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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of History Of The Britons, by Nennius
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+History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) by Nennius
+
+Translated by J. A. Giles
+
+November, 1999  [Etext #1972]
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Etext of History Of The Britons, by Nennius
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+This Etext prepared by Bert Olton
+artorius@redsuspenders.com
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+
+
+
+History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) by Nennius
+
+Translated by J. A. Giles
+
+
+
+
+I. The Prologue.
+
+
+
+1. Nennius, the lowly minister and servant of the servants of
+God, by the grace of God, disciple of St. Elbotus,* to all the
+followers of truth sendeth health.
+* Or Elvod, bishop of Bangor, A.D. 755, who first adopted in the
+Cambrian church the new cycle for regulating Easter.
+
+Be it known to your charity, that being dull in intellect and
+rude of speech, I have presumed to deliver these things in the
+Latin tongue, not trusting to my own learning, which is little
+or none at all, but partly from traditions of our ancestors,
+partly from writings and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of
+Britain, partly from the annals of the Romans, and the chronicles
+of the sacred fathers, Isidore, Hieronymus, Prosper, Eusebius,
+and from the histories of the Scots and Saxons, although our
+enemies, not following my own inclinations, but, to the best of
+my ability, obeying the commands of my seniors; I have lispingly
+put together this history from various sources, and have endeavored,
+from shame, to deliver down to posterity the few remaining ears of
+corn about past transactions, that they might not be trodden under
+foot, seeing that an ample crop has been snatched away already by
+the hostile reapers of foreign nations.  For many things have been
+in my way, and I, to this day, have hardly been able to understand,
+even superficially, as was necessary, the sayings of other men;
+much less was I able in my own strength, but like a barbarian,
+have I murdered and defiled the language of others.  But I bore
+about with me an inward wound, and I was indignant, that the name
+of my own people, formerly famous and distinguished, should sink
+into oblivion, and like smoke be dissipated.  But since, however,
+I had rather myself be the historian of the Britons than nobody,
+although so many are to be found who might much more satisfactorily
+discharge the labour thus imposed on me; I humbly entreat my
+readers, whose ears I may offend by the inelegance of my words,
+that they will fulfil the wish of my seniors, and grant me the easy
+task of listening with candour to my history.  For zealous efforts
+very often fail: but bold enthusiasm, were it in its power, would
+not suffer me to fail.  May, therefore, candour be shown where
+the inelegance of my words is insufficient, and may the truth of
+this history, which my rustic tongue has ventured, as a kind of
+plough, to trace out in furrows, lose none of its influence from
+that cause, in the ears of my hearers.  For it is better to drink
+a wholesome draught of truth from the humble vessel, than poison
+mixed with honey from a golden goblet.
+
+2. And do not be loath, diligent reader, to winnow my chaff, and
+lay up the wheat in the storehouse of your memory: for truth regards
+not who is the speaker, nor in what manner it is spoken, but that
+the thing be true; and she does not despise the jewel which she has
+rescued from the mud, but she adds it to her former treasures.
+
+For I yield to those who are greater and more eloquent than myself,
+who, kindled with generous ardour, have endeavoured by Roman
+eloquence to smooth the jarring elements of their tongue, if they
+have left unshaken any pillar of history which I wished to see
+remain.  This history therefore has been compiled from a wish to
+benefit my inferiors, not from envy of those who are superior to
+me, in the 858th year of our Lord's incarnation, and in the 24th
+year of Mervin, king of the Britons, and I hope that the prayers
+of my betters will be offered up for me in recompence of my labour.
+But this is sufficient by way of preface.  I shall obediently
+accomplish the rest to the utmost of my power.
+
+
+
+
+II. The Apology of Nennius
+
+
+
+Here begins the apology of Nennius, the historiographer of the
+Britons, of the race of the Britons.
+
+3. I, Nennius, disciple of St. Elbotus, have endeavoured to write
+some extracts which the dulness of the British nation had cast away,
+because teachers had no knowledge, nor gave any information in
+their books about this island of Britain.  But I have got together
+all that I could find as well from the annals of the Romans as from
+the chronicles of the sacred fathers, Hieronymus, Eusebius, Isidorus,
+Prosper, and from the annals of the Scots and Saxons, and from
+our ancient traditions.  Many teachers and scribes have attempted
+to write this, but somehow or other have abandoned it from its
+difficulty, either on account of frequent deaths, or the often
+recurring calamities of war.  I pray that every reader who shall
+read this book, may pardon me, for having attempted, like a
+chattering jay, or like some weak witness, to write these things,
+after they had failed.  I yield to him who knows more of these
+things than I do.
+
+
+
+
+III. The History.
+
+
+
+4, 5.  From Adam to the flood, are two thousand and forty-two
+years.  From the flood of Abraham, nine hundred and forty-two.
+>From Abraham to Moses, six hundred.*  From Moses to Solomon, and
+the first building of the temple, four hundred and forty-eight.
+>From Solomon to the rebuilding of the temple, which was under
+Darius, king of the Persians, six hundred and twelve years are
+computed.  From Darius to the ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ,
+and to the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five hundred
+and forty-eight years.  So that from Adam to the ministry of 
+Christ and the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five
+thousand two hundred and twenty-eight years.  From the passion of
+Christ are completed nine hundred and forty-six; from his incarnation,
+nine hundred and seventy-six: being the fifth year of Edmund, king
+of the Angles.
+* And forty, according to Stevenson's new edition.  The rest of
+this chronology is much contracted in several of the manuscripts,
+and hardly two of them contain it exactly the same.
+
+6. The first age of the world is from Adam to Noah; the second
+from Noah to Abraham; the third from Abraham to David; the fourth
+from David to Daniel; the fifth to John the Baptist; the sixth
+from John to the judgment, when our Lord Jesus Christ will come
+to judge the living and the dead, and the world by fire.
+
+The first Julius.  The second Claudius.  The third Severus.  The
+fourth Carinus.  The fifth Constantius.  The sixth Maximus.  The
+seventh Maximianus.  The eighth another Severus Aequantius.  The
+ninth Constantius.*
+* This list of the Roman emperors who visited Britain, is omitted
+in many of the MSS.
+
+Here beginneth the history of the Britons, edited by Mark the
+anchorite, a holy bishop of that people.
+
+7. The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a Roman
+consul.  Taken from the south-west point it inclines a little
+towards the west, and to its northern extremity measures eight
+hundred miles, and is in breadth two hundred.  It contains thirty
+three cities,[1] viz.
+
+1. Cair ebrauc (York).
+2. Cair ceint (Canterbury).
+3. Cair gurcoc (Anglesey?).
+4. Cair guorthegern [2]
+5. Cair custeint (Carnarvon).
+6. Cair guoranegon (Worcester).
+7. Cair segeint (Silchester).
+8. Cair guin truis (Norwich, or Winwick).
+9. Cair merdin (Caermarthen).
+10. Cair peris (Porchester).
+11. Cair lion (Caerleon-upon-Usk).
+12. Cair mencipit (Verulam).
+13. Cair caratauc (Catterick).
+14. Cair ceri (Cirencester).
+15. Cair glout (Gloucester).
+16. Cair luillid (Carlisle).
+17. Cair grant (Grantchester, now Cambridge).
+18. Cair daun (Doncaster), or Cair dauri (Dorchester).
+19. Cair britoc (Bristol).
+20. Cair meguaid (Meivod).
+21. Cair mauiguid (Manchester).
+22. Cair ligion (Chester).
+23. Cair guent (Winchester, or Caerwent, in Monmouthshire).
+24. Cair collon (Colchester, or St. Colon, Cornwall).
+25. Cair londein (London).
+26. Cair guorcon (Worren, or Woran, in Pembrokeshire).
+27. Cair lerion (Leicester).
+28. Cair draithou (Drayton).
+29. Cair pensavelcoit (Pevensey, in Sussex).
+30. Cairtelm (Teyn-Grace, in Devonshire).
+31. Cair Urnahc (Wroxeter, in Shropshire).
+32. Cair colemion (Camelet, in Somersetshire).
+33. Cair loit coit (Lincoln).
+[1] V.R. Twenty-eight, twenty-one.
+[2] Site unknown.
+
+These are the names of the ancient cities of the island of Britain.
+it has also a vast many promontories, and castles innumerable, built
+of brick and stone.  Its inhabitants consist of four different
+people; the Scots, the Picts, the Saxons and the ancient Britons.
+
+8. Three considerable islands belong to it; one, on the south,
+opposite the Armorican shore, called Wight;* another between
+Ireland and Britain, called Eubonia or Man; and another directly
+north, beyond the Picts, named Orkney; and hence it was anciently
+a proverbial expression, in reference to its kings and rulers,
+"He reigned over Britain and its three islands."
+* Inis-gueith, or Gueith.
+
+6. It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in all
+directions, to the east and west, to the south and north; but
+there are two pre-eminently distinguished among the rest, the
+Thames and the Severn, which formerly, like the two arms of Britain,
+bore the ships employed in the conveyance of riches acquired by
+commerce.  The Britons were once very populous, and exercised
+extensive dominion from sea to sea.
+
+10.*  Respecting the period when this island became inhabited
+subsequently to the flood, I have seen two distinct relations.
+According to the annals of the Roman history, the Britons deduce
+their origin both from the Greeks and Romans.  On the side of the
+mother, from Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and
+of the race of Silvanus, the son of Inachus, the son of Dardanus;
+who was the son of Saturn, king of the Greeks, and who, having
+possessed himself of a part of Asia, built the city of Troy.
+Dardanus was the father of Troius, who was the father of Priam and
+Anchises; Anchises was the father of Aeneas, who was the father
+of Ascanius and Silvius; and this Silvius was the son of Aeneas
+and Lavinia, the daughter of the king of Italy.  From the sons
+of Aeneas and Lavinia descended Romulus and Remus, who were the
+sons of the holy queen Rhea, and the founders of Rome.  Brutus
+was consul when he conquered Spain, and reduced that country to
+a Roman province.  He afterwards subdued the island of Britain,
+whose inhabitants were the descendants of the Romans, from Silvius
+Posthumus.  He was called Posthumus because he was born after the
+death of Aeneas his father; and his mother Lavinia concealed
+herself during her pregnancy; he was called Silvius, because he
+was born in a wood.  Hence the Roman kings were called Silvan,
+and the Britons from Brutus, and rose from the family of Brutus.
+* The whole of this, as far as the end of the paragraph, is
+omitted in several MSS.
+
+Aeneas, after the Trojan war, arrived with his son in Italy; and
+Having vanquished Turnus, married Lavinia, the daughter of king
+Latinus, who was the son of Faunus, the son of Picus, the son of
+Saturn.  After the death of Latinus, Aeneas obtained the kingdom
+Of the Romans, and Lavinia brought forth a son, who was named
+Silvius.  Ascanius founded Alba, and afterwards married.  And
+Lavinia bore to Aeneas a son, named Silvius; but Ascanius [1]
+married a wife, who conceived and became pregnant.  And Aeneas,
+having been informed that his daughter-in-law was pregnant, ordered
+his son to send his magician to examine his wife, whether the child
+conceived were male or female.  The magician came and examined the
+wife and pronounced it to be a son, who should become the most
+valiant among the Italians, and the most beloved of all men. [2]
+In consequence of this prediction, the magician was put to death
+by Ascanius; but it happened that the mother of the child dying
+at its birth, he was named Brutus; ad after a certain interval,
+agreeably to what the magician had foretold, whilst he was playing
+with some others he shot his father with an arrow, not intentionally
+but by accident. [3]  He was, for this cause, expelled from Italy,
+and came to the islands of the Tyrrhene sea, when he was exiled
+on account of the death of Turnus, slain by Aeneas.  He then went
+among the Gauls, and built the city of the Turones, called Turnis. [4]
+At length he came to this island named from him Britannia, dwelt
+there, and filled it with his own descendants, and it has been
+inhabited from that time to the present period.
+[1] Other MSS. Silvius.
+[2] V.R. Who should slay his father and mother, and be hated by
+all mankind.
+[3] V.R. He displayed such superiority among his play-fellows,
+that they seemed to consider him as their chief.
+[4] Tours.
+
+11. Aeneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius thirty
+three years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve years, and Posthumus
+thirty-nine * years: the latter, from whom the kings of Alba are
+called Silvan, was brother to Brutus, who governed Britain at the
+time Eli the high-priest judged Israel, and when the ark of the
+covenant was taken by a foreign people.  But Posthumus his brother
+reigned among the Latins.
+* V.R. Thirty-seven.
+
+12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred years, came
+the Picts, and occupied the Orkney Islands: whence they laid waste
+many regions, and seized those on the left hand side of Britain,
+where they still remain, keeping possession of a third part of
+Britain to this day. *
+* See Bede's Eccles. Hist.
+
+13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from Spain.     
+The first that came was Partholomus,[1] with a thousand men and
+women; these increased to four thousand; but a mortality coming
+suddenly upon them, they all perished in one week.  The second
+was Nimech, the son of...,[2] who, according to report, after
+having been at sea a year and a half, and having his ships shat-
+tered, arrived at a port in Ireland, and continuing there several
+years, returned at length with his followers to Spain.  After these
+came three sons of a Spanish soldier with thirty ships, each of
+which contained thirty wives; and having remained there during the
+space of a year, there appeared to them, in the middle of the sea,
+a tower of glass, the summit of which seemed covered with men, to
+whom they often spoke, but received no answer.  At length they
+determined to besiege the tower; and after a year's preparation,
+advanced towards it, with the whole number of their ships, and all
+the women, one ship only excepted, which had been wrecked, and in
+which were thirty men, and as many women; but when all had disem-
+barked on the shore which surrounded the tower, the sea opened and
+swallowed them up.  Ireland, however, was peopled, to the present
+period, from the family remaining in the vessel which was wrecked.
+Afterwards, other came from Spain, and possessed themselves of
+various parts of Britain.
+[1] V.R. Partholomaeus, or Bartholomaeus.
+[2] A blank is here in the MS.  Agnomen is found in some of the
+others.
+
+14. Last of all came one Hoctor,[1] who continued there, and whose
+descendants remain there to this day.  Istoreth, the son of
+Istorinus, with his followers, held Dalrieta; Buile had the island
+Eubonia, and other adjacent places.  The sons of Liethali[2] obtained
+the country of the dimetae, where is a city called Menavia,[3] and
+the province Guiher and Cetgueli, [4] which they held till they
+were expelled from every part of Britain, by Cunedda and his sons.
+[1] V.R. Damhoctor, Clamhoctor, and Elamhoctor.
+[2] V.R. Liethan, Bethan, Vethan.
+[3] St. David's.
+[4] Guiher, probably the Welsh district Gower.  Cetgueli is Caer
+Kidwelly, in Carmarthenshire.
+
+15. According to the most learned among the Scots, if any one
+desires  to learn what I am now going to state, Ireland was a
+desert, and uninhabited, when the children of Israel crossed the
+Red Sea, in which, as we read in the Book of the Law, the Egyptians
+who followed them were drowned.  At that period, there lived among
+this people, with a numerous family, a Scythian of noble birth,
+who had been banished from his country and did not go to pursue
+the people of God.  The Egyptians who were left, seeing the
+destruction of the great men of their nation, and fearing lest he
+should possess himself of their territory, took counsel together,
+and expelled him.  Thus reduced, he wandered forty-two years in
+Africa, and arrived, with his family, at the altars of the Philis-
+tines, by the Lake of Osiers.  Then passing between Rusicada and
+the hilly country of Syria, they travelled by the river Malva
+through Mauritania as far as the Pillars of Hercules; and crossing
+the Tyrrhene Sea, landed in Spain, where they continued many years,
+having greatly increased and multiplied.  Thence, a thousand and
+two years after the Egyptians were lost in the Red Sea, they passed
+into Ireland, and the district of Dalrieta.* At that period, Brutus,
+who first exercised the consular office, reigned over the Romans;
+and the state, which before was governed by regal power, was
+afterwards ruled, during four hundred and forty-seven years, by
+consuls, tribunes of the people, and dictators.
+* North-western part of Antrim in Ulster.
+
+The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; and in
+the fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland.
+
+The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided with
+the means of defence, were unanimously and incessantly attacked,
+both by the Scots from the west, and by the Picts from the north.
+A long interval after this, the Romans obtained the empire of the
+world.
+
+16. From the first arrival of the Saxons into Britain, to the
+fourth year of king Mermenus, are computed four hundred and twenty
+eight years; from the nativity of our Lord to the coming of St.
+Patrick among the Scots, four hundred and five years; from the
+death of St. Patrick to that of St. Bridget, forty years; and from
+the birth of Columeille[1] to the death of St Bridget four years.[2]
+[1] V.R. Columba.
+[2] Some MSS. add, the beginning of the calculation is 23 cycles
+of 19 years from the incarnation of our Lord to the arrival of
+St. Patrick in Ireland, and they make 438 years.  And from the
+arrival of St. Patrick to the cycle of 19 years in which we live
+are 22 cycles, which make 421 years.
+
+17. I have learned another account of this Brutus from the ancient
+books of our ancestors.* After the deluge, the three sons of Noah
+severally occupied three different parts of the earth: Shem extended
+his borders into Asia, Ham into Africa, and Japheth in Europe.
+* This proves the tradition of Brutus to be older than Geoffrey
+or Tyssilio, unless these notices of Brutus have been interpolated
+in the original work of Nennius.
+
+The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons,
+Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio.  Hisicion had four sons, Francus,
+Romanus, Alamanus, and Brutus.  Armenon had five sons, Gothus,
+Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus.  Neugio had three
+sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus.  From Hisicion arose four
+nations--the Franks, the Latins, the Germans, and Britons: from
+Armenon, the Gothi, Balagothi, Cibidi, Burgundi, and Longobardi:
+from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, Saxones, and Tarinegi.  The
+whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.
+
+Alanus is said to have been the son of Fethuir;* Fethuir, the son
+of Ogomuin, who was the son of Thoi; Thoi was the son of Boibus,
+Boibus of Semion, Semion of Mair, Mair of Ecthactus, Ecthactus of
+Aurthack, Aurthack of Ethec, Ethec of Ooth, Ooth of Aber, Aber of
+Ra, Ra of Esraa, Esraa of Hisrau, Hisrau of Bath, Bath of Jobath,
+Jobath of Joham, Joham of Japheth, Japheth of Noah, Noah of Lamech,
+Lamech of Mathusalem, Mathusalem of Enoch, Enoch of Jared, Jared
+of Malalehel, Malalehel of Cainan, Cainan of Enos, Enos of Seth,
+Seth of Adam, and Adam was formed by the living God.  We have
+obtained this information respecting the original inhabitants of
+Britain from ancient tradition.
+* This genealogy is different in almost all the MSS.
+
+18. The Britons were thus called from Brutus: Brutus was the son
+of Hisicion, Hisicion was the son of Alanus, Alanus was the son
+of Rhea Silvia, Fhea Silvia was the daughter of Numa Pompilius,
+Numa was the son of Ascanius, Ascanius of Eneas, Eneas of Anchises,
+Anchises of Troius, Troius of Dardanus, Dardanus of Flisa, Flisa
+of Juuin, Juuin of Japheth; but Japheth had seven sons; from the
+first named Gomer, descended the Galli; from the second, Magog, the
+Scythi and Gothi; from the third, Madian, the Medi; from the fourth,
+Juuan, the Greeks; from the fifth, Tubal, arose the Hebrei, Hispani,
+and Itali; from the sixth, Mosoch, sprung the Cappadoces; and from
+the seventh, named Tiras, descended the Thraces: these are the sons
+of Japheth, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech.
+
+19.* The Romans, having obtained the dominion of the world, sent
+legates or deputies to the Britons to demand of them hostages and
+tribute, which they received from all other countries and islands;
+but they, fierce, disdainful, and haughty, treated the legation
+with contempt.
+* Some MSS. add, I will now return to the point from which I made
+this digression.
+
+Then Julius Caesar, the first who had acquired absolute power at
+Rome, highly incensed against the Britons, sailed with sixty
+vessels to the mouth of the Thames, where they suffered shipwreck
+whilst he fought against Dolobellus, (the proconsul of the British
+king, who was called Belinus, and who was the son of Minocannus
+who governed all the islands of the Tyrrhene Sea), and thus Julius
+Caesar returned home without victory, having had his soldiers
+Slain, and his ships shattered.
+
+20. But after three years he again appeared with a large army,
+and three hundred ships, at the mouth of the Thames, where he
+renewed hostilities.  In this attempt many of his soldiers and
+horses were killed; for the same consul had placed iron pikes in
+the shallow part of the river, and this having been effected with
+so much skill and secrecy as to escape the notice of the Roman
+soldiers, did them considerable injury; thus Caesar was once more
+compelled to return without peace or victory.  The Romans were,
+therefore, a third time sent against the Britons; and under the
+command of Julius, defeated them near a place called Trinovantum
+[London], forty-seven years before the birth of Christ, and five
+thousand two hundred and twelve years from the creation.
+
+Julius was the first exercising supreme power over the Romans who
+invaded Britain: in honour of him the Romans decreed the fifth month
+to be called after his name.  He was assassinated in the Curia, in
+the ides of March, and Octavius Augustus succeeded to the empire
+of the world.  He was the only emperor who received tribute from
+the Britons, according to the following verse of Virgil: "Purpurea
+intexti tollunt aulaea Britanni."
+
+21. The second after him, who came into Britain, was the emperor
+Claudius, who reigned forty-seven years after the birth of Christ.
+He carried with him war and devastation; and, though not without
+loss of men, he at length conquered Britain.  He next sailed to
+the Orkneys, which he likewise conquered, and afterwards rendered
+tributary.  No tribute was in his time received from the Britons;
+but it was paid to British emperors.  He reigned thirteen years
+and eight months.  His monument is to be seen at Moguntia (among
+the Lombards), where he died in his way to Rome.
+
+22. After the birth of Christ, one hundred and sixty-seven years,
+king Lucius, with all the chiefs of the British people, received
+baptism, in consequence of a legation sent by the Roman emperors
+and pope Evaristus.*
+* V.R. Eucharistus.  A marginal note in the Arundel MS. adds,
+"He is wrong, because the first year of Evaristus was A.D. 79,
+whereas the first year of Eleutherius, whom he ought to have
+named, was A.D. 161."  Usher says, that in one MS. of Nennius he
+found the name of Eleutherius.
+
+23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to Britain,
+where, to protect the provinces recovered from barbaric incursions,
+he ordered a wall and a rampart to be made between the Britons, the
+Scots, and the Picts, extending across the island from sea to sea,
+in length one hundred and thirty-three miles: and it is called in
+the British language Gwal.*  Moreover, he ordered it to be made
+between the Britons, and the Picts and Scots; for the Scots from
+the west, and the Picts from the north, unanimously made war
+against the Britons; but were at peace among themselves.  Not long
+after Severus dies in Britain.
+*Or, the Wall.  One MS. here adds, "The above-mentioned Severus
+constructed it of rude workmanship in length 132 miles; i.e. from
+Penguaul, which village is called in Scottish Cenail, in English
+Peneltun, to the mouth of the river Cluth and Cairpentaloch, where
+this wall terminates; but it was of no avail.  The emperor Carausius
+afterwards rebuilt it, and fortified it with seven castles between
+the two mouths: he built also a round house of polished stones on
+the banks of the river Carun [Carron]: he likewise erected a
+triumphal arch, on which he inscribed his own name in memory of
+his victory.
+
+24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Carausius, who, incensed
+at the murder of Severus, passed into Britain, and attended by the
+leaders of the Roman people, severely avenged upon the chiefs and
+rulers of the Britons, the cause of Severus.*
+* This passage is corrupt, the meaning is briefly given in the
+translation.
+
+25. The fifth was Constantius the father of Constantine the Great.
+He died in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears by the inscription
+on his tomb, is still seen near the city named Cair segont (near
+Carnarvon).  Upon the pavement of the above-mentioned city he sowed
+three seeds of gold, silver and brass, that no poor person might
+ever be found in it.  It is also called Minmanton.*
+* V.R. Mirmantum, Mirmantun, Minmanto, Minimantone.  The Segontium
+of Antoninus, situated on a small river named Seiont, near Carnarvon.
+
+26. Maximianus[1] was the sixth emperor that ruled in Britain. It
+was in his time that consuls[2] began, and that the appellation of
+Caesar was discontinued: at this period also, St. Martin became
+celebrated for his virtues and miracles, and held a conversation
+with him.
+[1] This is an inaccuracy of Nennius; Maximus and Maximianus were
+one and the same person; or rather no such person as Maximianus
+ever reigned in Britain.
+[2] Geoffrey of Monmouth gives the title of consul to several
+British generals who lived after this time.  It is not unlikely
+that the town, name, and dignity, still lingered in the provinces
+after the Romans were gone, particularly as the cities of Britain
+maintained for a time a species of independence.
+
+27. The seventh emperor was Maximus.  He withdrew from Britain
+with all his military force, slew Gratian, the king of the Romans,
+and obtained the sovereignty of all Europe.  Unwilling to send
+back his warlike companions to their wives, children, and possessions
+in Britain, he conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake
+on the summit of Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to
+the western Tumulus, that is, to Cruc Occident.* These are the
+Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present day.  In
+consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by foreign
+nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God interposed with
+his assistance.  We are informed by the tradition of our ancestors
+that seven emperors went into Britain, though the Romans affirm
+there were nine.
+* This district, in modern language, extended from the great St.
+Bernard in Piedmont to Cantavic in Picardy, and from Picardy to
+the western coast of France.
+
+28. Thus, aggreeably to the account given by the Britons, the
+Romans governed them four hundred and nine years.
+
+After this, the Britons despised the authority of the Romans,
+equally refusing to pay them tribute, or to receive their kings;
+nor durst the Romans any longer attempt the government of a country,
+the natives of which massacred their deputies.
+
+29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximus.  Gratian, with his
+brother Valentinian, reigned seven years.  Ambrose, bishop of Milan,
+was then eminent for his skill in the dogmata of the Catholics.
+Valentinianus and Theodosius reigned eight years.  At that time
+a synod was held at Constantinople, attended by three hundred and
+fifty of the fathers, and in which all heresies were condemned.
+Jerome, the presbyter of Bethlehem, was then universally celebrated.
+Whilst Gratian exercised supreme dominion over the world, Maximus,
+in a sedition of the soldiers, was saluted emperor in Britain, and
+soon after crossed the sea to Gaul.  At Paris, by the treachery
+of Mellobaudes, his master of the horse, Gratian was defeated and
+fleeing to Lyons, was taken and put to death; Maximus afterwards
+associated his son victor in the government.
+
+Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this period
+bishop of Tours.  After a considerable space of time, Maximus
+was divested of royal power by the consuls Valentinianus and
+Theodosius, and sentenced to be beheaded at the third mile-stone
+from Aquileia: in the same year also his son Victor was killed in
+Gaul by Arbogastes, five thousand six hundred and ninety years
+from the creation of the world.
+
+30. Thrice were the Roman deputies put to death by the Britons,
+and yet these, when harassed by the incursions of the barbarous
+nations, viz. Of the Scots and Picts, earnestly solicited the aid
+of the Romans.  To give effect to their entreaties, ambassadors
+were sent, who made their entrance with impressions of deep sorrow,
+having their heads covered with dust, and carrying rich presents,
+to expiate the murder of the deputies.  They were favourably
+received by the consuls, and swore submission to the Roman yoke,
+with whatever severity it might be imposed.
+
+The Romans, therefore, came with a powerful army to the assistance
+of the Britons; and having appointed over them a ruler, and settled
+the government, returned to Rome: and this took place alternately
+during the space of three hundred and forty-eight years.  The
+Britons, however, from the oppression of the empire, again massacred
+The Roman deputies, and again petitioned for succour.  Once more
+the Romans undertook the government of the Britons, and assisted
+them in repelling their neighbours; and, after having exhausted
+the country of its gold, silver, brass, honey, and costly vestments,
+and having besides received rich gifts, they returned in great
+triumph to Rome.
+
+31. After the above-said war between the Britons and Romans, the
+assassination of their rulers, and the victory of Maximus, who
+slew Gratian, and the termination of the Roman power in Britain,
+they were in alarm forty years.
+
+Vortigern then reigned in Britain.  In his time, the natives had
+cause of dread, not only from the inroads of the Scots and Picts,
+but also from the Romans, and their apprehensions of Ambrosius.*
+* These words relate evidently to some cause of dispute between
+the Romans, Ambrosius, and Vortigern.  Vortigern is said to have
+been sovereign of the Dimetae, and Ambrosius son to the king of
+the Damnonii.  The latter was half a Roman by descent, and naturally
+supported the Roman interest: the former was entirely a Briton,
+and as naturally seconded by the original Britons.
+
+In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, arrived in
+Britain.  They were commanded by Horsa and Hengist, brothers, and
+sons of Wihtgils.  Wihtgils was the son of Witta; Witta of Wecta;
+Wecta of Woden; Woden of Frithowald; Frithowald of Frithuwulf;
+Frithuwulf of Finn; Finn of Godwulf; Godwulf of Geat, who, as they
+say, was the son of a god, not[1] of the omnipotent God and our
+Lord Jesus Christ (who before the beginning of the world, was with
+the Father and the Holy Spirit, co-eternal and of the same substance,
+and who, in compassion to human nature, disdained not to assume
+the form of a servant), but the offspring of one of their idols,
+and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the
+custom of the heathen.  Vortigern received them as friends, and
+delivered up to them the island which is in their language called
+Thanet, and, by the Britons, Ruym.[2]  Gratianus Aequantius at
+that time reigned in Rome.  The Saxons were received by Vortigern,
+four hundred and forty-seven years after the passion of Christ,
+and,[3] according to the tradition of our ancestors, from the
+period of their first arrival in Britain, to the first year of
+the reign of king Edmund, five hundred and forty-two years; and
+to that in which we now write, which is the fifth of his reign,
+five hundred and forty-seven years.
+[1] V.R. not the God of gods, the Amen, the Lord of Hosts, but one
+of their idols which they worshipped.
+[2] Sometimes called Ruoichin, Ruith-in, or "river island," separated
+from the rest of Kent and the mainland of Britain by the estuary
+of the Wantsum, which, though now a small brook, was formerly
+navigable for large vessels, and in Bede's time was three stadia
+broad, and fordable only at two places.
+[3] The rest of this sentence is omitted in some of the MSS.
+
+32. At that time St. Germanus, distinguished for his numerous
+virtues, came to preach in Britain: by his ministry many were saved;
+but many likewise died unconverted.  Of the various miracles which
+God enabled him to perform, I shall here mention only a few: I
+shall first advert to that concerning an iniquitous and tyrannical
+king, named Benlli.* The holy man, informed of his wicked conduct,
+hastened to visit him, for the purpose of remonstrating him.  When
+the man of God, with his attendants, arrived at the gate of the
+city, they were respectfully received by the keeper of it, who
+came out and saluted them.  Him they commissioned to communicate
+their intention to the king, who returned a harsh answer, declaring,
+with an oath, that although they remained there a year, they should
+not enter the city.  While waiting for an answer, the evening came
+on, and they knew not where to go.  At length, came one of the
+king's servants, who bowing himself before the man of God, announced
+the words of the tyrant, inviting them, at the same time, to his
+own house, to which they went, and were kindly received.  It
+happened, however, that he had no cattle, except one cow and a
+calf, the latter of which, urged by generous hospitality to his
+guests, he killed, dressed and set before them.  But holy St.
+Germanus ordered his companions not to break a bone of the calf;
+and, the next morning, it was found alive uninjured, and standing
+by its mother.
+* King of Powys.  V.R. Benli in the district of Ial (in Derbyshire);
+in the district of Dalrieta; Belinus; Beluni; and Benty.
+
+33. Early the same day, they again went to the gate of the city,
+to solicit audience of the wicked king; and, whilst engaged in
+fervent prayer they were waiting for admission, a man, covered
+with sweat, came out, and prostrated himself before them.  Then
+St. Germanus, addressing him, said "Dost thou believe in the Holy
+Trinity?"  To which the man having replied, "I do believe," he
+baptized, and kissed him, saying, "Go in peace; within this hour
+thou shalt die: the angels of God are waiting for thee in the air;
+with them thou shalt ascent to that God in whom thou has believed.:
+He, overjoyed, entered the city, and being met by the prefect, was
+seized, bound, and conducted before the tyrant, who having passed
+sentence upon him, he was immediately put to death; for it was a
+law of this wicked king, that whoever was not at his labour before
+sun-rising should be beheaded in the citadel.  In the meantime,
+St. Germanus, with his attendants, waited the whole day before
+the gate, without obtaining admission to the tyrant.
+
+34. The man above-mentioned, however, remained with them.  "Take
+care," said St. Germanus to him, "that none of your friends remain
+this night within these walls.  Upon this he hastily entered the
+city, brought out his nine sons, and with them retired to the house
+where he had exercised such generous hospitality.  Here St. Germanus
+ordered them to continue, fasting; and when the gates were shut,
+"Watch," said he, "and whatever shall happen in the citadel, turn
+not thither your eyes; but pray without ceasing, and invoke the
+protection of the true God."  And, behold, early in the night,
+fire fell from heaven, and burned the city, together with all those
+who were with the tyrant, so that not one escaped; and that citadel
+has never been rebuilt even to this day.
+
+35. The following day, the hospitable man who had been converted
+by the preaching of St. Germanus, was baptized, with his sons, and
+all the inhabitants of that part of the country; and St. Germanus
+blessed him, saying, "a king shall not be wanting of thy seed for
+ever."  The name of this person is Catel Drunlue:* "from hence-
+forward thou shalt be a king all the days of thy life."  Thus was
+fulfilled the prophecy of the Psalmist: "He raiseth up the poor
+out of the dust, and lifteth up the needy out of the dunghill."
+And agreeably to the prediction of St. Germanus, from a servant
+he became a king: all his sons were kings, and from their offspring
+the whole country of Powys has been governed to this day.
+* Or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of the Vale Royal and the upper
+part of Powys.
+
+36. After the Saxons had continued some time in the island of
+Thanet, Vortigern promised to supply them with clothing and
+provision, on condition they would engage to fight against the
+enemies of his country.  But the barbarians having greatly increased
+in number, the Britons became incapable of fulfilling their
+engagement; and when the Saxons, according to the promise they
+had received, claimed a supply of provisions and clothing, the
+Britons replied, "Your number is increased; your assistance is
+now unneccessary; you may, therefore, return home, for we can no
+longer support you;" and hereupon they began to devise means of
+breaking the peace between them.
+
+37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, perceiving
+he had to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating people,
+incapable of opposing much resistance, replied to Vortigern, "We
+are, indeed, few in number; but, if you will give us leave, we
+will send to our country for an additional number of forces, with
+whom we will fight for you and your subjects."  Vortigern assenting
+to this proposal, messengers were despatched to Scythia, where
+selecting a number of warlike troops, they returned with sixteen
+vessels, bringing with them the beautiful daughter of Hengist.
+And now the Saxon chief prepared an entertainment, to which he
+invited the king, his officers, and Ceretic, his interpreter,
+having previously enjoined his daughter to serve them so profusely
+with wine and ale, that they might soon become intoxicated.  This
+plan succeeded; and Vortigern, at the instigation of the devil,
+and enamoured with the beauty of the damsel, demanded her, through
+the medium of his interpreter, of the father, promising to give
+for her whatever he should ask.  Then Hengist, who had already
+consulted with the elders who attended him of the Oghgul[1] race,
+demanded for his daughter the province, called in English, Centland,
+in British, Ceint, (Kent.)  This cession was made without the
+knowledge of the king, Guoyrancgonus,[2] who then reigned in Kent,
+and who experienced no inconsiderable share of grief, from seeing
+his kingdom thus clandestinely, fraudulently, and imprudently
+resigned to foreigners.  Thus the maid was delivered up to the
+king, who slept with her, and loved her exceedingly.
+[1] V.R. Who had come with him from the island of Oghgul, Oehgul
+(or Tingle), Angul.  According to Gunn, a small island in the
+duchy of Sleswick in Denmark, now called Angel, of which Flensburg
+is the metropolis.  Hence the origin of the Angles.
+[2] V.R. Gnoiram cono, Goiranegono, Guiracgono.  Malmesbury,
+Gorongi; Camden, Guorong, supposed to mean governor, or viceroy.
+
+38. Hengist, after this, said to Vortigern, "I will be to you
+both a father and an adviser; despise not my counsels, and you
+shall have no reason to fear being conquered by any man or any
+nation whatever; for the people of my country are strong, warlike,
+and robust: if you approve, I will send for my son and his brother,
+both valiant men, who at my invitation will fight against the
+Scots, and you can give them the countries in the north, near the
+wall called Gual."[1] The incautious sovereign having assented
+to this, Octa and Ebusa arrived with forty ships.  In these they
+sailed round the country of the Picts, laid waste the Orkneys, and
+took possession of many regions, even to the Pictish confines.[2]
+[1] Antoninus's wall.
+[2] Some MSS. add, "beyond the Frenesic, Fresicum (or Fresic) sea,"
+i.e. which is between us and the Scotch.  The sea between Scotland
+and Ireland.  Camden translates it "beyond the Frith;" Langhorne
+says, "Solway Frith."
+
+But Hengist continued, by degrees, sending for ships from his own
+country, so that some islands whence they came were left without
+inhabitants; and whilst his people were increasing in power and
+number, they came to the above-named province of Kent.
+
+39. In the meantime, Vortigern, as if desirous of adding to the
+evils he had already occasioned, married his own daughter, by whom
+he had a son.  When this was made known to St. Germanus, he came,
+with all the British clergy, to reprove him: and whilst a numerous
+assembly of the ecclesiastics and laity were in consultation, the
+weak king ordered his daughter to appear before them, and in the
+presence of all to present her son to St. Germanus, and declare
+that he was the father of the child.  The immodest* woman obeyed;
+and St. Germanus, taking the child, said, "I will be a father to
+you, my son; nor will I dismiss you till a razor, scissors, and
+comb, are given to me, and it is allowed you to give them to your
+carnal father."  The child obeyed St. Germanus, and going to his
+father Vortigern, said to him, "Thou art my father; shave and cut
+the hair of my head."  The king blushed, and was silent; and,
+without replying to the child, arose in great anger, and fled from
+the presence of St. Germanus, execrated and condemned by the whole
+synod.
+[1] V.R. "Immodest" is omitted in some MSS.
+
+40. But soon after, calling together his twelve wise men, to
+consult what was to be done, they said to him, "Retire to the
+remote boundaries of your kingdom; there build and fortify a city[1]
+to defend yourself, for the people you have received are treacherous;
+they are seeking to subdue you by stratagem, and, even during your
+life, to seize upon all the countries subject to your power, how
+much more will they attempt, after your death!"  The king, pleased
+with this advice, departed with his wise men, and travelled through
+many parts of his territories, in search of a place convenient
+for the purpose of building a citadel.  Having, to no purpose,
+travelled far and wide, they came at length to a province called
+Guenet;[2] and having surveyed the mountains of Heremus,[3] they
+discovered, on the summit of one of them, a situation, adapted to
+the consturction of a citadel.  Upon this, the wise men said to
+the king, "Build here a city: for, in this place, it will ever be
+secure against the barbarians."  Then the king sent for artificers,
+carpenters, stone-masons, and collected all the materials requisite
+to building; but the whole of these disappeared in one night, so
+that nothing remained of what had been provided for the constructing
+of the citadel.  Materials were, therefore, from all parts, procured
+a second and third time, and again vanished as before, leaving and
+rendering every effort ineffectual.  Vortigern inquired of his wise
+men the cause of this opposition to his undertaking, and of so much
+useless expense of labour?  They replied, "You must find a child
+born without a father, put him to death, and sprinkle with his
+blood the ground on which the citadel is to be built, or you will
+never accomplish your purpose."
+[1] V.R. You shall find a fortified city in which you may defend
+yourself.
+[2] V.R. Guined, Guoienet, Guenez, North Wales.
+[3] V.R. Heremi, Heriri, or Eryri, signifying eagle rocks, the
+mountains of Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire.  The spot alluded to is
+supposed to be Dinas Emrys, or the fortress of Ambrosius.
+
+41. In consequence of this reply, the king sent messengers through-
+out Britain, in search of a child born without a father.  After
+having inquired in all the provinces, they came to the field of
+Aelecti,[1] in the district of Glevesing,[2] where a party of boys
+were playing at ball.  And two of them quarrelling, one said to
+the other, "O boy without a father, no good will ever happen to
+you."  Upon this, the messengers diligently inquired of the mother
+and the other boys, whether he had had a father?  Which his mother
+denied, saying, "In what manner he was conceived I know not, for
+I have never had intercourse with any man;" and then she solemnly
+affirmed that he had no mortal father.  The boy was, therefore,
+led away, and conducted before Vortigern the king.
+[1] V.R. Elleti, Electi, Gleti.  Supposed to be Bassalig in
+Monmouthshire.
+[2] The district between the Usk and Rumney, in Monmouthshire.
+
+42. A meeting took place the next day for the purpose of putting
+him to death.  Then the boy said to the king, "Why have your
+servants brought me hither?"  "That you may be put to death,"
+replied the king, "and that the ground on which my citadel is to
+stand, may be sprinkled with your blood, without which I shall be
+unable to build it."  "Who," said the boy, "instructed you to do
+this?"  "My wise men," answered the king.  "Order them hither,"
+returned the boy; this being complied with, he thus questioned
+them: "By what means was it revealed to you that this citadel
+could not be built, unless the spot were previously sprinkled with
+my blood?  Speak without disguise, and declare who discovered me
+to you;" then turning to the king, "I will soon," said he, "unfold
+to you every thing; but I desire to question your wise men, and
+wish them to disclose to you what is hidden under this pavement:"
+they acknowledging their ignorance, "there is," said he, "a pool;
+come and dig:" they did so, and found the pool.  "Now," continued
+he, "tell me what is in it;" but they were ashamed, and made no
+reply.  "I," said the boy, "can discover it to you: there are two
+vases in the pool;" they examined and found it so: continuing his
+questions, "What is in the vases?" they were silent: "there is a
+tent in them," said the boy; "separate them, and you shall find
+it so;" this being done by the king's command, there was found in
+them a folded tent.  The boy, going on with his questions, asked
+the wise men what was in it?  But they not knowing what to reply,
+"There are," said he, "two serpents, one white and the other red;
+unfold the tent;" they obeyed, and two sleeping serpents were
+discovered; "consider attentively," said the boy, "what they are
+doing."  The serpents began to struggle with each other; and the
+white one, raising himself up, threw down the other into the middle
+of the tent, and sometimes drove him to the edge of it; and this
+was repeated thrice.  At length the red one, apparently the weaker
+of the two, recovering his strength, expelled the white one from
+the tent; and the latter being pursued through the pool by the
+red one, disappeared.  Then the boy, asking the wise men what
+was signified by this wonderful omen, and they expressing their
+ignorance, he said to the king, "I will now unfold to you the
+meaning of this mystery.  The pool is the emblem of this world,
+and the tent that of your kingdom: the two serpents are two dragons;
+the red serpent is your dragon, but the white serpent is the
+dragon of the people who occupy several provinces and districts of
+Britain, even almost from sea to sea: at length, however, our
+people shall rise and drive away the Saxon race from beyond the
+sea, whence they originally came; but do you depart from this
+place, where you are not permitted to erect a citadel; I, to whom
+fate has allotted this mansion, shall remain here; whilst to you
+it is incumbent to seek other provinces, where you may build a
+fortress."  "What is your name?" asked the king; "I am called
+Ambrose (in British Embresguletic)," returned the boy; and in
+answer to the king's question, "What is your origin?" he replied,
+"A Roman consul was my father."
+
+Then the king assigned him that city, with all the western
+Provinces of Britain; and departing with his wise men to the
+sinistral district, he arrived in the region named Gueneri, where
+he built a city which, according to his name, was called Cair
+Guorthegirn.*
+* An ancient scholiast adds, "He then built Guasmoric, near
+Lugubalia [Carlisle], a city which in English is called Palmecaster."
+Some difference of opinion exists among antiquaries respecting the
+site of vortigern's castle or city.  Usher places it at Gwent,
+Monmouthshire, which name, he ways, was taken from Caer-Went, near
+Chepstow.  This appears to agree with Geoffrey's account, {illegible}
+See Usher's Britan. Eccles. cap. v. p.23.  According to others,
+supposed to be the city from the ruins of which arose the castle
+of Gurthrenion, in Radnorshire, Camden's Britannia, p.479.  Whitaker,
+however, says that Cair Guorthegirn was the Maridunum of the
+Romans, and the present Caermarthen.  (Hist. Of Manchester, book
+ii. c. 1.)  See also Nennius, sec.47.
+
+43. At length Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, valiantly fought
+against Hengist, Horsa, and his people; drove them to the isle of
+Thanet, and thrice enclosed them within it, and beset them on the
+Western side.
+
+The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany to solicit large
+reinforcements, and an additional number of ships: having obtained
+these, they fought against the kings and princes of Britain, and
+sometimes extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were
+conquered and driven back.
+
+44. Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the enemy;[1]
+the first has been mentioned, the second was upon the river Darent,
+the third at the Ford, in their language called Epsford, though
+in ours Set thirgabail,[2] there Horsa fell, and Catigern, the son
+of Vortigern; the fourth battle he fought was near the stone[3]
+on the shore of the Gallic sea, where the Saxons being defeated,
+fled to their ships.
+[1] Some MSS. here add, "This Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, in
+a synod held at Guartherniaun, after the wicked king, on account
+of the incest committed with his daughter, fled from the face of
+Germanus and the British clergy, would not consent to his father's
+wickedness; but returning to St. Germanus, and falling down at his
+feet, he sued for pardon; and in atonement for the calumny brought
+upon Germanus by his father and sister, gave him the land, in which
+the forementioned bishop had endured such abuse, to be his for ever.
+Whence, in memory of St. Germanus, it received the name Guarenniaun
+(Guartherniaun, Gurthrenion, Gwarth Ennian) which signifies, a
+calumny justly retorted, since, when he thought to reproach the
+bishop, he covered himself with reproach."
+[2] According to Langhorne, Epsford was afterwards called, in the
+British tongue, Saessenaeg habail, or 'the slaughter of the Saxons.'
+[3] V.R. "The stone of Titulus, thought to be Stone in Kent, or
+Larger-stone in Suffolk.
+
+After a short interval Vortimer died; before his decease, anxious
+for the future prosperity of his country, he charged his friends
+to inter his body at the entrance of the Saxon port, viz. upon the
+rock where the Saxons first landed; "for though," said he, "they
+may inhabit other parts of Britain, yet if you follow my commands,
+they will never remain in this island."  They imprudently disobeyed
+this last injunction, and neglected to bury him where he had ap-
+pointed.*
+* Rapin says he was buried at Lincoln; Geoffrey, at London.
+
+45. After this the barbarians became firmly incorporated, and
+were assisted by foreign pagans; for Vortigern was their friend,
+on account of the daughter* of Hengist, whom he so much loved,
+that no one durst fight against him-in the meantime they soothed
+the imprudent king, and whilst practising every appearance of
+fondness, were plotting with his enemies.  And let him that reads
+understand, that the Saxons were victorious, and ruled Britain,
+not from their superior prowess, but on account of the great sins
+of the Britons: God so permitting it.
+
+For what wise man will resist the wholesome counsel of God?  The
+Almighty is the King of kings, and the Lord of lords, ruling and
+judging every one, according to his own pleasure.
+
+After the death of Vortimer, Hengist being strengthened by new
+accessions, collected his ships, and calling his leaders together,
+consulted by what stratagem they might overcome Vortigern and his
+army; with insidious intention they sent messengers to the king,
+with offers of peace and perpetual friendship; unsuspicious of
+treachery, the monarch, after advising with his elders, accepted
+the proposals.
+* V.R. Of his wife, and no one was able manfully to drive them
+off because they had occupied Britain not from their own valour,
+but by God's permission.
+
+46. Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared
+an entertainment, to which he invited the king, the nobles, and
+military officers, in number about three hundred; speciously
+concealing his wicked intention, he ordered three hundred Saxons
+to conceal each a knife under his feet, and to mix with the Britons;
+"and when," said he, "they are sufficiently inebriated, &c. cry out,
+'Nimed eure Saxes,' then let each draw his knife, and kill his
+man; but spare the king, on account of his marriage with my daughter,
+for it is better that he should be ransomed than killed."*
+* The VV. RR. Of this section are too numerous to be inserted.
+
+The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and mixing with
+the Saxons, who, whilst they spoke peace with their tongues,
+cherished treachery in their hearts, each man was placed next to
+his enemy.
+
+After they had eaten and drunk, and were much intoxicated, Hengist
+suddenly vociferated, "Nimed eure Saxes!" and instantly his
+adherents drew their knives, and rushing upon the Britons, each
+slew him that sat next to him, and there was slain three hundred
+of the nobles of Vortigern.  The king being a captive, purchased
+his redemption, by delivering up the three provinces of East,
+South, and Middle Sex, besides other districts at the option of
+his betrayers.
+
+47. St. Germanus admonished Vortigern to turn to the true God,
+and abstain from all unlawful intercourse with his daughter; but
+the unhappy wretch fled for refuge to the province Guorthegirnaim,*
+so called from his own name, where he concealed himself with his
+wives: but St. Germanus followed him with all the British clergy,
+and upon a rock prayed for his sins during forty days and forty
+nights.
+* A district of Radnorshire, forming the present hundred of Rhaiadr.
+
+The Blessed man was unanimously chosen commander against the Saxons.
+And then, not by the clang of trumpets, but by praying, singing
+hallelujah, and by the cries of the army to God, the enemies were
+routed, and driven even to the sea.*
+*V.R. This paragraph is omitted in the MSS.
+
+Again Vortigern ignominiously flew from St. Germanus to the kingdom
+of the Dimetae, where, on the river Towy,* he built a castle, which
+he named Cair Guothergirn.  The saint, as usual, followed him there,
+and with his clergy fasted and prayed to the Lord three days, and
+as many nights.  On the third night, at the third hour, fire fell
+suddenly from heaven, and totally burned the castle.  Vortigern,
+the daughter of Hengist, his other wives, and all the inhabitants,
+both men and women, miserably perished: such was the end of this
+unhappy king, as we find written in the life of St. Germanus.
+*The Tobias of Ptolemy
+
+47. Others assure us, that being hated by all the people of Britain,
+for having received the Saxons, and being publicly charged by St.
+Germanus and the clergy in the sight of God, he betook himself to
+flight; and, that deserted and a wanderer, he sought a place of
+refuge, till broken hearted, he made an ignominious end.
+
+Some accounts state, that the earth opened and swallowed him up,
+on the night his castle was burned; as no remains were discovered
+the following morning, either of him, or of those who were burned
+with him.
+
+He had three sons: the eldest was Vortimer, who, as we have seen,
+fought four times against the Saxons, and put them to flight;
+the second Categirn, who was slain in the same battle with Horsa;
+the third was Pascent, who reigned in the two provinces Builth
+and Guorthegirnaim,[1] after the death of his father.  These
+were granted him by Ambrosius, who was the great king among the
+kings of Britain.  The fourth was Faustus, born of an incestuous
+marriage with his daughter, who was brought up and educated by
+St. Germanus.  He built a large monastery on the banks of the
+river Renis, called after his name, and which remains to the
+present period.[2]
+[1] In the northern part of the present counties of Radnor and
+Brecknock.
+[2] V.R. The MSS. add, 'and he had one daughter, who was the
+mother of St. Faustus.'
+
+49. This is the genealogy of Vortigern, which goes back to
+Fernvail,[1] who reigned in the kingdom of Guorthegirnaim,[2]
+and was the son of Teudor; Teudor was the son of Pascent; Pascent
+of Guoidcant; Guoidcant of Moriud; Moriud of Eltat; Eltat of
+Eldoc; Eldoc of Paul; Paul of Meuprit; Meuprit of Braciat;
+Braciat of Pascent; Pascent of Guorthegirn, Guorthegirn of
+Guortheneu; Guortheneu of Guitaul; Guitaul of Guitolion; Guitolion
+of Gloui.  Bonus, Paul, Mauron, Guotelin, were four brothers, who
+built Gloiuda, a great city upon the banks of the river Severn,
+and in Birtish is called Cair Gloui, in Saxon, Gloucester.  Enough
+has been said of Vortigern.
+[1] Fernvail, or Farinmail, appears to have been king of Gwent
+or Monmouth.
+[2] V.R. 'Two provinces, Builth and Guorthegirnaim.'
+
+50. St. Germanus, after his death, returned into his own country.
+*At that time, the Saxons greatly increased in Britain, both in
+strength and numbers.  And Octa, after the death of his father
+Hengist, came from the sinistral part of the island to the kingdom
+of Kent, and from him have proceeded all the kings of that province,
+to the present period.
+* V.R. All this to the word 'Amen,' in other MSS. is placed after
+the legend of St. Patrick.
+
+Then it was, that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the kings and
+military force of Britain, fought against the Saxons.  And though
+there were many more noble than himself, yet he was twelve times
+chosen their commander, and was as often conqueror.  The first
+battle in which he was engaged, was at the mouth of the river
+Gleni.[1]  The second, third, fourth, and fifth, were on another
+river, by the Britons called Duglas,[2] in the region Linuis.
+The sixth, on the river Bassas.[3] The seventh in the wood Celidon,
+which the Britons call Cat Coit Celidon.[4] The eighth was near
+Gurnion castle,[5] where Arthur bore the image of the Holy Virgin,[6]
+mother of God, upon his shoulders, and through the power of our
+Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to flight,
+and pursued them the whole day with great slaughter.[7] The ninth
+was at the City of Legion,[8] which is called Cair Lion.  The
+tenth was on the banks of the river Trat Treuroit.[9] The eleventh
+was on the mountain Breguoin, which we call Cat Bregion.[10] The
+twelfth was a most severe contest, when Arthur penetrated to the
+hill of Badon.[11] In this engagement, nine hundred and forty fell
+by his hand alone, no one but the Lord affording him assistance.
+In all these engagements the Britons were successful.  For no
+strength can avail against the will of the Almighty.
+[1] Supposed by some to be the Glem, in Lincolnshire; but most
+probably the Glen, in the northern part of Northumberland.
+[2] Or Dubglas.  The little river Dunglas, which formed the
+southern boundary of Lothian.  Whitaker says, the river Duglas,
+in Lancashire, near Wigan.
+[3] Not a river, but an isolated rock in the Frith of Forth, near
+the town of North Berwick, called "The Bass."  Some think it is
+the river Lusas, in Hampshire.
+[4] The Caledonian forest; or the forest of Englewood, extending
+from Penrith to Carlisle.
+[5] Variously supposed to be in Cornwall, or Binchester in Durham,
+but most probably the Roman station of Garionenum, near Yarmouth,
+in Norfolk.
+[6] V.R. The image of the cross of Christ, and of the perpetual
+virgin St. Mary.
+[7] V.R. For Arthur proceeded to Jerusalem, and there made a cross
+to the size of the Saviour's cross, and there it was consecrated,
+and for three successive days he fasted, watched, and prayed,
+before the Lord's cross, that the Lord would give him the victory,
+by this sign, over the heathen; which also took place, and he took
+with him the image of St. Mary, the fragments of which are still
+preserved in great veneration at Wedale, in English Wodale, in
+Latin Vallis-doloris.  Wodale is a village in the province of
+Lodonesia, but now of the jurisdiction of the bishop of St. Andrew's,
+of Scotland, six miles on the west of that heretofore noble and
+eminent monastery of Meilros.
+[8] Exeter.
+[9] Or Ribroit, the Brue, in Somersetshire; or the Ribble, in
+Lancashire.
+[10] Or Agned Cathregonion, Cadbury, in Somersetshire; or Edinburgh
+[11] Bath.
+
+The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they sought for new
+supplies of Saxons from Germany; so that kings, commanders, and
+military bands were invited over from almost every province.  And
+this practice they continued till the reign of Ida, who was the
+son of Eoppa, he, of the Saxon race, was the first king in Bernicia,
+and in Cair Ebrauc (York).
+
+When Gratian Aequantius was consul at rome, because then the whole
+world was governed by the Roman consuls, the Saxons were received
+by Vortigern in the year of our Lord four hundred and forty-seven,
+and to the year in which we now write, five hundred and forty-seven.
+And whosoever shall read herein may receive instruction, the Lord
+Jesus Christ affording assistance, who, co-eternal with the Father
+and the Holy Ghost, lives and reigns for ever and ever.  Amen.
+
+In those days Saint Patrick was captive among the Scots.  His
+master's name was Milcho, to whom he was a swineherd for seven
+years.  When he had attained the age of seventeen he gave him his
+liberty.  By the divine impulse, he applied himself to reading of
+the Scriptures, and afterwards went to Rome; where, replenished
+with the Holy Spirit, he continued a great while, studying the
+sacred mysteries of those writings.  During his continuance there,
+Palladius, the first bishop, was sent by pope Celestine to convert
+the Scots [the Irish].  But tempests and signs from God prevented
+his landing, for no one can arrive in any country, except it be
+allowed from above; altering therefore his course from Ireland,
+he came to Britain and died in the land of the Picts.*
+* At Fordun, in the district of Mearns, in Scotland-Usher.
+
+51. The death of Palladius being known, the Roman patricians,
+Theodosius and Valentinian, then reigning, pope Celestine sent
+Patrick to convert the Scots to the faith of the Holy Trinity;
+Victor, the angel of God, accompanying, admonishing, and assisting
+him, and also the bishop Germanus.
+
+Germanus then sent the ancient Segerus with him as a venerable
+and praiseworthy bishop, to king Amatheus,[1] who lived near, and
+who had prescience of what was to happen; he was consecrated bishop
+in the reign of that king by the holy pontiff,[2] assuming the
+name of Patrick, having hitherto been known by that of Maun;
+Auxilius, Isserninus, and other brothers were ordained with him
+to inferior degrees.
+[1] V.R. Germanus "sent the elder Segerus with him to a wonderful
+man, the holy bishop Amathearex."  Another MS. "Sent the elder
+Segerus, a bishop, with him to Amatheorex."
+[2] V.R. "Received the episcopal degree from the holy bishop
+Amatheorex."  Another MS. "Received the episcopal degree from
+Matheorex and the holy bishop."
+
+52. Having distributed benedictions, and perfected all in the name
+of the Holy Trinity, he embarked on the sea which is between the
+Gauls and the Britons; and after a quick passage arrived in Britain,
+where he preached for some time.  Every necessary preparation being
+made, and the angel giving him warning, he came to the Irish Sea.
+And having filled the ship with foreign gifts and spiritual
+treasures, by the permission of God he arrived in Ireland, where
+he baptized and preached.
+
+53. From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year of king
+Logiore, when the Irish were baptized, and faith in the unity of
+the individual Trinity was published to them, are five thousand
+three hundred and thirty years.
+
+54. Saint Patrick taught the gospel in foreign nations for the
+space of forty years.  Endued with apostolical powers, he gave
+sight to the blind, cleansed the lepers, gave hearing to the deaf,
+cast out devils, raised nine from the dead, redeemed many captives
+of both sexes at his own charge, and set them free in the name of
+the Holy Trinity.  He taught the servants of God, and he wrote
+three hundred and sixty-five canonical and other books relating
+to the catholic faith.  He founded as many churches, and consecrated
+the same number of bishops, strengthening them with the Holy Ghost.
+He ordained three thousand presbyters; and converted and baptized
+twelve thousand persons in the province of Connaught.  And, in
+one day baptized seven kings, who were the seven sons of Amalgaid.[1]
+He continued fasting forty days and nights, on the summit of the
+mountain Eli, that is Cruachan-Aichle;[2] and preferred three
+petitions to God for the Irish, that had embraced the faith.
+The Scots say, the first was, that he would receive every repenting
+sinner, even at the latest extremity of life; the second, that
+they should never be exterminated by barbarians; and the third,
+that as Ireland[3] will be overflowed with water, seven years
+before the coming of our Lord to judge the quick and the dead, the
+crimes of the people might be washed away through his intercession,
+and their souls purified at the last day.  He gave the people his
+benediction from the upper part of the mountain, and going up
+higher, that he might pray for them; and that if it pleased God,
+he might see the effects of his labours, there appeared to him an
+innumerable flock of birds of many coulours, signifying the number
+of holy persons of both sexes of the Irish nation, who should come
+to him as their apostle at the day of judgment, to be presented
+before the tribunal of Christ.  After a life spent in the active
+exertion of good to mankind, St. Patrick, in a healthy old age,
+passed from this world to the Lord, and changing this life for a
+better, with the saints and elect of God he rejoices for evermore.
+[1] King of Connaught.
+[2] A mountain in the west of Connaught, county of Mayo, now
+called Croagh-Patrick.
+[3] V.R. that no Irishman may be alive on the day of judgment,
+because they will be destroyed seven years before in honour of
+St. Patrick.
+
+55. Saint Patrick resembled Moses in four particulars.  The angel
+spoke to him in the burning bush.  He fasted forty days and forty
+nights upon the mountain.  He attained the period of one hundred
+and twenty years.  No one knows his sepulchre, nor where he was
+buried; sixteen[1] years he was in captivity.  In his twenty-fifth
+year, he was consecrated bishop by Saint Matheus,[2] and he was
+eighty-five years the apostle of the Irish.  It might be profitable
+to treat more at large of the life of this saint, but it is now
+time to conclude this epitome of his labours.[3]
+[1] V.R. Fifteen.
+[2] V.R. By the holy bishop Amatheus.
+[3] Here ends the Vatican MS. collated by Mr. Gunn.
+
+[Here endeth the life of the holy bishop, Saint Patrick.]
+(After this, the MSS. give as 56., the legend of king Arthur,
+which in this edition occurs in 50.)
+
+
+
+
+Genealogy of the kings of Bernicia.*
+* These titles are not part of the original work, but added in
+the MSS. by a later hand.
+
+
+
+57. Woden begat Beldeg, who begat Beornec, who begat Gethbrond,
+who begat Aluson, who begat Ingwi, who begat Edibrith, who begat
+Esa, who begat Eoppa, who begat Ida.  But Ida had twelve sons,
+Adda, Belric, Theodric, Ethelric, Theodhere, Osmer, and one queen,
+Bearnoch, Ealric.  Ethelric begat Ethelfrid: the same is Aedlfred
+Flesaur.  For he also had seven sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, Oswin,
+Oswy, Oswudu, Oslac, Offa.  Oswy begat Alfrid, Elfwin, and Egfrid.
+Egfrid is he who made war against his cousin Brudei, king of the
+Picts, and he fell therein with all the strength of his army, and
+the Picts with their king gained the victory; and the Saxons never
+again reduced the Picts so as to exact tribute from them.  Since
+the time of this war it is called Gueithlin Garan.
+
+But Oswy had two wives, Riemmelth, the daughter of Royth, son of
+Rum; and Eanfled, the daughter of Edwin, son of Alla.
+
+
+
+
+The genealogy of the kings of Kent.
+
+
+
+58. Hengist begat Octa, who begat Ossa, who begat Eormenric,
+who begat Ethelbert, who begat Eadbald, who begat Ercombert, who
+begat Egbert.
+
+
+
+
+The origin of the kings of East-Anglia.
+
+
+
+59. Woden begat Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat Trigil, who
+begat Rodmunt, who begat Rippa, who begat Guillem Guercha,* who
+was the first king of the East Angles.  Guercha begat Uffa, who
+begat Tytillus, who begat Eni, who begat Edric, who begat Aldwulf,
+who begat Elric.
+* Guercha is a distortion of the name of Uffa, or Wuffa, arising
+in the first instance from the pronunciation of the British writer;
+and in the next place from the error of the transcriber--Palgrave.
+
+
+
+
+The genealogy of the Mercians.
+
+
+
+60. Woden begat Guedolgeat, who begat Gueagon, who begat Guithleg,
+who begat Guerdmund, who begat Ossa, who begat Ongen, who begat
+Eamer, who begat Pubba.*  This Pubba had twelve sons, of whom two
+are better known to me than the others, that is Penda and Eawa.
+Eadlit is the son of Pantha, Penda, son of Pubba, Ealbald, son of
+Alguing, son of Eawa, son of Penda, son of Pubba.  Egfert, son of
+Offa, son of Thingferth, son of Enwulf, son of Ossulf, son of
+Eawa, son of Pubba.
+* Or Wibba.
+
+
+
+
+The kings of the Deiri.
+
+
+
+61. Woden begat Beldeg, Brond begat Siggar, who begat Sibald,
+who begat Zegulf, who begat Soemil, who first separated[1] Deur
+from Berneich (Deira from Bernicia.)  Soemil begat Sguerthing, who
+begat Giulglis, who begat Ulfrea, who begat Iffi, who begat Ulli,
+Edwin, Osfrid and Eanfrid.  There were two sons of Edwin, who fell
+with him in battle at Meicen,[2] and the kingdom was never renewed
+in his family, because not one of his race escaped from that war;
+but all were slain with him by the army of Catguollaunus,[3] king
+of the Guendota.  Oswy begat Egfrid, the same is Ailguin, who
+begat Oslach, sho begat Alhun, who begat Adlsing, who begat Echun,
+who begat Oslaph.  Ida begat Eadric, who begat Ecgulf, who begat
+Leodwald, who begat Eata, the same is Glinmaur, who begat Eadbert
+and Egbert, who was the first bishop of their nation.
+[1] V.R. Conquered.
+[2] Hatfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.  See Bede's Eccles.
+Hist.
+[3] Cadwalla, king of the Western Britons.
+
+Ida, the son of Eoppa, possessed countries on the left-hand side
+of Britain, i.e. of the Humbrian sea, and reigned twelve years,
+and united* Dynguayth Guarth-Berneich.
+* V.R. United the castle, i.e. Dinguerin and Gurdbernech, which
+two countries were in one country, i.e. Deurabernech; Anglice
+Diera and Bernicia.  Another MS. Built Dinguayrh Guarth Berneich.
+
+62. Then Dutgirn at that time fought bravely against the nation
+of the Angles.  At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen* was famed for
+poetry, and Neirin, and Taliesin and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is
+called Guenith Guaut, were all famous at the same time in British
+poetry.
+* Talhaiarn was a descendant of Coel Godebog, and chaplain to
+Ambrosius.
+
+The great king, Mailcun,* reigned among the Britons, i.e. in the
+district of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather, Cunedda,
+with his twelve sons, had come before from the left-hand part, i.e.
+from the country which is called Manau Gustodin, one hundred and
+forty-six years before Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots
+with much slaughter from those countries, and they never returned
+again to inhabit them.
+* Better known as Maelgwn.
+
+63. Adda, son of Ida, reigned eight years; Ethelric, son of Adda,
+reigned four years.  Theodoric, son of Ida, reigned seven years.
+Freothwulf reigned six years.  In whose time the kingdom of Kent,
+by the mission of Gregory, received baptism.  Hussa reigned seven
+years.  Against him fought four kings, Urien, and Ryderthen, and
+Guallauc, and Morcant.  Theodoric fought bravely, together with
+his sons, against that Urien.  But at that time sometimes the enemy
+and sometimes our countrymen were defeated, and he shut them up
+three days and three nights in the island of Metcaut; and whilst
+he was on an expedition he was murdered, at the instance of Morcant,
+out of envy, because he possessed so much superiority over all
+the kings in military science.  Eadfered Flesaurs reigned twelve
+years in Bernicia, and twelve others in Deira, and gave to his wife
+Bebba, the town of Dynguaroy, which from her is called Bebbanburg.*
+* Bambrough.  See Bede, iii. 6, and Sax. Chron. A.D. 547.
+
+Edwin, son of Alla, reigned seventeen years, seized on Elmete, and
+expelled Cerdic, its king.  Eanfled, his duaghter, received baptism,
+on the twelfth day after Pentecost, with all her followers, both
+men and women.  The following Easter Edwin himself received baptism,
+and twelve thousand of his subjects with him.  If any one wishes
+to know who baptized them, it was Rum Map Urbgen:* he was engaged
+forty days in baptizing all classes of the Saxons, and by his
+preaching many believed on Christ.
+* See Bede's Eccles. Hist.  From the share which Paulinus had in
+the conversion of the Northumbrian king, it has been inferred
+that he actaully baptized him; but Nennius experssly states, that
+the holy sacrament was administered by Rhun, the son of Urien.
+The Welsh name of Paulinus is Pawl Hen, or Polin Eagob.
+
+64. Oswald son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years; the same is
+Oswald Llauiguin;[1] he slew Catgublaun (Cadwalla),[2] king of
+Guenedot,[3] in the battle of Catscaul,[4] with much loss to his
+own army.  Oswy, son of Ethelfrid, reigned twenty-eight years and
+six months.  During his reign, there was a dreadful mortality
+among his subjects, when Catgualart (Cadwallader) was king among
+the Britons, succeeding his father, and he himself died amongst
+the rest.[5]  He slew Penda in the field of Gai, and now took
+place the slaughter of Gai Campi, and the kings of the Britons,
+who went out with Penda on the expedition as far as the city of
+Judeu, were slain.
+[1] Llauiguin, means the "fair," or the "bounteous hand."
+[2] This name has been variously written; Bede spells it Caedualla
+(Cadwalla); Nennius, Catgublaun; the Saxon Chronicle, Ceadwalla;
+and the Welsh writers, Cadwallon and Kalwallawn: and though the
+identity of the person may be clearly proved, it is necessary to
+observe these particulars to distinguish him from Cadwaladr, and
+from another Caedualla or Caedwalla, a king of the West Saxons;
+all of whom, as they lived within a short time of each other,
+have been frequently confounded together.--Rees's Welsh Saints.
+[3] Gwynedd, North Wales.
+[4] Bede says at Denis's brook.
+[5] The British chronicles assert that Cadwallader died at Rome,
+whilst Nennius would lead us to conclude that he perished in the
+pestilence at home.
+
+65. Then Oswy restored all the wealth, which was with him in the
+city, to Penda; who distributed it among the kings of the Britons,
+that is Atbert Judeu.  But Catgabail alone, king of Guenedot,
+rising up in the night, excaped, together with his army, wherefore
+he was called Catgabail Catguommed.  Egfrid, son of Oswy, reigned
+nine years.  In his time the holy bishop Cuthbert died in the
+island of Medcaut.*  It was he who made war against the Picts,
+and was by them slain.
+* The isle of Farne.
+
+Penda, son of Pybba, reigned ten years; he first separated the
+kingdom of Mercia from that of the North-men, and slew by treachery
+Anna, king of the East Anglians, and St. Oswald, king of the North
+Men.  He fought the battle of Cocboy, in which fell Eawa, son of
+Pybba, his brother, king of the Mercians, and Oswald, king of the
+North-men, and he gained the victory by diabolical agency.  He
+was not baptized, and never believed in God.
+
+66. From the beginning of the world to Constantinus and Rufus,
+are found to be five thousand six hundred and fifty-eight years.
+
+Also from the two consuls, Rufus and Rubelius, to the consul
+Stilicho, are three hundred and seventy-three years.
+
+Also from Stilicho to Valentinian, son of Placida, and the reign
+of Vortigern, are twenty-eight years.
+
+And from the reign of Vortigern to the quarrel between Guitolinus
+and Ambrosius, are twelve years, which is Guoloppum, that is
+Catgwaloph.*  Vortigern reigned in Britain when Theodosius and
+Valentinian were consuls, and in the fourth year of his reign the
+Saxons came to Britain, in the consulship of Felix and Taurus, in
+the four hundredth year from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus
+Christ.
+* In Carmarthenshire.  Perhaps the town now called Kidwelly.
+
+>From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, and were
+received by Vortigern, to the time of Decius and Valerian, are
+sixty-nine years.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of History Of The Britons, by Nennius
+
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