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diff --git a/1972.txt b/1972.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..341ecb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1972.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@ +Project Gutenberg's History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum), by Nennius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) + +Author: Nennius + +Translator: J. A. Giles + +Release Date: February 25, 2006 [EBook #1972] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE BRITONS *** + + + + +Produced by Bert Olton and David Widger + + + + + +HISTORY OF THE BRITONS (HISTORIA BRITTONUM) + + +by Nennius + + +Translated by J. A. Giles + + + + +I. THE PROLOGUE. + + +1. Nennius, the lowly minister and servant of the servants of God, by +the grace of God, disciple of St. Elbotus,* to all the followers of +truth sendeth health. + + * Or Elvod, bishop of Bangor, A.D. 755, who first adopted in + the Cambrian church the new cycle for regulating Easter. + +Be it known to your charity, that being dull in intellect and rude of +speech, I have presumed to deliver these things in the Latin tongue, not +trusting to my own learning, which is little or none at all, but partly +from traditions of our ancestors, partly from writings and monuments +of the ancient inhabitants of Britain, partly from the annals of the +Romans, and the chronicles of the sacred fathers, Isidore, Hieronymus, +Prosper, Eusebius, and from the histories of the Scots and Saxons, +although our enemies, not following my own inclinations, but, to the +best of my ability, obeying the commands of my seniors; I have lispingly +put together this history from various sources, and have endeavored, +from shame, to deliver down to posterity the few remaining ears of corn +about past transactions, that they might not be trodden under foot, +seeing that an ample crop has been snatched away already by the hostile +reapers of foreign nations. For many things have been in my way, and I, +to this day, have hardly been able to understand, even superficially, as +was necessary, the sayings of other men; much less was I able in my own +strength, but like a barbarian, have I murdered and defiled the +language of others. But I bore about with me an inward wound, and I +was indignant, that the name of my own people, formerly famous and +distinguished, should sink into oblivion, and like smoke be dissipated. +But since, however, I had rather myself be the historian of the Britons +than nobody, although so many are to be found who might much more +satisfactorily discharge the labour thus imposed on me; I humbly entreat +my readers, whose ears I may offend by the inelegance of my words, that +they will fulfil the wish of my seniors, and grant me the easy task of +listening with candour to my history. For zealous efforts very often +fail: but bold enthusiasm, were it in its power, would not suffer me to +fail. May, therefore, candour be shown where the inelegance of my words +is insufficient, and may the truth of this history, which my rustic +tongue has ventured, as a kind of plough, to trace out in furrows, lose +none of its influence from that cause, in the ears of my hearers. For it +is better to drink a wholesome draught of truth from the humble vessel, +than poison mixed with honey from a golden goblet. + +2. And do not be loath, diligent reader, to winnow my chaff, and lay up +the wheat in the storehouse of your memory: for truth regards not who +is the speaker, nor in what manner it is spoken, but that the thing be +true; and she does not despise the jewel which she has rescued from the +mud, but she adds it to her former treasures. + +For I yield to those who are greater and more eloquent than myself, who, +kindled with generous ardour, have endeavoured by Roman eloquence to +smooth the jarring elements of their tongue, if they have left unshaken +any pillar of history which I wished to see remain. This history +therefore has been compiled from a wish to benefit my inferiors, not +from envy of those who are superior to me, in the 858th year of our +Lord's incarnation, and in the 24th year of Mervin, king of the Britons, +and I hope that the prayers of my betters will be offered up for me in +recompence of my labour. But this is sufficient by way of preface. I +shall obediently accomplish the rest to the utmost of my power. + + + + +II. THE APOLOGY OF NENNIUS + + + +Here begins the apology of Nennius, the historiographer of the Britons, +of the race of the Britons. + +3. I, Nennius, disciple of St. Elbotus, have endeavoured to write some +extracts which the dulness of the British nation had cast away, because +teachers had no knowledge, nor gave any information in their books about +this island of Britain. But I have got together all that I could find as +well from the annals of the Romans as from the chronicles of the sacred +fathers, Hieronymus, Eusebius, Isidorus, Prosper, and from the annals of +the Scots and Saxons, and from our ancient traditions. Many teachers +and scribes have attempted to write this, but somehow or other have +abandoned it from its difficulty, either on account of frequent deaths, +or the often recurring calamities of war. I pray that every reader +who shall read this book, may pardon me, for having attempted, like a +chattering jay, or like some weak witness, to write these things, after +they had failed. I yield to him who knows more of these things than I +do. + + + + +III. THE HISTORY. + + + +4, 5. From Adam to the flood, are two thousand and forty-two years. From +the flood of Abraham, nine hundred and forty-two. From Abraham to Moses, +six hundred.* From Moses to Solomon, and the first building of the +temple, four hundred and forty-eight. From Solomon to the rebuilding of +the temple, which was under Darius, king of the Persians, six hundred +and twelve years are computed. From Darius to the ministry of our Lord +Jesus Christ, and to the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are +five hundred and forty-eight years. So that from Adam to the ministry of +Christ and the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five thousand +two hundred and twenty-eight years. From the passion of Christ are +completed nine hundred and forty-six; from his incarnation, nine hundred +and seventy-six: being the fifth year of Edmund, king of the Angles. + + * And forty, according to Stevenson's new edition. The rest + of this chronology is much contracted in several of the + manuscripts, and hardly two of them contain it exactly the + same. + +6. The first age of the world is from Adam to Noah; the second from Noah +to Abraham; the third from Abraham to David; the fourth from David +to Daniel; the fifth to John the Baptist; the sixth from John to the +judgment, when our Lord Jesus Christ will come to judge the living and +the dead, and the world by fire. + + The first Julius. + The second Claudius. + The third Severus. + The fourth Carinus. + The fifth Constantius. + The sixth Maximus. + The seventh Maximianus. + The eighth another Severus Aequantius. + The ninth Constantius.* + + + * This list of the Roman emperors who visited Britain, is + omitted in many of the MSS. + +Here beginneth the history of the Britons, edited by Mark the anchorite, +a holy bishop of that people. + +7. The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a Roman consul. +Taken from the south-west point it inclines a little towards the west, +and to its northern extremity measures eight hundred miles, and is in +breadth two hundred. It contains thirty three cities,(1) viz. + + 1. Cair ebrauc (York). + 2. Cair ceint (Canterbury). + 3. Cair gurcoc (Anglesey?). + 4. Cair guorthegern (2) + 5. Cair custeint (Carnarvon). + 6. Cair guoranegon (Worcester). + 7. Cair segeint (Silchester). + 8. Cair guin truis (Norwich, or Winwick). + 9. Cair merdin (Caermarthen). + 10. Cair peris (Porchester). + 11. Cair lion (Caerleon-upon-Usk). + 12. Cair mencipit (Verulam). + 13. Cair caratauc (Catterick). + 14. Cair ceri (Cirencester). + 15. Cair glout (Gloucester). + 16. Cair luillid (Carlisle). + 17. Cair grant (Grantchester, now Cambridge). + 18. Cair daun (Doncaster), or Cair dauri (Dorchester). + 19. Cair britoc (Bristol). + 20. Cair meguaid (Meivod). + 21. Cair mauiguid (Manchester). + 22. Cair ligion (Chester). + 23. Cair guent (Winchester, or Caerwent, in Monmouthshire). + 24. Cair collon (Colchester, or St. Colon, Cornwall). + 25. Cair londein (London). + 26. Cair guorcon (Worren, or Woran, in Pembrokeshire). + 27. Cair lerion (Leicester). + 28. Cair draithou (Drayton). + 29. Cair pensavelcoit (Pevensey, in Sussex). + 30. Cairtelm (Teyn-Grace, in Devonshire). + 31. Cair Urnahc (Wroxeter, in Shropshire). + 32. Cair colemion (Camelet, in Somersetshire). + 33. Cair loit coit (Lincoln). + (1) V.R. Twenty-eight, twenty-one. + (2) Site unknown. + +These are the names of the ancient cities of the island of Britain. It +has also a vast many promontories, and castles innumerable, built of +brick and stone. Its inhabitants consist of four different people; the +Scots, the Picts, the Saxons and the ancient Britons. + +8. Three considerable islands belong to it; one, on the south, opposite +the Armorican shore, called Wight;* another between Ireland and Britain, +called Eubonia or Man; and another directly north, beyond the Picts, +named Orkney; and hence it was anciently a proverbial expression, in +reference to its kings and rulers, "He reigned over Britain and its +three islands." + + * Inis-gueith, or Gueith. + +6. It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in all +directions, to the east and west, to the south and north; but there +are two pre-eminently distinguished among the rest, the Thames and the +Severn, which formerly, like the two arms of Britain, bore the ships +employed in the conveyance of riches acquired by commerce. The Britons +were once very populous, and exercised extensive dominion from sea to +sea. + +10.* Respecting the period when this island became inhabited +subsequently to the flood, I have seen two distinct relations. According +to the annals of the Roman history, the Britons deduce their origin both +from the Greeks and Romans. On the side of the mother, from Lavinia, the +daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and of the race of Silvanus, the son +of Inachus, the son of Dardanus; who was the son of Saturn, king of the +Greeks, and who, having possessed himself of a part of Asia, built the +city of Troy. Dardanus was the father of Troius, who was the father +of Priam and Anchises; Anchises was the father of Aeneas, who was the +father of Ascanius and Silvius; and this Silvius was the son of Aeneas +and Lavinia, the daughter of the king of Italy. From the sons of Aeneas +and Lavinia descended Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of the +holy queen Rhea, and the founders of Rome. Brutus was consul when +he conquered Spain, and reduced that country to a Roman province. He +afterwards subdued the island of Britain, whose inhabitants were +the descendants of the Romans, from Silvius Posthumus. He was called +Posthumus because he was born after the death of Aeneas his father; and +his mother Lavinia concealed herself during her pregnancy; he was called +Silvius, because he was born in a wood. Hence the Roman kings were +called Silvan, and the Britons from Brutus, and rose from the family of +Brutus. + + * The whole of this, as far as the end of the paragraph, is + omitted in several MSS. + +Aeneas, after the Trojan war, arrived with his son in Italy; and Having +vanquished Turnus, married Lavinia, the daughter of king Latinus, who +was the son of Faunus, the son of Picus, the son of Saturn. After the +death of Latinus, Aeneas obtained the kingdom Of the Romans, and Lavinia +brought forth a son, who was named Silvius. Ascanius founded Alba, and +afterwards married. And Lavinia bore to Aeneas a son, named Silvius; +but Ascanius (1) married a wife, who conceived and became pregnant. +And Aeneas, having been informed that his daughter-in-law was pregnant, +ordered his son to send his magician to examine his wife, whether the +child conceived were male or female. The magician came and examined the +wife and pronounced it to be a son, who should become the most valiant +among the Italians, and the most beloved of all men. (2) In consequence +of this prediction, the magician was put to death by Ascanius; but it +happened that the mother of the child dying at its birth, he was named +Brutus; ad after a certain interval, agreeably to what the magician had +foretold, whilst he was playing with some others he shot his father with +an arrow, not intentionally but by accident. (3) He was, for this cause, +expelled from Italy, and came to the islands of the Tyrrhene sea, when +he was exiled on account of the death of Turnus, slain by Aeneas. He +then went among the Gauls, and built the city of the Turones, called +Turnis. (4) At length he came to this island named from him Britannia, +dwelt there, and filled it with his own descendants, and it has been +inhabited from that time to the present period. + + (1) Other MSS. Silvius. + + (2) V.R. Who should slay his father and mother, and be hated + by all mankind. + + (3) V.R. He displayed such superiority among his play- + fellows, that they seemed to consider him as their chief. + + (4) Tours. + +11. Aeneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius thirty +three years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve years, and Posthumus +thirty-nine * years: the latter, from whom the kings of Alba are called +Silvan, was brother to Brutus, who governed Britain at the time Eli the +high-priest judged Israel, and when the ark of the covenant was taken by +a foreign people. But Posthumus his brother reigned among the Latins. * +V.R. Thirty-seven. + +12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred years, came the +Picts, and occupied the Orkney Islands: whence they laid waste many +regions, and seized those on the left hand side of Britain, where they +still remain, keeping possession of a third part of Britain to this +day. * + + * See Bede's Eccles. Hist. + +13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from Spain. The first +that came was Partholomus,(1) with a thousand men and women; these +increased to four thousand; but a mortality coming suddenly upon them, +they all perished in one week. The second was Nimech, the son of...,(2) +who, according to report, after having been at sea a year and a half, +and having his ships shattered, arrived at a port in Ireland, and +continuing there several years, returned at length with his followers +to Spain. After these came three sons of a Spanish soldier with thirty +ships, each of which contained thirty wives; and having remained there +during the space of a year, there appeared to them, in the middle of the +sea, a tower of glass, the summit of which seemed covered with men, to +whom they often spoke, but received no answer. At length they determined +to besiege the tower; and after a year's preparation, advanced towards +it, with the whole number of their ships, and all the women, one ship +only excepted, which had been wrecked, and in which were thirty men, +and as many women; but when all had disembarked on the shore which +surrounded the tower, the sea opened and swallowed them up. Ireland, +however, was peopled, to the present period, from the family remaining +in the vessel which was wrecked. Afterwards, other came from Spain, and +possessed themselves of various parts of Britain. + + (1) V.R. Partholomaeus, or Bartholomaeus. + + (2) A blank is here in the MS. Agnomen is found in some of + the others. + +14. Last of all came one Hoctor,(1) who continued there, and whose +descendants remain there to this day. Istoreth, the son of Istorinus, +with his followers, held Dalrieta; Buile had the island Eubonia, and +other adjacent places. The sons of Liethali(2) obtained the country of +the dimetae, where is a city called Menavia,(3) and the province Guiher +and Cetgueli, (4) which they held till they were expelled from every +part of Britain, by Cunedda and his sons. + + (1) V.R. Damhoctor, Clamhoctor, and Elamhoctor. + + (2) V.R. Liethan, Bethan, Vethan. + + (3) St. David's. + + (4) Guiher, probably the Welsh district Gower. Cetgueli is + Caer Kidwelly, in Carmarthenshire. + +15. According to the most learned among the Scots, if any one desires +to learn what I am now going to state, Ireland was a desert, and +uninhabited, when the children of Israel crossed the Red Sea, in which, +as we read in the Book of the Law, the Egyptians who followed them were +drowned. At that period, there lived among this people, with a numerous +family, a Scythian of noble birth, who had been banished from his +country and did not go to pursue the people of God. The Egyptians who +were left, seeing the destruction of the great men of their nation, and +fearing lest he should possess himself of their territory, took counsel +together, and expelled him. Thus reduced, he wandered forty-two years in +Africa, and arrived, with his family, at the altars of the Philistines, +by the Lake of Osiers. Then passing between Rusicada and the hilly +country of Syria, they travelled by the river Malva through Mauritania +as far as the Pillars of Hercules; and crossing the Tyrrhene Sea, landed +in Spain, where they continued many years, having greatly increased and +multiplied. Thence, a thousand and two years after the Egyptians were +lost in the Red Sea, they passed into Ireland, and the district of +Dalrieta.* At that period, Brutus, who first exercised the consular +office, reigned over the Romans; and the state, which before was +governed by regal power, was afterwards ruled, during four hundred and +forty-seven years, by consuls, tribunes of the people, and dictators. + + * North-western part of Antrim in Ulster. + +The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; and in the +fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland. + +The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided with the +means of defence, were unanimously and incessantly attacked, both by the +Scots from the west, and by the Picts from the north. A long interval +after this, the Romans obtained the empire of the world. + +16. From the first arrival of the Saxons into Britain, to the fourth +year of king Mermenus, are computed four hundred and twenty eight years; +from the nativity of our Lord to the coming of St. Patrick among the +Scots, four hundred and five years; from the death of St. Patrick to +that of St. Bridget, forty years; and from the birth of Columeille(1) to +the death of St Bridget four years.(2) + + (1) V.R. Columba. + + (2) Some MSS. add, the beginning of the calculation is 23 + cycles of 19 years from the incarnation of our Lord to the + arrival of St. Patrick in Ireland, and they make 438 years. + And from the arrival of St. Patrick to the cycle of 19 years + in which we live are 22 cycles, which make 421 years. + +17. I have learned another account of this Brutus from the ancient books +of our ancestors.* After the deluge, the three sons of Noah severally +occupied three different parts of the earth: Shem extended his borders +into Asia, Ham into Africa, and Japheth in Europe. + + * This proves the tradition of Brutus to be older than + Geoffrey or Tyssilio, unless these notices of Brutus have + been interpolated in the original work of Nennius. + +The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons, +Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, +Alamanus, and Brutus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, +Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, +Saxo, and Boganus. From Hisicion arose four nations--the Franks, the +Latins, the Germans, and Britons: from Armenon, the Gothi, Balagothi, +Cibidi, Burgundi, and Longobardi: from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, +Saxones, and Tarinegi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these +tribes. + +Alanus is said to have been the son of Fethuir;* Fethuir, the son of +Ogomuin, who was the son of Thoi; Thoi was the son of Boibus, Boibus +of Semion, Semion of Mair, Mair of Ecthactus, Ecthactus of Aurthack, +Aurthack of Ethec, Ethec of Ooth, Ooth of Aber, Aber of Ra, Ra of Esraa, +Esraa of Hisrau, Hisrau of Bath, Bath of Jobath, Jobath of Joham, Joham +of Japheth, Japheth of Noah, Noah of Lamech, Lamech of Mathusalem, +Mathusalem of Enoch, Enoch of Jared, Jared of Malalehel, Malalehel of +Cainan, Cainan of Enos, Enos of Seth, Seth of Adam, and Adam was formed +by the living God. We have obtained this information respecting the +original inhabitants of Britain from ancient tradition. + + * This genealogy is different in almost all the MSS. + +18. The Britons were thus called from Brutus: Brutus was the son of +Hisicion, Hisicion was the son of Alanus, Alanus was the son of Rhea +Silvia, Fhea Silvia was the daughter of Numa Pompilius, Numa was the son +of Ascanius, Ascanius of Eneas, Eneas of Anchises, Anchises of Troius, +Troius of Dardanus, Dardanus of Flisa, Flisa of Juuin, Juuin of Japheth; +but Japheth had seven sons; from the first named Gomer, descended the +Galli; from the second, Magog, the Scythi and Gothi; from the third, +Madian, the Medi; from the fourth, Juuan, the Greeks; from the fifth, +Tubal, arose the Hebrei, Hispani, and Itali; from the sixth, Mosoch, +sprung the Cappadoces; and from the seventh, named Tiras, descended +the Thraces: these are the sons of Japheth, the son of Noah, the son of +Lamech. + +19.* The Romans, having obtained the dominion of the world, sent legates +or deputies to the Britons to demand of them hostages and tribute, which +they received from all other countries and islands; but they, fierce, +disdainful, and haughty, treated the legation with contempt. + + * Some MSS. add, I will now return to the point from which I + made this digression. + +Then Julius Caesar, the first who had acquired absolute power at Rome, +highly incensed against the Britons, sailed with sixty vessels to the +mouth of the Thames, where they suffered shipwreck whilst he fought +against Dolobellus, (the proconsul of the British king, who was called +Belinus, and who was the son of Minocannus who governed all the islands +of the Tyrrhene Sea), and thus Julius Caesar returned home without +victory, having had his soldiers Slain, and his ships shattered. + +20. But after three years he again appeared with a large army, and three +hundred ships, at the mouth of the Thames, where he renewed hostilities. +In this attempt many of his soldiers and horses were killed; for the +same consul had placed iron pikes in the shallow part of the river, and +this having been effected with so much skill and secrecy as to escape +the notice of the Roman soldiers, did them considerable injury; thus +Caesar was once more compelled to return without peace or victory. The +Romans were, therefore, a third time sent against the Britons; and under +the command of Julius, defeated them near a place called Trinovantum +(London), forty-seven years before the birth of Christ, and five +thousand two hundred and twelve years from the creation. + +Julius was the first exercising supreme power over the Romans who +invaded Britain: in honour of him the Romans decreed the fifth month to +be called after his name. He was assassinated in the Curia, in the ides +of March, and Octavius Augustus succeeded to the empire of the world. He +was the only emperor who received tribute from the Britons, according +to the following verse of Virgil: "Purpurea intexti tollunt aulaea +Britanni." + +21. The second after him, who came into Britain, was the emperor +Claudius, who reigned forty-seven years after the birth of Christ. He +carried with him war and devastation; and, though not without loss of +men, he at length conquered Britain. He next sailed to the Orkneys, +which he likewise conquered, and afterwards rendered tributary. No +tribute was in his time received from the Britons; but it was paid +to British emperors. He reigned thirteen years and eight months. His +monument is to be seen at Moguntia (among the Lombards), where he died +in his way to Rome. + +22. After the birth of Christ, one hundred and sixty-seven years, king +Lucius, with all the chiefs of the British people, received baptism, +in consequence of a legation sent by the Roman emperors and pope +Evaristus.* + + * V.R. Eucharistus. A marginal note in the Arundel MS. + adds, "He is wrong, because the first year of Evaristus was + A.D. 79, whereas the first year of Eleutherius, whom he + ought to have named, was A.D. 161." Usher says, that in one + MS. of Nennius he found the name of Eleutherius. + +23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to Britain, where, +to protect the provinces recovered from barbaric incursions, he ordered +a wall and a rampart to be made between the Britons, the Scots, and +the Picts, extending across the island from sea to sea, in length one +hundred and thirty-three miles: and it is called in the British language +Gwal.* Moreover, he ordered it to be made between the Britons, and the +Picts and Scots; for the Scots from the west, and the Picts from the +north, unanimously made war against the Britons; but were at peace among +themselves. Not long after Severus dies in Britain. + + *Or, the Wall. One MS. here adds, "The above-mentioned + Severus constructed it of rude workmanship in length 132 + miles; i.e. from Penguaul, which village is called in + Scottish Cenail, in English Peneltun, to the mouth of the + river Cluth and Cairpentaloch, where this wall terminates; + but it was of no avail. The emperor Carausius afterwards + rebuilt it, and fortified it with seven castles between the + two mouths: he built also a round house of polished stones + on the banks of the river Carun (Carron): he likewise + erected a triumphal arch, on which he inscribed his own name + in memory of his victory." + +24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Carausius, who, incensed at +the murder of Severus, passed into Britain, and attended by the leaders +of the Roman people, severely avenged upon the chiefs and rulers of the +Britons, the cause of Severus.* + + * This passage is corrupt, the meaning is briefly given in + the translation. + +25. The fifth was Constantius the father of Constantine the Great. He +died in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears by the inscription on his +tomb, is still seen near the city named Cair segont (near Carnarvon). +Upon the pavement of the above-mentioned city he sowed three seeds of +gold, silver and brass, that no poor person might ever be found in it. +It is also called Minmanton.* + + * V.R. Mirmantum, Mirmantun, Minmanto, Minimantone. The + Segontium of Antoninus, situated on a small river named + Seiont, near Carnarvon. + +26. Maximianus(1) was the sixth emperor that ruled in Britain. It was in +his time that consuls(2) began, and that the appellation of Caesar was +discontinued: at this period also, St. Martin became celebrated for his +virtues and miracles, and held a conversation with him. + + (1) This is an inaccuracy of Nennius; Maximus and Maximianus + were one and the same person; or rather no such person as + Maximianus ever reigned in Britain. (2) Geoffrey of Monmouth + gives the title of consul to several British generals who + lived after this time. It is not unlikely that the town, + name, and dignity, still lingered in the provinces after the + Romans were gone, particularly as the cities of Britain + maintained for a time a species of independence. + +27. The seventh emperor was Maximus. He withdrew from Britain with all +his military force, slew Gratian, the king of the Romans, and obtained +the sovereignty of all Europe. Unwilling to send back his warlike +companions to their wives, children, and possessions in Britain, he +conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit of +Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus, +that is, to Cruc Occident.* These are the Armoric Britons, and they +remain there to the present day. In consequence of their absence, +Britain being overcome by foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast +out, till God interposed with his assistance. We are informed by the +tradition of our ancestors that seven emperors went into Britain, though +the Romans affirm there were nine. + + * This district, in modern language, extended from the great + St. Bernard in Piedmont to Cantavic in Picardy, and from + Picardy to the western coast of France. + +28. Thus, aggreeably to the account given by the Britons, the Romans +governed them four hundred and nine years. + +After this, the Britons despised the authority of the Romans, equally +refusing to pay them tribute, or to receive their kings; nor durst the +Romans any longer attempt the government of a country, the natives of +which massacred their deputies. + +29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximus. Gratian, with his brother +Valentinian, reigned seven years. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, was then +eminent for his skill in the dogmata of the Catholics. Valentinianus +and Theodosius reigned eight years. At that time a synod was held at +Constantinople, attended by three hundred and fifty of the fathers, +and in which all heresies were condemned. Jerome, the presbyter of +Bethlehem, was then universally celebrated. Whilst Gratian exercised +supreme dominion over the world, Maximus, in a sedition of the soldiers, +was saluted emperor in Britain, and soon after crossed the sea to Gaul. +At Paris, by the treachery of Mellobaudes, his master of the horse, +Gratian was defeated and fleeing to Lyons, was taken and put to death; +Maximus afterwards associated his son victor in the government. + +Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this period bishop +of Tours. After a considerable space of time, Maximus was divested of +royal power by the consuls Valentinianus and Theodosius, and sentenced +to be beheaded at the third mile-stone from Aquileia: in the same year +also his son Victor was killed in Gaul by Arbogastes, five thousand six +hundred and ninety years from the creation of the world. + +30. Thrice were the Roman deputies put to death by the Britons, and yet +these, when harassed by the incursions of the barbarous nations, viz. Of +the Scots and Picts, earnestly solicited the aid of the Romans. To +give effect to their entreaties, ambassadors were sent, who made their +entrance with impressions of deep sorrow, having their heads covered +with dust, and carrying rich presents, to expiate the murder of the +deputies. They were favourably received by the consuls, and swore +submission to the Roman yoke, with whatever severity it might be +imposed. + +The Romans, therefore, came with a powerful army to the assistance of +the Britons; and having appointed over them a ruler, and settled the +government, returned to Rome: and this took place alternately during the +space of three hundred and forty-eight years. The Britons, however, from +the oppression of the empire, again massacred The Roman deputies, +and again petitioned for succour. Once more the Romans undertook +the government of the Britons, and assisted them in repelling their +neighbours; and, after having exhausted the country of its gold, silver, +brass, honey, and costly vestments, and having besides received rich +gifts, they returned in great triumph to Rome. + +31. After the above-said war between the Britons and Romans, the +assassination of their rulers, and the victory of Maximus, who slew +Gratian, and the termination of the Roman power in Britain, they were in +alarm forty years. + +Vortigern then reigned in Britain. In his time, the natives had cause of +dread, not only from the inroads of the Scots and Picts, but also from +the Romans, and their apprehensions of Ambrosius.* + + * These words relate evidently to some cause of dispute + between the Romans, Ambrosius, and Vortigern. Vortigern is + said to have been sovereign of the Dimetae, and Ambrosius + son to the king of the Damnonii. The latter was half a + Roman by descent, and naturally supported the Roman + interest: the former was entirely a Briton, and as naturally + seconded by the original Britons. + +In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, arrived in +Britain. They were commanded by Horsa and Hengist, brothers, and sons of +Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the son of Witta; Witta of Wecta; Wecta of Woden; +Woden of Frithowald; Frithowald of Frithuwulf; Frithuwulf of Finn; Finn +of Godwulf; Godwulf of Geat, who, as they say, was the son of a god, +not(1) of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ (who before +the beginning of the world, was with the Father and the Holy Spirit, +co-eternal and of the same substance, and who, in compassion to +human nature, disdained not to assume the form of a servant), but the +offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon, they +worshipped according to the custom of the heathen. Vortigern received +them as friends, and delivered up to them the island which is in +their language called Thanet, and, by the Britons, Ruym.(2) Gratianus +Aequantius at that time reigned in Rome. The Saxons were received by +Vortigern, four hundred and forty-seven years after the passion of +Christ, and,(3) according to the tradition of our ancestors, from the +period of their first arrival in Britain, to the first year of the reign +of king Edmund, five hundred and forty-two years; and to that in +which we now write, which is the fifth of his reign, five hundred and +forty-seven years. + + (1) V.R. not the God of gods, the Amen, the Lord of Hosts, + but one of their idols which they worshipped. + + (2) Sometimes called Ruoichin, Ruith-in, or "river island," + separated from the rest of Kent and the mainland of Britain + by the estuary of the Wantsum, which, though now a small + brook, was formerly navigable for large vessels, and in + Bede's time was three stadia broad, and fordable only at two + places. + + (3) The rest of this sentence is omitted in some of the MSS. + +32. At that time St. Germanus, distinguished for his numerous virtues, +came to preach in Britain: by his ministry many were saved; but many +likewise died unconverted. Of the various miracles which God enabled +him to perform, I shall here mention only a few: I shall first advert +to that concerning an iniquitous and tyrannical king, named Benlli.* The +holy man, informed of his wicked conduct, hastened to visit him, for the +purpose of remonstrating him. When the man of God, with his attendants, +arrived at the gate of the city, they were respectfully received by the +keeper of it, who came out and saluted them. Him they commissioned to +communicate their intention to the king, who returned a harsh answer, +declaring, with an oath, that although they remained there a year, they +should not enter the city. While waiting for an answer, the evening came +on, and they knew not where to go. At length, came one of the king's +servants, who bowing himself before the man of God, announced the words +of the tyrant, inviting them, at the same time, to his own house, to +which they went, and were kindly received. It happened, however, that he +had no cattle, except one cow and a calf, the latter of which, urged by +generous hospitality to his guests, he killed, dressed and set before +them. But holy St. Germanus ordered his companions not to break a bone +of the calf; and, the next morning, it was found alive uninjured, and +standing by its mother. + + * King of Powys. V.R. Benli in the district of Ial (in + Derbyshire); in the district of Dalrieta; Belinus; Beluni; + and Benty. + +33. Early the same day, they again went to the gate of the city, to +solicit audience of the wicked king; and, whilst engaged in fervent +prayer they were waiting for admission, a man, covered with sweat, came +out, and prostrated himself before them. Then St. Germanus, addressing +him, said "Dost thou believe in the Holy Trinity?" To which the man +having replied, "I do believe," he baptized, and kissed him, saying, "Go +in peace; within this hour thou shalt die: the angels of God are waiting +for thee in the air; with them thou shalt ascent to that God in whom +thou has believed." He, overjoyed, entered the city, and being met by +the prefect, was seized, bound, and conducted before the tyrant, who +having passed sentence upon him, he was immediately put to death; for it +was a law of this wicked king, that whoever was not at his labour before +sun-rising should be beheaded in the citadel. In the meantime, St. +Germanus, with his attendants, waited the whole day before the gate, +without obtaining admission to the tyrant. + +34. The man above-mentioned, however, remained with them. "Take care," +said St. Germanus to him, "that none of your friends remain this night +within these walls." Upon this he hastily entered the city, brought out +his nine sons, and with them retired to the house where he had exercised +such generous hospitality. Here St. Germanus ordered them to continue, +fasting; and when the gates were shut, "Watch," said he, "and whatever +shall happen in the citadel, turn not thither your eyes; but pray +without ceasing, and invoke the protection of the true God." And, +behold, early in the night, fire fell from heaven, and burned the +city, together with all those who were with the tyrant, so that not one +escaped; and that citadel has never been rebuilt even to this day. + +35. The following day, the hospitable man who had been converted by +the preaching of St. Germanus, was baptized, with his sons, and all the +inhabitants of that part of the country; and St. Germanus blessed him, +saying, "a king shall not be wanting of thy seed for ever." The name of +this person is Catel Drunlue:* "from henceforward thou shalt be a +king all the days of thy life." Thus was fulfilled the prophecy of the +Psalmist: "He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the +needy out of the dunghill." And agreeably to the prediction of St. +Germanus, from a servant he became a king: all his sons were kings, and +from their offspring the whole country of Powys has been governed to +this day. + + * Or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of the Vale Royal and the + upper part of Powys. + +36. After the Saxons had continued some time in the island of Thanet, +Vortigern promised to supply them with clothing and provision, on +condition they would engage to fight against the enemies of his country. +But the barbarians having greatly increased in number, the Britons +became incapable of fulfilling their engagement; and when the Saxons, +according to the promise they had received, claimed a supply of +provisions and clothing, the Britons replied, "Your number is increased; +your assistance is now unneccessary; you may, therefore, return home, +for we can no longer support you;" and hereupon they began to devise +means of breaking the peace between them. + +37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, perceiving he +had to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating people, incapable of +opposing much resistance, replied to Vortigern, "We are, indeed, few in +number; but, if you will give us leave, we will send to our country for +an additional number of forces, with whom we will fight for you and +your subjects." Vortigern assenting to this proposal, messengers were +despatched to Scythia, where selecting a number of warlike troops, they +returned with sixteen vessels, bringing with them the beautiful daughter +of Hengist. And now the Saxon chief prepared an entertainment, to which +he invited the king, his officers, and Ceretic, his interpreter, having +previously enjoined his daughter to serve them so profusely with wine +and ale, that they might soon become intoxicated. This plan succeeded; +and Vortigern, at the instigation of the devil, and enamoured with +the beauty of the damsel, demanded her, through the medium of his +interpreter, of the father, promising to give for her whatever he +should ask. Then Hengist, who had already consulted with the elders +who attended him of the Oghgul(1) race, demanded for his daughter the +province, called in English, Centland, in British, Ceint, (Kent.) This +cession was made without the knowledge of the king, Guoyrancgonus,(2) +who then reigned in Kent, and who experienced no inconsiderable share +of grief, from seeing his kingdom thus clandestinely, fraudulently, and +imprudently resigned to foreigners. Thus the maid was delivered up to +the king, who slept with her, and loved her exceedingly. + + (1) V.R. Who had come with him from the island of Oghgul, + Oehgul (or Tingle), Angul. According to Gunn, a small + island in the duchy of Sleswick in Denmark, now called + Angel, of which Flensburg is the metropolis. Hence the + origin of the Angles. + + (2) V.R. Gnoiram cono, Goiranegono, Guiracgono. Malmesbury, + Gorongi; Camden, Guorong, supposed to mean governor, or + viceroy. + +38. Hengist, after this, said to Vortigern, "I will be to you both a +father and an adviser; despise not my counsels, and you shall have no +reason to fear being conquered by any man or any nation whatever; +for the people of my country are strong, warlike, and robust: if you +approve, I will send for my son and his brother, both valiant men, who +at my invitation will fight against the Scots, and you can give them the +countries in the north, near the wall called Gual."(1) The incautious +sovereign having assented to this, Octa and Ebusa arrived with forty +ships. In these they sailed round the country of the Picts, laid waste +the Orkneys, and took possession of many regions, even to the Pictish +confines.(2) + + (1) Antoninus's wall. + + (2) Some MSS. add, "beyond the Frenesic, Fresicum (or + Fresic) sea," i.e. which is between us and the Scotch. The + sea between Scotland and Ireland. Camden translates it + "beyond the Frith;" Langhorne says, "Solway Frith." + +But Hengist continued, by degrees, sending for ships from his own +country, so that some islands whence they came were left without +inhabitants; and whilst his people were increasing in power and number, +they came to the above-named province of Kent. + +39. In the meantime, Vortigern, as if desirous of adding to the evils he +had already occasioned, married his own daughter, by whom he had a son. +When this was made known to St. Germanus, he came, with all the +British clergy, to reprove him: and whilst a numerous assembly of the +ecclesiastics and laity were in consultation, the weak king ordered his +daughter to appear before them, and in the presence of all to present +her son to St. Germanus, and declare that he was the father of the +child. The immodest* woman obeyed; and St. Germanus, taking the child, +said, "I will be a father to you, my son; nor will I dismiss you till +a razor, scissors, and comb, are given to me, and it is allowed you to +give them to your carnal father." The child obeyed St. Germanus, and +going to his father Vortigern, said to him, "Thou art my father; shave +and cut the hair of my head." The king blushed, and was silent; and, +without replying to the child, arose in great anger, and fled from the +presence of St. Germanus, execrated and condemned by the whole synod. + + (1) V.R. "Immodest" is omitted in some MSS. + +40. But soon after, calling together his twelve wise men, to consult +what was to be done, they said to him, "Retire to the remote boundaries +of your kingdom; there build and fortify a city(1) to defend yourself, +for the people you have received are treacherous; they are seeking to +subdue you by stratagem, and, even during your life, to seize upon all +the countries subject to your power, how much more will they attempt, +after your death!" The king, pleased with this advice, departed with his +wise men, and travelled through many parts of his territories, in search +of a place convenient for the purpose of building a citadel. Having, to +no purpose, travelled far and wide, they came at length to a province +called Guenet;(2) and having surveyed the mountains of Heremus,(3) they +discovered, on the summit of one of them, a situation, adapted to the +construction of a citadel. Upon this, the wise men said to the king, +"Build here a city: for, in this place, it will ever be secure against +the barbarians." Then the king sent for artificers, carpenters, +stone-masons, and collected all the materials requisite to building; but +the whole of these disappeared in one night, so that nothing remained +of what had been provided for the constructing of the citadel. Materials +were, therefore, from all parts, procured a second and third time, +and again vanished as before, leaving and rendering every effort +ineffectual. Vortigern inquired of his wise men the cause of this +opposition to his undertaking, and of so much useless expense of labour? +They replied, "You must find a child born without a father, put him to +death, and sprinkle with his blood the ground on which the citadel is to +be built, or you will never accomplish your purpose." + + (1) V.R. You shall find a fortified city in which you may + defend yourself. + + (2) V.R. Guined, Guoienet, Guenez, North Wales. + + (3) V.R. Heremi, Heriri, or Eryri, signifying eagle rocks, + the mountains of Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire. The spot + alluded to is supposed to be Dinas Emrys, or the fortress of + Ambrosius. + +41. In consequence of this reply, the king sent messengers throughout +Britain, in search of a child born without a father. After having +inquired in all the provinces, they came to the field of Aelecti,(1) +in the district of Glevesing,(2) where a party of boys were playing at +ball. And two of them quarrelling, one said to the other, "O boy without +a father, no good will ever happen to you." Upon this, the messengers +diligently inquired of the mother and the other boys, whether he had +had a father? Which his mother denied, saying, "In what manner he was +conceived I know not, for I have never had intercourse with any man;" +and then she solemnly affirmed that he had no mortal father. The boy +was, therefore, led away, and conducted before Vortigern the king. + + (1) V.R. Elleti, Electi, Gleti. Supposed to be Bassalig in + Monmouthshire. + + (2) The district between the Usk and Rumney, in + Monmouthshire. + +42. A meeting took place the next day for the purpose of putting him to +death. Then the boy said to the king, "Why have your servants brought me +hither?" "That you may be put to death," replied the king, "and that +the ground on which my citadel is to stand, may be sprinkled with your +blood, without which I shall be unable to build it." "Who," said the +boy, "instructed you to do this?" "My wise men," answered the king. +"Order them hither," returned the boy; this being complied with, he thus +questioned them: "By what means was it revealed to you that this citadel +could not be built, unless the spot were previously sprinkled with my +blood? Speak without disguise, and declare who discovered me to you;" +then turning to the king, "I will soon," said he, "unfold to you every +thing; but I desire to question your wise men, and wish them to disclose +to you what is hidden under this pavement:" they acknowledging their +ignorance, "there is," said he, "a pool; come and dig:" they did so, and +found the pool. "Now," continued he, "tell me what is in it;" but they +were ashamed, and made no reply. "I," said the boy, "can discover it to +you: there are two vases in the pool;" they examined and found it so: +continuing his questions, "What is in the vases?" they were silent: +"there is a tent in them," said the boy; "separate them, and you shall +find it so;" this being done by the king's command, there was found in +them a folded tent. The boy, going on with his questions, asked the wise +men what was in it? But they not knowing what to reply, "There are," +said he, "two serpents, one white and the other red; unfold the tent;" +they obeyed, and two sleeping serpents were discovered; "consider +attentively," said the boy, "what they are doing." The serpents began to +struggle with each other; and the white one, raising himself up, threw +down the other into the middle of the tent, and sometimes drove him to +the edge of it; and this was repeated thrice. At length the red one, +apparently the weaker of the two, recovering his strength, expelled the +white one from the tent; and the latter being pursued through the pool +by the red one, disappeared. Then the boy, asking the wise men what was +signified by this wonderful omen, and they expressing their ignorance, +he said to the king, "I will now unfold to you the meaning of this +mystery. The pool is the emblem of this world, and the tent that of +your kingdom: the two serpents are two dragons; the red serpent is your +dragon, but the white serpent is the dragon of the people who occupy +several provinces and districts of Britain, even almost from sea to sea: +at length, however, our people shall rise and drive away the Saxon race +from beyond the sea, whence they originally came; but do you depart from +this place, where you are not permitted to erect a citadel; I, to whom +fate has allotted this mansion, shall remain here; whilst to you it +is incumbent to seek other provinces, where you may build a fortress." +"What is your name?" asked the king; "I am called Ambrose (in British +Embresguletic)," returned the boy; and in answer to the king's question, +"What is your origin?" he replied, "A Roman consul was my father." + +Then the king assigned him that city, with all the western Provinces of +Britain; and departing with his wise men to the sinistral district, +he arrived in the region named Gueneri, where he built a city which, +according to his name, was called Cair Guorthegirn.* + + * An ancient scholiast adds, "He then built Guasmoric, near + Lugubalia (Carlisle), a city which in English is called + Palmecaster." Some difference of opinion exists among + antiquaries respecting the site of vortigern's castle or + city. Usher places it at Gwent, Monmouthshire, which name, + he ways, was taken from Caer-Went, near Chepstow. This + appears to agree with Geoffrey's account, {illegible} See + Usher's Britan. Eccles. cap. v. p.23. According to others, + supposed to be the city from the ruins of which arose the + castle of Gurthrenion, in Radnorshire, Camden's Britannia, + p.479. Whitaker, however, says that Cair Guorthegirn was + the Maridunum of the Romans, and the present Caermarthen. + (Hist. Of Manchester, book ii. c. 1.) See also Nennius, + sec.47. + +43. At length Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, valiantly fought against +Hengist, Horsa, and his people; drove them to the isle of Thanet, and +thrice enclosed them within it, and beset them on the Western side. + +The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany to solicit large +reinforcements, and an additional number of ships: having obtained +these, they fought against the kings and princes of Britain, and +sometimes extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were +conquered and driven back. + +44. Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the enemy;(1) the first +has been mentioned, the second was upon the river Darent, the third +at the Ford, in their language called Epsford, though in ours Set +thirgabail,(2) there Horsa fell, and Catigern, the son of Vortigern; the +fourth battle he fought was near the stone(3) on the shore of the Gallic +sea, where the Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships. + + (1) Some MSS. here add, "This Vortimer, the son of + Vortigern, in a synod held at Guartherniaun, after the + wicked king, on account of the incest committed with his + daughter, fled from the face of Germanus and the British + clergy, would not consent to his father's wickedness; but + returning to St. Germanus, and falling down at his feet, he + sued for pardon; and in atonement for the calumny brought + upon Germanus by his father and sister, gave him the land, + in which the forementioned bishop had endured such abuse, to + be his for ever. Whence, in memory of St. Germanus, it + received the name Guarenniaun (Guartherniaun, Gurthrenion, + Gwarth Ennian) which signifies, a calumny justly retorted, + since, when he thought to reproach the bishop, he covered + himself with reproach." + + (2) According to Langhorne, Epsford was afterwards called, + in the British tongue, Saessenaeg habail, or 'the slaughter + of the Saxons.' + + (3) V.R. "The Stone of Titulus", thought to be Stone in Kent, + or Larger-stone in Suffolk. + +After a short interval Vortimer died; before his decease, anxious for +the future prosperity of his country, he charged his friends to inter +his body at the entrance of the Saxon port, viz. upon the rock where +the Saxons first landed; "for though," said he, "they may inhabit other +parts of Britain, yet if you follow my commands, they will never remain +in this island." They imprudently disobeyed this last injunction, and +neglected to bury him where he had appointed.* + + * Rapin says he was buried at Lincoln; Geoffrey, at London. + +45. After this the barbarians became firmly incorporated, and were +assisted by foreign pagans; for Vortigern was their friend, on account +of the daughter* of Hengist, whom he so much loved, that no one durst +fight against him-in the meantime they soothed the imprudent king, and +whilst practising every appearance of fondness, were plotting with +his enemies. And let him that reads understand, that the Saxons were +victorious, and ruled Britain, not from their superior prowess, but on +account of the great sins of the Britons: God so permitting it. + +For what wise man will resist the wholesome counsel of God? The Almighty +is the King of kings, and the Lord of lords, ruling and judging every +one, according to his own pleasure. + +After the death of Vortimer, Hengist being strengthened by new +accessions, collected his ships, and calling his leaders together, +consulted by what stratagem they might overcome Vortigern and his army; +with insidious intention they sent messengers to the king, with offers +of peace and perpetual friendship; unsuspicious of treachery, the +monarch, after advising with his elders, accepted the proposals. + + * V.R. Of his wife, and no one was able manfully to drive + them off because they had occupied Britain not from their + own valour, but by God's permission. + +46. Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared an +entertainment, to which he invited the king, the nobles, and military +officers, in number about three hundred; speciously concealing his +wicked intention, he ordered three hundred Saxons to conceal each a +knife under his feet, and to mix with the Britons; "and when," said he, +"they are sufficiently inebriated, &c. cry out, 'Nimed eure Saxes,' +then let each draw his knife, and kill his man; but spare the king, +on account of his marriage with my daughter, for it is better that he +should be ransomed than killed."* + + * The VV. RR. Of this section are too numerous to be + inserted. + +The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and mixing with the +Saxons, who, whilst they spoke peace with their tongues, cherished +treachery in their hearts, each man was placed next to his enemy. + +After they had eaten and drunk, and were much intoxicated, Hengist +suddenly vociferated, "Nimed eure Saxes!" and instantly his adherents +drew their knives, and rushing upon the Britons, each slew him that +sat next to him, and there was slain three hundred of the nobles of +Vortigern. The king being a captive, purchased his redemption, by +delivering up the three provinces of East, South, and Middle Sex, +besides other districts at the option of his betrayers. + +47. St. Germanus admonished Vortigern to turn to the true God, and +abstain from all unlawful intercourse with his daughter; but the unhappy +wretch fled for refuge to the province Guorthegirnaim,* so called +from his own name, where he concealed himself with his wives: but St. +Germanus followed him with all the British clergy, and upon a rock +prayed for his sins during forty days and forty nights. + + * A district of Radnorshire, forming the present hundred of + Rhaiadr. + +The Blessed man was unanimously chosen commander against the Saxons. And +then, not by the clang of trumpets, but by praying, singing hallelujah, +and by the cries of the army to God, the enemies were routed, and driven +even to the sea.* + + *V.R. This paragraph is omitted in the MSS. + +Again Vortigern ignominiously flew from St. Germanus to the kingdom +of the Dimetae, where, on the river Towy,* he built a castle, which he +named Cair Guothergirn. The saint, as usual, followed him there, and +with his clergy fasted and prayed to the Lord three days, and as many +nights. On the third night, at the third hour, fire fell suddenly +from heaven, and totally burned the castle. Vortigern, the daughter of +Hengist, his other wives, and all the inhabitants, both men and women, +miserably perished: such was the end of this unhappy king, as we find +written in the life of St. Germanus. + + *The Tobias of Ptolemy + +47. Others assure us, that being hated by all the people of Britain, for +having received the Saxons, and being publicly charged by St. Germanus +and the clergy in the sight of God, he betook himself to flight; and, +that deserted and a wanderer, he sought a place of refuge, till broken +hearted, he made an ignominious end. + +Some accounts state, that the earth opened and swallowed him up, on the +night his castle was burned; as no remains were discovered the following +morning, either of him, or of those who were burned with him. + +He had three sons: the eldest was Vortimer, who, as we have seen, +fought four times against the Saxons, and put them to flight; the second +Categirn, who was slain in the same battle with Horsa; the third was +Pascent, who reigned in the two provinces Builth and Guorthegirnaim,(1) +after the death of his father. These were granted him by Ambrosius, who +was the great king among the kings of Britain. The fourth was Faustus, +born of an incestuous marriage with his daughter, who was brought up and +educated by St. Germanus. He built a large monastery on the banks of +the river Renis, called after his name, and which remains to the present +period.(2) + + (1) In the northern part of the present counties of Radnor + and Brecknock. + + (2) V.R. The MSS. add, 'and he had one daughter, who was the + mother of St. Faustus.' + +49. This is the genealogy of Vortigern, which goes back to Fernvail,(1) +who reigned in the kingdom of Guorthegirnaim,(2) and was the son of +Teudor; Teudor was the son of Pascent; Pascent of Guoidcant; Guoidcant +of Moriud; Moriud of Eltat; Eltat of Eldoc; Eldoc of Paul; Paul of +Meuprit; Meuprit of Braciat; Braciat of Pascent; Pascent of Guorthegirn, +Guorthegirn of Guortheneu; Guortheneu of Guitaul; Guitaul of Guitolion; +Guitolion of Gloui. Bonus, Paul, Mauron, Guotelin, were four brothers, +who built Gloiuda, a great city upon the banks of the river Severn, and +in Birtish is called Cair Gloui, in Saxon, Gloucester. Enough has been +said of Vortigern. + + (1) Fernvail, or Farinmail, appears to have been king of + Gwent or Monmouth. + + (2) V.R. 'Two provinces, Builth and Guorthegirnaim.' + +50. St. Germanus, after his death, returned into his own country. *At +that time, the Saxons greatly increased in Britain, both in strength and +numbers. And Octa, after the death of his father Hengist, came from the +sinistral part of the island to the kingdom of Kent, and from him have +proceeded all the kings of that province, to the present period. + + * V.R. All this to the word 'Amen,' in other MSS. is placed + after the legend of St. Patrick. + +Then it was, that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the kings and +military force of Britain, fought against the Saxons. And though there +were many more noble than himself, yet he was twelve times chosen their +commander, and was as often conqueror. The first battle in which he +was engaged, was at the mouth of the river Gleni.(1) The second, +third, fourth, and fifth, were on another river, by the Britons called +Duglas,(2) in the region Linuis. The sixth, on the river Bassas.(3) The +seventh in the wood Celidon, which the Britons call Cat Coit Celidon.(4) +The eighth was near Gurnion castle,(5) where Arthur bore the image of +the Holy Virgin,(6) mother of God, upon his shoulders, and through the +power of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to +flight, and pursued them the whole day with great slaughter.(7) The +ninth was at the City of Legion,(8) which is called Cair Lion. The tenth +was on the banks of the river Trat Treuroit.(9) The eleventh was on the +mountain Breguoin, which we call Cat Bregion.(10) The twelfth was a most +severe contest, when Arthur penetrated to the hill of Badon.(11) In this +engagement, nine hundred and forty fell by his hand alone, no one but +the Lord affording him assistance. In all these engagements the Britons +were successful. For no strength can avail against the will of the +Almighty. + + (1) Supposed by some to be the Glem, in Lincolnshire; but + most probably the Glen, in the northern part of + Northumberland. + + (2) Or Dubglas. The little river Dunglas, which formed the + southern boundary of Lothian. Whitaker says, the river + Duglas, in Lancashire, near Wigan. + + (3) Not a river, but an isolated rock in the Frith of Forth, + near the town of North Berwick, called "The Bass." Some + think it is the river Lusas, in Hampshire. + + (4) The Caledonian forest; or the forest of Englewood, + extending from Penrith to Carlisle. + + (5) Variously supposed to be in Cornwall, or Binchester in + Durham, but most probably the Roman station of Garionenum, + near Yarmouth, in Norfolk. + + (6) V.R. The image of the cross of Christ, and of the + perpetual virgin St. Mary. + + (7) V.R. For Arthur proceeded to Jerusalem, and there made a + cross to the size of the Saviour's cross, and there it was + consecrated, and for three successive days he fasted, + watched, and prayed, before the Lord's cross, that the Lord + would give him the victory, by this sign, over the heathen; + which also took place, and he took with him the image of St. + Mary, the fragments of which are still preserved in great + veneration at Wedale, in English Wodale, in Latin Vallis- + doloris. Wodale is a village in the province of Lodonesia, + but now of the jurisdiction of the bishop of St. Andrew's, + of Scotland, six miles on the west of that heretofore noble + and eminent monastery of Meilros. + + (8) Exeter. + + (9) Or Ribroit, the Brue, in Somersetshire; or the Ribble, + in Lancashire. + + (10) Or Agned Cathregonion, Cadbury, in Somersetshire; or + Edinburgh + + (11) Bath. + +The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they sought for new +supplies of Saxons from Germany; so that kings, commanders, and military +bands were invited over from almost every province. And this practice +they continued till the reign of Ida, who was the son of Eoppa, he, +of the Saxon race, was the first king in Bernicia, and in Cair Ebrauc +(York). + +When Gratian Aequantius was consul at rome, because then the whole world +was governed by the Roman consuls, the Saxons were received by Vortigern +in the year of our Lord four hundred and forty-seven, and to the year +in which we now write, five hundred and forty-seven. And whosoever shall +read herein may receive instruction, the Lord Jesus Christ affording +assistance, who, co-eternal with the Father and the Holy Ghost, lives +and reigns for ever and ever. Amen. + +In those days Saint Patrick was captive among the Scots. His master's +name was Milcho, to whom he was a swineherd for seven years. When he +had attained the age of seventeen he gave him his liberty. By the divine +impulse, he applied himself to reading of the Scriptures, and afterwards +went to Rome; where, replenished with the Holy Spirit, he continued a +great while, studying the sacred mysteries of those writings. During +his continuance there, Palladius, the first bishop, was sent by pope +Celestine to convert the Scots (the Irish). But tempests and signs from +God prevented his landing, for no one can arrive in any country, except +it be allowed from above; altering therefore his course from Ireland, he +came to Britain and died in the land of the Picts.* + + * At Fordun, in the district of Mearns, in Scotland-Usher. + +51. The death of Palladius being known, the Roman patricians, Theodosius +and Valentinian, then reigning, pope Celestine sent Patrick to convert +the Scots to the faith of the Holy Trinity; Victor, the angel of God, +accompanying, admonishing, and assisting him, and also the bishop +Germanus. + +Germanus then sent the ancient Segerus with him as a venerable and +praiseworthy bishop, to king Amatheus,(1) who lived near, and who had +prescience of what was to happen; he was consecrated bishop in the +reign of that king by the holy pontiff,(2) assuming the name of Patrick, +having hitherto been known by that of Maun; Auxilius, Isserninus, and +other brothers were ordained with him to inferior degrees. + + (1) V.R. Germanus "sent the elder Segerus with him to a + wonderful man, the holy bishop Amathearex." Another MS. + "Sent the elder Segerus, a bishop, with him to Amatheorex." + + (2) V.R. "Received the episcopal degree from the holy bishop + Amatheorex." Another MS. "Received the episcopal degree + from Matheorex and the holy bishop." + +52. Having distributed benedictions, and perfected all in the name of +the Holy Trinity, he embarked on the sea which is between the Gauls +and the Britons; and after a quick passage arrived in Britain, where he +preached for some time. Every necessary preparation being made, and the +angel giving him warning, he came to the Irish Sea. And having filled +the ship with foreign gifts and spiritual treasures, by the permission +of God he arrived in Ireland, where he baptized and preached. + +53. From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year of king Logiore, +when the Irish were baptized, and faith in the unity of the individual +Trinity was published to them, are five thousand three hundred and +thirty years. + +54. Saint Patrick taught the gospel in foreign nations for the space of +forty years. Endued with apostolical powers, he gave sight to the blind, +cleansed the lepers, gave hearing to the deaf, cast out devils, raised +nine from the dead, redeemed many captives of both sexes at his own +charge, and set them free in the name of the Holy Trinity. He taught the +servants of God, and he wrote three hundred and sixty-five canonical and +other books relating to the catholic faith. He founded as many churches, +and consecrated the same number of bishops, strengthening them with the +Holy Ghost. He ordained three thousand presbyters; and converted and +baptized twelve thousand persons in the province of Connaught. And, in +one day baptized seven kings, who were the seven sons of Amalgaid.(1) He +continued fasting forty days and nights, on the summit of the mountain +Eli, that is Cruachan-Aichle;(2) and preferred three petitions to God +for the Irish, that had embraced the faith. The Scots say, the first +was, that he would receive every repenting sinner, even at the latest +extremity of life; the second, that they should never be exterminated +by barbarians; and the third, that as Ireland(3) will be overflowed with +water, seven years before the coming of our Lord to judge the quick +and the dead, the crimes of the people might be washed away through +his intercession, and their souls purified at the last day. He gave the +people his benediction from the upper part of the mountain, and going +up higher, that he might pray for them; and that if it pleased God, +he might see the effects of his labours, there appeared to him an +innumerable flock of birds of many coulours, signifying the number of +holy persons of both sexes of the Irish nation, who should come to him +as their apostle at the day of judgment, to be presented before the +tribunal of Christ. After a life spent in the active exertion of good +to mankind, St. Patrick, in a healthy old age, passed from this world to +the Lord, and changing this life for a better, with the saints and elect +of God he rejoices for evermore. + + (1) King of Connaught. + + (2) A mountain in the west of Connaught, county of Mayo, now + called Croagh-Patrick. + + (3) V.R. that no Irishman may be alive on the day of + judgment, because they will be destroyed seven years before + in honour of St. Patrick. + +55. Saint Patrick resembled Moses in four particulars. The angel spoke +to him in the burning bush. He fasted forty days and forty nights upon +the mountain. He attained the period of one hundred and twenty years. +No one knows his sepulchre, nor where he was buried; sixteen(1) years he +was in captivity. In his twenty-fifth year, he was consecrated bishop by +Saint Matheus,(2) and he was eighty-five years the apostle of the Irish. +It might be profitable to treat more at large of the life of this saint, +but it is now time to conclude this epitome of his labours.(3) + + (1) V.R. Fifteen. + + (2) V.R. By the holy bishop Amatheus. + + (3) Here ends the Vatican MS. collated by Mr. Gunn. + +(Here endeth the life of the holy bishop, Saint Patrick.) (After this, +the MSS. give as 56, the legend of king Arthur, which in this edition +occurs in 50.) + + + + + +THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF BERNICIA.* + + * These titles are not part of the original work, but added + in the MSS. by a later hand. + + +57. Woden begat Beldeg, who begat Beornec, who begat Gethbrond, who +begat Aluson, who begat Ingwi, who begat Edibrith, who begat Esa, who +begat Eoppa, who begat Ida. But Ida had twelve sons, Adda, Belric, +Theodric, Ethelric, Theodhere, Osmer, and one queen, Bearnoch, Ealric. +Ethelric begat Ethelfrid: the same is Aedlfred Flesaur. For he also +had seven sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, Oswin, Oswy, Oswudu, Oslac, Offa. Oswy +begat Alfrid, Elfwin, and Egfrid. Egfrid is he who made war against +his cousin Brudei, king of the Picts, and he fell therein with all the +strength of his army, and the Picts with their king gained the victory; +and the Saxons never again reduced the Picts so as to exact tribute from +them. Since the time of this war it is called Gueithlin Garan. + +But Oswy had two wives, Riemmelth, the daughter of Royth, son of Rum; +and Eanfled, the daughter of Edwin, son of Alla. + + + + +THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF KENT. + + +58. Hengist begat Octa, who begat Ossa, who begat Eormenric, who begat +Ethelbert, who begat Eadbald, who begat Ercombert, who begat Egbert. + + + + +THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF EAST-ANGLIA. + + +59. Woden begat Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat Trigil, who begat +Rodmunt, who begat Rippa, who begat Guillem Guercha,* who was the first +king of the East Angles. Guercha begat Uffa, who begat Tytillus, who +begat Eni, who begat Edric, who begat Aldwulf, who begat Elric. + + * Guercha is a distortion of the name of Uffa, or Wuffa, + arising in the first instance from the pronunciation of the + British writer; and in the next place from the error of the + transcriber--Palgrave. + + + + +THE GENEALOGY OF THE MERCIANS. + + +60. Woden begat Guedolgeat, who begat Gueagon, who begat Guithleg, who +begat Guerdmund, who begat Ossa, who begat Ongen, who begat Eamer, who +begat Pubba.* This Pubba had twelve sons, of whom two are better known +to me than the others, that is Penda and Eawa. Eadlit is the son of +Pantha, Penda, son of Pubba, Ealbald, son of Alguing, son of Eawa, son +of Penda, son of Pubba. Egfert, son of Offa, son of Thingferth, son of +Enwulf, son of Ossulf, son of Eawa, son of Pubba. + + * Or Wibba. + + + + +THE KINGS OF THE DEIRI. + + +61. Woden begat Beldeg, Brond begat Siggar, who begat Sibald, who begat +Zegulf, who begat Soemil, who first separated(1) Deur from Berneich +(Deira from Bernicia.) Soemil begat Sguerthing, who begat Giulglis, who +begat Ulfrea, who begat Iffi, who begat Ulli, Edwin, Osfrid and Eanfrid. +There were two sons of Edwin, who fell with him in battle at Meicen,(2) +and the kingdom was never renewed in his family, because not one of his +race escaped from that war; but all were slain with him by the army of +Catguollaunus,(3) king of the Guendota. Oswy begat Egfrid, the same is +Ailguin, who begat Oslach, sho begat Alhun, who begat Adlsing, who begat +Echun, who begat Oslaph. Ida begat Eadric, who begat Ecgulf, who begat +Leodwald, who begat Eata, the same is Glinmaur, who begat Eadbert and +Egbert, who was the first bishop of their nation. + + (1) V.R. Conquered. + + (2) Hatfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. See Bede's + Eccles. Hist. + + (3) Cadwalla, king of the Western Britons. + +Ida, the son of Eoppa, possessed countries on the left-hand side of +Britain, i.e. of the Humbrian sea, and reigned twelve years, and united* +Dynguayth Guarth-Berneich. + + * V.R. United the castle, i.e. Dinguerin and Gurdbernech, + which two countries were in one country, i.e. Deurabernech; + Anglice Diera and Bernicia. Another MS. Built Dinguayrh + Guarth Berneich. + +62. Then Dutgirn at that time fought bravely against the nation of the +Angles. At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen* was famed for poetry, and +Neirin, and Taliesin and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is called Guenith +Guaut, were all famous at the same time in British poetry. + + * Talhaiarn was a descendant of Coel Godebog, and chaplain + to Ambrosius. + +The great king, Mailcun,* reigned among the Britons, i.e. in the +district of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather, Cunedda, +with his twelve sons, had come before from the left-hand part, i.e. from +the country which is called Manau Gustodin, one hundred and forty-six +years before Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots with much slaughter +from those countries, and they never returned again to inhabit them. + + * Better known as Maelgwn. + +63. Adda, son of Ida, reigned eight years; Ethelric, son of Adda, +reigned four years. Theodoric, son of Ida, reigned seven years. +Freothwulf reigned six years. In whose time the kingdom of Kent, by the +mission of Gregory, received baptism. Hussa reigned seven years. Against +him fought four kings, Urien, and Ryderthen, and Guallauc, and Morcant. +Theodoric fought bravely, together with his sons, against that Urien. +But at that time sometimes the enemy and sometimes our countrymen were +defeated, and he shut them up three days and three nights in the island +of Metcaut; and whilst he was on an expedition he was murdered, at +the instance of Morcant, out of envy, because he possessed so much +superiority over all the kings in military science. Eadfered Flesaurs +reigned twelve years in Bernicia, and twelve others in Deira, and gave +to his wife Bebba, the town of Dynguaroy, which from her is called +Bebbanburg.* + + * Bambrough. See Bede, iii. 6, and Sax. Chron. A.D. 547. + +Edwin, son of Alla, reigned seventeen years, seized on Elmete, and +expelled Cerdic, its king. Eanfled, his daughter, received baptism, on +the twelfth day after Pentecost, with all her followers, both men and +women. The following Easter Edwin himself received baptism, and twelve +thousand of his subjects with him. If any one wishes to know who +baptized them, it was Rum Map Urbgen:* he was engaged forty days in +baptizing all classes of the Saxons, and by his preaching many believed +on Christ. + + * See Bede's Eccles. Hist. From the share which Paulinus + had in the conversion of the Northumbrian king, it has been + inferred that he actually baptized him; but Nennius + expressly states, that the holy sacrament was administered + by Rhun, the son of Urien. The Welsh name of Paulinus is + Pawl Hen, or Polin Eagob. + +64. Oswald son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years; the same is Oswald +Llauiguin;(1) he slew Catgublaun (Cadwalla),(2) king of Guenedot,(3) in +the battle of Catscaul,(4) with much loss to his own army. Oswy, son of +Ethelfrid, reigned twenty-eight years and six months. During his reign, +there was a dreadful mortality among his subjects, when Catgualart +(Cadwallader) was king among the Britons, succeeding his father, and he +himself died amongst the rest.(5) He slew Penda in the field of Gai, and +now took place the slaughter of Gai Campi, and the kings of the Britons, +who went out with Penda on the expedition as far as the city of Judeu, +were slain. + + (1) Llauiguin, means the "fair," or the "bounteous hand." + + (2) This name has been variously written; Bede spells it + Caedualla (Cadwalla); Nennius, Catgublaun; the Saxon + Chronicle, Ceadwalla; and the Welsh writers, Cadwallon and + Kalwallawn: and though the identity of the person may be + clearly proved, it is necessary to observe these particulars + to distinguish him from Cadwaladr, and from another + Caedualla or Caedwalla, a king of the West Saxons; all of + whom, as they lived within a short time of each other, have + been frequently confounded together.--Rees's Welsh Saints. + + (3) Gwynedd, North Wales. + + (4) Bede says at Denis's brook. + + (5) The British chronicles assert that Cadwallader died at + Rome, whilst Nennius would lead us to conclude that he + perished in the pestilence at home. + +65. Then Oswy restored all the wealth, which was with him in the city, +to Penda; who distributed it among the kings of the Britons, that is +Atbert Judeu. But Catgabail alone, king of Guenedot, rising up in +the night, excaped, together with his army, wherefore he was called +Catgabail Catguommed. Egfrid, son of Oswy, reigned nine years. In his +time the holy bishop Cuthbert died in the island of Medcaut.* It was he +who made war against the Picts, and was by them slain. + + * The isle of Farne. + +Penda, son of Pybba, reigned ten years; he first separated the kingdom +of Mercia from that of the North-men, and slew by treachery Anna, king +of the East Anglians, and St. Oswald, king of the North Men. He fought +the battle of Cocboy, in which fell Eawa, son of Pybba, his brother, +king of the Mercians, and Oswald, king of the North-men, and he gained +the victory by diabolical agency. He was not baptized, and never +believed in God. + +66. From the beginning of the world to Constantinus and Rufus, are found +to be five thousand six hundred and fifty-eight years. + +Also from the two consuls, Rufus and Rubelius, to the consul Stilicho, +are three hundred and seventy-three years. + +Also from Stilicho to Valentinian, son of Placida, and the reign of +Vortigern, are twenty-eight years. + +And from the reign of Vortigern to the quarrel between Guitolinus and +Ambrosius, are twelve years, which is Guoloppum, that is Catgwaloph.* +Vortigern reigned in Britain when Theodosius and Valentinian were +consuls, and in the fourth year of his reign the Saxons came to Britain, +in the consulship of Felix and Taurus, in the four hundredth year from +the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. + + * In Carmarthenshire. Perhaps the town now called Kidwelly. + +From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, and were received +by Vortigern, to the time of Decius and Valerian, are sixty-nine years. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History Of The Britons (Historia +Brittonum), by Nennius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE BRITONS *** + +***** This file should be named 1972.txt or 1972.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/7/1972/ + +Produced by Bert Olton and David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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