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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f57f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text +*.htm text +*.html text +*.png binary +*.jpg binary +*.svg text +*.pdf binary +*.bmp binary +*.zip binary +*.midi binary +*.mp3 binary diff --git a/1981-0.txt b/1981-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7325a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1981-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,598 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Right to Read, by Richard Stallman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** +** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** + +Title: The Right to Read + +Author: Richard Stallman + +Release Date: November, 1999 [EBook #1981] +[Most recently updated: April 16, 2024] + +Language: English and French + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO READ *** + + + + +Copyright (C) 1996 Richard Stallman + + + + +The Right to Read + +by Richard Stallman + +[Illustration] + +Table of Contents + +Author's Note + +References + +Other Texts to Read + + +This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of Communications of +the ACM (Volume 40, Number 2). + +(from "The Road To Tycho", a collection of articles about the +antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096) + +For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college--when Lissa Lenz +asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she +could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no +one she dared ask, except Dan. + +This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her--but if he lent her his +computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could +go to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, +the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught +since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and +wrong--something that only pirates would do. + +And there wasn't much chance that the SPA--the Software Protection +Authority--would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had +learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and +where it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this +information to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal +interest profiles to retailers.) The next time his computer was +networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as computer owner, +would receive the harshest punishment--for not taking pains to prevent +the crime. + +Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She +might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she +came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, +let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she +could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had to +borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (10% of those fees +went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an +academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if +frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.) + +Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the +library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to +pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages +without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial +and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. By +2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature +were a dim memory. + +There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central +Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in +software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, +and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading books. +But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them turned him +in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were easily tempted +into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for pirate reading, +but for possessing a debugger. + +Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have +debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD +or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them to +bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this had +become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they were +illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison. + +Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger +vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to +officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in +software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be +used only for class exercises. + +It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a +modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free +kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around +the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like +debuggers--you could not install one if you had one, without knowing +your computer's root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft +Support would tell you that. + +Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he +couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to +speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask +for help, that could mean she loved him too. + +Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable--he +lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa +read his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It +was still a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about +it. They would only find out if Lissa reported him. + +Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his own +password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, regardless +of what she had used it for. School policy was that any interference +with their means of monitoring students' computer use was grounds for +disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did anything +harmful--the offense was making it hard for the administrators to check +on you. They assumed this meant you were doing something else +forbidden, and they did not need to know what it was. + +Students were not usually expelled for this--not directly. Instead they +were banned from the school computer systems, and would inevitably fail +all their classes. + +Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started only +in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began using +computers. Previously, universities maintained a different approach to +student discipline; they punished activities that were harmful, not +those that merely raised suspicion. + +Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to +their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been taught +about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the history of +copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on copying, and +even the original United States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where +they found others who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of +the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to +read soon became one of its central aims. + +Author's Note + +The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take +50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of +the specific laws and practices described above have already been +proposed--either by the Clinton Administration or by publishers. + +There is one exception: the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep +the root passwords for personal computers. This is an extrapolation +from the Clipper chip and similar Clinton Administration key-escrow +proposals, together with a long-term trend: computer systems are +increasingly set up to give absentee operators control over the people +actually using the computer system. + +The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, is +not today an official police force. Unofficially, it acts like one. It +invites people to inform on their coworkers and friends; like the +Clinton Administration, it advocates a policy of collective +responsibility whereby computer owners must actively enforce copyright +or be punished. + +The SPA is currently threatening small Internet service providers, +demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrender +when threatened, because they cannot afford to fight back in court. +(Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1 Oct 96, D3.) At least one ISP, +Community ConneXion in Oakland CA, refused the demand and was actually +sued. The SPA is said to have dropped this suit recently, but they are +sure to continue the campaign in various other ways. + +The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For +example, a computer at one Chicago-area university prints this message +when you log in (quotation marks are in the original): + +"This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using +this computer system without authority or in the excess of their +authority are subject to having all their activities on this system +monitored and recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring +individuals improperly using this system or in the course of system +maintenance, the activities of authorized user may also be monitored. +Anyone using this system expressly consents to such monitoring and is +advised that if such monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal +activity or violation of University regulations system personnel may +provide the evidence of such monitoring to University authorities +and/or law enforcement officials." + +This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most +everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it. + + +References + +The administration's "White Paper": Information Infrastructure Task +Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information +Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual +Property Rights (1995). + +An explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab, Pamela +Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996 + + +Other Texts to Read + +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to gnu@gnu.org. Other ways to contact +the FSF. + +Comments on these web pages to webmasters@www.gnu.org, send other +questions to gnu@gnu.org. + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted +in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. + +Updated: 12 Feb markg + + + * * * * * + + +Le droit de lire + +Richard Stallman + +[Illustration] + +Table of Contents + +Note de l'auteur + +References + + +Cet article a été publié dans la parution de février 1997 de +Communications of the ACM (volume 40, numéro 2). + +(extrait de "The Road to Tycho", une collection d'articles sur les +antécédents de la Révolution lunaire, publiée à Luna City en 2096) + +Pour Dan Halbert, la route vers Tycho commença à l'université -- quand +Lissa Lenz lui demanda de lui prêter son ordinateur. Le sien était en +panne, et à moins qu'elle puisse en emprunter un autre, elle échouerait +son projet de mi-session. Il n'y avait personne d'autre à qui elle +osait demander, à part Dan. + +Ceci posa un dilemme à Dan. Il se devait de l'aider -- mais s'il lui +prêtait son ordinateur, elle pourrait lire ses livres. À part le fait +que vous pouviez aller en prison pour plusieurs années pour avoir +laissé quelqu'un lire vos livres, l'idée même le choqua au départ. +Comme à tout le monde, on lui avait enseigné dès l'école primaire que +partager des livres était malicieux et immoral -- une chose que seuls +les pirates font. + +Et il était improbable que la SPA -- la Software Protection Authority +-- manquerait de le pincer. Dans ses cours sur les logiciels, Dan avait +appris que chaque livre avait un moniteur de copyright qui rapportait +quand et où il était lu, et par qui, à la Centrale des licences. (Elle +utilisait ces informations pour attraper les lecteurs pirates, mais +aussi pour vendre des renseignements personnels à des détaillants.) La +prochaine fois que son ordinateur serait en réseau, la Centrale des +licences se rendrait compte. Dan, comme propriétaire d'ordinateur, +subirait les punitions les plus sévères -- pour ne pas avoir tout tenté +pour éviter le crime. + +Bien sûr, Lissa n'avait pas nécessairement l'intention de lire ses +livres. Elle pourrait ne vouloir l'ordinateur que pour écrire son +projet. Mais Dan savait qu'elle venait d'une famille de classe moyenne +et qu'elle arrivait difficilement à payer ses frais de scolarité, sans +compter ses frais de lecture. Lire les livres de Dan pourrait être sa +seule façon de graduer. Il comprenait cette situation; lui-même avait +eu à emprunter pour payer pour tous les articles scientifiques qu'il +avait eu à lire. (10% de ces frais allaient aux chercheurs qui +écrivaient ces articles; puisque Dan visait une carrière académique, il +pouvait espérer que si ses propres articles scientiques étaient souvent +lus, il gagnerait un revenu suffisant pour rembourser sa dette.) + +Par la suite, Dan apprendrait qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui +pouvait aller à la bibliothèque et lire des articles de journaux, et +même des livres, sans avoir à payer. Il y avait des universitaires +indépendants qui lisaient des milliers de pages sans subventions des +bibliothèques gouvernementales. Mais dans les années 1990, les éditeurs +aussi bien commerciaux qu'à but non lucratif avaient commencé à +facturer l'accès. En 2047, les bibliothèques offrant un accès public +gratuit à la littérature scientifique n'étaient qu'un pâle souvenir. + +Il y avait des façons, bien sûr, de contourner la SPA et la Centrale +des licences. Elles étaient elles-mêmes illégales. Dan avait eu un +compagnon de classe dans son cours sur les logiciels, Frank Martucci, +qui avait obtenu un outil illégal de déboguage, et l'avait utilisé pour +outrepasser le code du moniteur de copyright quand il lisait des +livres. Mais il en avait parlé à trop d'amis, et l'un d'eux l'a dénoncé +auprès de la SPA pour une récompense (des étudiants criblés de dettes +pouvaient facilement être tentés par la trahison). En 2047, Frank était +en prison, non pas pour lecture pirate, mais pour possession d'un +débogueur. + +Dan apprendrait plus tard qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui pouvait +posséder des outils de déboguage. Il y avait même des outils de +déboguage disponibles gratuitement sur des CD ou qu'on pouvait +télécharger du Net. Mais des usagers ordinaires commencèrent à s'en +servir pour outrepasser les moniteurs de copyright, et éventuellement +un juge a décidé que c'était devenu leur principale utilisation en +pratique. Ceci voulait dire qu'ils étaient illégaux; les développeurs +de ces débogueurs furent envoyés en prison. + +Les programmeurs avaient encore besoin d'outils pour déboguer, bien +sûr, mais les vendeurs de débogueurs en 2047 ne distribuaient que des +copies numérotées, et seulement à des programmeurs officiellement +licenciés et soumis. Le débogueur que Dan utilisait dans son cours sur +les logiciels était gardé derrière un garde-barrière spécial afin qu'il +ne puisse servir que pour les exercices du cours. + +Il était aussi possible de contourner les moniteurs de copyright en +installant un noyau système modifié. Dan apprendrait éventuellement +l'existence de noyaux libres, et même de systèmes d'exploitation +entièrement libres, qui avaient existé au tournant du siècle. Mais non +seulement étaient-ils illégaux, comme les débogueurs, mais vous ne +pouviez en installer un, si vous en aviez un, sans connaitre le mot de +passe de l'usager superviseur de votre ordinateur. Or, ni le FBI ni +l'Aide technique Microsoft ne vous le révèlerait. + +Dan conclut qu'il ne pouvait simplement prêter son ordinateur à Lissa. +Mais il ne pouvait refuser de l'aider, car il l'aimait. Chaque chance +de lui parler le remplissait d'aise. Et le fait qu'elle l'avait choisi +pour demander de l'aide pouvait signifier qu'elle l'aimait aussi. + +Dan résolut le dilemme en faisant une chose encore plus impensable -- +il lui prêta l'ordinateur, et lui dit son mot de passe. Ainsi, si Lissa +lisait ses livres, la Centrale des licences penserait que c'était lui +qui les lisait. C'était quand même un crime, mais la SPA ne s'en +rendrait pas compte automatiquement. Ils ne s'en rendraient compte que +si Lissa le dénonçait. + +Bien sûr, si l'école devait un jour apprendre qu'il avait donné son +propre mot de passe à Lissa, ce serait la fin de leurs études, peu +importe ce à quoi le mot de passe aurait servi. La politique de l'école +était que toute interférence avec ses mécanismes de surveillance de +l'utilisation des ordinateurs par les étudiants était punissable. Il +n'importait pas qu'aucun mal n'ait été fait -- l'offense était de se +rendre difficile à surveiller par les administrateurs. Ils supposaient +que ça signifiait que vous faisiez quelque chose d'autre qui était +interdit, et ils n'avaient pas besoin de savoir de quoi il s'agissait. + +Les étudiants n'étaient habituellement pas expulsés pour cela -- pas +directement. Ils étaient plutôt bannis des systèmes informatiques de +l'école, et échouaient inévitablement leurs cours. + +Plus tard, Dan apprendrait que ce genre de politique n'a commencé dans +les universités que dans les années 1980, quand des étudiants +commencèrent à être nombreux à utiliser des ordinateurs. Avant, les +universités avaient une approche différente au sujet de la discipline +auprès des étudiants; elles punissaient des activités qui causaient du +tort, et non pas simplement celles qui soulevaient des doutes. + +Lissa ne dénonça pas Dan à la SPA. La décision de Dan de l'aider mena à +leur mariage, et les amena aussi à remettre en question ce qu'on leur +avait enseigné durant leur enfance au sujet du piratage. Le couple se +mit à lire sur l'histoire du copyright, sur l'Union soviétique et ses +restrictions sur la copie, et même sur la Constitution originale des +États-Unis. Ils déménagèrent à Luna, où ils trouvèrent d'autres gens +qui comme eux avaient pris leurs distances par rapport au long bras de +la SPA. Quand la révolte de Tycho commença en 2062, le droit universel +de lire devint bientôt un de ses buts principaux. + +Note de l'auteur + +C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de lire. Même si cela +pourrait prendre 50 ans pour que notre façon de vivre actuelle s'efface +dans l'obscurité, la plupart des lois et pratiques décrites +précédemment ont déjà été proposées -- soit par l'Administration +Clinton ou par des éditeurs. + +Il y a une exception: l'idée que le FBI ou Microsoft gardera les mots +de passe de l'usager superviseur des ordinateurs personnels. Ceci est +une extrapolation du Clipper Chip et d'autres propositions de +"key-escrow" de l'Administration Clinton, ainsi que d'une tendance à +long terme: de plus en plus de systèmes informatiques sont configurés +pour donner à des opérateurs absents le contrôle sur les gens qui +utilisent le système. + +La SPA, qui veut en fait dire Software Publisher's Association, n'est +pas aujourd'hui une force policière officielle. De façon officieuse, +elle se comporte ainsi. Elle invite les gens à faire de la délation à +l'endroit de leur collègues et amis; comme l'Administration Clinton, +elle préconise une politique de responsabilité collective où les +propriétaires d'ordinateurs doivent activement faire respecter le +copyright ou être punis. + +La SPA menace actuellement de petits fournisseurs d'accès à l'Internet, +en exigeant qu'ils lui permettent de surveiller tous les usagers. La +plupart des fournisseurs capitulent lorsqu'ils sont menacés, parce +qu'ils n'ont pas les moyens de contre-attaquer en cour. (Atlanta +Journal-Constitution, 1er octobre 1996, page D3.) Au moins un +fournisseur, Community ConneXion à Oakland en Californie, a refusé la +demande et a été conséquemment poursuivi. Il appert que la SPA a +abandonné cette poursuite récemment, mais ils vont sûrement continuer +cette campagne de diverses autres façons. + +Les politiques universitaires de sécurité décrites précédemment ne sont +pas imaginaires. Par exemple, un ordinateur dans une université de la +région de Chicago affiche le message suivant quand on s'y branche (les +guillemets sont dans l'original -- ce qui suit est une traduction): + +"Ce système est réservé aux usagers autorisés. Les individus qui +utilisent ce système informatique sans autorisation ou au delà de leur +autorisation pourront faire l'objet d'une surveillance et d'un +enregistrement par le personnel de toutes leurs activités sur ce +système. Lors de la surveillance d'individus utilisant le système +inadéquatement, ou lors d'activités d'entretien du système, les +activités d'usagers autorisés pourraient aussi être surveillées. +Quiconque utilise ce système consent expressément à une telle +surveillance et est avisé que si cette surveillance révèle des indices +d'une possible activité illégale ou violation des règlements de +l'Université, le personnel du système peut fournir ces indices aux +autorités de l'Université et/ou aux forces de l'ordre." + +Il s'agit d'une approche intéressante face au Quatrième amendement: +faire pression sur presque tout le monde pour qu'il accepte d'avance de +renoncer aux droits qu'il leur accorde. + + +References + +The administration's "White Paper": Information Infrastructure Task +Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information +Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual +Property Rights (1995). + +An explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab, Pamela +Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996 + + +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to gnu@gnu.org. Other ways to contact +the FSF. + +Comments on these web pages to webmasters@www.gnu.org, send other +questions to gnu@gnu.org. + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman +Translated by Pierre Sarrazin [ps@cam.org] on February 16th, 1999. + +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted +in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. + +Updated: 13 Mar 1999 jonas + + +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of The Right to Read, French Version + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Right to Read, by Richard Stallman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO READ *** + +***** This file should be named 1981-0.txt or 1981-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/8/1981/ + +***START** SMALL PRINT! for COPYRIGHT PROTECTED ETEXTS *** +TITLE AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE: + +The Right to Read + +by Richard Stallman + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + + +This etext is distributed by Professor Michael S. 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Ver.04.29.93 FOR COPYRIGHT PROTECTED ETEXTS*END* + + diff --git a/1981-h/1981-h.htm b/1981-h/1981-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b83a37f --- /dev/null +++ b/1981-h/1981-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,807 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Right to Read, by Richard Stallman</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;} + +p {font-size:14pt; + text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +p.letter {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +div.fig { display:block; + margin:0 auto; + text-align:center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> + +</head> + +<body> + +<pre> +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Right to Read, by Richard Stallman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** +** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** + +Title: The Right to Read + +Author: Richard Stallman + +Release Date: November, 1999 [EBook #1981] +[Most recently updated: April 16, 2024] + +Language: English and French + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO READ *** + + + + +Copyright (C) 1996 Richard Stallman + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>The Right to Read</h1> + +<h2>by Richard Stallman</h2> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" width="160" height="200" alt="gnu small" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<h4>Table of Contents</h4> + +<ul> +<li><a href="#AuthorsNote" name="TOCAuthorsNote">Author's Note</a></li> + +<li><a href="#References" name="TOCReferences">References</a></li> + +<li><a href="#OtherTexts" name="TOCOtherTexts">Other Texts to Read</a></li> + +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p><em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of +<strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number +2).</em></p> + +<p class="letter"> +(from "The Road To Tycho", a collection of articles +about the antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in +Luna City in 2096) +</p> + +<p> +For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college--when Lissa +Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and +unless she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm +project. There was no one she dared ask, except Dan. +</p> + +<p>This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her--but if he lent +her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact +that you could go to prison for many years for letting someone +else read your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like +everyone, he had been taught since elementary school that sharing +books was nasty and wrong--something that only pirates would +do.</p> + +<p>And there wasn't much chance that the SPA--the Software +Protection Authority--would fail to catch him. In his software +class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor +that reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central +Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, +but also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The +next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing would +find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest +punishment--for not taking pains to prevent the crime.</p> + +<p>Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. +She might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan +knew she came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford +the tuition, let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might +be the only way she could graduate. He understood this situation; +he himself had had to borrow to pay for all the research papers +he read. (10% of those fees went to the researchers who wrote the +papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he could hope +that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would +bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p> + +<p>Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could +go to the library and read journal articles, and even books, +without having to pay. There were independent scholars who read +thousands of pages without government library grants. But in the +1990s, both commercial and nonprofit journal publishers had begun +charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries offering free public +access to scholarly literature were a dim memory.</p> + +<p>There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central +Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate +in software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit +debugging tool, and used it to skip over the copyright monitor +code when reading books. But he had told too many friends about +it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward +(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In +2047, Frank was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for +possessing a debugger.</p> + +<p>Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could +have debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools +available on CD or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users +started using them to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a +judge ruled that this had become their principal use in actual +practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' developers +were sent to prison.</p> + +<p>Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but +debugger vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and +only to officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger +Dan used in software class was kept behind a special firewall so +that it could be used only for class exercises.</p> + +<p>It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by +installing a modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find +out about the free kernels, even entire free operating systems, +that had existed around the turn of the century. But not only +were they illegal, like debuggers--you could not install one if +you had one, without knowing your computer's root password. And +neither the FBI nor Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p> + +<p>Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. +But he couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every +chance to speak with her filled him with delight. And that she +chose him to ask for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p> + +<p>Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more +unthinkable--he lent her the computer, and told her his password. +This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think +he was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not +automatically find out about it. They would only find out if +Lissa reported him.</p> + +<p>Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given +Lissa his own password, it would be curtains for both of them as +students, regardless of what she had used it for. School policy +was that any interference with their means of monitoring +students' computer use was grounds for disciplinary action. It +didn't matter whether you did anything harmful--the offense was +making it hard for the administrators to check on you. They +assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, and +they did not need to know what it was.</p> + +<p>Students were not usually expelled for this--not directly. +Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and +would inevitably fail all their classes.</p> + +<p>Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy +started only in the 1980s, when university students in large +numbers began using computers. Previously, universities +maintained a different approach to student discipline; they +punished activities that were harmful, not those that merely +raised suspicion.</p> + +<p>Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her +led to their marriage, and also led them to question what they +had been taught about piracy as children. The couple began +reading about the history of copyright, about the Soviet Union +and its restrictions on copying, and even the original United +States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they found others +who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. +When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to +read soon became one of its central aims.</p> + +<h4><a href="#TOCAuthorsNote" name="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</a></h4> + +<p>The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it +may take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into +obscurity, most of the specific laws and practices described +above have already been proposed--either by the Clinton +Administration or by publishers.</p> + +<p>There is one exception: the idea that the FBI and Microsoft +will keep the root passwords for personal computers. This is an +extrapolation from the Clipper chip and similar Clinton +Administration key-escrow proposals, together with a long-term +trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to give absentee +operators control over the people actually using the computer +system.</p> + +<p>The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's +Association, is not today an official police force. Unofficially, +it acts like one. It invites people to inform on their coworkers +and friends; like the Clinton Administration, it advocates a +policy of collective responsibility whereby computer owners must +actively enforce copyright or be punished.</p> + +<p>The SPA is currently threatening small Internet service +providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. +Most ISPs surrender when threatened, because they cannot afford +to fight back in court. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1 Oct 96, +D3.) At least one ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland CA, refused +the demand and was actually <a href= +"https://www.c2.net/ispdc/">sued</a>. The SPA is said to have +dropped this suit recently, but they are sure to continue the +campaign in various other ways.</p> + +<p>The university security policies described above are not +imaginary. For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university +prints this message when you log in (quotation marks are in the +original):</p> + +<p class="letter"> +"This system is for the use of authorized users only. +Individuals using this computer system without authority or in +the excess of their authority are subject to having all their +activities on this system monitored and recorded by system +personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly +using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the +activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using +this system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised +that if such monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal +activity or violation of University regulations system personnel +may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University +authorities and/or law enforcement officials." +</p> + +<p>This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: +pressure most everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their +rights under it.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4><a href="#TOCReferences" name="References">References</a></h4> + +<ul> +<li>The administration's "White Paper": Information +Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National +Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on +Intellectual Property Rights (1995).</li> + +<li><a href= +"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An +explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela +Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li> + +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<h4><a href="#TOCOtherTexts" name="OtherTexts">Other Texts to Read</a></h4> + +<p> +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>. +Other <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</a> the FSF. +</p> + +<p>Comments on these web pages to <a href= +"mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><em>webmasters@www.gnu.org</em></a>, +send other questions to <a href= +"mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.</p> + +<p>Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman</p> + +<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> + +<p>Updated: <!-- hhmts start --> +12 Feb markg <!-- hhmts end --> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> + * * * * * +</p> + +<p> +<br/> +<br/> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +<br/> +<br/> +</p> + +<h3>Le droit de lire</h3> + +<h3>Richard +Stallman</h3> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" width="160" height="200" alt="gnu small" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<h4>Table of Contents</h4> + +<ul> +<li><a href="#AuthorsNote2" name="TOCAuthorsNote2">Note de l'auteur</a></li> + +<li><a href="#References2" name="TOCReferences2">References</a></li> + +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p><em>Cet article a été publié dans la +parution de février 1997 de Communications of the ACM +(volume 40, numéro 2).</em></p> + +<p class="letter"> +(extrait de "The Road to Tycho", une collection +d'articles sur les antécédents de la +Révolution lunaire, publiée à Luna City en +2096) +</p> + +<p>Pour Dan Halbert, la route vers Tycho commença à +l'université -- quand Lissa Lenz lui demanda de lui +prêter son ordinateur. Le sien était en panne, et +à moins qu'elle puisse en emprunter un autre, elle +échouerait son projet de mi-session. Il n'y avait personne +d'autre à qui elle osait demander, à part Dan.</p> + +<p>Ceci posa un dilemme à Dan. Il se devait de l'aider -- +mais s'il lui prêtait son ordinateur, elle pourrait lire +ses livres. À part le fait que vous pouviez aller en +prison pour plusieurs années pour avoir laissé +quelqu'un lire vos livres, l'idée même le choqua au +départ. Comme à tout le monde, on lui avait +enseigné dès l'école primaire que partager +des livres était malicieux et immoral -- une chose que +seuls les pirates font.</p> + +<p>Et il était improbable que la SPA -- la Software +Protection Authority -- manquerait de le pincer. Dans ses cours +sur les logiciels, Dan avait appris que chaque livre avait un +moniteur de copyright qui rapportait quand et où il +était lu, et par qui, à la Centrale des licences. +(Elle utilisait ces informations pour attraper les lecteurs +pirates, mais aussi pour vendre des renseignements personnels +à des détaillants.) La prochaine fois que son +ordinateur serait en réseau, la Centrale des licences se +rendrait compte. Dan, comme propriétaire d'ordinateur, +subirait les punitions les plus sévères -- pour ne +pas avoir tout tenté pour éviter le crime.</p> + +<p>Bien sûr, Lissa n'avait pas nécessairement +l'intention de lire ses livres. Elle pourrait ne vouloir +l'ordinateur que pour écrire son projet. Mais Dan savait +qu'elle venait d'une famille de classe moyenne et qu'elle +arrivait difficilement à payer ses frais de +scolarité, sans compter ses frais de lecture. Lire les +livres de Dan pourrait être sa seule façon de +graduer. Il comprenait cette situation; lui-même avait eu +à emprunter pour payer pour tous les articles +scientifiques qu'il avait eu à lire. (10% de ces frais +allaient aux chercheurs qui écrivaient ces articles; +puisque Dan visait une carrière académique, il +pouvait espérer que si ses propres articles scientiques +étaient souvent lus, il gagnerait un revenu suffisant pour +rembourser sa dette.)</p> + +<p>Par la suite, Dan apprendrait qu'il y eut un temps où +n'importe qui pouvait aller à la bibliothèque et +lire des articles de journaux, et même des livres, sans +avoir à payer. Il y avait des universitaires +indépendants qui lisaient des milliers de pages sans +subventions des bibliothèques gouvernementales. Mais dans +les années 1990, les éditeurs aussi bien +commerciaux qu'à but non lucratif avaient commencé +à facturer l'accès. En 2047, les +bibliothèques offrant un accès public gratuit +à la littérature scientifique n'étaient +qu'un pâle souvenir.</p> + +<p>Il y avait des façons, bien sûr, de contourner la +SPA et la Centrale des licences. Elles étaient +elles-mêmes illégales. Dan avait eu un compagnon de +classe dans son cours sur les logiciels, Frank Martucci, qui +avait obtenu un outil illégal de déboguage, et +l'avait utilisé pour outrepasser le code du moniteur de +copyright quand il lisait des livres. Mais il en avait +parlé à trop d'amis, et l'un d'eux l'a +dénoncé auprès de la SPA pour une +récompense (des étudiants criblés de dettes +pouvaient facilement être tentés par la trahison). +En 2047, Frank était en prison, non pas pour lecture +pirate, mais pour possession d'un débogueur.</p> + +<p>Dan apprendrait plus tard qu'il y eut un temps où +n'importe qui pouvait posséder des outils de +déboguage. Il y avait même des outils de +déboguage disponibles gratuitement sur des CD ou qu'on +pouvait télécharger du Net. Mais des usagers +ordinaires commencèrent à s'en servir pour +outrepasser les moniteurs de copyright, et éventuellement +un juge a décidé que c'était devenu leur +principale utilisation en pratique. Ceci voulait dire qu'ils +étaient illégaux; les développeurs de ces +débogueurs furent envoyés en prison.</p> + +<p>Les programmeurs avaient encore besoin d'outils pour +déboguer, bien sûr, mais les vendeurs de +débogueurs en 2047 ne distribuaient que des copies +numérotées, et seulement à des programmeurs +officiellement licenciés et soumis. Le débogueur +que Dan utilisait dans son cours sur les logiciels était +gardé derrière un garde-barrière +spécial afin qu'il ne puisse servir que pour les exercices +du cours.</p> + +<p>Il était aussi possible de contourner les moniteurs de +copyright en installant un noyau système modifié. +Dan apprendrait éventuellement l'existence de noyaux +libres, et même de systèmes d'exploitation +entièrement libres, qui avaient existé au tournant +du siècle. Mais non seulement étaient-ils +illégaux, comme les débogueurs, mais vous ne +pouviez en installer un, si vous en aviez un, sans connaitre le +mot de passe de l'usager superviseur de votre ordinateur. Or, ni +le FBI ni l'Aide technique Microsoft ne vous le +révèlerait.</p> + +<p>Dan conclut qu'il ne pouvait simplement prêter son +ordinateur à Lissa. Mais il ne pouvait refuser de l'aider, +car il l'aimait. Chaque chance de lui parler le remplissait +d'aise. Et le fait qu'elle l'avait choisi pour demander de l'aide +pouvait signifier qu'elle l'aimait aussi.</p> + +<p>Dan résolut le dilemme en faisant une chose encore plus +impensable -- il lui prêta l'ordinateur, et lui dit son mot +de passe. Ainsi, si Lissa lisait ses livres, la Centrale des +licences penserait que c'était lui qui les lisait. +C'était quand même un crime, mais la SPA ne s'en +rendrait pas compte automatiquement. Ils ne s'en rendraient +compte que si Lissa le dénonçait.</p> + +<p>Bien sûr, si l'école devait un jour apprendre +qu'il avait donné son propre mot de passe à Lissa, +ce serait la fin de leurs études, peu importe ce à +quoi le mot de passe aurait servi. La politique de l'école +était que toute interférence avec ses +mécanismes de surveillance de l'utilisation des +ordinateurs par les étudiants était punissable. Il +n'importait pas qu'aucun mal n'ait été fait -- +l'offense était de se rendre difficile à surveiller +par les administrateurs. Ils supposaient que ça signifiait +que vous faisiez quelque chose d'autre qui était interdit, +et ils n'avaient pas besoin de savoir de quoi il s'agissait.</p> + +<p>Les étudiants n'étaient habituellement pas +expulsés pour cela -- pas directement. Ils étaient +plutôt bannis des systèmes informatiques de +l'école, et échouaient inévitablement leurs +cours.</p> + +<p>Plus tard, Dan apprendrait que ce genre de politique n'a +commencé dans les universités que dans les +années 1980, quand des étudiants +commencèrent à être nombreux à +utiliser des ordinateurs. Avant, les universités avaient +une approche différente au sujet de la discipline +auprès des étudiants; elles punissaient des +activités qui causaient du tort, et non pas simplement +celles qui soulevaient des doutes.</p> + +<p>Lissa ne dénonça pas Dan à la SPA. La +décision de Dan de l'aider mena à leur mariage, et +les amena aussi à remettre en question ce qu'on leur avait +enseigné durant leur enfance au sujet du piratage. Le +couple se mit à lire sur l'histoire du copyright, sur +l'Union soviétique et ses restrictions sur la copie, et +même sur la Constitution originale des États-Unis. +Ils déménagèrent à Luna, où +ils trouvèrent d'autres gens qui comme eux avaient pris +leurs distances par rapport au long bras de la SPA. Quand la +révolte de Tycho commença en 2062, le droit +universel de lire devint bientôt un de ses buts +principaux.</p> + +<h4><a href="#TOCAuthorsNote2" name="AuthorsNote2">Note de l'auteur</a></h4> + +<p>C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de +lire. Même si cela pourrait prendre 50 ans pour que notre +façon de vivre actuelle s'efface dans l'obscurité, +la plupart des lois et pratiques décrites +précédemment ont déjà +été proposées -- soit par l'Administration +Clinton ou par des éditeurs.</p> + +<p>Il y a une exception: l'idée que le FBI ou Microsoft +gardera les mots de passe de l'usager superviseur des ordinateurs +personnels. Ceci est une extrapolation du Clipper Chip et +d'autres propositions de "key-escrow" de l'Administration +Clinton, ainsi que d'une tendance à long terme: de plus en +plus de systèmes informatiques sont configurés pour +donner à des opérateurs absents le contrôle +sur les gens qui utilisent le système.</p> + +<p>La SPA, qui veut en fait dire Software Publisher's +Association, n'est pas aujourd'hui une force policière +officielle. De façon officieuse, elle se comporte ainsi. +Elle invite les gens à faire de la délation +à l'endroit de leur collègues et amis; comme +l'Administration Clinton, elle préconise une politique de +responsabilité collective où les +propriétaires d'ordinateurs doivent activement faire +respecter le copyright ou être punis.</p> + +<p>La SPA menace actuellement de petits fournisseurs +d'accès à l'Internet, en exigeant qu'ils lui +permettent de surveiller tous les usagers. La plupart des +fournisseurs capitulent lorsqu'ils sont menacés, parce +qu'ils n'ont pas les moyens de contre-attaquer en cour. (Atlanta +Journal-Constitution, 1er octobre 1996, page D3.) Au moins un +fournisseur, Community ConneXion à Oakland en Californie, +a refusé la demande et a été +conséquemment poursuivi. Il appert que la SPA a +abandonné cette poursuite récemment, mais ils vont +sûrement continuer cette campagne de diverses autres +façons.</p> + +<p>Les politiques universitaires de sécurité +décrites précédemment ne sont pas +imaginaires. Par exemple, un ordinateur dans une +université de la région de Chicago affiche le +message suivant quand on s'y branche (les guillemets sont dans +l'original -- ce qui suit est une traduction):</p> + +<p class="letter"> +"Ce système est réservé aux +usagers autorisés. Les individus qui utilisent ce +système informatique sans autorisation ou au delà +de leur autorisation pourront faire l'objet d'une surveillance et +d'un enregistrement par le personnel de toutes leurs +activités sur ce système. Lors de la surveillance +d'individus utilisant le système inadéquatement, ou +lors d'activités d'entretien du système, les +activités d'usagers autorisés pourraient aussi +être surveillées. Quiconque utilise ce +système consent expressément à une telle +surveillance et est avisé que si cette surveillance +révèle des indices d'une possible activité +illégale ou violation des règlements de +l'Université, le personnel du système peut fournir +ces indices aux autorités de l'Université et/ou aux +forces de l'ordre." +</p> + +<p>Il s'agit d'une approche intéressante face au +Quatrième amendement: faire pression sur presque tout le +monde pour qu'il accepte d'avance de renoncer aux droits qu'il +leur accorde.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4><a href="#TOCReferences2" name="References2">References</a></h4> + +<ul> +<li>The administration's "White Paper": Information +Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National +Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on +Intellectual Property Rights (1995).</li> + +<li><a href= +"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An +explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela +Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li> + +</ul> + +<p> +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>. +Other <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</a> the FSF. +</p> + +<p> +Comments on these web pages to <a href="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><em>webmasters@www.gnu.org</em></a>, +send other questions to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.</p> + +<p> +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman<br/> +Translated by Pierre Sarrazin [ps@cam.org] on February 16th, 1999. +</p> + +<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> + +<p>Updated: <!-- hhmts start --> +13 Mar 1999 jonas <!-- hhmts end --> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<pre> +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO READ *** + +***** This file should be named 1981-h.htm or 1981-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/8/1981/ + +***START** SMALL PRINT! for COPYRIGHT PROTECTED ETEXTS *** +TITLE AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE: + +The Right to Read + +by Richard Stallman + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + + +This etext is distributed by Professor Michael S. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** +** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** + +Title: The Right to Read + +Author: Richard Stallman + +Release Date: November, 1999 [EBook #1981] +[Most recently updated: February 18, 2020] + +Language: English and French + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO READ *** + + + + +Copyright (C) 1996 Richard Stallman + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>The Right to Read</h1> + +<h2>by Richard Stallman</h2> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" width="160" height="200" alt="gnu small" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<h4>Table of Contents</h4> + +<ul> +<li><a href="#AuthorsNote" name="TOCAuthorsNote">Author's Note</a></li> + +<li><a href="#References" name="TOCReferences">References</a></li> + +<li><a href="#OtherTexts" name="TOCOtherTexts">Other Texts to Read</a></li> + +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p><em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of +<strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number +2).</em></p> + +<p class="letter"> +(from "The Road To Tycho", a collection of articles +about the antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in +Luna City in 2096) +</p> + +<p> +For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college--when Lissa +Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and +unless she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm +project. There was no one she dared ask, except Dan. +</p> + +<p>This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her--but if he lent +her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact +that you could go to prison for many years for letting someone +else read your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like +everyone, he had been taught since elementary school that sharing +books was nasty and wrong--something that only pirates would +do.</p> + +<p>And there wasn't much chance that the SPA--the Software +Protection Authority--would fail to catch him. In his software +class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor +that reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central +Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, +but also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The +next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing would +find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest +punishment--for not taking pains to prevent the crime.</p> + +<p>Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. +She might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan +knew she came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford +the tuition, let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might +be the only way she could graduate. He understood this situation; +he himself had had to borrow to pay for all the research papers +he read. (10% of those fees went to the researchers who wrote the +papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he could hope +that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would +bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p> + +<p>Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could +go to the library and read journal articles, and even books, +without having to pay. There were independent scholars who read +thousands of pages without government library grants. But in the +1990s, both commercial and nonprofit journal publishers had begun +charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries offering free public +access to scholarly literature were a dim memory.</p> + +<p>There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central +Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate +in software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit +debugging tool, and used it to skip over the copyright monitor +code when reading books. But he had told too many friends about +it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward +(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In +2047, Frank was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for +possessing a debugger.</p> + +<p>Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could +have debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools +available on CD or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users +started using them to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a +judge ruled that this had become their principal use in actual +practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' developers +were sent to prison.</p> + +<p>Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but +debugger vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and +only to officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger +Dan used in software class was kept behind a special firewall so +that it could be used only for class exercises.</p> + +<p>It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by +installing a modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find +out about the free kernels, even entire free operating systems, +that had existed around the turn of the century. But not only +were they illegal, like debuggers--you could not install one if +you had one, without knowing your computer's root password. And +neither the FBI nor Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p> + +<p>Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. +But he couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every +chance to speak with her filled him with delight. And that she +chose him to ask for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p> + +<p>Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more +unthinkable--he lent her the computer, and told her his password. +This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think +he was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not +automatically find out about it. They would only find out if +Lissa reported him.</p> + +<p>Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given +Lissa his own password, it would be curtains for both of them as +students, regardless of what she had used it for. School policy +was that any interference with their means of monitoring +students' computer use was grounds for disciplinary action. It +didn't matter whether you did anything harmful--the offense was +making it hard for the administrators to check on you. They +assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, and +they did not need to know what it was.</p> + +<p>Students were not usually expelled for this--not directly. +Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and +would inevitably fail all their classes.</p> + +<p>Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy +started only in the 1980s, when university students in large +numbers began using computers. Previously, universities +maintained a different approach to student discipline; they +punished activities that were harmful, not those that merely +raised suspicion.</p> + +<p>Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her +led to their marriage, and also led them to question what they +had been taught about piracy as children. The couple began +reading about the history of copyright, about the Soviet Union +and its restrictions on copying, and even the original United +States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they found others +who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. +When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to +read soon became one of its central aims.</p> + +<h4><a href="#TOCAuthorsNote" name="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</a></h4> + +<p>The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it +may take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into +obscurity, most of the specific laws and practices described +above have already been proposed--either by the Clinton +Administration or by publishers.</p> + +<p>There is one exception: the idea that the FBI and Microsoft +will keep the root passwords for personal computers. This is an +extrapolation from the Clipper chip and similar Clinton +Administration key-escrow proposals, together with a long-term +trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to give absentee +operators control over the people actually using the computer +system.</p> + +<p>The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's +Association, is not today an official police force. Unofficially, +it acts like one. It invites people to inform on their coworkers +and friends; like the Clinton Administration, it advocates a +policy of collective responsibility whereby computer owners must +actively enforce copyright or be punished.</p> + +<p>The SPA is currently threatening small Internet service +providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. +Most ISPs surrender when threatened, because they cannot afford +to fight back in court. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1 Oct 96, +D3.) At least one ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland CA, refused +the demand and was actually <a href= +"https://www.c2.net/ispdc/">sued</a>. The SPA is said to have +dropped this suit recently, but they are sure to continue the +campaign in various other ways.</p> + +<p>The university security policies described above are not +imaginary. For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university +prints this message when you log in (quotation marks are in the +original):</p> + +<p class="letter"> +"This system is for the use of authorized users only. +Individuals using this computer system without authority or in +the excess of their authority are subject to having all their +activities on this system monitored and recorded by system +personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly +using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the +activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using +this system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised +that if such monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal +activity or violation of University regulations system personnel +may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University +authorities and/or law enforcement officials." +</p> + +<p>This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: +pressure most everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their +rights under it.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4><a href="#TOCReferences" name="References">References</a></h4> + +<ul> +<li>The administration's "White Paper": Information +Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National +Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on +Intellectual Property Rights (1995).</li> + +<li><a href= +"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An +explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela +Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li> + +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<h4><a href="#TOCOtherTexts" name="OtherTexts">Other Texts to Read</a></h4> + +<p> +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>. +Other <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</a> the FSF. +</p> + +<p>Comments on these web pages to <a href= +"mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><em>webmasters@www.gnu.org</em></a>, +send other questions to <a href= +"mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.</p> + +<p>Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman</p> + +<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> + +<p>Updated: <!-- hhmts start --> +12 Feb markg <!-- hhmts end --> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of The Right to Read, English Version +</p> + +<p> +<br/> +<br/> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +<br/> +<br/> +</p> + +<h3>Le droit de lire</h3> + +<h3>Richard +Stallman</h3> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" width="160" height="200" alt="gnu small" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<h4>Table of Contents</h4> + +<ul> +<li><a href="#AuthorsNote2" name="TOCAuthorsNote2">Note de l'auteur</a></li> + +<li><a href="#References2" name="TOCReferences2">References</a></li> + +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p><em>Cet article a été publié dans la +parution de février 1997 de Communications of the ACM +(volume 40, numéro 2).</em></p> + +<p class="letter"> +(extrait de "The Road to Tycho", une collection +d'articles sur les antécédents de la +Révolution lunaire, publiée à Luna City en +2096) +</p> + +<p>Pour Dan Halbert, la route vers Tycho commença à +l'université -- quand Lissa Lenz lui demanda de lui +prêter son ordinateur. Le sien était en panne, et +à moins qu'elle puisse en emprunter un autre, elle +échouerait son projet de mi-session. Il n'y avait personne +d'autre à qui elle osait demander, à part Dan.</p> + +<p>Ceci posa un dilemme à Dan. Il se devait de l'aider -- +mais s'il lui prêtait son ordinateur, elle pourrait lire +ses livres. À part le fait que vous pouviez aller en +prison pour plusieurs années pour avoir laissé +quelqu'un lire vos livres, l'idée même le choqua au +départ. Comme à tout le monde, on lui avait +enseigné dès l'école primaire que partager +des livres était malicieux et immoral -- une chose que +seuls les pirates font.</p> + +<p>Et il était improbable que la SPA -- la Software +Protection Authority -- manquerait de le pincer. Dans ses cours +sur les logiciels, Dan avait appris que chaque livre avait un +moniteur de copyright qui rapportait quand et où il +était lu, et par qui, à la Centrale des licences. +(Elle utilisait ces informations pour attraper les lecteurs +pirates, mais aussi pour vendre des renseignements personnels +à des détaillants.) La prochaine fois que son +ordinateur serait en réseau, la Centrale des licences se +rendrait compte. Dan, comme propriétaire d'ordinateur, +subirait les punitions les plus sévères -- pour ne +pas avoir tout tenté pour éviter le crime.</p> + +<p>Bien sûr, Lissa n'avait pas nécessairement +l'intention de lire ses livres. Elle pourrait ne vouloir +l'ordinateur que pour écrire son projet. Mais Dan savait +qu'elle venait d'une famille de classe moyenne et qu'elle +arrivait difficilement à payer ses frais de +scolarité, sans compter ses frais de lecture. Lire les +livres de Dan pourrait être sa seule façon de +graduer. Il comprenait cette situation; lui-même avait eu +à emprunter pour payer pour tous les articles +scientifiques qu'il avait eu à lire. (10% de ces frais +allaient aux chercheurs qui écrivaient ces articles; +puisque Dan visait une carrière académique, il +pouvait espérer que si ses propres articles scientiques +étaient souvent lus, il gagnerait un revenu suffisant pour +rembourser sa dette.)</p> + +<p>Par la suite, Dan apprendrait qu'il y eut un temps où +n'importe qui pouvait aller à la bibliothèque et +lire des articles de journaux, et même des livres, sans +avoir à payer. Il y avait des universitaires +indépendants qui lisaient des milliers de pages sans +subventions des bibliothèques gouvernementales. Mais dans +les années 1990, les éditeurs aussi bien +commerciaux qu'à but non lucratif avaient commencé +à facturer l'accès. En 2047, les +bibliothèques offrant un accès public gratuit +à la littérature scientifique n'étaient +qu'un pâle souvenir.</p> + +<p>Il y avait des façons, bien sûr, de contourner la +SPA et la Centrale des licences. Elles étaient +elles-mêmes illégales. Dan avait eu un compagnon de +classe dans son cours sur les logiciels, Frank Martucci, qui +avait obtenu un outil illégal de déboguage, et +l'avait utilisé pour outrepasser le code du moniteur de +copyright quand il lisait des livres. Mais il en avait +parlé à trop d'amis, et l'un d'eux l'a +dénoncé auprès de la SPA pour une +récompense (des étudiants criblés de dettes +pouvaient facilement être tentés par la trahison). +En 2047, Frank était en prison, non pas pour lecture +pirate, mais pour possession d'un débogueur.</p> + +<p>Dan apprendrait plus tard qu'il y eut un temps où +n'importe qui pouvait posséder des outils de +déboguage. Il y avait même des outils de +déboguage disponibles gratuitement sur des CD ou qu'on +pouvait télécharger du Net. Mais des usagers +ordinaires commencèrent à s'en servir pour +outrepasser les moniteurs de copyright, et éventuellement +un juge a décidé que c'était devenu leur +principale utilisation en pratique. Ceci voulait dire qu'ils +étaient illégaux; les développeurs de ces +débogueurs furent envoyés en prison.</p> + +<p>Les programmeurs avaient encore besoin d'outils pour +déboguer, bien sûr, mais les vendeurs de +débogueurs en 2047 ne distribuaient que des copies +numérotées, et seulement à des programmeurs +officiellement licenciés et soumis. Le débogueur +que Dan utilisait dans son cours sur les logiciels était +gardé derrière un garde-barrière +spécial afin qu'il ne puisse servir que pour les exercices +du cours.</p> + +<p>Il était aussi possible de contourner les moniteurs de +copyright en installant un noyau système modifié. +Dan apprendrait éventuellement l'existence de noyaux +libres, et même de systèmes d'exploitation +entièrement libres, qui avaient existé au tournant +du siècle. Mais non seulement étaient-ils +illégaux, comme les débogueurs, mais vous ne +pouviez en installer un, si vous en aviez un, sans connaitre le +mot de passe de l'usager superviseur de votre ordinateur. Or, ni +le FBI ni l'Aide technique Microsoft ne vous le +révèlerait.</p> + +<p>Dan conclut qu'il ne pouvait simplement prêter son +ordinateur à Lissa. Mais il ne pouvait refuser de l'aider, +car il l'aimait. Chaque chance de lui parler le remplissait +d'aise. Et le fait qu'elle l'avait choisi pour demander de l'aide +pouvait signifier qu'elle l'aimait aussi.</p> + +<p>Dan résolut le dilemme en faisant une chose encore plus +impensable -- il lui prêta l'ordinateur, et lui dit son mot +de passe. Ainsi, si Lissa lisait ses livres, la Centrale des +licences penserait que c'était lui qui les lisait. +C'était quand même un crime, mais la SPA ne s'en +rendrait pas compte automatiquement. Ils ne s'en rendraient +compte que si Lissa le dénonçait.</p> + +<p>Bien sûr, si l'école devait un jour apprendre +qu'il avait donné son propre mot de passe à Lissa, +ce serait la fin de leurs études, peu importe ce à +quoi le mot de passe aurait servi. La politique de l'école +était que toute interférence avec ses +mécanismes de surveillance de l'utilisation des +ordinateurs par les étudiants était punissable. Il +n'importait pas qu'aucun mal n'ait été fait -- +l'offense était de se rendre difficile à surveiller +par les administrateurs. Ils supposaient que ça signifiait +que vous faisiez quelque chose d'autre qui était interdit, +et ils n'avaient pas besoin de savoir de quoi il s'agissait.</p> + +<p>Les étudiants n'étaient habituellement pas +expulsés pour cela -- pas directement. Ils étaient +plutôt bannis des systèmes informatiques de +l'école, et échouaient inévitablement leurs +cours.</p> + +<p>Plus tard, Dan apprendrait que ce genre de politique n'a +commencé dans les universités que dans les +années 1980, quand des étudiants +commencèrent à être nombreux à +utiliser des ordinateurs. Avant, les universités avaient +une approche différente au sujet de la discipline +auprès des étudiants; elles punissaient des +activités qui causaient du tort, et non pas simplement +celles qui soulevaient des doutes.</p> + +<p>Lissa ne dénonça pas Dan à la SPA. La +décision de Dan de l'aider mena à leur mariage, et +les amena aussi à remettre en question ce qu'on leur avait +enseigné durant leur enfance au sujet du piratage. Le +couple se mit à lire sur l'histoire du copyright, sur +l'Union soviétique et ses restrictions sur la copie, et +même sur la Constitution originale des États-Unis. +Ils déménagèrent à Luna, où +ils trouvèrent d'autres gens qui comme eux avaient pris +leurs distances par rapport au long bras de la SPA. Quand la +révolte de Tycho commença en 2062, le droit +universel de lire devint bientôt un de ses buts +principaux.</p> + +<h4><a href="#TOCAuthorsNote2" name="AuthorsNote2">Note de l'auteur</a></h4> + +<p>C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de +lire. Même si cela pourrait prendre 50 ans pour que notre +façon de vivre actuelle s'efface dans l'obscurité, +la plupart des lois et pratiques décrites +précédemment ont déjà +été proposées -- soit par l'Administration +Clinton ou par des éditeurs.</p> + +<p>Il y a une exception: l'idée que le FBI ou Microsoft +gardera les mots de passe de l'usager superviseur des ordinateurs +personnels. Ceci est une extrapolation du Clipper Chip et +d'autres propositions de "key-escrow" de l'Administration +Clinton, ainsi que d'une tendance à long terme: de plus en +plus de systèmes informatiques sont configurés pour +donner à des opérateurs absents le contrôle +sur les gens qui utilisent le système.</p> + +<p>La SPA, qui veut en fait dire Software Publisher's +Association, n'est pas aujourd'hui une force policière +officielle. De façon officieuse, elle se comporte ainsi. +Elle invite les gens à faire de la délation +à l'endroit de leur collègues et amis; comme +l'Administration Clinton, elle préconise une politique de +responsabilité collective où les +propriétaires d'ordinateurs doivent activement faire +respecter le copyright ou être punis.</p> + +<p>La SPA menace actuellement de petits fournisseurs +d'accès à l'Internet, en exigeant qu'ils lui +permettent de surveiller tous les usagers. La plupart des +fournisseurs capitulent lorsqu'ils sont menacés, parce +qu'ils n'ont pas les moyens de contre-attaquer en cour. (Atlanta +Journal-Constitution, 1er octobre 1996, page D3.) Au moins un +fournisseur, Community ConneXion à Oakland en Californie, +a refusé la demande et a été +conséquemment poursuivi. Il appert que la SPA a +abandonné cette poursuite récemment, mais ils vont +sûrement continuer cette campagne de diverses autres +façons.</p> + +<p>Les politiques universitaires de sécurité +décrites précédemment ne sont pas +imaginaires. Par exemple, un ordinateur dans une +université de la région de Chicago affiche le +message suivant quand on s'y branche (les guillemets sont dans +l'original -- ce qui suit est une traduction):</p> + +<p class="letter"> +"Ce système est réservé aux +usagers autorisés. Les individus qui utilisent ce +système informatique sans autorisation ou au delà +de leur autorisation pourront faire l'objet d'une surveillance et +d'un enregistrement par le personnel de toutes leurs +activités sur ce système. Lors de la surveillance +d'individus utilisant le système inadéquatement, ou +lors d'activités d'entretien du système, les +activités d'usagers autorisés pourraient aussi +être surveillées. Quiconque utilise ce +système consent expressément à une telle +surveillance et est avisé que si cette surveillance +révèle des indices d'une possible activité +illégale ou violation des règlements de +l'Université, le personnel du système peut fournir +ces indices aux autorités de l'Université et/ou aux +forces de l'ordre." +</p> + +<p>Il s'agit d'une approche intéressante face au +Quatrième amendement: faire pression sur presque tout le +monde pour qu'il accepte d'avance de renoncer aux droits qu'il +leur accorde.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4><a href="#TOCReferences2" name="References2">References</a></h4> + +<ul> +<li>The administration's "White Paper": Information +Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National +Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on +Intellectual Property Rights (1995).</li> + +<li><a href= +"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An +explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela +Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li> + +</ul> + +<p> +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>. +Other <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</a> the FSF. +</p> + +<p> +Comments on these web pages to <a href="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><em>webmasters@www.gnu.org</em></a>, +send other questions to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.</p> + +<p> +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman<br/> +Translated by Pierre Sarrazin [ps@cam.org] on February 16th, 1999. +</p> + +<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p> + +<p>Updated: <!-- hhmts start --> +13 Mar 1999 jonas <!-- hhmts end --> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of The Right to Read, French Version +</p> + +<pre> + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Right to Read, by Richard Stallman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO READ *** + +***** This file should be named 1981-h.htm or 1981-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/8/1981/ + +***START** SMALL PRINT! for COPYRIGHT PROTECTED ETEXTS *** +TITLE AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE: + +The Right to Read + +by Richard Stallman + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + + +This etext is distributed by Professor Michael S. 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Money should be paid to +"Project Gutenberg Association/Carnegie-Mellon University". + +*SMALL PRINT! Ver.04.29.93 FOR COPYRIGHT PROTECTED ETEXTS*END* + + + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. + + + +The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF) + + + + + +The Right to Read + +by Richard Stallman + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. + + + +Table of Contents + + Author's Note + References + Other Texts to Read + + + +This article appeared in the February 1997 issue +of Communications of the ACM (Volume 40, Number 2). + + + +The Right to Read + +by Richard Stallman + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. + + + +(from "The Road To Tycho", a collection of articles +about the antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, +published in Luna City in 2096) + + + + +For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college--when Lissa Lenz +asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she +could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was +no one she dared ask, except Dan. + + +This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her--but if he lent her his +computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you +could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read your +books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been +taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and +wrong--something that only pirates would do. + + +And there wasn't much chance that the SPA--the Software Protection +Authority--would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had +learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and +where it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this +information to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal +interest profiles to retailers.) The next time his computer was +networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as computer owner, +would receive the harshest punishment--for not taking pains to prevent +the crime. + + +Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She +might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she +came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, +let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way +she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had +to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (10% of those +fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for +an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if +frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.) + + +Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the +library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to +pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages +without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial +and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. +By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature +were a dim memory. + + +There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central +Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in +software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, +and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading +books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them +turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were +easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for +pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger. + + +Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have +debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD +or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them +to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this +had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they +were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison. + + +Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger +vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to +officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in +software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be +used only for class exercises. + + +It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a +modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free +kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around +the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like +debuggers--you could not install one if you had one, without knowing +your computer's root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft +Support would tell you that. + + +Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he +couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to +speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask +for help, that could mean she loved him too. + + +Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable--he +lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa +read his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It +was still a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about +it. They would only find out if Lissa reported him. + + +Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his +own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, +regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any +interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was +grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did +anything harmful--the offense was making it hard for the +administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were +doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it +was. + + +Students were not usually expelled for this--not directly. Instead +they were banned from the school computer systems, and would +inevitably fail all their classes. + + +Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started +only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began +using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different +approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were +harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion. + + +Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to +their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been +taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the +history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on +copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved +to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from +the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the +universal right to read soon became one of its central aims. + + +Author's Note + + +The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may +take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most +of the specific laws and practices described above have already been +proposed--either by the Clinton Administration or by publishers. + + +There is one exception: the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep +the root passwords for personal computers. This is an extrapolation +from the Clipper chip and similar Clinton Administration key-escrow +proposals, together with a long-term trend: computer systems are +increasingly set up to give absentee operators control over the people +actually using the computer system. + + +The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, +is not today an official police force. Unofficially, it acts like +one. It invites people to inform on their coworkers and friends; like +the Clinton Administration, it advocates a policy of collective +responsibility whereby computer owners must actively enforce copyright +or be punished. + + +The SPA is currently threatening small Internet service providers, +demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs +surrender when threatened, because they cannot afford to fight back in +court. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1 Oct 96, D3.) At least one +ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland CA, refused the demand and was +actually sued. The SPA is said to have +dropped this suit recently, but they are sure to continue the campaign +in various other ways. + + +The university security policies described above are not imaginary. +For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university prints this +message when you log in (quotation marks are in the original): + + +"This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using +this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority +are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and +recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals +improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the +activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this +system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such +monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of +University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such +monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials." + + + +This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most +everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it. + + + + + +References + + + + + The administration's "White Paper": Information Infrastructure Task + Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information + Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual + Property Rights (1995). + + An explanation of the White Paper: + The Copyright Grab, Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996 + + Sold Out, + James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996 + + Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996 + Union for the Public Domain--a new organization which aims to resist + and reverse the overextension of intellectual property powers. + + + + +For Other Texts to Read +Return to GNU's home page [www.gnu.org] + +FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to +gnu@gnu.org. +Other ways to contact the FSF. + +Comments on these web pages to +webmasters@www.gnu.org, +send other questions to +gnu@gnu.org. + +Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman + +Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is +permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. + +Updated: + +12 Feb markg + + + + +The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF) + + + + + +End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Right to Read, by Stallman + diff --git a/old/1981.zip b/old/1981.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..330a657 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/1981.zip diff --git a/old/1999-11_1981-h.zip b/old/1999-11_1981-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d4012f --- /dev/null +++ b/old/1999-11_1981-h.zip diff --git a/old/1999-11_1981.zip b/old/1999-11_1981.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..330a657 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/1999-11_1981.zip diff --git a/old/tycho10.zip b/old/tycho10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..76a4f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/tycho10.zip diff --git a/old/tycho10f.zip b/old/tycho10f.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..468edab --- /dev/null +++ b/old/tycho10f.zip diff --git a/old/tycho10h.zip b/old/tycho10h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..194b029 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/tycho10h.zip |
