the +thickness of the tower walls, with six arches pierced in the inner wall, +so that the parts of the interior can be seen from this walk. Above +occurs a smaller wall arcade, stopped before reaching the angle to admit +of large circular holes being deeply recessed in the walls; and above +this again another vaulted gallery, with three windows on either side, +pierced through the tower. In the lower of these walks openings occur +through the thickness of the walls into the presbytery, the nave, and +transepts, just under the vaults, and interestingly quaint peeps can be +gained through them. + +The #Processional Path#, or aisles to the presbytery, consists of four +bays to the north and south, with quadri-partite vaulting, with a +similar five following round the line of the apse. A door in the north +aisle leads out into the gardens of the bishop's palace, and from thence +the exterior of this part of the cathedral is best seen. + +Crossing the north aisle to the presbytery, at the fourth bay eastward +past the tower, marked F on plan, there occurs a curious bridge chapel +spanning the aisle, access thereto being gained by a newel staircase on +the north side. In our notes on the Presbytery, we have referred to the +uses assigned to this structure and its connection with the Easter +sepulchre. It formed the ante-chapel to the reliquary chapel projecting +northward from the outer wall of the cathedral; it probably was built as +a bridge so that relics and symbols might be exhibited thereon to +processions passing along underneath. It is decorated in character, and +the vault is constructed of chalk. The chapel above is decorated with +frescoes, the subjects of which are as follow:--In the western quarter +of the four-part vault, The Blessed Virgin between SS. Margaret and +Catherine; in the eastern, SS. Andrew, Peter, and Paul; in the northern, +SS. Martin, Nicholas, Richard; in the southern, SS. Edmund, Lawrence, +and a bishop; a figure of Christ occurs centrally. Copies of these +frescoes have been made in facsimile, and hang in the aisle and +consistory court. Passing through the small door in the north wall of +the north aisle before mentioned to the outside, the lines of the +reliquary chapel can be plainly seen, and also of another to the west; +the position of both these chapels is shown by dotted lines on the plan. + +[Illustration: Detail of the Clerestory, North Transept.] + +A coped coffin lid of Purbeck marble, now in the aisle of presbytery, +should be noticed; an inscribed brass once occupied the bevelled edge. + +[Illustration: The South Aisle of Presbytery, looking East.] + +#The Chapels.#--In the Norman cathedral, grouped round the east end of +the presbytery, was a trefoil of chapels; the one on the north, the +Jesus Chapel, yet remains, and as well its fellow on the south. The Lady +Chapel, or easternmost of the three (shown on plan by dotted lines) was +succeeded by an Early English building, which, in its turn, was +destroyed; the entrance arches, of beautiful proportion, alone +remaining. + +[Illustration: Norman Work in the Lantern of Tower.] + +#The Jesus Chapel# formerly belonged to the bishop. On plan its shape is +that of segments of circles joined, the altar placed in the smaller +part. A simple wall arcade runs round the lower half, the whole being +covered by a plain quadri-partite vault. The windows are insertions of +Perpendicular work, varied in character from the Norman work of the +chapel itself. The mural colouring is a restoration; it may be something +like the original, but the general effect is somewhat garish. + +[Illustration: The Ante-Reliquary Bridge Chapel.] + +The altar consists of a slab of grey Barnack-stone, with Purbeck +inlaid, the whole being supported on shafts. + +The tomb of Sir Thomas Wyndham, now in the north of nave, at one time +stood here, as also the pelican lectern now in the choir. + +In Britton, the chapel is shown divided off from the aisle by a stone +screen of Perpendicular character; this was removed, and used to form in +part the present screens dividing the ante-choir from the aisles. + +A room over the Jesus Chapel, once the plumbery, is now used as a +museum. + +The Entrance which led to the Lady Chapel is immediately behind the +apse, and takes the form of a double arch with clustered columns to the +jambs and central pier; the archivolt is deeply moulded and enriched +with the typical Early English "dog-tooth" ornament. In the spandrel +over the pier, and between the archivolts, is a quatrefoiled opening +fitting just under the line of the semi-circular Norman vault. The +arches, walled-in up to the impost level, are now filled with glass, as +well as the opening. The original circular Norman Lady Chapel was +destroyed in part by the fire of 1169; it was repaired by Bishop De +Turbe (1146-74), but it was not until the time of Walter de Suffield +(1245-57) that it was decided to pull it down and rebuild a chapel in +the style of the period--viz. Early English; it was this later building +that Dean Gardiner (1573-89) destroyed. + +Dean Goulburn, in his work on the cathedral, points out that it was the +_cultus_ of the Blessed Virgin, which gathered strength all over Europe +during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that led to the erection of +such sumptuous chapels as this thirteenth-century Lady Chapel of Norwich +must have been. When the theological reaction followed, they fell into +disuse and neglect, and their final ruin followed when it was found +cheaper to pull them down than keep them in repair. + +The beautiful proportion of the entrance arches still remaining, the +archivolt enriched with the "dog-tooth" moulding--the only example of +this particular ornament at Norwich--gives one an idea of what the +chapel may have been like. During the recent works of reparation in the +choir, pieces of stone were found with the "dog-tooth" built inwards: +evidently the stone from the pulled down chapel had been used by the +masons for the repair of the fabric. + +#St. Luke's Chapel#, on the south side of the apse corresponding with +the Jesus Chapel on the north, was formerly the chapel of the prior. It +is now used as the parish church of St. Mary in the Marsh. It has been +much restored, and the Decorated windows shown in Britton's view of the +east end of the cathedral were replaced early in the sixties, by what +the restorer would no doubt have called Norman. + +The coloured glass was inserted to the east window in 1868, the south +window in 1870, the west window in 1881. That in the east and south is +by Hardman, in the west by Clayton & Bell. The glass in the south window +forms a memorial to Adam Sedgwick, Professor of Geology at Cambridge, +and canon of the cathedral for many years. + +The room over the St. Luke's Chapel is used as the #Treasury and +Muniment Room#. + +#The Bauchon Chapel#--corrupted to Beauchamp--dedicated to St. +Mary-the-Less, projects to the south of the third bay of the presbytery +aisle past the tower, (marked B on plan). It was founded in the +fourteenth century and the vault added in the fifteenth century. Its +bosses represent the Life, Death, and Assumption of the Virgin. The +chapel is now used as the consistory court. The bishop's throne, erected +by Dean Lloyd late in the eighteenth century in the choir, has found a +resting-place here. + +A chapel, founded by Bishop Wakering, and which is said to have been +used as the chapter-house after the demolition of that structure, came +between the Bauchon Chapel and the east wall of the south transept. Its +exact position is, however, doubtful. Harrod, quoting Blomfield, speaks +of another chapel that was dedicated to St. Osyth, and which was paved +in 1398. + +[Illustration: Doorway and Screen between South Transept and Aisle of +Presbytery.] + +#The South Transept.#--The screen and doorway filling the Norman arch +between the south aisle of presbytery and the south transept should be +noticed; it is an interesting piece of work of late Perpendicular +design. There is a tradition that the Puritans disliked especially any +tracery that took the form of this piece of screen work, calling windows +in which it occurred "wicked windows." The intersection of the lines of +the tracery made the monogram of the Blessed Virgin; and the fanatics +destroyed such work wherever noticed. The tale is interesting, though we +cannot vouch for its truth. + +[Illustration: View across the Apse from the Chapel of St. Luke.] + +At the time the whitewash and paint covering the south transept was +cleaned off a range of small arcading was discovered immediately under +the line of the vault, as in the north transept, walled-up evidently +when the vault was added. + +The south transept had in Norman times a circular chapel projecting +eastward similar to that remaining to the north transept. This was +replaced by a later sacristy during the fifteenth century, and the line +of this roof can be seen from the outside. + +Across the south end there was formerly a stone screen built by Bishop +Lyhart (1446-72) communicating with the vestry on the east side, and on +the west with the staircase to rooms above the east walk of cloisters. +These rooms, as we have before noted, were in all probability the +dormitories of the monks, placed that they might so conveniently gain +access to the cathedral for the services. + +On the top of Lyhart's screen came a clock; there are records in the +sacrists' rolls of materials used in the construction of an earlier +clock that was made between 1322-25--of two hundred pieces of Caen stone +and ten of "Gobetz" used to make a base, and that for making thirty +images to represent the days of the month, no less than 47s. 4d. was +paid. + +The vault was added by Bishop Nykke at the same time as that to the +north transept; the carved bosses representing the early history of +Christ--the Presentation, Baptism, etc. The painted glass window on the +east side, the subject of which is the Ascension (after Raphael), was +erected by the widow of Dean Lloyd about a century since. Speaking of +its original position in the triforium of the presbytery, Britton says +"it disfigures, rather than ornaments, its station"; it can safely be +added that it fulfils the same purpose still. + +#Monuments.#--Chantrey's statue of Bishop Bathhurst (d. 1837), +originally in the presbytery, has been placed here in the south +transept. The west wall has a memorial to the men and officers of the +9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot who fell in China and Japan. + +The east wall has a similar tablet to those of the same regiment who +fell in Afghanistan, 1842. A monument, originally on the west wall, to +Bishop Scambler (1585-95), has been removed to the south aisle of nave. + +The county of Norfolk is peculiarly rich in painted screens of the +fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; and it would have been strange +indeed if no specimen of their work had been preserved in the cathedral. +Fortunately, a superb #retable# in five panels, representing scenes in +the Passion of our Lord was discovered by Professor Willis in 1847, and +is now preserved in the aisle outside the Jesus Chapel. + +This was formerly an altar-piece to the Jesus Chapel, and was preserved +by the happy accident of its admirable carpentry having saved it for the +purposes of a table. It appears to have been the work of an Italian +artist of about 1370 A.D., and is executed in a kind of _gesso_ work. +The size is now 7 ft. 51/2 ins. x 2 ft. 4 ins.; but it was formerly +surrounded by an ornamented frame, of which portions remain on three +sides. The subjects represented are--from the left--The Scourging, +Bearing the Cross, the Crucifixion, the Resurrection, and the +Ascension.[1] + + [Footnote 1: Royal Arch. Institute: Norwich volume, p. 198.] + +Traces of other decorative painting have also been discovered in the +Sacrist's Room, St. Luke's and the Jesus Chapels, the choir aisles, and +other places. + +[Illustration: The Resurrection: from the Painted Retable formerly in +the Jesus Chapel.] + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE SEES OF THE EAST ANGLIAN BISHOPS + + +Herbert, surnamed de Losinga, transferred the see from Thetford to +Norwich in 1094, and it is from this period that the history of the +cathedral may be said to commence; but, to understand rightly the +history of the diocese, we must go back some four centuries and a half +to that earlier period when Redwald, king of the East Angles, was first +converted to Christianity while paying a visit to the court of Ethelbert +in Kent. He, however, proved but a weak disciple, and on being urged by +his wife to be true to the old gods, he tried to effect a compromise and +worship Jehovah and Baal. + +He was succeeded by his son Eorpwald, who was converted by missionaries +sent by Edwin king of Northumbria. His reign, however, was short, and at +his death the people again relapsed into heathenism. + +Christianity was finally established among the East Angles by Sigeberht, +Eorpwald's brother, and it was due to him and through his influence that +Felix, a missionary from Burgundy, was enabled to fix his see at +Dunwich, A.D. 630. + +#Felix# (630-47) must needs have been a man strong in his Faith; he +christianised the whole of that district which now includes Norfolk, +Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. He died on the 8th of March, and was +canonized after death. Felixstowe, where he is said to have founded +schools, keeps his memory green in the East Country; but Dunwich, where +he fixed his see, has long since been covered by the encroaching waves. + +Sigeberht resigned the crown to his kinsman Egric, and had entered a +monastery to finish his days in peace. But the kingdom was invaded by +the Mercians under Penda, and the peaceful old king was compelled to +appear in the field to give heart and courage to the East Angles. He, +however, declined to employ carnal weapons, and went out against his +enemies armed with nothing more formidable than a wand. He was killed +in the ensuing engagement, and his successor, Egric, shared the same +fate. + +The administration of the two successors to Felix lasted twenty-two +years, from A.D. 647-69. The East Anglian see was then divided by +Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, into two separate administrations, +#Acci#, the fourth successor to Felix, taking Dunwich, while #Beadwin# +was consecrated to the see of Elham. + +From this date there were two lines of East Anglian Bishops; ten +diocesans followed after Acci at Dunwich, and nine after Beadwin at +Elmham. + +#St. Humbert# (828-78) was the last of the Bishops of Elmham; he crowned +St. Edmund king of the East Angles, and both were murdered by the Danes +under Hinguar in 870. + +After Humbert's death the two sees were again united under #Wildred#, +who at this time was Bishop of Dunwich; he, however, preferred Humbert's +see at Elham, and removed there, and so the bishopric of Dunwich became +extinct. + +During the next two hundred years (870-1070), there were thirteen +bishops of Elmham, and then Elmham shared a similar fate to Dunwich, and +the see was moved to Thetford by #Herfast#, a chaplain of William the +Conqueror. William of Malmesbury records that Herfast had decided to go +down to posterity as a man _who had done something_, and fixed on this +removal as an easy solution of the difficulty. + +#William Galsagus# (1086-91) or de Beaufeu succeeded Herfast, and he in +turn was succeeded by Herbert de Losinga, who became first Bishop of +Norwich. + +The history of #Herbert's# episcopate (1091-1119) is the history of the +causes which effected the building of Norwich Cathedral, and, although +given previously in the history of the fabric, must needs be briefly +recapitulated here. Herbert, if not of Norman birth, had received his +education in Normandy and was Prior of Fecamp--where he had first taken +his vows--when offered by William Rufus the appointment of Abbot of +Ramsey. The see of Thetford fell vacant, and Herbert procured his own +appointment from the Red King in consideration of a sum of L1900 which +he paid into the royal treasury. The remorse which followed on this sin +of simony compelled him to go to Rome and seek the consolation and +forgiveness of Pope Urban. This was in 1094. He returned, and as +expiation for his sin founded the Priory of Norwich, the first stone of +which was laid in 1096, the see being removed from Thetford in +accordance with the decree of Lanfranc's Synod, held in 1075, that all +bishops should fix their sees in the principal town in their dioceses. + +In cathedral monasteries the bishop, who was elected by the monks, +appears to have represented the abbot and took precedence of the prior. +Before Herbert's time, the chapter was composed of secular canons and +not monks. + +Herbert, in 1101, placed sixty monks at Norwich, and it may be of +interest to quote from Taylor's "_Index Monasticus_" the establishment +of the monastery from Herbert's time up to the dissolution in 1538-- + + The Bishop representing the Chaplains. + Abbot. Precentor or chanter. + The Lord Prior. Sub-chanter. + The Sub-Prior. Infirmarer. + 60 Monks. Choristers. + Sacrist. Keeper of the Shrines. + Sub-sacrist. Lay Officers. + Cellarer or bursar. Butlers. + Camerarius or chamberlain. Granarii. + Almoner. Hostilarii. + Refectorer. Carcerarius or gaoler. + Pittancier. + +Archbishop Anselm had refused to acknowledge that the king had the right +to exercise a suzerainty over the Church, and declined to consent to lay +investitures. An embassy was sent to Rome, and Herbert, who went there a +second time about 1116, represented the king. It, however, was in no way +satisfactory; the Pope did not want to offend the king, and he wished to +retain to himself the right of investiture, so, while congratulating the +Archbishop's representatives, he sympathised also with those of the +king. The exertion told on Herbert, and at Placentia, on the return +journey, he fell sick, and stopped there until he became sufficiently +convalescent to journey by short and easy stages to his own cathedral +city. He lived to complete much important business, but his days of +administration were drawing to a close. He had been Prior of Fecamp, +Abbot of Ramsey, Sewer to William Rufus, had governed the East Anglian +bishopric first from the episcopal see at Thetford, had transferred it +to Norwich, and founded the Cathedral Priory, and if this were not +sufficient, he founded and endowed many other churches and monasteries +in the East Country. His repentance had been sincere, and in one of his +letters he refers to "my past life, which, alas! is darkened by many +foul sins." Dean Goulburn credits him with a third journey to Rome, and +says that it was at Placentia, on the outward journey, that he +contracted so grievous a sickness that he "lay ten successive days +without taking food and without uttering a word"; in fact, never +reaching Rome, but waiting for and rejoining his brother ambassadors on +their return. This journey was undertaken with the view of adjusting the +differences that had arisen between the new Primates, Ralph and +Thurston. The embassy was not successful, the Pope declining to commit +himself to any but the most general statements. + +One of the last public acts of Herbert's life was to attend the funeral +of Queen Matilda on May-day, 1118. He died on the 22nd of July 1119 in +the twenty-seventh year of his episcopate, and was buried before the +high altar of his cathedral church. + +#Eborard# (1121-1145), who succeeded Herbert, a son by second marriage +of Roger de Montgomery, first Earl of Arundel, was consecrated in 1121. + +During his episcopate Eborard had parted with the towns of Blickling and +Cressingham, which pertained to his see, to two of the more powerful +barons, in the hope of securing the rest of the episcopal property, and +possibly with the idea of regaining possession of the same when the +troubled times should have passed. + +He was deposed in 1145, and it may possibly be that he had favoured the +cause of Maude in the civil wars of the period, and that it was Stephen +who compelled him to relinquish his see and spend the rest of his life +in exile. He had in 1139 laid the foundation of an abbey at Fontenay, in +the south of France, and thither he repaired. He died in 1149. + +His successor, #William de Turbe# (1146-1174), was elected to the see, +and in the year 1146 was consecrated at Canterbury by Archbishop +Theobald. + +In 1168, Becket had written to De Turbe from Vezelay, a town on the +borders of Burgundy and Nivernois, and ordered him, by the Pope's +authority, to publicly excommunicate Hugh Bigot, Earl of Norfolk. He had +robbed the Priory of Pentnay, in Norfolk, of some of its possessions. De +Turbe obeyed, notwithstanding the fact that the king had sent officers +to prohibit him from so doing. An absolution was obtained from the Pope, +but the king was so far incensed that De Turbe considered it advisable +to rest in sanctuary at Norwich until the following year, 1169, when he +received the royal pardon. + +[Illustration: Norwich Castle.] + +Bishop William de Turbe died 17th January 1174, and was buried in the +cathedral choir, on the left side of the founder. + +#John of Oxford# (1175-1200) was consecrated at Lambeth by Richard, +Archbishop of Canterbury, December 14, 1175; he was clerk or royal +chaplain to the king. He had presided over the council of Clarendon, the +constitutions of which defined the king's prerogatives in regard to the +Church, and chiefly with regard to the question of trying clerks charged +with crimes in the civil courts. He was despatched to Rome on an embassy +to the Pope, Alexander III., and on its failure was sent by Henry to +the Diet at Wurzburg; the king, not having been supported by Alexander, +determined to uphold his opponent, and as well he, in direct opposition +to the Pope, made John of Oxford Dean of Salisbury, with the result that +the future Bishop of Norwich incurred the penalty of excommunication by +Becket from Vezelay, "for having fallen into a damnable heresy in taking +a sacrilegious oath to the emperor, for having communicated with the +schismatic of Cologne, and for having usurped to himself the deanery of +the church of Salisbury." + +The dispute was referred to the Pope at Sens, where John of Oxford, with +his fellow-ambassador, Gilbert Foliot, Bishop of London, repaired; John +of Oxford was rebuked by the Pontiff for his misconduct, but +diplomatically managed to effect his end and retain his deanery. Henry +had met Becket at Chaumont, through the mediation of the Archbishop of +Sens, and, the quarrel being patched up, John of Oxford was sent to +escort him to England. He landed, December 1, at Sandwich, in the year +1170, and within the month was murdered at Canterbury. + +In 1175, the incursion of William of Scotland was checked, and the king +himself taken prisoner by Ranulph de Glanville. John of Oxford and +others were commissioned to settle terms of peace; and they executed the +treaty of Falaice, afterwards ratified by King Henry at York, by which +the Scottish king and his barons were under the necessity of doing +homage for their possessions. John of Oxford, who had rendered good +service to his sovereign, was rewarded by promotion to the vacant see of +Norwich; and during his episcopate sent by the king on an embassy to +William, King of Sicily, to convey his majesty's consent to the marriage +of his daughter Joan with that monarch. + +An important step in the administration of justice was taken during this +reign--the king divided the country into six circuits, to which certain +prelates and nobles were to be sent at certain times to hear suits and +save litigants the trouble of attending the king's court at Westminster. +John of Oxford was one of a company of five to whom was given +jurisdiction over a portion of the country, from Norwich down to Sussex, +and from Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire eastward to the coast. + +On the 9th of July 1189, King Henry died, and was succeeded by his third +son, Richard: John of Oxford assisting at the coronation. Richard had +no sooner been crowned than he led the crusade to the Holy Land, which +had been preparing in Henry's time, and John of Oxford was forced to +proceed to the Pope to ask for his absolution of the oath he had taken +to follow the Cross, on account of his old age and infirmity. This +request being granted, for which he had to pay 10,000 marks, he returned +to England. + +The last public act of John of Oxford--who was one of the most +remarkable men who have held the see of Norwich--was most probably his +attendance at the coronation of King John. He died June 2, 1200. + +#John de Grey# (1200-1214) was elected by the monks, and his election +being confirmed by King John, he was consecrated by Hubert, Archbishop +of Canterbury. It was during his episcopate, and through the quarrel +between King John and the Pope, that the power of the latter was at +length firmly established--a supremacy that was unquestioned until the +sixteenth century. + +The metropolitan see of Canterbury fell vacant in 1205; the sub-prior, +who was surreptitiously elected by the monks, and unknown to the king, +travelled to Rome for the Pope's sanction of his appointment. When the +king became aware of this he was enraged, and despatched an embassy +upholding his nominee, John de Grey. The Pope pleased neither party, and +named Stephen Langton as Hubert's successor. The Pope, Innocent, sent +two legates, of whom Pandulph was one, in 1211 to England, and on John +declining to recognise the Papal claims, he was deposed, and his crown +offered to the French king Philip. + +The country had been placed under an interdict, and most of the bishops +had left the country. John de Grey remained faithful to the king, and +actually invaded France with a small force to attack the invading +Philip, but soon was forced to retreat. In the end, John submitted, +resigned his crown, which was restored to him, and was compelled to pay +to the Church as damages 40,000 marks. John de Grey, who had been sent +to Rome to arrange this, died on the return journey at S. Jean d'Angelo, +near Poictiers, 18th October 1214. + +#Pandulph Masca# (1222-1226) was consecrated Bishop of Norwich by +Honorius, 29th May 1222. He is supposed to have been a member of a noble +Pisan family, and in 1211 had been sent by Pope Innocent to humble King +John, which he successfully did. He was again employed as Papal Legate +during the young King Henry II.'s minority, and died in Italy, 16th +September 1226, having played a prominent part as politician and +mediator. + +#Thomas de Blunville# (1226-1236), the nephew of Hubert de Burgh, Lord +Chief-Justice of England, was consecrated in St. Catherine's Chapel at +Westminster by Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury. He died in 1236, and +was succeeded by #Ralph de Norwich#, of whom but little is known; and is +even supposed to have died before his consecration. + +#William de Ralegh# was consecrated on the 25th September 1239 at St. +Paul's by Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury. He had been a chaplain +of King Henry, and having received the education of a lawyer, from +1224-35 he visited various parts of the kingdom as a justiciary. On the +death of Peter de Rupibus he was elected to the see at Winchester by the +monks, in direct defiance of the king. The Pope's intervention in the +end secured him his see. He died at Tours in 1250. + +#Walter de Suffield# (1245-57) was elected bishop by the monks after +Ralegh's translation. He chiefly busied himself in building and +beautifying the cathedral, and there is no record that he took any +prominent part in politics. He superintended a general inquisition +(known as the Norwich taxation) into the value of the Church revenues +throughout the whole of England. He died May 18, 1257, during a visit to +Colchester. + +#Simon de Walton# (1258-66) was consecrated by Boniface, Archbishop of +Canterbury, on March 10, 1258. He held (in 1246) the office of +justice-itinerant. Of his administration little is known. He was past +seventy when he assumed the charge of the diocese. The barons under De +Montfort had beaten the king's army at Lewes, in 1264, and in 1266, from +their encampment in the Isle of Ely, attacked and sacked the city. Simon +de Walton died January 2, 1266. + +#Roger de Skerming# (1266-78) was elected by the monks, and was +consecrated by Geoffrey Rages in St. Paul's Cathedral in April 1266. It +was during his episcopate that the disturbance occurred between the +monks and citizens over the annual fair held on Trinity Sunday, in +Tombland. He died January 2, 1278. + +[Illustration: The Guildhall.] + +#William de Middleton# (1278-88) was consecrated at Lambeth by the +Archbishop of Canterbury on May 29, 1278, and was enthroned, and the +Cathedral re-dedicated after the sacrilege and fire, on Advent Sunday, +1278, when Edward I. and his queen were present. He was appointed a +guardian of the realm, 1279, during the king's absence in France; +Archdeacon of Canterbury in 1276; and also steward of Bordeaux. He died +September 1, 1288, at Terling, in Essex, and his remains were carried in +state to Norwich, and there buried in the Lady Chapel. + +#Ralph de Walpole# (1289-99) was of Norfolk extraction, and an +archdeacon of Ely. He was consecrated to the see on Mid-lent Sunday, +1289, at Canterbury, by John Peckham archbishop. His election, however, +was displeasing to the diocese. He was translated to Ely in 1299. + +#John Salmon# (1299-1325), prior of Ely, had been elected bishop by the +monks, but was appointed to the see at Norwich at the same time that +Walpole was translated to Ely. He was consecrated by Archbishop +Winchelsey October 3, at Canterbury, and was one of the envoys sent to +the Court of Philip the Fair King of France, to arrange the marriage of +the young king Edward II. (1307). He was appointed chancellor of the +realm in 1320. He also went to France again in 1325; and it was on his +return that he died July 6, 1325. + +#William de Ayerminne# (1325-36) was elected to the see by papal bull in +1325, and this overruled the election by the monks of Robert de Baldock. +Ayerminne was consecrated to the see September 15, 1325. He had held a +prebendal stall at St. Paul's in 1313 and in the next year at Lincoln. +In 1324 he was sent as ambassador to Robert Bruce to treat for peace. He +died at Charing, March 27, 1336; and was buried in the cathedral before +the high altar. He appears to have been cunning and crafty, and not +above changing his political views when occasion demanded. + +#Anthony de Beck# (1337-43) was nominated by the Pope, the monks having +chosen Thomas de Hemenhale, who however, went to Worcester. Both were +consecrated to their respective dioceses by the Pope at Avignon March +30, 1337. He had been Dean of Lincoln. In 1342 he resisted the +Archbishop Stratford's visitation; this must have been a foretaste to +the monks of his imperious temper. In 1343 he was poisoned by his own +servants. + +#William Bateman# (1344-54), of a Norwich family, had been archdeacon of +Norwich, chaplain to the Pope, and dean of Lincoln. He was consecrated +by the Pope at Avignon, 23rd May 1344. During his episcopate in (Edward +III.'s reign) 1349, Norwich was visited by "Black Death"; over 51,000 +are supposed to have fallen victims to the dread plague. He founded +Trinity Hall at Cambridge, 1350; was sent to Rome on an embassy there. +He died January 6, 1354. He was buried at the church of St. Mary of +Avignon. + +#Thomas Percy# (1355-69), brother of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, +against the wishes of the monks, was elected to the see. He was +consecrated January 3, 1355, at Waverly, in Surrey, by the Bishops of +Winchester, Sarum, and Chichester. The nobility at this time were +securing church preferments for their families to keep pace with the +formation of the professions and general advance of learning. He died +August 8, 1369, and was buried in the cathedral, before the rood loft. + +#Henry le Dispencer# (1370-1406) was consecrated at Rome, 21st April +1370. He was hated by the monks, who had no share in his election. He +was of martial feeling, and took a prominent part in quelling the local +disturbance incident on Wat Tyler's rebellion, 1381. He was employed by +Urban VI. against his rival, Pope Clement VII.; was arrested for treason +in 1399, and pardoned by Henry IV. He died 1406. + +#Alexander de Totington# (1407-13), prior of Norwich, was elected by the +monks in September 1406. This election found no favour at the Court, and +he was imprisoned at Windsor for nearly a year. He was then released, +and consecrated at Gloucester by the Archbishop October 23, 1407. He +died April 28, 1413, and was buried in the Lady Chapel. + +#Richard Courtenay# (1412-15) was nominated by Henry V., and consecrated +by the Archbishop at Windsor 17th September 1413. He was Chancellor of +the University of Oxford in 1407-11-13. He died at Harfleur in 1415, +while on attendance to the king during the siege of that town. His body +was brought to England, and buried in Westminster Abbey. + +#John Wakering# (1416-25), who was elected by the monks, had become +keeper of the privy seal in 1415. He was consecrated at St. Paul's by +the Archbishop May 31, 1416. He persecuted the Lollards strongly, and +during his episcopate many were burned at the stake. Yet his character +apparently was far from being harsh. He died at Thorpe in 1435, and was +buried in the presbytery. + +#Alnwick# (1426-36) was confessor to Henry VI., and in 1420 archdeacon +of Salisbury. He was appointed by a papal bull, and consecrated August +18, 1426. He was translated by papal bull in 1436 to Lincoln. + +#Thomas Browne's# (1436-45) appointment was contained in the same bull +that translated Alnwick. He had been previously Dean of Salisbury in +1431, and Bishop of Rochester in 1435. During his episcopate the +citizens again laid the priory under siege over a question of dues due +to them, and the liberties of the city were, as a consequence, seized by +the king. Browne died in 1445, and was buried in the nave, in the front +and to the west side of rood. + +#Walter Lyhart# (1446-72) was nominated by the Pope, and consecrated +February 1446, at Lambeth, by the Archbishop Stafford. He had been +confessor to Henry VI.'s wife, Margaret of Anjou. He died May 17, 1472. + +#James Goldwell# (1472-99) had been ambassador of Edward IV. at Rome. He +was nominated by the Pope, and consecrated at Rome, October 4, 1472. He +died February 15, 1499. + +#Thomas Jane# (1499-1500) had been Canon of Windsor and Dean of Chapel +Royal in 1497; was consecrated on October 20, 1499. He died in September +1500. + +#Richard Nykke# was consecrated in 1501. He was of infamous character, +and no doubt stimulated the zeal of the reformers, who may well have +contended that the Church which had such prelates surely needed +reformation. He persecuted those opposed to him, and burned many at the +stake. He was imprisoned in 1535, for appealing to Rome touching the +king's prerogative. He died January 14, 1536. + +#William Rugg# (1536-50) was the last Bishop of Norwich before the +dissolution of the monasteries. Wolsey's downfall had occurred in 1529, +and in 1536 the smaller monasteries were dissolved, and in 1538 the +larger ones shared the same fate, Norwich being among the number, the +last prior, #William Castleton#, becoming dean. William Rugg resigned +the see in 1550. + +[Illustration: Monument of Bishop Goldwell.] + +On the foundation of the cathedral after the Dissolution the +establishment was as follows:-- + + One dean. Six poor men or bedesmen. + Six prebendaries. One sacrist. + Six minor canons. Two sub-sacrists. + One deacon reader of the Gospel. One beadle of the poor men. + One deacon reader of the Epistle. One high steward. + Eight lay clerks to be expert in singing. And clerks, porters, + One organist, eight choristers. auditors, and a coroner. + One precentor. + +And such constitution, with but few changes, has held down to this day, +the prebendaries have become resident canons, and the precentor is also +a minor canon. + +#Thomas Thirley# (1550-54) owed his preferment to Norwich from +Westminster to Edward VI. Queen Mary, in September 1554, promoted him to +Ely. He was the first and only bishop Westminster has had. + +#John Hopton# (1554-58) was chaplain to Queen Mary, and aided in the +persecution of the Protestants. + +#John Parkhurst# (1560-75) is credited with having "beautified and +repaired" the bishop's palace. + +#Edmund Freke# (1575-78) was translated from Rochester, and again to +Worcester in 1578. + +#Edmund Scambler# (1585-94) was translated to Norwich from Peterborough. + +#William Redman# (1594-1602). + +#John Jegon# (1602-1617) was master of Benedict College for twelve +years. + +#John Overall# (1618-19) was translated from Lichfield and Coventry; he +enjoyed the reputation of being the "best scholastic divine in the +English nation." + +#Samuel Harsnet# (1619-28); translated to York in 1628. + +#Francis White# (1628-31); translated to Ely in 1631. + +#Richard Corbet# (1632) was translated from Oxford. Of him it was said +"he was a distinguished wit in an age of wits, and a liberal man amongst +a race of intolerant partisans." + +#Matthew Wren# (1635-38); translated to Ely in 1638. + +#Richard Montague# (1638-41); translated from Chichester. + +#Joseph Hall# (1641-56); translated from Exeter. We have quoted in the +notes on nave from his "Hard Measure." + +#Edward Reynolds# (1661-76). + +#Antony Sparrow# (1676-85); translated from Exeter. He was the author of +a "Rationale upon the Book of Common Prayer," 1657. + +#William Lloyd #(1685-91); translated from Llandaff to Peterborough, and +from thence to Norwich. He was deposed in 1690 for refusing to take the +oath of allegiance to William III. + +#John Moore# (1691-1707); translated to Ely in 1707. + +#Charles Trimmell# (1708-1721); translated to Winchester in 1721. + +#Thomas Green# (1721-23); translated to Ely 1723. + +#John Lang# (1723-27). + +#William Baker# (1727-32); translated from Bangor. + +#Robert Butts# (1733-38); translated to Ely 1738. + +#Sir Thomas Gooch, Bart.# (1738-48); translated from Bristol. + +#Samuel Lisle# (1748-49); translated from St. Asaph. + +#Thomas Hayter# (1749-61); translated to London in 1761. + +#Philip Yonge# (1761-83); translated from Bristol. + +#Lewis Bagot# (1783-90); translated from Bristol. + +#George Horne# (1791-92). + +#Charles Manners Sutton# (1792-1805); translated to Canterbury in 1805. + +#Henry Bathurst# (1805-37). + +#Edward Stanley# (1837-49), father of the late Dean of Westminster. + +#Samuel Hinds# (1849-57). + +#John Thomas Pelham# (1857-93). + +#J. Sheepshanks# (1893). + +[Illustration: The Pelican Lectern in the Choir.] + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE CITY + + +The visitor to this ancient city will by no means wish to confine his +attention to the Cathedral and its precincts; but the space at our +disposal will not permit more than a list of other monuments which are +worthy of attention. Among these the #Castle# naturally comes first. +Occupying the site of a very ancient--probably British--stronghold, the +first building was erected in early Norman times. For many years it was +the principal fortress of the Bigods, Earls of Norfolk, and under them +experienced many vicissitudes of fortune at the hands of both Flemings +and French. The last event of importance connected with it was the +hanging of Kett in 1549. The keep is in dimensions 96 x 92 feet, its +height being 72 feet (see p. 99). + +The #Guildhall# contains many interesting relics of the civil life of +Norwich during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including those +of the famous Guild of S. George, established in 1385 and dissolved in +1731 (see p. 103). + +#St. Andrew's Hall#, a fifteenth-century building, was formerly the nave +of the Church of the Blackfriars. It contains some good pictures of the +English School. + +Among the Churches, that of St. Peter, Mancroft (fifteenth century), +is well worth a visit. Its tower, 98 feet in height, contains one of the +most famous peals of bells in England, and has always been the +headquarters of a notable band of change-ringers. Of the others, St. +Gregory, Pottergate, has some interesting antiquities; St. Giles', St. +Helen's, and St. John the Baptist are all of importance: the latter has +some good mural painting and monumental brasses, which should also be +examined. St. Michael's, Coslaney, is a well-known type of the Norfolk +flint construction. + +At #Pull's Ferry# the water-gate to the precincts is still standing. It +is an interesting piece of flint work. The ferry itself, of which a view +is given here, is a favourite sketching place. + +[Illustration: Pull's Ferry.] + +THE END + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: PLAN OF THE CATHEDRAL.] + + +REFERENCES TO PLAN. + +A. Dean's Vestry. +B. The Chapel of St. Mary-the-Less. +C. The Chapel of St. Luke. +D. The Jesus Chapel. +E. Bishop Nykke's Chapel. +F. The Ante-Reliquary Chapel. +G. The High Altar. +H. Site of destroyed Chapter-House. +J. The Locutory, now used as the Choir School. +Y. A Main Pier in Nave. +Z. A Subsidiary Pier in Nave. + + * * * * * + +1. Altar Tomb of Sir Thomas Wyndham. +2. " " Sir John Hobart. +3. Tomb of Chancellor Spencer. +4. Altar Tomb of Bishop Parkhurst (1560-74). +5. Door in the East Walk of Cloisters. +6. Door once leading to Refectory. +7. The Monks' Lavatories. +8. Door once leading to the Guest Hall. +9. The Easter Sepulchre and Burial-place of Sir Thomas Erpingham. +10. Bishop Goldwell's Chantry. +11. The Altar Tomb of Sir William Boleyn of Blickling (_d._ 1505). + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +1. Words and phrases which were italicized in the original have been + surrounded by underscores ('_') in this version. Words or phrases + which were bolded have been surrounded by pound signs ('#'). + +2. Obvious printer's errors have been corrected without note. + +3. Inconsistencies in hyphenation and the spelling of proper names, + dialect, and obsolete word spelling have been maintained as in the + original. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral +Church of Norwich, by C. H. B. 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