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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Three Centuries of a City Library, by George
+A. Stephen
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Three Centuries of a City Library
+       an Historical and Descriptive Account of the Norwich Public Library Established in 1608 and the present Public Library opened in 1857
+
+
+Author: George A. Stephen
+
+
+
+Release Date: November 14, 2006  [eBook #19804]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE CENTURIES OF A CITY LIBRARY***
+
+
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1917 Norwich Public Library Committee edition by
+David Price, ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+THREE CENTURIES OF A CITY LIBRARY
+
+
+   AN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE NORWICH PUBLIC LIBRARY
+    ESTABLISHED IN 1608 AND THE PRESENT PUBLIC LIBRARY OPENED IN 1857
+
+                                    BY
+                             GEO. A. STEPHEN
+
+                         City Librarian, Norwich
+                    Fellow of the Library Association
+              Silver Medallist of the Royal Society of Arts
+Author of "Guide to the Study of Norwich," "Commercial Bookbinding," etc.
+             Joint-author of "Manual of Library Bookbinding"
+
+                                 NORWICH
+                       THE PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMITTEE
+                                   1917
+
+  [Picture: Blackfriar's Church, now called St. Andrew's Hall, Norwich,
+  circa 1650.  Showing House in which the Public Library was originally
+                               established]
+
+"I can wonder at nothing more, than how a man can be idle; but, of all
+other, a Scholar; in so many improvements of reason, in such sweetness of
+knowledge, in such variety of studies, in such importunity of thoughts.
+. . . To find wit, in poetry; in philosophy, profoundness; in mathematics,
+acuteness; in history, wonder of events; in oratory, sweet eloquence; in
+divinity, supernatural light and holy devotion; as so many rich metals in
+their proper mines, whom would it not ravish with delight!"--_Joseph
+Hall_, _Bishop of Norwich_, 1641-7.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This book was prepared by instruction of the Norwich Public Library
+Committee, and it is now published as a souvenir of the sixtieth
+anniversary of the opening of the present Public Library, which will take
+place on March 16th, 1917.  Norwich occupies a unique place in the
+history of libraries: it has the distinction of having established in
+1608 one of the earliest provincial public libraries, if not the first in
+England, and it was the first municipality to adopt the Public Library
+Act, 1850.  It is hoped, therefore, that the following sketch, besides
+giving local readers and archaeologists a detailed account of an
+important Norwich institution, will form an interesting chapter in the
+history of British Libraries.
+
+The compilation has been made from the recently discovered Minute Book of
+the old Public Library, covering the period 1656-1733, from annual
+reports and other official records, and from notes accumulated since
+1911.  The work has been done under difficulties due to the abnormal
+conditions caused by the Great War, and I am conscious that imperfections
+have resulted; for these I crave the reader's indulgence.
+
+I am grateful to the Dean of Norwich (the Very Rev. H. C. Beeching, D.D.,
+D.Litt.) for his kind help in several matters, for many suggestions, and
+for reading the galley proofs.  To Mr. Walter Rye I am indebted for
+reading the proofs, and for assistance.  Thanks are also due to Mr. F.
+Johnson, the Assistant City Archivist, for consulting the City Records
+and providing me with some extracts; and to Mr. F. R. Beecheno, the
+historian of the parish of St. Andrew's, for assistance and information.
+My obligations to Dr. Montague Rhodes James, the Provost of King's
+College, Cambridge, and Mr. A. W. Pollard, M.A., of the British Museum,
+are acknowledged in the text.  For any errors in the book I am solely
+responsible.
+
+                                                          _January_, 1917.
+                                                          GEO. A. STEPHEN.
+
+
+
+
+ INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In mediaeval times the making, collecting, and preserving of books, as
+well as the maintenance of learning, were almost exclusively confined to
+monastic institutions, some of which lent books to laymen, and thus
+became the public libraries of the surrounding district.  As to the
+literary life of Norwich in the fifteenth century, the late Dr. Jessopp
+wrote: "Whatever may have been the case in other dioceses, it is certain
+that the bishops of Norwich during the fifteenth century were resident in
+their see, and that they were prominent personages as scholars and men of
+culture and learning. . . . It is clear that . . . their influence was
+not inconsiderable in encouraging literary tastes and studious habits
+among their clergy.  Pitts, in his list of distinguished Englishmen of
+letters who flourished during the latter half of the fifteenth century,
+mentions no less than twenty-four Norfolk men who were recognised as
+prominent scholars, controversialists, historians, or students of
+science." {1}  Coincident with the decline of monastic learning in Europe
+were the revival of secular learning and the invention of printing, which
+gave a great impetus to the collection of books, especially on the
+continent.  The sixteenth century was a dark age in the history of
+British libraries, the iconoclasts of the Reformation ruthlessly
+destroying innumerable priceless treasures both of books and bindings.
+John Bale, Bishop of Ossory, who was educated at a Carmelite Convent in
+Norwich, and became vicar of Swaffham, Norfolk, in 1551, wrote scathingly
+of the literary condition of England in the middle of the sixteenth
+century, and referred specifically to Norwich: "O cyties of Englande,
+whose glory standeth more in bellye chere, than in the serch of wysdome
+godlye.  How cometh it, that neyther you, nor yet your ydell masmongers,
+haue regarded thys most worthy commodyte of your contrey?  I meane the
+conseruacyon of your Antiquytees, and of the worthy labours of your
+lerned men. . . . I have bene also at Norwyche, oure seconde cytie of
+name, and there all the library monumentes are turned to the vse of their
+grossers, candelmakers, sope sellers, and other worldly occupyers." {2a}
+
+In the early years of the seventeenth century many famous collegiate and
+town libraries--i.e., libraries under the guardianship of
+municipalities--were founded throughout the country, and in the history
+of the latter Norwich has a unique place.  So far as can be ascertained
+from the published historical accounts of libraries, Norwich has the
+distinction of having established in 1608 (six years after the foundation
+of the Bodleian Library, and 145 years before the foundation of the
+British Museum) the first provincial town library under municipal
+control. {2b}  The other earliest popular town libraries are those of
+Ipswich (1612), Bristol (founded in 1613 and opened in 1615), and
+Leicester (1632).  Mr. Norris Mathews, the City Librarian of Bristol,
+contends that "The claim to the earliest [public library] in England
+still belongs to Bristol.  This library was that of the Kalendars or
+Kalendaries, a brotherhood of clergy and laity who were attached to the
+Church of All-Hallowen or All Saints, still existing in Corn Street"
+("Library Association Record," vol. 2, 1900, p. 642).  In some notes
+regarding this Gild of Kalendars in Miss Lucy Toulmin Smith's
+Introduction to "Ricart's Calendar" {3} it is stated that "In 1464
+provision was made as to a library, lately erected in the house of the
+Kalendars," and reference is made to a deed of that date by which it was
+"appointed that all who wish to enter for the sake of instruction shall
+have 'free access and recess' at certain times, and that, lest the books
+should be lost, three inventories shall be made, to be yearly collated
+with the books, which books shall be chained in a room, and for the loss
+of which heavy penalties are imposed on the prior.  The prior to be
+appointed by the Mayor."  Mr. John Taylor in his article on "The earliest
+English free libraries" ("Library Chronicle," vol. 3, 1886, p. 156),
+stated that these regulations were made by an ordinance of John, Bishop
+of Worcester, A.D. 1464.  From the foregoing quotations it is obvious
+that the Library was under the control of the Gild, and not of the
+municipality, and therefore while, as a semi-monastic library, it may be
+regarded as a prototype of the modern public library, it cannot be justly
+claimed as the first public town library.
+
+The following account of the first provincial town library and its
+successor is in two parts: part I. deals with the Library established in
+1608 and now known as the City Library, and part II. deals with the
+Public Library, established under the Public Library Act of 1850.
+
+
+
+
+PART I.  THE CITY LIBRARY.
+
+
+FOUNDATION AND HISTORY.
+
+
+According to the judicious Norfolk antiquary John Kirkpatrick, who
+accumulated vast collections of material relating to Norwich, "There was
+a design of erecting a Public Library in this City, in the reign of
+Edward the Fourth, as appears by this legacy, in the will of John
+Leystofte, vicar of St. Stephen's church, here, A.D. 1461,
+namely,--"Item.  I will that, if a library be begun in Norwich, within
+two years after my decease, I bequeath to the same, my book called
+Repyngton." {4}  Kirkpatrick was unable to say whether the legacy was
+effected, and no record remains.
+
+The first City Library of which there is any record was founded on the
+3rd May, 1608, and by the following order of Assembly which was then
+recorded, it will be observed that it had an ecclesiastical basis, like
+so many libraries of previous centuries: "Ordered, with the consent of
+Jerrom Goodwyne, sword-bearer, that iij chambers, parcel of his
+dwelling-howse, which he hath by lease of the cyttie, shal be converted
+to a lybrary for the use of the preachers, and for a lodging chamber for
+such preachers as shall come to this cittie, to preach on the
+sabboth-dayes, and at other tymes, in the common place, and elsewhere,
+within this cittie; where the said Jerrom Goodwyn shall fynd beddyng,
+lynnynge, and other necessaries for lodging, for the preachers that so
+shall come, during their abode in the cittie for the intent aforesaid:
+which said romes for the lybrary shal be made fytt at the charge of this
+cittie; and the said Goodwyn to allowe one of his servants to attende the
+preachers.  In consideration whereof, the said Goodwyne shal be allowed
+yearly the rent which he now payeth, and his lease, notwithstanding, to
+stand good for the terme therein expressed." {4}
+
+The Library, however, was not intended solely for ministers.  The wording
+of the title-page of the first donation book, commenced in 1659, states
+that it was founded for students: "Bibliotheca publica Norvicensis
+communi studiosorum bono instituta incoepta et inchoata fuit Ano Domini
+MDCVIII."  (See reproduction, facing page 46).  Moreover, the list of the
+early members of the Library includes the names of people who were not
+ministers.  Facing pages 4 and 6 are facsimiles of the two pages in the
+Minute Book bearing signatures of early members who subscribed to the
+rules of the Library.  Perhaps the most notable autographs are those of
+Charles Trimnell, Bishop of Norwich, William Whiston, translator of
+Josephus, and chaplain to John Moore, Bishop of Norwich, Thomas Tanner,
+Bishop of St. Asaph, and Benjamin Mackerell, a Norfolk antiquary and
+Librarian of the Norwich Public Library.
+
+       [Picture: Autographs of early members of the City Library 1]
+
+To Judge by the existing records, the City had then received no books for
+placing in the rooms.  Mr. J. C. Tingey, {5a} however, considers it
+"rather strange that when, in 1608, three rooms were fitted up for the
+reception of the library at the New Hall there should be no existing
+books to be placed in the presses, though promises of donations may have
+been given.  As a matter of fact the compilers of the old catalogues
+mention several works without being able to say by whom they were
+presented, and as many of these were printed in the 16th century it is
+not impossible that some of them constituted a primary stock.  On the
+other hand many books whose donors are unknown were issued after the
+library was inaugurated, so of these it is certain that they were
+presented later."  The number of works whose donors are not stated in the
+first printed catalogue of 1706 is 51, but in the second printed
+catalogue of 1732 the donors of 36 of these are stated, so there remain
+only 15 works in the first printed catalogue of which the donors are
+unknown.  Of these fifteen one was printed after the establishment of the
+Library, and so the primary stock suggested by Mr. Tingey could not have
+consisted of more than 14 works.
+
+There is a hiatus in the records of the Library proceedings from its
+establishment to 1656.  Possibly the books presented to the Library from
+1608 to 1656 were simply allowed to accumulate in the Library rooms,
+without any regulations in regard to their use and safe-keeping.  That
+the books were sadly neglected is very evident from a codicil to the will
+dated September 18th, 1655, of John Carter, Rector of St. Laurence's
+Church, Norwich, giving to the Library "divers books, etc."  He revoked
+his bequest by the following codicil, and "instead thereof gave 5 pounds
+to each of the three united parishes of St. Laurence, St. Swithin, and
+St. Margaret, for a stock of coals for ever": "nowe seeinge (to my no
+small grief) that that library is locked up, ministers shut out of it,
+and that it is never like to be of publique use againe, but that the
+books are devoted to the wormes, dust, and rotteness, to the dishonour of
+God, the damage of the ministry, and the wrong of the benefactors, the
+dead, and the living, &c." {5b}
+
+       [Picture: Autographs of early members of the City Library 2]
+
+By 1656, the year of Carter's death, the Assembly had evidently realised
+the necessity for making regulations for the use of the Library, and had
+drawn them up before the 16th January in that year, when it was "ordered
+that the Articles moved touching the ordering of the Library be
+continued."
+
+On the ninth day of the following month eight ministers met at the
+Library, when they received the "Orders" of the Council for the
+regulation of the Library, and having subscribed to them, they were
+admitted to the use of the Library.  At this meeting they ordered two
+frames for the "Orders"; that Mr. John Collinges should be Library Keeper
+until January, 1657; that each minister admitted to the use of the
+Library should pay 12d. quarterly; and that "a book should be bought for
+registring the acts of the mins at their severall meetings in the
+Library, and sheets of parchment fit for the engrossing of the orders,
+and that the library keeper be desired to provide these against the next
+meeting."  This minute book is still in the City Library, but it has been
+overlooked by all previous writers of notices of the Library.  It
+commences with the proceedings of the meeting on the 9th February, 1656,
+and records the meetings until April 3rd, 1733.  As the Assembly Minute
+Books for the years 1632 to 1682 are missing the actual "orders"
+previously mentioned cannot be quoted, but fortunately the other end of
+the Minute Book was used to write in the declaration of admission and the
+rules for the conduct of the Library.  They are as follows:--
+
+    "We whose names are hereunto annexed upon our admission to ye use of
+    ye Publick Library in ye City of Norwch, in Complyance wth an Act of
+    ye Common Council of ye said City dated ye 16th January 1656, do
+    faithfully engage and promise,
+
+    "Imprimis That we will not at any time Carry out of ye said Library
+    any booke belonging to it.
+
+    "2 ly That we will not Leave any booke belonging to ye said Library
+    (after our using it) out of its due place, nor write any thing in any
+    of ye bookes, nor Leave them wth any Leaves turned downe.
+
+    "3 ly That we will not prejudice any other pson by our use of ye said
+    Library, to which purpose we shall not at any time delay our going to
+    ye Library after ye receipt of ye Keyes from ye Keeper, nor ye
+    restoring them when we Come out of ye said Library.
+
+    "4 ly That we shall as to all these Articles be Responsabl for our
+    friends who shall goe wth us to ye said Library, as for our selves.
+
+    "5 ly We shall (being duly Chosen thereto) not above once in seaven
+    yeares, discharge ye office of Library-Keeper.
+
+    "6 ly We shall faithfully pay our proportions to ye under-Keeper of
+    ye said Library quarterly, and also our equall share wth ye rest of
+    our brethren in all Charges they shall be at for ye better preserving
+    of ye said Library.
+
+    "All these things we shall endeavour faithfully to observe & keep, if
+    through our negligence we shall fail in any of them, we Agree to
+    subject our selves to ye Penalties mentioned in ye orders Confirmed
+    by the Court of Common Councill in ye said City."
+
+The Library at this time was clearly a Reference Library, and its
+maintenance partly depended on the members who agreed to pay their
+"proportions" of 12d. quarterly, and also their equal share in any
+charges made for the "better preserving of the Library."  The earlier
+entries in the Minute Book give a fair record of the proceedings at the
+meetings: they record the names of the members present, the names of new
+members admitted to the use of the Library, the quarterly payments of the
+members, the donations of books, books purchased with money given to the
+Library, duplicate books exchanged for other books, the appointments of
+the Library Keepers and Under Library Keepers, and other matters
+connected with the administration of the Library; but the fulness of the
+entries gradually diminishes until the records are little more than lists
+of members present, and notes of quarterly payments.
+
+The meetings were held monthly, and on February 6th, 1656, it was
+resolved that the meetings should be held on the second Monday in each
+month between 2 and 3 o'clock.  At that meeting a levy on the members was
+recorded: "All the mins present at this meeting deposed Sixpence a piece
+in Mr. Collinges hand towards the providing of frames and parchment for
+the orders for the regulation of the library, in all 5/-: and ordered
+such as were not present if admitted already, or such as hereafter should
+be admitted, should at their admission or next appearing at meeting lay
+down so much towards the frames and parchment aforesaid, and the buying
+of a book to register the Acts of the mins in."
+
+That the members were permitted to enjoy the fragrant weed on the library
+premises is evident from an entry under date October 12th, 1657:
+"Threepence was laid out for tobacco pipes," and on April 1st, 1690 it
+was recorded, "That Mr. Pitts is this day discharged from ye office of
+Library Keeper, and is endebted to ye under=Library=Keeper for his 2
+years for fire, candle, pipes, pens, ink and paper, nine shillings."
+
+From many records it is obvious that the City Authorities closely
+controlled the administration of the Library.  According to the Minute
+Book on January 12th, 1673, the members "consented yt Mr Riveley and Mr
+Morley should attend yppon the Court to craue their Order for appoynting
+the time for ye Ministers Meeting at the Library for future to be uppon
+the first Tuesday in every moneth."  The request was granted.  On 29th
+March, 1673, the Court ordered "36s. to be paid for six Russia leather
+chairs for City Library." {8}
+
+The library receipts from fees and charges are not regularly entered, but
+throughout the Minute Book there are occasional records of receipts and
+payments, and under date March 3, 1684, is the following: "This day ye
+account of ye Last year was stated.  The Library keeper had received 4ll
+3s & 4d and had expended 4l 11s 10d--due to Him 8s 6d."
+
+Either as a means of raising additional money for the Library or of
+securing a better attendance of members at the meetings it was ordered on
+Jan. 15th, 1677 "that all persons that will continue the use & benefitte
+of the librarie shall pay for every omission of meeting upon the day
+appointed the forfeiture of 2 pence, no excuse to be admitted for
+absence; & the said forfeitures are to be dispos'd of every halfe year
+according as the major part of psons at yt meeting shall determine."  The
+Minute Book does not show that the fines for absence were usually
+disposed of half-yearly, but the following memorandum was made therein on
+April 1st, 1690: "That this day we present cast up ye forfeitures of ye
+two last years, viz. 1688, 1689 And the several persons are indebted in
+all two pounds, ten shillings & four pence as appears by ye particulars
+in ye Book of forfeitures."
+
+For the first 108 years of the Library's existence it remained a
+reference library, and books were not lent, but surreptitious borrowing
+probably took place occasionally.  At any rate on December 2nd, 1684, the
+following memorandum was made: "That BP J. Ushers treatise de Macedonum
+et Assyriorum [Asianorum] anno solari was missing this meeting yt was, by
+ye under-library-keepers attestation here the last meeting and has bin
+missing this three weeks, 'tis desired that he that has it would be
+pleased to restore it, and not to do any such thing as is contrary to wt
+he hath subscribed."  By 1716 the members had considered it desirable to
+allow the borrowing of books for home reading, and on May 7th, 1716,
+occurs the following record of the petition of the members to the City
+Court:
+
+    "This Society having requested ye Court to give leave yt an order
+    might be made to render ye Library more usefull it was accordingly
+    ordered by ye Court
+
+    "Norwich.  At an Assembly held the third day of May Anno Dnj 1716
+
+    "The Petition of ye Clergy about ye Books in ye Library is now agreed
+    to, so as such care be taken by ye Library-keeper yt there be no loss
+    of ye Books.
+
+                                                          P Cur: Chappell.
+
+    "The Articles or Conditions of borrowing any book out of ye Library
+    are order'd to be written in ye first leave of a Register to be
+    provided for ye use of ye Society."
+
+    "These Articles or Conditions are fortunately written at the end of
+    the Minute Book, and are as follows:
+
+    "First, That every Person taking out any Book, shall enter ye same
+    into a Book to be provided for yt purpose.
+
+    "2dly: That He shall be obliged to return ye same Book or Books wthin
+    one month from ye time of borrowing, & enter ye return of ye sd Book
+    in a Column of ye Register opposite to that wherein ye borrowing of
+    ye sd Book is mention'd.
+
+    "3dly: That No Person shall have above ye Number of three Books (from
+    this Library) at one time, unless ye leave of ye Society be first
+    Ask'd & obtain'd.
+
+    "4thly: That if any damage be done to any Book, He in whose hands it
+    is shall make it good, & to prevent disputes, if ye Book be damag'd
+    before taken out of ye Library it shall be shown to ye
+    Under=library=Keeper.
+
+    "5thly: That there be some Persons appointed to assist ye Upper
+    Library Keeper in calling over ye sd Books ye first Monday of January
+    next, & so yearly & every year, & yt ye Library Keeper shall have
+    power to send for & call in such Books as are ytt abroad, & every
+    person in whose hands any Books have been above ye limited time of
+    one Month at such days of calling over ye sd Books shall forfeit two
+    shillings & six pence to be applied to such use as ye Society shall
+    adjudge proper.
+
+    "6thly: That No Person shall be admitted to ye use of this Library,
+    (Those of this Court excepted) Nor have ye liberty of borrowing any
+    Book from ye sd Library who are not already, or shall not hereafter
+    be admitted to ye use of ye sd Library according to ye usages &
+    Customs of the Society Now in great measure entrusted wth ye Care &
+    Charge of ye Books of ye sd Library, except such Person shall first
+    give unto ye sd Library ye sum of fourty shillings or Books to yt
+    value.
+
+    "7thly: Tis agreed yt there be two fair Catalouges made, One to be &
+    remain wth ye Court of this City, & ye other to be kept in ye
+    Library, yt ye Library Keeper do get ye sd Catalouges made wth all
+    convenient speed, yt ye Books be rang'd into some method & order, yt
+    ye Library Keeper shall take in such assistance as is wanting, & his
+    charge & trouble be allow'd according to ye discretion of ye
+    Society."
+
+These rules show that borrowers were permitted to record the books they
+borrowed, that they were allowed to retain them for a month, that damaged
+books should be reported to the Under Library Keeper before being taken
+away, and that a stocktaking fine of 2s. 6d. was provided for in the
+event of books not being returned in the January of each year.
+
+The Minutes between 1716 and 1731 chiefly record formal matters, and
+little of note regarding the administration of the Library.  On February
+7th, 1731, "It was then unanimously agreed that the Members meet for the
+future on the first Tuesday in every Month at two o'Clock in ye
+afternoon."  On the 7th of the following month two delinquent borrowers
+were dealt with: "Whereas the Revd Mr. Francis Johnson took some time
+since the Works of Bishop Bull in 4 volumes 8vo out of this Library, &
+has return'd only ye 1st, 3rd & 4th Vols & instead of ye 2d Sherlock on
+providence, it Was then Order'd, that that shd be return'd him again, &
+that he be requir'd either to send back ye sd 2d vol. or take the
+remaining three, & send an entire Sett.  Order'd likewise that Mr Morrant
+be requir'd to return B-p. Stillingfleets Origines Sacrae, being ye 2d
+vol. of his works, Long since taken out by Him."
+
+The regulations for the administration of the Library were again revised
+in 1732/3 by the City Council: {11}
+
+    "At an ASSEMBLY held on _Feb._ the 24th, 1732/3. the Right Worshipful
+    the MAYOR, _Sheriffs_, _Aldermen_, and _Common-Council_ this Day
+    assembled, for the better Regulation of the _Publick Library_, have
+    unanimously appointed the following ORDERS to be observed, upon Pain
+    of Exclusion from the said _Library_.
+
+    "ORDERED, That the Catalogues already printed be Six Hundred; and
+    that one Half of them be kept in the Town-Clerk's Office, to be
+    delivered out to the Members of the Corporation; and the other Half
+    be left in the Library, to be delivered out to the Subscribers.
+
+    "ORDERED, That the Books in the said Library be Annually called over,
+    in the first Week of _June_, in the Presence of the _Chamberlain_;
+    and that such books as are found to be Duplicates, be sold by the
+    _Chamberlain_ and _Library-Keeper_; and that the Money arising by
+    Sale thereof, be laid out in the Purchasing of such Books as shall be
+    thought proper by the said Subscribers.
+
+    "ORDERED, That after the said Annual Call is finished, the
+    Subscribers to the said Library, upon their next Monthly Meeting,
+    have Liberty to choose a _Library-Keeper_ for the Year ensuing.
+
+    "ORDERED, That on the Reception of any Book or Books given to the
+    said Library, the _Donor's_ Name shall be written on the inside Cover
+    of the Book, and that the _Library-Keeper_ shall Register the same in
+    the Vellum Book.
+
+    "ORDERED, That no Person shall have more than Three Books out of the
+    said Library at one Time, nor keep them longer than one Month,
+    without the Consent of the Majority of the Subscribers present at
+    their Monthly Meeting: And that an Account of every Book Lent, and
+    the Return thereof, be duly made and enter'd in a Book for that
+    Purpose.
+
+    "ORDERED, That every Person who shall be admitted to the Use of the
+    said Library, shall declare his full and free Consent to comply with
+    the said Orders, as far as to him may appertain, according to the
+    true Intent and Meaning of the same; and particularly with the
+    following Orders or Articles, by subscribing his Name in the said
+    _Library-Book_ upon his Admission: And also that all the said Orders,
+    and the following Articles, shall be entred in the said
+    _Library-Book_, _viz_:
+
+    "_First_, That every Subscriber upon Admission shall pay to the Under
+    _Library-Keeper_ one Shilling, and also one Shilling Quarterly, for
+    his Care of, and Attendance at the said Library: And every Subscriber
+    shall also pay his Proportion of all Charges that may be thought
+    necessary by the Subscribers, for the better preserving of the Books
+    in the said Library; or shall be excluded the Use thereof.
+
+    "_Secondly_, That if any Book be lent out, and lost or damaged, the
+    Borrower shall be obliged to make good such Loss or Damage.
+
+    "_Thirdly_, The Subscribers have Leave to meet the first _Tuesday_ in
+    every Month, to inspect the said Library, and take out such Books as
+    they may have Occasion for, then or at any other Time; and see that
+    the said Orders and Articles be duly observed.
+
+                                                            "_Per Curiam_,
+
+                             "LODGE."  [i.e., Nehemiah Lodge, Town Clerk].
+
+The Minute Book which finishes on April 3rd, 1733, is silent regarding
+these new regulations, but Benjamin Mackerell (Librarian of the City
+Library from 1724 to 1731) writing in 1737 shewed that they did not
+result in improving the management of the Library:
+
+    "For some few years it has been a Lending Library and some persons
+    have had books two or three years together contrary to an order to
+    the contrary.  Here is no salary given by the city for anyone to take
+    care and the charge of the books upon him only the keys thereof are
+    left at the house of the Clark of St. Andrews Parish, and any man may
+    be admitted that will but give him twelve-pence a quarter, but unless
+    the Corporation would be at the expence of a salary for any sober
+    discreet person to take the charge of the said books upon himself and
+    have the sole custody of them, and pecuniary mulcts inflicted upon
+    such as break the orders already made, there is little hopes of
+    keeping the books there, or in any good order long together, besides
+    this is also made use of upon the account of the trustees for the
+    Charity Schools who frequently meet here, notwithstanding there are
+    so many more convenient rooms in the said hall.  Especially that in
+    which the Grand Jury meet in at every Assizes.  Persons may borrow
+    two books out of this Library at a time but ought not to keep them
+    above one month without giving notice to the Library keeper." {13a}
+
+Mackerell's remarks, and the fact that the Minute Book was not filled,
+seem to indicate that the Library was neglected for some years.  On
+September 21st, 1801, the Assembly complied with the request of the
+Committee of a subscription library, with the misnomer "Public Library"
+(established in 1784 in St. Andrew's Hall) by granting them leave "to
+have the use of the books in the City Library, to be kept under the care
+of their Librarian apart from other books, the President giving a receipt
+for the safe return of the same on demand." {13b}  The City Committee
+reported to the Assembly in 1805 "that the books in the City Library have
+not of late been carefully preserved, that some valuable works have been
+mutilated and others lost or mislaid." {13c}  The Assembly thereupon
+rescinded the order of September 21st, 1801, requested the President and
+Committee of the "Public Library" to "make good all losses and injuries,"
+and committed the custody of the City Library to the Steward.  In 1815
+the City Library was again entrusted to the "Public Library."  Ten years
+afterwards, the "Public Library," which still housed the City Library,
+was removed to a building in St. Andrew's Street.  The admission fee to
+this Library in 1825, as stated in the Catalogue of the Library of that
+date, was five guineas, and the annual subscription was one guinea.  This
+Catalogue contains the following rules regarding the City Library:
+
+    "LIV.  The books belonging to the City Library having been deposited
+    in the Library Room of the Public Library, by permission of the
+    Corporation, are accessible to the subscribers, and may be delivered
+    out under a written order of the president, or vice-president,
+    countersigned by an officer of the Corporation.
+
+    "LV.  The Librarian shall have charge of the books belonging to the
+    City Library, and shall procure the necessary authority for the
+    delivery of books to subscribers applying for them.
+
+    "LVI.  The books belonging to the City Library shall be returned to
+    the Librarian every quarter day; and the same fines and penalties
+    shall apply to subscribers not attending to this regulation, or to
+    losing, lending or injuring books belonging to the City Library,
+    which are laid down by the laws for the protection of the books
+    belonging to the Public Library."
+
+In the same catalogue it was stated that the City Library was under the
+particular inspection of the Mayor and seven members of the Council who
+constituted the Library Committee of the Corporation.  "The Right
+Worshipful the Mayor of Norwich, for the time being, is an Honorary
+Member of the Public Library; and the Members of the Library Committee of
+the Corporation, together with the Speaker of the Commons, the Town
+Clerk, and the Chamberlain, if not already Members of the Society, have
+the privilege of constant access to the Library Rooms during their
+continuance of office." {14}  These rules were in force in 1847, and were
+reprinted in a new edition of the Catalogue printed in that year.  The
+members of the rival subscription library, called "The Norfolk and
+Norwich Literary Institution," which was established in 1822, were also
+allowed to borrow books from the City Library, by an order from the
+Chamberlain of the City. {15a}  In 1835 the "Public Library" with the
+City Library was removed to a new building opposite the north door of the
+Guildhall, on the site of the present Norfolk and Norwich Subscription
+Library.
+
+Ostensibly the City Library was adequately cared for by the "Public
+Library," but in reality it was greatly neglected.  At a meeting of the
+Council on July 10th, 1856, the Town Clerk read a report from the City
+Library Committee, stating that they had inspected the books of the City
+Library, and "considered them in a very disorderly and dirty condition,
+that they could not be compared with the catalogue till they were
+re-arranged.  They recommended that a grant of 25 pounds should be made
+for the rearrangement of the books, and that Mr. Langton [the Librarian]
+be employed for that purpose." {15b}  In the discussion that ensued Mr.
+Ling said some of the books "were lying on the floor, damaged by dust and
+cobwebs, and an extremely valuable manuscript of Wickliffe's Bible was in
+a bad state." {15c}  Mr. Brightwell suggested that the City Library would
+be a capital foundation for the Free Library, and the matter was referred
+back for the consideration of the City Library Committee.  Those
+interested in the "Public Library" strove hard to retain the City
+Library, and on November 20th, 1856, the following memorial signed by the
+President was presented to the Council and discussed:--
+
+    To the Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of Norwich, in Council
+    assembled. {15d}  The Memorial of the Committee of the Norwich Public
+    Library
+
+    Sheweth,--That at a quarterly assembly of the Corporation, held June
+    19th, 1815, a certain Report of the Library Committee was agreed to,
+    and consent given for the city books to be taken to the Public
+    Library under the direction of the same Committee.
+
+    That your memorialists have learned with deep regret that it is
+    contemplated to apply to the Council for power to remove the city
+    books to the Free Library.
+
+    That upon the faith of their tenure of these books, as long as the
+    conditions imposed were satisfactorily complied with, various sums of
+    money, to a considerable amount, have from time to time been expended
+    by your memorialists from the funds of the Public Library in their
+    preservation.
+
+    That the books of the City Library have been embodied in the
+    catalogues of 1825 and 1847, under the same scientific arrangement as
+    the books which are the property of the Public Library,
+    distinguishing those which are the property of the Corporation by a
+    prominent and appropriate designation; and that therefore by the
+    removal of the City Library, the catalogue, to which your
+    memorialists have recently published the first appendix, will be
+    rendered quite useless and an expense, otherwise unnecessary, will be
+    incurred.
+
+    That although the books of the City Library were recently found in a
+    very dusty condition; yet that during the 40 years they have been in
+    the custody of your memorialists, they have suffered no deterioration
+    from damp, loss, or otherwise.
+
+    That the contiguity of the Public Library to the Guildhall affords
+    the greatest convenience of application to the Town Clerk for
+    permission to take out books from the City Library, and of the access
+    of the Library Committee of the Corporation to inspect their
+    property.
+
+    That it is in contemplation to place a fire in the room appropriated
+    to the City Library, and further to improve it by the insertion of a
+    large bay-window, which will make it a light and cheerful place for
+    all who need reference to these ancient and valuable books.
+
+    That your memorialists venture to point out the entire
+    unsuitableness, in their judgment, of works in learned languages, on
+    abstruse subjects or in black letter, to the objects of the Free
+    Library.
+
+    And your memorialists therefore pray that the books of the City
+    Library be allowed to remain, as heretofore, in their keeping.
+
+    Signed on behalf of the Public Library Committee.
+
+    Norwich, Nov. 10th, 1856.
+
+                                                G. W. W. FIRTH, President.
+
+Edward Edwards, in his monumental "Memoirs of Libraries," 1859, (vol. 1,
+p. 739) printed the above memorial which he said carried "its refutation
+on its face."  "On so puerile a production," he continued, "it were idle
+to waste words.  One remark, however, may be appropriate in anticipation
+of the history and objects of the Act of Parliament in pursuance of which
+the Free City Library of Norwich has been created.  No Institution
+established under that Act can with justice address itself to any "class"
+of the population in particular.  Rate-supported Libraries are _ipso
+facto_ "Town Libraries."  Their cost is defrayed by ratepayers of all
+degrees.  It is the imperative duty of every Town-Council so to manage
+them as to make them conduce, in the utmost possible measure, to the
+researches, the pursuits, and the profit of _every_ class of the
+townspeople.  For some readers it may also be desirable to add that the
+so-called "Public" Library by whose managers this Memorial is drawn up,
+is Public in name only."
+
+Notwithstanding the persistent attempts of the "Public Library" on futile
+pretexts to retain the City Library, the Council on February 17th, 1857,
+decided by a large majority in favour of the removal of the City Library
+to the new library building under its own control.  Even then the Free
+Library Committee had difficulty in securing the books, and it was only
+after their repeated applications that the City Library was installed in
+the Library in 1862.  Mr. John Quinton, the Librarian of the Norfolk and
+Norwich Literary Institution, superintended the removal of the books, and
+arranged them in their new quarters.  The book-plate in the volumes was
+printed from a wood-block engraved by his daughter, Miss Jane Quinton, a
+student of the Norwich School of Art, which at that time occupied the top
+floor of the Library.  The books were shelved in cases on the ground
+floor until 1879 when they were removed to their present glass cases in
+the News Room.
+
+The Council on the 17th March, 1868, agreed to the recommendation of the
+City Committee "that the Wyckliffe Bible and other books be committed as
+a loan into the custody of the trustees of the [Norfolk and Norwich]
+Museum, proper provision to be made for the exhibition and preservation
+thereof." {17}  Several manuscripts and printed books were sent to the
+Museum, and Mr. J. J. Colman, the Mayor in that year, presented to the
+city a glass case for the exhibition of the books.
+
+In 1872 the Norfolk and Norwich Law Library, which had just been
+established, applied for the loan of between 30 and 40 legal works in the
+City Library, and the Council acceded to its request on condition that
+any person not a member of the Law Library should have access to the
+books, and that the books should be returned to the City Library on
+request.  A list of the books lent was printed in the Catalogue of the
+Law Library published in 1874.  The books were returned during the year
+ending March, 1900.
+
+The Catalogue of 1883 stated that the following was the rule for the use
+of the City books: "A loan of these books may be obtained at the Free
+Library, from 11 to 4 on any day of the week excepting Thursday, by
+application to the Town Clerk, who will supply a Form to be filled up by
+the applicant and forwarded to the Chairman of the Libraries Committee."
+Now the books are issued by and at the discretion of the City Librarian,
+for use in the Reference Library, in accordance with the rules of the
+Public Library.
+
+The City Committee, which is responsible for the City Library, provided
+in 1912 a large exhibition case in the Reading Room for the display of
+some of the more rare and interesting books.
+
+
+
+DONORS.
+
+
+The Library was formed almost entirely by donations, principally from
+local residents, including bishops, deans, and other clergy, magistrates,
+merchants and tradesmen.  The donations from the inception of the Library
+in 1608 to 1737 are enumerated in the Vellum Book provided for the
+purpose in 1659, to which reference is made on page 46.  The first
+donation was a gift of fifteen volumes from Sir John Pettus who was Mayor
+during the year of the foundation of the Library, viz., Severinus Binius'
+"Concilia generalia et provincialia," 4 vols. in 5, (Cologne, 1606),
+"Centuriones Magdeburgh," 7 vols., (Basel), and Bellarmine's
+"Disputationes de controversiis Christianae Fidei," 3 vols., (Paris,
+1608).  His gift was followed by one in the same year from Susannah
+Downing, wife of Alderman George Downing, who had been Mayor in the
+previous year.  She gave Hieronymus Zanchius' "Opera theologica," 8 vols.
+in 3, 1605 (Excudebat Stephanus Gamonetus).  In the following year Thomas
+Corye, merchant, gave Luther's Works in 7 vols. and three volumes of
+Ludwig Lavater's Commentaries, (Zurich); Sir Thomas Hirne, the Mayor,
+gave ten volumes of Calvin's works, and a polyglot Bible--Biblia Sacra,
+Hebraice, Graece, et Latine (1599), 2 vols.; Thomas Corbett gave St.
+Augustine's Works (Basel, 1569); and Henry Doyly gave St. Bernard's Works
+(Paris, 1586).
+
+The three chief benefactors to the Library were Richard Ireland, who at
+the time of his death was rector of Beeston, Norfolk; Thomas Nelson,
+rector of Morston, Norfolk; and John Kirkpatrick, a linen merchant, of
+Norwich, the eminent antiquary.
+
+Ireland's bequest was made in 1692, and the entry in the Vellum Book is
+as follows:
+
+    "Mr Richard Ireland, Formerly Rector of Beeston and sometime also of
+    St Edmonds in the Citty of Norwich where he was born, gave by his
+    last Will all his Bookes to the publick Library of the Citty: where
+    they are set up on Shelves, and accordingly specifyed in the
+    Catalogue of the Library, viz, the Folios on Classis. 16 and the
+    smaller bookes on Classis 20 and 21. with some others of the Old
+    Citty Library distinguished in the said Catalogue.
+
+    "Memorandum.  Some of Mr Irelands bookes which the Library was
+    furnished with before, are set up in the outward Library to be Sold
+    and exchanged for others, as he gave leave."  The total number of
+    volumes shown in the Library Catalogue of 1732 to have been given by
+    Ireland is 142.
+
+The entry in the Vellum Book regarding Nelson's bequest in 1714 reads:
+"Mr Thomas Nelson Late Rector of Morston in the County of Norfolk gave by
+his Last Will and Testament All his Books unto the Publick Library of
+this City where they are placed upon Six Shelves by Themselves in the
+Inner Room belonging to the said Library with his Name Over them in Gold
+Letters."  Numerically his gift was the largest to the Library, 570
+volumes being assigned to him in the Catalogue of 1732.
+
+The bequest of Kirkpatrick is recorded as follows under date 1728: "Mr
+John Kirkpatrick Mercht and Treasurer to the Great Hospital in this City
+did by his last Will and Testament Give (Note the following are the very
+Words of his Will) To the Maior Sheriffs, Citizens & Commonalty aforesaid
+All my Ancient Manuscripts and all my Medals and Ancient Coins of Silver
+& Brass to be reposited in their Library at the New-Hall.  Also my
+Printed Books in the Anglo-Saxon Language, & all such of my Books which
+were Printed before the Year of our Lord 1600 as are not already in the
+said Library, together with Mountfaucon's Antiquities, & Maddox's Firma
+Burgi lately printed; and I will & desire that all these things be kept
+there For Publick Use as the other Books in the said Library are.  (Thus
+Far his Will.--
+
+"Sometime after the Decease of the said Mr John Kirkpatrick there was
+more than Two Hundred Books sent to this Library According to his Will
+and Desire which are inserted in the Catalogue with his Name before Each
+Book.
+
+"N.B.  The Medals and Coins are not yet delivered But are still in the
+Hands of John Custance, Esq."  Although the memorandum following the
+extract from the will states that more than 200 books were sent to the
+Library, the total number of books assigned to him in the 1732 catalogue
+is 168.  Possibly the remainder were duplicates, and were sold or
+exchanged for other books.
+
+Many other donations are worthy of special mention, but it is impossible
+to enumerate all of them.  Gabriel Barbar, in the name of the Society of
+Virginia, gave 11 vols. in 1614, in which year, says Blomefield, "the
+Lords of the _privy council_, by letters dated the 22nd of _March_,
+desired the city to given [sic] encouragement to a _lottery_, set on foot
+for the benefit of the _English Virginia_ plantation, . . . and by
+another letter dated 21 Dec. 1617, they desired them to assist Gabriel
+Barbor, &c in the management of a running _lottery_, to be by them kept
+in Norwich." {20a}  In 1618 Thomas Atkins, Merchant of Norwich, gave
+seven volumes and 5 pounds for books.
+
+During the mayoralty of Thomas Cory, 1628-29, the City of Norwich gave a
+copy of the second edition of John Minsheu's "The Guide into Tongues"
+(London: John Haviland, 1627) for which twenty shillings were paid. {20b}
+This work is still of value as a dictionary of Elizabethan English.  In
+1659 the City also gave a set of the famous English Polyglot Bible,
+edited by Bryan Walton, in 6 vols., (London, 1657)--a work which was a
+fine scholarly achievement of the Church of England at a time of great
+depression.
+
+In 1658 Joseph Paine, Alderman of Norwich, who was Mayor in 1660, gave
+one book and 20 pounds for the purchase of books.  In the Minute Book the
+donation is described thus under date Dec. 13, 1658: "Mr. Whitefoot, Mr.
+Harmar, and Dr. Collings made report to ye rest of the Brethren mett this
+day That Mr. Joseph Paine Alderman of the City of Norwich uppon Munday
+preceding this meeting, sent for ye 3 minrs. aforesaid to his house, and
+there did give into the hands of Mr. John Whitefoot one of the aforesaid
+minrs. twenty pounds declaring it his mind that it should be laid out at
+the discretion of ye 3 minrs. aforesaid together with Mr. George Cock to
+bee added to them to buy such bookes with it as they shall judge most fit
+for ye City Library."
+
+The ministers evidently desired to mark especially their appreciation of
+Paine's gift.  On February 9th, 1662/3 "The brethren taking notice that
+no bookes were yet markd as the guift of Sr Jos. Paine, and Mr. Whitefoot
+acquainting the brethren that he had procured printed paps to this
+purpose--Ex Dono Dni _Josephi Paine_ militis hujus Civitatis praetoris,
+they ordered that some of those papers should bee affixed to the 9 vol.
+of ye Criticks: wch cost 15l & to the 4 vol. of Gerard's Comon places wch
+cost 3l 13s & to the 2 vol. of Theophilact. wch cost 1l 02s: in all 19l
+17s: the other 3s: beeing accounted for ye Carriage: they also ordered
+that a like paper be affixed to Ravanella before giuen to the library by
+ye said Sr Jos. Paine."
+
+In the Vellum Book under date Dec. 12th, 1659, are entered 29 volumes as
+a gift from Thomasine Brooke, "Widow & Relict of Wm Brooke, Gent."  These
+were evidently purchased with a donation of 20 pounds, as under the same
+date in the Minute Book is the following: "Mr. Whitefoot acknowledged
+himself to have received of Mrs Brooke wid. to the use of the library to
+bee laid out uppon bookes by ye Consent of ye minrs. the summe of twenty
+pounds."
+
+Sir Thomas Browne, who made Norwich his home from 1637, gave in 1666
+eight volumes of Justus Lipsius' Works, (Antwerp, 1606-17), and under the
+entry recording this gift, which describes the donor as "Thomas Browne,
+Med: Professor", has been written in a different hand, "Opera sua, viz.
+Religio Medicj, Vulgar Errors, &c."  (A reproduction of the page in the
+Vellum Book recording Browne's gift faces page 46.)  The latter volume
+was evidently a copy of his "Pseudodoxia Epidemica . . . together with
+the Religio Medici," sixth edition, (London, 1672), which is still in the
+Library.
+
+Another eminent benefactor was Thomas Tenison, who became Archbishop of
+Canterbury in 1694, and is noteworthy to librarians as having established
+a public library in his parish of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, in
+1695.  Tenison was educated at the Norwich Free School, and in 1674 he
+was chosen "upper minister" of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, having been
+previously preacher at that Church.  He was admitted to the use of the
+City Library on February 9th, 1673, and on March 2nd, 1674 and April 6th,
+1675, he gave the following five volumes: Georgius Codinus' "De Officijs
+et Officialibus Magnae Ecclesiae et Aulae Constantinopolitanae" (Paris,
+1625); Edward Herbert's "De religione gentilium" (Amsterdam, 1663); Peter
+Heylyn's "Historia Quinqu-Articularis" (London, 1660); Archbishop James
+Ussher's "Chronologia sacra" (Oxford, 1660); and the "Racovian
+Catechism," which is entered in the 1732 catalogue as "Moscorrow's
+Catechism."
+
+Nathaniel Cock, described as a Merchant of London, but who was doubtless
+connected with the county, is credited with a donation of 33 volumes in
+1674.  These volumes were evidently purchased with the legacy of 20
+pounds which Edmund Cock, his executor, paid to the Library-Keeper.  This
+legacy is mentioned in the Minute Book, and also by Blomefield, {22} who
+states that he was the brother of Edmund Cocke, and that he also "gave
+the _city chamberlain_ 100l, to be freely lent to five honest poor
+_weavers_, housekeepers and freemen, without interest, they giving
+security for the repayment at three years end."
+
+In 1676, the year of the death of Edward Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich, the
+Vellum Book records a donation from him of 24 volumes.  These books,
+however, were probably purchased with a legacy, as in the Assembly Book,
+21st Sept., 1676, it is stated that the Clavors [Keepers of City Chest]
+to pay Robt Bendish Esq. 20 pounds to be pd to Mr John Whitefoot senr. to
+buy bookes for City Library according to will of Edward [Reynolds] late
+Bp. of Norwich.
+
+Dean Humphrey Prideaux, the orientalist, was another distinguished
+benefactor.  In August, 1681, he was installed as a Prebendary of
+Norwich, and in the following March he gave a copy of his edition of two
+tracts by Maimonides which he published with the title "De jure pauperis
+et peregrini apud Judaeos" (1679), "and other money [1 pound] from many
+others received" with which were purchased Joannes Caspar Suicerus'
+"Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus," 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1682), and J. J.
+Hoffman's "Lexicon Universale
+Historico-Geographico-Chronologico-Poetico-Philologicum," 2 vols. (Basel,
+1677).  When Dean of Norwich he gave a copy of the two works upon which
+his literary fame rests, "Life of Mahomet" and "The Old and New Testament
+Connected," 2 vols. (1716-18), and also his "Validity of the Orders of
+the Church of England," and "The Original and Right of Tithes," (Norwich,
+1710).
+
+Three citizens and Aldermen of Norwich gave donations of money in 1678
+amounting to 11 pounds, with which ten volumes were purchased: Augustine
+Briggs 5 pounds, Thomas Wisse 3 pounds, and Bernard Church 3 pounds.
+
+In 1700 William Adamson, Rector of St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, who
+was buried therein in 1707, "gave to this Library three shelves full of
+books, viz. Classis 17, 18, and 19, the first in Folio, the Second in
+quarto, the third in Octavo, and are Specifyed in the Catalogue of the
+Library."  The total number of the books assigned to him in the 1732
+catalogue is 118 vols.
+
+In 1706 John Moore, Bishop of Norwich "gave to this Library Eusebij,
+Socratis, Sozomeni, Theodoriti, & Evagrij Hist. Ecclesiast. in 3 vol.,
+Paris, 1678," and Thomas Tanner, who had been made Chancellor of the
+Norwich Diocese in 1701, gave a copy of La Bigne's "Sacrae Bibliothecae
+Sanctorum Patrum," 5 vols. (Paris, 1589).  Tanner also gave a large
+donation in 1726 which was thus recorded: "Thomas Tanner, S.T.P. and
+Chancellor of the Diocess of Norwich This year added more than an Hundred
+Books to those which he had formerly Given to this Publick Library; Which
+are particularly inserted in the Catalogue, with his Name before each
+Book."  Possibly some of the books he gave were duplicates and were
+exchanged for others, as the 1732 Catalogue credits him with only 92
+vols.
+
+During the years 1707 to 1709 several Fellows of Trinity and other
+Cambridge Colleges gave donations of books (See List of Donors at the end
+of Part I., pp. 52-56).  The Minute Book records that on August 5th, 1707
+"was brought into the Library by Mr. Reddington, Fellow of Trinity
+College, in Cambridge, these following books being the gift of several
+persons of the said college, as here follows."  These donations,
+numbering 28 volumes, were the gift of twelve Fellows, and may have been
+the result of an organised effort by Reddington to increase the Library.
+John Reddington was Rector of St. Edmund, Norwich, 1712, Rector of
+Rackheath, 1711-39, and of Hethel, 1737-39, and master of Norwich Grammar
+School from 1732 to 1737.  He died in 1739, aged 57.  In 1708 the Minute
+Book states that on Sept. 6th Mr. Reddington brought in five books the
+gift of five Fellows of Trinity College; and on Oct. 4, Mr. Brett brought
+in 8 volumes the gift of John Lightwin, the President of Caius College,
+and four other Cambridge men.
+
+Benjamin Mackerell, described as "of the City of Norwich, Gent.", gave
+two volumes in 1716, and 13 volumes in 1731, when he held the office of
+Library Keeper.
+
+John Jermy was stated in 1729 to "have sent & Given to this Library
+several Law Books and others; which are particularly inserted in the
+Catalogue, with his Name before Each Book."  In 1733 he gave forty books,
+and in 1737 fourteen books.  In the 1732 Catalogue he is credited with 67
+volumes.
+
+Edmund Prideaux, the son of Dean Prideaux, in 1730 "gave to this Library
+more than Threescore Books which are all of them inserted in the
+Catalogue with his Name before each Book."  In the 1732 Catalogue only 49
+volumes are shown to have been given by him.
+
+The last entry in the Vellum Book records a gift from Robert Nash,
+Chancellor of the Diocese of Norwich, of a copy of "A Defence of Natural
+and Revealed Religion: being an abridgment of the Sermons preached at the
+Lecture founded by the Hon. R. Boyle," 4 vols. (London, 1737), by Gilbert
+Burnet, vicar of Coggeshall, which was published in that year.
+
+Possibly it was the misfortune of the Library to lose a donation of
+manuscripts from Peter Le Neve relating to Norfolk that would have been
+of inestimable value, as the collector's work, said Mr. Walter Rye, "was
+characterised by strictest honesty," and the material "formed the
+backbone of the well-known county history, begun by Blomefield, and
+completed by Parkin." {24}  Bishop Tanner, one of Le Neve's executors,
+stated in a letter to Dr. Rawlinson in 1735 that "There was an ugly
+Codicil made a few days before his death in favour of his wife, upon
+which she set up a claim for several of his Norfolk Collections, and has
+hindered the execution of that part of his will, which relates to the
+putting those papers into some public library in Norwich.  But I have
+hopes given me that she is coming into better temper, and will let us
+perform our trust without entering into a chancery suit." {25a}  There is
+no codicil to the will at Somerset House, and the actual words relating
+to his collections are as follows: "I give and bequeath unto the Revd.
+Doctor Tanner Chancellor of Norwich and Mr. Thomas Martin of Palgrave all
+my abstracts out of Records old Deeds Books pedigrees seals papers and
+other collections which shall only relate to the antiquities and history
+of Norfolk and Suffolk or one of them upon condition that they or the
+survivor of them or the Exors or Admors of such survivor do & shall
+within 12 months next after my decease procure a good and safe repository
+in the Cathedral Church of Norwich or in some other good and publick
+building in the said city for the preservation of the same collections
+for the use and benefit of such curious persons as shall be desirous to
+inspect transcribe or consult the same."  Le Neve's widow evidently
+impeded his purpose, as his collections did not come to the city.
+
+A donation, the loss of which, however, cannot be regretted, is referred
+to in the Court Book for 1677: "The Chamberlain, with the advice of Rob'
+Bendish & Jo: Manser, Esqrs are to consult a good workeman about ye
+making of a Case of Deale for ye skeleton of a Man given to the City
+Librarie & to report ye charge." {25b}  Kirkpatrick quotes this and
+remarks: "But it seems it was not made, for there is no skeleton in the
+library now." {25c}  Since the days of Rameses II., whose Egyptian
+Library bore the inscription "Dispensary of the Soul," libraries have
+often been properly so regarded, as their contents are undoubtedly
+remedial agents of vigour and virtue, but it is not clear why a library
+should be regarded as a repository for man's mortal frame.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE LIBRARY.
+
+
+The Library having been established primarily but not exclusively for the
+clergy, by whom it was chiefly used, its contents were designed to
+facilitate their studies, and pre-eminence was given to theological
+works, and other works of particular interest or value to them.
+Regarding the contents of the Library in 1706, when the first printed
+catalogue was published, the Rev. Joseph Brett said in the preface: "It
+may be more proper to observe, that upon the first Foundation of this
+Library many and great Benefactions, (by which alone it was first raised,
+and still encreases) were given by the Magistrates, Gentlemen and
+Tradesmen of this City, by which means, here is no inconsiderable
+Collection of Divinity Book, [sic] for that time especially.  But
+considering the great Advance of Learning, in the last Century, the fine
+Editions of many of the Fathers, and the many learned Books that were
+then published, it must be owned, that this Library is now very
+deficient, even in Divinity itself.  Besides here are very few Humanity
+Books, few or none of Law, Physick, Mathematicks, or indeed of any
+science but Divinity."  Large donations from the Rev. Thomas Nelson, John
+Kirkpatrick, and others greatly increased the usefulness of the Library,
+and accordingly Mackerell, in his preface to the 1732 Catalogue,
+considered that "this Library is far from being meanly provided with
+Books (I wish I could say in all Faculties)."
+
+While time has caused many of the works to decrease in value and
+practical interest, it has greatly enhanced the value of the few
+manuscripts and the considerable number of early printed books in the
+Library.  The following are the most interesting and valuable
+manuscripts, some of which are on loan at the Castle Museum for
+exhibition.  Dr. Montague Rhodes James, the Provost of King's College,
+Cambridge, one of the greatest authorities on early manuscripts, has
+kindly examined and dated four of them, and he has also supplied detailed
+descriptions which it is hoped will be published on another occasion.
+
+
+MANUSCRIPTS.
+
+
+Anon.  IN APOCALYPSIN.  XIIIth century.
+
+Vellum, 10.25 x 7.5 inches, ff. 5 + 74 + 28, double columns, the number
+of lines varies.  Bound in wooden boards.  Presented to the Library in
+1618 by Thomas Atkins, merchant, Norwich.
+
+Contains: 1.  Anonymous comment on the Apocalypse, with a few very rough
+pictures, coloured.
+
+2.  The Summa of Richard de Wethersett, Chancellor of Cambridge, called
+_Qui bene praesunt_.
+
+BIBLIA HIERONYMI, OR BIBLE OF ST. JEROME.  XIIIth Century.
+
+Vellum, 9 2/10 x 7 1/10 inches, double columns of 52-53 lines.  The
+illuminated initial letters are unfinished.  Brown leather binding.
+
+Presented to the Library in 1614 by Bassingbourne Throckmorton.
+
+Contains: Genesis--2 Chron. (imperfect), Proverbs--Ecclus.  Then the
+prologue to Wisdom and a small piece of the text of Wisdom repeated.
+Matthew, 1 leaf of Mark.  Philippians, Col.  1, 2 Thess.  _Laodiceans_
+(apocryphal)  1, 2 Tim.  Tit.  Phil.  Heb.  Apoc.
+
+MEDICA.  XIIIth century.
+
+Vellum, 7.5 x 5.5 inches, ff. 62, double columns of 40 lines, in a small
+clear hand which Dr. James thinks may be South French.  Initials in green
+and red and blue.  There is no binding; the first page is much soiled.
+
+Contains thirteen items: medical tracts, list of materia medica, etc.
+
+MANUALE.  XVth century.
+
+Vellum, 9 7/8 x 7.25 inches, ff. 1 + 62 + 1, double columns of 27 lines,
+early XVth century, well written.
+
+Original binding, white skin with circuit edge over wooden boards
+bevelled at the edges; remains of two strap and pin fastenings.
+
+On the fly-leaf: John Kirkpatrick, Sept. 12, 1704.  An old pressmark: 4to
+K 147.  An illegible (not early) note of price.
+
+The covers are lined with four half-leaves of a folio XVth century Missal
+in double columns, with parts of the Offices for St. Thomas of Canterbury
+and Sundays after Epiphany.  At the end are bound in 7 smaller leaves of
+paper on which Kirkpatrick (?) has carefully facsimiled alphabets and
+abbreviations, and arranged the latter in alphabetical order.
+
+Contents: The occasional offices to be used by a priest, according to
+Sarum use.  The first page has a rather rough border in gold, red, and
+blue, and an initial of the same.  Other like initials head the principal
+offices.
+
+BIBLE: GENESIS TO PSALMS.  WYCLIFFE'S TRANSLATION.  XVth century.
+
+Vellum, 17 2/10 x 12 inches, ff. 208 + 1, double columns of 59 lines.
+
+Original sides of brown leather have been laid down on modern binding;
+ornamented in blind with rectangular panel formed by two roll stamps,
+enclosing another panel formed by the same stamps.  Illuminated page at
+beginning of each book.
+
+It belonged to Sir James Boleyn of Blickling Hall, who died in 1561, and
+was presented to the Library in 1692 by Richard Ireland.
+
+ASTROLOGICAL TRACTATES.  XVth century.
+
+Paper, 5 3/4 x 4.5 inches, ff. 120, 32 lines to a page.  In three hands;
+clearly written.
+
+Original binding, wrapper of skin lined with linen.  Contains thirteen
+items: astrological treatises, tables, etc.
+
+PRECEDENTIA TEMPORE REGNI HEN. VIII.  Circa 1500.
+
+Vellum, 11.5 x 8.5 inches, ff. 124 (imperfect, commences at f. 10), 37
+lines to a page.  Rough calf binding.
+
+Book of Precedents of Royal Writs.
+
+SEARCH BOKE FOR LYNN, SWAFFHAM, WALSYNGHAM, AND FAKENHAM.  XVIIth
+century.
+
+Paper, 11 x 7.5 inches, ff. 81.  Vellum binding.
+
+Alphabetical index of offenders at various sessions courts held at
+Fakenham, Walsingham, Lynn and Swaffham, from 1651 to 1669.
+
+The early printed books in the Library include no less than twenty-eight
+incunabula, four of these being from English presses, and two, the 1483
+"Scriptum super logica," printed at St. Albans, and the 1497 "Expositio
+Hymnorum et Sequentiarum," printed by Pynson, are of great rarity.
+Several of the incunabula are imperfect, but Mr. Alfred W. Pollard, M.A.,
+the Hon. Secretary of the Bibliographical Society and an eminent
+authority on early printed books, very kindly identified them, and he
+also undertook to edit the list of incunabula.  To Mr. Pollard the
+writer's thanks are tendered for the following annotated list, arranged
+chronologically, and giving the place of printing and the name of the
+printer:--
+
+
+WORKS REFERRED TO.
+
+
+B.M. = Catalogue of Books printed in the XVth century now in the British
+Museum.  Parts 1-111.  1908-1913.
+
+Campbell. = Annales de la typographie neerlandaise au XVe siecle.  Par M.
+F. A. G. Campbell.  1874.
+
+Copinger. = Supplement to Hain's Repertorium Bibliographicum.  By W. A.
+Copinger.  1895-1902.
+
+Hain. = Repertorium bibliographicum in quo libri omnes ab arte
+typographica inventa usque ad annum MD typis expressi ordine alphabetico
+vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur.  Opera Ludovici
+Hain. 1826-1838.
+
+Proctor. = An Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum from
+the invention of printing to the year MD.  By Robert Proctor.  1898.
+
+
+
+INCUNABULA.
+
+
+1480                                COLOGNE.  Conrad Winters de Homborch.
+                                    JACOBUS DE VORAGINE.  Legenda Aurea.
+                                    Quarto.
+                                    B.M. p. 248 (IB. 4043).
+1481                                NUREMBERG.  Anton Koberger
+                                    NICOLAUS DE LYRA.  Postillae super
+                                    Biblia cum additionibus Pauli
+                                    Burgensis.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *10369.  B.M. p. 419 (IC 898).
+[1482, after July end]              WESTMINTSER.  Wm. Caxton.
+                                    HIGDEN, Ranulphus.  Polychronicon.
+                                    Folio.
+                                    Blades 46.  De Ricci no. 19, copy 38.
+                                    Imperfect at beginning and end.
+[1483]                              [ST. ALBANS.  Schoolmaster printer.]
+                                    ANDREAE, Antonius.  Scriptum super
+                                    logica.  Quarto.
+                                    Imperfect copies at Jesus College,
+                                    Cambridge, and Wadham College,
+                                    Oxford.
+[About 1483-85.]                    LONDON.  Wilhelmus de Machlinia.
+                                    ALBERTUS MAGNUS.  Liber aggregationis
+                                    seu De virtutibus herbarum.  Quarto.
+                                    Proctor 9770.
+[1485?]                             LOUVAIN.  Johannes de Westphalia.
+                                    [ROLEWINCK, Werner].  De Regimine
+                                    Rusticorum.  Quarto.
+                                    Campbell *1480.  Proctor 9274.
+1487                                VENICE.  Georgius de Arrivabenis.
+                                    Biblia Latina.  Quarto.
+                                    Hain *3099.  Proctor 4912.
+1490                                STRASSBURG.  [Printer of Jordanus de
+                                    Quedlinburg].
+                                    Modus legendi abbreuiaturas in
+                                    utroque iure, etc.  Folio.  Hain
+                                    11485.  B.M. p. 140 (IB. 2030).
+1491                                MAINZ.  Jacobus Meydenbach.
+                                    Hortus Sanitatis.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *8944.  B.M. p. 44 (IB. 343).
+                                    Imperfect, wanting seven leaves at
+                                    the end.
+1492                                PARIS.  Antoine Caillaut.
+                                    GUILLERMUS PARISIENSIS.  Super septem
+                                    sacramentis.  Quarto.
+                                    ?Hain 8313.  Not described.
+1493                                NUREMBERG.  Anton Koberger.
+                                    SCHEDEL, Hartmann.  Liber Cronicarum.
+                                    Folio.
+                                    Hain *14508.  B.M. p. 437 (1C. 7451).
+1494                                NUREMBERG.  Anton Koberger.
+                                    DURANTI, Guilelmus.  Rationale
+                                    diuinorum officiorum.  Quarto.
+                                    Hain *6497.  B.M. p. 439 (IB. 7478).
+1494                                NUREMBERG.  Anton Koberger.
+                                    HEROLT, Joannes.  Sermones de tempore
+                                    et de sanctis.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *8504.  B.M. p. 440 (IB. 7485).
+1494                                STRASSBURG.  [Martin Flach].
+                                    MARCHESINUS, Joannes.  Mammotrectus
+                                    super Bibliam.  Quarto.
+                                    Hain *10573.  B.M. p. 153 (IA. 2184).
+1495                                PARIS.  Jean Petit.
+                                    Postilles des dimenches et des festes
+                                    de lanee.  Quarto.
+                                    Not described.
+[1495?]                             VENICE.  Bernardus Benalius.
+                                    TERTULLIANUS.  Apologeticus aduersus
+                                    Gentes.  Folio.  Hain 15443.  Proctor
+                                    4899.
+[About 1495]                        [FRANCE?]
+                                    BURLEY, Walter.  De vita et moribus
+                                    philosophorum.  Quarto.
+                                    Copinger 1387.  Copy in University
+                                    Library, Cambridge.
+1496                                NUREMBERG.  Anton Koberger.
+                                    GREGORY IX.  Decretales cum
+                                    summariis.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *8034.  B.M. p. 442 (IB. 7519).
+1496                                VENICE.  Baptista de Tortis.
+                                    GREGORY IX.  Decretales cum
+                                    summariis.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *8035.  Proctor 4656.
+1497                                BOLOGNA.  Benedictus Hectoris Faelli.
+                                    PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA (Giov. Fran.).
+                                    De morte Christi, etc.  Quarto.
+                                    Hain *13002.  Proctor 6634.
+1497                                LONDON.  Richard Pynson.
+                                    Expositio Hymnorum secundum usum
+                                    Sarum.
+                                    Expositio Sequentiarum secundum usum
+                                    Sarum.  Quarto.
+                                    Other copies known are at the
+                                    Bodleian Library and St. John's
+                                    College, Oxford.
+1497                                NUREMBERG.  Anton Koberger.
+                                    Biblia Latina cum postillis Nicolai
+                                    de Lyra et additionibus Pauli
+                                    Burgensis.  Folio.
+                                    A complete copy has four parts.  This
+                                    contains only the first and about
+                                    half of the second.  Wrongly lettered
+                                    1481.
+                                    Hain *3171.  B.M. p. 443 (IB. 7535).
+1497                                VENICE.  Simon Bevilaqua.
+                                    LACTANTIUS.  De diuinis
+                                    institutionibus, etc.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *9818.  Proctor 5401.
+1497                                VENICE.  Bonetus Locatellus for
+                                    Octavianus Scotus.
+                                    GUAINERIUS, Antonius.  Practica.
+                                    Folio.
+                                    Hain *8099.  Proctor 5076.
+1498 etc.                           BASEL.  Johann Froben & Johann Petri.
+                                    Biblia Latina cum glosa ordinaria et
+                                    expositione Nicolai de Lyra.  Folio.
+                                    Hain *3172.  B.M. p. 791 (IB. 37895).
+                                    Imperfect, wanting parts 3, 5 and 6.
+1499                                VENICE.  Simon de Luere for Andreas
+                                    Torresanus.
+                                    BARTHOLOMAEUS MONTAGNANA.  Consilia
+                                    medica.  Folio.
+                                    Proctor 5622.
+1499                                STRASSBURG.  Johannes Gruninger.
+                                    SIBYLLA, Bartholomaeus.  Speculum
+                                    peregrinarum quaestionum.  Quarto.
+                                    Hain *14720.  B.M. p. 113 (IA. 1486).
+1500                                VENICE.  Johann Emerich for L. A.
+                                    Giunta.
+                                    JOANNES FRANCISCUS BRIXIANUS.
+                                    Quattuor viuendi regulae.  Quarto.
+                                    Hain *13827.  Proctor 5504.
+
+In addition to the foregoing early printed books the Library includes
+examples from the English presses of Wynkyn de Worde, Julian Notary,
+Peter Treveris, Thomas Berthelet, Richard Grafton, John Day, Richard
+Tottell, Christopher Barker, Robert Barker, John Norton (celebrated for
+his magnificent edition of St. Chrysostom's Works in 8 vols., printed at
+Eton, 1610-1612--a copy of which is in the Library--which T. B. Reed
+described as "one of the most splendid examples of Greek printing in this
+country"), Thomas Roycroft, etc.  Continental typography is also
+represented by specimens from many presses, including those of Jean du
+Pre, Jodocus Badius Ascensius (Josse Bade of Asch), the Estiennes, the
+Elzevirs, Christopher Plantin, John Koberger, H. Petrus, Peter Perna,
+etc.
+
+Coming to early Norwich printed books there are unfortunately no examples
+of the rare works from the first Norwich press set up about 1566 by
+Anthony de Solemne or Solempne, whose first extant printed work is dated
+1570, and whose last is dated 1579.  The Library, however, possesses an
+example from the press established by Francis Burges, who in 1701 styled
+himself "the first printer in Norwich."  It is a copy of Erasmus Warren's
+"A Rule for Shewing Mercy," printed by F. Burges, and "sold by the widow
+Oliver, Bookseller in Norwich, 1706."  When Burges died in 1706 his
+business was carried on by his widow, and the 1706 catalogue of the City
+Library (see page 47) "Printed by Eliz. Burges, near the Red-Well," is a
+specimen from her establishment.  The press of Freeman Collins is
+represented by Dean Prideaux's "The Original and Right of Tithes,"
+printed in 1710.  The second catalogue of the City Library, printed in
+1732, (see page 48) was printed by "William Chase, in the Cockey Lane,"
+who founded the _Norwich Mercury_.
+
+A perusal of the 1883 catalogue will shew that the Library had indeed "no
+inconsiderable Collection of Divinity Book[s], for that time especially,"
+as was said by Brett in his Catalogue of 1706, and repeated by Mackerell.
+There are sixteen printed Bibles and five New Testaments in the Library,
+including the second and fourth of the great Polyglots, the Plantin
+edition (1572) and Brian Walton's (1655-57), and the following English
+versions: Matthew's Bible (1549), The Great Bible (1553), and the first
+edition of the Geneva version (1560).  It is curious that there should be
+no copy of any edition of the Bishops' Bible.
+
+Most of the principal Fathers are represented by some of their writings.
+Of the ante-Nicene Fathers there are writings by Justin Martyr, Irenaeus,
+Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen and Cyprian, and of the
+post-Nicene Fathers there are writings by Eusebius of Caesarea, Hilary of
+Poitiers, Athanasius, Basil, Cyril of Jerusalem, Ambrose, Epiphanius,
+Chrysostom, Augustine, Cyril of Alexandria, Gregory the Great, and John
+of Damascus.
+
+The literature of the theological controversies which raged in the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the writings of the principal
+theologians of those centuries are fairly well represented in the
+Library.
+
+Belonging to the period of the Revival of Learning are Hugh Latimer's
+"Frutefull Sermons" (1575) Cranmer's "Defence of the True and Catholike
+doctrine of the sacrament of the body and bloud of our Savior Christ"
+(London: R. Wolfe, 1550), Thomas Becon's Works (London: various dates),
+and others.  The theological literature of the Elizabethan period is
+represented by such works as the "Ecclesiastical Polity" (London, 1622)
+by Richard Hooker--that great champion of Anglicanism--and some of the
+published writings of the famous controversy between Bishop Jewel and the
+Roman Catholic Thomas Harding.
+
+The works of Dutch scholars of the first half of the seventeenth century,
+when Dutch scholarship was the ripest in Europe, are represented by five
+works of G. J. Vossius (a German by birth), including his valuable
+"Historia Pelagiana" (Leyden, 1618), three works of Daniel Heinsius, and
+five works of Hugo Grotius, the great Dutch jurist and theologian.  The
+latter include an edition of "De Jure Belli ac Pads" (Amsterdam, 1667),
+which was translated into the principal European languages, and "De
+veritate religionis Christiana" (Paris, 1640), a popular treatise which
+became for a time the classical manual of apologetics in Protestant
+colleges.
+
+The "Annales Ecclesiastici" of the Italian Cardinal, Caesar Baronius--of
+which the Library has an edition in twelve volumes, (Cologne, 1609)--a
+work characterized by great learning and research, greatly stimulated
+Protestant study no less than it provoked criticism.  Its most important
+critic was Isaac Casaubon, who issued a fragment of the massive criticism
+which he contemplated, "Exercitationes in Baronium."  The Library has a
+copy of the edition printed in Frankfort, 1615.
+
+The Jacobean period was "The Golden Age of the English Pulpit," the
+period when sermons were extremely popular, and discharged, with the
+playhouse, some of the functions of the modern newspaper.  At this time
+Lancelot Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, who was eminent in the
+capacities of prelate, preacher, and writer, was generally regarded as
+the very "stella praedicantium."  Of his published sermons the Library
+now possesses "XCVI Sermons," 3rd ed. (London, 1635), and "Nineteen
+Sermons concerning Prayer" (Cambridge, 1641).  The most erudite of
+theologians in this erudite time was James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh,
+described by Selden as "learned to a miracle."  Of his works the Library
+contains eight, including his "Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti"
+(London, 1650), which is regarded as his most important production, and
+his "Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates" (London, 1687).
+
+Joseph Hall, Bishop and satirist, who took an active part in the Arminian
+and Calvinistic controversy in the English Church, is of particular
+interest to Norwich, of which he became Bishop in 1641.  In the Library
+are his "Works" (London, 1647), "Resolutions and Decisions of Cases of
+Divers Practicall Cases of Conscience" (London, 1649) and "Remaining
+Works" (London, 1660).  Just before he came to Norwich he wrote "An
+Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament" (1640), in which he
+skilfully vindicated liturgies and episcopacy.  This provoked an answer
+by "Smectymnuus," the pseudonym of five puritan divines, the initials of
+whose names made up the word.  This "Answer" (2nd ed., London, 1654), a
+subsequent "Vindication" in reply to the Bishop's "Defence" (London,
+1641), and Milton's "Apology for Smectymnuus" (London, 1642) are all in
+the Library.
+
+An important theologian in the Caroline period was Jeremy Taylor, whose
+works are only represented by "The Great Exemplar of Sanctity" (London,
+1667), "Ductor Dubitantium" (London, 1696), which is still the chief
+English treatise on casuistry, and "A Collection of Polemical and Moral
+Discourses" (London, 1657).  The Library contains two editions of the
+works (1683 and 1716) of Isaac Barrow, whom Charles II. described as "the
+best scholar in England."  Other eminent writers of this period
+represented in the Library are Thomas Fuller, Richard Baxter, William
+Chillingworth, Henry Hammond, who has been called "the Father of English
+Biblical Criticism," Robert Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln, John Gauden,
+Bishop of Worcester, and Bishop Pearson, a Norfolk man, whose famous
+"Exposition of the Creed" (the Library has a copy of the 3rd edition,
+1669), is a masterpiece of the doctrinal exposition of the time.
+
+The theological writers of the Augustan age are also fairly represented
+in the Library.  For example, there are three works by Gilbert Burnet,
+Bishop of Salisbury, including a copy of his "Exposition of the
+Thirty-Nine Articles" (London, 1700), which was for more than a century
+as famous as Pearson's "Exposition of the Creed," and his "History of the
+Reformation," 2 vols. (London, 1681-83); the works (6 volumes, London,
+1710) of Edward Stillingfleet, called because of his personal beauty and
+piety "the beauty of holiness"; the works (6th edition, London, 1710) and
+"Sermons" of John Tillotson, who rose to be Archbishop of Canterbury as
+much through the pulpit as through politics; the "Opera Omnia" of George
+Bull (London, 1703), and others.
+
+Works of history, antiquities and travel form the class which is next in
+importance and extent to the theological works.  In proportion to the
+size and character of the Library, the selection in this class is
+moderately good.  Most of the chief or popular English historians from
+Matthew Paris to Strype and Dugdale are represented by some of their
+works.  There are, for example, Fabyan's Chronicle (London, 1559), Hall's
+"Union of the . . . famelies of Lancastre and Yorke" (London, 1550),
+Grafton's Chronicle (1569), Holinshed's Chronicles, first and second
+editions (1577 and 1587), Stow's "Annales" (1615), Speed's "Theatre of
+the Empire of Great Britaine" (1611), Camden's "Remains concerning
+Britain" (1657), "History of Queen Elizabeth" (in "A Complete History of
+England," London, 1706), "Annals of King James I.", and "Britannia",
+(1695), Sir Thomas Smith's "Commonwealth of England" (1633), Foxe's
+"Ecclesiasticall Historie" (1597), Sir Walter Raleigh's "History of the
+World" (1676), {35} Rushworth's "Historical Collections" (1659), Bacon's
+"Life of Henry VII." (in "A Complete History of England," London, 1706),
+Herbert's "King Henry VIII." (in "A Complete History of England," London,
+1706), Heylyn's "Cosmographie" (1669), Clarendon's "History of the
+Rebellion" (odd vols. of the 1706 edition), Bulstrode Whitelocke's
+"Memorials of the English affairs" (1682), Burnet's "History of the
+Reformation" (1681-83), Strype's "Annals of the Reformation" (1709),
+Dugdale's "Monasticon Anglicanum" (odd vols.), and his "Antiquities of
+Warwickshire" (1730), and Anthony a Wood's "Athenae Oxonienses"
+(1691-92).
+
+Other historical and geographical works are Munster's "Cosmographiae
+Universalis" (Basel, 1559), the first detailed, scientific and popular
+description of the world; Foresti's "Supplementum Supplementi
+Chronicarum" (Venice, 1506), a universal history written by an Italian
+monk and historian; Lonicerus' "Chronicorum Turcicorum in quibus Turcorum
+origo" etc. (Frankfort, 1578); and Braun and Hogenberg's "Civitates Orbis
+Terrarum" (Cologne, 1577-88), containing the earliest general collection
+of topographical views of the chief cities of the world, including one of
+Norwich.
+
+The Rev. Joseph Brett in 1706 pointed out that the Library possessed
+"very few Humanity Books, few or none of Law, Physick, Mathematicks, or
+indeed of any science but Divinity," and it never became strong in these
+subjects.  It is weak in the ancient classics, but the following are some
+of the authors represented: Aristotle, Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Diogenes
+Laertius, Euclid, Eutropius, Juvenal, Livy, Lucan, Plato, Pliny,
+Plutarch, Seneca, Suetonius, and Tacitus.  In English belles-lettres the
+chief works are Chaucer's Works (London, 1721), Abraham Cowley's Works
+(1668), Michael Drayton's "Poly-Olbion" (1613), Gower's "Confessio
+Amantis" (London, 1554), and George Herbert's "The Temple and other
+Sacred Poems" (1633).
+
+The outstanding scientific works are Sir Isaac Newton's "Opticks" (1704),
+Burnet's "Theory of the Earth" (1691), The Grete Herball (London: Peter
+Treveris, 1526), Walter Charleton's "Physiologia
+Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana" (London, 1654) and his "OEconomia
+Animalis" (London, 1659), J. B. Duhamel's "Elementa astronomica"
+(Cambridge, 1665), Galileo's "Systeme of the World," transl. by T.
+Salusbury (London, 1661), Gassendi's "Institutio astronomica" (London,
+1653), Johannes de Sacro Bosco's "Opus sphericum" (Cologne, 1508),
+Munster's "Rudimenta mathematica" (Basel, 1551), "Hortus Sanitatis"
+(Mainz, 1491), vol. 3 of John Ray's "Historia Plantarum" (London, 1704),
+and Thomas Willis' "Cerebri anatome" (London, 1664).
+
+The bias of local patriotism is declared by Mr. Havelock Ellis in his
+"Study of British Genius" to be "an unfailing sign of intellectual
+ill-breeding," notwithstanding which no apology is herein made for
+drawing special attention to the fact that the Library includes some of
+the writings of more than a score of authors--most of whom achieved some
+eminence--who are connected with Norfolk or Norwich, either by birth or
+residence.  Taking the names in alphabetical order, the first of the
+Norfolk men whose writings are represented is Thomas Becon or Beacon, who
+took orders in 1538, and preached in Norfolk and Suffolk.  The edition of
+his "Works," is that printed by John Day [? 1560-64], containing a tract
+on "The Common-places of Holy Scripture," dedicated "To my deare
+countrymen and faythfull Ministers of Iesu Christ watching and attending
+upon the Lordes flocke in the Parishes of Norfolke and Suffolke," dated
+1562.  Francis Blomefield's "History of the Ancient City and Burgh of
+Thetford," printed at the author's residence at Fersfield in 1739,
+contains a book-plate, apparently printed by the author, stating that the
+book was presented to the City Library.  Samuel Clarke, who was born at
+Norwich in 1675, became chaplain to Bishop Moore of Norwich, and
+afterwards rector of Drayton, is represented by his "Scripture-Doctrine
+of the Trinity," 1712, and his Boyle lectures of 1704 and 1705, viz.,
+"Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God," 1705, and "Discourse
+concerning the unchangeable obligations of Natural Religion," 1706.  Of
+the works of the great Sir Edward Coke, judge and law writer, who came of
+an old Norfolk family, there are the "First Part of the Institutes of the
+Lawes of England," 1629, and "Les Reports de Edward Coke . . . donnes . . .
+per les judges, et sages de la ley," 11 vols.  The "Scholastic History
+of the Canon of the Holy Scripture" (London, 1684) is the only volume of
+the works of John Cosin, Bishop of Durham, who was born at Norwich in
+1594.  In the preparation of this, his most elaborate and important work,
+he injured his eyesight.  Thornhagh Gurdon, a receiver-general for
+Norfolk, who is included in Mr. Walter Rye's "Norfolk Families," and who
+resided mostly at Norwich, presented a copy of the first edition of his
+"History of the High Court of Parliament" (London, 1731).  The only work
+of Hamon Le Strange, a Norfolk historian and theologian, is "The Alliance
+of Divine Offices" (London, 1690), in the preface of which he speaks of
+having undergone an eight years' sequestration, apparently between
+1643-1651.  John Pearson, Bishop of Chester, whose "Exposition of the
+Creed" has already been referred to, was born at Great Snoring on 28th
+Feb., 1612/3.
+
+Again taking the names in alphabetical order, the first author who is
+connected with the county by residence is Edward Boys, who became rector
+of Mautby in 1639, where he died in 1667.  Of his publications the
+Library contains "Sixteen Sermons preached upon several occasions"
+(London, 1672).  William Bridge, whose "Works" (London, 1649) are in the
+Library, was born at Cambridge, became rector of St. Peter Hungate,
+Norwich, in 1636, and afterwards settled at Yarmouth.  John Collinges, a
+Presbyterian, who came to Norwich in 1646, published controversial and
+devotional tracts and sermons.  He is only represented by "A Short
+Discourse against Transubstantiation" (London, 1675), and "On the
+Intercourse of Divine Love" (1676), but the Local Collection of the
+Public Library contains many of his writings.  "The Notion of Schism"
+(London, 1676) is the work of another parson who came to Norfolk, Robert
+Connould, rector of Bergh Apton.  John Graile, rector of Blickling, whom
+Blomefield referred to as "This learned and pious pastor," presented to
+the Library his "Youth's Grand Concern" (London, 1711) and "Sacra
+Privata" (London, 1699).  Reference has already been made to the works of
+Bishop Hall (see p. 33).  There are two volumes, "The Open Door for Man's
+approach to God" (London, 1650) and "A Consideration of Infant Baptism"
+(London, 1653), by John Horne, who was beneficed at All Hallows, King's
+Lynn.  John Jeffery, who was elected to the living of St. Peter Mancroft,
+Norwich, in 1678, and became Archdeacon of Norwich in 1694, is
+represented by "Select Discourses" (London, 1710), "Complete Collection
+of Sermons and Tracts," 2 vols. (London, 1753), and "Forms of Prayer"
+(1706).  Dr. Peter de Laune, a minister of the French Church in Norwich
+during the early years of the seventeenth century, presented to the
+Library a copy of his translation of the English Prayer Book into French,
+entitled "La Liturgie Angloise; ou, le livre des prieres publiques"
+(London: John Bill, 1616).  His name is not printed in the book, but the
+copy in the Library bears on the title-page the following inscription
+which was probably written by him: "Liber bibliothecae publicae
+Nordouicensis ex dono doctoris Petri Launaei quo authore Anglicanae haec
+ecclesiae liturgia facta est Gallicana." {38}  This book is the first
+French edition of the English Prayer Book entered in the Catalogue of the
+British Museum.  Francis Mason's "Vindiciae Ecclesiae Anglicanae," is the
+work of an Archdeacon of Norfolk, who is remembered for his vigorous
+defence of the authority of the church, which earned for him the title of
+"Vindex Ecclesiae Anglicanae."  Another preacher with the memorable title
+"Apostle of Norwich," procured by a great reputation, was John More,
+minister of St. Andrew's Church, Norwich, whose posthumous work "Table
+from the Beginning of the World to this Day" (Cambridge, 1593) is in the
+Library.  "An Explanation of the Epistle of St. Jude" (London, 1633) is a
+series of sermons preached in the parish church of North Walsham by
+Samuel Otes, rector of South Repps, Norfolk, who was chaplain to the Lord
+Chief Justice Hobart.  Reference has already been made to the works of
+Humphrey Prideaux, Dean of Norwich.  Anthony Sparrow, Bishop of Norwich,
+who was born in Suffolk, published "Rationale upon the Book of Common
+Prayer" (London, 1661), which was often reprinted and is still of some
+value, and a companion volume "Collection of Articles, Canons," etc.
+(London, 1684).  Last but not least to be mentioned is the "Increpatio
+Barjesu" (London, 1660) of Matthew Wren, who was successively Bishop of
+Hereford, Norwich and Ely.  It is a volume of polemical interpretations
+of Scripture, in reply to the Racovian catechism--a copy of which was in
+the Library--written during the author's imprisonment in the Tower, and
+edited by his son Matthew.
+
+Many of the books have autographs of their former owners, and some have
+inscriptions and annotations.  Edward Lhuyd's "Archaeologica Britannica"
+contains some notes made by George Borrow, who also wrote an English
+translation of some Arabic in Thomas Erpenius' "Grammatica Arabica."  The
+second folio of the "Golden Legend" (1503) bears the signature of Thomas
+Kirkpatrick, and the first fly-leaf has the following inscription: "This
+book was given to the Publick Library of the City of Norwich, A.D. 1728,
+by Mr. Thomas Kirkpatrick, merchant there, and was bound at the expence
+of Isaac Preston, Esq., 1742, that it might the better be preserv'd being
+an Authentick & antient Evidence of the extravagant Foppery and
+Superstition of the Church of Rome, & of the necessity of the
+Reformation.  Vide the Commandments page ye 20th in the life of Moses."
+
+An interesting request from Archbishop Wake for the loan of a Prayer
+Book, which was not returned, is recorded in the Minute Book under date
+February 2nd, 1718/9: "This day a Book wch has for some years been lodged
+in ye Library of ye City entituled--The Book of Common-prayer &
+Administration of ye Sacraments & other Rights & Ceremonies of the Church
+of England, printed at London by Robert Barker, 1632--Wherein are several
+Marginal Notes in Writing done by ye order of King Charles ye first was
+delivered to Mr Brand of this city Clerke to be by Him transmitted to the
+Arch-Bishop of Canterbury He having requested the said Book might be sent
+to Him."  A memorandum against this entry reads: "The order of the Court
+dated Jan. 28, 1718, and enter'd in this book was alter'd May ye ninth
+1719, and ye Common prayer book there nam'd deliver'd by Mr. Mott yn
+Mayor to Dr. John Clark to be by Him sent to ye A: Bp: of Canterbury."
+The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford (the Very Rev. Thomas B. Strong, D.D.),
+after receiving a copy of the foregoing quotation, examined the Prayer
+Books in the Wake Collection at Christ Church, and found one which
+answers to the description.  He has kindly consented to the publication
+of the following quotation from his correspondence thereon: "I took the
+book to the Bodleian Library yesterday; and Dr. Craster (the
+Sub-Librarian), who is an expert in these matters, has verified the facts
+for me.  The book is a quarto book, 'printed by Robert Barker, Printer to
+the King's Most Excellent Majesty and by the assignees of John Bull,
+1632.'  There are no marks of any kind in the book except the mark K11 (I
+suppose a shelf-mark {40}) on the inside of the cover.  It is bound in
+limp vellum.  A blank sheet of paper has been cut out in front of the
+title-page.  On the page opposite the beginning of the Morning Prayer,
+and under the Ornaments Rubric, there is the signature of Charles I.
+Under the signature is the following note, in a clear and formal hand,
+which Dr. Craster has proved to be the handwriting of Archbishop Laud's
+secretary:--
+
+    'I gave the Arcbbp. of Canterburye comand to make the Alterations
+    expressed in this Booke, and to fitt a Liturgy for the Church of
+    Scotland.  And whersoever they shall differ from another Booke signed
+    by Us at Hampt. Court September 28, 1634, Our pleasure is to have
+    these followed rather than the former, unless the Archbp. of St.
+    Andrews, and his Brethren who are upon the place, shall see apparent
+    reason to the contrary.  At Whitehall Apr. 19, 1636.'
+
+The same hand has made various alterations in the book; and has written
+the collect for Easter Even, which appeared first in the Scottish
+Prayer-Book of 1637, in its place.  The remaining notes and alterations
+are in the hand of Archbishop Laud.  The 1637 edition of the Scottish
+Prayer-Book follows exactly, as far as I have been able to verify them,
+all the notes in the book.  One note is perhaps worth mentioning.  In the
+Quicunque, the verse, 'He therefore that will be saved must thus think of
+the Trinity,' is altered as follows: 'He therefore that would be saved,
+let him thus think'; and this alteration appears in the 1637 book."
+
+A fair number of the books are still in their original bindings or have
+been so rebound that their original covers have been preserved.  Of these
+most are ornamented in "blind," i.e., impressed with tools or panel
+stamps without being gilt or coloured, but a few have centre-pieces in
+gold.  A few examples may be noted.  In the early Tudor period panel
+stamps with heraldic or pictorial designs were frequently used by English
+and foreign binders practising their craft in England.  A number of
+English binders adorned their books with a pair of large heraldic panel
+stamps, the different binders making slight variations in the designs.  A
+fairly good example of a binding stamped with two such panels is that of
+a copy of "Anticella cum quamplurimis tractatibus superadditis," (Venice,
+1507) in the Library, which has had its original covers repaired and laid
+down again.  The lower cover shows the arms of Henry VIII. (France and
+England) supported by two angels; the upper cover has a large Tudor rose
+surrounded by two ribbons, supported by two angels, and bearing the
+distich:
+
+    Hec rosa virtutis de celo missa sereno
+    Eternum Florens regia sceptra feret
+
+which has been rendered:
+
+    Virtue's a rose, which born of heaven's clear ray
+    Shall ever flourish and bear kingly sway.
+
+In the upper left-hand corner of the panel is the cross of St. George on
+an escutcheon, and in the right-hand corner the arms of the city of
+London, indicating that the binder was a citizen.  Underneath the rose is
+the mark of the London binder, G.G., who was one of the noteworthy
+binders to use these panel stamps at the beginning of the sixteenth
+century.
+
+Several of the bindings are adorned with rectangular panels formed by
+fillets and bands, the enclosed space being divided, after the German
+system, into lozenge-shaped compartments.  Two such examples are the
+following.  The first is the binding of "Cathena aurea super Psalmos ex
+dictis sanctorum" (Paris: Jehan Petit, 1520).  The rectangular frame is
+formed by vertical and horizontal three-line fillets, and adorned with a
+roll-stamp representing a hound, a falcon, and a bee, amid sprays of
+foliage and flowers.  Above the hound is the binder's mark composed of
+the letters I.R, i.e., John Reynes, a notable London binder of the
+earlier part of the 16th century.  The enclosed panel is divided by
+three-line fillets, forming four lozenge-shaped and eight triangular
+compartments stamped with a foliated ornament.  The second example is the
+binding of an edition in Latin of Plato's Works, printed by Jodocus
+Badius Ascensius in 1518.  The rectangular frame is formed by parallel
+vertical and horizontal fillets intersecting each other at right-angles,
+and adorned with a roll-stamp representing a portcullis, a pomegranate, a
+griffin, a Tudor rose, a hound, and a crown.  The enclosed panel is
+divided by diagonal three-line fillets forming four lozenge-shaped and
+eight triangular compartments, stamped with foliated ornaments.  The
+Library now contains about 2,000 volumes.
+
+
+
+THE LIBRARIANS.
+
+
+When the Library was organised in 1656 it was made a condition of
+membership that being duly chosen thereto a member should discharge the
+office of Library-Keeper "not above once in seaven yeares."  The
+Library-Keeper elected in that year was Mr., afterwards Dr., John
+Collinges, a well-known Presbyterian divine, who was a prolific writer
+and a keen controversialist.  Apparently the office was to be held for a
+year, and the first three Library-Keepers held the office for that
+period, but afterwards the usual period was two years.  The Minute Book
+records the appointment of the following thirty-six Library Keepers who
+held office during the years 1656 to 1731: John Collinges, 1656-57; John
+Whitefoote, 1658-59;--Harmar, 1660-61; George Cock, 1662;--Smith, 1664;
+Thomas Morley, 1667; Ben Snowden, 1669;--Norgate, 1671: [Benedict]
+Rively, 1673; [Jo:] Watson, 1675; Dr. Jon Elsworth, 1677; [Thomas] Studd,
+1679; [William] Cecil, 1681; John Whitefoote, the younger, (Mr. Painter
+was chosen but declined to serve), 1682; [John] Jeffery, [Archdeacon of
+Norwich] 1683; [Jo:] Shaw, 1685-86; John Pitts, 1687-89; [W.] Adamson,
+(Burges was chosen but declined to serve), 1690-91; [John] Graile, 1692;
+[John] Richardson, 1694-96; [Joseph] Ellis, 1696-97; [Isa:] Girling,
+1698; [Tho:] Clayton, 1699; [John] Barker, 1700; [Edward] Riveley, 1702;
+[Joseph] Brett, 1704; [John] Havett, 1706-07; [W.] Herne, 1708-09; [Sam:]
+Jones, 1710-11; [Francis] Fayerman, 1712; [Sam: or John] Clark, 1713-14;
+[John] Brand, 1715-16; [Sam.] Salter, 1719;--Morrant, (John Fox was
+chosen but declined to serve), 1722-23; Benjamin Mackerell, 1724-31;
+William Pagan, 1731.  Benjamin Mackerell, who held the office from 1724
+to 1731, is the best-known of the Library-Keepers.  He wrote a History of
+King's Lynn, which was published in the year of his death, 1738, and
+several works relating to Norwich, which are still in manuscript; Mr.
+Gordon Goodwin, the writer of his biography in the "Dictionary of
+National Biography," says Mackerell was "an accurate, painstaking
+antiquary, and left work of permanent value."  Although he compiled the
+second edition of the catalogue during his extended tenure of office, his
+services were either not appreciated, or the members thought that the
+rule regarding the period of office should not be indefinitely ignored,
+for on December 6th, 1731, the following memorandum was made: "It was
+then Order'd by the psons whose Names are above written that Peter Scott
+wait upon Mr. Mackerell, Library Keeper, and desire him to meet them the
+next Library day; they intending to proceed to the Election of a new one
+The time for such Election being long since lapsed."
+
+The office of Library Keeper was an honorary one, a condition that agrees
+with the opinion expressed by John Dury in his "Reformed Librarie-Keeper"
+published in 1650, but it is doubtful whether the Library Keepers
+fulfilled all his other qualifications: "His work then is to bee a Factor
+and Trader for helps to Learning, and a Treasurer to keep them, and a
+dispenser to applie them to use, or to see them well used, or at least
+not abused." {43}  The duties of the Library Keeper appear to have
+included general responsibility for the Library, the cataloguing of the
+Library, and the recording of the donations in the Vellum Book provided
+for the purpose.  To relieve the Library Keeper of the routine part of
+his charge, an Under Library Keeper was appointed from time to time.  The
+sixth condition to which members had to subscribe from 1656 included a
+promise to "pay our proportions to ye under-Keeper of ye said Library
+quarterly."  This "proportion" was 12d. upon admission, and 12d.
+quarterly, and was the Under-Library-Keeper's remuneration for services
+rendered.  This payment was still in force when the regulations were
+revised in 1732, and were specifically provided for in the first
+"Article."  The Minute Book constantly records payments of arrears due to
+the Under Library Keeper, showing that many of the Members were very
+dilatory in their payments.  Some of the Library Keepers were also
+dilatory in their repayments to him of incidental expenses.  On April
+1st, 1690, a memorandum was made "That Mr. Pitts is this day discharged
+from ye office of Library Keeper, and is endebted to ye
+under=Library=Keeper for his 2 years for fire, candle, pipes, pens, ink,
+& paper, nine shillings," and on Feb. 16th, 1699, it was recorded that
+the Library Keeper, "Mr. Girling owe to the vnder libarey keeper for
+three years and A half Fourten shillings 00ll-14s-00d."
+
+Provision was made for relieving members from the obligation to assume
+the office in their turn, upon payment of a fine.  On March 6th, 1682/3
+"Mr. Painter being chosen Library keeper for this yeare desired upon the
+paymt of 20sh to the use of the library according to the order in that
+case made to be excused and he was dismissed from his office, and Mr.
+John Whitefoot the younger was chosen library keeper for the same yeare
+in his stead."
+
+The Library was under the care of William Sayer, the Librarian of the
+"Public Library," from 1801 to 1805, when it was committed to the custody
+of the Steward.  The Library was again entrusted to the "Public Library"
+in 1815, and came under the care of its librarian Richard Langton, until
+1833, when he was succeeded by Edward Langton, who retained the office
+until the Library was housed at the Free Library in 1862.  Henceforth the
+books came under the charge of the following Librarians to the
+Corporation for the periods stated: Mr. George Harper, 1862-76, Mr.
+George Easter, 1877-1900, Mr. J. Geo. Tennant, 1901-11, and Mr. Geo. A.
+Stephen, 1911-.
+
+
+
+DONATION BOOK AND CATALOGUES.
+
+
+The first reference in the Minute Book to a catalogue is under date 8th
+June, 1657: "The library keeper this day brought in catalogues of the
+books wch were affixed.  Sixpence was ordered to bee given to a boy for
+pasting up the Catalogues."  It may perhaps be assumed that these
+catalogues were written lists which were displayed in the Library.
+
+At the meeting on Jan. 11th, 1657, an order was given for "a book
+consisting of 3 qrs of thick venice paper, to be bound up to make a book
+to contain Catalogues of the bookes in the library," and "Mr. Collinges
+was desired to keep the office of library keeper untill the aforesaid
+book be bought and the Catalogues made."
+
+On Dec. 13th, 1658 "The library keeper brought in a paper book ruled
+containing a Classicall and an alphabetical catalogue of all ye bookes in
+the library" . . . "He further informed them that hee had laid out 3s for
+paper and 4s. for ye ruling & binding ye said book, in all 7s wch is more
+then he received 2s 10d.  That he had procured 2 catalogues to be wrote
+in it fairly, that for ye catalogue of Comentators it was begun & should
+before ye next meeting be pfected by his own hand."  This book has
+fortunately been preserved, and is in good state.  It is a folio volume,
+measuring 13.5 by 9.5 inches, and is in three sections.  The first
+section is a classified catalogue of the books on the east side of the
+Library, which were arranged in two groups of sizes, (1) Folio, divided
+into ten classes, and (2) Quarto and Octavo, divided into four classes.
+At first an attempt was made to classify the books according to subjects,
+the classification of the folios being I Bibles; II and III Old
+Commentaries, etc.; IVa Theology, IVb History; V Canon Law; VI The
+Fathers; VII Lexicons, Dictionaries, etc.; VIII Reformation Commentaries;
+IX Ecclesiastical History; X Miscellaneous.  The four classes in the
+quarto and octavo section were not grouped according to subjects.  A
+heading was started in the catalogue for a classification of the books on
+the west side, but that part of the work was not done.  The second
+section is an author catalogue of the books with two columns, the numbers
+in the first column denoting the class and those in the second the book.
+The third section of the catalogue, ruled in double columns, has a
+heading in Latin, to this effect: "Catalogue of the authors whose books
+are to be found in the Library of Norwich, who either illustrated the
+whole book of Sacred Scripture or any part of it with their most
+illuminating annotations or commentaries.  The column towards the left
+indicates the authors who have written on the whole Book, the other
+indicates those who have written on any part of it."  Following the names
+of the authors are the class and book numbers.
+
+At the meeting on July 11th, 1659, "The library keep brought in a
+Catalogue of the bookes & Benefactors names fairly written in a parchment
+booke; For the wrighting wherof hee pd to the cleark 7s; For the repaymt
+of wch monye it was aggreed every minister should pay viijd: wch monye
+was paid by as many as were then present."  This catalogue or "Donation
+Book" is a folio volume measuring 14 3/4 by 9.5 inches, and is bound in
+rough calf, with three small brass clasps.  Later, in the Minute Book it
+is generally referred to as the Vellum Book.  In it are entered in
+chronological order the names of the donors, the date of each gift, brief
+author and title entries of the books, and frequently their date and
+place of publication.  The entries are all very clearly written, from the
+date of the first donation in 1608, the year of inauguration, to 1737.
+Facsimiles of the title-page, with the initials "J.S." in the lower
+corners, and two typical pages face this page.  The lettering of these
+pages is characteristic of the period, and shows the decadence of the art
+of manuscript writing.
+
+    [Picture: The Vellum Book.  Title-page and two other pages of the
+                       Donation Book begun in 1659]
+
+In the "Extracts from the Court Books of the City of Norwich, 1666-1688,"
+edited by Mr. Walter Rye, there is one on Jan. 15, 1669, stating that
+"Mr. Thos.  Morly, clerk, keeper of the Library of the City, brought in a
+catalogue of all the books there," but there is no reference to this in
+the Library Minute Book.  On January 12th, 1673, however, the ministers
+"did appoynt yt Mr Norgate should agt their next meeting bring in a
+Catalogue of the Bookes to be dd to the Court and yt he shall see yt the
+Bookes given to the Library in his time be fayrely written in the
+Vellam-booke appoynted to yt purpose."  It is evident, therefore, that
+reports regarding the stock of books had to be made to the Court.
+
+The first printed catalogue was an author catalogue, with brief
+particulars of about 923 volumes, and was printed in 1706/7.  On December
+3rd, 1706, it was "Ordered then that ye Alphabeticall Catalogue of ye
+City Library be printed by the Widow Burges," and on February 4th,
+1706/7, when Joseph Brett was Library Keeper he "brought in the Catalogue
+of Books, printed, wch cost two pds sixteen shillings & three pence & he
+was allow'd also a shilling for printing an advertisement."  This
+catalogue, which is exceedingly scarce, {47} is entitled "A Catalogue of
+the Books in the Library of the City of Norwich in the year 1706."  It is
+a crown 8vo volume, consisting of 38 pages.  The catalogue proper is
+preceded by an alphabetical list of the benefactors to the Library,
+giving the dates of their donations, and abbreviations of their surnames,
+(e.g., Ad. for Adamson, All. for Allen).  The entries in the catalogue
+are extremely brief, and frequently occupy only one line.  Each entry is
+preceded by an abbreviation for the author's name, and is followed by the
+class and book numbers.
+
+In the preface it was confessed that while the catalogue would be useful
+to the members of the Library, the "great motive, and main end of
+Publishing this Catalogue was to encourage donations to the Library."
+Possessors of the catalogue were recommended to interleave it with "spare
+paper, on which may be added such books as shall be given, it may serve
+for many Years, even till the number of Books here be doubled, which
+when, (as is greatly to be wished for) it shall be, a new Edition of the
+Catalogue may be expected."
+
+The cost of the catalogue involved the members in debt.  Under the date
+May 2nd, 1709, in the Minute Book is the following memorandum: "It is
+this day Agreed by us whose Names are underwritten yt ye fourteen
+shillings & three pence now paid by Mr Herne the present library keeper
+to Mr Joseph Brett to clear his disbursemts for catalogus &c for ye
+service of ye Library shal be repaid ye said Mr Herne by the succeeding
+Library keeper upon his Election unles paid before."  A further
+memorandum dated May 6th, 1709, shows that a book was sold to raise the
+money: "Recd of the Under-library keeper Fourteen Shillings for Sr Waltr
+Raileigh: A super-numerary book sold to Mr. Lillington by order of the
+Society which is towds ye discharge of the above sd 14s 3d paid to Mr.
+Brett by me.  W. Herne."
+
+The second edition of the author catalogue was compiled by Benjamin
+Mackerell, the late Library Keeper, and published in 1732, the preface
+being dated April 15th, 1732.  Mackerell closely followed the plan of the
+previous catalogue, using part of the preface for his "Dedication" "To
+the Right Worshipful Robert Marsh, Esqr; Mayor, The Worshipful The
+Sheriffs, Aldermen, and Common Council of the City of Norwich."  The
+entries are limited to one line each, and there is a column showing the
+sizes.  The catalogue consisting of 54 printed pages, and measuring 8.5
+by 6.5 inches, is entitled "A New Catalogue of the Books in the Publick
+Library of the City of Norwich, in the year 1732, to which is added, An
+Account of the Orders prescribed by the Court and Common Council for the
+regulation of the same, together with an account of Mr. John
+Kirkpatrick's Roman and Other Coins," printed by William Chase, in the
+Cockey Lane.  Neither of the two copies of this catalogue in the Library
+contains the account of Kirkpatrick's coins, and Mr. F. Kitton, the
+compiler of the 1883 catalogue, had not seen a copy containing it.  As
+all the pages of the catalogue except the last one have a catchword it is
+reasonable to assume that the account of the coins was not included.
+
+The next catalogue was published in 1817 as a supplement to that of the
+"Public Library" where the City Library was housed.  Unfortunately the
+present writer has been unable to trace a copy of this catalogue, which,
+however, is recorded in Samuel Woodward's "Norfolk Topographer's Manual,"
+1842: "A Catalogue of Books belonging to the Norwich City Library, which,
+by permission of the Corporation, are now deposited in the Norwich
+Public-Library Room; 35 pp., 8 vo.  Norwich (1817)."  This catalogue,
+according to a paragraph in the Catalogue of the Public Library, 1825,
+had an "alphabetical arrangement, in divisions of languages and sizes."
+Perhaps this catalogue served as the "copy" for the catalogue of the City
+Library which is printed at the end of the "Second Catalogue of the
+Library of the Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution," 1825, pp.
+105-137, as its arrangement is by languages and sizes.  This arrangement
+not being "calculated to be conveniently accessible" it was deemed
+advisable by the Committee of the Public Library that "it should be
+subjected to the same scientific arrangement as the books which are the
+property of the Public Library; and in order to prevent the obvious
+inconvenience of two references, the Committee have included both sets of
+works under the same arrangement, distinguishing those which are the
+property of the Corporation . . . by a prominent and appropriate
+designation," i.e., the letters C. L. in black letter.  This catalogue is
+a classified catalogue with the following nine classes, seven of which
+are subdivided, and the arrangement in each class is alphabetical by
+authors' names: I.  Theology; II.  Ethics, Metaphysics, and Logic; III.
+Sciences and the Arts; IV.  Jurisprudence, Government, and Politics; V.
+History and Biography; VI.  Geography, Topography, Voyages and Travels;
+VII.  Polite Literature and Philology; VIII.  Poetry and Dramatic Works,
+Novels and Romances; IX.  Transactions of Literary and Scientific
+Societies, Reviews, Magazines and Reports.
+
+A new edition of the Public Library Catalogue was published in 1847, the
+arrangement being the same as in the preceding one.
+
+The Library books having been repaired in 1879 and 1880, the City
+Committee decided in 1882 to issue a new catalogue, with the view of
+making the books accessible to the citizens.  The work of compiling the
+catalogue was entrusted to Mr. Frederic Kitton, Hon. F.R.M.S., an eminent
+microscopist of his day, who resided in Norwich for many years, but who
+apparently had no bibliographical knowledge or library experience.  This
+appointment was made in the days when it was the common fashion to regard
+the work of compiling a library catalogue as within the capacity of any
+intelligent person; whereas there are, in fact, many rules to be
+observed, and much practical experience is necessary if the thousand and
+one pitfalls which beset the path of the cataloguer are to be avoided.
+The catalogue {50a} was on much more ambitious lines than its
+predecessors, and the compiler claimed to "have carefully copied the
+title pages, retaining their abbreviations, antique spelling,
+inaccuracies, or other peculiarities."  An examination of it, however,
+shows that it abounds in inaccuracies, and exhibits most of the errors
+that can be made in an author catalogue.  A catalogue of the City Library
+compiled in accordance with modern bibliographical practice is still a
+desideratum.
+
+
+
+THE QUARTERS OF THE LIBRARY.
+
+
+The first home of the Library, as stated on page 4, was parcel of the
+dwelling house of Jerrom Goodwyne, the sword-bearer of the City.  This
+house was built over the south porch of the Church of the Black Friars,
+now known as St. Andrew's Hall, which had been acquired by the City at
+the Dissolution.  It is clearly shewn in the frontispiece, which is a
+reproduction of Daniel King's engraving of Black Friars' Hall, probably
+executed about 1650.  The Local Collection contains two copies of the
+engraving which have different plate numbers: one, numbered 78, is from
+the edition of Dugdale's "Monasticon" published in 1718, but the book
+from which the other one, numbered 50, was taken, has not been traced.
+
+Writing in 1857 Henry Harrod remarked that "If the view engraved by King
+correctly represents this house, it was by no means an ornamental
+feature; still it was as good as the far more pretentious structure which
+has replaced it." {50b}
+
+In regard to the building of this house Kirkpatrick gives an extract from
+a record of 34th Henry VIII, showing that the city granted to John Kempe,
+the chaplain, "in consideration that he, of his benevolence hath bestowed
+about the buylding of a lodgyng with three chambers, over the porch of
+the house, late the black friars, now the common hall of the city, and on
+either side of the same porch, above sixty pounds;--that, therefore, the
+said J. Kempe shall have the same lodgyng, with the office called the
+_Chapleyn of the Chappell_, belonging to the said hall called, _St.
+John's Chapel_, with all the oblacions; also, liberty of the garden and
+yard called the prechyng-yard." {51}
+
+The first of the few entries in the Minute Book regarding the library
+rooms shows that the books were not too well protected from the elements,
+for on 10th August, 1657, "Mr. Collinges gaue an acct of 1s. laid out for
+coale and wood for the drying of ye bookes harmed by ye raine."
+
+From the instructions, in Latin, to the Librarian which are set out in
+the classified and alphabetical catalogue of 1658 we learn that the
+library was arranged in two parts, East and West, and that the books were
+classified.  "On the East part the treasury of the books is double, major
+and minor.  The larger part is divided into ten classes folio.  The
+smaller has only four classes of books in 4to and 8vo.  The numbering of
+all classes must always be begun from the bottom.  On the West part the
+treasury of books is single, arranged in five larger classes.  Here the
+number must always be reckoned from the top."
+
+In 1664 the development of the Library necessitated the enlargement of
+the accommodation, and on 11th July "All the minrs. present agreed in a
+petition to ye Mayr Sherriffs Aldn. &c in Court of Comon Councell for ye
+addition of a roome to ye library, and ye better shelving of it.  They
+further desired Mr. George Cock and Mr. Beresford to present ye petition
+to ye Comon Councell at their next assembly.  Mr. Chamberlain hauing
+first viewed ye roome & computed ye charge."  On the 12th January 1673
+the members decided to petition the Court for removing some wainscot
+doors, and on March 9th it was recorded that by order of the Court of
+Assembly "we haue also leaue to take downe ye waynscott Doores wch now
+conceale the Bookes."
+
+The Library was removed about 1801, when it was lent to the "Public
+Library" (see p. 13), to a building formerly a Roman Catholic Chapel, in
+what is now St. Andrew's Street, which afterwards became a portion of the
+old Museum Building, now the offices of the Norwich Guardians.  In 1835
+the City Library, still on loan to the "Public Library," went with it to
+its new building in the Market Place opposite the north door of the
+Guildhall, on the site of its successor, the present Norfolk and Norwich
+Subscription Library.  The City Library returned to the direct control of
+the Corporation in 1862, and was housed in the present Public Library
+building then recently erected.
+
+                DONATIONS TO THE CITY LIBRARY, 1608-1737.
+                   (_Extracted from the Vellum Book_.)
+
+
+DATE.                   DONOR.                  VOLS.
+1608                    Pettus, Sir John,       15
+                        Knt., Alderman of
+                        Norwich
+1608                    Downing, Mrs.           3
+                        Susannah, wife of
+                        Alderman George
+                        Downing
+1609                    Corye, Mr. Thomas,      10
+                        Merchant
+1609                    Hirne, Sir Thomas,      12
+                        Knt.
+1609/10                 Corbett, Thomas, Esq.   6
+1609/10                 Doyly, Henry, Esq.      2
+1610                    Doyly, Charles, Gent.   11
+1610                    Sedgwick, Robert,       12
+                        Merchant
+1610                    Peade, Michael,         2
+                        Notary Public and
+                        Registrar to the
+                        Archdeacon of Norwich
+1610                    Mingay, John, Gent.     2
+1610                    Pettus, Augustine,      4
+                        Son and heir of the
+                        said [Sir] John
+                        [Pettus]
+                        Howlett, Laurence,      1
+                        S.T.B., Minister of
+                        St. Andrew's
+1611                    Newhowse, Thomas,       4
+                        A.M., & Minister of
+                        God's Word
+1611                    Hannam, William,        3
+                        Gent., A.M.
+1612/3                  Garsett, Robert, Esq.   7
+1613                    Blowe, Joanna, widow    4
+1613                    Thurston, Hamond,       3
+                        Merchant
+1613                    Peckover, Mathew,       3
+                        late Sheriff of
+                        Norwich
+1614                    Launey, Peter,          2
+                        Minister of the
+                        Walloon Church [in
+                        Norwich]
+                        Wells, William,         5
+                        Theologiae
+                        Baccalaureus
+                        Throkmorton,            2
+                        Bassingbourne
+1614                    Cropp, John,            4
+                        Physician and Surgeon
+                        Bird, Henry             1
+1615                    Ross, Richard, Gent.,   1
+                        late Sheriff of
+                        Norwich
+1614                    Barbar, Gabriel,        11
+                        Gent., in the name of
+                        the Society of
+                        Virginia
+1616/7                  Nutting, Edward, late   5
+                        Sheriff of Norwich
+1616/7                  Batho, William, B.T.    1
+1617                    Anguish, John, Gent.,   7
+                        and Citizen
+1617                    Anguish, Edmund,        9
+                        Gent.
+1617                    Catelyn, Thomas, Esq.   7
+                        Corbett, Anne, widow    1
+                        of Thomas Corbett,
+                        Esq.
+1618                    Atkins, Thomas,         5 pounds and 7
+                        Merchant, Norwich
+1621                    Scottowe, Augustine     17
+                        Gallard, Robert,        1
+                        formerly minister of
+                        St. Andrew's
+1625/6                  Page, Francis           1
+1628                    City of Norwich         1
+                        Remington, Nathaniel,   4
+                        Alderman [of Norwich]
+1631                    Borage, John            7
+1633                    Chapman, Samuel,        2
+                        Merchant
+1633                    Barret, Thomas,         2
+                        Merchant
+1634                    Mingay, Antony, Gent.   11
+                        Mingay, Mrs., Widow     7
+1634                    Freeman, John           Map of Canaan
+1634                    Blosse, Prudence,       8
+                        Widow, Relict of
+                        Alderman T. Blosse
+                        Chappell, John,         4
+                        S.T.B., Minister of
+                        St. Andrew's
+1658                    Payne, Joseph,          20 pounds and 1
+                        Alderman [afterwards
+                        Sir]
+                        Thornback, John,        1
+                        Minister of St.
+                        Andrew's
+                        Stinett, William,       7
+                        S.T.B., Rector of St.
+                        John Maddermarket
+1658/9                  Collinges, John,        1 pounds and 6
+                        S.T.: Dr.
+[1657]                  Whitefoote, John,       4
+                        Rector of Heigham,
+                        next Norwich
+1659                    Brooke, Thomasine,      29 {53a}
+                        Widow & Relict of Wm.
+                        Brooke, Gent.
+[1659]                  Allen, Thomas           1
+[1659/60]               City of Norwich         6
+1661                    Payne, Sir Joseph,      16
+                        Knt., late Mayor of
+                        this City
+                        Scottowe, Augustine,    7 {53b}
+                        Merchant.
+[1661]                  Smyth, John, Rector     1
+                        of St. Michael
+                        Coslany
+[1661]                  Barret, Thomas          5 {53c}
+1662                    Norris, Francis,        14
+                        Citizen and Alderman
+                        [of Norwich]
+[1664]                  Morley, Thomas,         2
+                        Curate of St. Peter
+                        Hungate
+1664                    Mann, John, Citizen     38
+                        and Alderman [of
+                        Norwich]
+1665                    Fromentell, Samuel,     1
+                        Citizen
+1666                    Meene, Joshua,          3
+                        formerly Curate of
+                        St. Peter Per
+                        Moutergate
+1666                    Browne, [Sir] Thomas,   9
+                        Professor of Medicine
+1668 and 1673           Oliver, William,        2
+                        Bookseller
+1673                    Cock, George, Curate    18
+                        of St. Peter of
+                        Mancroft
+1671-1676               Barnham, John,          5
+                        Citizen
+1673                    Norris, Anthony,        3
+                        Merchant of Norwich
+[1674]                  Ellsworth, John,        2
+                        Physician
+[1674/5]                Tenison, Thomas,        5
+                        S.S.T.B. [afterwards
+                        Archbishop of
+                        Canterbury]
+1674                    Cock, Nathaniel,        33 {53d}
+                        Merchant of London
+1676                    [Reynolds,] Edward,     24
+                        [D.D.] Bishop of
+                        Norwich
+1678                    Watson, John, Vicar     2
+                        of Wroxham
+1678                    Clarke, Samuel,         1
+                        Rector of Rainham
+1681                    Gardiner, Francis,      2
+                        Citizen and Alderman
+                        [of Norwich]
+[1681]                  Nurce, William, Clerk   2
+[1681/2]                Prideaux, Humphrey,      1 pounds {54a} and 1
+                        S.T.P., and
+                        Prebendary
+                        [afterwards Dean of
+                        Norwich]
+1691                    Adamson, William,       2
+                        Rector of St. John in
+                        Maddermarket
+1678                    Brigges, Augustine,     [10] {54b}
+                        Citizen and Alderman
+                        [of Norwich]
+                        Wisse, Thomas,
+                        Citizen and Alderman
+                        [of Norwich] Church,
+                        Bernard, Citizen and
+                        Alderman [of Norwich]
+1696                    Penning, Benjamin,      1
+                        A.M., and Rector of
+                        St. Clement's,
+                        Norwich
+1692                    Ireland, Richard,       His Library
+                        formerly Rector of
+                        Beeston and sometime
+                        also of St. Edmond's,
+                        Norwich, where he was
+                        born
+1700                    Adamson, William,       3 shelves of books
+                        Rector of St. John's
+                        Maddermarket
+1704                    Trimnell, Dr.,          3
+                        Archdeacon of
+                        Norfolk, and
+                        Prebendary of Norwich
+                        [afterwards Bishop of
+                        Norwich]
+1704                    Gardiner, Stephen,      1
+                        Esq., Recorder of
+                        this City
+1706                    Gurdon, Thornaugh,      2
+                        Esq., [Letton]
+1706                    Resbury, Benjamin,      1
+                        Rector of Cranworth
+                        cum Letton
+1706                    Adams, Archibald        1
+1706                    Moore, John, [D.D.],    3
+                        Lord Bishop of
+                        Norwich
+1706/7                  Tanner, Thomas, D.D.,   5
+                        Chancellor of Norwich
+                        [afterwards Bishop of
+                        St. Asaph]
+1706/7                  Bacon, Waller, Esq.     1
+1706/7                  Beverley, Michael,      8
+                        Esq., Citizen and
+                        Alderman of Norwich
+1707                    Potts, Algernon, Esq.   1
+                        [of Norwich]
+1707                    Nelson, Thomas,         3
+                        Rector of Morston, in
+                        Norfolk
+1707                    Cook, Sir William,      9
+                        Bart.
+1707                    Eden, Henry, Fellow     4
+                        of Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+1707                    Laughton, John,         4
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge, and
+                        Library Keeper to the
+                        University
+1707                    Rudd, Edward, Fellow    3
+                        of Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Bradshaw, Samuel,       1
+                        A.B., Trinity
+                        College, Cambridge
+                        Granger, Gilbert,       1
+                        A.B., Trinity
+                        College, Cambridge
+                        Snow, Matthew,          1
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Chamberlain, William,   1
+                        Fellow of Trinity
+                        College, Cambridge
+                        Bourchier, Ralph,       1
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Cotes, Roger, Fellow    3
+                        of Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Eusden, Lawrence, of    5
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Smith, Edward, of       3
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Fleming, David, A.B.,   1
+                        of Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+[1707/8]                Ganning, Nathaniel,     1
+                        Rector of
+                        Reyme[r]ston, in
+                        Norf.
+1708                    Doyly, Samuel, Fellow   1
+                        of Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Farewell, Mr. [of       1
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge]
+                        Andrews, Mr., [of       1
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge]
+                        Foulis, [J.] Mr. [of    1
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge]
+                        Hill, Mr., Fellow of    1
+                        Trinity College,
+                        Cambridge
+[1708]                  Lightwin, John,         2
+                        President of Caius
+                        College, Cambridge
+1708                    Gurdon, Brampton,       2
+                        Fellow of Caius
+                        College, Cambridge
+                        Hawys, Roger, Fellow    1
+                        of Caius College,
+                        Cambridge
+                        Crask, Dr., of          1
+                        Cambridge
+                        Dodd, Mr., Fellow of    1
+                        Clare Hall
+                        Worts, William, A.M.,   1
+                        of Cambridge
+1709/10                 Bedingfield, James,     1
+                        als De Grey, Fellow
+                        of Gonvil and Caius
+                        College, Cambridge
+1709/10                 Prideaux, Humphrey,     1
+                        D.D., and Dean of
+                        Norwich
+1712                    [Trimnell], Charles,    3
+                        Lord Bishop of
+                        Norwich
+1713/4                  Peck, John, Esq., of    2
+                        Bracondale
+1714                    Nelson, Thomas, Late    His Library
+                        Rector of Morston, in
+                        Norfolk
+1715                    Herne, Clement, Esq.,   2
+                        of Heverland
+[1715/6]                Seaman, Thomas, Esq.,   2
+                        of Heigham
+1716                    Mackerell, Benjamin,    2
+                        of the City of
+                        Norwich, Gent.
+[1716]                  Helwys, Nicholas,       1
+                        Esq., Citizen and
+                        Alderman of Norwich
+1717 and 1718           Prideaux, Humphrey,     2
+                        D.D., and Dean of
+                        Norwich
+1718                    Clark, Thomas, Esq.     3
+1719                    Houghton, William       1
+1721                    Grayle, John, Rector    9
+                        of Blickling
+1725                    Knyvett, John, of       1
+                        this City, Esq.
+1726                    Tanner, Thomas,         100 {55a}
+                        S.T.P., and
+                        Chancellor of the
+                        Diocese of Norwich
+                        [afterwards Bishop of
+                        St. Asaph]
+1727                    Reveley, Edward         4
+1728                    Kirkpatrick, John,      His Library
+                        Merchant and
+                        Treasurer to the
+                        Great Hospital in
+                        this City
+1729                    Jermy, John, Esq.       [?] {55b}
+1730                    Prideaux, Edmund,       60 {55c}
+                        Esq.
+1730                    Wingfield, Robert,      13
+                        Writing master
+1731                    Pagan, William          7
+1731                    Gurdon, Thornaugh,      [2?] {55d}
+                        [Letton]
+                        King, Reuben, Primier   1
+                        [_sic_] English
+                        Schoolmaster in this
+                        City
+1731                    Mackerell, Benjamin,    13
+                        the present Library
+                        Keeper
+1733                    Whaley, John            1
+                        Bennet, Gilbert         2
+1733                    Jermy, John             40
+1732                    Ellis, Ben-Jos[eph],    2
+                        Minister of St.
+                        Andrew's in Norwich
+1737                    Jermy, John, Esq.       14
+1737                    Nash, Robert, Esq.,     4
+                        Chancellor of this
+                        Diocese
+
+
+PART II.  THE PUBLIC LIBRARY.
+
+
+FOUNDATION AND HISTORY.
+
+
+Warrington and Salford claim to have established the earliest examples of
+municipally-controlled and rate-supported free popular libraries in the
+United Kingdom, they having added books to the attractions of their
+museums which were established in 1848 and 1849 respectively under the
+Act of 1845 "for encouraging the establishment of museums in large
+towns."  Norwich, however, has the distinction of being the first
+municipality to adopt the first public library act, which was due to the
+labours of Mr. William Ewart.  Ewart's act received the royal assent on
+the 14th August, 1850, and within seven weeks Norwich had decided to
+adopt it!
+
+ [Picture: Norwich Public Library.  Foundation Stone Laid 13th September,
+                 1854.  Library Opened 16th March, 1857]
+
+The initiator of the library movement in Norwich apparently was Mr.
+Thomas Brightwell, a man of scientific tastes, who was Mayor of the City
+in 1837.  At the Council meeting held on September 13th, 1850, he drew
+attention to the new act, and, according to the first annual report of
+the Library, he "presented a strongly worded memorial signed by 600
+persons."  He succeeded in carrying his motion that the Mayor be directed
+to ascertain the feeling of the citizens as to whether the provisions of
+the new act should be adopted, and a poll of the burgesses was taken on
+September 27th, when 150 voted in favour of the adoption of the act while
+only 7 voted against it.  The act provided that a rate of one halfpenny
+in the pound might be levied for library purposes, but no provision was
+made for buying books.  In 1855 this act was repealed by another, which
+remained the principal library act for England and Wales until 1892; it
+allowed one penny in the pound to be levied, and provided for the
+purchase of books.
+
+After the adoption of the act the Council appointed committees for making
+all the necessary arrangements for the establishment of a Library, and it
+received reports from them in 1851, 1852, and 1853.  By September 1854
+two levies of the halfpenny rate had been made amounting to 500 pounds,
+and with that sum in hand the Corporation ventured to purchase the
+library site, and to approve the architectural plans, prepared by the
+City Surveyor, Mr. Edward Everett Benest.
+
+The first stone of the building was laid on September 13th, 1854, by the
+Mayor, Sir Samuel Bignold, who lent 4,000 pounds for the erection of the
+building, and worked assiduously to promote the Library.  The ceremony
+was reported at length in the _Norfolk Chronicle_ of September 16th,
+1854, from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+    "The ceremony of laying the first stone took place on Wednesday
+    afternoon, in the presence of a large concourse of spectators.  The
+    ground had been decorated for the occasion with numerous flags,
+    banners, and devices in flowers and foliage, and amongst the most
+    conspicuous of the mottoes was one complimentary to the Mayor,
+    bearing the words 'Bignold for ever!' surmounted by 'The Queen and
+    Constitution,' with 'Trade and Manufactures' on the right and
+    'Commerce and Agriculture' on the left.  In a convenient position a
+    platform had been erected for the express accommodation of the fairer
+    portion of the spectators.  As the time for the performance of the
+    ceremony drew nigh all the neighbouring approaches to the spot were
+    densely crowded; every window within sight of the ground had its full
+    share of occupants, and daring spirits had even ventured to take up
+    their position on the surrounding walls and house-tops.
+
+    "A few minutes after four the sounds of distant music intimated the
+    approach of Sir Samuel Bignold (the Mayor) and his friends, and,
+    after the lapse of another second or so, his worship appeared in
+    sight, accompanied by H. Birkbeck, Esq. (the Sheriff of the city),
+    the Duke of Wellington, the Earl of Orford, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, M.P.,
+    Sir J. P. Boileau, Bart., Edmond Wodehouse, Esq., M.P., S. M. Peto,
+    Esq., M.P., the Rev. E. Sidney, most of the members of the city
+    magistracy and corporation, several county magistrates, a large
+    number of influential county gentlemen and citizens, J. R. Staff,
+    Esq. (the Town Clerk), Mr. E. E. Benest (the City Surveyor), the
+    Corporation officers bearing the city regalia, &c., &c.--followed by
+    a large procession of the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, carrying
+    flags and banners, the most prominent of which bore the
+    mottoes--'Success to the Free Library,' 'Peto, the true Friend of
+    Civil and Religious Liberty,' 'The Durability of the Constitution,'
+    and 'Education for the People.'  The procession was headed by an
+    excellent brass band, playing, as it approached, the popular air,
+    'Cheer, boys, cheer!'  At this stage of the proceedings the outer
+    crowd, in their anxiety to get within view of the proceedings, broke
+    the barriers, overpowered the police, and made a rush to the
+    palisades which surrounded the ground.  These, by the weight of the
+    many persons who clung upon them, unfortunately gave way, bringing
+    with them a coping stone to which they were attached, and on which a
+    young man named Samuel Harper had been sitting.  He was thrown to the
+    ground, and several people falling upon him he sustained a fracture
+    of one of his ankles.  He was immediately conveyed to the hospital,
+    and we are glad to learn is doing well.  Several other persons were
+    also injured, but not seriously.  Beyond this no accident occurred.
+
+    "With the assistance of the City Surveyor and Mr. Stanley,
+    stone-mason, the worthy Mayor then proceeded to discharge his
+    agreeable duty--the laying of the first stone.  He used for the
+    purpose a very elegant silver trowel {59a} with ivory handle,
+    furnished by the Messrs. Etheridge (which had been presented to his
+    worship by Mr. E. E. Benest) bearing the following inscription on the
+    blade:--
+
+                                  Presented
+                                      to
+                         Sir Samuel Bignold, Knight,
+                              Mayor of Norwich,
+                        on the occasion of his laying
+                               the first stone
+                                      of
+                              The Free Library,
+                               September 13th,
+                                    1854.
+
+    "Upon the surface of the stone a brass plate was fixed, on which was
+    engraved the following inscription:--
+
+                               This first stone
+                                    of the
+                            Norwich Free Library,
+                                   was laid
+                            on the 13th September,
+                                  A.D. 1854,
+                                      by
+                         Sir Samuel Bignold, Knight,
+                       Mayor of this City in the years
+                           1833-4, 1848-9, 1853-4.
+                        Henry Birkbeck, Esq., Sheriff.
+                     John Rising Staff, Esq., Town Clerk.
+              Architect--Edward Everett Benest, City Surveyor."
+
+The ceremony having been completed and the stone securely fixed in its
+place, addresses were delivered on the contemplated advantages of the
+library by the Mayor, the Rev. Edwin Sidney, M.A., Rector of Cornard
+Parva, Suffolk, and author of various works, Mr. Samuel Morton Peto, M.P.
+for Norwich, Sir J. P. Boileau, Bart., an archaeologist of Ketteringham,
+who was Sheriff of Norfolk in 1844, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, M.P., who in the
+early part of his legal career was on the Norfolk circuit, and two
+members of the Council, Mr. W. J. Utten Browne, and Mr. J. H. Tillett.
+The Town Clerk presented to the Mayor an address from the Norwich
+District of the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows, begging "most
+respectfully to tender the thanks of our numerous association to you and
+the Corporation of this city for the manifestation of regard for the
+Working Classes in having determined on the erection of a Free Library;
+feeling assured that such an institution will be welcomed by a large
+number of the industrious inhabitants, and will prove largely beneficial
+to all who will avail themselves of the advantages it offers."  In the
+course of his address the Mayor said: "It has been my lot now, during my
+life, which has not been a short one, to aid a great many undertakings in
+this city--insurance offices, spinning factories, waterworks, literary
+and scientific institutions, and public charities; but I have never lent
+my assistance to any undertaking which more entirely commends itself to
+my judgment than that in which I am this day engaged in commencing" . . .
+"and I must here say that Mr. Tillett has been the main-spring of this
+undertaking, for he has never lost sight of it since the act placed it in
+the hands of the Corporation."
+
+After the erection of the building had been commenced it was considered
+that it would be highly advantageous if the School of Art was connected
+with and formed part of the Library, and the Council authorised the
+expenditure of a further sum in order to add another story for the
+accommodation of the School of Art.  This involved some delay in the
+progress of the building, and for various reasons the Library was not
+ready for opening until March, 1857.
+
+According to the first annual report issued on August 31st, 1858, a
+special committee appointed by the Council estimated that the total cost
+of the site and building would amount to 7428 pounds : 5 : 0.  "In order
+to repay Sir Samuel Bignold the amount advanced by him during the
+progress of the works, and to complete the same, a loan of 6,000 pounds,
+at 5 pounds per cent., was, in 1857, obtained from the Norwich Union
+Office, and it is to be repaid by instalments of 200 pounds yearly,
+which, with the interest on the loan, will nearly absorb for several
+years the rate of one penny in the pound per annum, authorized to be
+levied under the act . . ."  The report proceeded: "The cost of the
+building has, unfortunately been a subject much talked about and
+misrepresented, and it should be remembered that the portion of the
+building occupied by the Library is less than a third of the whole, the
+other parts being occupied by the Museum, the Literary Institution, and
+the School of Art.  The cost of the building, giving accommodation to all
+these institutions, has certainly been small compared with the cost of
+buildings for similar purposes in other towns: in Liverpool, for
+instance, the building cost 50,000 pounds."
+
+"Under arrangements made with the committee of the Museum, the advantages
+of that institution have been secured to the citizens on two days of the
+week, and that such advantages have been appreciated, is evinced by the
+large number of visitors, chiefly of the working classes, every Monday
+and Saturday, to inspect the splendid collection of specimens in Natural
+History."
+
+"The School of Art was, early in 1857, removed to the upper story of the
+new building, whereby the annual grant of 75 pounds made for the support
+of the institution will be in future saved."
+
+As the first public library act made no provision for the purchase of
+books, a subscription fund was commenced for that purpose about the time
+of the laying of the foundation stone, and the following donations, with
+others, were soon made: The Duke of Wellington 50 pounds, Lord Wodehouse
+25 pounds, Lord Suffield 25 pounds, Sir Samuel Bignold 21 pounds, Mr. J.
+H. Gurney, M.P., 50 pounds, and Mr. S. M. Peto, M.P., 50 pounds.  At the
+time of the first annual report the total amount of donations received
+for the purchase of books, etc., and interest thereon was 357 pounds : 7
+: 1, nearly all of which had been expended in the purchase of books,
+periodicals and newspapers.
+
+On September 30th, 1854, the Council proceeded to the formation of a body
+of management, on lines suggested by a Committee which had been appointed
+to arrange preliminary proceedings for establishing a free library, and
+the following accepted office: President and Treasurer, Sir Samuel
+Bignold, Mayor of Norwich.  Vice-Presidents: The Lord Bishop of Norwich,
+Lord Wodehouse, Lord Stafford, Lord Suffield, Sir J. P. Boileau, Mr. S.
+M. Peto, M.P., Mr. J. H. Gurney, M.P., Mr. H. J. Stracey, and the Rev.
+Edwin Sidney.  Committee: Aldermen E. Willett and C. Darkins; Councillors
+Thomas Brightwell, J. G. Johnson, J. H. Tillett, J. Barwell, W. J. Utten
+Browne, O. Springfield, and two co-opted members, Dr. Goodwin and Mr. J.
+W. Dowson.  Hon. Secretary, Mr. A. D. Bayne, the author of the
+"Comprehensive History of Norwich," 1869.  The Committee had power to add
+to its number not exceeding five, and it was also resolved that the
+Committee should include five members to be nominated by the subscribers
+and five by the working classes.  The Committee shortly afterwards added
+to its number.  Protests were received regarding the proposal that
+admission to the Library should be by subscription, and apparently it was
+not proceeded with.  In accordance with the other resolution of the
+Council, to the effect that the working classes should nominate five
+persons to serve on the Committee, the Mayor convened a meeting of the
+"working classes" at St. Andrew's Hall on the 1st October, 1856, when the
+following were selected for nomination to the Council, and were duly
+elected on the 16th October: Mr. C. J. Bunting, printer, Mr. Daniel
+Weavers, weaver, Mr. Henry Roberts, herbalist, Mr. L. Hill, news-vendor,
+and Mr. James Lofty, hairdresser.
+
+The Library was opened on the 16th March, 1857, without any public
+function, owing to the difficulty of getting an eminent person to perform
+the ceremony, and the Committee resolved to celebrate the opening at a
+later date, which, however, was not done, although Mr. Ewart had promised
+to be present.  According to the particulars in the appendices of J. J.
+Ogle's "The Free Library," Norwich was the eleventh modern rate-supported
+public library to open its doors, the previous ten libraries being those
+of Warrington and Salford (established under the Museums Act of 1845),
+Winchester, Manchester, Liverpool, Bolton, Kidderminster, Cambridge,
+Birkenhead and Sheffield.  The following is a description of the building
+which appeared in the _Illustrated London News_, May 16th, 1857:
+
+"The exterior of the lower story of the building is Roman Doric, the
+second story Roman Ionic, and the third Italian.  The Library and an
+adjoining apartment, appropriated to the Museum, are on the ground floor;
+and below are spacious vaults, which are devoted to trade purposes, and
+from which a considerable annual revenue is expected to be derived.  Over
+the principal entrance is a well executed head of Homer, and in the
+entrance-hall which has a tesselated pavement, are four scagliola columns
+with Corinthian capitals.  The Museum-room is 54 feet in length and 26
+feet wide, and the Library is 44 feet long and 33 feet wide.  A broad and
+handsome stone staircase conducts the visitor to the second floor, on
+which is a lecture-room of the same dimensions as the Library, and two
+apartments appropriated to the Literary Institution, which are
+collectively of the same size as the Museum beneath.  On the third floor
+are two large rooms for the School of Art, with domed roofs and ample
+skylights, and four smaller apartments for classes are also provided."  A
+reproduction of a recent photograph of the building, showing to the left
+a portion of the Reading Room added in 1907, faces page 56.
+
+The Library proper at first consisted of one room, as stated above, which
+combined a news and reading room, and reference and lending departments.
+Books were not issued from the lending department until January 1st,
+1858, when the books in two classes, "General Literature" and "Voyages
+and Travels" were ready for circulation.  Regarding rules for the loan of
+these books, the Committee provisionally adopted those of the Sheffield
+Free Library.  By July of the same year all the books were available for
+borrowing, and the circulation "reached 500 volumes, always on loan,
+every volume being returned or renewed within a week."  When the first
+report was published in August, 1858, there were 3,354 volumes in the
+Library, of which 2,468 volumes were presented, arranged in ten classes:
+A, General Literature, 586 vols.; B, Geography, Voyages and Travels, 560
+vols.; C, Dramatists, Poets, and Novelists, 454 vols.; D, History and
+Biography, 383 vols.; E, Bohn's Libraries, 318 vols.; F, Bonn's Libraries
+and Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 315 vols.; G, Natural History and Sciences, 244
+vols.; H, Metaphysics, Logic and Religion, 306 vols.; I, Dictionaries,
+Cyclopaedias, Reviews, 88 vols.; [J] Magazines, 100 vols.  All the books
+were apparently available either for reading at the library or for
+home-reading.  In 1858 a record of issues was kept which showed that
+during the first half year 5,225 volumes were circulated "to nearly 700
+persons," and the total issue of books "for perusal" in the reading room
+was 10,066 "issued to a large number of citizens."
+
+Owing to the small amount of money available for the purchase of books
+and periodicals, the citizens were invited in the second quarter of 1857
+to contribute for the supply of reviews, periodicals and newspapers, and
+by July 1858 nearly 60 pounds in subscriptions for this purpose had been
+obtained.
+
+Mr. A. D. Bayne, as Hon. Secretary to the Committee, virtually acted as
+Librarian until his resignation in April, 1860, attending its meetings,
+conducting its business, purchasing the books for the Library, etc.  The
+first person to take charge of the Library was Mr. Henry Turner who was
+engaged pro tem. on the 31st December, 1856, to take care of the new
+building, to catalogue the books, collect the subscriptions, etc., at a
+salary of 1 pounds weekly.  For the first year he was regarded as an
+attendant, but subsequently he was called the Librarian.  Apparently by
+reason of illness his engagement ceased at the end of 1858, and after a
+short interval, during which time Mr. R. L. M. Overton and Mr. C. Hunt
+were successively engaged, Mr. George Harper was appointed Librarian, the
+Committee recommending his appointment to the Council on 30th June, 1859.
+Mr. Harper remained the Librarian until his death at the end of 1876.
+During his tenure of office very little progress in the development of
+the Library was made, chiefly because the greater part of the library
+rate was absorbed in extinguishing the building loan, and no annual
+reports were issued.  In a schedule in Edward Edwards' "Free Town
+Libraries," 1869, it is stated that the aggregate number of volumes in
+the Library in 1868 was 3,642, that the aggregate annual issues were
+13,480, and that the annual expenditure on the Library was 600 pounds.
+As a matter of fact, the expenditure for the year ending 1st September,
+1868, was 634 pounds : 7 : 3, of which 492 pounds : 9 : 11 was for the
+interest on, and repayment of, the loan.  The product of the penny rate
+was 740 pounds, and an additional 119 pounds : 6 : 5 was received as fees
+for the hire of the upper rooms and the cellars of the Library.  In the
+early days of the Library these rooms were hired for many purposes,
+including Sunday services, temperance meetings, Cambridge University
+local examinations, lectures, dinners, entertainments, etc., the cellars
+were used for the storage of wines and spirits, and the Norwich
+Meteorological Society had an anemometer fixed on top of the building.
+
+Mr. George Easter, who succeeded Mr. Harper as Librarian in January 1877,
+was a native of Norwich, who had followed the craft of a wood-carver in
+Cambridge, and had had no training in library work.  The burden of debt
+upon the Library having been considerably diminished, and the librarian
+coming to his duties with enthusiasm and a disposition to seek advice on
+books and library matters from those competent to give it, he was able to
+effect some improvements in the administration of the Library, and to
+develop it.  About six months after his appointment he had prepared for
+the press an author catalogue of the books in the Lending and Reference
+Departments of the Library, which was ready for sale at sixpence each in
+December.  One thousand copies of this crown octavo catalogue of 94 pages
+were printed.  In this catalogue the hours of the Lending Department were
+stated to be from 11 a.m. till 3.30 p.m. on week-days.
+
+The publication of an annual report was revived in 1879 when a report
+covering the period December 1st, 1877 to December 31st 1878 was
+submitted to the Town Council.  It showed that the stock consisted of
+4,400 volumes, of which nearly 1,000 had been added during the year; and
+that during the period 1,545 borrowers' tickets had been issued, and
+27,408 volumes had been issued, as compared with 15,312 vols. issued from
+September 1875 to September 1876.
+
+In 1879 the Librarian requested the Committee to allow him to purchase
+works relating to Norwich, which eventually led to the formation of the
+Local Collection, which is described on pp. 77-81.
+
+The library rate was one penny in the pound from the date of the opening
+of the library until 1871, but for several years afterwards it was either
+about three farthings or one halfpenny.  The rate was raised to three
+farthings in the pound in 1880, and in the following year it was raised
+to one penny in the pound, thereby providing 937 pounds : 10 : 0 for the
+year, since which time the full library rate has always been levied.  Mr.
+F. W. Harmer took a prominent part in securing the increase in the
+library rate.  He pointed out that to spend the product of a halfpenny
+rate on the plea of economy was really the reverse of economical, as it
+just sufficed to pay standing charges, leaving little or nothing for the
+purchase of books.
+
+The annual report for the year ending March 25th, 1888, is interesting as
+it records that the great burden of the debt on the building had been
+cleared off, and briefly reviews the work of the Library after ten years'
+service of the Librarian, as follows:
+
+    "The present Librarian was appointed in 1877, starting with a stock
+    of 3,500 books in the Lending Department and almost none in the
+    Reference Department; whereas the present stock consists of 11,500
+    for Lending and 5,000 for Reference purposes, about 1,200 of the
+    latter, with 1,650 pamphlets, pictures, &c., being of a local
+    character and purchased with fines imposed for detaining books beyond
+    the time allowed for reading.
+
+    "The number of borrowers in 1877 was 1,540, whereas the number in
+    1887 was 3,550; the number of issues of books in the same period
+    increasing from 27,000 to 77,000--about 10,000 of the population of
+    the city over 14 years of age having taken advantage of the boon
+    afforded by this department."
+
+The report draws attention to an increase in the hours of the lending
+library, which hitherto had been 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m., to 11
+a.m. till 9 p.m. every week-day except Thursday.
+
+The establishment of a juvenile department as a means of stimulating
+interest in the Library was one of the first suggestions made by Mr.
+Easter after his appointment, and although the Committee did not
+entertain it then he did not abandon it, and the subject was raised in
+the press and in Committee in 1885.  As a result the Mayor, Mr. John
+Gurney, who was keenly interested in the proposal, offered to give 100
+pounds on condition that an additional 150 pounds was raised, but he died
+before the establishment of the scheme.  The Chairman of the School
+Board, Mr. (afterwards Sir) George White, who was a member of the
+Committee, promised to raise the matter at a School Board Meeting, but
+the scheme, to be financed by public subscription, did not come to
+fruition until 1889.  In that year the total amount of subscriptions
+reached 276 pounds : 14 : 9, and 3,667 volumes suitable for juveniles
+were obtained.
+
+Batches of books were forwarded to every elementary school in the City,
+and the head teacher in each was made responsible for the distribution of
+the books to the scholars in standards IV and upwards.  The tables
+published in the annual report for the year ending March 1890 show that
+3,621 books were sent to 38 schools, and that the total issues for the
+first seven months was 52,312.  In the report for the year ending March
+1893 the Committee reported:
+
+"The Juvenile Department having proved a source of labour and cost much
+beyond what was anticipated, a Sub-Committee appointed to report on the
+subject recommended that the School Board should be asked to contribute
+to the expense of repair and renewal of books, and to urge upon their
+staff increased care and vigilance in the management of the Department.
+This expense the Board report they are unable legally to incur.  Pending
+this decision the distribution of the books was suspended, but the
+Committee have now decided to continue the circulation for another twelve
+months."
+
+The wear and tear of the juvenile books proceeded apace, and the report
+for 1894-95 stated that when they were last called in "1,700 had to be
+rebound or repaired, and in the four circulations about 800 volumes have
+been found defective or worn out and withdrawn.  The Committee therefore
+decided to issue the reduced number of books, to such schools as made
+application for them, under more systematic regulations."  The juvenile
+books went from bad to worse, and in the report for the year ending March
+1900 it was stated that the Committee had decided to hand over the stock
+to the Norwich School Board, which had recently decided to establish and
+work a Juvenile Library of its own.  Thus ended an experiment which was
+financed unsatisfactorily, badly controlled, and of very doubtful utility
+as a means of developing the work of the Library.
+
+The large increase in the stock of the lending library necessitated a new
+catalogue, and one (304 pp.) was printed and published in 1889, which was
+followed by supplements (88 pp. and 106 pp.) in 1889 and 1895.  These
+catalogues were compiled on the dictionary plan, the authors' names and
+the titles and subjects of the books being arranged in one alphabetical
+sequence.
+
+The question of Sunday opening was discussed by the Committee in July,
+1884, but the Council declined to sanction the Committee's recommendation
+to open the Reading Room.  Five and a half years later the Council
+revoked its decision, and the men's and women's reading rooms on the
+first floor were opened on Sundays between the hours of 3 and 9 p.m.  In
+the annual report following the Sunday opening the experiment was
+described as "quietly successful," and in the reports for the next few
+years the visits were estimated at 15,000 annually--a daily average of
+289.  The Reading Room continued to be open all the year round until
+1913, when owing to the small attendances during the summer months it was
+closed from June to September inclusive; in that year the average
+attendance on the Sundays was 117.  Having regard to the small
+attendances and the inadequate library staff, the Committee in 1915
+decided that the Reading Room should be closed on Sundays during the war.
+
+The Report for the year ending March 1894 briefly reviewed the work of
+the Library after forty years.  By that time the stock had reached 30,124
+volumes in all departments, and the annual issue from the lending
+library, excluding 49,000 books issued by the teachers in 36 elementary
+schools, was 86,355.  The Reference Library, including the Local
+Collection, contained 10,520 volumes and 5,367 pamphlets.
+
+The large room on the ground floor vacated by the Museum was extended and
+renovated during the year 1895-6, and was partially furnished with
+book-cases and shelving in order to provide accommodation for the
+Reference Library, which then comprised 8,450 volumes and 2,081
+pamphlets, with 2,987 local books and 4,327 local pamphlets.
+
+In 1896 a loan of 1,300 pounds was sanctioned by the Local Government
+Board for defraying the cost of the extension of the Reference Library
+and fittings, the purchase of a Cotgreave Indicator, installed in 1897,
+the restoration of the exterior stonework of the building, and interior
+decoration and repairs.  The total expenditure amounted to 1,740 pounds,
+the difference between the cost and the amount of the loan being paid
+from the balance in hand.
+
+During the year 1898-1899 a catalogue of the Reference Library was
+prepared for printing in sections, and in the following year five were
+printed.  The entries in these sectional catalogues were single-line
+author and subject entries, the latter being merely inverted
+title-entries.
+
+Mr. J. Geo. Tennant, the Sub-Librarian, who had been appointed to that
+position in 1888, having previously been engaged part-time at the
+Library, was promoted to the office of Librarian in 1901, following the
+death of Mr. Easter.  A few months later the Committee advertised the
+vacant office of Sub-Librarian, candidates to have had training and
+experience in a public library, and Mr. Llewellyn R. Haggerston, an
+assistant in the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Libraries, was appointed.
+
+The safeguarded open-access system, by which borrowers are allowed to
+choose books from the shelves, was considered by the Committee and the
+Council in 1905, but not adopted.  The system was then in its infancy,
+but has since been introduced into many public libraries.
+
+The provision of catalogues of the Library was considered by the
+Committee in 1905-6, and it was decided to provide type-written sheaf
+catalogues of authors and subjects for the Lending Department, which were
+completed in 1906-7.
+
+Owing to the inadequate accommodation in the Reading Room on the first
+floor, the question of extending the Library building received the
+attention of the Committee for a considerable period, and eventually the
+City Engineer prepared plans for the extension of the building, to
+provide a reading room on the ground floor.  The new room cost about
+1,640 pounds and was provided with book-cases, furniture, etc., at a cost
+of 267 pounds, and was opened to the public in April, 1907.  Most of the
+book-cases were provided for shelving several classes of the Lending
+Library books, partly because more shelving accommodation was required,
+but principally to permit the public to inspect the books, "the object
+being to induce a more general use of these works in place of fiction."
+A collection of directories, annuals, and reference books was placed on
+open shelves in the room for ready reference.
+
+In accordance with the Committee's decision to adopt the Dewey Decimal
+System of Classification, some attempt was made to classify the books
+according to this system.
+
+An experiment which aimed at fostering the use of the Library by school
+children was made during the winter of 1907-8.  "By arrangement with the
+Education Committee a selection of books likely to meet the tastes of
+elementary school children was made by several of the teachers.  These
+books were placed on Saturday mornings in one of the rooms on the top
+floor where tables and chairs were provided.  One or more teachers
+attended in rotation to superintend the young readers . . . It has to be
+confessed, however, that the attendance, once the novelty had worn off,
+was not sufficient to justify the expenditure of time and trouble which
+was necessarily involved." {70}
+
+Owing to ill-health Mr. Tennant, who had served the Library faithfully
+for about 21 years, was compelled to vacate the office of Librarian in
+1909, and light occupation was found for him in the capacity of
+Superintendent of the Reading Room, which post he filled until his death
+in August, 1911.  He was succeeded as Librarian by the Sub-Librarian, Mr.
+Haggerston, who resigned his appointment on 1st March, 1911.  Following
+Mr. Haggerston's resignation, the Committee advertised for a trained
+librarian, and from 110 candidates the author of this History, who was
+the Chief Assistant Librarian of the St. Pancras Public Libraries, and
+who received his earlier training at the Bishopsgate Institute, was
+appointed in May, 1911.
+
+The administration of the Library for many years had, in the words of the
+Report for 1909-10 "proceeded steadily on the old lines," and when the
+present Librarian took office his first duty was to present a
+comprehensive report to the Committee on the condition of the Library,
+and to make suggestions for its re-organisation on up-to-date methods of
+library administration.  The Report was approved in principle, and since
+that date the work of re-organisation has proceeded as rapidly as the
+conditions have allowed.
+
+The work of re-organisation may be briefly described.  The rules and
+regulations for the conduct and management of all departments of the
+Library were revised with the view of affording additional facilities to
+the public.  Structural alterations were made for the better lighting and
+arrangement of the Lending Library, and improvements were made in the
+electric lighting of the several departments.
+
+The condition of the Lending Library was especially serious.  The Library
+had been in existence for over half a century, and the stock of books had
+never been subjected to a thorough overhauling, so that there were
+accumulations of old, useless and worn-out books, while numerous standard
+works on various branches of knowledge were not in the Library.  The work
+of re-organisation was done systematically, class by class.  First the
+useless books were discarded, and new standard and popular books were
+added.  The class was then closely classified according to the Dewey
+System of Classification, and catalogued.  As complaints regarding the
+lack of a printed catalogue had been made continuously for several years,
+it was decided, as an immediate advantage to the public, to publish at
+the price of one penny, a bi-monthly magazine entitled "The Readers'
+Guide," which would contain the whole or a portion of an annotated and
+classified catalogue of the books in one of the sections immediately
+after its revision, and also an annotated list of new books added to the
+Library.  The Fiction Catalogue was published in the first number, which
+was issued on 1st November, 1911, and the series of classified catalogues
+containing altogether the titles of over 17,000 volumes was completed in
+the issue for May, 1915, since which date the "Readers' Guide" has
+contained special bibliographies of local subjects and topics of current
+interest, in addition to the usual list of recent books.  The special
+bibliographies have included the subjects of the University Extension
+lectures each year, George Borrow, Lord Nelson, Agincourt and Erpingham,
+Norfolk Artists, the European War, Shakespeare, Child Welfare, and Thomas
+Gray.  For the use of borrowers two card catalogues have been installed
+in the Lending Library, the one being a complete author catalogue, and
+the other a complete classified catalogue, with numerous subject guide
+cards to facilitate reference.
+
+A stock of books specially suitable for juvenile readers was obtained in
+1911 to form a Juvenile Department of the Lending Library, in order that
+the young people should acquire a facility in the use of a large library
+which would be of value to them after leaving school.  A classified
+catalogue of the books in this Department was prepared by the
+Sub-Librarian under the supervision of the City Librarian, and was
+published in September, 1914, and an enlarged edition was published in
+September, 1916.
+
+During the period 1911-1916 there were several changes in the personnel
+of the staff.  The great pressure of the re-organising work and the need
+for a trained assistant on the staff led the Committee to advertise for a
+Sub-Librarian in 1913, and in November Mr. Charles Nowell, Chief
+Assistant of the Coventry Public Libraries, and the holder of four
+certificates of the Library Association, was appointed to the position.
+With the view of increasing the efficiency of the staff the Committee, in
+common with many other Public Library Committees, has made the
+appointments of junior assistants conditional on their obtaining the
+professional certificates of the Library Association.
+
+The title of the Library was altered in July, 1911, by the Council from
+"Free Library" to its statutory title "Public Library."
+
+The large oval room on the second floor, which in the early days of the
+Library had been used as an art room, was converted into an exhibition
+and lecture room in 1912.
+
+The Norfolk and Norwich Photographic Survey Record was inaugurated in
+1913, particulars of which are given on pp. 81-82.
+
+The Library has fulfilled special national functions during the present
+European War.  Several thousand leaflets issued by the Central Committee
+for National Patriotic Organisations were distributed at the Library.
+The Committee realising the importance to the public of studying the
+deeper causes of the war, and other important matters involved, appointed
+a Sub-Committee to deal with the problem of war literature.  A large and
+representative selection, dealing with the subject from every point of
+view, was made from the several thousand books published.  The books thus
+purchased made the collection of war books a thoroughly representative
+one, and an annotated and classified catalogue of the books was printed
+in the "Readers' Guide."  The Library has also been at the service of
+soldiers billeted in Norwich both for borrowing and for reference, and a
+large number of soldiers have availed themselves of its facilities for
+recreative reading and study.  To assist the Camps Library, which
+provides libraries for all the camps of the British armies at home and
+abroad, the Committee sent many of its worn-out books, collected for it
+hundreds of books and magazines from readers frequenting the Library, and
+sent a donation of 12 pounds : 15 : 0, referred to on page 85.
+
+Three members of the staff enlisted in H.M. Forces in 1915, with the
+promise of their positions being retained.  The Sub-Librarian, 2nd Lieut.
+Chas. Nowell (22nd London Regiment) was wounded in France in September,
+1916, but he was able to return to his military duties in December; Mr.
+F. T. Bussey, the Senior Assistant in the Lending Department is serving
+in France with the Norfolk Division of the Royal Engineers; and Mr. A. R.
+Nobbs, a Junior Assistant, is a Sick Berth Attendant in the Royal Navy.
+
+
+
+CHAIRMEN AND VICE-CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEE.
+
+
+During the earliest years of the Library Committee, the Chairmen and
+Vice-Chairmen were not regularly appointed annually.  The following is a
+list of the definite appointments:--
+
+DATE.                   CHAIRMAN.               VICE-CHAIRMAN.
+1850-1856               Various.
+1857                    J. Godwin Johnson.      J. H. Tillett.
+1858-1860               Various.
+1861                    George Middleton (who
+                        was generally in the
+                        Chair during 1860).
+1862                    Various.
+1863-1868               Councillor J. W.
+                        Dowson.
+1869-1870               Councillor Carlos
+                        Cooper.
+1871-1877               Councillor Thomas
+                        Jarrold.
+1878-1885               Councillor James
+                        Freeman.
+1886-1887               The Mayor, John         Alderman James Freeman.
+                        Gurney, Esq., of
+                        Sprowston.
+1887-1890               Councillor
+                        (afterwards Alderman)
+                        James Freeman.
+1891-1892               Alderman Samuel         Alderman George White.
+                        Newman.
+1893-1907               Councillor T. Breese.   1893-1902 Alderman George
+                                                White.
+                                                1903-1907 Councillor H.
+                                                J. Copeman.
+1908-1917               Councillor              Alderman R. G. Bagshaw.
+                        (afterwards Alderman)
+                        H. J. Copeman.
+
+
+DONATIONS.
+
+
+Although the Public Library Act of 1855 amended the first act, and made
+provision for the purchase of books, a power denied under the first act,
+the Library was so deeply involved in debt at its commencement that
+appeals had to be made for donations of books and money for the purchase
+of books, newspapers, and periodicals.  As previously stated, the
+Committee's first annual report presented to the Council on 31st August,
+1858, showed that donations in cash, with interest, had amounted to 357
+pounds : 7 : 1.  The same report gave a list of the donors of 2,468
+volumes--about two-thirds of the entire stock--of which 833 were from the
+People's College, and 1,000 were transferred from the Penny Library.
+
+The donations to the Library during its history have been many and
+varied--good, bad, and indifferent--such as are usually offered to public
+libraries.  Notice may be made of some of the outstanding gifts.  The
+British Association in 1868, the year of its visit to Norwich, made a
+grant of 50 pounds to the Library for the purchase of books, perhaps at
+the suggestion of the Rev. (afterwards Canon) Hinds Howell, who was the
+Organising Secretary for the visit.  At any rate, at the meeting of the
+Library Committee on 4th November, 1868, he attended to explain "that the
+grant would be expended in the purchase of books, which embraced
+thirty-five different scientific subjects, or such of them as the
+Committee might think best adapted to the wants of, and most beneficial
+to, the classes using the Library," and he received the thanks of the
+Committee for representing the wants of the Library to the Association.
+The Committee complied with the request that a bookcase should be
+provided for the books, bearing a suitable inscription.
+
+A large number of patent specifications were presented by H.M. Patent
+Office about the year 1865, and in 1889 the Office acceded to the
+Committee's request for Abridgments of Specifications, since which time
+they have been presented as issued.
+
+Having regard to the slender financial resources of the Library the Mayor
+(Mr. H. Bullard) in 1879 suggested a public subscription, and headed the
+list with 10 pounds.  This was followed by donations of 10 pounds from
+Mr. J. J. Colman, (who also gave 25 pounds in 1887), and Mr. Henry
+Birkbeck, and by smaller sums from other people, amounting altogether to
+91 pounds : 2 : 0.
+
+A successful application was made to H.M. Treasury in 1886, for a
+donation of official publications, and some 260 volumes of Calendars of
+State Papers, Chronicles, Records, etc. were received, followed in 1901
+by a further donation of 193 volumes.  In 1900 the Library received from
+the same source twenty-five Memoirs of the Geological Survey relating to
+the Eastern Counties.
+
+In 1890 the late Alderman James Freeman, who was Chairman of the Public
+Library Committee for several years, bequeathed 20 pounds for some
+special purpose in connection with the Library, which enabled the
+Committee to commence a Shakespeare Collection, now comprising over 600
+books and pamphlets.
+
+Mr. Russell J. Colman, J.P., D.L., made a handsome donation to the
+Reference Library in 1900, when he presented a set of Parliamentary
+Debates in 511 volumes, in half calf, comprising Cobbett's "Parliamentary
+History," continued by Hansard, 1066-1803, Hansard's "Parliamentary
+Debates," 1803-1890, and the "Official Parliamentary Debates" to 1897.
+Since that date the following members of Parliament for Norwich have
+partly kept the set up to date: Mr. Louis J. Tillett, Sir George White,
+Sir Frederick Low and Lieut. E. Hilton Young.
+
+The firm of Messrs. J. and J. Colman, Ltd., of Norwich, presented 3,500
+Parliamentary Papers, Blue Books, etc. in 1900 which Mr. J. J. Colman had
+accumulated.
+
+Mr. T. R. Kemp, K.C., Recorder of Norwich, 1892-1905, who had made a
+study of the Letters of Junius, bequeathed his collection of various
+editions of the Letters and works relating to them, numbering altogether
+128 volumes.
+
+Mr. Henry F. Euren, a member of the Library Committee since 1880, gave
+160 volumes on agriculture and other subjects in 1907, before and after
+which date he made other donations.
+
+The Reference Library was largely increased in 1914 by a bequest of Mr.
+Bosworth W. Harcourt, an esteemed co-opted member of the Committee who
+had taken an active interest in the Library for over 27 years.  The
+bequest, comprising about 2,250 books and pamphlets, was made on
+condition that such books and pamphlets should be known as the "Bosworth
+Harcourt Bequest" and that the same should not be placed in circulation,
+but only read or consulted in the Library.  Miss C. M. Nichols, R.E.,
+S.M., N.B.A., designed a suitable book-plate for the books, and a
+book-case, surmounted by the testator's name was provided.  Mr.
+Harcourt's library naturally reflected his tastes: works of and about the
+chief poets and dramatists, well-illustrated volumes, and books on the
+graphic arts preponderate, and there are many volumes dealing with the
+history and antiquities of Norfolk and Norwich.
+
+The munificent bequest of Mrs. Elizabeth Russell Hillen, by which the
+Library will receive 500 pounds for the advancement of local archaeology,
+is mentioned in more detail on page 79.
+
+The chief benefactor to the Library is Mr. Walter Rye, who has been a
+member of the Committee since 1904.  In addition to his many and valuable
+gifts to the Local Collection, which are described on pages 78-79, he has
+given a large number of reference books, chiefly relating to heraldry and
+history, but also including a collection of books and tracts on the Civil
+War, and a number of calendars of patent rolls, and other official
+publications.
+
+
+
+LOCAL COLLECTION.
+
+
+The collection of literature relating to Norfolk and Norwich was first
+mooted on January 15th, 1879, when the Committee resolved that works of
+interest connected with Norwich should be purchased.  This decision was
+doubtless the result of a recommendation from the Librarian, Mr. George
+Easter, as Mr. James Reeve, F.G.S., then Curator of the Castle Museum,
+had suggested to him the wisdom of forming a Local Collection.  In April
+of the following year the Librarian reported to the Committee that he had
+received during the year 10 pounds for fines, and he requested that he
+might retain the amount for the purpose of forming a Local Reference
+Library.  The Committee sanctioned his request, and from that time to the
+present the fines imposed for the detention of lending library books
+beyond the time allowed for reading have been exclusively devoted to the
+Local Collection.  Mr. Councillor Stanley, a member of the Committee, by
+way of a commencement, gave "the books containing a complete list of the
+city and county charities," and the annual report for 1880 stated that "A
+collection of Books of local interest is proceeding very satisfactorily."
+The collection had grown in ten years to 1,603 volumes and 1,933
+pamphlets.  In the annual report for 1893-94 it was stated that the
+receipts for fines from 1880 to that date had been 620 pounds, and that
+the collection numbered 2,646 volumes, 3,462 pamphlets, and numerous
+engravings, maps, portraits, etc.  Mr. Easter was mainly responsible for
+the selection of the books for the Local Collection, and owing to his
+great enthusiasm in its development the collection comprised at his death
+in December, 1900, nearly 4,000 volumes and about 5,100 pamphlets.
+
+Mr. Walter Rye joined the Committee as a co-opted member in the latter
+part of 1904, and within a few months the Committee had accepted his
+voluntary services as a Norfolk antiquary, to compile a card catalogue of
+the local books and pamphlets.  This catalogue he has kept up to date.
+The collection soon engaged his special attention, and from the time of
+his joining the Committee until the present year he has been zealous in
+its development, giving each year donations from his private collection,
+and working in its interest in various ways.  In 1908 he published at his
+own expense the following catalogues which he had compiled: "Catalogue of
+the Topographical and Antiquarian portions of the Free Library at
+Norwich" (81 pp.), "Calendar of the Documents relating to the Corporation
+of Norwich, preserved in the Free Library there" (22 pp.), "Catalogue of
+the Portraits referring to Norfolk and Norwich Men . . . preserved in the
+Free Library at Norwich" (33 pp.), and "Short List of Works relating to
+the Biographies of Norfolk Men and Women, preserved in the Free Library
+at Norwich" (34 pp.).
+
+Mr. Rye's donations have been both numerous and valuable.  In 1905-06 he
+presented his collection of prints, comprising about 700 portraits and
+nearly 7,000 views, which included the well-known Smith Collection.
+During the years 1911-16 his donations became more extensive, and were
+crowned by his promise made to the Committee in 1916 that he would
+bequeath his valuable Norfolk manuscripts and the remainder of his
+printed books, of which copies were not in the Library.  Some of the more
+important manuscripts which he has given to the Library are the
+following: Friar Brackley's Armorial Manuscript, circa 1460--a paper
+volume of 142 pages, with 75 coloured drawings of arms of the Pastens and
+Mautbys and their matches, being the oldest Norfolk Armorial manuscript
+known; Collection of original manuscripts relating to the Carpenters'
+Company of Norwich, 1594; Rev. F. Blomefield's Original Entry Book for
+his "History of Norfolk," 1733-6; Norfolk Pedigrees, compiled by Peter Le
+Neve--a volume (86 pp.) of Norfolk pedigrees, with the arms in colours,
+and an index of names.  For these and other gifts the Committee provided
+an oak exhibition case in the Reading Room in February, 1912.  In May
+1916 the Council placed on record its appreciation of, and grateful
+thanks for, Mr. Walter Rye's munificence to the Library.
+
+At the close of 1911 the Committee, having a considerable balance in
+hand, resolved to bid for a number of items at the auction sales of Dr.
+Augustus Jessopp's Library and the Townshend Heirlooms.  At these sales
+many interesting and valuable documents relating to the history of
+Norfolk and Norwich were purchased for about 92 pounds, including fifteen
+of Dr. Jessopp's note-books and an "Address from the Gentry of Norfolk
+and Norwich to General Monck" in 1660, bearing the signatures of about
+800 persons.  The latter manuscript was published in facsimile by Messrs.
+Jarrold and Sons in 1913, the volume also including an introduction by
+Mr. Hamon Le Strange, F.S.A., biographical notes and index by Mr. Walter
+Rye, a catalogue of the collection of books in the Library on the Civil
+War period by the City Librarian, and several portraits.
+
+The Committee received in 1915 an intimation of a munificent bequest of
+500 pounds by the late Mrs. Elizabeth Russell Hillen, of King's Lynn, for
+the advancement of local archaeology, etc., on condition that the name of
+Hillen should be permanently associated with the use of the money.  The
+Norwich Castle Museum also received a similar bequest.  Mrs. Hillen was
+the widow of Mr. Henry James Hillen, a native of King's Lynn, who died in
+1910.  After retiring from the profession of schoolmaster he devoted much
+of his time to historical and archaeological research, and subsequently
+published the fruits of part of his work in local newspapers, several
+brochures, and his monumental "History of the Borough of King's Lynn," 2
+vols., 1907.  Mr. Hillen made considerable use of the Local Collection,
+and his wife's bequest was no doubt partly in recognition of the services
+it had rendered.
+
+For many years the Committee has tried to make the collection as complete
+as possible, its wise object being to collect everything local: it has
+endeavoured to obtain all books, pamphlets, prints, plans and maps, and
+important manuscripts relating to Norfolk and Norwich, all books and
+pamphlets printed locally until about 1850, all books and pamphlets by
+authors associated with the county either by birth or residence,
+portraits and biographical publications relating to Norfolk people, local
+newspapers, election literature, early theatre bills, broadsides,
+book-plates, reports and proceedings of local authorities and societies,
+etc.
+
+When the present Librarian commenced his duties in 1911 the collection,
+as recorded in the stock-book of the Library, comprised 5,129 volumes and
+6,362 pamphlets, since which time by purchase, spontaneous donations, and
+systematic application for local publications the collection has
+increased to 6,364 volumes and 8,126 pamphlets.  In addition there are
+about 7,900 topographical prints and photographs, 950 portraits, and 380
+maps, exclusive of the Photographic Survey Collection.
+
+The collection contains extremely valuable files of local newspapers,
+including a rare volume of "Crossgrove's News or the Norwich Gazette" for
+the years 1728-32, the "Norwich Gazette" 1761-64, a long file of its
+successor the "Norfolk Chronicle" from 1772 with a few gaps to date, the
+"Norwich Mercury" 1756-60, 1771-80, and from 1802 to date, and "The
+Eastern Daily Press" from 1875 to date.  Recent features introduced in
+the Local Collection are files of obituary notices of Norfolk people,
+extracted from various papers and mounted on large cards, and cuttings
+from newspapers and periodicals of items of local interest, which are
+mounted on uniform sheets, classified, and filed for reference.
+
+Donations to the Local Collection have been far too numerous even to
+allow mention of the names of all the chief donors, but the interest of
+Mr. James Reeve, F.G.S., the Consulting Curator of the Castle Museum,
+should not pass unnoticed.  He has given in recent years several scarce
+books and prints, including a copy of his rare monograph on "John Sell
+Cotman," and a volume of etchings by the Rev. E. T. Daniell.
+
+In order to provide a handy guide to the extensive literature relating to
+Norwich, the present writer prepared an annotated and classified
+catalogue of the books, pamphlets, articles and maps in the Local
+Collection dealing with the City under its most important aspects.  The
+catalogue, entitled "Guide to the Study of Norwich" was published in
+1914, and the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society marked its
+appreciation of it by purchasing 360 copies.  In 1915 a series of special
+annotated catalogues of literature in the Library relating to Norfolk
+Celebrities was commenced in the "Readers' Guide."  The first was devoted
+to the collection of literature relating to Lord Nelson (comprising 218
+books, 39 pamphlets, 81 articles, and 31 prints), and the second to
+Norfolk Artists.  Both catalogues were reprinted as pamphlets for sale at
+sixpence each.
+
+He also prepared a scheme of classification for the entire collection,
+and began classifying and cataloguing the contents in 1915, but the work
+has been suspended owing to the absence of his trained assistants on
+service.  However, about 3,000 books and pamphlets have been classified
+and catalogued in accordance with modern bibliographical practice, and it
+is hoped that in due course a complete catalogue will be prepared and
+printed, which will not only serve as a key to unlock this vast store of
+local information, but will also form an extensive bibliography of
+Norfolk and Norwich.
+
+
+
+NORFOLK AND NORWICH PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY.
+
+
+A valuable adjunct to the Local Collection is the Norfolk and Norwich
+Photographic Survey Record which was inaugurated in January, 1913.
+Shortly after the disastrous flood in Norfolk and Norwich during August,
+1912, the Committee favourably considered a report from the City
+Librarian on the collection of photographs of everything interesting,
+valuable and characteristic of Norfolk and Norwich.  A conference was
+convened between a Sub-Committee of the Public Library Committee and
+representatives of the local learned and scientific societies on 13th
+January, 1913, and ultimately a comprehensive scheme was adopted.  It is
+carried out by the Public Library in collaboration with the Norwich and
+District Photographic Society and other local scientific societies, with
+the following object: "To preserve by permanent photographic process,
+records of antiquities, art, architecture, geology and palaeontology,
+natural history, passing events of local or historical importance,
+portraits, old documents, prints, and characteristic scenery of the
+county of Norfolk."  The photographs contributed to the Survey become the
+property of the Public Library, under the care of the City Librarian, who
+is the Secretary and Curator of the Survey.  The Public Library has
+undertaken the responsibility of the mounting, storage and cataloguing of
+the photographs.  The Collection is increased by donations of prints, and
+the purchase of prints from money specially subscribed for the purpose.
+
+                  [Picture: Exhibition and Lecture Room]
+
+With the view of stimulating public interest in the Photographic Survey,
+and of acquainting persons with the scope and methods of photographic
+survey work, Mr. L. Stanley Jast, who was then the Chief Librarian of the
+Croydon Public Libraries, and the Hon. Curator of the Surrey Photographic
+Survey, delivered a public lecture with lantern illustrations to a large
+audience at Blackfriars' Hall on 24th January, 1913.  The first
+exhibition of photographs illustrative of the work of the survey was
+arranged by the City Librarian, and was held in the new Exhibition Room
+at the Library during December, 1913.  An illustration of the room, from
+a photograph taken during the exhibition, faces this page.  The opening
+ceremony was performed by Mr. Russell J. Colman, D.L., J.P., the
+President of the Survey, under the presidency of the Lord Mayor of
+Norwich (Mr. James Porter) who was accompanied by the Lady Mayoress and
+the Sheriff (Mr. C. T. Coller).  The collection of photographs, which
+commenced in May, 1913, increased at a rapid rate, and although the work
+of the Survey has been practically at a standstill since the beginning of
+the war, the collection numbers 1,847 mounted prints and 59 lantern
+slides.  The technique of the photographs reaches a very high standard,
+the majority of them are platinotypes, and many are of whole-plate size.
+The collection will undoubtedly be of service to antiquaries, historians,
+architects, geologists, naturalists, photographers, artists, and all
+lovers of the beautiful in nature and art, and it will also be of
+inestimable value to posterity.
+
+
+
+LECTURES, READING-CIRCLES, AND EXHIBITIONS.
+
+
+For a long period lectures have been regarded as an important part of the
+educational or "extension" work of organised public libraries throughout
+the country, but in the case of Norwich lectures were instituted as a
+means of promoting the extension of the Library itself.  As soon as the
+first stone of the building was laid the Committee in January, 1855,
+authorised the Secretary to make arrangements for a course of lectures at
+the Bazaar, St. Andrew's Street, in order to promote the objects of the
+Library, and by the April meeting lectures had been given by the Rev. A.
+B. Power (twice), the Rev. A. Reed, the Rev. J. Compton, the Rev. J.
+Gould, Mr. J. Fox (twice), Mr. J. H. Tillett, and Professor Edward
+Taylor, of Gresham College.  Charges were made for admission, in aid of
+the funds of the library, and the net proceeds amounted to about 10
+pounds, the attendances having been "better than usual at lectures in
+Norwich."
+
+In October, 1861, a sub-committee was formed to arrange weekly penny
+readings, interspersed with lectures, in the large room at the Library on
+Thursday evenings, and in April of the following year the Secretary
+reported a net balance in hand of 9 pounds : 6 : 0, which sum was spent
+on books for the Library.  In September, 1863, the Committee evidently
+intended to continue the penny readings, as it was resolved that Mr.
+Dowson, a member of the Committee, should have full liberty to make
+arrangements for conducting the penny readings during the following
+winter session.
+
+A course of popular lectures in connection with the Library by
+distinguished scientists was inaugurated by Mr. F. W. Harmer, J.P.,
+F.G.S., F.R.Met.Soc., in the year of his mayoralty, 1888.
+(Parenthetically it may be remarked that he has the distinction of being
+the oldest member of the Public Library Committee, he having served on it
+continuously since 1880.)  Hoping to place the scheme on a permanent
+basis, Mr. Harmer suggested the appointment of a Committee of the
+Corporation to carry out arrangements for a yearly series of similar
+lectures on science by distinguished men, under the provisions of the
+Gilchrist Trust, and the matter was referred to the Library Committee.
+The first of these series, delivered early in 1889 by Sir Robert Ball,
+Dr. Lant Carpenter, Dr. Andrew Wilson, Professor Miall, Professor Seeley,
+and the Rev. Dr. Dallinger, were "crowned with complete success."  Under
+the management of the Committee another course was delivered during the
+following winter, when the lecturers were Sir Robert Ball, Dr. Andrew
+Wilson, Mr. Louis Fagan, and Mr. Henry Seebohm, and two lectures were
+given during the winter of 1890-91, by Sir Robert Ball and Dr. Andrew
+Wilson respectively.  Unfortunately, for reasons of economy, these were
+supplemented by a series by local gentlemen (which were given in
+Blackfriars' Hall), but the result was the reverse of successful, and led
+eventually to the abandonment of the original scheme.  Lectures by Sir
+Robert Ball and Dr. Andrew Wilson, with others by local gentlemen were
+given, however, in the winter of 1892-93, and in the following winter by
+Sir Robert Ball, Dr. Andrew Wilson, and Dr. Drinkwater.  No lectures were
+given in the winter of 1893-94 as the University Extension Lectures then
+inaugurated were regarded as sufficient, but these appealed to a
+different class, and never took the place of the others.
+
+In that year the Committee-room was in frequent use by three public
+circles of the Norwich Branch of the National Home Reading Union, and by
+the Norwich Students' Association, which again used the room in 1894-95.
+The National Home Reading Union continued to use the room for several
+years.
+
+Lectures organised by the Committee were again revived in 1916 on the
+occasion of the Tercentenary of the death of Shakespeare, when the
+following lectures were delivered at the Technical Institute, the lecture
+room at the Library being too small for the purpose: "Shakespeare as
+National Hero," by Sir Sidney Lee, D.Litt., F.B.A.; "Shakespeare and the
+English Ideal," {84} by the Dean of Norwich (The Very Rev. H. C.
+Beeching, D.D., D.Litt.); "Shakespeare and Music," by Mr. A. Batchelor,
+M.A.; "Dramatic Companies in Norwich of Shakespeare's Time," by Mr. L. G.
+Bolingbroke; and "The Plant Lore of Shakespeare," by Mr. Edward Peake.
+For the first two lectures one shilling was charged for admission, and
+the net proceeds were sent to the Jenny Lind Hospital in Norwich (7
+pounds : 12 : 6) and the Camps Library (8 pounds : 5 : 6).  The remaining
+lectures were free, but collections were taken on behalf of the Camps
+Library, and 3 pounds : 19 : 6 was received.
+
+The Shakespeare Tercentenary was also commemorated by an exhibition in
+the Reading Room, consisting of books, prints and other material
+illustrative of the life and works of Shakespeare.  The prints were
+arranged in groups as follows: Portraits, Shakespeare's country,
+Contemporaries, Actors, Costume, Music, Pictorial illustrations of
+Shakespeare, Elizabethan London, and Shakespeare Memorials.
+
+In connection with the Gray bicentenary, which took place on December
+26th, 1916, the Dean of Norwich, who is a member of the Public Library
+Committee, delivered a lecture on Thomas Gray at the Technical Institute
+on December 15th, when the Deputy Mayor, Alderman H. J. Copeman, J.P.
+(Chairman of the Public Library Committee), presided.  A small exhibition
+of prints, and works by and about Gray was arranged in the Reading Room.
+
+It is hoped that in future lectures on literary subjects or connected
+with classes of books in the Library may be arranged from time to time.
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+In the annual reports various statistics have been given of the visits to
+the News and Reading Rooms, and the number of books issued from the
+Lending and Reference Libraries, but as there was no uniform system of
+compilation, and the methods employed were not stated, an accurate
+statistical comparison between the past and present work of the Library
+is impossible.  Suffice it to say that at no time of its history has it
+been so well equipped in all directions, and at no time has it stood
+higher in public esteem than it does at present.  The old City Library
+possesses treasures befitting an old English "City of Churches," and the
+present Public Library fulfils the general purposes of a modern
+rate-supported Library.  The Lending Library consists of about 18,000
+volumes in all departments of knowledge, from which some 6,000 adults and
+juveniles borrow about 110,000 volumes annually.  The Reading Room and
+News Room contain a careful selection of the leading newspapers, and a
+large variety of the best periodicals.  The Reference Library contains
+about 24,000 volumes, including sets of the publications of several
+learned societies, and is being brought up to date by the purchase of
+recent standard works of reference.  The Local Collection, which for
+completeness probably equals that of any other county, has a rich store
+of material, valuable not only to the antiquary, but to all those who
+desire to know something of the literature and art of the county, or its
+natural and geological history, or the part played by Norfolk and Norwich
+in the general history of England.  Further, the Library, being
+encyclopaedic in character, may be regarded as a bureau of information,
+and as such it is playing an important part in the educational,
+industrial and social life of the City.
+
+        _Printed by Jarrold & Sons_, _Ltd._, _Norwich_, _England_.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+{1}  A. Jessopp's Norwich (Diocesan histories), 1884, p. 155.
+
+{2a}  Leland's "Laboryouse Journey and Serche of Johan Leylande for
+Englandes Antiquitees," enlarged by John Bale.  1549.
+
+{2b}  London apparently is entitled to claim the distinction of having
+established the earliest British library under municipal control.  In an
+article in the "Library Association Record," vol. 10, 1908, the late Mr.
+E. M. Borrajo, formerly Librarian to the Corporation of the City of
+London, wrote: "The citizens of London may fairly claim to be the parent,
+in a sense, not only of the National Library, but of every public library
+in the country."  He also stated: "The earliest association of a library
+with the Guildhall dates from some period anterior to the year 1425, when
+it is recorded that the executors of Richard Whittington and William Bury
+built the 'new house or library, with the chamber under,' the custody of
+which was entrusted to them by the Corporation."  About the year 1549 the
+Lord Protector Somerset carried off three cart loads of books from the
+Library, and the following year saw its final disappearance.  This
+library was a collegiate library and probably opened its doors to
+non-collegiate students, who were properly accredited.  In the will of
+John Carpenter, proved in 1442, this library is referred to as the
+"common library at Guildhall."
+
+{3}  "The Maire of Bristowe is Kalendar by Robert Ricart Towm Clerk of
+Bristol, 18 Edward IV."  (Camden Society), 1872, p. v.
+
+{4a}  J. Kirkpatrick's "History of the Religious Orders . . . of Norwich
+. . . written about the year 1725."  1845, p. 80.
+
+{4b}  _ib._
+
+{5a}  "Records of the City of Norwich," vol. 2, 1910, p. clxv.
+
+{5b}  F. Blomefield's "Norfolk," vol. 4, 1806, p. 262.
+
+{8}  Depositions . . . Extracts from the Court Books of the City of
+Norwich, 1666-1688, ed. by Walter Rye, 1905, p. 130.
+
+{11}  "A New Catalogue of the Books in the Publick Library of the City of
+Norwich, in the year 1732," pp. iii-iv.
+
+{13a}  Typewritten copy in the Norwich Public Library (vol. 2 p. 217) of
+the manuscript of Mackerell's "History of Norwich," in the possession of
+J. H. Gurney, Esq., J.P., F.Z.S., of Keswick Hall, Norwich.
+
+{13b}  Assembly Book, Sept. 21st, 1801.
+
+{13c}  Assembly Book, May 3rd, 1805.
+
+{14}  "Catalogue of the Books belonging to the Public Library and to the
+City Library of Norwich," 1825, p. xxvi.
+
+{15a}  "Second Catalogue of the Library of the Norfolk and Norwich
+Literary Institution," 1825, p. I.
+
+{15b}  _Norfolk Chronicle_, July 12th, 1856, p. 2.
+
+{15c}  _ib_.
+
+{15d}  _Norfolk Chronicle_ and _Norwich Mercury_, Nov. 22nd, 1856.
+
+{17}  _Norwich Mercury_, March 21st, 1868, p. 3.
+
+{20a}  F. Blomefield's "Norfolk," vol. 3, 1806, p. 366.
+
+{20b}  "Norfolk and Norwich Notes and Queries," First Series, 1896-99, p.
+193.
+
+{22}  F. Blomefield's "Norfolk," vol. 3, 1806, p. 414.
+
+{24}  "Dictionary of National Biography," vol. 33, 1893, p. 37.
+
+{25a}  "Letters written by eminent persons in the 17th and 18th
+centuries," vol. 2, 1813, p. 104.
+
+{25b}  Mayoralty Court, 9th Jan., 1677/8.
+
+{25c}  Kirkpatrick's "History of the Religious Orders . . . of Norwich,
+written about the year 1725," 1845, p. 81.
+
+{35}  It is interesting to note that in the critical part of this work
+Raleigh was assisted by the Rev. Robert Burhill, rector of Northwold,
+Norfolk, 1622-41.
+
+{38}  In the "Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Charles I.,
+1628-29," p. 188, it is stated that he translated the English Liturgy
+into French.
+
+{40}  This is undoubtedly the shelf-mark of the Norwich Public Library.
+
+{43}  John Dury's "The Reformed Librarie-Keeper" (Chicago), 1906, p. 45.
+
+{47}  The Library contains one copy, the Bodleian Library has two copies,
+and there is one in the Norfolk and Norwich Library.
+
+{50a}  "Catalogus Librorum in Bibliotheca Norvicensi," 1883.
+
+{50b}  Henry Harrod's "Castles and Convents of Norfolk," 1857, p. 82.
+
+{51}  Kirkpatnck's "History of the Religious Orders . . . of Norwich,
+written about the year 1725," 1845, p. 57.
+
+{53a}  Probably purchased with her donation of 20 pounds.
+
+{53b}  Probably purchased with his donation of 5 pounds.
+
+{53c}  This entry is not in the Vellum Book, but is in the Minute Book.
+
+{53d}  Probably purchased with his legacy of 20 pounds.
+
+{54a}  Vellum Book adds: "And other money from many others received with
+which four books were purchased."
+
+{54b}  Ten books were purchased with the donations from Brigges, 5
+pounds, Wisse, 3 pounds, and Church, 3 pounds.
+
+{55a}  "More than 100 books."--Vellum Book.
+
+{55a}  "Several law books and others."--Vellum Book.
+
+{55a}  The Vellum Book states that he gave "More than three score books."
+
+{55a}  The Minute Book states: Mr. Clayton brought in "History of
+Parliament," being the gift of the author.
+
+{59}  This trowel is now in the possession of Miss Lucy Bignold of
+Norwich, who has kindly promised to lend it to the Public Library
+Committee in connection with an exhibition of books and prints
+illustrative of the history and work of the Library, which will be held
+on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the opening of the Library.
+
+{70}  Annual Report, 1907-8, pp. 3-4.
+
+{84}  Published in the "Readers' Guide," vol. 5, no. 3, 1916, and
+reprinted as a pamphlet.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE CENTURIES OF A CITY LIBRARY***
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