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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Travels in England during the Reign of Queen
+Elizabeth; with Fragmenta Regalia, by Paul Hentzner, et al, Edited by
+Henry Morley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+Title: Travels in England during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth; with Fragmenta Regalia
+
+
+Author: Paul Hentzner
+
+Editor: Henry Morley
+
+Release Date: May 10, 2015  [eBook #1992]
+[This file was first posted in April 22, 1999]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAVELS IN ENGLAND DURING THE
+REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH; WITH FRAGMENTA REGALIA***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1892 Cassell & Co. edition by Jane Duff and proofed
+by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+                       CASSELL’S NATIONAL LIBRARY.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+TRAVELS IN ENGLAND
+
+
+                                DURING THE
+                        _REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH_
+
+                                    BY
+                              PAUL HENTZNER.
+
+                                   WITH
+                            FRAGMENTA REGALIA;
+     _Or_, _Observations on Queen Elizabeth’s Times and Favourites_.
+
+
+
+
+By SIR ROBERT NAUNTON.
+
+
+                      [Picture: Decorative graphic]
+
+                       CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED:
+                      _LONDON_, _PARIS & MELBOURNE_.
+                                  1892.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH herself, and London as it was in her time, with sketches
+of Elizabethan England, and of its great men in the way of social
+dignity, are here brought home to us by Paul Hentzner and Sir Robert
+Naunton.
+
+Paul Hentzner was a German lawyer, born at Crossen, in Brandenburg, on
+the 29th of January, 1558.  He died on the 1st January, 1623.  In 1596,
+when his age was thirty-eight, he became tutor to a young Silesian
+nobleman, with whom he set out in 1597 on a three years’ tour through
+Switzerland, France, England, and Italy.  After his return to Germany in
+1600, he published, at Nuremberg, in 1612, a description of what he had
+seen and thought worth record, written in Latin, as “Itinerarium
+Germaniæ, Galliæ, Angliæ, Italiæ, cum Indice Locorum, Rerum atque
+Verborum.”
+
+Horace Walpole caused that part of Hentzner’s Itinerary which tells what
+he saw in England to be translated by Richard Bentley, son of the famous
+scholar, and he printed at Strawberry Hill two hundred and twenty copies.
+In 1797 “Hentzner’s Travels in England” were edited, together with Sir
+Robert Naunton’s “Fragmenta Regalia,” in the volume from which they are
+here reprinted, with notes by the translator and the editor.
+
+Sir Robert Naunton was of an old family with large estates, settled at
+Alderton, in Suffolk.  He was at Cambridge in the latter years of
+Elizabeth’s reign, having entered as Fellow Commoner at Trinity College,
+and obtained a Fellowship at Trinity Hall.  Naunton went to Scotland in
+1589 with an uncle, William Ashby, whom Queen Elizabeth sent thither as
+Ambassador, and was despatched to Elizabeth’s court from Scotland as a
+trusty messenger.  In 1596–7 he was in France, and corresponded with the
+Earl of Essex, who was his friend.  After the fall of Essex he returned
+to Cambridge, and was made Proctor of the University in 1601, three years
+after Paul Hentzner’s visit to England.  Then he became Public Orator at
+Cambridge, and by a speech made to King James at Hinchinbrook won his
+Majesty’s praise for Latin and learning.  He came to court in the service
+of Sir James Overbury, obtained the active friendship of George Villiers
+Duke of Buckingham, and was sworn as Secretary of State on the 8th
+January, 1617.  The king afterwards gave Naunton the office of Master of
+the Court of Wards and Liveries.
+
+Sir Robert Naunton wrote his recollections of the men who served Queen
+Elizabeth when he was near the close of his own life.  It was after 1628,
+because he speaks of Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester, as dead, and
+before 1632, because he speaks of Sir William Knollys living as the only
+Earl of Banbury.  He was created Earl of Banbury in 1626, and died in
+1632.  The “Fragmenta Regalia” were first published in 1641, after Sir
+Robert’s death.  They were reprinted in 1642 and 1653, since which date
+they have appeared in various collections.  There was a good edition of
+them in 1870 among the very valuable “English Reprints” for which we are
+indebted to Professor Edward Arber.
+
+                                                                     H. M.
+
+
+
+
+TRAVELS IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+WE arrived at Rye, a small English seaport.  Here, as soon as we came on
+shore, we gave in our names to the notary of the place, but not till he
+had demanded our business; and being answered, that we had none but to
+see England, we were conducted to an inn, where we were very well
+entertained; as one generally is in this country.
+
+We took post-horses for London: it is surprising how swiftly they run;
+their bridles are very light, and their saddles little more than a span
+over.
+
+Flimwell, a village: here we returned our first horses, and mounted fresh
+ones.
+
+We passed through Tunbridge, another village.
+
+Chepstead, another village: here, for the second time, we changed horses.
+
+London, the head and metropolis of England: called by Tacitus, Londinium;
+by Ptolemy, Logidinium; by Ammianus Marcellinus, Lundinium; by
+foreigners, Londra, and Londres; it is the seat of the British Empire,
+and the chamber of the English kings.  This most ancient city is in the
+county of Middlesex, the fruitfullest and wholesomest soil in England.
+It is built on the river Thames, sixty miles from the sea, and was
+originally founded, as all historians agree, by Brutus, who, coming from
+Greece into Italy, thence into Africa, next into France, and last into
+Britain, chose this situation for the convenience of the river, calling
+it Troja Nova, which name was afterwards corrupted into Trinovant.  But
+when Lud, the brother of Cassibilan, or Cassivelan, who warred against
+Julius Cæsar, as he himself mentions (lib. v. de Bell. Gall.), came to
+the crown, he encompassed it with very strong walls, and towers very
+artfully constructed, and from his own name called it Caier Lud, _i.e._,
+Lud’s City.  This name was corrupted into that of Caerlunda, and again in
+time, by change of language, into Londres.  Lud, when he died, was buried
+in this town, near that gate which is yet called in Welsh, Por Lud—in
+Saxon, Ludesgate.
+
+The famous river Thames owes part of its stream, as well as its
+appellation, to the Isis; rising a little above Winchelcomb, and being
+increased with several rivulets, unites both its waters and its name to
+the Thame, on the other side of Oxford; thence, after passing by London,
+and being of the utmost utility, from its greatness and navigation, it
+opens into a vast arm of the sea, from whence the tide, according to
+Gemma Frisius, flows and ebbs to the distance of eighty miles, twice in
+twenty-five hours, and, according to Polydore Vergil, above sixty miles
+twice in twenty-four hours.
+
+This city being very large of itself, has very extensive suburbs, and a
+fort called the Tower, of beautiful structure.  It is magnificently
+ornamented with public buildings and churches, of which there are above
+one hundred and twenty parochial.
+
+On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of
+wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone, sixty
+feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty feet
+diameter.  The whole is covered on each side with houses so disposed as
+to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all of a bridge.
+
+Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have been
+executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we counted above
+thirty.
+
+Paulus Jovius, in his description of the most remarkable towns in
+England, says all are obscured by London: which, in the opinion of many,
+is Cæsar’s city of the Trinobantes, the capital of all Britain, famous
+for the commerce of many nations; its houses are elegantly built, its
+churches fine, its towns strong, and its riches and abundance surprising.
+The wealth of the world is wafted to it by the Thames, swelled by the
+tide, and navigable to merchant ships through a safe and deep channel for
+sixty miles, from its mouth to the city: its banks are everywhere
+beautified with fine country seats, woods, and farms; below is the royal
+palace of Greenwich; above, that of Richmond; and between both, on the
+west of London, rise the noble buildings of Westminster, most remarkable
+for the courts of justice, the parliament, and St. Peter’s church,
+enriched with the royal tombs.  At the distance of twenty miles from
+London is the castle of Windsor, a most delightful retreat of the Kings
+of England, as well as famous for several of their tombs, and for the
+ceremonial of the Order of the Garter.  This river abounds in swans,
+swimming in flocks: the sight of them, and their noise, are vastly
+agreeable to the fleets that meet them in their course.  It is joined to
+the city by a bridge of stone, wonderfully built; is never increased by
+any rains, rising only with the tide, and is everywhere spread with nets
+for taking salmon and shad.  Thus far Paulus Jovius.
+
+Polydore Vergil affirms that London has continued to be a royal city, and
+the capital of the kingdom, crowded with its own inhabitants and
+foreigners, abounding in riches, and famous for its great trade, from the
+time of King Archeninus, or Erchenvinus.  Here the kings are crowned, and
+solemnly inaugurated, and the council of the nation, or parliament, is
+held.  The government of the city is lodged, by ancient grant of the
+Kings of Britain, in twenty-four aldermen—that is, seniors: these
+annually elect out of their own body a mayor and two sheriffs, who
+determine causes according to municipal laws.  It has always had, as
+indeed Britain in general has, a great number of men of learning, much
+distinguished for their writings.
+
+The walls are pierced with six gates, which, as they were rebuilt,
+acquired new names.  Two look westward:
+
+1.  Ludgate, the oldest, so called from King Lud, whose name is yet to be
+seen, cut in the stone over the arch on the side; though others imagine
+it rather to have been named Fludgate, from a stream over which it
+stands, like the Porta Fluentana at Rome.  It has been lately repaired by
+Queen Elizabeth, whose statue is placed on the opposite side.  And,
+
+2.  Newgate, the best edifice of any; so called from being new built,
+whereas before it was named Chamberlain gate.  It is the public prison.
+
+On the north are four:
+
+1.  Aldersgate, as some think from alder trees; as others, from
+Aldericius, a Saxon.
+
+2.  Cripplegate, from a hospital for the lame.
+
+3.  Moorgate, from a neighbouring morass, now converted into a field,
+first opened by Francetius {14} the mayor, A.D. 1414.
+
+4.  And Bishopsgate, from some bishop: this the German merchants of the
+Hans society were obliged by compact to keep in repair, and in times of
+danger to defend.  They were in possession of a key to open or shut it,
+so that upon occasion they could come in, or go out, by night or by day.
+
+There is only one to the east:
+
+Aldgate, that is, Oldgate, from its antiquity; though others think it to
+have been named Elbegate.
+
+Several people believe that there were formerly two gates (besides that
+to the bridge) towards the Thames.
+
+1.  Billingsgate, now a cothon, or artificial port, for the reception of
+ships.
+
+2.  Dourgate, _vulgo_ Dowgate, _i.e._, Water-gate.
+
+The cathedral of St. Paul was founded by Ethelbert, King of the Saxons,
+and being from time to time re-edified, increased to vastness and
+magnificence, and in revenue so much, that it affords a plentiful support
+to a bishop, dean, and precentor, treasurer, four archdeacons,
+twenty-nine prebendaries, and many others.  The roof of this church, as
+of most others in England, with the adjoining steeple, is covered with
+lead.
+
+On the right side of the choir is the marble tomb of Nicholas Bacon, with
+his wife.  Not far from this is a magnificent monument, ornamented with
+pyramids of marble and alabaster, with this inscription:
+
+                           Sacred to the memory of
+
+    Sir Christopher Hatton, son of William, grandson of John, of the most
+    ancient family of the Hattons; one of the fifty gentlemen pensioners
+    to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth: Gentleman of the privy chamber;
+    captain of the guards; one of the Privy Council, and High Chancellor
+    of England, and of the University of Oxford: who, to the great grief
+    of his Sovereign, and of all good men, ended this life religiously,
+    after having lived unmarried to the age of fifty-one, at his house in
+    Holborn, on the 20th of November, A.D. 1591.
+
+    William Hatton, knight, his nephew by his sister’s side, and by
+    adoption his son and heir, most sorrowfully raised this tomb, as a
+    mark of his duty.
+
+On the left hand is the marble monument of William Herbert, Earl of
+Pembroke, and his lady: and near it, that of John, Duke of Lancaster,
+with this inscription:
+
+    Here sleeps in the Lord, John of Gant, so called from the city of the
+    same name of Flanders, where he was born, fourth son of Edward the
+    Third, King of England, and created by his father Earl of Richmond.
+    He was thrice married; first to Blanche, daughter and heiress of
+    Henry Duke of Lancaster; by her he received an immense inheritance,
+    and became not only Duke of Lancaster, but Earl of Leicester,
+    Lincoln, and Derby, of whose race are descended many emperors, kings,
+    princes, and nobles.  His second wife was Constance, who is here
+    buried, daughter and heiress of Peter, King of Castile and Leon, in
+    whose right he most justly {17} took the style of King of Castile and
+    Leon.  She brought him one only daughter, Catherine, of whom, by
+    Henry, are descended the Kings of Spain.  His third wife was
+    Catherine, of a knight’s family, a woman of great beauty, by whom he
+    had a numerous progeny; from which is descended, by the mother’s
+    side, Henry the Seventh, the most prudent King of England, by whose
+    most happy marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward the Fourth, of
+    the line of York, the two royal lines of Lancaster and York are
+    united, to the most desired tranquillity of England.
+
+    The most illustrious prince, John, surnamed Plantagenet, King of
+    Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Richmond, Leicester, and
+    Derby, Lieutenant of Aquitain, High Steward of England, died in the
+    twenty-first year of Richard II., A.D. 1398.
+
+A little farther, almost at the entrance of the choir, in a certain
+recess, are two small stone chests, one of which is thus inscribed:
+
+    Here lies Seba, King of the East Saxons, who was converted to the
+    faith by St. Erkenwald, Bishop of London, A.D. 677.
+
+On the other:
+
+          Here lies Ethelred, King of the Angles, son of King Edgar,
+
+    On whom St. Dustan is said to have denounced vengeance, on his
+    coronation day, in the following words:—“Inasmuch as thou hast
+    aspired to the throne by the death of thy brother, against whose
+    blood the English, along with thy infamous mother, conspired, the
+    sword shall not pass from thy house! but rage all the days of thy
+    life, afflicting all thy generation, till thy kingdom shall be
+    translated to another, whose manner and language the people under
+    thee knoweth not.  Nor shall thy sin be done away till after long
+    chastisement, nor the sin of thy mother, nor the sin of those men who
+    assisted in thy wicked council.”
+
+    All which came to pass as predicted by the saint; for after being
+    worsted and put to flight by Sueno King of the Danes, and his son
+    Canute, and at last closely besieged in London, he died miserably
+    A.D. 1017, after he had reigned thirty-six years in great
+    difficulties.
+
+There is besides in the middle of the church a tomb made of brass, of
+some Bishop of London, named William, who was in favour with Edward, King
+of England, and afterwards made counsellor to King William.  He was
+bishop sixteen years, and died A.D. 1077.  Near this is the following
+inscription:
+
+                         Virtue survives the funeral.
+
+                               To the memory of
+         Thomas Linacre, an eminent physician, John Caius placed this
+                                  monument.
+
+On the lower part of it is this inscription in gold letters:
+
+    Thomas Linacre, physician to King Henry VIII., a man learned in the
+    Greek and Latin languages, and particularly skilful in physick, by
+    which he restored many from a state of languishment and despair to
+    life.  He translated with extraordinary eloquence many of Galen’s
+    works into Latin; and published, a little before his death, at the
+    request of his friends, a very valuable book on the correct structure
+    of the Latin tongue.  He founded in perpetuity in favour of students
+    in physick, two public lectures at Oxford, and one at Cambridge.  In
+    this city he brought about, by his own industry, the establishing of
+    a College of Physicians, of which he was elected the first president.
+    He was a detester of all fraud and deceit, and faithful in his
+    friendships; equally dear to men of all ranks: he went into orders a
+    few years before his death, and quitted this life full of years, and
+    much lamented, A.D. 1524, on the 29th of October.
+
+There are many tombs in this church, but without any inscriptions.  It
+has a very fine organ, which, at evening prayer, accompanied with other
+instruments, is delightful.
+
+In the suburb to the west, joined to the city by a continual row of
+palaces belonging to the chief nobility, of a mile in length, and lying
+on the side next the Thames, is the small town of Westminster; originally
+called Thorney, from its thorn bushes, but now Westminster, from its
+aspect and its monastery.  The church is remarkable for the coronation
+and burial of the Kings of England.  Upon this spot is said formerly to
+have stood a temple of Apollo, which was thrown down by an earthquake in
+the time of Antoninus Pius; from the ruins of which Sebert, King of the
+East Saxons, erected another to St. Peter: this was subverted by the
+Danes, and again renewed by Bishop Dunstan, who gave it to a few monks.
+Afterwards, King Edward the Confessor built it entirely new, with the
+tenth of his whole revenue, to be the place of his own burial, and a
+convent of Benedictine monks; and enriched it with estates dispersed all
+over England.
+
+In this church the following things are worthy of notice:
+
+In the first choir, the tomb of Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII.,
+without any inscription.
+
+On the opposite side are two stone sepulchres: (1)  Edward, Earl of
+Lancaster, brother of Edward I.; (2)  Ademar of Valence, Earl of
+Pembroke, son of Ademar of Valence.  Joining to these is (3) that of
+Aveline, Countess of Lancaster.
+
+In the second choir is the chair on which the kings are seated when they
+are crowned; in it is enclosed a stone, said to be that on which the
+patriarch Jacob slept when he dreamed he saw a ladder reaching quite up
+into heaven.  Some Latin verses are written upon a tablet hanging near
+it; the sense of which is:
+
+    That if any faith is to be given to ancient chronicles, a stone of
+    great note is enclosed in this chair, being the same on which the
+    patriarch Jacob reposed when he beheld the miraculous descent of
+    angels.  Edward I., the Mars and Hector of England, having conquered
+    Scotland, brought it from thence.
+
+The tomb of Richard II. and his wife, of brass, gilt, and these verses
+written round it:
+
+    Perfect and prudent, Richard, by right the Second,
+       Vanquished by Fortune, lies here now graven in stone,
+    True of his word, and thereto well renound:
+       Seemly in person, and like to Homer as one
+    In worldly prudence, and ever the Church in one
+    Upheld and favoured, casting the proud to ground,
+    And all that would his royal state confound.
+
+Without the tomb is this inscription:
+
+      Here lies King Richard, who perished by a cruel death, in the year
+                                    1369.
+
+                   To have been happy is additional misery.
+
+Near him is the monument of his queen, daughter of the Emperor
+Wenceslaus.
+
+On the left hand is the tomb of Edward I., with this inscription:
+
+            Here lies Edward I., who humbled the Scots. A.D. 1308.
+                         Be true to your engagements.
+
+He reigned forty-six years.
+
+The tomb of Edward III., of copper, gilt, with this epitaph:
+
+    Of English kings here lieth the beauteous flower
+    Of all before past, and myrror to them shall sue:
+    A merciful king, of peace conservator,
+    The third Edward, &c.
+
+Besides the tomb are these words:
+
+          Edward III., whose fame has reached to heaven.  A.D. 1377.
+                           Fight for your country.
+
+Here is shown his sword, eight feet in length, which they say he used in
+the conquest of France.
+
+His queen’s epitaph:
+
+     Here lies Queen Philippa, wife of Edward III.  Learn to live.  A.D.
+                                    1369.
+
+At a little distance, the tomb of Henry V., with this legend:
+
+     Henry, the scourge of France, lies in this tomb.  Virtue subdues all
+                             things.  A.D. 1422.
+
+Near this lies the coffin of Catherine, unburied, and to be opened by
+anyone that pleases.  On the outside is this inscription:
+
+         Fair Catherine is at length united to her lord.  A.D. 1437.
+                                Shun idleness.
+
+The tomb of Henry III., of brass, gilt, with this epitaph:
+
+        Henry III., the founder of this cathedral.  A.D. 1273.  War is
+                       delightful to the unexperienced.
+
+It was this Henry who, one hundred and sixty years after Edward the
+Confessor had built this church, took it down, and raised an entire new
+one of beautiful architecture, supported by rows of marble columns, and
+its roof covered with sheets of lead, a work of fifty years before its
+completion.  It has been much enlarged at the west end by the abbots.
+After the expulsion of the monks, it experienced many changes; first it
+had a dean and prebendaries; then a bishop, who, having squandered the
+revenues, resigned it again to a dean.  In a little time, the monks with
+their abbot were reinstated by Queen Mary; but, they being soon ejected
+again by authority of parliament, it was converted into a cathedral
+church—nay, into a seminary for the Church—by Queen Elizabeth, who
+instituted there twelve prebendaries, an equal number of invalid
+soldiers, and forty scholars; who at a proper time are elected into the
+universities, and are thence transplanted into the Church and State.
+
+Next to be seen is the tomb of Eleanor, daughter of Alphonso King of
+Spain, and wife of Edward I., with this inscription:
+
+                    This Eleanor was consort of Edward I.
+                          A.D. 1298.  Learn to die.
+
+The tomb of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII.
+
+In the middle of this chapel is the shrine of St. Edward, the last King
+of the Saxons.  It is composed of marble in mosaic: round it runs this
+inscription in letters of gold:
+
+                The venerable king, St. Edward the Confessor,
+                      A heroe adorned with every virtue.
+                     He died on the 5th of January, 1065,
+                           And mounted into Heaven.
+                             Lift up your hearts.
+
+The third choir, of surprising splendour and elegance, was added to the
+east end by Henry VII. for a burying-place for himself and his posterity.
+Here is to be seen his magnificent tomb, wrought of brass and marble,
+with this epitaph:
+
+    Here lies Henry VII. of that name, formerly King of England, son of
+    Edmund, Earl of Richmond, who, ascending the throne on the
+    twenty-second day of August, was crowned on the thirtieth of October
+    following at Westminster, in the year of our Lord 1485.  He died on
+    the twenty-first of April, in the fifty-third year of his age, after
+    a reign of twenty-two years and eight months wanting a day.
+
+This monument is enclosed with rails of brass, with a long epitaph in
+Latin verse.
+
+Under the same tomb lies buried Edward VI., King of England, son of Henry
+VIII. by Jane Seymour.  He succeeded to his father when he was but nine
+years old, and died A.T. 1553, on the 6th of July, in the sixteenth year
+of his age, and of his reign the seventh, not without suspicion of
+poison.
+
+Mary was proclaimed queen by the people on the 19th of July, and died in
+November, 1558, and is buried in some corner of the same choir, without
+any inscription.
+
+                               Queen Elizabeth.
+
+    Here lies Queen Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., sister of King
+    Edward V., wife of Henry VII., and the glorious mother of Henry VIII.
+    She died in the Tower of London, on the eleventh of February, A.D.
+    1502, in the thirty-seventh year of her age.
+
+Between the second and third choirs in the side-chapels, are the tombs of
+Sebert, King of the East Saxons, who built this church with stone: and
+
+Of Margaret of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., grandmother of Henry
+VIII.; she gave this monastery to the monks of Winbourne, {27} who
+preached and taught grammar all England over, and appointed salaries to
+two professors of divinity, one at Oxford, another at Cambridge, where
+she founded two colleges to Christ and to John His disciple.  She died
+A.D. 1463, on the third of the calends of July.
+
+And of Margaret, Countess of Lenox, grandmother of James VI., King of
+Scotland.
+
+William of Valance, half-brother of Henry III.
+
+The Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward III.
+
+Upon another tomb is an honorary inscription for Frances, Duchess of
+Suffolk.  The sense of it is,
+
+    That titles, royal birth, riches, or a large family, are of no avail:
+    That all are transitory; virtue alone resisting the funeral pile.
+    That this lady was first married to a duke, then to Stoke, a
+    gentleman;
+    And lastly, by the grave espoused to CHRIST.
+
+The next is the tomb of Lord Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, whose
+lady composed the following Greek and Latin verses, and had them engraved
+on the marble:—
+
+    How was I startled at the cruel feast,
+    By death’s rude hands in horrid manner drest;
+    Such grief as sure no hapless woman knew,
+    When thy pale image lay before my view.
+    Thy father’s heir in beauteous form arrayed
+    Like flowers in spring, and fair, like them to fade;
+    Leaving behind unhappy wretched me,
+    And all thy little orphan-progeny:
+    Alike the beauteous face, the comely air,
+    The tongue persuasive, and the actions fair,
+    Decay: so learning too in time shall waste:
+    But faith, chaste lovely faith, shall ever last.
+    The once bright glory of his house, the pride
+    Of all his country, dusty ruins hide:
+    Mourn, hapless orphans; mourn, once happy wife;
+    For when he died, died all the joys of life.
+    Pious and just, amidst a large estate,
+    He got at once the name of good and great.
+    He made no flatt’ring parasite his guest,
+    But asked the good companions to the feast.
+
+Anne, Countess of Oxford, daughter of William Cecil, Baron Burleigh, and
+Lord Treasurer.
+
+Philippa, daughter and co-heiress of John, Lord Mohun of Dunster, wife of
+Edward, Duke of York.
+
+Frances, Countess of Sussex, of the ancient family of Sidney.
+
+Thomas Bromley, Chancellor to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+The Earl of Bridgewater, {29} Lord Dawbney, Lord Chamberlain to Henry
+VII., and his lady.
+
+And thus much for Westminster.
+
+There are many other churches in this city, but none so remarkable for
+the tombs of persons of distinction.
+
+Near to this church is Westminster Hall, where, besides the Sessions of
+Parliament, which are often held there, are the Courts of Justice; and at
+stated times are heard their trials in law, or concerning the king’s
+patrimony, or in chancery, which moderates the severity of the common law
+by equity.  Till the time of Henry I. the Prime Court of Justice was
+movable, and followed the King’s Court, but he enacted by the Magna
+Charta that the common pleas should no longer attend his Court, but be
+held at some determined place.  The present hall was built by King
+Richard II. in the place of an ancient one which he caused to be taken
+down.  He made it part of his habitation (for at that time the Kings of
+England determined causes in their own proper person, and from the days
+of Edward the Confessor had their palace adjoining), till, above sixty
+years since, upon its being burnt, Henry VIII. removed the royal
+residence to Whitehall, situated in the neighbourhood, which a little
+before was the house of Cardinal Wolsey.  This palace is truly royal,
+enclosed on one side by the Thames, on the other by a park, which
+connects it with St. James’s, another royal palace.
+
+In the chamber where the Parliament is usually held, the seats and
+wainscot are made of wood, the growth of Ireland; said to have that
+occult quality, that all poisonous animals are driven away by it; and it
+is affirmed for certain, that in Ireland there are neither serpents,
+toads, nor any other venomous creature to be found.
+
+Near this place are seen an immense number of swans, who wander up and
+down the river for some miles, in great security; nobody daring to
+molest, much less kill any of them, under penalty of a considerable fine.
+
+In Whitehall are the following things worthy of observation:—
+
+I.  The Royal Library, well stored with Greek, Latin, Italian and French
+books; amongst the rest, a little one in French upon parchment, in the
+handwriting of the present reigning Queen Elizabeth, thus inscribed:—
+
+              To the most high, puissant, and redoubted prince,
+               Henry VIII. of the name, King of England, France
+                     and Ireland, Defender of the Faith;
+                     Elizabeth, his most humble daughter.
+                            Health and obedience.
+
+All these books are bound in velvet in different colours, though chiefly
+red, with clasps of gold and silver; some have pearls and precious stones
+set in their bindings.
+
+II.  Two little silver cabinets of exquisite work, in which the Queen
+keeps her paper, and which she uses for writing boxes.
+
+III.  The Queen’s bed, ingeniously composed of woods of different
+colours, with quilts of silk, velvet, gold, silver, and embroidery.
+
+IV.  A little chest ornamented all over with pearls, in which the Queen
+keeps her bracelets, ear-rings, and other things of extraordinary value.
+
+V.  Christ’s Passion, in painted glass.
+
+VI.  Portraits: among which are, Queen Elizabeth, at sixteen years old;
+Henry, Richard, Edward, Kings of England; Rosamond; Lucrece, a Grecian
+bride, in her nuptial habit; the genealogy of the Kings of England; a
+picture of King Edward VI., representing at first sight something quite
+deformed, till by looking through a small hole in the cover which is put
+over it, you see it in its true proportions; Charles V., Emperor; Charles
+Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, and Catherine of Spain, his wife; Ferdinand, Duke
+of Florence, with his daughters; one of Philip, King of Spain, when he
+came into England and married Mary; Henry VII., Henry VIII., and his
+mother; besides many more of illustrious men and women; and a picture of
+the Siege of Malta.
+
+VII.  A small hermitage, half hid in a rock, finely carved in wood.
+
+VIII.  Variety of emblems on paper, cut in the shape of shields, with
+mottoes, used by the mobility at tilts and tournaments, hung up here for
+a memorial.
+
+IX.  Different instruments of music, upon one of which two persons may
+perform at the same time.
+
+X.  A piece of clock-work, an Ethiop riding upon a rhinoceros, with four
+attendants, who all make their obeisance when it strikes the hour; these
+are all put into motion by winding up the machine.
+
+At the entrance into the park from Whitehall is this inscription:—
+
+    The fisherman who has been wounded, learns, though late, to beware;
+    But the unfortunate Actæon always presses on.
+          The chaste virgin naturally pitied:
+    But the powerful goddess revenged the wrong.
+          Let Actæon fall a prey to his dogs,
+                An example to youth,
+       A disgrace to those that belong to him!
+          May Diana live the care of Heaven;
+             The delight of mortals;
+       The security of those that belong to her! {34}
+
+In this park is great plenty of deer.
+
+In a garden joining to this palace there is a _jet d’eau_, with a
+sun-dial, which while strangers are looking at, a quantity of water,
+forced by a wheel which the gardener turns at a distance, through a
+number of little pipes, plentifully sprinkles those that are standing
+round.
+
+Guildhall, a fine structure built by Thomas Knowles.  Here are to be seen
+the statues of two giants, said to have assisted the English when the
+Romans made war upon them: Corinius of Britain, and Gogmagog of Albion.
+Beneath upon a table the titles of Charles V., Emperor, are written in
+letters of gold.
+
+The government of London is this: the city is divided into twenty-five
+regions or wards; the Council is composed of twenty-four aldermen, one of
+whom presides over every ward.  And whereas of old the chief magistrate
+was a portreeve, _i.e._, governor of the city, Richard I. appointed two
+bailiffs; instead of which King John gave a power by grant of choosing
+annually a mayor from any of the twelve principal companies, and to name
+two sheriffs, one of whom to be called the king’s, the other the city’s.
+It is scarce credible how this city increased, both in public and private
+buildings, upon establishing this form of government.  _Vide_ Camden’s
+“Britannia,” Middlesex.
+
+It is worthy of observation, that every year, upon St. Bartholomew’s Day,
+when the fair is held, it is usual for the mayor, attended by the twelve
+principal aldermen, to walk in a neighbouring field, dressed in his
+scarlet gown, and about his neck a golden chain, to which is hung a
+golden fleece, {36a} and besides, that particular ornament {36b} which
+distinguishes the most noble order of the garter.  During the year of his
+magistracy, he is obliged to live so magnificently, that foreigner or
+native, without any expense, is free, if he can find a chair empty, to
+dine at his table, where there is always the greatest plenty.  When the
+mayor goes out of the precincts of the city, a sceptre, a sword, and a
+cap, are borne before him, and he is followed by the principal aldermen
+in scarlet gowns, with gold chains; himself and they on horseback.  Upon
+their arrival at a place appointed for that purpose, where a tent is
+pitched, the mob begin to wrestle before them, two at a time; the
+conquerors receive rewards from the magistrates.  After this is over, a
+parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the crowd, which are
+pursued by a number of boys, who endeavour to catch them, with all the
+noise they can make.  While we were at this show, one of our company,
+Tobias Salander, doctor of physic, had his pocket picked of his purse,
+with nine crowns du soleil, which, without doubt, was so cleverly taken
+from him by an Englishman who always kept very close to him, that the
+doctor did not in the least perceive it.
+
+The Castle or Tower of London, called Bringwin, and Tourgwin, in Welsh,
+from its whiteness, is encompassed by a very deep and broad ditch, as
+well as a double wall very high.  In the middle of the whole is that very
+ancient and very strong tower, enclosed with four others, which, in the
+opinion of some, was built by Julius Cæsar.  Upon entering the tower, we
+were obliged to quit our swords at the gate and deliver them to the
+guard.  When we were introduced, we were shown above a hundred pieces of
+arras belonging to the Crown, made of gold, silver, and silk; several
+saddles covered with velvet of different colours; an immense quantity of
+bed-furniture, such as canopies, and the like, some of them most richly
+ornamented with pearl; some royal dresses, so extremely magnificent as to
+raise any one’s admiration at the sums they must have cost.  We were next
+led into the Armoury, in which are these particularities:—Spears, out of
+which you may shoot; shields, that will give fire four times; a great
+many rich halberds, commonly called partisans, with which the guard
+defend the royal person in battle; some lances, covered with red and
+green velvet, and the body-armour of Henry VIII.; many and very beautiful
+arms, as well for men as for horses in horse-fights; the lance of Charles
+Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, three spans thick; two pieces of cannon, the
+one fires three, the other seven balls at a time; two others made of
+wood, which the English has at the siege of Boulogne, in France.   And by
+this stratagem, without which they could not have succeeded, they struck
+a terror into the inhabitants, as at the appearance of artillery, and the
+town was surrendered upon articles; nineteen cannon of a thicker make
+than ordinary, and in a room apart; thirty-six of a smaller; other cannon
+for chain-shot; and balls proper to bring down masts of ships.
+Cross-bows, bows and arrows, of which to this day the English make great
+use in their exercises; but who can relate all that is to be seen here?
+Eight or nine men employed by the year are scarce sufficient to keep all
+the arms bright.
+
+The Mint for coining money is in the Tower.
+
+N.B.—It is to be noted, that when any of the nobility are sent hither, on
+the charge of high crimes, punishable with death, such as treason, &c.,
+they seldom or never recover their liberty.  Here was beheaded Anne
+Boleyn, wife of King Henry VIII., and lies buried in the chapel, but
+without any inscription; and Queen Elizabeth was kept prisoner here by
+her sister, Queen Mary, at whose death she was enlarged, and by right
+called to the throne.
+
+On coming out of the Tower, we were led to a small house close by, where
+are kept variety of creatures, viz.—three lionesses; one lion of great
+size, called Edward VI. from his having been born in that reign: a tiger;
+a lynx; a wolf excessively old—this is a very scarce animal in England,
+so that their sheep and cattle stray about in great numbers, free from
+any danger, though without anybody to keep them; there is, besides, a
+porcupine, and an eagle.  All these creatures are kept in a remote place,
+fitted up for the purpose with wooden lattices, at the Queen’s expense.
+
+Near to this Tower is a large open space; on the highest part of it is
+erected a wooden scaffold, for the execution of noble criminals; upon
+which, they say, three princes of England, the last of their families,
+have been beheaded for high treason; on the bank of the Thames close by
+are a great many cannon, such chiefly as are used at sea.
+
+The next thing worthy of note is the Royal Exchange, so named by Queen
+Elizabeth, built by Sir Thomas Gresham, citizen, for public ornament and
+the convenience of merchants.  It has a great effect, whether you
+consider the stateliness of the building, the assemblage of different
+nations, or the quantities of merchandise.  I shall say nothing of the
+hall belonging to the Hans Society; or of the conveyance of water to all
+parts of the town by subterraneous pipes, nor the beautiful conduits and
+cisterns for the reception of it; nor of the raising of water out of the
+Thames by a wheel, invented a few years since by a German.
+
+Bridewell, at present the House of Correction; it was built in six weeks
+for the reception of the Emperor Charles V.
+
+A Hall built by a cobbler and bestowed on the city, where are exposed to
+sale, three times in a week, corn, wool, cloth, fruits, and the like.
+
+Without the city are some theatres, where English actors represent almost
+every day tragedies and comedies to a very numerous audiences; these are
+concluded with excellent music, variety of dances, and the excessive
+applause of those that are present.
+
+Not far from one of these theatres, which are all built of wood, lies the
+royal barge, close to the river.  It has two splendid cabins, beautifully
+ornamented with glass windows, painting, and gilding; it is kept upon dry
+ground, and sheltered from the weather.
+
+There is still another place, built in the form of a theatre, which
+serves for the baiting of bulls and bears; they are fastened behind, and
+then worried by great English bull-dogs, but not without great risk to
+the dogs, from the horns of the one and the teeth of the other; and it
+sometimes happens that they are killed upon the spot; fresh ones are
+immediately supplied in the places of those that are wounded or tired.
+To this entertainment there often follows that of whipping a blinded
+bear, which is performed by five or six men, standing circularly with
+whips, which they exercise upon him without any mercy, as he cannot
+escape from them because of his chain; he defends himself with all his
+force and skill, throwing down all who come within his reach and are not
+active enough to get out of it, and tearing the whips out of their hands
+and breaking them.  At these spectacles, and everywhere else, the English
+are constantly smoking tobacco; and in this manner—they have pipes on
+purpose made of clay, into the farther end of which they put the herb, so
+dry that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire to it, they draw
+the smoke into their mouths, which they puff out again through their
+nostrils like funnels, along with it plenty of phlegm and defluxion from
+the head.  In these theatres, fruits, such as apples, pears, and nuts,
+according to the season, are carried about to be sold, as well as ale and
+wine.
+
+There are fifteen colleges within and without the city, nobly built, with
+beautiful gardens adjoining.  Of these the three principal are:—
+
+I.  The Temple, inhabited formerly by the Knights Templars; it seems to
+have taken its name from the old temple, or church, which has a round
+tower added to it, under which lied buried those Kings of Denmark that
+reigned in England.
+
+II.  Gray’s Inn.  And,
+
+III.  Lincoln’s Inn.
+
+In these colleges numbers of young nobility, gentry, and others, are
+educated, and chiefly in the study of physic, for very few apply
+themselves to that of the law; they are allowed a very good table, and
+silver cups to drink out of.  Once a person of distinction, who could not
+help being surprised at the great number of cups, said, “He should have
+thought it more suitable to the life of students, if they had used rather
+glass, or earthenware, than silver.”  The college answered, “They were
+ready to make him a present of all their plate, provided he would
+undertake to supply them with all the glass and earthenware they should
+have a demand for; since it was very likely he would find the expense,
+from constant breaking, exceed the value of the silver.”
+
+The streets in this city are very handsome and clean; but that which is
+named from the goldsmiths who inhabit it, surpasses all the rest; there
+is in it a gilt tower, with a fountain that plays.  Near it, on the
+farther side, is a handsome house built by a goldsmith and presented by
+him to the city.  There are besides to be seen in this street, as in all
+others where there are goldsmiths’ shops, all sorts of gold and silver
+vessels exposed to sale, as well as ancient and modern medals, in such
+quantities as must surprise a man the first time he sees and considers
+them.
+
+Fitz-Stephen, a writer of English history, reckoned in his time in London
+one hundred and twenty-seven parish churches, and thirteen belonging to
+convents; he mentions, besides, that upon a review there of men able to
+bear arms, the people brought into the field under their colours forty
+thousand foot and twenty thousand horse.  _Vide_ Camden’s “Britannia,”
+Middlesex.
+
+The best oysters are sold here in great quantities.
+
+Everybody knows that English cloth is much approved of for the goodness
+of the materials, and imported into all the kingdoms and provinces of
+Europe.
+
+We were shown, at the house of Leonard Smith, a tailor, a most perfect
+looking-glass, ornamented with gold, pearl, silver, and velvet, so richly
+as to be estimated at five hundred ecus du soleil.  We saw at the same
+place the hippocamp and eagle stone, both very curious and rare.
+
+And thus much of London.
+
+Upon taking the air down the river, the first thing that struck us was
+the ship of that noble pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in which he is said to
+have surrounded this globe of earth.  On the left hand lies Ratcliffe, a
+considerable suburb: on the opposite shore is fixed a long pole with
+ram’s-horns upon it, the intention of which was vulgarly said to be a
+reflection upon wilful and contented cuckolds.
+
+We arrived next at the royal palace of Greenwich, reported to have been
+originally built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and to have received
+very magnificent additions from Henry VII.  It was here Elizabeth, the
+present Queen, was born, and here she generally resides, particularly in
+summer, for the delightfulness of its situation.  We were admitted, by an
+order Mr. Rogers had procured from the Lord Chamberlain, into the
+presence chamber, hung with rich tapestry, and the floor, after the
+English fashion, strewed with hay, {46} through which the Queen commonly
+passes on her way to chapel.  At the door stood a gentleman dressed in
+velvet, with a gold chain, whose office was to introduce to the Queen any
+person of distinction that came to wait on her; it was Sunday, when there
+is usually the greatest attendance of nobility.  In the same hall were
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, a great number of
+Councillors of State, officers of the Crown, and gentlemen, who waited
+the Queen’s coming out; which she did from her own apartment when it was
+time to go to prayers, attended in the following manner:—
+
+First went gentlemen, barons, earls, Knights of the Garter, all richly
+dressed and bareheaded; next came the Chancellor, bearing the seals in a
+red silk purse, between two, one of whom carried the Royal sceptre, the
+other the sword of state, in a red scabbard, studded with golden _fleurs
+de lis_, the point upwards: next came the Queen, in the sixty-fifth year
+of her age, as we were told, very majestic; her face oblong, fair, but
+wrinkled; her eyes small, yet black and pleasant; her nose a little
+hooked; her lips narrow, and her teeth black (a defect the English seem
+subject to, from their too great use of sugar); she had in her ears two
+pearls, with very rich drops; she wore false hair, and that red; upon her
+head she had a small crown, reported to be made of some of the gold of
+the celebrated Lunebourg table; her bosom was uncovered, as all the
+English ladies have it till they marry; and she had on a necklace of
+exceeding fine jewels; her hands were small, her fingers long, and her
+stature neither tall nor low; her air was stately, her manner of speaking
+mild and obliging.  That day she was dressed in white silk, bordered with
+pearls of the size of beans, and over it a mantle of black silk, shot
+with silver threads; her train was very long, the end of it borne by a
+marchioness; instead of a chain, she had an oblong collar of gold and
+jewels.  As she went along in all this state and magnificence, she spoke
+very graciously, first to one, then to another, whether foreign
+Ministers, or those who attended for different reasons, in English,
+French, and Italian; for, besides being well skilled in Greek, Latin, and
+the languages I have mentioned, she is mistress of Spanish, Scotch, and
+Dutch.  Whoever speaks to her, it is kneeling; now and then she raises
+some with her hand.  While we were there, W. Slawata, a Bohemian baron,
+had letters to present to her; and she, after pulling off her glove, gave
+him her right hand to kiss, sparkling with rings and jewels, a mark of
+particular favour.  Wherever she turned her face, as she was going along,
+everybody fell down on their knees. {49}  The ladies of the court
+followed next to her, very handsome and well-shaped, and for the most
+part dressed in white.  She was guarded on each side by the gentlemen
+pensioners, fifty in number, with gilt battle-axes.  In the ante-chapel,
+next the hall where we were, petitions were presented to her, and she
+received them most graciously, which occasioned the acclamation of “Long
+Live Queen Elizabeth!”  She answered it with “I thank you, my good
+people.”  In the chapel was excellent music; as soon as it and the
+service were over, which scarce exceeded half an hour, the Queen returned
+in the same state and order, and prepared to go to dinner.  But while she
+was still at prayers, we saw her table set out with the following
+solemnity:—
+
+A gentleman entered the room bearing a rod, and along with him another
+who had a table-cloth which, after they had both kneeled three times with
+the utmost veneration, he spread upon the table, and, after kneeling
+again, they both retired.  Then came two others, one with the rod again,
+the other with a salt-cellar, a plate, and bread; when they had kneeled
+as the others had done, and placed what was brought upon the table, they
+too retired with the same ceremonies performed by the first.  At last
+came an unmarried lady (we were told she was a countess), and along with
+her a married one, bearing a tasting-knife; the former was dressed in
+white silk, who, when she had prostrated herself three times in the most
+graceful manner, approached the table and rubbed the plates with bread
+and salt with as much awe as if the Queen had been present.  When they
+had waited there a little while, the yeomen of the guards entered,
+bareheaded, clothed in scarlet, with a golden rose upon their backs,
+bringing in at each turn a course of twenty-four dishes, served in plate,
+most of it gilt; these dishes were received by a gentleman in the same
+order they were brought, and placed upon the table, while the lady taster
+gave to each of the guard a mouthful to eat of the particular dish he had
+brought, for fear of any poison.  During the time that this guard, which
+consists of the tallest and stoutest men that can be found in all
+England, being carefully selected for this service, were bringing dinner,
+twelve trumpets and two kettledrums made the hall ring for half an hour
+together.  At the end of all this ceremonial, a number of unmarried
+ladies appeared, who, with particular solemnity, lifted the meat off the
+table, and conveyed it into the Queen’s inner and more private chamber,
+where, after she had chosen for herself, the rest goes to the ladies of
+the Court.
+
+The Queen dines and sups alone with very few attendants, and it is very
+seldom that anybody, foreigner or native, is admitted at that time, and
+then only at the intercession of somebody in power.
+
+Near this palace is the Queen’s park, stocked with deer.  Such parks are
+common throughout England, belonging to those that are distinguished
+either for their rank or riches.  In the middle of this is an old square
+tower, called Mirefleur, supposed to be that mentioned in the romance of
+“Amadis de Gaul;” and joining to it a plain, where knights and other
+gentlemen use to meet, at set times and holidays, to exercise on
+horseback.
+
+We left London in a coach, in order to see the remarkable places in its
+neighbourhood.
+
+The first was Theobalds, belonging to Lord Burleigh, the Treasurer.  In
+the gallery was painted the genealogy of the Kings of England; from this
+place one goes into the garden, encompassed with a ditch full of water,
+large enough for one to have the pleasure of going in a boat and rowing
+between the shrubs; here are great variety of trees and plants,
+labyrinths made with a great deal of labour, a _jet d’eau_, with its
+basin of white marble, and columns and pyramids of wood and other
+materials up and down the garden.  After seeing these, we were led by the
+gardener into the summer-house, in the lower part of which, built
+semicircularly, are the twelve Roman emperors in white marble, and a
+table of touchstone; the upper part of it is set round with cisterns of
+lead, into which the water is conveyed through pipes, so that fish may be
+kept in them, and in summer-time they are very convenient for bathing.
+In another room for entertainment, very near this, and joined to it by a
+little bridge, was an oval table of red marble.  We were not admitted to
+see the apartments of this palace, there being nobody to show it, as the
+family was in town, attending the funeral of their lord. {53}
+
+Hoddesdon, a village.
+
+Ware, a market town.
+
+Puckeridge, a village; this was the first place where we observed that
+the beds at inns were made by the waiters.
+
+Camboritum, Cantabrigium and Cantabrigia, now called Cambridge, a
+celebrated town, so named from the river Cam, which after washing the
+western side, playing through islands, turns to the east, and divides the
+town into two parts, which are joined by a bridge, whence its modern
+name—formerly it had the Saxon one of Grantbridge.  Beyond this bridge is
+an ancient and large castle, said to be built by the Danes: on this side,
+where far the greater part of the town stands, all is splendid; the
+streets fine, the churches numerous, and those seats of the Muses, the
+colleges, most beautiful; in these a great number of learned men are
+supported, and the studies of all polite sciences and languages flourish.
+
+I think proper to mention some few things about the foundation of this
+University and its colleges.  Cantaber, a Spaniard, is thought to have
+first instituted this academy 375 years before Christ, and Sebert, King
+of the East Angles, to have restored it A.D. 630.  It was afterwards
+subverted in the confusion under the Danes, and lay long neglected, till
+upon the Norman Conquest everything began to brighten up again: from that
+time inns and halls for the convenient lodging of students began to be
+built, but without any revenues annexed to them.
+
+The first college, called Peter House, was built and endowed by Hugh
+Balsam, Bishop of Ely, A.D. 1280; and, in imitation of him, Richard
+Badew, with the assistance of Elizabeth Burke, Countess of Clare and
+Ulster, founded Clare Hall in 1326; Mary de St. Paul, Countess of
+Pembroke, Pembroke Hall in 1343; the Monks of Corpus Christi, the college
+of the same name, though it has besides that of Bennet; John Craudene,
+Trinity Hall, 1354; Edmond Gonville, in 1348, and John Caius, a physician
+in our times, Gonville and Caius College; King Henry VI., King’s College,
+in 1441, adding to it a chapel that may justly claim a place among the
+most beautiful buildings in the world.  On its right side is a fine
+library, where we saw the “Book of Psalms” in manuscript, upon parchment
+four spans in length and three broad, taken from the Spaniards at the
+siege of Cadiz, and thence brought into England with other rich spoils.
+Margaret of Anjou, his wife, founded Queen’s College, 1448, at the same
+time that John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, built Jesus College; Robert
+Woodlarke, Catherine Hall; Margaret of Richmond, mother of King Henry
+VII., Christ’s and St. John’s Colleges, about 1506; Thomas Audley,
+Chancellor of England, Magdalen College, much increased since both in
+buildings and revenue by Christopher Wray, Lord Chief Justice; and the
+most potent King Henry VIII. erected Trinity College for religion and
+polite letters—in its chapel is the tomb of Dr. Whitacre, with an
+inscription in gold letters upon marble; Emanuel College, built in our
+own times by the most honourable and prudent Sir Walter Mildmay, one of
+Her Majesty’s Privy Council; and lastly, Sidney College, now first
+building by the executors of the Lady Frances Sidney, {56} Countess of
+Sussex.
+
+We must note here that there is certain sect in England called Puritans;
+these, according to the doctrine of the Church of Geneva, reject all
+ceremonies anciently held, and admit of neither organs nor tombs in their
+places of worship, and entirely abhor all difference in rank among
+Churchmen, such as bishops, deans, &c.; they were first named Puritans by
+the Jesuit Sandys.  They do not live separate, but mix with those of the
+Church of England in the colleges.
+
+Potton, a village.
+
+Ampthill, a town; here we saw immense numbers of rabbits, which are
+reckoned as good as hares, and are very well tasted.
+
+We passed through the towns of Woburn, Leighton, Aylesbury, and Wheatley.
+
+Oxonium, Oxford, the famed Athens of England; that glorious seminary of
+learning and wisdom, whence religion, politeness, and letters, are
+abundantly dispersed into all parts of the kingdom.  The town is
+remarkably fine, whether you consider the elegance of its private
+buildings, the magnificence of its public ones, or the beauty and
+wholesomeness of its situation, which is on a plain, encompassed in such
+a manner with hills, shaded with wood, as to be sheltered on the one hand
+from the sickly south, and on the other from the blustering west, but
+open to the east, that blows serene weather, and to the north, the
+preventer of corruption, from which, in the opinion of some, it formerly
+obtained the appellation of Bellositum.  This town is watered by two
+rivers, the Cherwell and the Isis, vulgarly called the Ouse; and though
+these streams join in the same channel, yet the Isis runs more entire and
+with more rapidity towards the south, retaining its name till it meets
+the Thame, which it seems long to have sought, at Wallingford; thence,
+called by the compound name of Thames, it flows the prince of all British
+rivers, of whom we may justly say, as the ancients did of the Euphrates,
+that it both sows and waters England.
+
+The colleges in this famous University are as follows:—
+
+In the reign of Henry III., Walter Merton, Bishop of Rochester, removed
+the college he had founded in Surrey, 1274, to Oxford, enriched it, and
+named it Merton College; and soon after, William, Archdeacon of Durham,
+restored, with additions, that building of Alfred’s now called University
+College; in the reign of Edward I., John Baliol, King of Scotland, or, as
+some will have it, his parents, founded Baliol College; in the reign of
+Edward II., Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, founded Exeter College
+and Hart Hall; and, in imitation of him, the King, King’s College,
+commonly called Oriel, and St. Mary’s Hall; next, Philippa, wife of
+Edward III., built Queen’s College; and Simon Islip, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, Canterbury College; William Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester,
+raised that magnificent structure called New College; Magdalen College
+was built by William Wainflete, Bishop of Winchester, a noble edifice,
+finely situated and delightful for its walks; at the same time, Humphrey,
+Duke of Gloucester, that great encourager of learning, built the Divinity
+School very splendidly, and over it a library, to which he gave an
+hundred and twenty-nine very choice books, purchased at a great price
+from Italy, but the public has long since been robbed of the use of them
+by the avarice of particulars: Lincoln College; All Souls’ College; St.
+Bernard’s College; Brazen-Nose College, founded by William Smith, Bishop
+of Lincoln, in the reign of Henry VII.; its revenues were augmented by
+Alexander Nowel, Dean of St. Paul’s, London; upon the gate of this
+college is fixed a nose of brass; Corpus Christi College, built by
+Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester—under his picture in the College chapel
+are lines importing that it is the exact representation of his person and
+dress.
+
+Christ’s Church, the largest and most elegant of them all, was begun on
+the ground of St. Frideswide’s Monastery, by Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal of
+York, to which Henry VIII. joined Canterbury College, settled great
+revenues upon it, and named it Christ’s Church; the same great prince,
+out of his own treasury, to the dignity of the town and ornament of the
+University, made the one a bishoprie, and instituted professorships in
+the other.
+
+Jesus College, built by Hugh Price, Doctor of Laws.
+
+That fine edifice, the Public Schools, was entirely raised by Queen Mary,
+and adorned with various inscriptions.
+
+Thus far of the colleges and halls, which for the beauty of their
+buildings, their rich endowments, and copious libraries, excel all the
+academies in the Christian world.  We shall add a little of the academies
+themselves, and those that inhabit them.
+
+These students lead a life almost monastic; for as the monks had nothing
+in the world to do but when they had said their prayers at stated hours
+to employ themselves in instructive studies, no more have these.  They
+are divided into three tables: the first is called the Fellows’ table, to
+which are admitted earls, barons, gentlemen, doctors, and Masters of
+Arts, but very few of the latter—this is more plentifully and expensively
+served than the others; the second is for Masters of Arts, Bachelors,
+some gentlemen, and eminent citizens; the third for people of low
+condition.  While the rest are at dinner or supper in a great hall, where
+they are all assembled, one of the students reads aloud the Bible, which
+is placed on a desk in the middle of the hall, and this office every one
+of them takes upon himself in his turn.  As soon as grace is said after
+each meal, every one is at liberty either to retire to his own chambers
+or to walk in the College garden, there being none that has not a
+delightful one.  Their habit is almost the same as that of the Jesuits,
+their gowns reaching down to their ankles, sometimes lined with fur; they
+wear square caps.  The doctors, Masters of Arts, and professors, have
+another kind of gown that distinguishes them.  Every student of any
+considerable standing has a key to the College library, for no college is
+without one.
+
+In an out-part of the town are the remains of a pretty large
+fortification, but quite in ruins.  We were entertained at supper with an
+excellent concert, composed of a variety of instruments.
+
+The next day we went as far as the Royal Palace of Woodstock, where King
+Ethelred formerly held a Parliament, and enacted certain laws.  This
+palace, abounding in magnificence, was built by Henry I., to which he
+joined a very large park, enclosed with a wall; according to John Rosse,
+the first park in England.  In this very palace the present reigning
+Queen Elizabeth, before she was confined to the Tower, was kept prisoner
+by her sister Mary.  While she was detained here, in the utmost peril of
+her life, she wrote with a piece of charcoal the following verse,
+composed by herself, upon a window shutter:—
+
+    “O Fortune! how thy restless wavering state
+       Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit!
+    Witness this present prison whither fate
+       Hath borne me, and the joys I quit.
+    Thou causedest the guilty to be loosed
+    From bands wherewith are innocents enclosed;
+       Causing the guiltless to be strait reserved,
+    And freeing those that death had well deserved:
+    But by her envy can be nothing wrought,
+    So God send to my foes all they have thought.
+    A.D., M.D.L.V.”
+
+                                                    “ELIZABETH, Prisoner.”
+
+Not far from this palace are to be seen, near a spring of the brightest
+water, the ruins of the habitation of Rosamond Clifford, whose exquisite
+beauty so entirely captivated the heart of King Henry II. that he lost
+the thought of all other women; she is said to have been poisoned at last
+by the Queen.  All that remains of her tomb of stone, the letters of
+which are almost worn out, is the following:—
+
+    “ . . . Adorent,
+    Utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur.”
+
+The rhyming epitaph following was probably the performance of some monk:—
+
+    “Hic jacet in tumbâ Rosamundi non Rosamunda,
+    Non redolet sed olet, quæ redolere solet.”
+
+Returning from hence to Oxford, after dinner we proceeded on our journey,
+and passed through Ewhelme, a royal palace, in which some alms-people are
+supported by an allowance from the Crown.
+
+Nettlebed, a village.
+
+We went through the little town of Henley; from hence the Chiltern Hills
+bear north in a continued ridge, and divide the counties of Oxford and
+Buckingham.
+
+We passed Maidenhead.
+
+Windsor, a royal castle, supposed to have been begun by King Arthur, its
+buildings much increased by Edward III.  The situation is entirely worthy
+of being a royal residence, a more beautiful being scarce to be found;
+for, from the brow of a gentle rising, it enjoys the prospect of an even
+and green country; its front commands a valley extended every way, and
+chequered with arable lands and pasturage, clothed up and down with
+groves, and watered by that gentlest of rivers, the Thames; behind rise
+several hills, but neither steep nor very high, crowned with woods, and
+seeming designed by Nature herself for the purpose of hunting.
+
+The Kings of England, invited by the deliciousness of the place, very
+often retire hither; and here was born the conqueror of France, the
+glorious King Edward III., who built the castle new from the ground, and
+thoroughly fortified it with trenches, and towers of square stone, and,
+having soon after subdued in battle John, King of France, and David, King
+of Scotland, he detained them both prisoners here at the same time.  This
+castle, besides being the Royal Palace, and having some magnificent tombs
+of the Kings of England, is famous for the ceremonies belonging to the
+Knights of the Garter.  This Order was instituted by Edward III., the
+same who triumphed so illustriously over John, King of France.  The
+Knights of the Garter are strictly chosen for their military virtues, and
+antiquity of family; they are bound by solemn oath and vow to mutual and
+perpetual friendship among themselves, and to the not avoiding any danger
+whatever, or even death itself, to support, by their joint endeavours,
+the honour of the Society; they are styled Companions of the Garter, from
+their wearing below the left knee a purple garter, inscribed in letters
+of gold with “_Honi soit qui mal y pense_,” _i.e._, “Evil to him that
+evil thinks.”  This they wear upon the left leg, in memory of one which,
+happening to untie, was let fall by a great lady, passionately beloved by
+Edward, while she was dancing, and was immediately snatched up by the
+King, who, to do honour to the lady, not out of any trifling gallantry,
+but with a most serious and honourable purpose, dedicated it to the legs
+of the most distinguished nobility.  The ceremonies of this Society are
+celebrated every year at Windsor on St. George’s Day, the tutelar saint
+of the Order, the King presiding; and the custom is that the Knights
+Companions should hang up their helmet and shield, with their arms
+blazoned on it, in some conspicuous part of the church.
+
+There are three principal and very large courts in Windsor Castle, which
+give great pleasure to the beholders: the first is enclosed with most
+elegant buildings of white stone, flat-roofed, and covered with lead;
+here the Knights of the Garter are lodged; in the middle is a detached
+house, remarkable for its high tower, which the governor inhabits.  In
+this is the public kitchen, well furnished with proper utensils, besides
+a spacious dining-room, where all the poor Knights eat at the same table,
+for into this Society of the Garter, the King and Sovereign elects, at
+his own choice, certain persons, who must be gentlemen of three descents,
+and such as, for their age and the straitness of their fortunes, are
+fitter for saying their prayers than for the service of war; to each of
+them is assigned a pension of eighteen pounds per annum and clothes.  The
+chief institution of so magnificent a foundation is, that they should say
+their daily prayers to God for the King’s safety, and the happy
+administration for the kingdom, to which purpose they attend the service,
+meeting twice every day at chapel.  The left side of this court is
+ornamented by a most magnificent chapel of one hundred and thirty-four
+paces in length, and sixteen in breadth; in this are eighteen seats
+fitted up in the time of Edward III. for an equal number of Knights: this
+venerable building is decorated with the noble monuments of Edward IV.,
+Henry VI., and VIII., and of his wife Queen Jane.  It receives from royal
+liberality the annual income of two thousand pounds, and that still much
+increased by the munificence of Edward III. and Henry VII.  The greatest
+princes in Christendom have taken it for the highest honour to be
+admitted into the Order of the Garter; and since its first institution
+about twenty kings, besides those of England, who are the sovereigns of
+it, not to mention dukes and persons of the greatest figure, have been of
+it.  It consists of twenty-six Companions.
+
+In the inward choir of the chapel are hung up sixteen coats-of-arms,
+swords, and banners; among which are those of Charles V. and Rodolphus
+II., Emperors; of Philip of Spain; Henry III. of France; Frederic II. of
+Denmark, &c.; of Casimir, Count Palatine of the Rhine; and other
+Christian princes who have been chosen into this Order.
+
+In the back choir, or additional chapel, are shown preparations made by
+Cardinal Wolsey, who was afterwards capitally punished, {68} for his own
+tomb; consisting of eight large brazen columns placed round it, and
+nearer the tomb four others in the shape of candlesticks; the tomb itself
+is of white and black marble; all which are reserved, according to
+report, for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth; the expenses already made for
+that purpose are estimated at upwards of £60,000.  In the same chapel is
+the surcoat {69} of Edward III., and the tomb of Edward Fynes, Earl of
+Lincoln, Baron Clinton and Say, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the
+Garter, and formerly Lord High Admiral of England.
+
+The second court of Windsor Castle stands upon higher ground, and is
+enclosed with walls of great strength, and beautified with fine buildings
+and a tower; it was an ancient castle, of which old annals speak in this
+manner: King Edward, A.D. 1359, began a new building in that part of the
+Castle of Windsor where he was born; for which reason he took care it
+should be decorated with larger and finer edifices than the rest.  In
+this part were kept prisoners John, King of France, and David, King of
+Scots, over whom Edward triumphed at one and the same time: it was by
+their advice, struck with the advantage of its situation, and with the
+sums paid for their ransom, that by degrees this castle stretched to such
+magnificence, as to appear no longer a fortress, but a town of proper
+extent, and inexpugnable to any human force.  This particular part of the
+castle was built at the sole expense of the King of Scotland, except one
+tower, which, from its having been erected by the Bishop of Winchester,
+Prelate of the Order, is called Winchester Tower; {70} there are a
+hundred steps to it, so ingeniously contrived that horses can easily
+ascend them; it is a hundred and fifty paces in circuit; within it are
+preserved all manner of arms necessary for the defence of the place.
+
+The third court is much the largest of any, built at the expense of the
+captive King of France; as it stands higher, so it greatly excels the two
+former in splendour and elegance; it has one hundred and forty-eight
+paces in length, and ninety-seven in breadth; in the middle of it is a
+fountain of very clear water, brought under ground, at an excessive
+expense, from the distance of four miles.  Towards the east are
+magnificent apartments destined for the royal household; towards the west
+is a tennis-court for the amusement of the Court; on the north side are
+the royal apartments, consisting of magnificent chambers, halls, and
+bathing-rooms, {71} and a private chapel, the roof of which is
+embellished with golden roses and _fleurs-de-lis_: in this, too, is that
+very large banqueting-room, seventy-eight paces long, and thirty wide, in
+which the Knights of the Garter annually celebrate the memory of their
+tutelar saint, St. George, with a solemn and most pompous service.
+
+From hence runs a walk of incredible beauty, three hundred and eighty
+paces in length, set round on every side with supporters of wood, which
+sustain a balcony, from whence the nobility and persons of distinction
+can take the pleasure of seeing hunting and hawking in a lawn of
+sufficient space; for the fields and meadows, clad with variety of plants
+and flowers, swell gradually into hills of perpetual verdure quite up to
+the castle, and at bottom stretch out in an extended plain, that strikes
+the beholders with delight.
+
+Besides what has been already mentioned, there are worthy of notice here
+two bathing-rooms, ceiled and wainscoted with looking-glass; the chamber
+in which Henry VI. was born; Queen Elizabeth’s bedchamber, where is a
+table of red marble with white streaks; a gallery everywhere ornamented
+with emblems and figures; a chamber in which are the royal beds of Henry
+VII. and his Queen, of Edward VI., of Henry VIII., and of Anne Boleyn,
+all of them eleven feet square, and covered with quilts shining with gold
+and silver; Queen Elizabeth’s bed, with curious coverings of embroidery,
+but not quite so long or large as the others; a piece of tapestry, in
+which is represented Clovis, King of France, with an angel presenting to
+him the _fleurs-de-lis_ to be borne in his arms; for before his time the
+Kings of France bore three toads in their shield, instead of which they
+afterwards placed three _fleurs-de-lis_ on a blue field; this antique
+tapestry is said to have been taken from a King of France, while the
+English were masters there.  We were shown here, among other things, the
+horn of a unicorn, of above eight spans and a half in length, valued at
+above £10,000; the bird of paradise, three spans long, three fingers
+broad, having a blue bill of the length of half an inch, the upper part
+of its head yellow, the nether part of a . . . colour; {73} a little
+lower from either side of its throat stick out some reddish feathers, as
+well as from its back and the rest of its body; its wings, of a yellow
+colour, are twice as long as the bird itself; from its back grow out
+lengthways two fibres or nerves, bigger at their ends, but like a pretty
+strong thread, of a leaden colour, inclining to black, with which, as it
+has not feet, it is said to fasten itself to trees when it wants to rest;
+a cushion most curiously wrought by Queen Elizabeth’s own hands.
+
+In the precincts of Windsor, on the other side the Thames, both whose
+banks are joined by a bridge of wood, is Eton, a well-built College, and
+famous school for polite letters, founded by Henry VI.; where, besides a
+master, eight fellows and chanters, sixty boys are maintained gratis.
+They are taught grammar, and remain in the school till, upon trial made
+of their genius and progress in study, they are sent to the University of
+Cambridge.
+
+As we were returning to our inn, we happened to meet some country people
+_celebrating their harvest home_; their last load of corn they crown with
+flowers, having besides an image richly dressed, by which, perhaps, they
+would signify Ceres; this they keep moving about, while men and women,
+men and maid servants, riding through the streets in the cart, shout as
+loud as they can till they arrive at the barn.  The farmers here do not
+bind up their corn in sheaves, as they do with us, but directly as they
+have reaped or mowed it, put it into carts, and convey it into their
+barns.
+
+We went through the town of Staines.
+
+Hampton Court, a Royal Palace, magnificently built with brick by Cardinal
+Wolsey in ostentation of his wealth, where he enclosed five very ample
+courts, consisting of noble edifices in very beautiful work.  Over the
+gate in the second area is the Queen’s device, a golden Rose, with this
+motto, “DIEU ET MON DROIT:” on the inward side of this gate are the
+effigies of the twelve Roman Emperors in plaster.  The chief area is
+paved with square stone; in its centre is a fountain that throws up
+water, covered with a gilt crown, on the top of which is a statue of
+Justice, supported by columns of black and white marble.  The chapel of
+this palace is most splendid, in which the Queen’s closet is quite
+transparent, having its window of crystal.  We were led into two
+chambers, called the presence, or chambers of audience, which shone with
+tapestry of gold and silver and silk of different colours: under the
+canopy of state are these words embroidered in pearl, “_Vivat Henricus
+Octavus_.”  Here is besides a small chapel richly hung with tapestry,
+where the Queen performs her devotions.  In her bedchamber the bed was
+covered with very costly coverlids of silk: at no great distance from
+this room we were shown a bed, the tester of which was worked by Anne
+Boleyn, and presented by her to her husband Henry VIII.  All the other
+rooms, being very numerous, are adorned with tapestry of gold, silver,
+and velvet, in some of which were woven history pieces; in others,
+Turkish and American dresses, all extremely natural.
+
+In the hall are these curiosities:
+
+A very clear looking-glass, ornamented with columns and little images of
+alabaster; a portrait of Edward VI., brother to Queen Elizabeth; the true
+portrait of Lucretia; a picture of the battle of Pavia; the history of
+Christ’s passion, carved in mother-of-pearl; the portraits of Mary Queen
+of Scots, who was beheaded, and her daughter; {76} the picture of
+Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, and of Philip his son; that of Henry
+VIII.—under it was placed the Bible curiously written upon parchment; an
+artificial sphere; several musical instruments; in the tapestry are
+represented negroes riding upon elephants.  The bed in which Edward VI.
+is said to have been born, and where his mother Jane Seymour died in
+child-bed.  In one chamber were several excessively rich tapestries,
+which are hung up when the Queen gives audience to foreign ambassadors;
+there were numbers of cushions ornamented with gold and silver; many
+counterpanes and coverlids of beds lined with ermine: in short, all the
+walls of the palace shine with gold and silver.  Here is besides a
+certain cabinet called Paradise, where besides that everything glitters
+so with silver, gold, and jewels, as to dazzle one’s eyes, there is a
+musical instrument made all of glass, except the strings.  Afterwards we
+were led into the gardens, which are most pleasant; here we saw rosemary
+so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover them entirely, which is a
+method exceeding common in England.
+
+Kingston, a market town.
+
+Nonesuch, a royal retreat, in a place formerly called Cuddington, a very
+healthful situation, chosen by King Henry VIII. for his pleasure and
+retirement, and built by him with an excess of magnificence and elegance,
+even to ostentation: one would imagine everything that architecture can
+perform to have been employed in this one work.  There are everywhere so
+many statues that seem to breathe so many miracles of consummate art, so
+many casts that rival even the perfection of Roman antiquity, that it may
+well claim and justify its name of Nonesuch, being without an equal; or
+as the post sung—
+
+    “This, which no equal has in art or fame,
+    Britons deservedly do _Nonesuch_ name.”
+
+The palace itself is so encompassed with parks full of deer, delicious
+gardens, groves ornamented with trellis-work, cabinets of verdure, and
+walks so embrowned by trees, that it seems to be a place pitched upon by
+Pleasure herself, to dwell in along with Health.
+
+In the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and pyramids of
+marble, two fountains that spout water one round the other like a
+pyramid, upon which are perched small birds that stream water out of
+their bills.  In the Grove of Diana is a very agreeable fountain, with
+Actæon turned into a stag, as he was sprinkled by the goddess and her
+nymphs, with inscriptions.
+
+There is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed pipes, which
+spurt upon all who come within their reach.
+
+Returned from hence to London.
+
+
+
+A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+BRITAIN, consisting of the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, is the
+largest island in the world, encompassed by the ocean, the German and
+French seas.  The largest and southern part of it is England, so named
+from the Angli, who quitting the little territory yet called Angel in the
+kingdom of Denmark, took possession here.  It is governed by its own
+King, who owns no superior but God.  It is divided into thirty-nine
+counties, to which thirteen in Wales were added by Henry VIII., the first
+who distributed that principality into counties; over each of these, in
+times of danger, a lord lieutenant, nominated by the King, presides with
+an unlimited power.  Every year some gentleman, an inhabitant of the
+place, is appointed sheriff; his office is to collect the public moneys,
+to raise fines, or to make seizures, and account for it to the Treasury;
+to attend upon the judges, and put their sentence in execution; to
+empanel the jury, who sit upon facts, and return their verdict to the
+judges (who in England are only such of the law, and not of the fact); to
+convey the condemned to execution, and to dertermine in lesser causes,
+for the greater are tried by the judges, formerly called travelling
+judges of assize; these go their circuits through the counties twice
+every year to hear causes, and pronounce sentence upon prisoners.
+
+As to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, after the Popes had assigned a church
+and parish to every priest, Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, about the
+year 636, began to divide England in the same manner into parishes: as it
+has two Provinces, so it has two Archbishops: the one of Canterbury,
+Primate and Metropolitan of all England; the other of York: subject to
+these are twenty-five bishops, viz., twenty-two to Canterbury, the
+remaining three to York.
+
+The soil is fruitful, and abounds with cattle, which inclines the
+inhabitants rather to feeding than ploughing, so that near a third part
+of the land is left uncultivated for grazing.  The climate is most
+temperate at all times, and the air never heavy, consequently maladies
+are scarcer, and less physic is used there than anywhere else.  There are
+but few rivers; though the soil is productive, it bears no wine; but that
+want is supplied from abroad by the best kinds, as of Orleans, Gascon,
+Rhenish, and Spanish.  The general drink is beer, which is prepared from
+barley, and is excellently well tasted, but strong, and what soon
+fuddles.  There are many hills without one tree, or any spring, which
+produce a very short and tender grass, and supply plenty of food to
+sheep; upon these wander numerous flocks, extremely white, and whether
+from the temperature of the air, or goodness of the earth, bearing softer
+and finer fleeces than those of any other country: this is the true
+Golden Fleece, in which consist the chief riches of the inhabitants,
+great sums of money being brought into the island by merchants, chiefly
+for that article of trade.  The dogs here are particularly good.  It has
+mines of gold, silver, and tin (of which all manner of table utensils are
+made, in brightness equal to silver, and used all over Europe), of lead,
+and of iron, but not much of the latter.  The horses are small but swift.
+Glasshouses are in plenty here.
+
+
+OF THE MANNERS OF THE ENGLISH.
+
+
+The English are serious, like the Germans; lovers of show, liking to be
+followed wherever they go by whole troops of servants, who wear their
+masters’ arms in silver, fastened to their left arms, a ridicule they
+deservedly lie under.  They excel in dancing and music, for they are
+active and lively, though of a thicker make than the French; they cut
+their hair close on the middle of the head, letting it grow on either
+side; they are good sailors, and better pirates, cunning, treacherous and
+thievish; above three hundred are said to be hanged annually at London;
+beheading with them is less infamous than hanging; they give the wall as
+the place of honour; hawking is the general sport of the gentry; they are
+more polite in eating than the French, devouring less bread, but more
+meat, which they roast in perfection; they put a great deal of sugar in
+their drink; their beds are covered with tapestry, even those of farmers;
+they are often molested with the scurvy, said to have first crept into
+England with the Norman Conquest; their houses are commonly of two
+storeys, except in London, where they are of three and four, though but
+seldom of four; they are built of wood, those of the richer sort with
+bricks; their roofs are low, and, where the owner has money, covered with
+lead.
+
+They are powerful in the field, successful against their enemies,
+impatient of anything like slavery; vastly fond of great noises that fill
+the ear, such as the firing of cannon, drums, and the ringing of bells,
+so that it is common for a number of them, that have got a glass in their
+heads, to go up into the belfry, and ring the bells for hours together
+for the sake of exercise.  If they see a foreigner very well made, or
+particularly handsome, they will say, “It is a pity he is not an
+Englishman!”
+
+
+
+THE ILLUSTRIOUS FAMILIES OF ENGLAND
+
+
+Thomas Howard, † {84} Duke of Norfolk, hereditary Marshal of England: the
+duchy is extinct for rebellion, the last duke being beheaded.
+
+Grey, † Duke of Suffolk, attainted under Queen Mary.
+
+Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel in his mother’s right, and of Surrey by
+his father, son of the abovementioned Duke of Norfolk, he himself
+condemned for high treason, and his titles forfeited.
+
+Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, hereditary Chamberlain of England.
+
+Percy, Earl of Northumberland, descended from the Dukes of Brabant.
+
+Charles Nevill, † Earl of Westmoreland, banished into Holland, and
+deprived of his fortunes and dignities for rebellion.
+
+Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury.
+
+Grey, Earl of Kent, has but a small estate.
+
+Stanley, Earl of Derby, and King of Man.
+
+Manners, Earl of Rutland.
+
+Somerset, Earl of Worcester, descended from a bastard of the Somerset
+family, which itself is of the royal family of the Plantagenets.
+
+Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.
+
+Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex.
+
+Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, of the line of York, by the mother’s side.
+
+Bourchier, Earl of Bath.
+
+Ambrose Sutton, † alias Dudley, Earl of Warwick, died a few years since,
+childless.
+
+Wriothesly, Earl of Southampton.
+
+Russell, Earl of Bedford.
+
+Herbert, Earl of Pembroke.
+
+Edward Seymour, † Earl of Hertford, son of the Duke of Somerset, who was
+beheaded in the reign of Edward VI.
+
+Robert Sutton, † or Dudley, Earl of Leicester, brother of the Earl of
+Warwick, died a few years ago.
+
+Robert d’Evereux, Earl of Essex, and of Ewe in Normandy, created
+hereditary Marshal of England in 1598.
+
+Charles Howard, of the Norfolk family, created Earl of Nottingham, 1597,
+Lord High Admiral of England, and Privy Counsellor.
+
+Fynes, Earl of Lincoln.
+
+Brown, Viscount Montacute.
+
+Howard, of the Norfolk family, Viscount Bindon.
+
+Nevill, Baron Abergavenny; this barony is controverted.
+
+Touchet, Baron Audley.
+
+Zouch, Baron Zouch.
+
+Peregrine Bertie, Baron Willoughby of Eresby and Brooke, Governor of
+Berwick.
+
+Berkley, Baron Berkley, of the ancient family of the Kings of Denmark.
+
+Parker, Baron Morley.
+
+Dacre, † Baron Dacre of Gyllesland: this barony is vacant.
+
+Dacre, † Baron Dacre of the South: he died four years since, and the
+barony devolved to his daughter.
+
+Brook, Baron Cobham, Warden of the Cinque Ports.
+
+Stafford, Baron Stafford, reduced to want; he is heir to the family of
+the Dukes of Buckingham, who were hereditary Constables of England.
+
+Gray, Baron Gray of Wilton.
+
+Scroop, Baron Scroop of Boulton.
+
+Sutton, Baron Dudley.
+
+Stourton, Baron Stourton.
+
+Nevill, † Baron Latimer, died some years since without heirs male; the
+title controverted.
+
+Lumley, Baron Lumley.
+
+Blunt, Baron Montjoy.
+
+Ogle, Baron Ogle.
+
+Darcy, Baron Darcy.
+
+Parker, Baron Montegle, son and heir of Baron Morley; he has this barony
+in right of his mother, of the family of Stanley.
+
+Sandys, Baron Sandys.
+
+Vaux, Baron Vaux.
+
+Windsor, Baron Windsor.
+
+Wentworth, Baron Wentworth.
+
+Borough, Baron Borough, reduced to want.
+
+Baron Mordaunt.  Baron Eure.
+
+Baron Rich.  Baron Sheffield.
+
+Baron North, Privy Counsellor, and Treasurer of the Household.
+
+Baron Hunsdon, Privy Counsellor, and Lord Chamberlain.
+
+Sackville, Baron Buckhurst, Privy Counsellor.
+
+Thomas Cecil, Baron Burleigh, son of the Treasurer.
+
+Cecil, Lord Roos, grandson of the Treasurer, yet a child: he holds the
+barony in right of his mother, daughter to the Earl of Rutland.
+
+Howard † of Maltravers, son of the Earl of Arundel, not yet restored in
+blood.
+
+Baron Cheyny. †
+
+Baron Cromwell.  Baron Wharton.
+
+Baron Willoughby of Parham.
+
+Baron Pagett, † in exile, attainted.
+
+Baron Chandois.  Baron St. John.
+
+Baron Delaware: his ancestors took the King of France prisoner.
+
+Baron Compton, has squandered almost all his substance.
+
+Baron Norris.
+
+Thomas Howard, second son of the Duke of Norfolk, Baron Audley of
+Saffronwalden, in his mother’s right.
+
+William, † third son of the Duke of Norfolk, is neither a baron, nor yet
+restored in blood.
+
+Thus far of noble families.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+We set out from London in a boat, and fell down the river, leaving
+Greenwich, which we have spoken of before, on the right hand.
+
+Barking, a town in sight on the left.
+
+Gravesend, a small town, famous for the convenience of its port; the
+largest Dutch ships usually call here.  As we were to proceed farther
+from hence by water, we took our last leave here of the noble Bohemian
+David Strziela, and his tutor Tobias Salander, our constant
+fellow-travellers through France and England, they designing to return
+home through Holland, we on a second tour into France; but it pleased
+Heaven to put a stop to their design, for the worthy Strziela was seized
+with a diarrhoea a few days before our departure, and, as we afterwards
+learned by letters from Salander, died in a few days of a violent fever
+in London.
+
+Queenborough: we left the castle on our right; a little farther we saw
+the fishing of oysters out of the sea, which are nowhere in greater
+plenty or perfection; witness Ortelius in his Epitome, &c.
+
+Whitstable; here we went ashore.
+
+Canterbury; we came to it on foot; this is the seat of the Archbishop,
+Primate of all England, a very ancient town, and, without doubt, of note
+in the time of the Romans.
+
+Here are two monasteries almost contiguous, namely of Christ and St.
+Augustine, both of them once filled with Benedictine Monks: the former
+was afterwards dedicated to St. Thomas a Becket, the name of Christ being
+obliterated; it stands almost in the middle of the town, and with so much
+majesty lifts itself, and its two towers, to a stupendous height, that,
+as Erasmus says, it strikes even those who only see it at a distance with
+awe.
+
+In the choir, which is shut up with iron rails, are the following
+monuments:—
+
+King Henry IV., with his wife Joan of Navarre, of white marble.
+
+Nicholas Wootton, Privy Counsellor to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and
+Elizabeth, Kings and Queens of England.
+
+Of Prince Edward, Duke of Aquitaine and Cornwall, and Earl of Chester.
+
+Reginald Pole, with this inscription:
+
+          “The remains of Reginald Pole, Cardinal and Archbishop of
+                                 Canterbury.”
+
+Cardinal Chatillon.
+
+We were then shown the chair in which the bishops are placed when they
+are installed.  In the vestibule of the church, on the south side, stand
+the statues of three men armed, cut in stone, who slew Thomas à Becket,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, made a saint for this martyrdom; their names
+are adjoined—
+
+                          TUSCI, FUSCI, BERRI. {91}
+
+Being tired with walking, we refreshed ourselves here with a mouthful of
+bread and some ale, and immediately mounted post-horses, and arrived
+about two or three o’clock in the morning at Dover.  In our way to it,
+which was rough and dangerous enough, the following accident happened to
+us: our guide, or postillion, a youth, was before with two of our
+company, about the distance of a musketshot; we, by not following quick
+enough, had lost sight of our friends; we came afterwards to where the
+road divided; on the right it was down-hill and marshy, on the left was a
+small hill: whilst we stopped here in doubt, and consulted which of the
+roads we should take, we saw all on a sudden on our right hand some
+horsemen, their stature, dress, and horses exactly resembling those of
+our friends; glad of having found them again, we determined to set on
+after them; but it happened, through God’s mercy, that though we called
+to them, they did not answer us, but kept on down the marshy road at such
+a rate, that their horses’ feet struck fire at every stretch, which made
+us, with reason, begin to suspect they were thieves, having had warning
+of such; or rather, that they were nocturnal spectres, who, as we were
+afterwards told, are frequently seen in those places: there were likewise
+a great many Jack-a-lanterns, so that we were quite seized with horror
+and amazement!  But, fortunately for us, our guide soon after sounded his
+horn, and we, following the noise, turned down the left-hand road, and
+arrived safe to our companions; who, when we had asked them if they had
+not seen the horsemen who had gone by us, answered, not a soul.  Our
+opinions, according to custom, were various upon this matter; but
+whatever the thing was, we were, without doubt, in imminent danger, from
+which that we escaped, the glory is to be ascribed to God alone.
+
+Dover, situated among cliffs (standing where the port itself was
+originally, as may be gathered from anchors and parts of vessels dug up
+there), is more famous for the convenience of its port, which indeed is
+now much decayed, and its passage to France, than for either its elegance
+or populousness: this passage, the most used and the shortest, is of
+thirty miles, which, with a favourable wind, may be run over in five or
+six hours’ time, as we ourselves experienced; some reckon it only
+eighteen to Calais, and to Boulogne sixteen English miles, which, as
+Ortelius says in his “Theatrum,” are longer than the Italian.
+
+Here was a church dedicated to St. Martin by Victred, King of Kent, and a
+house belonging to the Knights Templars; of either there are now no
+remains.  It is the seat of a suffragan to the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+who, when the Archbishop is employed upon business of more consequence,
+manages the ordinary affairs, but does not interfere with the
+archiepiscopal jurisdiction.  Upon a hill, or rather rock, which on its
+right side is almost everywhere a precipice, a very extensive castle
+rises to a surprising height, in size like a little city, extremely well
+fortified, and thick-set with towers, and seems to threaten the sea
+beneath.  Matthew Paris calls it the door and key of England; the
+ordinary people have taken into their heads that it was built by Julius
+Cæsar; it is likely it might by the Romans, from those British bricks in
+the chapel which they made use of in their foundations.  See Camden’s
+“Britannia.”
+
+After we had dined, we took leave of England.
+
+
+
+
+FRAGMENTA REGALIA;
+
+
+_Or_, _Observations on the late Queen Elizabeth_, _her Times_, _and
+Favourites_.  _Written by_ SIR ROBERT NAUNTON, _Master of the Court of
+Wards_.  A.D. 1641.
+
+To take her in the original, she was the daughter of King Henry VIII. by
+Anne Boleyn, the second of six wives which he had, and one of the maids
+of honour to the divorced Queen, Katharine of Austria (or, as the now
+styled, Infanta of Spain), and from thence taken to the royal bed.
+
+That she was of a most noble and royal extract by her father will not
+fall into question, for on that side was disembogued into her veins, by a
+confluency of blood, the very abstract of all the greatest houses in
+Christendom: and remarkable it is, considering that violent desertion of
+the Royal House of the Britons by the intrusion of the Saxons, and
+afterwards by the conquest of the Normans, that, through vicissitude of
+times, and after a discontinuance almost of a thousand years, the sceptre
+should fall again and be brought back into the old regal line and true
+current of the British blood, in the person of her renowned grandfather,
+King Henry VII., together with whatsoever the German, Norman, Burgundian,
+Castilian, and French achievements, with their intermarriages, which
+eight hundred years had acquired, could add of glory thereunto.
+
+By her mother she was of no sovereign descent, yet noble and very ancient
+in the family of Boleyn; though some erroneously brand them with a
+citizen’s rise or original, which was yet but of a second brother, who
+(as it was divine in the greatness and lustre to come to his house) was
+sent into the city to acquire wealth, _ad ædificandam antiquam domum_,
+unto whose achievements (for he was Lord Mayor of London) fell in, as it
+is averred, both the blood and inheritance of the eldest brother for want
+of issue males, by which accumulation the house within few descents
+mounted, _in culmen honoris_, and was suddenly dilated in the best
+families of England and Ireland: as Howard, Ormond, Sackville, and
+others.
+
+Having thus touched, and now leaving her stirp, I come to her person, and
+how she came to the crown by the decease of her brother and sister.
+
+Under Edward VI. she was his, and one of the darlings of Fortune, for,
+besides the consideration of blood, there was between these two princes a
+concurrency and sympathy of their natures and affections, together with
+the celestial bond (confirmative religion), which made them one; for the
+King never called her by any other appellation but his sweetest and
+dearest sister, and was scarce his own man, she being absent; which was
+not so between him and the Lady Mary.
+
+Under her sister {99} she found her condition much altered; for it was
+resolved, and her destiny had decreed it, for to set her apprentice in
+the school of affliction, and to draw her through that ordeal-fire of
+trial, the better to mould and fashion her to rule and sovereignty: which
+finished, Fortune calling to mind that the time of her servitude was
+expired, gave up her indentures, and therewith delivered into her custody
+a sceptre as the reward of her patience; which was about the twenty-sixth
+of her age: a time in which, as for her internals grown ripe, and
+seasoned by adversity, in the exercise of her virtue; for, it seems,
+Fortune meant no more but to show her a piece of variety and
+changeableness of her nature, but to conduct her to her destiny, _i.e._,
+felicity.
+
+She was of person tall, of hair and complexion fair, and therewith well
+favoured, but high-nosed; of limbs and features neat; and, which added to
+the lustre of these external graces, of a stately and majestic
+comportment, participating in this more of her father than of her mother,
+who was of an inferior alloy, plausible, or, as the French hath it, more
+_debonaire_ and affable: virtues which might well suit with majesty, and
+which, descending as hereditary to the daughter, did render her of a
+sweeter temper, and endeared her more to the love and liking of the
+people, who gave her the name and fame of a most gracious and popular
+princess.
+
+The atrocity of the father’s nature was rebated in her by the mother’s
+sweeter inclinations; for (to take, and that no more than the character
+out of his own mouth) _He never spared man in his anger_, _nor woman in
+his lust_.
+
+If we search farther into her intellectuals and abilities, the
+wheel-course of her government deciphers them to the admiration of
+posterity; for it was full of magnanimity, tempered with justice, piety,
+and pity, and, to speak truth, noted but with one act of stain, or taint,
+all her deprivations, either of life or liberty, being legal and
+necessitated.  She was learned, her sex and time considered, beyond
+common belief; for letters about this time, or somewhat before, did but
+begin to be of esteem and in fashion, the former ages being overcast with
+the mists and fogs of the Roman {101} ignorance; and it was the maxim
+that over-ruled the foregoing times, that _Ignorance was the mother of
+Devotion_.  Her wars were a long time more in the auxiliary part, and
+assistance of foreign princes and states, than by invasion of any; till
+common policy advised it, for a safer way, to strike first abroad, than
+at home to expect the war, in all which she was ever felicitous and
+victorious.
+
+The change and alteration of religion upon the instant of her accession
+to the crown (the smoke and fire of her sister’s martyrdoms scarcely
+quenched) was none of her least remarkable actions; but the support and
+establishment thereof, with the means of her own subsistence amidst so
+powerful enemies abroad, and those many domestic practices, were,
+methinks, works of inspiration, and of no human providence, which, on her
+sister’s departure, she most religiously acknowledged—ascribing the glory
+of her deliverance to God above; for she being then at Hatfield, and
+under a guard, and the Parliament sitting at the self-same time, at the
+news of the Queen’s death, and her own proclamation by the general
+consent of the House and the public sufferance of the people, falling on
+her knees, after a good time of respiration, she uttered this verse of
+the Psalm:
+
+    “A Domino factum est istud, et est mirabile in oculis nostris.” {102}
+
+And this we find to this day on the stamp of her gold, with this on her
+silver:
+
+    “Posui Deum adjutorem meum.” {103}
+
+Her ministers and instruments of State, such as were _participes
+curarum_, or bore a great part of the burthen, were _many_, and those
+_memorable_; but they were only _favourites_, and not _minions_; such as
+acted more by _her_ princely rules and judgments, than by their _own_
+wills and appetites; for we saw no Gaveston, Vere, or Spencer, to have
+swayed alone, during forty-four years, which was a well-settled and
+advised maxim; for it valued her the more, it awed the most secure, it
+took best with the people, and it staved off all emulations, which are
+apt to rise and vent in obloquious acrimony even against the prince,
+where there is _one only_ admitted into high administrations.
+
+
+
+_A Major Palatii_.
+
+
+The principal note of her reign will be, that she ruled much by faction
+and parties, which she herself both made, upheld, and weakened, as her
+own great judgment advised; for I do dissent from the common and received
+opinion, that my Lord of Leicester was _absolute_ and _alone_ in her
+_grace_; and, though I come somewhat short of the knowledge of these
+times, yet, that I may not err or shoot at random, I know it from assured
+intelligence that it was not so; for proof whereof, amongst many (that
+could present), I will both relate a story, and therein a known truth,
+and it was thus: Bowyer, the Gentleman of the Black Rod, being charged by
+her express command to look precisely to all admissions in the Privy
+Chamber, one day stayed a very gay captain (and a follower of my Lord of
+Leicester) from entrance, for that he was neither well known, nor a sworn
+servant of the Queen; at which repulse, the gentleman (bearing high on my
+lord’s favour) told him that he might, perchance, procure him a
+discharge.  Leicester coming to the contestation, said publicly, which
+was none of his wonted speeches, that he was a knave, and should not long
+continue in his office; and so turning about to go to the Queen, Bowyer,
+who was a bold gentleman and well-beloved, stepped before him, and fell
+at Her Majesty’s feet, relates the story, and humbly craves Her Grace’s
+pleasure, and in such a manner as if he had demanded whether my Lord of
+Leicester was King, or Her Majesty Queen: whereunto she replied (with her
+wonted oath, _God’s-death_) “My lord, I have wished you well, but my
+favour is not so locked up for you that others shall not participate
+thereof; for I have many servants unto whom I have, and will, at my
+pleasure, bequeath my favour, and likewise resume the same; and if you
+think to rule here, I will take a course to see you forthcoming; {105} I
+will have here but one _mistress_, and no _master_; and look that no ill
+happen to him, lest it be severely required at your hands:” which so
+quailed my Lord of Leicester, that his faint humility was, long after,
+one of his best virtues.
+
+Moreover, the Earl of Sussex, then Lord Chamberlain, was his professed
+antagonist to his dying day; and for my Lord Hunsdown, and Sir Thomas
+Sackville, after Lord Treasurer, who were all contemporaries, he was wont
+to say of them, that they were of the tribe of Dan, and were _Noli me
+tangere_, implying that they were not to be contested with, for they
+were, indeed, of the Queen’s nigh kindred.
+
+From whence, and in many more instances, I conclude that she was absolute
+and sovereign mistress of her graces, and that all those to whom she
+distributed her favours were never more than tenants-at-will, and stood
+on no better terms than her princely pleasure, and their good behaviour.
+
+And this also I present as a known observation, that she was, though very
+capable of counsel, absolute enough in her own resolution; which was ever
+apparent even to her last, and in that of her still aversion to grant
+Tyrone {106} the least drop of her mercy, though earnestly and frequently
+advised thereunto, yea, wrought only by her whole Council of State, with
+very many reasons; and, as the state of her kingdom then stood, I may
+speak it with assurance, necessitated arguments.
+
+If we look into her inclination, as it was disposed to magnificence or
+frugality, we shall find in them many notable considerations; for all her
+dispensations were so poised as though Discretion and Justice had both
+decreed to stand at the beam, and see them weighed out in due proportion,
+the maturity of her paces and judgments meeting in a concurrence; and
+that in such an age that seldom lapseth to excess.
+
+To consider them apart, we have not many precedents of her _liberality_,
+nor any large donatives to _particular_ men, my Lord of Essex’s book of
+_parks_ excepted, which was a princely gift; and some more of a lesser
+size to my Lord of Leicester, Hatton, and others.
+
+Her rewards chiefly consisted in grants and leases of offices, and places
+of judicature; but for ready money, and in great sums, she was very
+sparing; which, we may partly conceive, was a virtue rather drawn out of
+necessity than her nature; for she had many layings-out, and as her wars
+were lasting, so their charge increased to the last period.  And I am of
+opinion with Sir Walter Raleigh, that those many brave men of her times,
+and of the militia, tasted little more of her bounty than in her grace
+and good word with their due entertainment; for she ever paid her
+soldiers well, which was the honour of her times, and more than her great
+adversary of Spain could perform; so that when we come to the
+consideration of her _frugality_, the observation will be little more
+than that her _bounty_ and it were so woven together, that the one was
+{108} stained by an honourable way of sparing.
+
+The Irish action we may call a malady, and a consumption of her times,
+for it accompanied her to her end; and it was of so profuse and vast an
+expense, that it drew near unto a distemperature of State, and of passion
+in herself; for, towards her last, she grew somewhat hard to please, her
+armies being accustomed to prosperity, and the Irish prosecution not
+answering her expectation, and her wonted success; for it was a good
+while an unthrifty and inauspicious war, which did much disturb and
+mislead her judgment; and the more for that it was a precedent taken out
+of her own pattern.
+
+For as the Queen, by way of division, had, at her coming to the crown,
+supported the revolted States of Holland, so did the King of Spain turn
+the trick upon herself, towards her going out, by cherishing the Irish
+rebellion; where it falls into consideration, what the state of this
+kingdom and the crown revenues were then able to endure and embrace.
+
+If we look into the establishments of those times with the best of the
+Irish army, counting the defeat of Blackwater, with all the precedent
+expenses, as it stood from my Lord of Essex’s undertaking of the
+surrender of Kingsale, and the General Mountjoy, and somewhat after, we
+shall find the horse and foot troops were, for three or four years
+together, much about twenty thousand, besides the naval charge, which was
+a dependant of the same war; in that the Queen was then forced to keep in
+continual pay a strong fleet at sea to attend the Spanish coasts and
+parts, both to alarm the Spaniards, and to intercept the forces designed
+for the Irish assistance; so that the charge of that war alone did cost
+the Queen three hundred thousand pounds per annum at least, which was not
+the moiety of her other disbursements and expenses; which, without the
+public aids, the state of the royal receipts could not have much longer
+endured; which, out of her own frequent letters and complaints to the
+Deputy Mountjoy for cashiering of that list as soon as he could, might be
+collected, for the Queen was then driven into a strait.
+
+We are naturally prone to applaud the times behind us, and to vilify the
+present; for the concurrent of her fame carries it to this day, how
+loyally and victoriously she lived and died, without the grudge and
+grievance of her people; yet the truth may appear without detraction from
+the honour of so great a princess.  It is manifest she left more debts
+unpaid, taken upon credit of her privy-seals, than her progenitors did,
+or could have taken up, that were a hundred years before her; which was
+no inferior piece of State, to lay the burthen on that house {110} which
+was best able to bear it at a dead lift, when neither her receipts could
+yield her relief at the pinch, nor the urgency of her affairs endure the
+delays of Parliamentary assistance.  And for such aids it is likewise
+apparent that she received more, and that with the love of her people,
+than any two of her predecessors that took most; which was a fortune
+strained out of the subjects, through the plausibility of her
+comportment, and (as I would say, without offence) the prodigal
+distribution of her grace to all sorts of subjects; for I believe no
+prince living, that was so tender of honour, and so exactly stood for the
+preservation of sovereignty, was so great a courtier of the people, yea,
+of the Commons, and that stooped and declined low in presenting her
+person to the public view, as she passed in her progress and
+perambulations, and in her ejaculations of her prayers on the people.
+
+And, truly, though much may be written in praise of her providence and
+good husbandry, in that she could, upon all good occasions, abate her
+magnanimity, and therewith comply with the Parliament, and so always come
+off both with honour and profit; yet must we ascribe some part of the
+commendation to the wisdom of the times, and the choice of
+Parliament-men; for I said {112a} not that they were at any time given to
+any violent or pertinacious dispute, the elections being made of grave
+and discreet persons, not factious and ambitious of fame; such as came
+not to the House with a malevolent spirit of contention, but with a
+preparation to consult on the public good, and rather to comply than to
+contest with Majesty: neither dare I find {112b} that the House was
+weakened and pestered through the admission of too many _young heads_, as
+it hath been of _latter_ times; which remembers me of the Recorder
+Martin’s speech about the truth of our late Sovereign Lord King James,
+{112c} when there were accounts taken of _forty_ gentlemen not above
+_twenty_, and some not exceeding _sixteen_ years of age; which made him
+to say, “that it was the ancient custom for old men to make laws for
+young ones, but there he saw the case altered, and there were children in
+the great council of the kingdom, which came to invade and invert nature,
+and to enact laws to govern their fathers.”  Such {113a} were in the
+House always, {113b} and took the common cause into consideration; and
+they say the Queen had many times just cause, and need enough, to use
+their assistance: neither do I remember that the House did ever
+capitulate, or prefer their private to the public and the Queen’s
+necessities, but waited their times, and, in the first place, gave their
+supply, and according to the exigence of her affairs; yet failed not at
+the last to attain what they desired, so that the Queen and her
+Parliaments had ever the good fortune to depart in love, and on
+reciprocal terms, which are considerations that have not been so exactly
+observed in our _last_ assemblies.  And I would to God they had been;
+for, considering the great debts left on the King, {113c} and to what
+incumbrances the House itself had then drawn him, His Majesty was not
+well used, though I lay not the blame on the whole suffrage of the House,
+where he had many good friends; for I dare avouch it, had the House been
+freed of half a dozen popular and discontented persons (such as, with the
+fellow that burnt the temple of Ephesus, would be talked of, though for
+doing mischief), I am confident the King had obtained that which, in
+reason, and at his first occasion, he ought to have received freely, and
+without condition.  But pardon this digression, which is here remembered,
+not in the way of aggravation, but in true zeal of the public good, and
+presented _in caveat_ of future times: for I am not ignorant how the
+genius and spirit of the kingdom now moves to make His Majesty amends on
+any occasion; and how desirous the subject is to expiate that offence at
+any rate, may it please His Majesty to make a trial of his subjects’
+affections; and at what price they value now his goodness and
+magnanimity.
+
+But to our purpose: the Queen was not to learn that, as the strength of
+the kingdom consisted in the multitude of her subjects, so the security
+of her person consisted and rested in the love and fidelity of her
+people, which she politically affected (as it hath been thought) somewhat
+beneath the height of her natural spirit and magnanimity.
+
+Moreover, it will be a true note of her providence, that she would always
+listen to her profit: for she would not refuse the information of meanest
+personages, which proposed improvement; and had learned the philosophy of
+(_hoc agere_) to look unto her own work: of which there is a notable
+example of one Carmarthen, an under officer of the Custom House, who,
+observing his time, presented her with a paper, showing how she was
+abused in the under-renting of the Customs, and therewith humbly desired
+Her Majesty to conceal him, for that it did concern two or three of her
+great counsellors, {115} whom Customer Smith had bribed with two thousand
+pounds a man, so to lose the Queen twenty thousand pounds per annum;
+which being made known to the Lords, they gave strict order that
+Carmarthen should not have access to the back-stairs; but, at last, Her
+Majesty smelling the craft, and missing Carmarthen, she sent for him
+back, and encouraged him to stand to his information; which the poor man
+did so handsomely that, within the space of ten years, he was brought to
+double his rent, or leave the Custom to new farmers.  So that we may take
+this also in consideration, that there were of the Queen’s Council which
+were not in the catalogue of saints.
+
+Now, as we have taken a view of some particular motives of her times, her
+nature, and necessities, it is not without the text to give a short touch
+of the _helps_ and _advantages_ of her reign, which were _not_ without
+{116} paroles; for she had neither husband, brother, sister, nor children
+to provide for, who, as they are dependants on the Crown, so do they
+necessarily draw livelihood from thence, and oftentimes exhaust and draw
+deep, especially when there is an ample fraternity royal, and of the
+princes of the blood, as it was in the time of Edward III. and Henry IV.
+For when the Crown cannot, the public ought to give honourable allowance;
+for they are the honour and hopes of the kingdom; and the public, which
+enjoys them, hath the like interest with the father which begat them; and
+our common law, which is the inheritance of the kingdom, did ever of old
+provide aids for the _primogenitus_ {117a} and the eldest daughter; for
+that the multiplicity of courts, and the great charges which necessarily
+follow a king, a queen, a prince, and royal issue, was a thing which was
+not _in rerum natura_ {117b} during the space of forty-four years, {117c}
+but worn out of memory, and without the consideration of the present
+times, insomuch as the aids given to the late and Right Noble Prince
+Henry, and to his sister, the Lady Elizabeth, which were at first
+generally received as impositions for knighthood, though an ancient law,
+fell also into the imputation of a tax of nobility, for that it lay long
+covered in the embers of division between the Houses of York and
+Lancaster, and forgotten or connived at by the succeeding princes: so
+that the strangeness of the observation, and the difference of those
+latter reigns, is that the Queen took up much _beyond_ the power of law,
+which fell not into the murmur of people; and her successors took nothing
+but by warrant of the law, which nevertheless was received, _through
+disuse_, to be injurious to the liberty of the kingdom.
+
+Now before I come to any mention of her favourites, for hitherto I have
+delivered but some oblivious passages, thereby to prepare and smooth a
+way for the rest that follows:
+
+It is necessary that I touch on the religiousness of the other’s reign, I
+mean the body of her sister’s {118} Council of State, which she retained
+entirely, neither removing nor discontenting any, although she knew them
+averse to her religion, and, in her sister’s time, perverse to her
+person, and privy to all her troubles and imprisonments.
+
+A prudence which was incompatible to her sister’s nature, for she both
+dissipated and presented the major part of her brother’s Council; but
+this will be of certain, that how compliable and obsequious soever she
+found them, yet for a good space she made little use of their counsels,
+more than in the ordinary course of the Board, for she had a dormant
+table in her own privy breast; yet she kept them together and in their
+places, without any sudden change; so that we may say of them that they
+were then of the Court, not of the Council; for whilst she _amazed_ {119}
+them by a kind of promissive disputation concerning the points
+controverted by both Churches, she did set down her own gests, without
+their privity, and made all their progressions, gradations; but for that
+the tenents of her secrets, with the intents of her establishments, were
+pitched before it was known where the Court would sit down.
+
+Neither do I find that any of her sister’s Council of State were either
+repugnant to her religion, or opposed her doings; Englefeild, Master of
+the Wards, excepted, who withdrew himself from the Board, and shortly
+after out of her dominions; so pliable and obedient they were to change
+with the times and their prince; and of them will fall a relation of
+recreation.  Paulet, Marquis of Winchester, and Lord Treasurer, had
+served then four princes, in as various and changeable times and seasons,
+that I may well say no time nor age hath yielded the like precedent.
+This man, being noted to grow high in her favour (as his place and
+experience required), was questioned by an intimate friend of his, how he
+had stood up for thirty years together, amidst the change and ruins of so
+many Chancellors and great personages.  “Why,” quoth the marquis, “_Ortus
+sum e salice_, _non ex quercu_,” _i.e._, “I am made of pliable willow,
+not of the stubborn oak.”  And, truly, it seems the old man had taught
+them all, especially William, Earl of Pembroke, for they two were always
+of the King’s religion, and always zealous professors: of these it is
+said that being both younger brothers, yet of noble houses, they spent
+what was left them, and came on trust to the Court, where, upon the bare
+stock of their wits, they began to traffic for themselves, and prospered
+so well that they got, spent, and left more than any subjects from the
+Norman Conquest to their own times; whereupon it hath been prettily
+spoken that they lived in a time of dissolution.
+
+To conclude, then, of all the former reign, it is said that those two
+lived and died chiefly in her grace and favour: by the letter written
+upon his son’s marriage with the Lady Catherine Grey, he had like utterly
+to have lost himself; but at the instant of consummation, as apprehending
+the unsafety and danger of intermarriage with the blood royal, he fell at
+the Queen’s feet, where he both acknowledged his presumption, and
+projected the cause and the divorce together: so quick he was at his
+work, that in the time of repudiation of the said Lady Grey, he clapped
+up a marriage for his son, the Lord Herbert, with Mary Sidney, daughter
+to Sir Henry Sidney, then Lord Deputy of Ireland, the blow falling on
+Edward, the late Earl of Hertford, who, to his cost, took up the divorced
+lady, of whom the Lord Beauchamp was born, and William, now Earl of
+Hertford, is descended.
+
+I come now to present them to her own election, which were either
+admitted to her secrets of State, or taken into her grace and favour; of
+whom, in order, I crave leave to give unto posterity a cautious
+description, with a short character or draught of the persons themselves
+(for, without offence to others, I would be true to myself), their
+memories and merits, distinguishing those of _Militiæ_ {122a} from the
+_Togati_; {122b} and of both these she had as many, and those as able
+ministers, as had any of her progenitors.
+
+
+
+LEICESTER.
+
+
+It will be out of doubt that my Lord of Leicester was one of the first
+whom she made Master of the Horse; he was the youngest son then living of
+the Duke of Northumberland, beheaded _primo Mariæ_, {122c} and his father
+was that Dudley which our histories couple with Empson, and both be much
+infamed for the caterpillars of the commonwealth during the reign of
+Henry VII., who, being of a noble extract, was executed the first year of
+Henry VIII., but not thereby so extinct but that he left a plentiful
+estate, and such a son who, as the vulgar speaks it, would live without a
+teat.  For, out of the ashes of his father’s infamy, he rose to be a
+duke, and as high as subjection could permit or sovereignty endure.  And
+though he could not find out any appellation to assume the crown in his
+own person, yet he projected, and very nearly effected it, for his son
+Gilbert, by intermarriage with the Lady Jane Grey, and so, by that way,
+to bring it into his loins.  Observations which, though they lie beyond
+us, and seem impertinent to the text, yet are they not much extravagant,
+for they must lead us and show us how the after-passages were brought
+about, with the dependences on the line of a collateral workmanship; and
+surely it may amaze a well-settled judgment to look back into these times
+and to consider how the duke could attain to such a pitch of greatness,
+his father dying in ignominy, and at the gallows, his estate confiscated
+for pilling and polling the people.
+
+But, when we better think upon it, we find that he was given up but as a
+sacrifice to please the people, not for any offence committed against the
+person of the King; so that upon the matter he was a martyr of the
+prerogative, and the King in honour could do no less than give back to
+his son the privilege of his blood, with the acquiring of his father’s
+profession, for he was a lawyer, and of the King’s Council at Law, before
+he came to be _ex interioribus consiliis_, {124a} where, besides the
+licking of his own fingers, he got the King a mass of riches, and that
+not with hazard, but with the loss of his life and fame, for the King’s
+father’s sake.
+
+Certain it is that his son was left rich in purse and brain, which are
+good foundations, and fuel to ambition; and, it may be supposed, he was
+on all occasions well heard of the King as a person of mark and
+compassion in his eye, but I find not that he did put up for advancement
+during Henry VIII.’s time, although a vast aspirer and a provident
+stayer.
+
+It seems he thought the King’s reign was much given to the
+falling-sickness, but espying his time fitting, and the sovereignty in
+the hands of a pupil prince, he then thought he might as well put up, for
+it was the best; for having the possession of blood, and of purse, with a
+head-piece of a vast extent, he soon got to honour, and no sooner there
+but he began to side it with the best, even with the Protector, {124b}
+and, in conclusion, got his and his brother’s heads; still aspiring till
+he expired in the loss of his own, so that posterity may, by reading of
+the father and grandfather, make judgment of the son; for we shall find
+that this Robert, whose original we have now traced the better to present
+him, was inheritor to the genius and craft of his father, and Ambrose of
+the estate, of whom hereafter we shall make some short mention.
+
+We took him now as he was admitted into the Court and the Queen’s
+favours, and here he was not to seek to play his part well and
+dexterously; but his play was chiefly at the fore-game, not that he was a
+learner at the latter, but he loved not the after-wit, for the report is
+(and I think not unjustly) that he was seldom behind-hand with his
+gamesters, and that they always went with the loss.
+
+He was a very goodly person, tall, and singularly well-featured, and all
+his youth well-favoured, of a sweet aspect, but high-foreheaded, which
+(as I should take it) was of no discommendation; but towards his latter,
+and which with old men was but a middle age, he grew high-coloured, so
+that the Queen had much of her father, for, expecting some of her
+kindred, and some few that had handsome wits in crooked bodies, she
+always took personage in the way of election, for the people hath it to
+this day, _King Henry loved a man_.
+
+Being thus in her grace, she called to mind the sufferings of _his_
+ancestors, both in her father’s and sister’s reigns, and restored his and
+his brother’s blood, creating Ambrose, the elder, Earl of Warwick, and
+himself Earl of Leicester; and, as he was _ex primitis_, or, _of her
+first choice_, so he rested not there, but long enjoyed her favour, and
+therewith what he listed, till time and emulation, the companions of
+greatness, resolved of his period, and to colour him at his setting in a
+cloud (at Conebury) not by so violent a death, or by the fatal sentence
+of a judicature, as that of his father and grandfather was, but, as is
+supposed, by that poison which he had prepared for others, wherein they
+report him a rare artist.  I am not bound to give credit to all vulgar
+relations, or the libels of his time, which are commonly forced and
+falsified suitable to the words and honours {126} of men in passion and
+discontent; but what blinds me to think him no good man, amongst other
+things of known truth, is that of my Lord of Essex’s {127a} death in
+Ireland and the marriage of his lady, which I forbear to press in regard
+he is long since dead, and others are living whom it may concern.
+
+To take him in the observation of his letters and writings, which should
+best set him off, for such as have fallen into my hands, I never yet saw
+a style or phrase more seemingly religious and fuller of the strains of
+devotion; and, were they not sincere, I doubt much of his well-being,
+{127b} and, I fear, he was too well seen in the aphorisms and principles
+of Nicholas the Florentine, and in the reaches {127c} of Cesare Borgia.
+
+And hereto I have only touched him in his courtships.  I conclude him in
+his lance; {127d} he was sent Governor by the Queen to the revolted
+States of Holland, where we read not of his wonders, for they say he had
+more of Mercury than he had of Mars, and that his device might have been,
+without prejudice to the great Cæsar, _Veni_, _vidi_, _redivi_.
+
+
+
+RADCLIFFE, EARL OF SUSSEX.
+
+
+His {128} co-rival was Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex, who in his
+constellation was his direct opposite, for indeed he was one of the
+Queen’s martialists, and did her very good service in Ireland, at her
+first accession, till she recalled him to the Court, whom she made Lord
+Chamberlain; but he played not his game with that cunning and dexterity
+as the Earl of Leicester did, who was much the fairer courtier, though
+Sussex was thought much the honester man, and far the better soldier, but
+he lay too open on his guard; he was a godly gentleman, and of a brave
+and noble nature, true and constant to his friends and servants; he was
+also of a very ancient and noble lineage, honoured through many descents,
+through the title of Fitzwalters.  Moreover, there was such an antipathy
+in his nature to that of Leicester, that, being together in Court, and
+both in high employments, they grew to a direct frowardness, and were in
+continual opposition, the one setting the watch, the other the guard,
+each on the other’s actions and motions; for my Lord of Sussex was of so
+great spirit, which, backed with the Queen’s special favour and support,
+{129} by a great and ancient inheritance, could not brook the other’s
+empire, insomuch as the Queen upon sundry occasions had somewhat to do to
+appease and atone them, until death parted the competition, and left the
+place to Leicester, who was not long alone without his rival in grace and
+command; and, to conclude this favourite, it is confidently affirmed
+that, lying in his last sickness, he gave this _caveat_ to his friends:—
+
+“I am now passing into another world, and I must leave you to your
+fortunes and the Queen’s grace and goodness; but beware of gipsy”
+(meaning Leicester), “for he will be too hard for you all; you know not
+the beast so well as I do.”
+
+
+
+SECRETARY WILLIAM CECIL.
+
+
+I come now to the next, which was Secretary William Cecil, for on the
+death of the old Marquis of Winchester he came up in his room: a person
+of a most subtle and active spirit.
+
+He stood not by the way of constellation, but was wholly attentive to the
+service of his mistress, and his dexterity, experience, and merit therein
+challenged a room in the Queen’s favour which eclipsed the other’s
+over-seeming greatness, and made it appear that there were others steered
+and stood at the helm besides himself, and more stars in the firmament of
+grace than Ursa Major.
+
+He was born, as they say, in Lincolnshire, but, as some aver upon
+knowledge, of a younger brother of the Cecils of Hertfordshire, a family
+of my own knowledge, though now private, yet of no mean antiquity, who,
+being exposed, and sent to the City, as poor gentlemen used to do their
+sons, became to be a rich man on London Bridge, and purchased {130a} in
+Lincolnshire, where this man was born.
+
+He was sent to Cambridge, and then to the Inns of Court, and so came to
+serve the Duke of Somerset in the time of his Protectorship {130b} as
+Secretary, and having a pregnancy to high inclinations, he came by
+degrees to a higher conversation with the chiefest affairs of State and
+Councils; but, on the fall of the duke, he stood some years in umbrage
+and without employment, till the State found they needed his abilities;
+and although we find not that he was taken into any place during Mary’s
+reign, unless (as some say) towards the last, yet the Council several
+times made use of him, and in the Queen’s {131a} entrance he was admitted
+Secretary of State; afterwards he was made Master of the Court of Wards,
+then Lord Treasurer, for he was a person of most excellent abilities;
+and, indeed, the Queen began to need and seek out men of both guards, and
+so I conclude to rank this {131b} great instrument amongst the _Togati_,
+for he had not to do with the sword, more than as the great paymaster and
+contriver of the war which shortly followed, wherein he accomplished
+much, through his theoretical knowledge at home and his intelligence
+abroad, by unlocking of the counsels of the Queen’s enemies.
+
+We must now take it, and that of truth, into observation that, until the
+tenth of her reign, the times were calm and serene, though sometimes
+overcast, as the most glorious sun-rising is subject to shadowings and
+droppings, for the clouds of Spain, and the vapours of the Holy League,
+began to disperse and threaten her felicity.  Moreover, she was then to
+provide for some intestine strangers, which began to gather in the heart
+of her kingdom, all which had relation and correspondency, each one to
+the other, to dethrone her and to disturb the public tranquillity, and
+therewithal, as a principal mark, the Established religion, for the name
+of Recusant then began first to be known to the world; until then the
+Catholics were no more than Church-Papists, {132} but now, commanded by
+the Pope’s express Catholic Church, their mother, they separate
+themselves; so it seems the Pope had then his aims to take a true number
+of his children; but the Queen had the greater advantage, for she
+likewise took tale of her opposite subjects, their strength and how many
+they were, that had given their names to Baal, who {133} then by the
+hands of some of his proselytes fixed his bulls on the gates of St.
+Paul’s, which discharged her subjects of all fidelity and received faith,
+and so, under the veil of the next successor, to replant the Catholic
+religion.  So that the Queen had then a new task and work in hand that
+might well awake her best providence, and required a muster of new arms,
+as well as courtships and counsels, for the time then began to grow quick
+and active, fitter for stronger motions than them of the carpet and
+measure; and it will be a true note of her magnanimity that she loved a
+soldier, and had a propensity in her nature to regard and always to grace
+them, which the Court, taking it into their consideration, took it as an
+inviting to win honour, together with Her Majesty’s favour, by exposing
+themselves to the wars, especially when the Queen and the affairs of the
+kingdom stood in some necessity of the soldiers, for we have many
+instances of the sallies of the nobility and gentry; yea, and of the
+Court and her privy favourites, that had any touch or tincture of Mars in
+their inclinations, to steal away without licence and the Queen’s
+privity, which had like to cost some of them dear, so predominant were
+their thoughts and hopes of honour grown in them, as we may truly observe
+in the exposition of Sir Philip Sidney, my Lord of Essex and Mountjoy,
+and divers others, whose absence, and the manner of their eruptions, was
+very distasteful unto her, whereof I can hereunto add a true and no
+impertinent story, and that of the last: Mountjoy, who, having twice or
+thrice stole away into Brittany, where, under Sit John Norris, he had
+then a company, without the Queen’s leave and privity, she sent a message
+unto him with a strict charge to the general to see him sent home.
+
+When he came into the Queen’s presence, she fell into a kind railing,
+demanding of him how he durst go over without her leave.  “Serve me so,”
+quoth she, “once more, and I will lay you fast enough for running; you
+will never leave till you are knocked on the head, as that inconsiderate
+fellow Sidney was; you shall go when I send.  In the meantime, see that
+you lodge in the Court” (which was then at Whitehall), “where you may
+follow your book, read, and discourse of the wars.”  But to our purpose.
+It fell out happily to those, and, as I may say, to these times, that the
+Queen during the calm time of her reign was not idle, nor rocked asleep
+with security, for she had been very provident in the reparation and
+augmentation of her shipping and ammunition, and I know not whether by a
+foresight of policy, or any instinct, it came about, or whether it was an
+act of her compassion, but it is most certain she sent no small troops to
+the revolted States of Holland, before she had received any affront from
+the King of Spain, that might deserve to tend to a breach of hostility,
+which the Papists maintain to this day was the provocation to the
+after-wars; but, omitting what might be said to this point, these
+Netherland wars were the Queen’s seminaries or nursery of very many brave
+soldiers, and so likewise were the civil wars of France, whither she sent
+five several armies.
+
+They were the French scholars that inured the youth and gentry of the
+kingdom, and it was a militia, where they were daily in acquaintance with
+the discipline of the Spaniards, who were then turned the Queen’s
+inveterate enemies.
+
+And thus have I taken in observation her _dies Halcyonii_—_i.e._, these
+years of hers which were more serene and quiet than those that followed,
+which, though they were not less propitious, as being touched more with
+the points of honour and victory, yet were they troubled and loaded ever,
+both with domestic and foreign machinations; and, as it is already
+quoted, they were such as awakened her spirits and made her cast about
+her to defend rather by offending, and by way of provision to prevent all
+invasions, than to expect them, which was a piece of the cunning of the
+times; and with this I have noted the causes and _principium_ {136} of
+the wars following, and likewise points to the seed-plots from whence she
+took up these brave men and plants of honour who acted on the theatre of
+Mars, and on whom she dispersed the rays of her grace; who were persons,
+in their kinds of care, virtuous, and such as might, out of their merit,
+pretend interest to her favours, of which rank the number will equal, if
+not exceed, that of her gown-men, in recount of whom I will proceed with
+Sir Philip Sidney.
+
+
+
+SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.
+
+
+He was the son of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland, and President
+of Wales, a person of great parts, and of no mean grace with the Queen;
+his mother was sister to my Lord of Leicester, from whence we may
+conjecture how the father stood up in the sphere of honour and
+employments, so that his descent was apparently noble on both sides; and
+for his education, it was such as travel and the University could afford
+none better, and his tutors infuse; for, after an incredible proficiency
+in all the spheres of learning, he left the academical for that of the
+Court, whither he came by his uncle’s invitation, famed after by noble
+reports of his accomplishments, which, together with the state of his
+person, framed by a natural propensity to arms, soon attracted the good
+opinions of all men, and was so highly praised in the esteem of the
+Queen, that she thought the Court deficient without him; and whereas,
+through the fame of his desert, he was in election for the kingdom of
+Pole, {138} she refused to further his preferment, it was not out of
+emulation of advancement, but out of fear to lose the jewel of her time.
+He married the daughter and sole heir of Sir Frances Walsingham, the
+Secretary of State, a lady destined to the bed of honour, who, after his
+deplorable death at Zutphen, in the Low Countries, where he was at the
+time of his uncle Leicester’s being there, was remarried to the Lord of
+Essex, and, since his death, to my Lord of St. Albans, all persons of the
+sword, and otherwise of great honour and virtue.
+
+They have a very quaint conceit of him, that Mars and Mercury fell at
+variance whose servant he should be; and there is an epigrammatist that
+saith that Art and Nature had spent their excellences in his fashioning,
+and, fearing they could not end what they had begun, they bestowed him up
+for time, and Nature stood mute and amazed to behold her own mark; but
+these are the particulars of poets.
+
+Certain it is he was a noble and matchless gentleman, and it may be said
+justly of him, without these hyperboles of faction, as it was of Cato
+Uticensis, that he seemed to be born only to that which he went about,
+_vir satilis ingenii_, as Plutarch saith it; but to speak more of him
+were to make them less.
+
+
+
+WALSINGHAM.
+
+
+Sir Francis Walsingham, as we have said, had the honour to be Sir Philip
+Sidney’s father-in-law; he was a gentleman at first, of a good house, and
+of a better education, and from the University travelled for the rest of
+his learning.  Doubtless he was the only linguist of his times, how to
+use his own tongue, whereby he came to be employed in the chiefest
+affairs of State.
+
+He was sent Ambassador to France, and stayed there _Legar_ long in the
+heat of the civil wars, and at the same time that Monsieur was here a
+suitor to the Queen; and, if I be not mistaken, he played the very same
+part there as since Gondomar did here. {140a}  At his return he was taken
+principal Secretary, and for one of the great engines of State, and of
+the times, high in his mistress’s (the Queen’s) favour, and a watchful
+servant over the safety of his mistress.
+
+They note him to have certain courtesies and secret ways of intelligence
+above the rest; but I must confess I am to seek wherefore he suffered
+Parry {140b} to play so long as he did, hang on the hook, before he
+hoisted him up; and I have been a little curious in the search thereof,
+though I have not to do with the _Arcana Regalia Imperii_, for to know it
+is sometimes a burden; and I remember it was Ovid’s criminant error that
+he saw too much, but I hope these are collaterals, and of no danger.
+
+But that Parry, having an intent to kill the Queen, made the way of his
+access by betraying of others, and in impeaching of the priests of his
+own correspondency, and thereby had access to confer with the Queen, as
+oftentimes private and familiar discourse with Walsingham, will not be
+the query of the mystery, for the Secretary might have had an end of a
+further discovery and maturity of the treason; but that, after the Queen
+knew Parry’s intent, why she would then admit him to private discourse,
+and Walsingham to suffer him, considering the conditions of all the
+designs, and to permit him to go where and whither he listed, and only
+under the secrecy of a dark sentinel set over him, was a piece of reach
+and hazard beyond my apprehension.  I must again profess that I have read
+many of his letters, for they are commonly sent to my Lord of Leicester
+and of Burleigh out of France, containing many fine passages and secrets,
+yet, if I might have been beholding to his cyphers, they would have told
+pretty tales of the times; but I must now close him up, and rank him
+amongst the _Togati_, yet chief of those that laid the foundations of the
+French and Dutch wars, which was another piece of his fineness of the
+times, with one observation more, that he was one of the greatest always
+of the Austrian embracements, for both himself and Stafford that preceded
+him might well have been compared to him in the Gospel that sowed his
+tares in the night; so did they their seeds in division in the dark; and
+as it is a likely report that they father on him at his return, the Queen
+speaking to him with some sensibility of the Spanish designs on France:
+“Madam,” he answered, “I beseech you be content, and fear not; the
+Spaniard hath a great appetite and an excellent digestion, but I have
+fitted him with a bone for these twenty years that your Majesty should
+have no cause to doubt him, provided that, if the fire chance to slake
+which I have kindled, you will be ruled by me, and cast in some of your
+fuel, which will revive the flame.”
+
+
+
+WILLOUGHBY.
+
+
+My Lord Willoughby was one of the Queen’s first swordsmen; he was of the
+ancient extract of the Bartewes, but more ennobled by his mother, who was
+Duchess of Suffolk.  He was a great master of the art _military_, and was
+sent general into France, and commanded the second army of five the Queen
+had sent thither, in aid of the French.  I have heard it spoken that, had
+he not slighted the Court, but applied himself to the Queen, he might
+have enjoyed a plentiful portion of her grace; and it was his saying, and
+it did him no good, that he was none of the _reptilia_, intimating that
+he could not creep on the ground, and that the Court was not his element;
+for, indeed, as he was a great soldier, so he was of a suitable
+magnanimity, and could not brook the obsequiousness and assiduity of the
+Court; and as he was then somewhat descending from youth, happily he had
+an _animam revertendi_, or a desire to make a safe retreat.
+
+
+
+BACON.
+
+
+And now I come to another of the _Togati_, Sir Nicholas Bacon, an
+arch-piece of wit and of wisdom.  He was a gentleman, and a man of law,
+and of a great knowledge therein, whereby, together with his after-part
+of learning and dexterity, he was promoted to be Keeper of the Great
+Seal, and being of kin to the Treasurer Burleigh, and {144} also the help
+of his hand to bring him to the Queen’s great favour, for he was
+abundantly facetious, which took much with the Queen, when it suited with
+the season, as he was well able to judge of the times; he had a very
+quaint saying, and he used it often to good purpose, “that he loved the
+jest well, but not the loss of his friend;” and that, though he knew that
+“_verus quisque suæ fortunæ faber_,” was a true and good principle, yet
+the most in number were those that numbered themselves, but I will never
+forgive that man that loseth himself to be rid of his jests.
+
+He was father to that refined wit which since hath acted a disastrous
+part on the public stage, and of late sat in his father’s room as Lord
+Chancellor; those that lived in his age, and from whence I have taken
+this little model of him, give him a lively character, and they decipher
+him to be another Solon, and the Simon of those times, such a one as
+Œdipus was in dissolving of riddles; doubtless he was an able instrument,
+as it was his commendation that his head was the mallet, for it was a
+very great one, and therein kept a wedge, that entered all knotty pieces
+that come to the table.
+
+And now again I must fall back to smooth and plane a way to the rest that
+is behind, but not from my purpose.  There have been, about this time,
+two rivals in the Queen’s favour, old Sir Francis Knowles, Comptroller of
+the House, and Sir Henry Norris, whom she had called up at Parliament to
+sit with the Peers in the higher House, as, Henry Norris of Rycot, who
+had married the daughter and heir of the old Henry Williams of Tayne, a
+noble person, and to whom, in her adversity, the Queen had been committed
+to his safe custody, and from him had received more than ordinary
+observances; now, such was the goodness of the Queen’s nature, that she
+neither forgot the good turns received from the Lord Williams, neither
+was she unmindful of this Lord Norris, whose father, in her father’s
+time, and in the business of her brother, died in a noble cause, and in
+the justification of her innocency.
+
+
+
+NORRIS.
+
+
+My Lord Norris had, by this lady, an apt issue, which the Queen highly
+respected, for he had six sons, and all martial and brave men: the first
+was William, the eldest, and father to the late Earl of Berkshire, Sir
+John (vulgarly called General Norris), Sir Edward, Sir Thomas, Sir Henry,
+and Maximilian, men of haughty courage, and of great experience in the
+conduct of military affairs; and, to speak in the character of their
+merit, they were persons of such renown and worth as future times must,
+of duty, owe them the debt of an honourable memory.
+
+
+
+KNOWLES.
+
+
+Sir Francis Knowles was somewhat near in the Queen’s affinity, and had
+likewise no incompetent issue; for he had also William, his eldest son,
+and since Earl of Banbury, Sir Thomas, Sir Robert, and Sir Francis, if I
+be not a little mistaken in their names and marshalling; and there was
+also the Lady Lettice, a sister of those, who was first Countess of
+Essex, and after of Leicester; and those were also brave men in their
+times and places, but they were of the Court and carpet, and not by the
+genius of the camp.
+
+Between these two families there was, as it falleth out amongst great
+ones and competitors of favour, no great correspondency; and there were
+some seeds, either of emulation or distrust, cast between them; which,
+had they not been disjoined in the residence of their persons, as that
+was the fortune of their employments, the one side attending the Court,
+and the other the Pavilion, surely they would have broken out into some
+kind of hostility, or, at least, they would entwine and wrestle one in
+the other, like trees circled with ivy; for there was a time when, both
+these fraternities being met at Court, there passed a challenge between
+them at certain exercises, the Queen and the old men being spectators,
+which ended in a flat quarrel amongst them all.  For I am persuaded,
+though I ought not to judge, that there were some relics of this feigned
+that were long after the causes of the one family’s almost utter
+extirpation, and the other’s improsperity; for it was a known truth that
+so long as my Lord of Leicester lived, who was the main pillar on the one
+side, for having married the sister, the other side took no deep root in
+the Court, though otherwise they made their ways to honour by their
+swords.  And that which is of more note, considering my Lord of
+Leicester’s use of men of war, being shortly after sent Governor to the
+revolted States, and no soldier himself, is that he made no more account
+of Sir John Norris, a soldier, then deservedly famous, and trained from a
+page under the discipline of the greatest captain in Christendom, the
+Admiral Castilliau, and of command in the French and Dutch Wars almost
+twenty years.  And it is of further observation that my Lord of Essex,
+after Leicester’s decease, though addicted to arms and honoured by the
+general in the Portugal expedition, whether out of instigation, as it
+hath been thought, or out of ambition and jealousy, eclipsed by the fame
+and splendour of this great commander, never loved him in sincerity.
+
+Moreover, and certain it is, he not only crushed, and upon all occasions
+quelled the youth of this great man and his famous brethren, but
+therewith drew on his own fatal end, by undertaking the Irish action in a
+time when he left the Court empty of friends, and full-fraught with his
+professed enemies.  But I forbear to extend myself in any further
+relation upon this subject, as having lost some notes of truth in these
+two nobles, which I would present; and therewith touched somewhat, which
+I would not, if the equity of the narration would have permitted any
+omission.
+
+
+
+PERROT.
+
+
+Sir John Perrot was a goodly gentleman, and of the sword; and he was of a
+very ancient descent, as an heir to many subtracts of gentry, especially
+from Guy de Brain of Lawhorn; so was he of a very vast estate, and came
+not to Court for want and to these advancements.  He had the endowments
+of carriage and height of spirit, had he alighted on the alloy and temper
+of discretion; the defect whereof, with a native freedom and boldness of
+speech, drew him on to a clouded sitting, and laid him open to the spleen
+and advantage of his enemies, of whom Sir Christopher Hatton was
+professed.  He was yet a wise man and a brave courtier, but rough and
+participating more of active than sedentary motions, as being in his
+instillation destined for arms.  There is a query of some denotations,
+how he came to receive the foil, and that in the catastrophe? for he was
+strengthened with honourable alliances and the prime friendship in Court
+of my Lords of Leicester and Burleigh, both his contemporaries and
+familiars; but that there might be (as the adage hath it) falsity in
+friendship: and we may rest satisfied that there is no dispute against
+fate, and they quit him for a person that loved to stand too much alone
+on his legs, of too often regress and discontinuance from the Queen’s
+presence, a fault which is incompatible with the ways of Court and
+favour.  He was sent Lord-Deputy into Ireland, as it was then
+apprehended, for a kind of haughtiness and repugnancy in Council; or, as
+others have thought, the fittest person then to bridle the insolences of
+the Irish; and probable it is that both, considering the sway that he
+would have at the Board, being head in the Queen’s favour, concurred, and
+did alike conspire his remove and ruin.  But into Ireland he went, where
+he did the Queen very great and many services, if the surplusage of the
+measure did not abate the value of the merit, as after-time found to be
+no paradox to save the Queen’s purse, but both herself and my Lord
+Treasurer Burleigh ever took for good service; he imposed on the Irish
+the charge for bearing their own arms, which both gave them the
+possession and taught them the use of weapons; which provided in the end
+to a most fatal work, both in the profusion of blood and treasure.
+
+But at his return, and upon some account sent home before, touching the
+state of that kingdom, the Queen poured out assiduous testimonies of her
+grace towards him, till, by his retreat to his Castle of Cary, which he
+was then building, and out of a desire to be in command at home as he had
+been abroad, together with the hatred and practice of Hatton, then in
+high favour, whom he had, not long before, bitterly taunted for his
+dancing, he was accused for high treason, and for high words, and a
+forged letter, and condemned; though the Queen, on the news of his
+condemnation, swore, by her wonted oath, that the jury were all knaves:
+and they delivered it with assurance that, on his return to the town
+after his trial, he said, with oaths and with fury, to the Lieutenant,
+Sir Owen Hopton, “What! will the Queen suffer her brother to be offered
+up as a sacrifice to the envy of my flattering adversaries?”  Which being
+made known to the Queen, and somewhat enforced, she refused to sign it,
+and swore he should not die, for he was an honest and faithful man.  And
+surely, though not altogether to set our rest and faith upon tradition
+and old reports, as that Sir Thomas Perrot, his father, was a gentleman
+of the Privy Chamber, and in the Court married to a lady of great honour,
+which are presumptions in some implications; but, if we go a little
+further and compare his pictures, his qualities, gesture, and voice, with
+that of the King, which memory retains yet amongst us, they will plead
+strongly that he was a surreptitious child of the blood royal.
+
+Certain it is that he lived not long in the Tower; and that after his
+decease, Sir Thomas Perrot, his son, then of no mean esteem with the
+Queen, having before married my Lord of Essex’s sister, since Countess of
+Northumberland, had restitution of his land; though after his death also
+(which immediately followed) the Crown resumed the estate, and took
+advantage of the former attainder; and, to say the truth, the priest’s
+forged letter was, at his arraignment, thought but as a fiction of envy,
+and was soon after exploded by the priest’s own confession.  But that
+which most exasperated the Queen and gave advantage to his enemies was,
+as Sir Walter Raleigh takes into observation, words of disdain, for the
+Queen, by sharp and reprehensive letters, had nettled him; and thereupon,
+sending others of approbation, commending his service, and intimating an
+invasion from Spain; which was no sooner proposed but he said publicly,
+in the great chamber at Dublin:—“Lo, now she is ready to * * herself for
+fear of the Spaniards: I am again one of her white boys,” which are
+subject to a various construction, and tended to some disreputation of
+his Sovereign, and such as may serve for instruction to persons in place
+of honour and command, to beware of the violences of Nature, and
+especially the exorbitance of the tongue.  And so I conclude him with
+this double observation: the one, of the innocency of his intentions,
+exempt and clear from the guilt of treason and disloyalty, therefore of
+the greatness of his heart; for at his arraignment he was so little
+dejected with what might be alleged, that rather he grew troubled with
+choler, and, in a kind of exasperation, he despised his jury, though of
+the Order of Knighthood, and of the especial gentry, claiming the
+privilege of trial by the peers and baronage of the realm, so prevalent
+was that of his native genius and haughtiness of spirit which accompanied
+him to the last, and till, without any diminution of change therein, it
+broke in pieces the cords of his magnanimity; for he died suddenly in the
+Tower, and when it was thought the Queen did intend his enlargement, with
+the restitution of his possessions, which were then very great, and
+comparable to most of the nobility.
+
+
+
+HATTON.
+
+
+Sir Christopher Hatton came to the Court as his opposite; Sir John Perrot
+was wont to say, by the galliard, for he came thither as a private
+gentleman of the Inns of Court, in a masque: and, for his activity and
+person, which was tall and proportionable, taken into her favour.  He was
+first made Vice-Chamberlain, and, shortly after, advanced to the place of
+Lord Chancellor.  A gentleman that, besides the graces of his person and
+dancing, had also the endowment of a strong and subtle capacity, and that
+could soon learn the discipline and garb, both of the times and Court;
+and the truth is, he had a large proportion of gifts and endowments, but
+too much of the season of envy; and he was a mere vegetable of the Court
+that sprung up at night and sunk again at his noon.
+
+               “Flos non mentorum, sed sex fuit illa virorum.”
+
+
+
+EFFINGHAM.
+
+
+My Lord of Effingham, though a courtier betimes, yet I find not that the
+sunshine of his favour broke out upon him until she took him into the
+ship and made him High Admiral of England.  For his extract, it might
+suffice that he was the son of a Howard, and of a Duke of Norfolk.
+
+And, for his person, as goodly a gentleman as the times had any, if
+Nature had not been more intentive to complete his person, than Fortune
+to make him rich; for, the times considered, which were then active, and
+a long time after lucrative, he died not wealthy; yet the honester man,
+though it seems the Queen’s purpose was to render the occasion of his
+advancement, and to make him capable of more honour.  At his return from
+the Cadiz voyage and action, she conferred it upon him, creating him Earl
+of Nottingham, to the great discontent of his colleague, my Lord of
+Essex, who then grew excessive in the appetite of her favour, and the
+truth is, so exorbitant in the limitation of the sovereign aspect, that
+it much alienated the Queen’s grace from him, and drew others together
+with the Admiral to a combination, to conspire his ruin; and though, as I
+have heard it from that party (I mean the old Admiral’s faction) that it
+lay not in his proper power to hurt my Lord Essex, yet he had more
+fellows, and such as were well skilled in the setting of the train; but I
+leave this to those of another age; it is out of doubt that the Admiral
+was a good, honest, and brave man, and a faithful servant to his
+mistress; and such a one as the Queen, out of her own princely judgment,
+knew to be a fit instrument in her service, for she was a proficient in
+the reading of men as well as books; and as sundry expeditions, as that
+aforementioned, and ’88, do better express his worth and manifest the
+Queen’s trust, and the opinion she had of his fidelity and conduct.
+
+Moreover, the Howards were of the Queen’s alliance and consanguinity by
+her mother, which swayed her affection and bent it toward this great
+house; and it was a part of her natural propensity to grace and support
+ancient nobility, where it did not entrench, neither invade her interest;
+from such trespasses she was quick and tender, and would not spare any
+whatsoever, as we may observe in the case of the duke and my Lord of
+Hertford, whom she much favoured and countenanced, till they attempted
+the forbidden fruit, the fault of the last being, in the severest
+interpretation, but a trespass of encroachment; but in the first it was
+taken as a riot against the Crown and her own sovereign power, and as I
+have ever thought the cause of her aversion against the rest of that
+house, and the duke’s great father-in-law, Fitz-Allen, Earl of Arundel, a
+person in the first rank of her affections, before these and some other
+jealousies made a separation between them: this noble lord and Lord
+Thomas Howard, since Earl of Suffolk, standing alone in her grace, and
+the rest in her umbrage.
+
+
+
+PACKINGTON.
+
+
+Sir John Packington was a gentleman of no mean family, and of form and
+feature nowise disabled, for he was a brave gentleman, and a very fine
+courtier, and for the time which he stayed there, which was not lasting,
+very high in her grace; but he came in, and went out through
+disassiduity, drew the curtain between himself and the light of her
+grace, and then death overwhelmed the remnant, and utterly deprived him
+of recovery; and they say of him that had he brought less to her Court
+than he did, he might have carried away more than he brought, for he had
+a time of it, but was an ill husband of opportunity.
+
+
+
+HUNSDOWN.
+
+
+My Lord of Hunsdown was of the Queen’s nearest kindred, and, on the
+decease of Sussex, both he and his son successively took the place of
+Lord Chamberlain.  He was a man fast to his prince, and firm to his
+friends and servants; and though he might speak big, and therein would be
+borne out, yet was he the more dreadful, but less harmful, and far from
+the practice of the Lord of Leicester’s instructions, for he was
+downright; and I have heard those that both knew him well and had
+interest in him, say merrily of him that his Latin and dissimulation were
+alike; and that his custom of swearing and obscenity in speaking made him
+seem a worse Christian than he was, and a better knight of her carpet
+than he could be.  As he lived in a roughling time, so he loved sword and
+buckler men, and such as our fathers were wont to call men of their
+hands; of which sort he had many brave gentlemen that followed him, yet
+not taken for a popular and dangerous person: and this is one that stood
+among the _Togati_, of an honest, stout heart, and such a one, that, upon
+occasion, would have fought for his prince and country, for he had the
+charge of the Queen’s person, both in the Court and in the camp at
+Tilbury.
+
+
+
+RALEIGH.
+
+
+Sir Walter Raleigh was one that, it seems, Fortune had picked out of
+purpose, of whom to make an example and to use as her tennis-ball,
+thereby to show what she could do, for she tossed him up of nothing, and
+to and fro to greatness, and from thence down to little more than to that
+wherein she found him, a bare gentleman; and not that he was less, for he
+was well descended, and of good alliance, but poor in his beginnings: and
+for my Lord Oxford’s jests of him for the jacks and upstarts, we all know
+it savoured more of emulation, and his honour than of truth; and it is a
+certain note of the times, that the Queen, in her choice, never took in
+her favour a mere viewed man, or a mechanic, as Comines observes of Lewis
+XI., who did serve himself with persons of unknown parents, such as were
+Oliver, the barber, whom he created Earl of Dunoyes, and made him _ex
+secretis consiliis_, and alone in his favour and familiarity.
+
+His approaches to the University and Inns of Court were the grounds of
+his improvement, but they were rather extrusions than sieges, or settings
+down, for he stayed not long in a place; and, being the youngest brother,
+and the house diminished in his patrimony, he foresaw his destiny, that
+he was first to roll through want and disability, to subsist otherwise
+before he came to a repose, and as the stone doth by long lying gather
+moss.  He was the first that exposed himself in the land-service of
+Ireland, a militia which did not then yield him food and raiment, for it
+was ever very poor; nor dared he to stay long there, though shortly after
+he came thither again, under the command of the Lord Grey, but with his
+own colours flying in the field, having, in the interim, cast a mere
+chance, both in the Low Countries and in the voyage to sea; and, if ever
+man drew virtue out of necessity, it was he, and therewith was he the
+great example of industry; and though he might then have taken that of
+the merchant to himself,
+
+              “Per mare, per terras, currit mercator ad Indos.”
+
+He might also have said, and truly, with the philosopher, “_Omnia mea
+mecum porto_,” for it was a long time before he could brag of more than
+he carried at his back; and when he got on the winning side, it was his
+commendation that he took pains for it, and underwent many various
+adventures for his after-perfection, and before he came into the public
+note of the world; and thence may appear how he came up _per ardua_:—
+
+                “Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum.”
+
+Not pulled up by chance, nor by any great admittance; I will only
+describe his natural parts, and these of his own acquiring.
+
+He had, in the outward man, a good presence, in a handsome and
+well-compacted person; a strong natural wit, and a better judgment, with
+a bold and plausible tongue, whereby he could set out his parts to the
+best advantage; and these he had by the adjuncts of some general
+learning, which by diligence he enforced to a great augmentation and
+perfection, for he was an indefatigable reader, by sea and land, and one
+of the best observers, both of men and of the times; and I am somewhat
+confident that among the second causes of his growth there was variance
+between him and my Lord General Grey, in his second descent into Ireland,
+which drew them both over to the council-table, there to plead their own
+causes; where what advantage he had in the case in controversy I know
+not, but he had much the better in the manner of telling his tale,
+insomuch as the Queen and the lords took no slight mark of the man and
+his parts; for from thence he came to be known, and to have access to the
+lords; and then we are not to doubt how such a man would comply to
+progression; and whether or no my Lord of Leicester had then cast a good
+word for him to the Queen, which would have done him no harm, I do not
+determine; but true it is, he had gotten the Queen’s ear in a trice, and
+she began to be taken with his election, and loved to hear his reasons to
+her demands: and the truth is, she took him for a kind of oracle, which
+nettled them all; yea, those that he relied on began to take this his
+sudden favour for an alarm and to be sensible of their own supplantation,
+and to project his, which made him shortly after sing—
+
+                   “Fortune, my foe, why dost thou frown?”
+
+So that, finding his favour declining, and falling into a recess, he
+undertook a new peregrination, to leave that _terra infirma_ {165} of the
+court for that of the waves, and by declining himself, and by absence to
+expel his and the passion of his enemies; which, in court, was a strange
+device of recovery, but that he then knew there was some ill office done
+him; yet he durst not attempt to mend it, otherwise than by going aside
+thereby to teach envy a new way of forgetfulness, and not so much as
+think of him.  Howsoever, he had it always in mind never to forget
+himself; and his device took so well that, in his return, he came in as
+rams do, by going backward with the greater strength, and so continued to
+the last, great in her favour, and captain of her guard: where I must
+leave him, but with this observation, though he gained much at the court,
+he took it not out of the Exchequer, or merely out of the Queen’s purse,
+but by his wit, and by the help of the prerogative; for the Queen was
+never profuse in delivering out of her treasure, but paid most and many
+of her servants, part in money, and the rest with grace; which, as the
+case stood, was then taken for good payment, leaving the arrears of
+recompense due for their merit, to her great successor, {166a} who paid
+them all with advantage. {166b}
+
+
+
+GREVILLE.
+
+
+Sir Foulke Greville, since Lord Brooke, had no mean place in her favour,
+neither did he hold it for any short time, or term; for, if I be not
+deceived, he had the longest lease, the smoothest time without rubs of
+any of her favourites; he came to the court in his youth and prime, as
+that is the time, or never: he was a brave gentleman, and hopefully
+descended from Willoughby, Lord Brooke, and admiral to Henry the Seventh;
+neither illiterate, for he was, as he would often profess, a friend to
+Sir Philip Sidney, and there are now extant some fragments of his pen,
+and of the times, which do interest him in the muses, and which show in
+him the Queen’s election had ever a noble conduct, and it motions more of
+virtue and judgment than of fancy.
+
+I find that he neither sought for nor obtained any great place or
+preferment in court, during all his time of attendance: neither did he
+need it, for he came thither backed with a plentiful fortune, which, as
+himself was wont to say, was then better held together by a single life,
+wherein he lived and died a constant courtier of the ladies.
+
+
+
+ESSEX.
+
+
+My Lord of Essex, as Sir Henry Walton notes him, a gentleman of great
+parts, and partly of his times and retinue, had his introduction by my
+Lord of Leicester, who had married his mother; a tie of affinity which,
+besides a more urgent obligation, might have invited his care to advance
+him, his fortunes being then, through his father’s infelicity, grown low;
+but that the son of a Lord Ferrers of Chartly, Viscount Hertford, and
+Earl of Essex, who was of the ancient nobility, and formerly in the
+Queen’s good grace, could not have room in her favour, without the
+assistance of Leicester, was beyond the rule of her nature, which, as I
+have elsewhere taken into observation, was ever inclinable to favour the
+nobility: sure it is, that he no sooner appeared in court, but he took
+with the Queen and the courtiers; and, I believe, they all could not
+choose but look through the sacrifice of the father on his living son,
+whose image, by the remembrance of former passages, was a fresh leek, the
+bleeding of men murdered, represented to the court, and offered up as a
+subject of compassion to all the kingdom.
+
+There was in this young lord, together with a goodly person, a kind of
+urbanity and innate courtesy, which both won the Queen, and too much took
+up the people to gaze on the new-adopted son of her favour; and as I go
+along, it will not be amiss to take into observation two notable
+quotations; the first was a violent indulgence of the Queen (which is
+incident to old age, where it encounters with a pleasing and suitable
+object) towards this great lord, which argued a non-perpetuity; the
+second was a fault in the object of her grace, my lord himself, who drew
+in too fast, like a child sucking on an over uberous nurse; and had there
+been a more decent decorum observed in both, or either of these, without
+doubt, the unity of their affections had been more permanent, and not so
+in and out, as they were, like an instrument well tuned, and lapsing to
+discord.
+
+The greater error of the two, though unwilling, I am constrained to
+impose on my Lord of Essex, and rather on his youth, and none of the
+least of the blame on those that stood sentinels about him, who might
+have advised better, but that like men intoxicated with hopes, they
+likewise had sucked in with the most of their lord’s receipts, and so,
+like Cæsars, would have all or none; a rule quite contrary to nature, and
+the most indulgent parents, who, though they may express more affection
+to one in the abundance of bequeaths, yet cannot forget some legacies,
+and distributives, and dividends to others of their begetting; and how
+hurtful partiality is, and proves, every day’s experience tells us, out
+of which common consideration they might have framed to their hands a
+maxim of more discretion, for the conduct and management of their
+new-graved lord and master.
+
+But to omit that of infusion, and to do right to truth, my Lord of Essex,
+even of those that truly loved and honoured him, was noted for too bold
+an ingrosser, both of fame and favour; and of this, without offence to
+the living, or treading on the sacred grave of the dead, I shall present
+the truth of a passage yet in memory.
+
+My Lord of Mountjoy, who was another child of her favour, being newly
+come, and then but Sir Charles Blount (for my Lord William, his elder
+brother, was then living) had the good fortune to run one day well at
+tilt, and the Queen was therewith so well pleased, that she sent him, in
+token of her favour, a Queen at chess in gold, richly enamelled, which
+his servants had the next day fastened unto his arm with a crimson
+ribband; which my Lord of Essex, as he passed through the Privy Chamber,
+espying with his cloak cast under his arm, the better to command it to
+the view, enquired what it was, and for what cause there fixed: Sir
+Foulke Greville told him, it was the Queen’s favour, which the day
+before, and next after the tilting, she had sent him; whereat my Lord of
+Essex, in a kind of emulation, and as though he would have limited her
+favour, said “Now I perceive every fool must have a favour.”  This bitter
+and public affront came to Sir Charles Blount’s ear, at which he sent him
+a challenge; which was accepted by my lord, and they met near Marybone
+Park, where my lord was hurt in the thigh, and disarmed.  The Queen,
+missing of the men, was very curious to learn the truth, but at last it
+was whispered out; she sware by God’s death, it was fit that some one or
+other should take him down and teach him better manners, otherwise there
+would be no rule with him; and here I note the imminution of my lord’s
+friendship with Mountjoy, which the Queen herself did then conjure.
+
+Now for his fame we need not go far, for my Lord of Essex, having borne a
+grudge to General Norris, who had unwittingly offered to undertake the
+action of Brittany with fewer men than my lord had before demanded; on
+his return with victory, and a glorious report of his valour, he was then
+thought the only man for the Irish wars; wherein my Lord of Essex so
+wrought, by despising the number and quality of the rebels, that Norris
+was sent over with a scanty force, joined with the relics of the veteran
+troops of Britain, of set purpose, and as it fell out, to ruin Norris;
+and the Lord Burrows, by my lord’s procurement, sent at his heels, and to
+command in chief, and to convey Norris only to his government at Munster;
+which aggravated the great heart of the general to see himself
+undervalued, and undermined, by my lord and Burrows, which was, as the
+Proverb speaks, _juvenes docere senes_.
+
+Now my Lord Burrows in the beginning of his prosecution died, whereupon
+the Queen was fully bent to send over my Lord Mountjoy; which my Lord of
+Essex utterly misliked, and opposed with many reasons, and by arguments
+of contempt towards Mountjoy (his then professed friend and familiar) so
+predominant was his desire to reap the whole honour of closing up that
+war, and all others; now the way being paved and opened by his own
+workmanship, and so handled, that none durst appear to stand in the
+place; at last, and with much ado, he obtained his own ends, and
+therewith his fatal destruction, leaving the Queen and the court, where
+he stood impregnable and firm in her grace, to men that long had fought
+and waited their times to give him a trip, and could never find any
+opportunity, but this of his absence, and of his own creation; and those
+are true observations of his appetite and inclinations, which were not of
+any true proportion, but hurried and transported, with an over desire,
+and thirstiness after fame, and that deceitful fame of popularity; and,
+to help on his catastrophe, I observe likewise two sorts of people that
+had a hand in his fall: the first was the soldiery, which all flock unto
+him, as it were foretelling a mortality, and are commonly of blunt and
+too rough counsels, and many times dissonant from the time of the court
+and State; the other sort were of his family, his servants and his own
+creatures, such as were bound by safety, and obligations of fidelity, to
+have looked better to the steering of that boat, wherein they themselves
+were carried, and not to have suffered it to fleet, and run on ground,
+with those empty sails of tumour of popularity and applause; methinks one
+honest man or other, who had but the brushing of his clothes, might have
+whispered in his ear, “My lord, look to it, this multitude that follows
+you will either devour you, or undo you; do not strive to overrule all,
+of it will cost hot water, and it will procure envy, and if needs your
+genius must have it so, let the court and the Queen’s presence by your
+station, for your absence must undo you.” But, as I have said, they had
+sucked too much of their lord’s milk, and instead of withdrawing they
+drew {174} the coals of his ambition, and infused into him too much of
+the spirit of glory, yea, and mixed the goodness of his nature with a
+touch of revenge, which is evermore accompanied with a destiny of the
+same fate.  Of this number there were some of insufferable natures about
+him, that towards his last gave desperate advice, such as his integrity
+abhorred, and his fidelity forbade, amongst whom Sir Henry Walton notes,
+without injury, his Secretary Cuffe, as a vile man and of a perverse
+nature: I could also name others that, when he was in the right course of
+recovery, settling to moderation, would not suffer a recess in him, but
+stirred up the dregs of those rude humours, which, by times and his
+affections out of his own judgment, he thought to repose and give them a
+vomit.  And thus I conclude this noble lord, as a mixture between
+prosperity and adversity, once a child of his great mistress’s favour,
+but a son of Bellona.
+
+
+
+BUCKHURST.
+
+
+My lord of Buckhurst was of the noble house of Sackvilles, and of the
+Queen’s consanguinity, or as the people then called him _Fill-sacks_, by
+reason of his great wealth, and the vast patrimony left to his son,
+whereof in his youth he spent the best part, until the Queen, by her
+frequent admonitions, diverted the torrent of his profusion; he was a
+very fine gentleman, of person and endowments, both of art and nature,
+but without measure magnificent, till on the turn of his honour, and the
+alloy, that his yearly good counsel had wrought upon those immoderate
+courses of his youth, and that height of spirit inherent to his house;
+and then did the Queen, as a most judicious, indulgent prince, who, when
+she saw the man grown settled and staid, gave him an assistance, and
+advanced him to the treasurership, where he made amends to his house for
+his mis-spent time, both in the increasement of his estate and honour,
+which the Queen conferred upon him, together with the opportunity to
+remake himself, and thereby to show that this was a child that should
+have a share in her grace.
+
+They much commend his elocution, but more the excellency of his pen, for
+he was a scholar, and a person of a quick dispatch, faculties that yet
+run in the blood; and they say of him, that his secretaries did little
+for him, by the way of indictment, wherein they could seldom please him,
+he was so facete and choice in his phrases and style; and for his
+dispatches, and for the content he gave to suitors, he had a decorum
+seldom put in practice, for he had of his attendance that took into a
+roll the names of all suitors, with the date of their first addresses; so
+that a fresh man could not leap over his head, that was of a more ancient
+edition excepting the urgent affairs of the State.
+
+I find not that he was any way ensnared in the factions of the court,
+which were all his times strong, and in every man’s note, the Howards and
+the Cecils of the one part, and my Lord of Essex, &c., on the other, for
+he held the staff of the treasury fast in his hand, which made them, once
+in a year, to be beholden to him; and the truth is, as he was a wise man
+and a stout, he had no reason to be a partaker, for he stood sure in
+blood and in grace, and was wholly intentive to the Queen’s service; and
+such were his abilities, that she might have more cunning instruments,
+but none of a more strong judgment and confidence in his ways, which are
+symptoms of magnanimity, whereunto methinks this motto hath some kind of
+reference, _Aut nunquam tentes_, _aut perfice_.  As though he would have
+charactered, in a word, the genius of his house, or express somewhat of a
+higher inclination, than lay within his compass; that he was a courtier
+is apparent, for he stood always in her eye and in her favour.
+
+
+
+MOUNTJOY.
+
+
+My Lord Mountjoy was of the ancient nobility, but utterly decayed in the
+support thereof, patrimony, through his grandfather’s excess, his
+father’s vanity in search of the philosopher’s stone, and his brother’s
+untimely prodigality; all of which seemed, by a joint conspiracy, to
+ruinate the house, and altogether to annihilate it; as he came from
+Oxford, he took the Inner Temple in the way to court, whither he no
+sooner came, but he had a pretty kind of admission, which I have heard
+from a discreet man of his own, and much more of the secrets of those
+times; he was then much about twenty years of age, brown-haired, of a
+sweet face, and of a most neat composure, tall in his person.  The Queen
+was then at Whitehall, and at dinner, whither he came to see the fashion
+of the court, and the Queen had soon found him out, and, with a kind of
+an affected favour, asked her carver who he was; he answered he knew him
+not, insomuch that an inquiry was made, one from another, who he might
+be, till at length it was told the Queen, he was brother to the Lord
+William Mountjoy.  Thus inquiry, with the eye of her majesty fixed upon
+him, as she was wont to do, and to daunt men she knew not, stirred the
+blood of the young gentleman, insomuch as his colour went and came; which
+the Queen observing, called unto him, and gave him her hand to kiss,
+encouraging him with gracious words, and new looks, and so diverting her
+speech to the lords and ladies, she said that she no sooner observed him
+but she knew there was in him some noble blood, with some other
+expressions of pity towards his house; and then, again demanding his
+name, she said, “Fail you not to come to the court, and I will bethink
+myself, how to do you good;” and this was his inlet, and the beginning of
+his grace; where it falls into consideration that, though he wanted not
+wit nor courage, for he had very fine attractives, as being a good piece
+of a scholar, yet were those accompanied with the retractives of
+bashfulness, and natural modesty, which, as the wave of the house of his
+fortune then stood, might have hindered his progression, had they not
+been reinforced by the infusion of sovereign favour, and the Queen’s
+gracious invitation; and that it may appear how he was, and how much that
+heretic, necessity, will work in the directions of good spirits, I can
+deliver it with assurance, that his exhibition was very scanty, until his
+brother died, which was shortly after his admission to the court; and
+then was it no more but a thousand marks _per annum_, wherewith he lived
+plentifully, and in a fine garb, and without any great sustentation of
+the Queen, during all her times.
+
+And, as there was in nature a kind of backwardness, which did not
+befriend him, nor suit with the motion of the court, so there was in him
+an inclination to arms, with a humour of travelling and gadding abroad,
+which had not some wise men about him laboured to remove, and the Queen
+laid in her command, he would, out of his own native propension, marred
+his own market; for as he was grown by reading, whereunto he was much
+addicted, to the theory of a soldier, so was he strongly invited by his
+genius, to the acquaintance of the practice of the war, which were the
+causes of his excursions, for he had a company in the Low Countries, from
+whom he came over with a noble acceptance of the Queen; but, somewhat
+restless in honourable thoughts, he exposed himself again and again, and
+would press the Queen with pretences of visiting his company so often,
+till at length he had a flat denial; yet he struck over with Sir John
+Norris into the action of Britanny, which was then a hot and active war,
+whom he would always call his father, honouring him above all men, and
+ever bewailing his end; so contrary he was in his esteem and valuation of
+this great commander to that of his friend, my Lord of Essex; till at
+last the Queen began to take his digressions for contempt, and confined
+his residence to the court, {181} and her own presence; and, upon my Lord
+of Essex’s fall, so confident she was of her own princely judgment, and
+the opinion she had conceived of his worth and conduct, that she would
+have this noble gentleman and none other to bring in the Irish wars to a
+propitious end; for it was a prophetical speech of her own, that it would
+be his fortune and his honour to cut the thread of that fatal rebellion,
+and to bring her in peace to the grave; wherein she was not deceived: for
+he achieved it, but with much pains and carefulness, and not without the
+forces and many jealousies of the court and times, wherewith the Queen’s
+age and the malignity of her settling times were replete.  And so I come
+to his dear friend in court, Secretary Cecil, whom, in his long absence,
+he adored as his saint, and counted him his only _Mecenas_, both before
+and after his departure from court, and during all the time of his
+command in Ireland; well knowing that it lay in his power, and by a word
+of his mouth, to make or mar him.
+
+
+
+ROBERT CECIL.
+
+
+Sir Robert Cecil, since Earl of Salisbury, was the son of the Lord
+Burleigh, and, by degrees, successor of his places and favours, though
+not of his lands; for he had Sir Thomas Cecil, his elder brother, since
+created Earl of Exeter; he was first Secretary of State, then Master of
+the Court of Wards, and, in the last of her reign, came to be Lord
+Treasurer: all which were the steps of his father’s greatness, and of the
+honour he left to his house.  For his person, he was not much beholden to
+Nature, though somewhat for his face, which was the best part of his
+outside: for his inside, it may be said, and without offence, that he was
+his father’s own son, and a pregnant precedent in all his discipline of
+state: he was a courtier from his cradle, which might have made him
+betimes; but he was at the age of twenty and upwards, and was far short
+of his after-proof, but exposed, and by change of climate he soon made
+show what he was and would be.
+
+He lived in those times wherein the Queen had most need and use of men of
+weight; and, amongst many able ones, this was chief, as having taken his
+sufficiency from his instruction who begat him, the tutorship of the
+times and court, which were then academies of Art and Cunning.  For such
+was the Queen’s condition, from the tenth or twelfth of her reign, that
+she had the happiness to stand up, whereof there is a former intimation,
+environed with many and more enemies, and assaulted with more dangerous
+practices, than any prince of her times, and of many ages before: where
+we must not, in this her preservation, attribute it to human power, for
+that in his own omnipotent providence God ordained those secondary means,
+as instruments of the work, by an evident manifestation of the same work,
+which she acted; and it was a well-pleasing work of his own, out of a
+peculiar care he had decreed the protection of the work-mistress, and,
+thereunto, added his abundant blessing upon all and whatsoever she
+undertook: which is an observation of satisfaction to myself, that she
+was in the right; though, to others now breathing under the same form and
+frame of her government, it may not seem an animadversion of their worth:
+but I leave them to the peril of their own folly, and so come again to
+this great minister of state and the staff of the Queen’s declining age;
+who, though his little crooked person could not promise any great
+supportation, yet it carried thereon a head and a head-piece of a vast
+content; and therein, it seems, Nature was so diligent to complete one
+and the best part about him, as the perfection of his memory and
+intellectuals; she took care also of his senses, and to put him in
+_lynceos oculos_, or, to pleasure him the more, borrowed of Argos, so to
+give unto him a prospective sight; and, for the rest of his sensitive
+virtues, his predecessor, Walsingham, had left him a receipt to smell out
+what was done in the conclave.
+
+And his good old father was so well seen in mathematics, that he could
+tell you, throughout Spain, every part, every port, every ship, with its
+burden; whither bound, what preparations, what impediments for diversion
+of enterprises, counsel, and resolution; and, that we may see, as in a
+little map, how docible this little man was, I will present a taste of
+his abilities.
+
+My Lord of Devonshire, upon certainty that the Spaniards would invade
+Ireland with a strong army, had written very earnestly to the Queen and
+to the Council for such supplies to be timely sent over, that might
+enable him both to march up to the Spaniard, if he did land, and follow
+on his prosecution without diverting his intentions against the rebels.
+Sir Robert Cecil, besides the general dispatch of the Council (as he
+often did) writ thus in private, for these two then began to love dearly:
+
+“My lord, out of the abundance of my affection, and the care I have of
+your well-doing, I must in private put you out of doubt or fear, for I
+know you cannot be sensible, otherwise than in the way of honour, that
+the Spaniards will not come unto you this year; for I have it from my
+own, what his preparations are in all his parts, and what he can do; for,
+be confident, he beareth up a reputation, by seeming to embrace more than
+he can gripe; but, the next year, be assured, he will cast over to you
+some forlorn troops, which, how they may be reinforced beyond his present
+ability, and his first intention, I cannot, as yet, make any certain
+judgment; but I believe, out of my intelligence, that you may expect the
+landing in Munster, and, the more to distract you, in several places, as,
+at Kinsale, Beerhaven, and Baltimore; where, you may be sure, coming from
+sea, they will first fortify, and learn the strength of the rebels,
+before they dare take the field.  Howsoever, as I know you will not
+lessen your care, neither your defences, whatsoever lies in my power to
+do you and the public service, rest thereof assured.”
+
+And to this I could add much more, but it may (as it is) suffice to
+present much of his abilities in the pen, that he was his crafts-master
+in foreign intelligence, and for domestic affairs.  As he was one of
+those that sat at the helm to the last of the Queen, so was he none of
+the least in skill, and in the true use of the compass; and so I shall
+only vindicate the scandal of his death, and conclude him; for he
+departed at St. Margaret’s, near Marlborough, at his return from Bath, as
+my Lord Vice-Chamberlain, my Lord Clifford, and myself, his son, and
+son-in-law, and many more can witness: but that the day before, he
+swooned on the way, and was taken out of his litter, and laid into his
+coach, was a truth out of which that falsehood concerning the manner of
+his death had its derivation, though nothing to the purpose, or to the
+prejudice of his worth.
+
+
+
+VERE.
+
+
+Sir Francis Vere was of that ancient, and of the most noble extract of
+the earls of Oxford; and it may be a question whether the nobility of his
+house, or the honour of his achievements, might most commend him, but
+that we have an authentic rule:
+
+    “Nam genus et proavos et quæ nos non fecimus ipsi,
+    Vix ea nostra voco.”
+
+For though he was an honourable slip of that ancient tree of nobility,
+which was no disadvantage to his virtue, yet he brought more glory to the
+name of Vere than he took of blood from the family.
+
+He was, amongst all the Queen’s swordsmen, inferior to none, but superior
+to many; of whom it may be said, to speak much of him were the way to
+leave out somewhat that might add to his praise, and to forget more than
+would make to his honour.
+
+I find not that he came much to the court, for he lived almost
+perpetually in the camp; but, when he died, no man had more of the
+Queen’s favour, and none less envied, for he seldom troubled it with the
+noise and alarms of supplications; his way was another sort of
+undermining.
+
+They report that the Queen, as she loved martial men, would court this
+gentleman, as soon as he appeared in her presence; and surely he was a
+soldier of great worth and command, thirty years in the service of the
+States, and twenty years over the English in chief, as the Queen’s
+general: and he, that had seen the battle of Newport, might there best
+have taken him and his noble brother, {189a} the Lord of Tilbury, to the
+life.
+
+
+
+WORCESTER.
+
+
+My Lord of Worcester I have here put last, but not least in the Queen’s
+favour; he was of the ancient and noble blood of the Beauforts, and of
+her {189b} grandfather’s kin by the mother, which the Queen could never
+forget, especially where there was an incurrence of old blood with
+fidelity, a mixture which ever sorted with the Queen’s nature; and though
+there might hap somewhat in this house, which might invert her grace,
+though not to speak of my lord himself but in due reverence and honour, I
+mean contrariety or suspicion in religion; yet the Queen ever respected
+his house, and principally his noble blood, whom she first made Master of
+her Horse, and then admitted him of her Council of State.
+
+In his youth, part whereof he spent before he came to reside at court, he
+was a very fine gentleman, and the best horseman and tilter of the times,
+which were then the manlike and noble recreations of the court, and such
+as took up the applause of men, as well as the praise and commendation of
+ladies; and when years had abated those exercises of honour, he grew then
+to be a faithful and profound counsellor; and as I have placed him last,
+so was he the last liver of all her servants of her favour, and had the
+honour to see his renowned mistress, and all of them, laid in the places
+of their rests; and for himself, after a life of very noble and
+remarkable reputation, and in a peaceable old age, a fate that I make the
+last, and none of my slightest observations, which befell not many of the
+rest, for they expired like unto a light blown out with the snuff
+stinking, not commendably extinguished, and with an offence to the
+standers-by.  And thus I have delivered up my poor essay, or little draft
+of this great princess and her times, with the servants of her state and
+favour.  I cannot say I have finished it, for I know how defective and
+imperfect it is, as limned only in the original nature, not without the
+active blessings, and so left it as a task fitter for remoter times, and
+the sallies of some bolder pencil to correct that which is amiss, and
+draw the rest up to life, than for me to have endeavoured it.  I took it
+in consideration, how I might have dashed into it much of the stain of
+pollution, and thereby have defaced that little which is done; for I
+profess I have taken care to master my pen, that I might not err _animo_,
+{191} or of set purpose discolour each or any of the parts thereof,
+otherwise than in concealment.  Haply there are some who will not approve
+of this modesty, but will censure it for pusillanimity, and, with the
+cunning artist, attempt to draw their line further out at length, and
+upon this of mine, which way (with somewhat more ease) it may be
+effected; for that the frame is ready made to their hands, and then haply
+I could draw one in the midst of theirs, but that modesty in me forbids
+the defacements in men departed, their posterity yet remaining, enjoying
+the merit of their virtues, and do still live in their honour.  And I had
+rather incur the censure of abruption, than to be conscious and taken in
+the manner, sinning by eruption, or trampling on the graves of persons at
+rest, which living we durst not look in the face, nor make our addresses
+unto them, otherwise than with due regard to their honours, and reverence
+to their virtues.
+
+
+
+LORD HERBERT.
+
+
+The accomplished, the brave, and romantic Lord Herbert of Cherbury was
+born in this reign, and laid the foundation of that admirable learning of
+which he was afterwards a complete master.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES.
+
+
+{14}  His name was Sir Thomas Falconer.
+
+{17}  This is not true, for her legitimacy was with good reason
+contested.
+
+{27}  This is a mistake; her epitaph says _stipendia constituit tribus
+hoc coenobio monachis et doctori grammatices apud_ Wynbourne.
+
+{29}  Sir Giles Dawbney; he was not Earl of Bridgewater, not a Lord.
+
+{34}  This romantic inscription probably alluded to Philip II., who wooed
+the Queen after her sister’s death; and to the destruction of his Armada.
+
+{36a}  This probably alluded to the woollen manufacture; Stow mentions
+his riding through the Cloth Fair on the Eve of St. Bartholomew.
+
+{36b}  The collar of SS.
+
+{46}  He probably means rushes.
+
+{49}  Her father had been treated with the same deference.  It is
+mentioned by Foxe in his “Acts and Monuments,” that when the Lord
+Chancellor went to apprehend Queen Catherine Parr, he spoke to the King
+on his knees.  King James I. suffered his courtiers to omit it.
+
+{53}  Lord Treasurer Burleigh died August 4, 1598.
+
+{56}  She was the daughter, sister, and aunt, of Sir William, Henry, and
+Sir Philip Sidney.
+
+{68}  This was a strange blunder to be made so near the time, about so
+remarkable a person, unless he concluded that whoever displeased Henry
+VIII. was of course put to death.
+
+{69}  This is a mistake; it was the surcoat of Edward IV., enriched with
+rubies, and was preserved here till the civil war.
+
+{70}  This is confounded with the Round Tower.
+
+{71}  It is not clear what the author means by _hypocaustis_; I have
+translated it bathing-rooms; it might mean only chambers with stoves.
+
+{73}  The original is _optici_; it is impossible to guess what colour he
+meant.
+
+{76}  Here are several mistakes.
+
+{84}  Those marked with a † are extinct, or forfeited.
+
+{91}  This is another most inaccurate account: the murderers of Becket
+were Tracy, Morville, Britton, and Fitzurse.
+
+{99}  Queen Mary.
+
+{101}  Viz., Popish.
+
+{102}  “This is the work of the Lord, and it is wonderful in our sight.”
+
+{103}  “I have chosen God for my help.”
+
+{105}  _i.e._, “I will confine you.”
+
+{106}  The Irish rebel.
+
+{108}  _al._ not.
+
+{110}  _al._ horse.
+
+{112a}  _al._ find
+
+{112b}  _al._ say.
+
+{112c}  The First.
+
+{113a}  Fathers.
+
+{113b}  During Queen Elizabeth’s reign.
+
+{113c}  Charles I.
+
+{115}  Burleigh, Leicester, and Walsingham.
+
+{116}  _al._ were without.
+
+{117a}  The eldest son.
+
+{117b}  Existing.
+
+{117c}  In which she ruled.
+
+{118}  Mary.
+
+{119}  _al._ amused.
+
+{122a}  Camp.
+
+{122b}  Council.
+
+{122c}  In the first year of Queen Mary.
+
+{124a}  Of his Privy Council.
+
+{124b}  The Duke of Somerset.
+
+{126}  _al._ humours.
+
+{127a}  Of which you have an account hereafter in this small pamphlet.
+
+{127b}  In a future state.
+
+{127c}  The art of poisoning.
+
+{127d}  Martial state.
+
+{128}  Leicester’s.
+
+{129}  _al._ supported by.
+
+{130a}  An estate.
+
+{130b}  Under Edward VI.
+
+{131a}  Elizabeth’s.
+
+{131b}  Counsellors.
+
+{132}  Because notwithstanding many dissented from the Reformed
+Establishment in many points of doctrine, and still acknowledged the
+Pope’s infallibility and supremacy, yet they looked not upon these
+doctrines and discipline to be fundamentals, or without which they could
+not be saved; and, therefore, continued to assemble and baptise and
+communicate for the space of ten years in the Reformed Church of England.
+
+{133}  The Pope.
+
+{136}  Beginning.
+
+{138}  Poland.
+
+{140a} Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador, amused King James I. with much
+dissimulation.
+
+{140b}  The traitor, of whom hereafter in this collection.
+
+{144}  _al._ had
+
+{165}  Instability.
+
+{166a}  James I.
+
+{166b}  He dishonourably cut off this good servant’s head, and seized
+upon his estate.
+
+{174}  _al._ blew.
+
+{181}  As related before, in the account of Secretary William Cecil.
+
+{189a}  Horatio.
+
+{189b}  Elizabeth’s.
+
+{191}  Willingly.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAVELS IN ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN
+OF QUEEN ELIZABETH; WITH FRAGMENTA REGALIA***
+
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Travels in England during the Reign of Queen
+Elizabeth; with Fragmenta Regalia, by Paul Hentzner, et al, Edited by
+Henry Morley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+Title: Travels in England during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth; with Fragmenta Regalia
+
+
+Author: Paul Hentzner
+
+Editor: Henry Morley
+
+Release Date: May 10, 2015  [eBook #1992]
+[This file was first posted in April 22, 1999]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAVELS IN ENGLAND DURING THE
+REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH; WITH FRAGMENTA REGALIA***
+</pre>
+<p>Transcribed from the 1892 Cassell &amp; Co. edition by Jane
+Duff and proofed by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="GutSmall">CASSELL&rsquo;S NATIONAL LIBRARY.</span></p>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Travels in England</span></h2>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">DURING
+THE</span><br />
+<i>REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br
+/>
+PAUL HENTZNER.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="GutSmall">WITH</span><br />
+FRAGMENTA REGALIA;<br />
+<i>Or</i>, <i>Observations on Queen Elizabeth&rsquo;s Times and
+Favourites</i>.</p>
+<h2>By SIR ROBERT NAUNTON.</h2>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/tpb.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Decorative graphic"
+title=
+"Decorative graphic"
+ src="images/tps.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">CASSELL &amp; COMPANY, <span
+class="smcap">Limited</span>:<br />
+<span class="GutSmall"><i>LONDON</i></span><span
+class="GutSmall">, </span><span class="GutSmall"><i>PARIS &amp;
+MELBOURNE</i></span><span class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
+<span class="GutSmall">1892.</span></p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">Queen Elizabeth</span> herself, and London
+as it was in her time, with sketches of Elizabethan England, and
+of its great men in the way of social dignity, are here brought
+home to us by Paul Hentzner and Sir Robert Naunton.</p>
+<p>Paul Hentzner was a German lawyer, born at Crossen, in
+Brandenburg, on the 29th of January, 1558.&nbsp; He died on the
+1st January, 1623.&nbsp; In 1596, when his age was thirty-eight,
+he became tutor to a young Silesian nobleman, with whom he set
+out in 1597 on a three years&rsquo; tour through Switzerland,
+France, England, and Italy.&nbsp; After his return to Germany in
+1600, he published, at Nuremberg, in 1612, a description of what
+he had seen and thought worth record, written in Latin, as
+&ldquo;Itinerarium Germani&aelig;, Galli&aelig;, Angli&aelig;,
+Itali&aelig;, cum Indice Locorum, Rerum atque
+Verborum.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Horace Walpole caused that part of Hentzner&rsquo;s Itinerary
+which tells what he saw in England to be translated by Richard
+Bentley, son of the famous scholar, and he printed at Strawberry
+Hill two hundred and twenty copies.&nbsp; In 1797
+&ldquo;Hentzner&rsquo;s Travels in England&rdquo; were edited,
+together with Sir Robert Naunton&rsquo;s &ldquo;Fragmenta
+Regalia,&rdquo; in the volume from which they are here reprinted,
+with notes by the translator and the editor.</p>
+<p>Sir Robert Naunton was of an old family with large estates,
+settled at Alderton, in Suffolk.&nbsp; He was at Cambridge in the
+latter years of Elizabeth&rsquo;s reign, having entered as Fellow
+Commoner at Trinity College, and obtained a Fellowship at Trinity
+Hall.&nbsp; Naunton went to Scotland in 1589 with an uncle,
+William Ashby, whom Queen Elizabeth sent thither as Ambassador,
+and was despatched to Elizabeth&rsquo;s court from Scotland as a
+trusty messenger.&nbsp; In 1596&ndash;7 he was in France, and
+corresponded with the Earl of Essex, who was his friend.&nbsp;
+After the fall of Essex he returned to Cambridge, and was made
+Proctor of the University in 1601, three years after Paul
+Hentzner&rsquo;s visit to England.&nbsp; Then he became Public
+Orator at Cambridge, and by a speech made to King James at
+Hinchinbrook won his Majesty&rsquo;s praise for Latin and
+learning.&nbsp; He came to court in the service of Sir James
+Overbury, obtained the active friendship of George Villiers Duke
+of Buckingham, and was sworn as Secretary of State on the 8th
+January, 1617.&nbsp; The king afterwards gave Naunton the office
+of Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries.</p>
+<p>Sir Robert Naunton wrote his recollections of the men who
+served Queen Elizabeth when he was near the close of his own
+life.&nbsp; It was after 1628, because he speaks of Edward
+Somerset, Earl of Worcester, as dead, and before 1632, because he
+speaks of Sir William Knollys living as the only Earl of
+Banbury.&nbsp; He was created Earl of Banbury in 1626, and died
+in 1632.&nbsp; The &ldquo;Fragmenta Regalia&rdquo; were first
+published in 1641, after Sir Robert&rsquo;s death.&nbsp; They
+were reprinted in 1642 and 1653, since which date they have
+appeared in various collections.&nbsp; There was a good edition
+of them in 1870 among the very valuable &ldquo;English
+Reprints&rdquo; for which we are indebted to Professor Edward
+Arber.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">H. M.</p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Travels in England</span>.</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> arrived at Rye, a small English
+seaport.&nbsp; Here, as soon as we came on shore, we gave in our
+names to the notary of the place, but not till he had demanded
+our business; and being answered, that we had none but to see
+England, we were conducted to an inn, where we were very well
+entertained; as one generally is in this country.</p>
+<p>We took post-horses for London: it is surprising how swiftly
+they run; their bridles are very light, and their saddles little
+more than a span over.</p>
+<p>Flimwell, a village: here we returned our first horses, and
+mounted fresh ones.</p>
+<p>We passed through Tunbridge, another village.</p>
+<p>Chepstead, another village: here, for the second time, we
+changed horses.</p>
+<p>London, the head and metropolis of England: called by Tacitus,
+Londinium; by Ptolemy, Logidinium; by Ammianus Marcellinus,
+Lundinium; by foreigners, Londra, and Londres; it is the seat of
+the British Empire, and the chamber of the English kings.&nbsp;
+This most ancient city is in the county of Middlesex, the
+fruitfullest and wholesomest soil in England.&nbsp; It is built
+on the river Thames, sixty miles from the sea, and was originally
+founded, as all historians agree, by Brutus, who, coming from
+Greece into Italy, thence into Africa, next into France, and last
+into Britain, chose this situation for the convenience of the
+river, calling it Troja Nova, which name was afterwards corrupted
+into Trinovant.&nbsp; But when Lud, the brother of Cassibilan, or
+Cassivelan, who warred against Julius C&aelig;sar, as he himself
+mentions (lib. v. de Bell. Gall.), came to the crown, he
+encompassed it with very strong walls, and towers very artfully
+constructed, and from his own name called it Caier Lud,
+<i>i.e.</i>, Lud&rsquo;s City.&nbsp; This name was corrupted into
+that of Caerlunda, and again in time, by change of language, into
+Londres.&nbsp; Lud, when he died, was buried in this town, near
+that gate which is yet called in Welsh, Por Lud&mdash;in Saxon,
+Ludesgate.</p>
+<p>The famous river Thames owes part of its stream, as well as
+its appellation, to the Isis; rising a little above Winchelcomb,
+and being increased with several rivulets, unites both its waters
+and its name to the Thame, on the other side of Oxford; thence,
+after passing by London, and being of the utmost utility, from
+its greatness and navigation, it opens into a vast arm of the
+sea, from whence the tide, according to Gemma Frisius, flows and
+ebbs to the distance of eighty miles, twice in twenty-five hours,
+and, according to Polydore Vergil, above sixty miles twice in
+twenty-four hours.</p>
+<p>This city being very large of itself, has very extensive
+suburbs, and a fort called the Tower, of beautiful
+structure.&nbsp; It is magnificently ornamented with public
+buildings and churches, of which there are above one hundred and
+twenty parochial.</p>
+<p>On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in
+length, of wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of
+square stone, sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches
+of about twenty feet diameter.&nbsp; The whole is covered on each
+side with houses so disposed as to have the appearance of a
+continued street, not at all of a bridge.</p>
+<p>Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as
+have been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we
+counted above thirty.</p>
+<p>Paulus Jovius, in his description of the most remarkable towns
+in England, says all are obscured by London: which, in the
+opinion of many, is C&aelig;sar&rsquo;s city of the Trinobantes,
+the capital of all Britain, famous for the commerce of many
+nations; its houses are elegantly built, its churches fine, its
+towns strong, and its riches and abundance surprising.&nbsp; The
+wealth of the world is wafted to it by the Thames, swelled by the
+tide, and navigable to merchant ships through a safe and deep
+channel for sixty miles, from its mouth to the city: its banks
+are everywhere beautified with fine country seats, woods, and
+farms; below is the royal palace of Greenwich; above, that of
+Richmond; and between both, on the west of London, rise the noble
+buildings of Westminster, most remarkable for the courts of
+justice, the parliament, and St. Peter&rsquo;s church, enriched
+with the royal tombs.&nbsp; At the distance of twenty miles from
+London is the castle of Windsor, a most delightful retreat of the
+Kings of England, as well as famous for several of their tombs,
+and for the ceremonial of the Order of the Garter.&nbsp; This
+river abounds in swans, swimming in flocks: the sight of them,
+and their noise, are vastly agreeable to the fleets that meet
+them in their course.&nbsp; It is joined to the city by a bridge
+of stone, wonderfully built; is never increased by any rains,
+rising only with the tide, and is everywhere spread with nets for
+taking salmon and shad.&nbsp; Thus far Paulus Jovius.</p>
+<p>Polydore Vergil affirms that London has continued to be a
+royal city, and the capital of the kingdom, crowded with its own
+inhabitants and foreigners, abounding in riches, and famous for
+its great trade, from the time of King Archeninus, or
+Erchenvinus.&nbsp; Here the kings are crowned, and solemnly
+inaugurated, and the council of the nation, or parliament, is
+held.&nbsp; The government of the city is lodged, by ancient
+grant of the Kings of Britain, in twenty-four aldermen&mdash;that
+is, seniors: these annually elect out of their own body a mayor
+and two sheriffs, who determine causes according to municipal
+laws.&nbsp; It has always had, as indeed Britain in general has,
+a great number of men of learning, much distinguished for their
+writings.</p>
+<p>The walls are pierced with six gates, which, as they were
+rebuilt, acquired new names.&nbsp; Two look westward:</p>
+<p>1.&nbsp; Ludgate, the oldest, so called from King Lud, whose
+name is yet to be seen, cut in the stone over the arch on the
+side; though others imagine it rather to have been named
+Fludgate, from a stream over which it stands, like the Porta
+Fluentana at Rome.&nbsp; It has been lately repaired by Queen
+Elizabeth, whose statue is placed on the opposite side.&nbsp;
+And,</p>
+<p>2.&nbsp; Newgate, the best edifice of any; so called from
+being new built, whereas before it was named Chamberlain
+gate.&nbsp; It is the public prison.</p>
+<p>On the north are four:</p>
+<p>1.&nbsp; Aldersgate, as some think from alder trees; as
+others, from Aldericius, a Saxon.</p>
+<p>2.&nbsp; Cripplegate, from a hospital for the lame.</p>
+<p>3.&nbsp; Moorgate, from a neighbouring morass, now converted
+into a field, first opened by Francetius <a
+name="citation14"></a><a href="#footnote14"
+class="citation">[14]</a> the mayor, <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1414.</p>
+<p>4.&nbsp; And Bishopsgate, from some bishop: this the German
+merchants of the Hans society were obliged by compact to keep in
+repair, and in times of danger to defend.&nbsp; They were in
+possession of a key to open or shut it, so that upon occasion
+they could come in, or go out, by night or by day.</p>
+<p>There is only one to the east:</p>
+<p>Aldgate, that is, Oldgate, from its antiquity; though others
+think it to have been named Elbegate.</p>
+<p>Several people believe that there were formerly two gates
+(besides that to the bridge) towards the Thames.</p>
+<p>1.&nbsp; Billingsgate, now a cothon, or artificial port, for
+the reception of ships.</p>
+<p>2.&nbsp; Dourgate, <i>vulgo</i> Dowgate, <i>i.e.</i>,
+Water-gate.</p>
+<p>The cathedral of St. Paul was founded by Ethelbert, King of
+the Saxons, and being from time to time re-edified, increased to
+vastness and magnificence, and in revenue so much, that it
+affords a plentiful support to a bishop, dean, and precentor,
+treasurer, four archdeacons, twenty-nine prebendaries, and many
+others.&nbsp; The roof of this church, as of most others in
+England, with the adjoining steeple, is covered with lead.</p>
+<p>On the right side of the choir is the marble tomb of Nicholas
+Bacon, with his wife.&nbsp; Not far from this is a magnificent
+monument, ornamented with pyramids of marble and alabaster, with
+this inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Sacred to the memory
+of</p>
+<p>Sir Christopher Hatton, son of William, grandson of John, of
+the most ancient family of the Hattons; one of the fifty
+gentlemen pensioners to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth: Gentleman of
+the privy chamber; captain of the guards; one of the Privy
+Council, and High Chancellor of England, and of the University of
+Oxford: who, to the great grief of his Sovereign, and of all good
+men, ended this life religiously, after having lived unmarried to
+the age of fifty-one, at his house in Holborn, on the 20th of
+November, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1591.</p>
+<p>William Hatton, knight, his nephew by his sister&rsquo;s side,
+and by adoption his son and heir, most sorrowfully raised this
+tomb, as a mark of his duty.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>On the left hand is the marble monument of William Herbert,
+Earl of Pembroke, and his lady: and near it, that of John, Duke
+of Lancaster, with this inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p>Here sleeps in the Lord, John of Gant, so called
+from the city of the same name of Flanders, where he was born,
+fourth son of Edward the Third, King of England, and created by
+his father Earl of Richmond.&nbsp; He was thrice married; first
+to Blanche, daughter and heiress of Henry Duke of Lancaster; by
+her he received an immense inheritance, and became not only Duke
+of Lancaster, but Earl of Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby, of whose
+race are descended many emperors, kings, princes, and
+nobles.&nbsp; His second wife was Constance, who is here buried,
+daughter and heiress of Peter, King of Castile and Leon, in whose
+right he most justly <a name="citation17"></a><a
+href="#footnote17" class="citation">[17]</a> took the style of
+King of Castile and Leon.&nbsp; She brought him one only
+daughter, Catherine, of whom, by Henry, are descended the Kings
+of Spain.&nbsp; His third wife was Catherine, of a knight&rsquo;s
+family, a woman of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous
+progeny; from which is descended, by the mother&rsquo;s side,
+Henry the Seventh, the most prudent King of England, by whose
+most happy marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward the
+Fourth, of the line of York, the two royal lines of Lancaster and
+York are united, to the most desired tranquillity of England.</p>
+<p>The most illustrious prince, John, surnamed Plantagenet, King
+of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Richmond,
+Leicester, and Derby, Lieutenant of Aquitain, High Steward of
+England, died in the twenty-first year of Richard II., <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1398.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>A little farther, almost at the entrance of the choir, in a
+certain recess, are two small stone chests, one of which is thus
+inscribed:</p>
+<blockquote><p>Here lies Seba, King of the East Saxons, who was
+converted to the faith by St. Erkenwald, Bishop of London, <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 677.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>On the other:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Here lies Ethelred,
+King of the Angles, son of King Edgar,</p>
+<p>On whom St. Dustan is said to have denounced vengeance, on his
+coronation day, in the following words:&mdash;&ldquo;Inasmuch as
+thou hast aspired to the throne by the death of thy brother,
+against whose blood the English, along with thy infamous mother,
+conspired, the sword shall not pass from thy house! but rage all
+the days of thy life, afflicting all thy generation, till thy
+kingdom shall be translated to another, whose manner and language
+the people under thee knoweth not.&nbsp; Nor shall thy sin be
+done away till after long chastisement, nor the sin of thy
+mother, nor the sin of those men who assisted in thy wicked
+council.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>All which came to pass as predicted by the saint; for after
+being worsted and put to flight by Sueno King of the Danes, and
+his son Canute, and at last closely besieged in London, he died
+miserably <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1017, after he had
+reigned thirty-six years in great difficulties.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>There is besides in the middle of the church a tomb made of
+brass, of some Bishop of London, named William, who was in favour
+with Edward, King of England, and afterwards made counsellor to
+King William.&nbsp; He was bishop sixteen years, and died <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1077.&nbsp; Near this is the
+following inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Virtue survives the
+funeral.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">To the memory of<br />
+Thomas Linacre, an eminent physician, John Caius placed this
+monument.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>On the lower part of it is this inscription in gold
+letters:</p>
+<blockquote><p>Thomas Linacre, physician to King Henry VIII., a
+man learned in the Greek and Latin languages, and particularly
+skilful in physick, by which he restored many from a state of
+languishment and despair to life.&nbsp; He translated with
+extraordinary eloquence many of Galen&rsquo;s works into Latin;
+and published, a little before his death, at the request of his
+friends, a very valuable book on the correct structure of the
+Latin tongue.&nbsp; He founded in perpetuity in favour of
+students in physick, two public lectures at Oxford, and one at
+Cambridge.&nbsp; In this city he brought about, by his own
+industry, the establishing of a College of Physicians, of which
+he was elected the first president.&nbsp; He was a detester of
+all fraud and deceit, and faithful in his friendships; equally
+dear to men of all ranks: he went into orders a few years before
+his death, and quitted this life full of years, and much
+lamented, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1524, on the 29th of
+October.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>There are many tombs in this church, but without any
+inscriptions.&nbsp; It has a very fine organ, which, at evening
+prayer, accompanied with other instruments, is delightful.</p>
+<p>In the suburb to the west, joined to the city by a continual
+row of palaces belonging to the chief nobility, of a mile in
+length, and lying on the side next the Thames, is the small town
+of Westminster; originally called Thorney, from its thorn bushes,
+but now Westminster, from its aspect and its monastery.&nbsp; The
+church is remarkable for the coronation and burial of the Kings
+of England.&nbsp; Upon this spot is said formerly to have stood a
+temple of Apollo, which was thrown down by an earthquake in the
+time of Antoninus Pius; from the ruins of which Sebert, King of
+the East Saxons, erected another to St. Peter: this was subverted
+by the Danes, and again renewed by Bishop Dunstan, who gave it to
+a few monks.&nbsp; Afterwards, King Edward the Confessor built it
+entirely new, with the tenth of his whole revenue, to be the
+place of his own burial, and a convent of Benedictine monks; and
+enriched it with estates dispersed all over England.</p>
+<p>In this church the following things are worthy of notice:</p>
+<p>In the first choir, the tomb of Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry
+VIII., without any inscription.</p>
+<p>On the opposite side are two stone sepulchres: (1)&nbsp;
+Edward, Earl of Lancaster, brother of Edward I.; (2)&nbsp; Ademar
+of Valence, Earl of Pembroke, son of Ademar of Valence.&nbsp;
+Joining to these is (3) that of Aveline, Countess of
+Lancaster.</p>
+<p>In the second choir is the chair on which the kings are seated
+when they are crowned; in it is enclosed a stone, said to be that
+on which the patriarch Jacob slept when he dreamed he saw a
+ladder reaching quite up into heaven.&nbsp; Some Latin verses are
+written upon a tablet hanging near it; the sense of which is:</p>
+<blockquote><p>That if any faith is to be given to ancient
+chronicles, a stone of great note is enclosed in this chair,
+being the same on which the patriarch Jacob reposed when he
+beheld the miraculous descent of angels.&nbsp; Edward I., the
+Mars and Hector of England, having conquered Scotland, brought it
+from thence.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The tomb of Richard II. and his wife, of brass, gilt, and
+these verses written round it:</p>
+<blockquote><p>Perfect and prudent, Richard, by right the
+Second,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Vanquished by Fortune, lies here now graven in
+stone,<br />
+True of his word, and thereto well renound:<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Seemly in person, and like to Homer as one<br />
+In worldly prudence, and ever the Church in one<br />
+Upheld and favoured, casting the proud to ground,<br />
+And all that would his royal state confound.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Without the tomb is this inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Here lies King Richard,
+who perished by a cruel death, in the year 1369.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">To have been happy is additional
+misery.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Near him is the monument of his queen, daughter of the Emperor
+Wenceslaus.</p>
+<p>On the left hand is the tomb of Edward I., with this
+inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Here lies Edward I.,
+who humbled the Scots. <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>
+1308.<br />
+Be true to your engagements.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>He reigned forty-six years.</p>
+<p>The tomb of Edward III., of copper, gilt, with this
+epitaph:</p>
+<blockquote><p>Of English kings here lieth the beauteous
+flower<br />
+Of all before past, and myrror to them shall sue:<br />
+A merciful king, of peace conservator,<br />
+The third Edward, &amp;c.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Besides the tomb are these words:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Edward III., whose fame
+has reached to heaven.&nbsp; <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>
+1377.<br />
+Fight for your country.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Here is shown his sword, eight feet in length, which they say
+he used in the conquest of France.</p>
+<p>His queen&rsquo;s epitaph:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Here lies Queen
+Philippa, wife of Edward III.&nbsp; Learn to live.&nbsp; <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1369.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>At a little distance, the tomb of Henry V., with this
+legend:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Henry, the scourge of
+France, lies in this tomb.&nbsp; Virtue subdues all things.&nbsp;
+<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1422.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Near this lies the coffin of Catherine, unburied, and to be
+opened by anyone that pleases.&nbsp; On the outside is this
+inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Fair Catherine is at
+length united to her lord.&nbsp; <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1437.<br />
+Shun idleness.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The tomb of Henry III., of brass, gilt, with this epitaph:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Henry III., the founder
+of this cathedral.&nbsp; <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>
+1273.&nbsp; War is delightful to the unexperienced.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>It was this Henry who, one hundred and sixty years after
+Edward the Confessor had built this church, took it down, and
+raised an entire new one of beautiful architecture, supported by
+rows of marble columns, and its roof covered with sheets of lead,
+a work of fifty years before its completion.&nbsp; It has been
+much enlarged at the west end by the abbots.&nbsp; After the
+expulsion of the monks, it experienced many changes; first it had
+a dean and prebendaries; then a bishop, who, having squandered
+the revenues, resigned it again to a dean.&nbsp; In a little
+time, the monks with their abbot were reinstated by Queen Mary;
+but, they being soon ejected again by authority of parliament, it
+was converted into a cathedral church&mdash;nay, into a seminary
+for the Church&mdash;by Queen Elizabeth, who instituted there
+twelve prebendaries, an equal number of invalid soldiers, and
+forty scholars; who at a proper time are elected into the
+universities, and are thence transplanted into the Church and
+State.</p>
+<p>Next to be seen is the tomb of Eleanor, daughter of Alphonso
+King of Spain, and wife of Edward I., with this inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">This Eleanor was
+consort of Edward I.<br />
+<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1298.&nbsp; Learn to die.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The tomb of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII.</p>
+<p>In the middle of this chapel is the shrine of St. Edward, the
+last King of the Saxons.&nbsp; It is composed of marble in
+mosaic: round it runs this inscription in letters of gold:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">The venerable king, St.
+Edward the Confessor,<br />
+A heroe adorned with every virtue.<br />
+He died on the 5th of January, 1065,<br />
+And mounted into Heaven.<br />
+Lift up your hearts.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The third choir, of surprising splendour and elegance, was
+added to the east end by Henry VII. for a burying-place for
+himself and his posterity.&nbsp; Here is to be seen his
+magnificent tomb, wrought of brass and marble, with this
+epitaph:</p>
+<blockquote><p>Here lies Henry VII. of that name, formerly King
+of England, son of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, who, ascending the
+throne on the twenty-second day of August, was crowned on the
+thirtieth of October following at Westminster, in the year of our
+Lord 1485.&nbsp; He died on the twenty-first of April, in the
+fifty-third year of his age, after a reign of twenty-two years
+and eight months wanting a day.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>This monument is enclosed with rails of brass, with a long
+epitaph in Latin verse.</p>
+<p>Under the same tomb lies buried Edward VI., King of England,
+son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour.&nbsp; He succeeded to his
+father when he was but nine years old, and died A.T. 1553, on the
+6th of July, in the sixteenth year of his age, and of his reign
+the seventh, not without suspicion of poison.</p>
+<p>Mary was proclaimed queen by the people on the 19th of July,
+and died in November, 1558, and is buried in some corner of the
+same choir, without any inscription.</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+<p>Here lies Queen Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., sister of
+King Edward V., wife of Henry VII., and the glorious mother of
+Henry VIII.&nbsp; She died in the Tower of London, on the
+eleventh of February, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1502, in
+the thirty-seventh year of her age.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Between the second and third choirs in the side-chapels, are
+the tombs of Sebert, King of the East Saxons, who built this
+church with stone: and</p>
+<p>Of Margaret of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., grandmother of
+Henry VIII.; she gave this monastery to the monks of Winbourne,
+<a name="citation27"></a><a href="#footnote27"
+class="citation">[27]</a> who preached and taught grammar all
+England over, and appointed salaries to two professors of
+divinity, one at Oxford, another at Cambridge, where she founded
+two colleges to Christ and to John His disciple.&nbsp; She died
+<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1463, on the third of the
+calends of July.</p>
+<p>And of Margaret, Countess of Lenox, grandmother of James VI.,
+King of Scotland.</p>
+<p>William of Valance, half-brother of Henry III.</p>
+<p>The Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward III.</p>
+<p>Upon another tomb is an honorary inscription for Frances,
+Duchess of Suffolk.&nbsp; The sense of it is,</p>
+<blockquote><p>That titles, royal birth, riches, or a large
+family, are of no avail:<br />
+That all are transitory; virtue alone resisting the funeral
+pile.<br />
+That this lady was first married to a duke, then to Stoke, a
+gentleman;<br />
+And lastly, by the grave espoused to <span
+class="smcap">Christ</span>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The next is the tomb of Lord Russell, son of the Earl of
+Bedford, whose lady composed the following Greek and Latin
+verses, and had them engraved on the marble:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>How was I startled at the cruel feast,<br />
+By death&rsquo;s rude hands in horrid manner drest;<br />
+Such grief as sure no hapless woman knew,<br />
+When thy pale image lay before my view.<br />
+Thy father&rsquo;s heir in beauteous form arrayed<br />
+Like flowers in spring, and fair, like them to fade;<br />
+Leaving behind unhappy wretched me,<br />
+And all thy little orphan-progeny:<br />
+Alike the beauteous face, the comely air,<br />
+The tongue persuasive, and the actions fair,<br />
+Decay: so learning too in time shall waste:<br />
+But faith, chaste lovely faith, shall ever last.<br />
+The once bright glory of his house, the pride<br />
+Of all his country, dusty ruins hide:<br />
+Mourn, hapless orphans; mourn, once happy wife;<br />
+For when he died, died all the joys of life.<br />
+Pious and just, amidst a large estate,<br />
+He got at once the name of good and great.<br />
+He made no flatt&rsquo;ring parasite his guest,<br />
+But asked the good companions to the feast.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Anne, Countess of Oxford, daughter of William Cecil, Baron
+Burleigh, and Lord Treasurer.</p>
+<p>Philippa, daughter and co-heiress of John, Lord Mohun of
+Dunster, wife of Edward, Duke of York.</p>
+<p>Frances, Countess of Sussex, of the ancient family of
+Sidney.</p>
+<p>Thomas Bromley, Chancellor to Queen Elizabeth.</p>
+<p>The Earl of Bridgewater, <a name="citation29"></a><a
+href="#footnote29" class="citation">[29]</a> Lord Dawbney, Lord
+Chamberlain to Henry VII., and his lady.</p>
+<p>And thus much for Westminster.</p>
+<p>There are many other churches in this city, but none so
+remarkable for the tombs of persons of distinction.</p>
+<p>Near to this church is Westminster Hall, where, besides the
+Sessions of Parliament, which are often held there, are the
+Courts of Justice; and at stated times are heard their trials in
+law, or concerning the king&rsquo;s patrimony, or in chancery,
+which moderates the severity of the common law by equity.&nbsp;
+Till the time of Henry I. the Prime Court of Justice was movable,
+and followed the King&rsquo;s Court, but he enacted by the Magna
+Charta that the common pleas should no longer attend his Court,
+but be held at some determined place.&nbsp; The present hall was
+built by King Richard II. in the place of an ancient one which he
+caused to be taken down.&nbsp; He made it part of his habitation
+(for at that time the Kings of England determined causes in their
+own proper person, and from the days of Edward the Confessor had
+their palace adjoining), till, above sixty years since, upon its
+being burnt, Henry VIII. removed the royal residence to
+Whitehall, situated in the neighbourhood, which a little before
+was the house of Cardinal Wolsey.&nbsp; This palace is truly
+royal, enclosed on one side by the Thames, on the other by a
+park, which connects it with St. James&rsquo;s, another royal
+palace.</p>
+<p>In the chamber where the Parliament is usually held, the seats
+and wainscot are made of wood, the growth of Ireland; said to
+have that occult quality, that all poisonous animals are driven
+away by it; and it is affirmed for certain, that in Ireland there
+are neither serpents, toads, nor any other venomous creature to
+be found.</p>
+<p>Near this place are seen an immense number of swans, who
+wander up and down the river for some miles, in great security;
+nobody daring to molest, much less kill any of them, under
+penalty of a considerable fine.</p>
+<p>In Whitehall are the following things worthy of
+observation:&mdash;</p>
+<p>I.&nbsp; The Royal Library, well stored with Greek, Latin,
+Italian and French books; amongst the rest, a little one in
+French upon parchment, in the handwriting of the present reigning
+Queen Elizabeth, thus inscribed:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">To the most high,
+puissant, and redoubted prince,<br />
+Henry VIII. of the name, King of England, France<br />
+and Ireland, Defender of the Faith;<br />
+Elizabeth, his most humble daughter.<br />
+Health and obedience.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>All these books are bound in velvet in different colours,
+though chiefly red, with clasps of gold and silver; some have
+pearls and precious stones set in their bindings.</p>
+<p>II.&nbsp; Two little silver cabinets of exquisite work, in
+which the Queen keeps her paper, and which she uses for writing
+boxes.</p>
+<p>III.&nbsp; The Queen&rsquo;s bed, ingeniously composed of
+woods of different colours, with quilts of silk, velvet, gold,
+silver, and embroidery.</p>
+<p>IV.&nbsp; A little chest ornamented all over with pearls, in
+which the Queen keeps her bracelets, ear-rings, and other things
+of extraordinary value.</p>
+<p>V.&nbsp; Christ&rsquo;s Passion, in painted glass.</p>
+<p>VI.&nbsp; Portraits: among which are, Queen Elizabeth, at
+sixteen years old; Henry, Richard, Edward, Kings of England;
+Rosamond; Lucrece, a Grecian bride, in her nuptial habit; the
+genealogy of the Kings of England; a picture of King Edward VI.,
+representing at first sight something quite deformed, till by
+looking through a small hole in the cover which is put over it,
+you see it in its true proportions; Charles V., Emperor; Charles
+Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, and Catherine of Spain, his wife;
+Ferdinand, Duke of Florence, with his daughters; one of Philip,
+King of Spain, when he came into England and married Mary; Henry
+VII., Henry VIII., and his mother; besides many more of
+illustrious men and women; and a picture of the Siege of
+Malta.</p>
+<p>VII.&nbsp; A small hermitage, half hid in a rock, finely
+carved in wood.</p>
+<p>VIII.&nbsp; Variety of emblems on paper, cut in the shape of
+shields, with mottoes, used by the mobility at tilts and
+tournaments, hung up here for a memorial.</p>
+<p>IX.&nbsp; Different instruments of music, upon one of which
+two persons may perform at the same time.</p>
+<p>X.&nbsp; A piece of clock-work, an Ethiop riding upon a
+rhinoceros, with four attendants, who all make their obeisance
+when it strikes the hour; these are all put into motion by
+winding up the machine.</p>
+<p>At the entrance into the park from Whitehall is this
+inscription:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>The fisherman who has been wounded, learns, though
+late, to beware;<br />
+But the unfortunate Act&aelig;on always presses on.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The chaste virgin naturally
+pitied:<br />
+But the powerful goddess revenged the wrong.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Let Act&aelig;on fall a prey to
+his dogs,<br />
+
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+An example to youth,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; A disgrace to those that belong to him!<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; May Diana live the care of
+Heaven;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The delight of
+mortals;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; The security of those that belong to her! <a
+name="citation34"></a><a href="#footnote34"
+class="citation">[34]</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>In this park is great plenty of deer.</p>
+<p>In a garden joining to this palace there is a <i>jet
+d&rsquo;eau</i>, with a sun-dial, which while strangers are
+looking at, a quantity of water, forced by a wheel which the
+gardener turns at a distance, through a number of little pipes,
+plentifully sprinkles those that are standing round.</p>
+<p>Guildhall, a fine structure built by Thomas Knowles.&nbsp;
+Here are to be seen the statues of two giants, said to have
+assisted the English when the Romans made war upon them: Corinius
+of Britain, and Gogmagog of Albion.&nbsp; Beneath upon a table
+the titles of Charles V., Emperor, are written in letters of
+gold.</p>
+<p>The government of London is this: the city is divided into
+twenty-five regions or wards; the Council is composed of
+twenty-four aldermen, one of whom presides over every ward.&nbsp;
+And whereas of old the chief magistrate was a portreeve,
+<i>i.e.</i>, governor of the city, Richard I. appointed two
+bailiffs; instead of which King John gave a power by grant of
+choosing annually a mayor from any of the twelve principal
+companies, and to name two sheriffs, one of whom to be called the
+king&rsquo;s, the other the city&rsquo;s.&nbsp; It is scarce
+credible how this city increased, both in public and private
+buildings, upon establishing this form of government.&nbsp;
+<i>Vide</i> Camden&rsquo;s &ldquo;Britannia,&rdquo;
+Middlesex.</p>
+<p>It is worthy of observation, that every year, upon St.
+Bartholomew&rsquo;s Day, when the fair is held, it is usual for
+the mayor, attended by the twelve principal aldermen, to walk in
+a neighbouring field, dressed in his scarlet gown, and about his
+neck a golden chain, to which is hung a golden fleece, <a
+name="citation36a"></a><a href="#footnote36a"
+class="citation">[36a]</a> and besides, that particular ornament
+<a name="citation36b"></a><a href="#footnote36b"
+class="citation">[36b]</a> which distinguishes the most noble
+order of the garter.&nbsp; During the year of his magistracy, he
+is obliged to live so magnificently, that foreigner or native,
+without any expense, is free, if he can find a chair empty, to
+dine at his table, where there is always the greatest
+plenty.&nbsp; When the mayor goes out of the precincts of the
+city, a sceptre, a sword, and a cap, are borne before him, and he
+is followed by the principal aldermen in scarlet gowns, with gold
+chains; himself and they on horseback.&nbsp; Upon their arrival
+at a place appointed for that purpose, where a tent is pitched,
+the mob begin to wrestle before them, two at a time; the
+conquerors receive rewards from the magistrates.&nbsp; After this
+is over, a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the
+crowd, which are pursued by a number of boys, who endeavour to
+catch them, with all the noise they can make.&nbsp; While we were
+at this show, one of our company, Tobias Salander, doctor of
+physic, had his pocket picked of his purse, with nine crowns du
+soleil, which, without doubt, was so cleverly taken from him by
+an Englishman who always kept very close to him, that the doctor
+did not in the least perceive it.</p>
+<p>The Castle or Tower of London, called Bringwin, and Tourgwin,
+in Welsh, from its whiteness, is encompassed by a very deep and
+broad ditch, as well as a double wall very high.&nbsp; In the
+middle of the whole is that very ancient and very strong tower,
+enclosed with four others, which, in the opinion of some, was
+built by Julius C&aelig;sar.&nbsp; Upon entering the tower, we
+were obliged to quit our swords at the gate and deliver them to
+the guard.&nbsp; When we were introduced, we were shown above a
+hundred pieces of arras belonging to the Crown, made of gold,
+silver, and silk; several saddles covered with velvet of
+different colours; an immense quantity of bed-furniture, such as
+canopies, and the like, some of them most richly ornamented with
+pearl; some royal dresses, so extremely magnificent as to raise
+any one&rsquo;s admiration at the sums they must have cost.&nbsp;
+We were next led into the Armoury, in which are these
+particularities:&mdash;Spears, out of which you may shoot;
+shields, that will give fire four times; a great many rich
+halberds, commonly called partisans, with which the guard defend
+the royal person in battle; some lances, covered with red and
+green velvet, and the body-armour of Henry VIII.; many and very
+beautiful arms, as well for men as for horses in horse-fights;
+the lance of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, three spans thick;
+two pieces of cannon, the one fires three, the other seven balls
+at a time; two others made of wood, which the English has at the
+siege of Boulogne, in France.&nbsp;&nbsp; And by this stratagem,
+without which they could not have succeeded, they struck a terror
+into the inhabitants, as at the appearance of artillery, and the
+town was surrendered upon articles; nineteen cannon of a thicker
+make than ordinary, and in a room apart; thirty-six of a smaller;
+other cannon for chain-shot; and balls proper to bring down masts
+of ships.&nbsp; Cross-bows, bows and arrows, of which to this day
+the English make great use in their exercises; but who can relate
+all that is to be seen here?&nbsp; Eight or nine men employed by
+the year are scarce sufficient to keep all the arms bright.</p>
+<p>The Mint for coining money is in the Tower.</p>
+<p>N.B.&mdash;It is to be noted, that when any of the nobility
+are sent hither, on the charge of high crimes, punishable with
+death, such as treason, &amp;c., they seldom or never recover
+their liberty.&nbsp; Here was beheaded Anne Boleyn, wife of King
+Henry VIII., and lies buried in the chapel, but without any
+inscription; and Queen Elizabeth was kept prisoner here by her
+sister, Queen Mary, at whose death she was enlarged, and by right
+called to the throne.</p>
+<p>On coming out of the Tower, we were led to a small house close
+by, where are kept variety of creatures, viz.&mdash;three
+lionesses; one lion of great size, called Edward VI. from his
+having been born in that reign: a tiger; a lynx; a wolf
+excessively old&mdash;this is a very scarce animal in England, so
+that their sheep and cattle stray about in great numbers, free
+from any danger, though without anybody to keep them; there is,
+besides, a porcupine, and an eagle.&nbsp; All these creatures are
+kept in a remote place, fitted up for the purpose with wooden
+lattices, at the Queen&rsquo;s expense.</p>
+<p>Near to this Tower is a large open space; on the highest part
+of it is erected a wooden scaffold, for the execution of noble
+criminals; upon which, they say, three princes of England, the
+last of their families, have been beheaded for high treason; on
+the bank of the Thames close by are a great many cannon, such
+chiefly as are used at sea.</p>
+<p>The next thing worthy of note is the Royal Exchange, so named
+by Queen Elizabeth, built by Sir Thomas Gresham, citizen, for
+public ornament and the convenience of merchants.&nbsp; It has a
+great effect, whether you consider the stateliness of the
+building, the assemblage of different nations, or the quantities
+of merchandise.&nbsp; I shall say nothing of the hall belonging
+to the Hans Society; or of the conveyance of water to all parts
+of the town by subterraneous pipes, nor the beautiful conduits
+and cisterns for the reception of it; nor of the raising of water
+out of the Thames by a wheel, invented a few years since by a
+German.</p>
+<p>Bridewell, at present the House of Correction; it was built in
+six weeks for the reception of the Emperor Charles V.</p>
+<p>A Hall built by a cobbler and bestowed on the city, where are
+exposed to sale, three times in a week, corn, wool, cloth,
+fruits, and the like.</p>
+<p>Without the city are some theatres, where English actors
+represent almost every day tragedies and comedies to a very
+numerous audiences; these are concluded with excellent music,
+variety of dances, and the excessive applause of those that are
+present.</p>
+<p>Not far from one of these theatres, which are all built of
+wood, lies the royal barge, close to the river.&nbsp; It has two
+splendid cabins, beautifully ornamented with glass windows,
+painting, and gilding; it is kept upon dry ground, and sheltered
+from the weather.</p>
+<p>There is still another place, built in the form of a theatre,
+which serves for the baiting of bulls and bears; they are
+fastened behind, and then worried by great English bull-dogs, but
+not without great risk to the dogs, from the horns of the one and
+the teeth of the other; and it sometimes happens that they are
+killed upon the spot; fresh ones are immediately supplied in the
+places of those that are wounded or tired.&nbsp; To this
+entertainment there often follows that of whipping a blinded
+bear, which is performed by five or six men, standing circularly
+with whips, which they exercise upon him without any mercy, as he
+cannot escape from them because of his chain; he defends himself
+with all his force and skill, throwing down all who come within
+his reach and are not active enough to get out of it, and tearing
+the whips out of their hands and breaking them.&nbsp; At these
+spectacles, and everywhere else, the English are constantly
+smoking tobacco; and in this manner&mdash;they have pipes on
+purpose made of clay, into the farther end of which they put the
+herb, so dry that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire
+to it, they draw the smoke into their mouths, which they puff out
+again through their nostrils like funnels, along with it plenty
+of phlegm and defluxion from the head.&nbsp; In these theatres,
+fruits, such as apples, pears, and nuts, according to the season,
+are carried about to be sold, as well as ale and wine.</p>
+<p>There are fifteen colleges within and without the city, nobly
+built, with beautiful gardens adjoining.&nbsp; Of these the three
+principal are:&mdash;</p>
+<p>I.&nbsp; The Temple, inhabited formerly by the Knights
+Templars; it seems to have taken its name from the old temple, or
+church, which has a round tower added to it, under which lied
+buried those Kings of Denmark that reigned in England.</p>
+<p>II.&nbsp; Gray&rsquo;s Inn.&nbsp; And,</p>
+<p>III.&nbsp; Lincoln&rsquo;s Inn.</p>
+<p>In these colleges numbers of young nobility, gentry, and
+others, are educated, and chiefly in the study of physic, for
+very few apply themselves to that of the law; they are allowed a
+very good table, and silver cups to drink out of.&nbsp; Once a
+person of distinction, who could not help being surprised at the
+great number of cups, said, &ldquo;He should have thought it more
+suitable to the life of students, if they had used rather glass,
+or earthenware, than silver.&rdquo;&nbsp; The college answered,
+&ldquo;They were ready to make him a present of all their plate,
+provided he would undertake to supply them with all the glass and
+earthenware they should have a demand for; since it was very
+likely he would find the expense, from constant breaking, exceed
+the value of the silver.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The streets in this city are very handsome and clean; but that
+which is named from the goldsmiths who inhabit it, surpasses all
+the rest; there is in it a gilt tower, with a fountain that
+plays.&nbsp; Near it, on the farther side, is a handsome house
+built by a goldsmith and presented by him to the city.&nbsp;
+There are besides to be seen in this street, as in all others
+where there are goldsmiths&rsquo; shops, all sorts of gold and
+silver vessels exposed to sale, as well as ancient and modern
+medals, in such quantities as must surprise a man the first time
+he sees and considers them.</p>
+<p>Fitz-Stephen, a writer of English history, reckoned in his
+time in London one hundred and twenty-seven parish churches, and
+thirteen belonging to convents; he mentions, besides, that upon a
+review there of men able to bear arms, the people brought into
+the field under their colours forty thousand foot and twenty
+thousand horse.&nbsp; <i>Vide</i> Camden&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Britannia,&rdquo; Middlesex.</p>
+<p>The best oysters are sold here in great quantities.</p>
+<p>Everybody knows that English cloth is much approved of for the
+goodness of the materials, and imported into all the kingdoms and
+provinces of Europe.</p>
+<p>We were shown, at the house of Leonard Smith, a tailor, a most
+perfect looking-glass, ornamented with gold, pearl, silver, and
+velvet, so richly as to be estimated at five hundred ecus du
+soleil.&nbsp; We saw at the same place the hippocamp and eagle
+stone, both very curious and rare.</p>
+<p>And thus much of London.</p>
+<p>Upon taking the air down the river, the first thing that
+struck us was the ship of that noble pirate, Sir Francis Drake,
+in which he is said to have surrounded this globe of earth.&nbsp;
+On the left hand lies Ratcliffe, a considerable suburb: on the
+opposite shore is fixed a long pole with ram&rsquo;s-horns upon
+it, the intention of which was vulgarly said to be a reflection
+upon wilful and contented cuckolds.</p>
+<p>We arrived next at the royal palace of Greenwich, reported to
+have been originally built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and
+to have received very magnificent additions from Henry VII.&nbsp;
+It was here Elizabeth, the present Queen, was born, and here she
+generally resides, particularly in summer, for the delightfulness
+of its situation.&nbsp; We were admitted, by an order Mr. Rogers
+had procured from the Lord Chamberlain, into the presence
+chamber, hung with rich tapestry, and the floor, after the
+English fashion, strewed with hay, <a name="citation46"></a><a
+href="#footnote46" class="citation">[46]</a> through which the
+Queen commonly passes on her way to chapel.&nbsp; At the door
+stood a gentleman dressed in velvet, with a gold chain, whose
+office was to introduce to the Queen any person of distinction
+that came to wait on her; it was Sunday, when there is usually
+the greatest attendance of nobility.&nbsp; In the same hall were
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, a great
+number of Councillors of State, officers of the Crown, and
+gentlemen, who waited the Queen&rsquo;s coming out; which she did
+from her own apartment when it was time to go to prayers,
+attended in the following manner:&mdash;</p>
+<p>First went gentlemen, barons, earls, Knights of the Garter,
+all richly dressed and bareheaded; next came the Chancellor,
+bearing the seals in a red silk purse, between two, one of whom
+carried the Royal sceptre, the other the sword of state, in a red
+scabbard, studded with golden <i>fleurs de lis</i>, the point
+upwards: next came the Queen, in the sixty-fifth year of her age,
+as we were told, very majestic; her face oblong, fair, but
+wrinkled; her eyes small, yet black and pleasant; her nose a
+little hooked; her lips narrow, and her teeth black (a defect the
+English seem subject to, from their too great use of sugar); she
+had in her ears two pearls, with very rich drops; she wore false
+hair, and that red; upon her head she had a small crown, reported
+to be made of some of the gold of the celebrated Lunebourg table;
+her bosom was uncovered, as all the English ladies have it till
+they marry; and she had on a necklace of exceeding fine jewels;
+her hands were small, her fingers long, and her stature neither
+tall nor low; her air was stately, her manner of speaking mild
+and obliging.&nbsp; That day she was dressed in white silk,
+bordered with pearls of the size of beans, and over it a mantle
+of black silk, shot with silver threads; her train was very long,
+the end of it borne by a marchioness; instead of a chain, she had
+an oblong collar of gold and jewels.&nbsp; As she went along in
+all this state and magnificence, she spoke very graciously, first
+to one, then to another, whether foreign Ministers, or those who
+attended for different reasons, in English, French, and Italian;
+for, besides being well skilled in Greek, Latin, and the
+languages I have mentioned, she is mistress of Spanish, Scotch,
+and Dutch.&nbsp; Whoever speaks to her, it is kneeling; now and
+then she raises some with her hand.&nbsp; While we were there, W.
+Slawata, a Bohemian baron, had letters to present to her; and
+she, after pulling off her glove, gave him her right hand to
+kiss, sparkling with rings and jewels, a mark of particular
+favour.&nbsp; Wherever she turned her face, as she was going
+along, everybody fell down on their knees. <a
+name="citation49"></a><a href="#footnote49"
+class="citation">[49]</a>&nbsp; The ladies of the court followed
+next to her, very handsome and well-shaped, and for the most part
+dressed in white.&nbsp; She was guarded on each side by the
+gentlemen pensioners, fifty in number, with gilt
+battle-axes.&nbsp; In the ante-chapel, next the hall where we
+were, petitions were presented to her, and she received them most
+graciously, which occasioned the acclamation of &ldquo;Long Live
+Queen Elizabeth!&rdquo;&nbsp; She answered it with &ldquo;I thank
+you, my good people.&rdquo;&nbsp; In the chapel was excellent
+music; as soon as it and the service were over, which scarce
+exceeded half an hour, the Queen returned in the same state and
+order, and prepared to go to dinner.&nbsp; But while she was
+still at prayers, we saw her table set out with the following
+solemnity:&mdash;</p>
+<p>A gentleman entered the room bearing a rod, and along with him
+another who had a table-cloth which, after they had both kneeled
+three times with the utmost veneration, he spread upon the table,
+and, after kneeling again, they both retired.&nbsp; Then came two
+others, one with the rod again, the other with a salt-cellar, a
+plate, and bread; when they had kneeled as the others had done,
+and placed what was brought upon the table, they too retired with
+the same ceremonies performed by the first.&nbsp; At last came an
+unmarried lady (we were told she was a countess), and along with
+her a married one, bearing a tasting-knife; the former was
+dressed in white silk, who, when she had prostrated herself three
+times in the most graceful manner, approached the table and
+rubbed the plates with bread and salt with as much awe as if the
+Queen had been present.&nbsp; When they had waited there a little
+while, the yeomen of the guards entered, bareheaded, clothed in
+scarlet, with a golden rose upon their backs, bringing in at each
+turn a course of twenty-four dishes, served in plate, most of it
+gilt; these dishes were received by a gentleman in the same order
+they were brought, and placed upon the table, while the lady
+taster gave to each of the guard a mouthful to eat of the
+particular dish he had brought, for fear of any poison.&nbsp;
+During the time that this guard, which consists of the tallest
+and stoutest men that can be found in all England, being
+carefully selected for this service, were bringing dinner, twelve
+trumpets and two kettledrums made the hall ring for half an hour
+together.&nbsp; At the end of all this ceremonial, a number of
+unmarried ladies appeared, who, with particular solemnity, lifted
+the meat off the table, and conveyed it into the Queen&rsquo;s
+inner and more private chamber, where, after she had chosen for
+herself, the rest goes to the ladies of the Court.</p>
+<p>The Queen dines and sups alone with very few attendants, and
+it is very seldom that anybody, foreigner or native, is admitted
+at that time, and then only at the intercession of somebody in
+power.</p>
+<p>Near this palace is the Queen&rsquo;s park, stocked with
+deer.&nbsp; Such parks are common throughout England, belonging
+to those that are distinguished either for their rank or
+riches.&nbsp; In the middle of this is an old square tower,
+called Mirefleur, supposed to be that mentioned in the romance of
+&ldquo;Amadis de Gaul;&rdquo; and joining to it a plain, where
+knights and other gentlemen use to meet, at set times and
+holidays, to exercise on horseback.</p>
+<p>We left London in a coach, in order to see the remarkable
+places in its neighbourhood.</p>
+<p>The first was Theobalds, belonging to Lord Burleigh, the
+Treasurer.&nbsp; In the gallery was painted the genealogy of the
+Kings of England; from this place one goes into the garden,
+encompassed with a ditch full of water, large enough for one to
+have the pleasure of going in a boat and rowing between the
+shrubs; here are great variety of trees and plants, labyrinths
+made with a great deal of labour, a <i>jet d&rsquo;eau</i>, with
+its basin of white marble, and columns and pyramids of wood and
+other materials up and down the garden.&nbsp; After seeing these,
+we were led by the gardener into the summer-house, in the lower
+part of which, built semicircularly, are the twelve Roman
+emperors in white marble, and a table of touchstone; the upper
+part of it is set round with cisterns of lead, into which the
+water is conveyed through pipes, so that fish may be kept in
+them, and in summer-time they are very convenient for
+bathing.&nbsp; In another room for entertainment, very near this,
+and joined to it by a little bridge, was an oval table of red
+marble.&nbsp; We were not admitted to see the apartments of this
+palace, there being nobody to show it, as the family was in town,
+attending the funeral of their lord. <a name="citation53"></a><a
+href="#footnote53" class="citation">[53]</a></p>
+<p>Hoddesdon, a village.</p>
+<p>Ware, a market town.</p>
+<p>Puckeridge, a village; this was the first place where we
+observed that the beds at inns were made by the waiters.</p>
+<p>Camboritum, Cantabrigium and Cantabrigia, now called
+Cambridge, a celebrated town, so named from the river Cam, which
+after washing the western side, playing through islands, turns to
+the east, and divides the town into two parts, which are joined
+by a bridge, whence its modern name&mdash;formerly it had the
+Saxon one of Grantbridge.&nbsp; Beyond this bridge is an ancient
+and large castle, said to be built by the Danes: on this side,
+where far the greater part of the town stands, all is splendid;
+the streets fine, the churches numerous, and those seats of the
+Muses, the colleges, most beautiful; in these a great number of
+learned men are supported, and the studies of all polite sciences
+and languages flourish.</p>
+<p>I think proper to mention some few things about the foundation
+of this University and its colleges.&nbsp; Cantaber, a Spaniard,
+is thought to have first instituted this academy 375 years before
+Christ, and Sebert, King of the East Angles, to have restored it
+<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 630.&nbsp; It was afterwards
+subverted in the confusion under the Danes, and lay long
+neglected, till upon the Norman Conquest everything began to
+brighten up again: from that time inns and halls for the
+convenient lodging of students began to be built, but without any
+revenues annexed to them.</p>
+<p>The first college, called Peter House, was built and endowed
+by Hugh Balsam, Bishop of Ely, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>
+1280; and, in imitation of him, Richard Badew, with the
+assistance of Elizabeth Burke, Countess of Clare and Ulster,
+founded Clare Hall in 1326; Mary de St. Paul, Countess of
+Pembroke, Pembroke Hall in 1343; the Monks of Corpus Christi, the
+college of the same name, though it has besides that of Bennet;
+John Craudene, Trinity Hall, 1354; Edmond Gonville, in 1348, and
+John Caius, a physician in our times, Gonville and Caius College;
+King Henry VI., King&rsquo;s College, in 1441, adding to it a
+chapel that may justly claim a place among the most beautiful
+buildings in the world.&nbsp; On its right side is a fine
+library, where we saw the &ldquo;Book of Psalms&rdquo; in
+manuscript, upon parchment four spans in length and three broad,
+taken from the Spaniards at the siege of Cadiz, and thence
+brought into England with other rich spoils.&nbsp; Margaret of
+Anjou, his wife, founded Queen&rsquo;s College, 1448, at the same
+time that John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, built Jesus College; Robert
+Woodlarke, Catherine Hall; Margaret of Richmond, mother of King
+Henry VII., Christ&rsquo;s and St. John&rsquo;s Colleges, about
+1506; Thomas Audley, Chancellor of England, Magdalen College,
+much increased since both in buildings and revenue by Christopher
+Wray, Lord Chief Justice; and the most potent King Henry VIII.
+erected Trinity College for religion and polite letters&mdash;in
+its chapel is the tomb of Dr. Whitacre, with an inscription in
+gold letters upon marble; Emanuel College, built in our own times
+by the most honourable and prudent Sir Walter Mildmay, one of Her
+Majesty&rsquo;s Privy Council; and lastly, Sidney College, now
+first building by the executors of the Lady Frances Sidney, <a
+name="citation56"></a><a href="#footnote56"
+class="citation">[56]</a> Countess of Sussex.</p>
+<p>We must note here that there is certain sect in England called
+Puritans; these, according to the doctrine of the Church of
+Geneva, reject all ceremonies anciently held, and admit of
+neither organs nor tombs in their places of worship, and entirely
+abhor all difference in rank among Churchmen, such as bishops,
+deans, &amp;c.; they were first named Puritans by the Jesuit
+Sandys.&nbsp; They do not live separate, but mix with those of
+the Church of England in the colleges.</p>
+<p>Potton, a village.</p>
+<p>Ampthill, a town; here we saw immense numbers of rabbits,
+which are reckoned as good as hares, and are very well
+tasted.</p>
+<p>We passed through the towns of Woburn, Leighton, Aylesbury,
+and Wheatley.</p>
+<p>Oxonium, Oxford, the famed Athens of England; that glorious
+seminary of learning and wisdom, whence religion, politeness, and
+letters, are abundantly dispersed into all parts of the
+kingdom.&nbsp; The town is remarkably fine, whether you consider
+the elegance of its private buildings, the magnificence of its
+public ones, or the beauty and wholesomeness of its situation,
+which is on a plain, encompassed in such a manner with hills,
+shaded with wood, as to be sheltered on the one hand from the
+sickly south, and on the other from the blustering west, but open
+to the east, that blows serene weather, and to the north, the
+preventer of corruption, from which, in the opinion of some, it
+formerly obtained the appellation of Bellositum.&nbsp; This town
+is watered by two rivers, the Cherwell and the Isis, vulgarly
+called the Ouse; and though these streams join in the same
+channel, yet the Isis runs more entire and with more rapidity
+towards the south, retaining its name till it meets the Thame,
+which it seems long to have sought, at Wallingford; thence,
+called by the compound name of Thames, it flows the prince of all
+British rivers, of whom we may justly say, as the ancients did of
+the Euphrates, that it both sows and waters England.</p>
+<p>The colleges in this famous University are as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p>In the reign of Henry III., Walter Merton, Bishop of
+Rochester, removed the college he had founded in Surrey, 1274, to
+Oxford, enriched it, and named it Merton College; and soon after,
+William, Archdeacon of Durham, restored, with additions, that
+building of Alfred&rsquo;s now called University College; in the
+reign of Edward I., John Baliol, King of Scotland, or, as some
+will have it, his parents, founded Baliol College; in the reign
+of Edward II., Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, founded Exeter
+College and Hart Hall; and, in imitation of him, the King,
+King&rsquo;s College, commonly called Oriel, and St. Mary&rsquo;s
+Hall; next, Philippa, wife of Edward III., built Queen&rsquo;s
+College; and Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, Canterbury
+College; William Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, raised that
+magnificent structure called New College; Magdalen College was
+built by William Wainflete, Bishop of Winchester, a noble
+edifice, finely situated and delightful for its walks; at the
+same time, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, that great encourager of
+learning, built the Divinity School very splendidly, and over it
+a library, to which he gave an hundred and twenty-nine very
+choice books, purchased at a great price from Italy, but the
+public has long since been robbed of the use of them by the
+avarice of particulars: Lincoln College; All Souls&rsquo;
+College; St. Bernard&rsquo;s College; Brazen-Nose College,
+founded by William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, in the reign of
+Henry VII.; its revenues were augmented by Alexander Nowel, Dean
+of St. Paul&rsquo;s, London; upon the gate of this college is
+fixed a nose of brass; Corpus Christi College, built by Richard
+Fox, Bishop of Winchester&mdash;under his picture in the College
+chapel are lines importing that it is the exact representation of
+his person and dress.</p>
+<p>Christ&rsquo;s Church, the largest and most elegant of them
+all, was begun on the ground of St. Frideswide&rsquo;s Monastery,
+by Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal of York, to which Henry VIII. joined
+Canterbury College, settled great revenues upon it, and named it
+Christ&rsquo;s Church; the same great prince, out of his own
+treasury, to the dignity of the town and ornament of the
+University, made the one a bishoprie, and instituted
+professorships in the other.</p>
+<p>Jesus College, built by Hugh Price, Doctor of Laws.</p>
+<p>That fine edifice, the Public Schools, was entirely raised by
+Queen Mary, and adorned with various inscriptions.</p>
+<p>Thus far of the colleges and halls, which for the beauty of
+their buildings, their rich endowments, and copious libraries,
+excel all the academies in the Christian world.&nbsp; We shall
+add a little of the academies themselves, and those that inhabit
+them.</p>
+<p>These students lead a life almost monastic; for as the monks
+had nothing in the world to do but when they had said their
+prayers at stated hours to employ themselves in instructive
+studies, no more have these.&nbsp; They are divided into three
+tables: the first is called the Fellows&rsquo; table, to which
+are admitted earls, barons, gentlemen, doctors, and Masters of
+Arts, but very few of the latter&mdash;this is more plentifully
+and expensively served than the others; the second is for Masters
+of Arts, Bachelors, some gentlemen, and eminent citizens; the
+third for people of low condition.&nbsp; While the rest are at
+dinner or supper in a great hall, where they are all assembled,
+one of the students reads aloud the Bible, which is placed on a
+desk in the middle of the hall, and this office every one of them
+takes upon himself in his turn.&nbsp; As soon as grace is said
+after each meal, every one is at liberty either to retire to his
+own chambers or to walk in the College garden, there being none
+that has not a delightful one.&nbsp; Their habit is almost the
+same as that of the Jesuits, their gowns reaching down to their
+ankles, sometimes lined with fur; they wear square caps.&nbsp;
+The doctors, Masters of Arts, and professors, have another kind
+of gown that distinguishes them.&nbsp; Every student of any
+considerable standing has a key to the College library, for no
+college is without one.</p>
+<p>In an out-part of the town are the remains of a pretty large
+fortification, but quite in ruins.&nbsp; We were entertained at
+supper with an excellent concert, composed of a variety of
+instruments.</p>
+<p>The next day we went as far as the Royal Palace of Woodstock,
+where King Ethelred formerly held a Parliament, and enacted
+certain laws.&nbsp; This palace, abounding in magnificence, was
+built by Henry I., to which he joined a very large park, enclosed
+with a wall; according to John Rosse, the first park in
+England.&nbsp; In this very palace the present reigning Queen
+Elizabeth, before she was confined to the Tower, was kept
+prisoner by her sister Mary.&nbsp; While she was detained here,
+in the utmost peril of her life, she wrote with a piece of
+charcoal the following verse, composed by herself, upon a window
+shutter:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;O Fortune! how thy restless wavering
+state<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit!<br />
+Witness this present prison whither fate<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Hath borne me, and the joys I quit.<br />
+Thou causedest the guilty to be loosed<br />
+From bands wherewith are innocents enclosed;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Causing the guiltless to be strait reserved,<br />
+And freeing those that death had well deserved:<br />
+But by her envy can be nothing wrought,<br />
+So God send to my foes all they have thought.<br />
+<span class="GutSmall">A.D., M.D.L.V.</span>&rdquo;</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;<span
+class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, Prisoner.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Not far from this palace are to be seen, near a spring of the
+brightest water, the ruins of the habitation of Rosamond
+Clifford, whose exquisite beauty so entirely captivated the heart
+of King Henry II. that he lost the thought of all other women;
+she is said to have been poisoned at last by the Queen.&nbsp; All
+that remains of her tomb of stone, the letters of which are
+almost worn out, is the following:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo; . . . Adorent,<br />
+Utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The rhyming epitaph following was probably the performance of
+some monk:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Hic jacet in tumb&acirc; Rosamundi non
+Rosamunda,<br />
+Non redolet sed olet, qu&aelig; redolere solet.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Returning from hence to Oxford, after dinner we proceeded on
+our journey, and passed through Ewhelme, a royal palace, in which
+some alms-people are supported by an allowance from the
+Crown.</p>
+<p>Nettlebed, a village.</p>
+<p>We went through the little town of Henley; from hence the
+Chiltern Hills bear north in a continued ridge, and divide the
+counties of Oxford and Buckingham.</p>
+<p>We passed Maidenhead.</p>
+<p>Windsor, a royal castle, supposed to have been begun by King
+Arthur, its buildings much increased by Edward III.&nbsp; The
+situation is entirely worthy of being a royal residence, a more
+beautiful being scarce to be found; for, from the brow of a
+gentle rising, it enjoys the prospect of an even and green
+country; its front commands a valley extended every way, and
+chequered with arable lands and pasturage, clothed up and down
+with groves, and watered by that gentlest of rivers, the Thames;
+behind rise several hills, but neither steep nor very high,
+crowned with woods, and seeming designed by Nature herself for
+the purpose of hunting.</p>
+<p>The Kings of England, invited by the deliciousness of the
+place, very often retire hither; and here was born the conqueror
+of France, the glorious King Edward III., who built the castle
+new from the ground, and thoroughly fortified it with trenches,
+and towers of square stone, and, having soon after subdued in
+battle John, King of France, and David, King of Scotland, he
+detained them both prisoners here at the same time.&nbsp; This
+castle, besides being the Royal Palace, and having some
+magnificent tombs of the Kings of England, is famous for the
+ceremonies belonging to the Knights of the Garter.&nbsp; This
+Order was instituted by Edward III., the same who triumphed so
+illustriously over John, King of France.&nbsp; The Knights of the
+Garter are strictly chosen for their military virtues, and
+antiquity of family; they are bound by solemn oath and vow to
+mutual and perpetual friendship among themselves, and to the not
+avoiding any danger whatever, or even death itself, to support,
+by their joint endeavours, the honour of the Society; they are
+styled Companions of the Garter, from their wearing below the
+left knee a purple garter, inscribed in letters of gold with
+&ldquo;<i>Honi soit qui mal y pense</i>,&rdquo; <i>i.e.</i>,
+&ldquo;Evil to him that evil thinks.&rdquo;&nbsp; This they wear
+upon the left leg, in memory of one which, happening to untie,
+was let fall by a great lady, passionately beloved by Edward,
+while she was dancing, and was immediately snatched up by the
+King, who, to do honour to the lady, not out of any trifling
+gallantry, but with a most serious and honourable purpose,
+dedicated it to the legs of the most distinguished
+nobility.&nbsp; The ceremonies of this Society are celebrated
+every year at Windsor on St. George&rsquo;s Day, the tutelar
+saint of the Order, the King presiding; and the custom is that
+the Knights Companions should hang up their helmet and shield,
+with their arms blazoned on it, in some conspicuous part of the
+church.</p>
+<p>There are three principal and very large courts in Windsor
+Castle, which give great pleasure to the beholders: the first is
+enclosed with most elegant buildings of white stone, flat-roofed,
+and covered with lead; here the Knights of the Garter are lodged;
+in the middle is a detached house, remarkable for its high tower,
+which the governor inhabits.&nbsp; In this is the public kitchen,
+well furnished with proper utensils, besides a spacious
+dining-room, where all the poor Knights eat at the same table,
+for into this Society of the Garter, the King and Sovereign
+elects, at his own choice, certain persons, who must be gentlemen
+of three descents, and such as, for their age and the straitness
+of their fortunes, are fitter for saying their prayers than for
+the service of war; to each of them is assigned a pension of
+eighteen pounds per annum and clothes.&nbsp; The chief
+institution of so magnificent a foundation is, that they should
+say their daily prayers to God for the King&rsquo;s safety, and
+the happy administration for the kingdom, to which purpose they
+attend the service, meeting twice every day at chapel.&nbsp; The
+left side of this court is ornamented by a most magnificent
+chapel of one hundred and thirty-four paces in length, and
+sixteen in breadth; in this are eighteen seats fitted up in the
+time of Edward III. for an equal number of Knights: this
+venerable building is decorated with the noble monuments of
+Edward IV., Henry VI., and VIII., and of his wife Queen
+Jane.&nbsp; It receives from royal liberality the annual income
+of two thousand pounds, and that still much increased by the
+munificence of Edward III. and Henry VII.&nbsp; The greatest
+princes in Christendom have taken it for the highest honour to be
+admitted into the Order of the Garter; and since its first
+institution about twenty kings, besides those of England, who are
+the sovereigns of it, not to mention dukes and persons of the
+greatest figure, have been of it.&nbsp; It consists of twenty-six
+Companions.</p>
+<p>In the inward choir of the chapel are hung up sixteen
+coats-of-arms, swords, and banners; among which are those of
+Charles V. and Rodolphus II., Emperors; of Philip of Spain; Henry
+III. of France; Frederic II. of Denmark, &amp;c.; of Casimir,
+Count Palatine of the Rhine; and other Christian princes who have
+been chosen into this Order.</p>
+<p>In the back choir, or additional chapel, are shown
+preparations made by Cardinal Wolsey, who was afterwards
+capitally punished, <a name="citation68"></a><a
+href="#footnote68" class="citation">[68]</a> for his own tomb;
+consisting of eight large brazen columns placed round it, and
+nearer the tomb four others in the shape of candlesticks; the
+tomb itself is of white and black marble; all which are reserved,
+according to report, for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth; the
+expenses already made for that purpose are estimated at upwards
+of &pound;60,000.&nbsp; In the same chapel is the surcoat <a
+name="citation69"></a><a href="#footnote69"
+class="citation">[69]</a> of Edward III., and the tomb of Edward
+Fynes, Earl of Lincoln, Baron Clinton and Say, Knight of the Most
+Noble Order of the Garter, and formerly Lord High Admiral of
+England.</p>
+<p>The second court of Windsor Castle stands upon higher ground,
+and is enclosed with walls of great strength, and beautified with
+fine buildings and a tower; it was an ancient castle, of which
+old annals speak in this manner: King Edward, <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1359, began a new building in that
+part of the Castle of Windsor where he was born; for which reason
+he took care it should be decorated with larger and finer
+edifices than the rest.&nbsp; In this part were kept prisoners
+John, King of France, and David, King of Scots, over whom Edward
+triumphed at one and the same time: it was by their advice,
+struck with the advantage of its situation, and with the sums
+paid for their ransom, that by degrees this castle stretched to
+such magnificence, as to appear no longer a fortress, but a town
+of proper extent, and inexpugnable to any human force.&nbsp; This
+particular part of the castle was built at the sole expense of
+the King of Scotland, except one tower, which, from its having
+been erected by the Bishop of Winchester, Prelate of the Order,
+is called Winchester Tower; <a name="citation70"></a><a
+href="#footnote70" class="citation">[70]</a> there are a hundred
+steps to it, so ingeniously contrived that horses can easily
+ascend them; it is a hundred and fifty paces in circuit; within
+it are preserved all manner of arms necessary for the defence of
+the place.</p>
+<p>The third court is much the largest of any, built at the
+expense of the captive King of France; as it stands higher, so it
+greatly excels the two former in splendour and elegance; it has
+one hundred and forty-eight paces in length, and ninety-seven in
+breadth; in the middle of it is a fountain of very clear water,
+brought under ground, at an excessive expense, from the distance
+of four miles.&nbsp; Towards the east are magnificent apartments
+destined for the royal household; towards the west is a
+tennis-court for the amusement of the Court; on the north side
+are the royal apartments, consisting of magnificent chambers,
+halls, and bathing-rooms, <a name="citation71"></a><a
+href="#footnote71" class="citation">[71]</a> and a private
+chapel, the roof of which is embellished with golden roses and
+<i>fleurs-de-lis</i>: in this, too, is that very large
+banqueting-room, seventy-eight paces long, and thirty wide, in
+which the Knights of the Garter annually celebrate the memory of
+their tutelar saint, St. George, with a solemn and most pompous
+service.</p>
+<p>From hence runs a walk of incredible beauty, three hundred and
+eighty paces in length, set round on every side with supporters
+of wood, which sustain a balcony, from whence the nobility and
+persons of distinction can take the pleasure of seeing hunting
+and hawking in a lawn of sufficient space; for the fields and
+meadows, clad with variety of plants and flowers, swell gradually
+into hills of perpetual verdure quite up to the castle, and at
+bottom stretch out in an extended plain, that strikes the
+beholders with delight.</p>
+<p>Besides what has been already mentioned, there are worthy of
+notice here two bathing-rooms, ceiled and wainscoted with
+looking-glass; the chamber in which Henry VI. was born; Queen
+Elizabeth&rsquo;s bedchamber, where is a table of red marble with
+white streaks; a gallery everywhere ornamented with emblems and
+figures; a chamber in which are the royal beds of Henry VII. and
+his Queen, of Edward VI., of Henry VIII., and of Anne Boleyn, all
+of them eleven feet square, and covered with quilts shining with
+gold and silver; Queen Elizabeth&rsquo;s bed, with curious
+coverings of embroidery, but not quite so long or large as the
+others; a piece of tapestry, in which is represented Clovis, King
+of France, with an angel presenting to him the
+<i>fleurs-de-lis</i> to be borne in his arms; for before his time
+the Kings of France bore three toads in their shield, instead of
+which they afterwards placed three <i>fleurs-de-lis</i> on a blue
+field; this antique tapestry is said to have been taken from a
+King of France, while the English were masters there.&nbsp; We
+were shown here, among other things, the horn of a unicorn, of
+above eight spans and a half in length, valued at above
+&pound;10,000; the bird of paradise, three spans long, three
+fingers broad, having a blue bill of the length of half an inch,
+the upper part of its head yellow, the nether part of a . . .
+colour; <a name="citation73"></a><a href="#footnote73"
+class="citation">[73]</a> a little lower from either side of its
+throat stick out some reddish feathers, as well as from its back
+and the rest of its body; its wings, of a yellow colour, are
+twice as long as the bird itself; from its back grow out
+lengthways two fibres or nerves, bigger at their ends, but like a
+pretty strong thread, of a leaden colour, inclining to black,
+with which, as it has not feet, it is said to fasten itself to
+trees when it wants to rest; a cushion most curiously wrought by
+Queen Elizabeth&rsquo;s own hands.</p>
+<p>In the precincts of Windsor, on the other side the Thames,
+both whose banks are joined by a bridge of wood, is Eton, a
+well-built College, and famous school for polite letters, founded
+by Henry VI.; where, besides a master, eight fellows and
+chanters, sixty boys are maintained gratis.&nbsp; They are taught
+grammar, and remain in the school till, upon trial made of their
+genius and progress in study, they are sent to the University of
+Cambridge.</p>
+<p>As we were returning to our inn, we happened to meet some
+country people <i>celebrating their harvest home</i>; their last
+load of corn they crown with flowers, having besides an image
+richly dressed, by which, perhaps, they would signify Ceres; this
+they keep moving about, while men and women, men and maid
+servants, riding through the streets in the cart, shout as loud
+as they can till they arrive at the barn.&nbsp; The farmers here
+do not bind up their corn in sheaves, as they do with us, but
+directly as they have reaped or mowed it, put it into carts, and
+convey it into their barns.</p>
+<p>We went through the town of Staines.</p>
+<p>Hampton Court, a Royal Palace, magnificently built with brick
+by Cardinal Wolsey in ostentation of his wealth, where he
+enclosed five very ample courts, consisting of noble edifices in
+very beautiful work.&nbsp; Over the gate in the second area is
+the Queen&rsquo;s device, a golden Rose, with this motto,
+&ldquo;<span class="smcap">Dieu et mon Droit</span>:&rdquo; on
+the inward side of this gate are the effigies of the twelve Roman
+Emperors in plaster.&nbsp; The chief area is paved with square
+stone; in its centre is a fountain that throws up water, covered
+with a gilt crown, on the top of which is a statue of Justice,
+supported by columns of black and white marble.&nbsp; The chapel
+of this palace is most splendid, in which the Queen&rsquo;s
+closet is quite transparent, having its window of crystal.&nbsp;
+We were led into two chambers, called the presence, or chambers
+of audience, which shone with tapestry of gold and silver and
+silk of different colours: under the canopy of state are these
+words embroidered in pearl, &ldquo;<i>Vivat Henricus
+Octavus</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; Here is besides a small chapel richly
+hung with tapestry, where the Queen performs her devotions.&nbsp;
+In her bedchamber the bed was covered with very costly coverlids
+of silk: at no great distance from this room we were shown a bed,
+the tester of which was worked by Anne Boleyn, and presented by
+her to her husband Henry VIII.&nbsp; All the other rooms, being
+very numerous, are adorned with tapestry of gold, silver, and
+velvet, in some of which were woven history pieces; in others,
+Turkish and American dresses, all extremely natural.</p>
+<p>In the hall are these curiosities:</p>
+<p>A very clear looking-glass, ornamented with columns and little
+images of alabaster; a portrait of Edward VI., brother to Queen
+Elizabeth; the true portrait of Lucretia; a picture of the battle
+of Pavia; the history of Christ&rsquo;s passion, carved in
+mother-of-pearl; the portraits of Mary Queen of Scots, who was
+beheaded, and her daughter; <a name="citation76"></a><a
+href="#footnote76" class="citation">[76]</a> the picture of
+Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, and of Philip his son; that of Henry
+VIII.&mdash;under it was placed the Bible curiously written upon
+parchment; an artificial sphere; several musical instruments; in
+the tapestry are represented negroes riding upon elephants.&nbsp;
+The bed in which Edward VI. is said to have been born, and where
+his mother Jane Seymour died in child-bed.&nbsp; In one chamber
+were several excessively rich tapestries, which are hung up when
+the Queen gives audience to foreign ambassadors; there were
+numbers of cushions ornamented with gold and silver; many
+counterpanes and coverlids of beds lined with ermine: in short,
+all the walls of the palace shine with gold and silver.&nbsp;
+Here is besides a certain cabinet called Paradise, where besides
+that everything glitters so with silver, gold, and jewels, as to
+dazzle one&rsquo;s eyes, there is a musical instrument made all
+of glass, except the strings.&nbsp; Afterwards we were led into
+the gardens, which are most pleasant; here we saw rosemary so
+planted and nailed to the walls as to cover them entirely, which
+is a method exceeding common in England.</p>
+<p>Kingston, a market town.</p>
+<p>Nonesuch, a royal retreat, in a place formerly called
+Cuddington, a very healthful situation, chosen by King Henry
+VIII. for his pleasure and retirement, and built by him with an
+excess of magnificence and elegance, even to ostentation: one
+would imagine everything that architecture can perform to have
+been employed in this one work.&nbsp; There are everywhere so
+many statues that seem to breathe so many miracles of consummate
+art, so many casts that rival even the perfection of Roman
+antiquity, that it may well claim and justify its name of
+Nonesuch, being without an equal; or as the post sung&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;This, which no equal has in art or fame,<br
+/>
+Britons deservedly do <i>Nonesuch</i> name.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The palace itself is so encompassed with parks full of deer,
+delicious gardens, groves ornamented with trellis-work, cabinets
+of verdure, and walks so embrowned by trees, that it seems to be
+a place pitched upon by Pleasure herself, to dwell in along with
+Health.</p>
+<p>In the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and
+pyramids of marble, two fountains that spout water one round the
+other like a pyramid, upon which are perched small birds that
+stream water out of their bills.&nbsp; In the Grove of Diana is a
+very agreeable fountain, with Act&aelig;on turned into a stag, as
+he was sprinkled by the goddess and her nymphs, with
+inscriptions.</p>
+<p>There is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed
+pipes, which spurt upon all who come within their reach.</p>
+<p>Returned from hence to London.</p>
+<h3>A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF ENGLAND.</h3>
+<p><span class="smcap">Britain</span>, consisting of the two
+kingdoms of England and Scotland, is the largest island in the
+world, encompassed by the ocean, the German and French
+seas.&nbsp; The largest and southern part of it is England, so
+named from the Angli, who quitting the little territory yet
+called Angel in the kingdom of Denmark, took possession
+here.&nbsp; It is governed by its own King, who owns no superior
+but God.&nbsp; It is divided into thirty-nine counties, to which
+thirteen in Wales were added by Henry VIII., the first who
+distributed that principality into counties; over each of these,
+in times of danger, a lord lieutenant, nominated by the King,
+presides with an unlimited power.&nbsp; Every year some
+gentleman, an inhabitant of the place, is appointed sheriff; his
+office is to collect the public moneys, to raise fines, or to
+make seizures, and account for it to the Treasury; to attend upon
+the judges, and put their sentence in execution; to empanel the
+jury, who sit upon facts, and return their verdict to the judges
+(who in England are only such of the law, and not of the fact);
+to convey the condemned to execution, and to dertermine in lesser
+causes, for the greater are tried by the judges, formerly called
+travelling judges of assize; these go their circuits through the
+counties twice every year to hear causes, and pronounce sentence
+upon prisoners.</p>
+<p>As to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, after the Popes had
+assigned a church and parish to every priest, Honorius,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, about the year 636, began to divide
+England in the same manner into parishes: as it has two
+Provinces, so it has two Archbishops: the one of Canterbury,
+Primate and Metropolitan of all England; the other of York:
+subject to these are twenty-five bishops, viz., twenty-two to
+Canterbury, the remaining three to York.</p>
+<p>The soil is fruitful, and abounds with cattle, which inclines
+the inhabitants rather to feeding than ploughing, so that near a
+third part of the land is left uncultivated for grazing.&nbsp;
+The climate is most temperate at all times, and the air never
+heavy, consequently maladies are scarcer, and less physic is used
+there than anywhere else.&nbsp; There are but few rivers; though
+the soil is productive, it bears no wine; but that want is
+supplied from abroad by the best kinds, as of Orleans, Gascon,
+Rhenish, and Spanish.&nbsp; The general drink is beer, which is
+prepared from barley, and is excellently well tasted, but strong,
+and what soon fuddles.&nbsp; There are many hills without one
+tree, or any spring, which produce a very short and tender grass,
+and supply plenty of food to sheep; upon these wander numerous
+flocks, extremely white, and whether from the temperature of the
+air, or goodness of the earth, bearing softer and finer fleeces
+than those of any other country: this is the true Golden Fleece,
+in which consist the chief riches of the inhabitants, great sums
+of money being brought into the island by merchants, chiefly for
+that article of trade.&nbsp; The dogs here are particularly
+good.&nbsp; It has mines of gold, silver, and tin (of which all
+manner of table utensils are made, in brightness equal to silver,
+and used all over Europe), of lead, and of iron, but not much of
+the latter.&nbsp; The horses are small but swift.&nbsp;
+Glasshouses are in plenty here.</p>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Of the Manners of the
+English</span>.</h4>
+<p>The English are serious, like the Germans; lovers of show,
+liking to be followed wherever they go by whole troops of
+servants, who wear their masters&rsquo; arms in silver, fastened
+to their left arms, a ridicule they deservedly lie under.&nbsp;
+They excel in dancing and music, for they are active and lively,
+though of a thicker make than the French; they cut their hair
+close on the middle of the head, letting it grow on either side;
+they are good sailors, and better pirates, cunning, treacherous
+and thievish; above three hundred are said to be hanged annually
+at London; beheading with them is less infamous than hanging;
+they give the wall as the place of honour; hawking is the general
+sport of the gentry; they are more polite in eating than the
+French, devouring less bread, but more meat, which they roast in
+perfection; they put a great deal of sugar in their drink; their
+beds are covered with tapestry, even those of farmers; they are
+often molested with the scurvy, said to have first crept into
+England with the Norman Conquest; their houses are commonly of
+two storeys, except in London, where they are of three and four,
+though but seldom of four; they are built of wood, those of the
+richer sort with bricks; their roofs are low, and, where the
+owner has money, covered with lead.</p>
+<p>They are powerful in the field, successful against their
+enemies, impatient of anything like slavery; vastly fond of great
+noises that fill the ear, such as the firing of cannon, drums,
+and the ringing of bells, so that it is common for a number of
+them, that have got a glass in their heads, to go up into the
+belfry, and ring the bells for hours together for the sake of
+exercise.&nbsp; If they see a foreigner very well made, or
+particularly handsome, they will say, &ldquo;It is a pity he is
+not an Englishman!&rdquo;</p>
+<h3>THE ILLUSTRIOUS FAMILIES OF ENGLAND</h3>
+<p>Thomas Howard, &dagger; <a name="citation84"></a><a
+href="#footnote84" class="citation">[84]</a> Duke of Norfolk,
+hereditary Marshal of England: the duchy is extinct for
+rebellion, the last duke being beheaded.</p>
+<p>Grey, &dagger; Duke of Suffolk, attainted under Queen
+Mary.</p>
+<p>Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel in his mother&rsquo;s right,
+and of Surrey by his father, son of the abovementioned Duke of
+Norfolk, he himself condemned for high treason, and his titles
+forfeited.</p>
+<p>Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, hereditary Chamberlain of
+England.</p>
+<p>Percy, Earl of Northumberland, descended from the Dukes of
+Brabant.</p>
+<p>Charles Nevill, &dagger; Earl of Westmoreland, banished into
+Holland, and deprived of his fortunes and dignities for
+rebellion.</p>
+<p>Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury.</p>
+<p>Grey, Earl of Kent, has but a small estate.</p>
+<p>Stanley, Earl of Derby, and King of Man.</p>
+<p>Manners, Earl of Rutland.</p>
+<p>Somerset, Earl of Worcester, descended from a bastard of the
+Somerset family, which itself is of the royal family of the
+Plantagenets.</p>
+<p>Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.</p>
+<p>Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex.</p>
+<p>Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, of the line of York, by the
+mother&rsquo;s side.</p>
+<p>Bourchier, Earl of Bath.</p>
+<p>Ambrose Sutton, &dagger; alias Dudley, Earl of Warwick, died a
+few years since, childless.</p>
+<p>Wriothesly, Earl of Southampton.</p>
+<p>Russell, Earl of Bedford.</p>
+<p>Herbert, Earl of Pembroke.</p>
+<p>Edward Seymour, &dagger; Earl of Hertford, son of the Duke of
+Somerset, who was beheaded in the reign of Edward VI.</p>
+<p>Robert Sutton, &dagger; or Dudley, Earl of Leicester, brother
+of the Earl of Warwick, died a few years ago.</p>
+<p>Robert d&rsquo;Evereux, Earl of Essex, and of Ewe in Normandy,
+created hereditary Marshal of England in 1598.</p>
+<p>Charles Howard, of the Norfolk family, created Earl of
+Nottingham, 1597, Lord High Admiral of England, and Privy
+Counsellor.</p>
+<p>Fynes, Earl of Lincoln.</p>
+<p>Brown, Viscount Montacute.</p>
+<p>Howard, of the Norfolk family, Viscount Bindon.</p>
+<p>Nevill, Baron Abergavenny; this barony is controverted.</p>
+<p>Touchet, Baron Audley.</p>
+<p>Zouch, Baron Zouch.</p>
+<p>Peregrine Bertie, Baron Willoughby of Eresby and Brooke,
+Governor of Berwick.</p>
+<p>Berkley, Baron Berkley, of the ancient family of the Kings of
+Denmark.</p>
+<p>Parker, Baron Morley.</p>
+<p>Dacre, &dagger; Baron Dacre of Gyllesland: this barony is
+vacant.</p>
+<p>Dacre, &dagger; Baron Dacre of the South: he died four years
+since, and the barony devolved to his daughter.</p>
+<p>Brook, Baron Cobham, Warden of the Cinque Ports.</p>
+<p>Stafford, Baron Stafford, reduced to want; he is heir to the
+family of the Dukes of Buckingham, who were hereditary Constables
+of England.</p>
+<p>Gray, Baron Gray of Wilton.</p>
+<p>Scroop, Baron Scroop of Boulton.</p>
+<p>Sutton, Baron Dudley.</p>
+<p>Stourton, Baron Stourton.</p>
+<p>Nevill, &dagger; Baron Latimer, died some years since without
+heirs male; the title controverted.</p>
+<p>Lumley, Baron Lumley.</p>
+<p>Blunt, Baron Montjoy.</p>
+<p>Ogle, Baron Ogle.</p>
+<p>Darcy, Baron Darcy.</p>
+<p>Parker, Baron Montegle, son and heir of Baron Morley; he has
+this barony in right of his mother, of the family of Stanley.</p>
+<p>Sandys, Baron Sandys.</p>
+<p>Vaux, Baron Vaux.</p>
+<p>Windsor, Baron Windsor.</p>
+<p>Wentworth, Baron Wentworth.</p>
+<p>Borough, Baron Borough, reduced to want.</p>
+<p>Baron Mordaunt.&nbsp; Baron Eure.</p>
+<p>Baron Rich.&nbsp; Baron Sheffield.</p>
+<p>Baron North, Privy Counsellor, and Treasurer of the
+Household.</p>
+<p>Baron Hunsdon, Privy Counsellor, and Lord Chamberlain.</p>
+<p>Sackville, Baron Buckhurst, Privy Counsellor.</p>
+<p>Thomas Cecil, Baron Burleigh, son of the Treasurer.</p>
+<p>Cecil, Lord Roos, grandson of the Treasurer, yet a child: he
+holds the barony in right of his mother, daughter to the Earl of
+Rutland.</p>
+<p>Howard &dagger; of Maltravers, son of the Earl of Arundel, not
+yet restored in blood.</p>
+<p>Baron Cheyny. &dagger;</p>
+<p>Baron Cromwell.&nbsp; Baron Wharton.</p>
+<p>Baron Willoughby of Parham.</p>
+<p>Baron Pagett, &dagger; in exile, attainted.</p>
+<p>Baron Chandois.&nbsp; Baron St. John.</p>
+<p>Baron Delaware: his ancestors took the King of France
+prisoner.</p>
+<p>Baron Compton, has squandered almost all his substance.</p>
+<p>Baron Norris.</p>
+<p>Thomas Howard, second son of the Duke of Norfolk, Baron Audley
+of Saffronwalden, in his mother&rsquo;s right.</p>
+<p>William, &dagger; third son of the Duke of Norfolk, is neither
+a baron, nor yet restored in blood.</p>
+<p>Thus far of noble families.</p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p>We set out from London in a boat, and fell down the river,
+leaving Greenwich, which we have spoken of before, on the right
+hand.</p>
+<p>Barking, a town in sight on the left.</p>
+<p>Gravesend, a small town, famous for the convenience of its
+port; the largest Dutch ships usually call here.&nbsp; As we were
+to proceed farther from hence by water, we took our last leave
+here of the noble Bohemian David Strziela, and his tutor Tobias
+Salander, our constant fellow-travellers through France and
+England, they designing to return home through Holland, we on a
+second tour into France; but it pleased Heaven to put a stop to
+their design, for the worthy Strziela was seized with a diarrhoea
+a few days before our departure, and, as we afterwards learned by
+letters from Salander, died in a few days of a violent fever in
+London.</p>
+<p>Queenborough: we left the castle on our right; a little
+farther we saw the fishing of oysters out of the sea, which are
+nowhere in greater plenty or perfection; witness Ortelius in his
+Epitome, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>Whitstable; here we went ashore.</p>
+<p>Canterbury; we came to it on foot; this is the seat of the
+Archbishop, Primate of all England, a very ancient town, and,
+without doubt, of note in the time of the Romans.</p>
+<p>Here are two monasteries almost contiguous, namely of Christ
+and St. Augustine, both of them once filled with Benedictine
+Monks: the former was afterwards dedicated to St. Thomas a
+Becket, the name of Christ being obliterated; it stands almost in
+the middle of the town, and with so much majesty lifts itself,
+and its two towers, to a stupendous height, that, as Erasmus
+says, it strikes even those who only see it at a distance with
+awe.</p>
+<p>In the choir, which is shut up with iron rails, are the
+following monuments:&mdash;</p>
+<p>King Henry IV., with his wife Joan of Navarre, of white
+marble.</p>
+<p>Nicholas Wootton, Privy Counsellor to Henry VIII., Edward VI.,
+Mary, and Elizabeth, Kings and Queens of England.</p>
+<p>Of Prince Edward, Duke of Aquitaine and Cornwall, and Earl of
+Chester.</p>
+<p>Reginald Pole, with this inscription:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;The remains of
+Reginald Pole, Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Cardinal Chatillon.</p>
+<p>We were then shown the chair in which the bishops are placed
+when they are installed.&nbsp; In the vestibule of the church, on
+the south side, stand the statues of three men armed, cut in
+stone, who slew Thomas &agrave; Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+made a saint for this martyrdom; their names are
+adjoined&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">Tusci</span>, <span class="smcap">Fusci</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Berri</span>. <a name="citation91"></a><a
+href="#footnote91" class="citation">[91]</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Being tired with walking, we refreshed ourselves here with a
+mouthful of bread and some ale, and immediately mounted
+post-horses, and arrived about two or three o&rsquo;clock in the
+morning at Dover.&nbsp; In our way to it, which was rough and
+dangerous enough, the following accident happened to us: our
+guide, or postillion, a youth, was before with two of our
+company, about the distance of a musketshot; we, by not following
+quick enough, had lost sight of our friends; we came afterwards
+to where the road divided; on the right it was down-hill and
+marshy, on the left was a small hill: whilst we stopped here in
+doubt, and consulted which of the roads we should take, we saw
+all on a sudden on our right hand some horsemen, their stature,
+dress, and horses exactly resembling those of our friends; glad
+of having found them again, we determined to set on after them;
+but it happened, through God&rsquo;s mercy, that though we called
+to them, they did not answer us, but kept on down the marshy road
+at such a rate, that their horses&rsquo; feet struck fire at
+every stretch, which made us, with reason, begin to suspect they
+were thieves, having had warning of such; or rather, that they
+were nocturnal spectres, who, as we were afterwards told, are
+frequently seen in those places: there were likewise a great many
+Jack-a-lanterns, so that we were quite seized with horror and
+amazement!&nbsp; But, fortunately for us, our guide soon after
+sounded his horn, and we, following the noise, turned down the
+left-hand road, and arrived safe to our companions; who, when we
+had asked them if they had not seen the horsemen who had gone by
+us, answered, not a soul.&nbsp; Our opinions, according to
+custom, were various upon this matter; but whatever the thing
+was, we were, without doubt, in imminent danger, from which that
+we escaped, the glory is to be ascribed to God alone.</p>
+<p>Dover, situated among cliffs (standing where the port itself
+was originally, as may be gathered from anchors and parts of
+vessels dug up there), is more famous for the convenience of its
+port, which indeed is now much decayed, and its passage to
+France, than for either its elegance or populousness: this
+passage, the most used and the shortest, is of thirty miles,
+which, with a favourable wind, may be run over in five or six
+hours&rsquo; time, as we ourselves experienced; some reckon it
+only eighteen to Calais, and to Boulogne sixteen English miles,
+which, as Ortelius says in his &ldquo;Theatrum,&rdquo; are longer
+than the Italian.</p>
+<p>Here was a church dedicated to St. Martin by Victred, King of
+Kent, and a house belonging to the Knights Templars; of either
+there are now no remains.&nbsp; It is the seat of a suffragan to
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, who, when the Archbishop is
+employed upon business of more consequence, manages the ordinary
+affairs, but does not interfere with the archiepiscopal
+jurisdiction.&nbsp; Upon a hill, or rather rock, which on its
+right side is almost everywhere a precipice, a very extensive
+castle rises to a surprising height, in size like a little city,
+extremely well fortified, and thick-set with towers, and seems to
+threaten the sea beneath.&nbsp; Matthew Paris calls it the door
+and key of England; the ordinary people have taken into their
+heads that it was built by Julius C&aelig;sar; it is likely it
+might by the Romans, from those British bricks in the chapel
+which they made use of in their foundations.&nbsp; See
+Camden&rsquo;s &ldquo;Britannia.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>After we had dined, we took leave of England.</p>
+<h2>FRAGMENTA REGALIA;</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm"><i>Or</i>, <i>Observations on the late Queen
+Elizabeth</i>, <i>her Times</i>, <i>and Favourites</i>.&nbsp;
+<i>Written by</i> <span class="smcap">Sir Robert Naunton</span>,
+<i>Master of the Court of Wards</i>.&nbsp; <span
+class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1641.</p>
+<p>To take her in the original, she was the daughter of King
+Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, the second of six wives which he had,
+and one of the maids of honour to the divorced Queen, Katharine
+of Austria (or, as the now styled, Infanta of Spain), and from
+thence taken to the royal bed.</p>
+<p>That she was of a most noble and royal extract by her father
+will not fall into question, for on that side was disembogued
+into her veins, by a confluency of blood, the very abstract of
+all the greatest houses in Christendom: and remarkable it is,
+considering that violent desertion of the Royal House of the
+Britons by the intrusion of the Saxons, and afterwards by the
+conquest of the Normans, that, through vicissitude of times, and
+after a discontinuance almost of a thousand years, the sceptre
+should fall again and be brought back into the old regal line and
+true current of the British blood, in the person of her renowned
+grandfather, King Henry VII., together with whatsoever the
+German, Norman, Burgundian, Castilian, and French achievements,
+with their intermarriages, which eight hundred years had
+acquired, could add of glory thereunto.</p>
+<p>By her mother she was of no sovereign descent, yet noble and
+very ancient in the family of Boleyn; though some erroneously
+brand them with a citizen&rsquo;s rise or original, which was yet
+but of a second brother, who (as it was divine in the greatness
+and lustre to come to his house) was sent into the city to
+acquire wealth, <i>ad &aelig;dificandam antiquam domum</i>, unto
+whose achievements (for he was Lord Mayor of London) fell in, as
+it is averred, both the blood and inheritance of the eldest
+brother for want of issue males, by which accumulation the house
+within few descents mounted, <i>in culmen honoris</i>, and was
+suddenly dilated in the best families of England and Ireland: as
+Howard, Ormond, Sackville, and others.</p>
+<p>Having thus touched, and now leaving her stirp, I come to her
+person, and how she came to the crown by the decease of her
+brother and sister.</p>
+<p>Under Edward VI. she was his, and one of the darlings of
+Fortune, for, besides the consideration of blood, there was
+between these two princes a concurrency and sympathy of their
+natures and affections, together with the celestial bond
+(confirmative religion), which made them one; for the King never
+called her by any other appellation but his sweetest and dearest
+sister, and was scarce his own man, she being absent; which was
+not so between him and the Lady Mary.</p>
+<p>Under her sister <a name="citation99"></a><a
+href="#footnote99" class="citation">[99]</a> she found her
+condition much altered; for it was resolved, and her destiny had
+decreed it, for to set her apprentice in the school of
+affliction, and to draw her through that ordeal-fire of trial,
+the better to mould and fashion her to rule and sovereignty:
+which finished, Fortune calling to mind that the time of her
+servitude was expired, gave up her indentures, and therewith
+delivered into her custody a sceptre as the reward of her
+patience; which was about the twenty-sixth of her age: a time in
+which, as for her internals grown ripe, and seasoned by
+adversity, in the exercise of her virtue; for, it seems, Fortune
+meant no more but to show her a piece of variety and
+changeableness of her nature, but to conduct her to her destiny,
+<i>i.e.</i>, felicity.</p>
+<p>She was of person tall, of hair and complexion fair, and
+therewith well favoured, but high-nosed; of limbs and features
+neat; and, which added to the lustre of these external graces, of
+a stately and majestic comportment, participating in this more of
+her father than of her mother, who was of an inferior alloy,
+plausible, or, as the French hath it, more <i>debonaire</i> and
+affable: virtues which might well suit with majesty, and which,
+descending as hereditary to the daughter, did render her of a
+sweeter temper, and endeared her more to the love and liking of
+the people, who gave her the name and fame of a most gracious and
+popular princess.</p>
+<p>The atrocity of the father&rsquo;s nature was rebated in her
+by the mother&rsquo;s sweeter inclinations; for (to take, and
+that no more than the character out of his own mouth) <i>He never
+spared man in his anger</i>, <i>nor woman in his lust</i>.</p>
+<p>If we search farther into her intellectuals and abilities, the
+wheel-course of her government deciphers them to the admiration
+of posterity; for it was full of magnanimity, tempered with
+justice, piety, and pity, and, to speak truth, noted but with one
+act of stain, or taint, all her deprivations, either of life or
+liberty, being legal and necessitated.&nbsp; She was learned, her
+sex and time considered, beyond common belief; for letters about
+this time, or somewhat before, did but begin to be of esteem and
+in fashion, the former ages being overcast with the mists and
+fogs of the Roman <a name="citation101"></a><a
+href="#footnote101" class="citation">[101]</a> ignorance; and it
+was the maxim that over-ruled the foregoing times, that
+<i>Ignorance was the mother of Devotion</i>.&nbsp; Her wars were
+a long time more in the auxiliary part, and assistance of foreign
+princes and states, than by invasion of any; till common policy
+advised it, for a safer way, to strike first abroad, than at home
+to expect the war, in all which she was ever felicitous and
+victorious.</p>
+<p>The change and alteration of religion upon the instant of her
+accession to the crown (the smoke and fire of her sister&rsquo;s
+martyrdoms scarcely quenched) was none of her least remarkable
+actions; but the support and establishment thereof, with the
+means of her own subsistence amidst so powerful enemies abroad,
+and those many domestic practices, were, methinks, works of
+inspiration, and of no human providence, which, on her
+sister&rsquo;s departure, she most religiously
+acknowledged&mdash;ascribing the glory of her deliverance to God
+above; for she being then at Hatfield, and under a guard, and the
+Parliament sitting at the self-same time, at the news of the
+Queen&rsquo;s death, and her own proclamation by the general
+consent of the House and the public sufferance of the people,
+falling on her knees, after a good time of respiration, she
+uttered this verse of the Psalm:</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;A Domino factum est istud, et est mirabile
+in oculis nostris.&rdquo; <a name="citation102"></a><a
+href="#footnote102" class="citation">[102]</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>And this we find to this day on the stamp of her gold, with
+this on her silver:</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Posui Deum adjutorem meum.&rdquo; <a
+name="citation103"></a><a href="#footnote103"
+class="citation">[103]</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Her ministers and instruments of State, such as were
+<i>participes curarum</i>, or bore a great part of the burthen,
+were <i>many</i>, and those <i>memorable</i>; but they were only
+<i>favourites</i>, and not <i>minions</i>; such as acted more by
+<i>her</i> princely rules and judgments, than by their <i>own</i>
+wills and appetites; for we saw no Gaveston, Vere, or Spencer, to
+have swayed alone, during forty-four years, which was a
+well-settled and advised maxim; for it valued her the more, it
+awed the most secure, it took best with the people, and it staved
+off all emulations, which are apt to rise and vent in obloquious
+acrimony even against the prince, where there is <i>one only</i>
+admitted into high administrations.</p>
+<h3><i>A Major Palatii</i>.</h3>
+<p>The principal note of her reign will be, that she ruled much
+by faction and parties, which she herself both made, upheld, and
+weakened, as her own great judgment advised; for I do dissent
+from the common and received opinion, that my Lord of Leicester
+was <i>absolute</i> and <i>alone</i> in her <i>grace</i>; and,
+though I come somewhat short of the knowledge of these times,
+yet, that I may not err or shoot at random, I know it from
+assured intelligence that it was not so; for proof whereof,
+amongst many (that could present), I will both relate a story,
+and therein a known truth, and it was thus: Bowyer, the Gentleman
+of the Black Rod, being charged by her express command to look
+precisely to all admissions in the Privy Chamber, one day stayed
+a very gay captain (and a follower of my Lord of Leicester) from
+entrance, for that he was neither well known, nor a sworn servant
+of the Queen; at which repulse, the gentleman (bearing high on my
+lord&rsquo;s favour) told him that he might, perchance, procure
+him a discharge.&nbsp; Leicester coming to the contestation, said
+publicly, which was none of his wonted speeches, that he was a
+knave, and should not long continue in his office; and so turning
+about to go to the Queen, Bowyer, who was a bold gentleman and
+well-beloved, stepped before him, and fell at Her Majesty&rsquo;s
+feet, relates the story, and humbly craves Her Grace&rsquo;s
+pleasure, and in such a manner as if he had demanded whether my
+Lord of Leicester was King, or Her Majesty Queen: whereunto she
+replied (with her wonted oath, <i>God&rsquo;s-death</i>)
+&ldquo;My lord, I have wished you well, but my favour is not so
+locked up for you that others shall not participate thereof; for
+I have many servants unto whom I have, and will, at my pleasure,
+bequeath my favour, and likewise resume the same; and if you
+think to rule here, I will take a course to see you forthcoming;
+<a name="citation105"></a><a href="#footnote105"
+class="citation">[105]</a> I will have here but one
+<i>mistress</i>, and no <i>master</i>; and look that no ill
+happen to him, lest it be severely required at your hands:&rdquo;
+which so quailed my Lord of Leicester, that his faint humility
+was, long after, one of his best virtues.</p>
+<p>Moreover, the Earl of Sussex, then Lord Chamberlain, was his
+professed antagonist to his dying day; and for my Lord Hunsdown,
+and Sir Thomas Sackville, after Lord Treasurer, who were all
+contemporaries, he was wont to say of them, that they were of the
+tribe of Dan, and were <i>Noli me tangere</i>, implying that they
+were not to be contested with, for they were, indeed, of the
+Queen&rsquo;s nigh kindred.</p>
+<p>From whence, and in many more instances, I conclude that she
+was absolute and sovereign mistress of her graces, and that all
+those to whom she distributed her favours were never more than
+tenants-at-will, and stood on no better terms than her princely
+pleasure, and their good behaviour.</p>
+<p>And this also I present as a known observation, that she was,
+though very capable of counsel, absolute enough in her own
+resolution; which was ever apparent even to her last, and in that
+of her still aversion to grant Tyrone <a
+name="citation106"></a><a href="#footnote106"
+class="citation">[106]</a> the least drop of her mercy, though
+earnestly and frequently advised thereunto, yea, wrought only by
+her whole Council of State, with very many reasons; and, as the
+state of her kingdom then stood, I may speak it with assurance,
+necessitated arguments.</p>
+<p>If we look into her inclination, as it was disposed to
+magnificence or frugality, we shall find in them many notable
+considerations; for all her dispensations were so poised as
+though Discretion and Justice had both decreed to stand at the
+beam, and see them weighed out in due proportion, the maturity of
+her paces and judgments meeting in a concurrence; and that in
+such an age that seldom lapseth to excess.</p>
+<p>To consider them apart, we have not many precedents of her
+<i>liberality</i>, nor any large donatives to <i>particular</i>
+men, my Lord of Essex&rsquo;s book of <i>parks</i> excepted,
+which was a princely gift; and some more of a lesser size to my
+Lord of Leicester, Hatton, and others.</p>
+<p>Her rewards chiefly consisted in grants and leases of offices,
+and places of judicature; but for ready money, and in great sums,
+she was very sparing; which, we may partly conceive, was a virtue
+rather drawn out of necessity than her nature; for she had many
+layings-out, and as her wars were lasting, so their charge
+increased to the last period.&nbsp; And I am of opinion with Sir
+Walter Raleigh, that those many brave men of her times, and of
+the militia, tasted little more of her bounty than in her grace
+and good word with their due entertainment; for she ever paid her
+soldiers well, which was the honour of her times, and more than
+her great adversary of Spain could perform; so that when we come
+to the consideration of her <i>frugality</i>, the observation
+will be little more than that her <i>bounty</i> and it were so
+woven together, that the one was <a name="citation108"></a><a
+href="#footnote108" class="citation">[108]</a> stained by an
+honourable way of sparing.</p>
+<p>The Irish action we may call a malady, and a consumption of
+her times, for it accompanied her to her end; and it was of so
+profuse and vast an expense, that it drew near unto a
+distemperature of State, and of passion in herself; for, towards
+her last, she grew somewhat hard to please, her armies being
+accustomed to prosperity, and the Irish prosecution not answering
+her expectation, and her wonted success; for it was a good while
+an unthrifty and inauspicious war, which did much disturb and
+mislead her judgment; and the more for that it was a precedent
+taken out of her own pattern.</p>
+<p>For as the Queen, by way of division, had, at her coming to
+the crown, supported the revolted States of Holland, so did the
+King of Spain turn the trick upon herself, towards her going out,
+by cherishing the Irish rebellion; where it falls into
+consideration, what the state of this kingdom and the crown
+revenues were then able to endure and embrace.</p>
+<p>If we look into the establishments of those times with the
+best of the Irish army, counting the defeat of Blackwater, with
+all the precedent expenses, as it stood from my Lord of
+Essex&rsquo;s undertaking of the surrender of Kingsale, and the
+General Mountjoy, and somewhat after, we shall find the horse and
+foot troops were, for three or four years together, much about
+twenty thousand, besides the naval charge, which was a dependant
+of the same war; in that the Queen was then forced to keep in
+continual pay a strong fleet at sea to attend the Spanish coasts
+and parts, both to alarm the Spaniards, and to intercept the
+forces designed for the Irish assistance; so that the charge of
+that war alone did cost the Queen three hundred thousand pounds
+per annum at least, which was not the moiety of her other
+disbursements and expenses; which, without the public aids, the
+state of the royal receipts could not have much longer endured;
+which, out of her own frequent letters and complaints to the
+Deputy Mountjoy for cashiering of that list as soon as he could,
+might be collected, for the Queen was then driven into a
+strait.</p>
+<p>We are naturally prone to applaud the times behind us, and to
+vilify the present; for the concurrent of her fame carries it to
+this day, how loyally and victoriously she lived and died,
+without the grudge and grievance of her people; yet the truth may
+appear without detraction from the honour of so great a
+princess.&nbsp; It is manifest she left more debts unpaid, taken
+upon credit of her privy-seals, than her progenitors did, or
+could have taken up, that were a hundred years before her; which
+was no inferior piece of State, to lay the burthen on that house
+<a name="citation110"></a><a href="#footnote110"
+class="citation">[110]</a> which was best able to bear it at a
+dead lift, when neither her receipts could yield her relief at
+the pinch, nor the urgency of her affairs endure the delays of
+Parliamentary assistance.&nbsp; And for such aids it is likewise
+apparent that she received more, and that with the love of her
+people, than any two of her predecessors that took most; which
+was a fortune strained out of the subjects, through the
+plausibility of her comportment, and (as I would say, without
+offence) the prodigal distribution of her grace to all sorts of
+subjects; for I believe no prince living, that was so tender of
+honour, and so exactly stood for the preservation of sovereignty,
+was so great a courtier of the people, yea, of the Commons, and
+that stooped and declined low in presenting her person to the
+public view, as she passed in her progress and perambulations,
+and in her ejaculations of her prayers on the people.</p>
+<p>And, truly, though much may be written in praise of her
+providence and good husbandry, in that she could, upon all good
+occasions, abate her magnanimity, and therewith comply with the
+Parliament, and so always come off both with honour and profit;
+yet must we ascribe some part of the commendation to the wisdom
+of the times, and the choice of Parliament-men; for I said <a
+name="citation112a"></a><a href="#footnote112a"
+class="citation">[112a]</a> not that they were at any time given
+to any violent or pertinacious dispute, the elections being made
+of grave and discreet persons, not factious and ambitious of
+fame; such as came not to the House with a malevolent spirit of
+contention, but with a preparation to consult on the public good,
+and rather to comply than to contest with Majesty: neither dare I
+find <a name="citation112b"></a><a href="#footnote112b"
+class="citation">[112b]</a> that the House was weakened and
+pestered through the admission of too many <i>young heads</i>, as
+it hath been of <i>latter</i> times; which remembers me of the
+Recorder Martin&rsquo;s speech about the truth of our late
+Sovereign Lord King James, <a name="citation112c"></a><a
+href="#footnote112c" class="citation">[112c]</a> when there were
+accounts taken of <i>forty</i> gentlemen not above <i>twenty</i>,
+and some not exceeding <i>sixteen</i> years of age; which made
+him to say, &ldquo;that it was the ancient custom for old men to
+make laws for young ones, but there he saw the case altered, and
+there were children in the great council of the kingdom, which
+came to invade and invert nature, and to enact laws to govern
+their fathers.&rdquo;&nbsp; Such <a name="citation113a"></a><a
+href="#footnote113a" class="citation">[113a]</a> were in the
+House always, <a name="citation113b"></a><a href="#footnote113b"
+class="citation">[113b]</a> and took the common cause into
+consideration; and they say the Queen had many times just cause,
+and need enough, to use their assistance: neither do I remember
+that the House did ever capitulate, or prefer their private to
+the public and the Queen&rsquo;s necessities, but waited their
+times, and, in the first place, gave their supply, and according
+to the exigence of her affairs; yet failed not at the last to
+attain what they desired, so that the Queen and her Parliaments
+had ever the good fortune to depart in love, and on reciprocal
+terms, which are considerations that have not been so exactly
+observed in our <i>last</i> assemblies.&nbsp; And I would to God
+they had been; for, considering the great debts left on the King,
+<a name="citation113c"></a><a href="#footnote113c"
+class="citation">[113c]</a> and to what incumbrances the House
+itself had then drawn him, His Majesty was not well used, though
+I lay not the blame on the whole suffrage of the House, where he
+had many good friends; for I dare avouch it, had the House been
+freed of half a dozen popular and discontented persons (such as,
+with the fellow that burnt the temple of Ephesus, would be talked
+of, though for doing mischief), I am confident the King had
+obtained that which, in reason, and at his first occasion, he
+ought to have received freely, and without condition.&nbsp; But
+pardon this digression, which is here remembered, not in the way
+of aggravation, but in true zeal of the public good, and
+presented <i>in caveat</i> of future times: for I am not ignorant
+how the genius and spirit of the kingdom now moves to make His
+Majesty amends on any occasion; and how desirous the subject is
+to expiate that offence at any rate, may it please His Majesty to
+make a trial of his subjects&rsquo; affections; and at what price
+they value now his goodness and magnanimity.</p>
+<p>But to our purpose: the Queen was not to learn that, as the
+strength of the kingdom consisted in the multitude of her
+subjects, so the security of her person consisted and rested in
+the love and fidelity of her people, which she politically
+affected (as it hath been thought) somewhat beneath the height of
+her natural spirit and magnanimity.</p>
+<p>Moreover, it will be a true note of her providence, that she
+would always listen to her profit: for she would not refuse the
+information of meanest personages, which proposed improvement;
+and had learned the philosophy of (<i>hoc agere</i>) to look unto
+her own work: of which there is a notable example of one
+Carmarthen, an under officer of the Custom House, who, observing
+his time, presented her with a paper, showing how she was abused
+in the under-renting of the Customs, and therewith humbly desired
+Her Majesty to conceal him, for that it did concern two or three
+of her great counsellors, <a name="citation115"></a><a
+href="#footnote115" class="citation">[115]</a> whom Customer
+Smith had bribed with two thousand pounds a man, so to lose the
+Queen twenty thousand pounds per annum; which being made known to
+the Lords, they gave strict order that Carmarthen should not have
+access to the back-stairs; but, at last, Her Majesty smelling the
+craft, and missing Carmarthen, she sent for him back, and
+encouraged him to stand to his information; which the poor man
+did so handsomely that, within the space of ten years, he was
+brought to double his rent, or leave the Custom to new
+farmers.&nbsp; So that we may take this also in consideration,
+that there were of the Queen&rsquo;s Council which were not in
+the catalogue of saints.</p>
+<p>Now, as we have taken a view of some particular motives of her
+times, her nature, and necessities, it is not without the text to
+give a short touch of the <i>helps</i> and <i>advantages</i> of
+her reign, which were <i>not</i> without <a
+name="citation116"></a><a href="#footnote116"
+class="citation">[116]</a> paroles; for she had neither husband,
+brother, sister, nor children to provide for, who, as they are
+dependants on the Crown, so do they necessarily draw livelihood
+from thence, and oftentimes exhaust and draw deep, especially
+when there is an ample fraternity royal, and of the princes of
+the blood, as it was in the time of Edward III. and Henry
+IV.&nbsp; For when the Crown cannot, the public ought to give
+honourable allowance; for they are the honour and hopes of the
+kingdom; and the public, which enjoys them, hath the like
+interest with the father which begat them; and our common law,
+which is the inheritance of the kingdom, did ever of old provide
+aids for the <i>primogenitus</i> <a name="citation117a"></a><a
+href="#footnote117a" class="citation">[117a]</a> and the eldest
+daughter; for that the multiplicity of courts, and the great
+charges which necessarily follow a king, a queen, a prince, and
+royal issue, was a thing which was not <i>in rerum natura</i> <a
+name="citation117b"></a><a href="#footnote117b"
+class="citation">[117b]</a> during the space of forty-four years,
+<a name="citation117c"></a><a href="#footnote117c"
+class="citation">[117c]</a> but worn out of memory, and without
+the consideration of the present times, insomuch as the aids
+given to the late and Right Noble Prince Henry, and to his
+sister, the Lady Elizabeth, which were at first generally
+received as impositions for knighthood, though an ancient law,
+fell also into the imputation of a tax of nobility, for that it
+lay long covered in the embers of division between the Houses of
+York and Lancaster, and forgotten or connived at by the
+succeeding princes: so that the strangeness of the observation,
+and the difference of those latter reigns, is that the Queen took
+up much <i>beyond</i> the power of law, which fell not into the
+murmur of people; and her successors took nothing but by warrant
+of the law, which nevertheless was received, <i>through
+disuse</i>, to be injurious to the liberty of the kingdom.</p>
+<p>Now before I come to any mention of her favourites, for
+hitherto I have delivered but some oblivious passages, thereby to
+prepare and smooth a way for the rest that follows:</p>
+<p>It is necessary that I touch on the religiousness of the
+other&rsquo;s reign, I mean the body of her sister&rsquo;s <a
+name="citation118"></a><a href="#footnote118"
+class="citation">[118]</a> Council of State, which she retained
+entirely, neither removing nor discontenting any, although she
+knew them averse to her religion, and, in her sister&rsquo;s
+time, perverse to her person, and privy to all her troubles and
+imprisonments.</p>
+<p>A prudence which was incompatible to her sister&rsquo;s
+nature, for she both dissipated and presented the major part of
+her brother&rsquo;s Council; but this will be of certain, that
+how compliable and obsequious soever she found them, yet for a
+good space she made little use of their counsels, more than in
+the ordinary course of the Board, for she had a dormant table in
+her own privy breast; yet she kept them together and in their
+places, without any sudden change; so that we may say of them
+that they were then of the Court, not of the Council; for whilst
+she <i>amazed</i> <a name="citation119"></a><a
+href="#footnote119" class="citation">[119]</a> them by a kind of
+promissive disputation concerning the points controverted by both
+Churches, she did set down her own gests, without their privity,
+and made all their progressions, gradations; but for that the
+tenents of her secrets, with the intents of her establishments,
+were pitched before it was known where the Court would sit
+down.</p>
+<p>Neither do I find that any of her sister&rsquo;s Council of
+State were either repugnant to her religion, or opposed her
+doings; Englefeild, Master of the Wards, excepted, who withdrew
+himself from the Board, and shortly after out of her dominions;
+so pliable and obedient they were to change with the times and
+their prince; and of them will fall a relation of
+recreation.&nbsp; Paulet, Marquis of Winchester, and Lord
+Treasurer, had served then four princes, in as various and
+changeable times and seasons, that I may well say no time nor age
+hath yielded the like precedent.&nbsp; This man, being noted to
+grow high in her favour (as his place and experience required),
+was questioned by an intimate friend of his, how he had stood up
+for thirty years together, amidst the change and ruins of so many
+Chancellors and great personages.&nbsp; &ldquo;Why,&rdquo; quoth
+the marquis, &ldquo;<i>Ortus sum e salice</i>, <i>non ex
+quercu</i>,&rdquo; <i>i.e.</i>, &ldquo;I am made of pliable
+willow, not of the stubborn oak.&rdquo;&nbsp; And, truly, it
+seems the old man had taught them all, especially William, Earl
+of Pembroke, for they two were always of the King&rsquo;s
+religion, and always zealous professors: of these it is said that
+being both younger brothers, yet of noble houses, they spent what
+was left them, and came on trust to the Court, where, upon the
+bare stock of their wits, they began to traffic for themselves,
+and prospered so well that they got, spent, and left more than
+any subjects from the Norman Conquest to their own times;
+whereupon it hath been prettily spoken that they lived in a time
+of dissolution.</p>
+<p>To conclude, then, of all the former reign, it is said that
+those two lived and died chiefly in her grace and favour: by the
+letter written upon his son&rsquo;s marriage with the Lady
+Catherine Grey, he had like utterly to have lost himself; but at
+the instant of consummation, as apprehending the unsafety and
+danger of intermarriage with the blood royal, he fell at the
+Queen&rsquo;s feet, where he both acknowledged his presumption,
+and projected the cause and the divorce together: so quick he was
+at his work, that in the time of repudiation of the said Lady
+Grey, he clapped up a marriage for his son, the Lord Herbert,
+with Mary Sidney, daughter to Sir Henry Sidney, then Lord Deputy
+of Ireland, the blow falling on Edward, the late Earl of
+Hertford, who, to his cost, took up the divorced lady, of whom
+the Lord Beauchamp was born, and William, now Earl of Hertford,
+is descended.</p>
+<p>I come now to present them to her own election, which were
+either admitted to her secrets of State, or taken into her grace
+and favour; of whom, in order, I crave leave to give unto
+posterity a cautious description, with a short character or
+draught of the persons themselves (for, without offence to
+others, I would be true to myself), their memories and merits,
+distinguishing those of <i>Militi&aelig;</i> <a
+name="citation122a"></a><a href="#footnote122a"
+class="citation">[122a]</a> from the <i>Togati</i>; <a
+name="citation122b"></a><a href="#footnote122b"
+class="citation">[122b]</a> and of both these she had as many,
+and those as able ministers, as had any of her progenitors.</p>
+<h3>LEICESTER.</h3>
+<p>It will be out of doubt that my Lord of Leicester was one of
+the first whom she made Master of the Horse; he was the youngest
+son then living of the Duke of Northumberland, beheaded <i>primo
+Mari&aelig;</i>, <a name="citation122c"></a><a
+href="#footnote122c" class="citation">[122c]</a> and his father
+was that Dudley which our histories couple with Empson, and both
+be much infamed for the caterpillars of the commonwealth during
+the reign of Henry VII., who, being of a noble extract, was
+executed the first year of Henry VIII., but not thereby so
+extinct but that he left a plentiful estate, and such a son who,
+as the vulgar speaks it, would live without a teat.&nbsp; For,
+out of the ashes of his father&rsquo;s infamy, he rose to be a
+duke, and as high as subjection could permit or sovereignty
+endure.&nbsp; And though he could not find out any appellation to
+assume the crown in his own person, yet he projected, and very
+nearly effected it, for his son Gilbert, by intermarriage with
+the Lady Jane Grey, and so, by that way, to bring it into his
+loins.&nbsp; Observations which, though they lie beyond us, and
+seem impertinent to the text, yet are they not much extravagant,
+for they must lead us and show us how the after-passages were
+brought about, with the dependences on the line of a collateral
+workmanship; and surely it may amaze a well-settled judgment to
+look back into these times and to consider how the duke could
+attain to such a pitch of greatness, his father dying in
+ignominy, and at the gallows, his estate confiscated for pilling
+and polling the people.</p>
+<p>But, when we better think upon it, we find that he was given
+up but as a sacrifice to please the people, not for any offence
+committed against the person of the King; so that upon the matter
+he was a martyr of the prerogative, and the King in honour could
+do no less than give back to his son the privilege of his blood,
+with the acquiring of his father&rsquo;s profession, for he was a
+lawyer, and of the King&rsquo;s Council at Law, before he came to
+be <i>ex interioribus consiliis</i>, <a
+name="citation124a"></a><a href="#footnote124a"
+class="citation">[124a]</a> where, besides the licking of his own
+fingers, he got the King a mass of riches, and that not with
+hazard, but with the loss of his life and fame, for the
+King&rsquo;s father&rsquo;s sake.</p>
+<p>Certain it is that his son was left rich in purse and brain,
+which are good foundations, and fuel to ambition; and, it may be
+supposed, he was on all occasions well heard of the King as a
+person of mark and compassion in his eye, but I find not that he
+did put up for advancement during Henry VIII.&rsquo;s time,
+although a vast aspirer and a provident stayer.</p>
+<p>It seems he thought the King&rsquo;s reign was much given to
+the falling-sickness, but espying his time fitting, and the
+sovereignty in the hands of a pupil prince, he then thought he
+might as well put up, for it was the best; for having the
+possession of blood, and of purse, with a head-piece of a vast
+extent, he soon got to honour, and no sooner there but he began
+to side it with the best, even with the Protector, <a
+name="citation124b"></a><a href="#footnote124b"
+class="citation">[124b]</a> and, in conclusion, got his and his
+brother&rsquo;s heads; still aspiring till he expired in the loss
+of his own, so that posterity may, by reading of the father and
+grandfather, make judgment of the son; for we shall find that
+this Robert, whose original we have now traced the better to
+present him, was inheritor to the genius and craft of his father,
+and Ambrose of the estate, of whom hereafter we shall make some
+short mention.</p>
+<p>We took him now as he was admitted into the Court and the
+Queen&rsquo;s favours, and here he was not to seek to play his
+part well and dexterously; but his play was chiefly at the
+fore-game, not that he was a learner at the latter, but he loved
+not the after-wit, for the report is (and I think not unjustly)
+that he was seldom behind-hand with his gamesters, and that they
+always went with the loss.</p>
+<p>He was a very goodly person, tall, and singularly
+well-featured, and all his youth well-favoured, of a sweet
+aspect, but high-foreheaded, which (as I should take it) was of
+no discommendation; but towards his latter, and which with old
+men was but a middle age, he grew high-coloured, so that the
+Queen had much of her father, for, expecting some of her kindred,
+and some few that had handsome wits in crooked bodies, she always
+took personage in the way of election, for the people hath it to
+this day, <i>King Henry loved a man</i>.</p>
+<p>Being thus in her grace, she called to mind the sufferings of
+<i>his</i> ancestors, both in her father&rsquo;s and
+sister&rsquo;s reigns, and restored his and his brother&rsquo;s
+blood, creating Ambrose, the elder, Earl of Warwick, and himself
+Earl of Leicester; and, as he was <i>ex primitis</i>, or, <i>of
+her first choice</i>, so he rested not there, but long enjoyed
+her favour, and therewith what he listed, till time and
+emulation, the companions of greatness, resolved of his period,
+and to colour him at his setting in a cloud (at Conebury) not by
+so violent a death, or by the fatal sentence of a judicature, as
+that of his father and grandfather was, but, as is supposed, by
+that poison which he had prepared for others, wherein they report
+him a rare artist.&nbsp; I am not bound to give credit to all
+vulgar relations, or the libels of his time, which are commonly
+forced and falsified suitable to the words and honours <a
+name="citation126"></a><a href="#footnote126"
+class="citation">[126]</a> of men in passion and discontent; but
+what blinds me to think him no good man, amongst other things of
+known truth, is that of my Lord of Essex&rsquo;s <a
+name="citation127a"></a><a href="#footnote127a"
+class="citation">[127a]</a> death in Ireland and the marriage of
+his lady, which I forbear to press in regard he is long since
+dead, and others are living whom it may concern.</p>
+<p>To take him in the observation of his letters and writings,
+which should best set him off, for such as have fallen into my
+hands, I never yet saw a style or phrase more seemingly religious
+and fuller of the strains of devotion; and, were they not
+sincere, I doubt much of his well-being, <a
+name="citation127b"></a><a href="#footnote127b"
+class="citation">[127b]</a> and, I fear, he was too well seen in
+the aphorisms and principles of Nicholas the Florentine, and in
+the reaches <a name="citation127c"></a><a href="#footnote127c"
+class="citation">[127c]</a> of Cesare Borgia.</p>
+<p>And hereto I have only touched him in his courtships.&nbsp; I
+conclude him in his lance; <a name="citation127d"></a><a
+href="#footnote127d" class="citation">[127d]</a> he was sent
+Governor by the Queen to the revolted States of Holland, where we
+read not of his wonders, for they say he had more of Mercury than
+he had of Mars, and that his device might have been, without
+prejudice to the great C&aelig;sar, <i>Veni</i>, <i>vidi</i>,
+<i>redivi</i>.</p>
+<h3>RADCLIFFE, <span class="smcap">Earl of Sussex</span>.</h3>
+<p>His <a name="citation128"></a><a href="#footnote128"
+class="citation">[128]</a> co-rival was Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of
+Sussex, who in his constellation was his direct opposite, for
+indeed he was one of the Queen&rsquo;s martialists, and did her
+very good service in Ireland, at her first accession, till she
+recalled him to the Court, whom she made Lord Chamberlain; but he
+played not his game with that cunning and dexterity as the Earl
+of Leicester did, who was much the fairer courtier, though Sussex
+was thought much the honester man, and far the better soldier,
+but he lay too open on his guard; he was a godly gentleman, and
+of a brave and noble nature, true and constant to his friends and
+servants; he was also of a very ancient and noble lineage,
+honoured through many descents, through the title of
+Fitzwalters.&nbsp; Moreover, there was such an antipathy in his
+nature to that of Leicester, that, being together in Court, and
+both in high employments, they grew to a direct frowardness, and
+were in continual opposition, the one setting the watch, the
+other the guard, each on the other&rsquo;s actions and motions;
+for my Lord of Sussex was of so great spirit, which, backed with
+the Queen&rsquo;s special favour and support, <a
+name="citation129"></a><a href="#footnote129"
+class="citation">[129]</a> by a great and ancient inheritance,
+could not brook the other&rsquo;s empire, insomuch as the Queen
+upon sundry occasions had somewhat to do to appease and atone
+them, until death parted the competition, and left the place to
+Leicester, who was not long alone without his rival in grace and
+command; and, to conclude this favourite, it is confidently
+affirmed that, lying in his last sickness, he gave this
+<i>caveat</i> to his friends:&mdash;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I am now passing into another world, and I must leave
+you to your fortunes and the Queen&rsquo;s grace and goodness;
+but beware of gipsy&rdquo; (meaning Leicester), &ldquo;for he
+will be too hard for you all; you know not the beast so well as I
+do.&rdquo;</p>
+<h3><span class="smcap">Secretary</span> WILLIAM CECIL.</h3>
+<p>I come now to the next, which was Secretary William Cecil, for
+on the death of the old Marquis of Winchester he came up in his
+room: a person of a most subtle and active spirit.</p>
+<p>He stood not by the way of constellation, but was wholly
+attentive to the service of his mistress, and his dexterity,
+experience, and merit therein challenged a room in the
+Queen&rsquo;s favour which eclipsed the other&rsquo;s
+over-seeming greatness, and made it appear that there were others
+steered and stood at the helm besides himself, and more stars in
+the firmament of grace than Ursa Major.</p>
+<p>He was born, as they say, in Lincolnshire, but, as some aver
+upon knowledge, of a younger brother of the Cecils of
+Hertfordshire, a family of my own knowledge, though now private,
+yet of no mean antiquity, who, being exposed, and sent to the
+City, as poor gentlemen used to do their sons, became to be a
+rich man on London Bridge, and purchased <a
+name="citation130a"></a><a href="#footnote130a"
+class="citation">[130a]</a> in Lincolnshire, where this man was
+born.</p>
+<p>He was sent to Cambridge, and then to the Inns of Court, and
+so came to serve the Duke of Somerset in the time of his
+Protectorship <a name="citation130b"></a><a href="#footnote130b"
+class="citation">[130b]</a> as Secretary, and having a pregnancy
+to high inclinations, he came by degrees to a higher conversation
+with the chiefest affairs of State and Councils; but, on the fall
+of the duke, he stood some years in umbrage and without
+employment, till the State found they needed his abilities; and
+although we find not that he was taken into any place during
+Mary&rsquo;s reign, unless (as some say) towards the last, yet
+the Council several times made use of him, and in the
+Queen&rsquo;s <a name="citation131a"></a><a href="#footnote131a"
+class="citation">[131a]</a> entrance he was admitted Secretary of
+State; afterwards he was made Master of the Court of Wards, then
+Lord Treasurer, for he was a person of most excellent abilities;
+and, indeed, the Queen began to need and seek out men of both
+guards, and so I conclude to rank this <a
+name="citation131b"></a><a href="#footnote131b"
+class="citation">[131b]</a> great instrument amongst the
+<i>Togati</i>, for he had not to do with the sword, more than as
+the great paymaster and contriver of the war which shortly
+followed, wherein he accomplished much, through his theoretical
+knowledge at home and his intelligence abroad, by unlocking of
+the counsels of the Queen&rsquo;s enemies.</p>
+<p>We must now take it, and that of truth, into observation that,
+until the tenth of her reign, the times were calm and serene,
+though sometimes overcast, as the most glorious sun-rising is
+subject to shadowings and droppings, for the clouds of Spain, and
+the vapours of the Holy League, began to disperse and threaten
+her felicity.&nbsp; Moreover, she was then to provide for some
+intestine strangers, which began to gather in the heart of her
+kingdom, all which had relation and correspondency, each one to
+the other, to dethrone her and to disturb the public
+tranquillity, and therewithal, as a principal mark, the
+Established religion, for the name of Recusant then began first
+to be known to the world; until then the Catholics were no more
+than Church-Papists, <a name="citation132"></a><a
+href="#footnote132" class="citation">[132]</a> but now, commanded
+by the Pope&rsquo;s express Catholic Church, their mother, they
+separate themselves; so it seems the Pope had then his aims to
+take a true number of his children; but the Queen had the greater
+advantage, for she likewise took tale of her opposite subjects,
+their strength and how many they were, that had given their names
+to Baal, who <a name="citation133"></a><a href="#footnote133"
+class="citation">[133]</a> then by the hands of some of his
+proselytes fixed his bulls on the gates of St. Paul&rsquo;s,
+which discharged her subjects of all fidelity and received faith,
+and so, under the veil of the next successor, to replant the
+Catholic religion.&nbsp; So that the Queen had then a new task
+and work in hand that might well awake her best providence, and
+required a muster of new arms, as well as courtships and
+counsels, for the time then began to grow quick and active,
+fitter for stronger motions than them of the carpet and measure;
+and it will be a true note of her magnanimity that she loved a
+soldier, and had a propensity in her nature to regard and always
+to grace them, which the Court, taking it into their
+consideration, took it as an inviting to win honour, together
+with Her Majesty&rsquo;s favour, by exposing themselves to the
+wars, especially when the Queen and the affairs of the kingdom
+stood in some necessity of the soldiers, for we have many
+instances of the sallies of the nobility and gentry; yea, and of
+the Court and her privy favourites, that had any touch or
+tincture of Mars in their inclinations, to steal away without
+licence and the Queen&rsquo;s privity, which had like to cost
+some of them dear, so predominant were their thoughts and hopes
+of honour grown in them, as we may truly observe in the
+exposition of Sir Philip Sidney, my Lord of Essex and Mountjoy,
+and divers others, whose absence, and the manner of their
+eruptions, was very distasteful unto her, whereof I can hereunto
+add a true and no impertinent story, and that of the last:
+Mountjoy, who, having twice or thrice stole away into Brittany,
+where, under Sit John Norris, he had then a company, without the
+Queen&rsquo;s leave and privity, she sent a message unto him with
+a strict charge to the general to see him sent home.</p>
+<p>When he came into the Queen&rsquo;s presence, she fell into a
+kind railing, demanding of him how he durst go over without her
+leave.&nbsp; &ldquo;Serve me so,&rdquo; quoth she, &ldquo;once
+more, and I will lay you fast enough for running; you will never
+leave till you are knocked on the head, as that inconsiderate
+fellow Sidney was; you shall go when I send.&nbsp; In the
+meantime, see that you lodge in the Court&rdquo; (which was then
+at Whitehall), &ldquo;where you may follow your book, read, and
+discourse of the wars.&rdquo;&nbsp; But to our purpose.&nbsp; It
+fell out happily to those, and, as I may say, to these times,
+that the Queen during the calm time of her reign was not idle,
+nor rocked asleep with security, for she had been very provident
+in the reparation and augmentation of her shipping and
+ammunition, and I know not whether by a foresight of policy, or
+any instinct, it came about, or whether it was an act of her
+compassion, but it is most certain she sent no small troops to
+the revolted States of Holland, before she had received any
+affront from the King of Spain, that might deserve to tend to a
+breach of hostility, which the Papists maintain to this day was
+the provocation to the after-wars; but, omitting what might be
+said to this point, these Netherland wars were the Queen&rsquo;s
+seminaries or nursery of very many brave soldiers, and so
+likewise were the civil wars of France, whither she sent five
+several armies.</p>
+<p>They were the French scholars that inured the youth and gentry
+of the kingdom, and it was a militia, where they were daily in
+acquaintance with the discipline of the Spaniards, who were then
+turned the Queen&rsquo;s inveterate enemies.</p>
+<p>And thus have I taken in observation her <i>dies
+Halcyonii</i>&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, these years of hers which were
+more serene and quiet than those that followed, which, though
+they were not less propitious, as being touched more with the
+points of honour and victory, yet were they troubled and loaded
+ever, both with domestic and foreign machinations; and, as it is
+already quoted, they were such as awakened her spirits and made
+her cast about her to defend rather by offending, and by way of
+provision to prevent all invasions, than to expect them, which
+was a piece of the cunning of the times; and with this I have
+noted the causes and <i>principium</i> <a
+name="citation136"></a><a href="#footnote136"
+class="citation">[136]</a> of the wars following, and likewise
+points to the seed-plots from whence she took up these brave men
+and plants of honour who acted on the theatre of Mars, and on
+whom she dispersed the rays of her grace; who were persons, in
+their kinds of care, virtuous, and such as might, out of their
+merit, pretend interest to her favours, of which rank the number
+will equal, if not exceed, that of her gown-men, in recount of
+whom I will proceed with Sir Philip Sidney.</p>
+<h3>SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.</h3>
+<p>He was the son of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland,
+and President of Wales, a person of great parts, and of no mean
+grace with the Queen; his mother was sister to my Lord of
+Leicester, from whence we may conjecture how the father stood up
+in the sphere of honour and employments, so that his descent was
+apparently noble on both sides; and for his education, it was
+such as travel and the University could afford none better, and
+his tutors infuse; for, after an incredible proficiency in all
+the spheres of learning, he left the academical for that of the
+Court, whither he came by his uncle&rsquo;s invitation, famed
+after by noble reports of his accomplishments, which, together
+with the state of his person, framed by a natural propensity to
+arms, soon attracted the good opinions of all men, and was so
+highly praised in the esteem of the Queen, that she thought the
+Court deficient without him; and whereas, through the fame of his
+desert, he was in election for the kingdom of Pole, <a
+name="citation138"></a><a href="#footnote138"
+class="citation">[138]</a> she refused to further his preferment,
+it was not out of emulation of advancement, but out of fear to
+lose the jewel of her time.&nbsp; He married the daughter and
+sole heir of Sir Frances Walsingham, the Secretary of State, a
+lady destined to the bed of honour, who, after his deplorable
+death at Zutphen, in the Low Countries, where he was at the time
+of his uncle Leicester&rsquo;s being there, was remarried to the
+Lord of Essex, and, since his death, to my Lord of St. Albans,
+all persons of the sword, and otherwise of great honour and
+virtue.</p>
+<p>They have a very quaint conceit of him, that Mars and Mercury
+fell at variance whose servant he should be; and there is an
+epigrammatist that saith that Art and Nature had spent their
+excellences in his fashioning, and, fearing they could not end
+what they had begun, they bestowed him up for time, and Nature
+stood mute and amazed to behold her own mark; but these are the
+particulars of poets.</p>
+<p>Certain it is he was a noble and matchless gentleman, and it
+may be said justly of him, without these hyperboles of faction,
+as it was of Cato Uticensis, that he seemed to be born only to
+that which he went about, <i>vir satilis ingenii</i>, as Plutarch
+saith it; but to speak more of him were to make them less.</p>
+<h3>WALSINGHAM.</h3>
+<p>Sir Francis Walsingham, as we have said, had the honour to be
+Sir Philip Sidney&rsquo;s father-in-law; he was a gentleman at
+first, of a good house, and of a better education, and from the
+University travelled for the rest of his learning.&nbsp;
+Doubtless he was the only linguist of his times, how to use his
+own tongue, whereby he came to be employed in the chiefest
+affairs of State.</p>
+<p>He was sent Ambassador to France, and stayed there
+<i>Legar</i> long in the heat of the civil wars, and at the same
+time that Monsieur was here a suitor to the Queen; and, if I be
+not mistaken, he played the very same part there as since
+Gondomar did here. <a name="citation140a"></a><a
+href="#footnote140a" class="citation">[140a]</a>&nbsp; At his
+return he was taken principal Secretary, and for one of the great
+engines of State, and of the times, high in his mistress&rsquo;s
+(the Queen&rsquo;s) favour, and a watchful servant over the
+safety of his mistress.</p>
+<p>They note him to have certain courtesies and secret ways of
+intelligence above the rest; but I must confess I am to seek
+wherefore he suffered Parry <a name="citation140b"></a><a
+href="#footnote140b" class="citation">[140b]</a> to play so long
+as he did, hang on the hook, before he hoisted him up; and I have
+been a little curious in the search thereof, though I have not to
+do with the <i>Arcana Regalia Imperii</i>, for to know it is
+sometimes a burden; and I remember it was Ovid&rsquo;s criminant
+error that he saw too much, but I hope these are collaterals, and
+of no danger.</p>
+<p>But that Parry, having an intent to kill the Queen, made the
+way of his access by betraying of others, and in impeaching of
+the priests of his own correspondency, and thereby had access to
+confer with the Queen, as oftentimes private and familiar
+discourse with Walsingham, will not be the query of the mystery,
+for the Secretary might have had an end of a further discovery
+and maturity of the treason; but that, after the Queen knew
+Parry&rsquo;s intent, why she would then admit him to private
+discourse, and Walsingham to suffer him, considering the
+conditions of all the designs, and to permit him to go where and
+whither he listed, and only under the secrecy of a dark sentinel
+set over him, was a piece of reach and hazard beyond my
+apprehension.&nbsp; I must again profess that I have read many of
+his letters, for they are commonly sent to my Lord of Leicester
+and of Burleigh out of France, containing many fine passages and
+secrets, yet, if I might have been beholding to his cyphers, they
+would have told pretty tales of the times; but I must now close
+him up, and rank him amongst the <i>Togati</i>, yet chief of
+those that laid the foundations of the French and Dutch wars,
+which was another piece of his fineness of the times, with one
+observation more, that he was one of the greatest always of the
+Austrian embracements, for both himself and Stafford that
+preceded him might well have been compared to him in the Gospel
+that sowed his tares in the night; so did they their seeds in
+division in the dark; and as it is a likely report that they
+father on him at his return, the Queen speaking to him with some
+sensibility of the Spanish designs on France:
+&ldquo;Madam,&rdquo; he answered, &ldquo;I beseech you be
+content, and fear not; the Spaniard hath a great appetite and an
+excellent digestion, but I have fitted him with a bone for these
+twenty years that your Majesty should have no cause to doubt him,
+provided that, if the fire chance to slake which I have kindled,
+you will be ruled by me, and cast in some of your fuel, which
+will revive the flame.&rdquo;</p>
+<h3>WILLOUGHBY.</h3>
+<p>My Lord Willoughby was one of the Queen&rsquo;s first
+swordsmen; he was of the ancient extract of the Bartewes, but
+more ennobled by his mother, who was Duchess of Suffolk.&nbsp; He
+was a great master of the art <i>military</i>, and was sent
+general into France, and commanded the second army of five the
+Queen had sent thither, in aid of the French.&nbsp; I have heard
+it spoken that, had he not slighted the Court, but applied
+himself to the Queen, he might have enjoyed a plentiful portion
+of her grace; and it was his saying, and it did him no good, that
+he was none of the <i>reptilia</i>, intimating that he could not
+creep on the ground, and that the Court was not his element; for,
+indeed, as he was a great soldier, so he was of a suitable
+magnanimity, and could not brook the obsequiousness and assiduity
+of the Court; and as he was then somewhat descending from youth,
+happily he had an <i>animam revertendi</i>, or a desire to make a
+safe retreat.</p>
+<h3>BACON.</h3>
+<p>And now I come to another of the <i>Togati</i>, Sir Nicholas
+Bacon, an arch-piece of wit and of wisdom.&nbsp; He was a
+gentleman, and a man of law, and of a great knowledge therein,
+whereby, together with his after-part of learning and dexterity,
+he was promoted to be Keeper of the Great Seal, and being of kin
+to the Treasurer Burleigh, and <a name="citation144"></a><a
+href="#footnote144" class="citation">[144]</a> also the help of
+his hand to bring him to the Queen&rsquo;s great favour, for he
+was abundantly facetious, which took much with the Queen, when it
+suited with the season, as he was well able to judge of the
+times; he had a very quaint saying, and he used it often to good
+purpose, &ldquo;that he loved the jest well, but not the loss of
+his friend;&rdquo; and that, though he knew that &ldquo;<i>verus
+quisque su&aelig; fortun&aelig; faber</i>,&rdquo; was a true and
+good principle, yet the most in number were those that numbered
+themselves, but I will never forgive that man that loseth himself
+to be rid of his jests.</p>
+<p>He was father to that refined wit which since hath acted a
+disastrous part on the public stage, and of late sat in his
+father&rsquo;s room as Lord Chancellor; those that lived in his
+age, and from whence I have taken this little model of him, give
+him a lively character, and they decipher him to be another
+Solon, and the Simon of those times, such a one as &OElig;dipus
+was in dissolving of riddles; doubtless he was an able
+instrument, as it was his commendation that his head was the
+mallet, for it was a very great one, and therein kept a wedge,
+that entered all knotty pieces that come to the table.</p>
+<p>And now again I must fall back to smooth and plane a way to
+the rest that is behind, but not from my purpose.&nbsp; There
+have been, about this time, two rivals in the Queen&rsquo;s
+favour, old Sir Francis Knowles, Comptroller of the House, and
+Sir Henry Norris, whom she had called up at Parliament to sit
+with the Peers in the higher House, as, Henry Norris of Rycot,
+who had married the daughter and heir of the old Henry Williams
+of Tayne, a noble person, and to whom, in her adversity, the
+Queen had been committed to his safe custody, and from him had
+received more than ordinary observances; now, such was the
+goodness of the Queen&rsquo;s nature, that she neither forgot the
+good turns received from the Lord Williams, neither was she
+unmindful of this Lord Norris, whose father, in her
+father&rsquo;s time, and in the business of her brother, died in
+a noble cause, and in the justification of her innocency.</p>
+<h3>NORRIS.</h3>
+<p>My Lord Norris had, by this lady, an apt issue, which the
+Queen highly respected, for he had six sons, and all martial and
+brave men: the first was William, the eldest, and father to the
+late Earl of Berkshire, Sir John (vulgarly called General
+Norris), Sir Edward, Sir Thomas, Sir Henry, and Maximilian, men
+of haughty courage, and of great experience in the conduct of
+military affairs; and, to speak in the character of their merit,
+they were persons of such renown and worth as future times must,
+of duty, owe them the debt of an honourable memory.</p>
+<h3>KNOWLES.</h3>
+<p>Sir Francis Knowles was somewhat near in the Queen&rsquo;s
+affinity, and had likewise no incompetent issue; for he had also
+William, his eldest son, and since Earl of Banbury, Sir Thomas,
+Sir Robert, and Sir Francis, if I be not a little mistaken in
+their names and marshalling; and there was also the Lady Lettice,
+a sister of those, who was first Countess of Essex, and after of
+Leicester; and those were also brave men in their times and
+places, but they were of the Court and carpet, and not by the
+genius of the camp.</p>
+<p>Between these two families there was, as it falleth out
+amongst great ones and competitors of favour, no great
+correspondency; and there were some seeds, either of emulation or
+distrust, cast between them; which, had they not been disjoined
+in the residence of their persons, as that was the fortune of
+their employments, the one side attending the Court, and the
+other the Pavilion, surely they would have broken out into some
+kind of hostility, or, at least, they would entwine and wrestle
+one in the other, like trees circled with ivy; for there was a
+time when, both these fraternities being met at Court, there
+passed a challenge between them at certain exercises, the Queen
+and the old men being spectators, which ended in a flat quarrel
+amongst them all.&nbsp; For I am persuaded, though I ought not to
+judge, that there were some relics of this feigned that were long
+after the causes of the one family&rsquo;s almost utter
+extirpation, and the other&rsquo;s improsperity; for it was a
+known truth that so long as my Lord of Leicester lived, who was
+the main pillar on the one side, for having married the sister,
+the other side took no deep root in the Court, though otherwise
+they made their ways to honour by their swords.&nbsp; And that
+which is of more note, considering my Lord of Leicester&rsquo;s
+use of men of war, being shortly after sent Governor to the
+revolted States, and no soldier himself, is that he made no more
+account of Sir John Norris, a soldier, then deservedly famous,
+and trained from a page under the discipline of the greatest
+captain in Christendom, the Admiral Castilliau, and of command in
+the French and Dutch Wars almost twenty years.&nbsp; And it is of
+further observation that my Lord of Essex, after
+Leicester&rsquo;s decease, though addicted to arms and honoured
+by the general in the Portugal expedition, whether out of
+instigation, as it hath been thought, or out of ambition and
+jealousy, eclipsed by the fame and splendour of this great
+commander, never loved him in sincerity.</p>
+<p>Moreover, and certain it is, he not only crushed, and upon all
+occasions quelled the youth of this great man and his famous
+brethren, but therewith drew on his own fatal end, by undertaking
+the Irish action in a time when he left the Court empty of
+friends, and full-fraught with his professed enemies.&nbsp; But I
+forbear to extend myself in any further relation upon this
+subject, as having lost some notes of truth in these two nobles,
+which I would present; and therewith touched somewhat, which I
+would not, if the equity of the narration would have permitted
+any omission.</p>
+<h3>PERROT.</h3>
+<p>Sir John Perrot was a goodly gentleman, and of the sword; and
+he was of a very ancient descent, as an heir to many subtracts of
+gentry, especially from Guy de Brain of Lawhorn; so was he of a
+very vast estate, and came not to Court for want and to these
+advancements.&nbsp; He had the endowments of carriage and height
+of spirit, had he alighted on the alloy and temper of discretion;
+the defect whereof, with a native freedom and boldness of speech,
+drew him on to a clouded sitting, and laid him open to the spleen
+and advantage of his enemies, of whom Sir Christopher Hatton was
+professed.&nbsp; He was yet a wise man and a brave courtier, but
+rough and participating more of active than sedentary motions, as
+being in his instillation destined for arms.&nbsp; There is a
+query of some denotations, how he came to receive the foil, and
+that in the catastrophe? for he was strengthened with honourable
+alliances and the prime friendship in Court of my Lords of
+Leicester and Burleigh, both his contemporaries and familiars;
+but that there might be (as the adage hath it) falsity in
+friendship: and we may rest satisfied that there is no dispute
+against fate, and they quit him for a person that loved to stand
+too much alone on his legs, of too often regress and
+discontinuance from the Queen&rsquo;s presence, a fault which is
+incompatible with the ways of Court and favour.&nbsp; He was sent
+Lord-Deputy into Ireland, as it was then apprehended, for a kind
+of haughtiness and repugnancy in Council; or, as others have
+thought, the fittest person then to bridle the insolences of the
+Irish; and probable it is that both, considering the sway that he
+would have at the Board, being head in the Queen&rsquo;s favour,
+concurred, and did alike conspire his remove and ruin.&nbsp; But
+into Ireland he went, where he did the Queen very great and many
+services, if the surplusage of the measure did not abate the
+value of the merit, as after-time found to be no paradox to save
+the Queen&rsquo;s purse, but both herself and my Lord Treasurer
+Burleigh ever took for good service; he imposed on the Irish the
+charge for bearing their own arms, which both gave them the
+possession and taught them the use of weapons; which provided in
+the end to a most fatal work, both in the profusion of blood and
+treasure.</p>
+<p>But at his return, and upon some account sent home before,
+touching the state of that kingdom, the Queen poured out
+assiduous testimonies of her grace towards him, till, by his
+retreat to his Castle of Cary, which he was then building, and
+out of a desire to be in command at home as he had been abroad,
+together with the hatred and practice of Hatton, then in high
+favour, whom he had, not long before, bitterly taunted for his
+dancing, he was accused for high treason, and for high words, and
+a forged letter, and condemned; though the Queen, on the news of
+his condemnation, swore, by her wonted oath, that the jury were
+all knaves: and they delivered it with assurance that, on his
+return to the town after his trial, he said, with oaths and with
+fury, to the Lieutenant, Sir Owen Hopton, &ldquo;What! will the
+Queen suffer her brother to be offered up as a sacrifice to the
+envy of my flattering adversaries?&rdquo;&nbsp; Which being made
+known to the Queen, and somewhat enforced, she refused to sign
+it, and swore he should not die, for he was an honest and
+faithful man.&nbsp; And surely, though not altogether to set our
+rest and faith upon tradition and old reports, as that Sir Thomas
+Perrot, his father, was a gentleman of the Privy Chamber, and in
+the Court married to a lady of great honour, which are
+presumptions in some implications; but, if we go a little further
+and compare his pictures, his qualities, gesture, and voice, with
+that of the King, which memory retains yet amongst us, they will
+plead strongly that he was a surreptitious child of the blood
+royal.</p>
+<p>Certain it is that he lived not long in the Tower; and that
+after his decease, Sir Thomas Perrot, his son, then of no mean
+esteem with the Queen, having before married my Lord of
+Essex&rsquo;s sister, since Countess of Northumberland, had
+restitution of his land; though after his death also (which
+immediately followed) the Crown resumed the estate, and took
+advantage of the former attainder; and, to say the truth, the
+priest&rsquo;s forged letter was, at his arraignment, thought but
+as a fiction of envy, and was soon after exploded by the
+priest&rsquo;s own confession.&nbsp; But that which most
+exasperated the Queen and gave advantage to his enemies was, as
+Sir Walter Raleigh takes into observation, words of disdain, for
+the Queen, by sharp and reprehensive letters, had nettled him;
+and thereupon, sending others of approbation, commending his
+service, and intimating an invasion from Spain; which was no
+sooner proposed but he said publicly, in the great chamber at
+Dublin:&mdash;&ldquo;Lo, now she is ready to * * herself for fear
+of the Spaniards: I am again one of her white boys,&rdquo; which
+are subject to a various construction, and tended to some
+disreputation of his Sovereign, and such as may serve for
+instruction to persons in place of honour and command, to beware
+of the violences of Nature, and especially the exorbitance of the
+tongue.&nbsp; And so I conclude him with this double observation:
+the one, of the innocency of his intentions, exempt and clear
+from the guilt of treason and disloyalty, therefore of the
+greatness of his heart; for at his arraignment he was so little
+dejected with what might be alleged, that rather he grew troubled
+with choler, and, in a kind of exasperation, he despised his
+jury, though of the Order of Knighthood, and of the especial
+gentry, claiming the privilege of trial by the peers and baronage
+of the realm, so prevalent was that of his native genius and
+haughtiness of spirit which accompanied him to the last, and
+till, without any diminution of change therein, it broke in
+pieces the cords of his magnanimity; for he died suddenly in the
+Tower, and when it was thought the Queen did intend his
+enlargement, with the restitution of his possessions, which were
+then very great, and comparable to most of the nobility.</p>
+<h3>HATTON.</h3>
+<p>Sir Christopher Hatton came to the Court as his opposite; Sir
+John Perrot was wont to say, by the galliard, for he came thither
+as a private gentleman of the Inns of Court, in a masque: and,
+for his activity and person, which was tall and proportionable,
+taken into her favour.&nbsp; He was first made Vice-Chamberlain,
+and, shortly after, advanced to the place of Lord
+Chancellor.&nbsp; A gentleman that, besides the graces of his
+person and dancing, had also the endowment of a strong and subtle
+capacity, and that could soon learn the discipline and garb, both
+of the times and Court; and the truth is, he had a large
+proportion of gifts and endowments, but too much of the season of
+envy; and he was a mere vegetable of the Court that sprung up at
+night and sunk again at his noon.</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Flos non
+mentorum, sed sex fuit illa virorum.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3>EFFINGHAM.</h3>
+<p>My Lord of Effingham, though a courtier betimes, yet I find
+not that the sunshine of his favour broke out upon him until she
+took him into the ship and made him High Admiral of
+England.&nbsp; For his extract, it might suffice that he was the
+son of a Howard, and of a Duke of Norfolk.</p>
+<p>And, for his person, as goodly a gentleman as the times had
+any, if Nature had not been more intentive to complete his
+person, than Fortune to make him rich; for, the times considered,
+which were then active, and a long time after lucrative, he died
+not wealthy; yet the honester man, though it seems the
+Queen&rsquo;s purpose was to render the occasion of his
+advancement, and to make him capable of more honour.&nbsp; At his
+return from the Cadiz voyage and action, she conferred it upon
+him, creating him Earl of Nottingham, to the great discontent of
+his colleague, my Lord of Essex, who then grew excessive in the
+appetite of her favour, and the truth is, so exorbitant in the
+limitation of the sovereign aspect, that it much alienated the
+Queen&rsquo;s grace from him, and drew others together with the
+Admiral to a combination, to conspire his ruin; and though, as I
+have heard it from that party (I mean the old Admiral&rsquo;s
+faction) that it lay not in his proper power to hurt my Lord
+Essex, yet he had more fellows, and such as were well skilled in
+the setting of the train; but I leave this to those of another
+age; it is out of doubt that the Admiral was a good, honest, and
+brave man, and a faithful servant to his mistress; and such a one
+as the Queen, out of her own princely judgment, knew to be a fit
+instrument in her service, for she was a proficient in the
+reading of men as well as books; and as sundry expeditions, as
+that aforementioned, and &rsquo;88, do better express his worth
+and manifest the Queen&rsquo;s trust, and the opinion she had of
+his fidelity and conduct.</p>
+<p>Moreover, the Howards were of the Queen&rsquo;s alliance and
+consanguinity by her mother, which swayed her affection and bent
+it toward this great house; and it was a part of her natural
+propensity to grace and support ancient nobility, where it did
+not entrench, neither invade her interest; from such trespasses
+she was quick and tender, and would not spare any whatsoever, as
+we may observe in the case of the duke and my Lord of Hertford,
+whom she much favoured and countenanced, till they attempted the
+forbidden fruit, the fault of the last being, in the severest
+interpretation, but a trespass of encroachment; but in the first
+it was taken as a riot against the Crown and her own sovereign
+power, and as I have ever thought the cause of her aversion
+against the rest of that house, and the duke&rsquo;s great
+father-in-law, Fitz-Allen, Earl of Arundel, a person in the first
+rank of her affections, before these and some other jealousies
+made a separation between them: this noble lord and Lord Thomas
+Howard, since Earl of Suffolk, standing alone in her grace, and
+the rest in her umbrage.</p>
+<h3>PACKINGTON.</h3>
+<p>Sir John Packington was a gentleman of no mean family, and of
+form and feature nowise disabled, for he was a brave gentleman,
+and a very fine courtier, and for the time which he stayed there,
+which was not lasting, very high in her grace; but he came in,
+and went out through disassiduity, drew the curtain between
+himself and the light of her grace, and then death overwhelmed
+the remnant, and utterly deprived him of recovery; and they say
+of him that had he brought less to her Court than he did, he
+might have carried away more than he brought, for he had a time
+of it, but was an ill husband of opportunity.</p>
+<h3>HUNSDOWN.</h3>
+<p>My Lord of Hunsdown was of the Queen&rsquo;s nearest kindred,
+and, on the decease of Sussex, both he and his son successively
+took the place of Lord Chamberlain.&nbsp; He was a man fast to
+his prince, and firm to his friends and servants; and though he
+might speak big, and therein would be borne out, yet was he the
+more dreadful, but less harmful, and far from the practice of the
+Lord of Leicester&rsquo;s instructions, for he was downright; and
+I have heard those that both knew him well and had interest in
+him, say merrily of him that his Latin and dissimulation were
+alike; and that his custom of swearing and obscenity in speaking
+made him seem a worse Christian than he was, and a better knight
+of her carpet than he could be.&nbsp; As he lived in a roughling
+time, so he loved sword and buckler men, and such as our fathers
+were wont to call men of their hands; of which sort he had many
+brave gentlemen that followed him, yet not taken for a popular
+and dangerous person: and this is one that stood among the
+<i>Togati</i>, of an honest, stout heart, and such a one, that,
+upon occasion, would have fought for his prince and country, for
+he had the charge of the Queen&rsquo;s person, both in the Court
+and in the camp at Tilbury.</p>
+<h3>RALEIGH.</h3>
+<p>Sir Walter Raleigh was one that, it seems, Fortune had picked
+out of purpose, of whom to make an example and to use as her
+tennis-ball, thereby to show what she could do, for she tossed
+him up of nothing, and to and fro to greatness, and from thence
+down to little more than to that wherein she found him, a bare
+gentleman; and not that he was less, for he was well descended,
+and of good alliance, but poor in his beginnings: and for my Lord
+Oxford&rsquo;s jests of him for the jacks and upstarts, we all
+know it savoured more of emulation, and his honour than of truth;
+and it is a certain note of the times, that the Queen, in her
+choice, never took in her favour a mere viewed man, or a
+mechanic, as Comines observes of Lewis XI., who did serve himself
+with persons of unknown parents, such as were Oliver, the barber,
+whom he created Earl of Dunoyes, and made him <i>ex secretis
+consiliis</i>, and alone in his favour and familiarity.</p>
+<p>His approaches to the University and Inns of Court were the
+grounds of his improvement, but they were rather extrusions than
+sieges, or settings down, for he stayed not long in a place; and,
+being the youngest brother, and the house diminished in his
+patrimony, he foresaw his destiny, that he was first to roll
+through want and disability, to subsist otherwise before he came
+to a repose, and as the stone doth by long lying gather
+moss.&nbsp; He was the first that exposed himself in the
+land-service of Ireland, a militia which did not then yield him
+food and raiment, for it was ever very poor; nor dared he to stay
+long there, though shortly after he came thither again, under the
+command of the Lord Grey, but with his own colours flying in the
+field, having, in the interim, cast a mere chance, both in the
+Low Countries and in the voyage to sea; and, if ever man drew
+virtue out of necessity, it was he, and therewith was he the
+great example of industry; and though he might then have taken
+that of the merchant to himself,</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Per mare, per
+terras, currit mercator ad Indos.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>He might also have said, and truly, with the philosopher,
+&ldquo;<i>Omnia mea mecum porto</i>,&rdquo; for it was a long
+time before he could brag of more than he carried at his back;
+and when he got on the winning side, it was his commendation that
+he took pains for it, and underwent many various adventures for
+his after-perfection, and before he came into the public note of
+the world; and thence may appear how he came up <i>per
+ardua</i>:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Per varios
+casus, per tot discrimina rerum.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Not pulled up by chance, nor by any great admittance; I will
+only describe his natural parts, and these of his own
+acquiring.</p>
+<p>He had, in the outward man, a good presence, in a handsome and
+well-compacted person; a strong natural wit, and a better
+judgment, with a bold and plausible tongue, whereby he could set
+out his parts to the best advantage; and these he had by the
+adjuncts of some general learning, which by diligence he enforced
+to a great augmentation and perfection, for he was an
+indefatigable reader, by sea and land, and one of the best
+observers, both of men and of the times; and I am somewhat
+confident that among the second causes of his growth there was
+variance between him and my Lord General Grey, in his second
+descent into Ireland, which drew them both over to the
+council-table, there to plead their own causes; where what
+advantage he had in the case in controversy I know not, but he
+had much the better in the manner of telling his tale, insomuch
+as the Queen and the lords took no slight mark of the man and his
+parts; for from thence he came to be known, and to have access to
+the lords; and then we are not to doubt how such a man would
+comply to progression; and whether or no my Lord of Leicester had
+then cast a good word for him to the Queen, which would have done
+him no harm, I do not determine; but true it is, he had gotten
+the Queen&rsquo;s ear in a trice, and she began to be taken with
+his election, and loved to hear his reasons to her demands: and
+the truth is, she took him for a kind of oracle, which nettled
+them all; yea, those that he relied on began to take this his
+sudden favour for an alarm and to be sensible of their own
+supplantation, and to project his, which made him shortly after
+sing&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Fortune, my foe,
+why dost thou frown?&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>So that, finding his favour declining, and falling into a
+recess, he undertook a new peregrination, to leave that <i>terra
+infirma</i> <a name="citation165"></a><a href="#footnote165"
+class="citation">[165]</a> of the court for that of the waves,
+and by declining himself, and by absence to expel his and the
+passion of his enemies; which, in court, was a strange device of
+recovery, but that he then knew there was some ill office done
+him; yet he durst not attempt to mend it, otherwise than by going
+aside thereby to teach envy a new way of forgetfulness, and not
+so much as think of him.&nbsp; Howsoever, he had it always in
+mind never to forget himself; and his device took so well that,
+in his return, he came in as rams do, by going backward with the
+greater strength, and so continued to the last, great in her
+favour, and captain of her guard: where I must leave him, but
+with this observation, though he gained much at the court, he
+took it not out of the Exchequer, or merely out of the
+Queen&rsquo;s purse, but by his wit, and by the help of the
+prerogative; for the Queen was never profuse in delivering out of
+her treasure, but paid most and many of her servants, part in
+money, and the rest with grace; which, as the case stood, was
+then taken for good payment, leaving the arrears of recompense
+due for their merit, to her great successor, <a
+name="citation166a"></a><a href="#footnote166a"
+class="citation">[166a]</a> who paid them all with advantage. <a
+name="citation166b"></a><a href="#footnote166b"
+class="citation">[166b]</a></p>
+<h3>GREVILLE.</h3>
+<p>Sir Foulke Greville, since Lord Brooke, had no mean place in
+her favour, neither did he hold it for any short time, or term;
+for, if I be not deceived, he had the longest lease, the
+smoothest time without rubs of any of her favourites; he came to
+the court in his youth and prime, as that is the time, or never:
+he was a brave gentleman, and hopefully descended from
+Willoughby, Lord Brooke, and admiral to Henry the Seventh;
+neither illiterate, for he was, as he would often profess, a
+friend to Sir Philip Sidney, and there are now extant some
+fragments of his pen, and of the times, which do interest him in
+the muses, and which show in him the Queen&rsquo;s election had
+ever a noble conduct, and it motions more of virtue and judgment
+than of fancy.</p>
+<p>I find that he neither sought for nor obtained any great place
+or preferment in court, during all his time of attendance:
+neither did he need it, for he came thither backed with a
+plentiful fortune, which, as himself was wont to say, was then
+better held together by a single life, wherein he lived and died
+a constant courtier of the ladies.</p>
+<h3>ESSEX.</h3>
+<p>My Lord of Essex, as Sir Henry Walton notes him, a gentleman
+of great parts, and partly of his times and retinue, had his
+introduction by my Lord of Leicester, who had married his mother;
+a tie of affinity which, besides a more urgent obligation, might
+have invited his care to advance him, his fortunes being then,
+through his father&rsquo;s infelicity, grown low; but that the
+son of a Lord Ferrers of Chartly, Viscount Hertford, and Earl of
+Essex, who was of the ancient nobility, and formerly in the
+Queen&rsquo;s good grace, could not have room in her favour,
+without the assistance of Leicester, was beyond the rule of her
+nature, which, as I have elsewhere taken into observation, was
+ever inclinable to favour the nobility: sure it is, that he no
+sooner appeared in court, but he took with the Queen and the
+courtiers; and, I believe, they all could not choose but look
+through the sacrifice of the father on his living son, whose
+image, by the remembrance of former passages, was a fresh leek,
+the bleeding of men murdered, represented to the court, and
+offered up as a subject of compassion to all the kingdom.</p>
+<p>There was in this young lord, together with a goodly person, a
+kind of urbanity and innate courtesy, which both won the Queen,
+and too much took up the people to gaze on the new-adopted son of
+her favour; and as I go along, it will not be amiss to take into
+observation two notable quotations; the first was a violent
+indulgence of the Queen (which is incident to old age, where it
+encounters with a pleasing and suitable object) towards this
+great lord, which argued a non-perpetuity; the second was a fault
+in the object of her grace, my lord himself, who drew in too
+fast, like a child sucking on an over uberous nurse; and had
+there been a more decent decorum observed in both, or either of
+these, without doubt, the unity of their affections had been more
+permanent, and not so in and out, as they were, like an
+instrument well tuned, and lapsing to discord.</p>
+<p>The greater error of the two, though unwilling, I am
+constrained to impose on my Lord of Essex, and rather on his
+youth, and none of the least of the blame on those that stood
+sentinels about him, who might have advised better, but that like
+men intoxicated with hopes, they likewise had sucked in with the
+most of their lord&rsquo;s receipts, and so, like C&aelig;sars,
+would have all or none; a rule quite contrary to nature, and the
+most indulgent parents, who, though they may express more
+affection to one in the abundance of bequeaths, yet cannot forget
+some legacies, and distributives, and dividends to others of
+their begetting; and how hurtful partiality is, and proves, every
+day&rsquo;s experience tells us, out of which common
+consideration they might have framed to their hands a maxim of
+more discretion, for the conduct and management of their
+new-graved lord and master.</p>
+<p>But to omit that of infusion, and to do right to truth, my
+Lord of Essex, even of those that truly loved and honoured him,
+was noted for too bold an ingrosser, both of fame and favour; and
+of this, without offence to the living, or treading on the sacred
+grave of the dead, I shall present the truth of a passage yet in
+memory.</p>
+<p>My Lord of Mountjoy, who was another child of her favour,
+being newly come, and then but Sir Charles Blount (for my Lord
+William, his elder brother, was then living) had the good fortune
+to run one day well at tilt, and the Queen was therewith so well
+pleased, that she sent him, in token of her favour, a Queen at
+chess in gold, richly enamelled, which his servants had the next
+day fastened unto his arm with a crimson ribband; which my Lord
+of Essex, as he passed through the Privy Chamber, espying with
+his cloak cast under his arm, the better to command it to the
+view, enquired what it was, and for what cause there fixed: Sir
+Foulke Greville told him, it was the Queen&rsquo;s favour, which
+the day before, and next after the tilting, she had sent him;
+whereat my Lord of Essex, in a kind of emulation, and as though
+he would have limited her favour, said &ldquo;Now I perceive
+every fool must have a favour.&rdquo;&nbsp; This bitter and
+public affront came to Sir Charles Blount&rsquo;s ear, at which
+he sent him a challenge; which was accepted by my lord, and they
+met near Marybone Park, where my lord was hurt in the thigh, and
+disarmed.&nbsp; The Queen, missing of the men, was very curious
+to learn the truth, but at last it was whispered out; she sware
+by God&rsquo;s death, it was fit that some one or other should
+take him down and teach him better manners, otherwise there would
+be no rule with him; and here I note the imminution of my
+lord&rsquo;s friendship with Mountjoy, which the Queen herself
+did then conjure.</p>
+<p>Now for his fame we need not go far, for my Lord of Essex,
+having borne a grudge to General Norris, who had unwittingly
+offered to undertake the action of Brittany with fewer men than
+my lord had before demanded; on his return with victory, and a
+glorious report of his valour, he was then thought the only man
+for the Irish wars; wherein my Lord of Essex so wrought, by
+despising the number and quality of the rebels, that Norris was
+sent over with a scanty force, joined with the relics of the
+veteran troops of Britain, of set purpose, and as it fell out, to
+ruin Norris; and the Lord Burrows, by my lord&rsquo;s
+procurement, sent at his heels, and to command in chief, and to
+convey Norris only to his government at Munster; which aggravated
+the great heart of the general to see himself undervalued, and
+undermined, by my lord and Burrows, which was, as the Proverb
+speaks, <i>juvenes docere senes</i>.</p>
+<p>Now my Lord Burrows in the beginning of his prosecution died,
+whereupon the Queen was fully bent to send over my Lord Mountjoy;
+which my Lord of Essex utterly misliked, and opposed with many
+reasons, and by arguments of contempt towards Mountjoy (his then
+professed friend and familiar) so predominant was his desire to
+reap the whole honour of closing up that war, and all others; now
+the way being paved and opened by his own workmanship, and so
+handled, that none durst appear to stand in the place; at last,
+and with much ado, he obtained his own ends, and therewith his
+fatal destruction, leaving the Queen and the court, where he
+stood impregnable and firm in her grace, to men that long had
+fought and waited their times to give him a trip, and could never
+find any opportunity, but this of his absence, and of his own
+creation; and those are true observations of his appetite and
+inclinations, which were not of any true proportion, but hurried
+and transported, with an over desire, and thirstiness after fame,
+and that deceitful fame of popularity; and, to help on his
+catastrophe, I observe likewise two sorts of people that had a
+hand in his fall: the first was the soldiery, which all flock
+unto him, as it were foretelling a mortality, and are commonly of
+blunt and too rough counsels, and many times dissonant from the
+time of the court and State; the other sort were of his family,
+his servants and his own creatures, such as were bound by safety,
+and obligations of fidelity, to have looked better to the
+steering of that boat, wherein they themselves were carried, and
+not to have suffered it to fleet, and run on ground, with those
+empty sails of tumour of popularity and applause; methinks one
+honest man or other, who had but the brushing of his clothes,
+might have whispered in his ear, &ldquo;My lord, look to it, this
+multitude that follows you will either devour you, or undo you;
+do not strive to overrule all, of it will cost hot water, and it
+will procure envy, and if needs your genius must have it so, let
+the court and the Queen&rsquo;s presence by your station, for
+your absence must undo you.&rdquo; But, as I have said, they had
+sucked too much of their lord&rsquo;s milk, and instead of
+withdrawing they drew <a name="citation174"></a><a
+href="#footnote174" class="citation">[174]</a> the coals of his
+ambition, and infused into him too much of the spirit of glory,
+yea, and mixed the goodness of his nature with a touch of
+revenge, which is evermore accompanied with a destiny of the same
+fate.&nbsp; Of this number there were some of insufferable
+natures about him, that towards his last gave desperate advice,
+such as his integrity abhorred, and his fidelity forbade, amongst
+whom Sir Henry Walton notes, without injury, his Secretary Cuffe,
+as a vile man and of a perverse nature: I could also name others
+that, when he was in the right course of recovery, settling to
+moderation, would not suffer a recess in him, but stirred up the
+dregs of those rude humours, which, by times and his affections
+out of his own judgment, he thought to repose and give them a
+vomit.&nbsp; And thus I conclude this noble lord, as a mixture
+between prosperity and adversity, once a child of his great
+mistress&rsquo;s favour, but a son of Bellona.</p>
+<h3>BUCKHURST.</h3>
+<p>My lord of Buckhurst was of the noble house of Sackvilles, and
+of the Queen&rsquo;s consanguinity, or as the people then called
+him <i>Fill-sacks</i>, by reason of his great wealth, and the
+vast patrimony left to his son, whereof in his youth he spent the
+best part, until the Queen, by her frequent admonitions, diverted
+the torrent of his profusion; he was a very fine gentleman, of
+person and endowments, both of art and nature, but without
+measure magnificent, till on the turn of his honour, and the
+alloy, that his yearly good counsel had wrought upon those
+immoderate courses of his youth, and that height of spirit
+inherent to his house; and then did the Queen, as a most
+judicious, indulgent prince, who, when she saw the man grown
+settled and staid, gave him an assistance, and advanced him to
+the treasurership, where he made amends to his house for his
+mis-spent time, both in the increasement of his estate and
+honour, which the Queen conferred upon him, together with the
+opportunity to remake himself, and thereby to show that this was
+a child that should have a share in her grace.</p>
+<p>They much commend his elocution, but more the excellency of
+his pen, for he was a scholar, and a person of a quick dispatch,
+faculties that yet run in the blood; and they say of him, that
+his secretaries did little for him, by the way of indictment,
+wherein they could seldom please him, he was so facete and choice
+in his phrases and style; and for his dispatches, and for the
+content he gave to suitors, he had a decorum seldom put in
+practice, for he had of his attendance that took into a roll the
+names of all suitors, with the date of their first addresses; so
+that a fresh man could not leap over his head, that was of a more
+ancient edition excepting the urgent affairs of the State.</p>
+<p>I find not that he was any way ensnared in the factions of the
+court, which were all his times strong, and in every man&rsquo;s
+note, the Howards and the Cecils of the one part, and my Lord of
+Essex, &amp;c., on the other, for he held the staff of the
+treasury fast in his hand, which made them, once in a year, to be
+beholden to him; and the truth is, as he was a wise man and a
+stout, he had no reason to be a partaker, for he stood sure in
+blood and in grace, and was wholly intentive to the Queen&rsquo;s
+service; and such were his abilities, that she might have more
+cunning instruments, but none of a more strong judgment and
+confidence in his ways, which are symptoms of magnanimity,
+whereunto methinks this motto hath some kind of reference, <i>Aut
+nunquam tentes</i>, <i>aut perfice</i>.&nbsp; As though he would
+have charactered, in a word, the genius of his house, or express
+somewhat of a higher inclination, than lay within his compass;
+that he was a courtier is apparent, for he stood always in her
+eye and in her favour.</p>
+<h3>MOUNTJOY.</h3>
+<p>My Lord Mountjoy was of the ancient nobility, but utterly
+decayed in the support thereof, patrimony, through his
+grandfather&rsquo;s excess, his father&rsquo;s vanity in search
+of the philosopher&rsquo;s stone, and his brother&rsquo;s
+untimely prodigality; all of which seemed, by a joint conspiracy,
+to ruinate the house, and altogether to annihilate it; as he came
+from Oxford, he took the Inner Temple in the way to court,
+whither he no sooner came, but he had a pretty kind of admission,
+which I have heard from a discreet man of his own, and much more
+of the secrets of those times; he was then much about twenty
+years of age, brown-haired, of a sweet face, and of a most neat
+composure, tall in his person.&nbsp; The Queen was then at
+Whitehall, and at dinner, whither he came to see the fashion of
+the court, and the Queen had soon found him out, and, with a kind
+of an affected favour, asked her carver who he was; he answered
+he knew him not, insomuch that an inquiry was made, one from
+another, who he might be, till at length it was told the Queen,
+he was brother to the Lord William Mountjoy.&nbsp; Thus inquiry,
+with the eye of her majesty fixed upon him, as she was wont to
+do, and to daunt men she knew not, stirred the blood of the young
+gentleman, insomuch as his colour went and came; which the Queen
+observing, called unto him, and gave him her hand to kiss,
+encouraging him with gracious words, and new looks, and so
+diverting her speech to the lords and ladies, she said that she
+no sooner observed him but she knew there was in him some noble
+blood, with some other expressions of pity towards his house; and
+then, again demanding his name, she said, &ldquo;Fail you not to
+come to the court, and I will bethink myself, how to do you
+good;&rdquo; and this was his inlet, and the beginning of his
+grace; where it falls into consideration that, though he wanted
+not wit nor courage, for he had very fine attractives, as being a
+good piece of a scholar, yet were those accompanied with the
+retractives of bashfulness, and natural modesty, which, as the
+wave of the house of his fortune then stood, might have hindered
+his progression, had they not been reinforced by the infusion of
+sovereign favour, and the Queen&rsquo;s gracious invitation; and
+that it may appear how he was, and how much that heretic,
+necessity, will work in the directions of good spirits, I can
+deliver it with assurance, that his exhibition was very scanty,
+until his brother died, which was shortly after his admission to
+the court; and then was it no more but a thousand marks <i>per
+annum</i>, wherewith he lived plentifully, and in a fine garb,
+and without any great sustentation of the Queen, during all her
+times.</p>
+<p>And, as there was in nature a kind of backwardness, which did
+not befriend him, nor suit with the motion of the court, so there
+was in him an inclination to arms, with a humour of travelling
+and gadding abroad, which had not some wise men about him
+laboured to remove, and the Queen laid in her command, he would,
+out of his own native propension, marred his own market; for as
+he was grown by reading, whereunto he was much addicted, to the
+theory of a soldier, so was he strongly invited by his genius, to
+the acquaintance of the practice of the war, which were the
+causes of his excursions, for he had a company in the Low
+Countries, from whom he came over with a noble acceptance of the
+Queen; but, somewhat restless in honourable thoughts, he exposed
+himself again and again, and would press the Queen with pretences
+of visiting his company so often, till at length he had a flat
+denial; yet he struck over with Sir John Norris into the action
+of Britanny, which was then a hot and active war, whom he would
+always call his father, honouring him above all men, and ever
+bewailing his end; so contrary he was in his esteem and valuation
+of this great commander to that of his friend, my Lord of Essex;
+till at last the Queen began to take his digressions for
+contempt, and confined his residence to the court, <a
+name="citation181"></a><a href="#footnote181"
+class="citation">[181]</a> and her own presence; and, upon my
+Lord of Essex&rsquo;s fall, so confident she was of her own
+princely judgment, and the opinion she had conceived of his worth
+and conduct, that she would have this noble gentleman and none
+other to bring in the Irish wars to a propitious end; for it was
+a prophetical speech of her own, that it would be his fortune and
+his honour to cut the thread of that fatal rebellion, and to
+bring her in peace to the grave; wherein she was not deceived:
+for he achieved it, but with much pains and carefulness, and not
+without the forces and many jealousies of the court and times,
+wherewith the Queen&rsquo;s age and the malignity of her settling
+times were replete.&nbsp; And so I come to his dear friend in
+court, Secretary Cecil, whom, in his long absence, he adored as
+his saint, and counted him his only <i>Mecenas</i>, both before
+and after his departure from court, and during all the time of
+his command in Ireland; well knowing that it lay in his power,
+and by a word of his mouth, to make or mar him.</p>
+<h3>ROBERT CECIL.</h3>
+<p>Sir Robert Cecil, since Earl of Salisbury, was the son of the
+Lord Burleigh, and, by degrees, successor of his places and
+favours, though not of his lands; for he had Sir Thomas Cecil,
+his elder brother, since created Earl of Exeter; he was first
+Secretary of State, then Master of the Court of Wards, and, in
+the last of her reign, came to be Lord Treasurer: all which were
+the steps of his father&rsquo;s greatness, and of the honour he
+left to his house.&nbsp; For his person, he was not much beholden
+to Nature, though somewhat for his face, which was the best part
+of his outside: for his inside, it may be said, and without
+offence, that he was his father&rsquo;s own son, and a pregnant
+precedent in all his discipline of state: he was a courtier from
+his cradle, which might have made him betimes; but he was at the
+age of twenty and upwards, and was far short of his after-proof,
+but exposed, and by change of climate he soon made show what he
+was and would be.</p>
+<p>He lived in those times wherein the Queen had most need and
+use of men of weight; and, amongst many able ones, this was
+chief, as having taken his sufficiency from his instruction who
+begat him, the tutorship of the times and court, which were then
+academies of Art and Cunning.&nbsp; For such was the
+Queen&rsquo;s condition, from the tenth or twelfth of her reign,
+that she had the happiness to stand up, whereof there is a former
+intimation, environed with many and more enemies, and assaulted
+with more dangerous practices, than any prince of her times, and
+of many ages before: where we must not, in this her preservation,
+attribute it to human power, for that in his own omnipotent
+providence God ordained those secondary means, as instruments of
+the work, by an evident manifestation of the same work, which she
+acted; and it was a well-pleasing work of his own, out of a
+peculiar care he had decreed the protection of the work-mistress,
+and, thereunto, added his abundant blessing upon all and
+whatsoever she undertook: which is an observation of satisfaction
+to myself, that she was in the right; though, to others now
+breathing under the same form and frame of her government, it may
+not seem an animadversion of their worth: but I leave them to the
+peril of their own folly, and so come again to this great
+minister of state and the staff of the Queen&rsquo;s declining
+age; who, though his little crooked person could not promise any
+great supportation, yet it carried thereon a head and a
+head-piece of a vast content; and therein, it seems, Nature was
+so diligent to complete one and the best part about him, as the
+perfection of his memory and intellectuals; she took care also of
+his senses, and to put him in <i>lynceos oculos</i>, or, to
+pleasure him the more, borrowed of Argos, so to give unto him a
+prospective sight; and, for the rest of his sensitive virtues,
+his predecessor, Walsingham, had left him a receipt to smell out
+what was done in the conclave.</p>
+<p>And his good old father was so well seen in mathematics, that
+he could tell you, throughout Spain, every part, every port,
+every ship, with its burden; whither bound, what preparations,
+what impediments for diversion of enterprises, counsel, and
+resolution; and, that we may see, as in a little map, how docible
+this little man was, I will present a taste of his abilities.</p>
+<p>My Lord of Devonshire, upon certainty that the Spaniards would
+invade Ireland with a strong army, had written very earnestly to
+the Queen and to the Council for such supplies to be timely sent
+over, that might enable him both to march up to the Spaniard, if
+he did land, and follow on his prosecution without diverting his
+intentions against the rebels.&nbsp; Sir Robert Cecil, besides
+the general dispatch of the Council (as he often did) writ thus
+in private, for these two then began to love dearly:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;My lord, out of the abundance of my affection, and the
+care I have of your well-doing, I must in private put you out of
+doubt or fear, for I know you cannot be sensible, otherwise than
+in the way of honour, that the Spaniards will not come unto you
+this year; for I have it from my own, what his preparations are
+in all his parts, and what he can do; for, be confident, he
+beareth up a reputation, by seeming to embrace more than he can
+gripe; but, the next year, be assured, he will cast over to you
+some forlorn troops, which, how they may be reinforced beyond his
+present ability, and his first intention, I cannot, as yet, make
+any certain judgment; but I believe, out of my intelligence, that
+you may expect the landing in Munster, and, the more to distract
+you, in several places, as, at Kinsale, Beerhaven, and Baltimore;
+where, you may be sure, coming from sea, they will first fortify,
+and learn the strength of the rebels, before they dare take the
+field.&nbsp; Howsoever, as I know you will not lessen your care,
+neither your defences, whatsoever lies in my power to do you and
+the public service, rest thereof assured.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>And to this I could add much more, but it may (as it is)
+suffice to present much of his abilities in the pen, that he was
+his crafts-master in foreign intelligence, and for domestic
+affairs.&nbsp; As he was one of those that sat at the helm to the
+last of the Queen, so was he none of the least in skill, and in
+the true use of the compass; and so I shall only vindicate the
+scandal of his death, and conclude him; for he departed at St.
+Margaret&rsquo;s, near Marlborough, at his return from Bath, as
+my Lord Vice-Chamberlain, my Lord Clifford, and myself, his son,
+and son-in-law, and many more can witness: but that the day
+before, he swooned on the way, and was taken out of his litter,
+and laid into his coach, was a truth out of which that falsehood
+concerning the manner of his death had its derivation, though
+nothing to the purpose, or to the prejudice of his worth.</p>
+<h3>VERE.</h3>
+<p>Sir Francis Vere was of that ancient, and of the most noble
+extract of the earls of Oxford; and it may be a question whether
+the nobility of his house, or the honour of his achievements,
+might most commend him, but that we have an authentic rule:</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Nam genus et proavos et qu&aelig; nos non
+fecimus ipsi,<br />
+Vix ea nostra voco.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>For though he was an honourable slip of that ancient tree of
+nobility, which was no disadvantage to his virtue, yet he brought
+more glory to the name of Vere than he took of blood from the
+family.</p>
+<p>He was, amongst all the Queen&rsquo;s swordsmen, inferior to
+none, but superior to many; of whom it may be said, to speak much
+of him were the way to leave out somewhat that might add to his
+praise, and to forget more than would make to his honour.</p>
+<p>I find not that he came much to the court, for he lived almost
+perpetually in the camp; but, when he died, no man had more of
+the Queen&rsquo;s favour, and none less envied, for he seldom
+troubled it with the noise and alarms of supplications; his way
+was another sort of undermining.</p>
+<p>They report that the Queen, as she loved martial men, would
+court this gentleman, as soon as he appeared in her presence; and
+surely he was a soldier of great worth and command, thirty years
+in the service of the States, and twenty years over the English
+in chief, as the Queen&rsquo;s general: and he, that had seen the
+battle of Newport, might there best have taken him and his noble
+brother, <a name="citation189a"></a><a href="#footnote189a"
+class="citation">[189a]</a> the Lord of Tilbury, to the life.</p>
+<h3>WORCESTER.</h3>
+<p>My Lord of Worcester I have here put last, but not least in
+the Queen&rsquo;s favour; he was of the ancient and noble blood
+of the Beauforts, and of her <a name="citation189b"></a><a
+href="#footnote189b" class="citation">[189b]</a>
+grandfather&rsquo;s kin by the mother, which the Queen could
+never forget, especially where there was an incurrence of old
+blood with fidelity, a mixture which ever sorted with the
+Queen&rsquo;s nature; and though there might hap somewhat in this
+house, which might invert her grace, though not to speak of my
+lord himself but in due reverence and honour, I mean contrariety
+or suspicion in religion; yet the Queen ever respected his house,
+and principally his noble blood, whom she first made Master of
+her Horse, and then admitted him of her Council of State.</p>
+<p>In his youth, part whereof he spent before he came to reside
+at court, he was a very fine gentleman, and the best horseman and
+tilter of the times, which were then the manlike and noble
+recreations of the court, and such as took up the applause of
+men, as well as the praise and commendation of ladies; and when
+years had abated those exercises of honour, he grew then to be a
+faithful and profound counsellor; and as I have placed him last,
+so was he the last liver of all her servants of her favour, and
+had the honour to see his renowned mistress, and all of them,
+laid in the places of their rests; and for himself, after a life
+of very noble and remarkable reputation, and in a peaceable old
+age, a fate that I make the last, and none of my slightest
+observations, which befell not many of the rest, for they expired
+like unto a light blown out with the snuff stinking, not
+commendably extinguished, and with an offence to the
+standers-by.&nbsp; And thus I have delivered up my poor essay, or
+little draft of this great princess and her times, with the
+servants of her state and favour.&nbsp; I cannot say I have
+finished it, for I know how defective and imperfect it is, as
+limned only in the original nature, not without the active
+blessings, and so left it as a task fitter for remoter times, and
+the sallies of some bolder pencil to correct that which is amiss,
+and draw the rest up to life, than for me to have endeavoured
+it.&nbsp; I took it in consideration, how I might have dashed
+into it much of the stain of pollution, and thereby have defaced
+that little which is done; for I profess I have taken care to
+master my pen, that I might not err <i>animo</i>, <a
+name="citation191"></a><a href="#footnote191"
+class="citation">[191]</a> or of set purpose discolour each or
+any of the parts thereof, otherwise than in concealment.&nbsp;
+Haply there are some who will not approve of this modesty, but
+will censure it for pusillanimity, and, with the cunning artist,
+attempt to draw their line further out at length, and upon this
+of mine, which way (with somewhat more ease) it may be effected;
+for that the frame is ready made to their hands, and then haply I
+could draw one in the midst of theirs, but that modesty in me
+forbids the defacements in men departed, their posterity yet
+remaining, enjoying the merit of their virtues, and do still live
+in their honour.&nbsp; And I had rather incur the censure of
+abruption, than to be conscious and taken in the manner, sinning
+by eruption, or trampling on the graves of persons at rest, which
+living we durst not look in the face, nor make our addresses unto
+them, otherwise than with due regard to their honours, and
+reverence to their virtues.</p>
+<h3>LORD HERBERT.</h3>
+<p>The accomplished, the brave, and romantic Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury was born in this reign, and laid the foundation of that
+admirable learning of which he was afterwards a complete
+master.</p>
+<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2>
+<p><a name="footnote14"></a><a href="#citation14"
+class="footnote">[14]</a>&nbsp; His name was Sir Thomas
+Falconer.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote17"></a><a href="#citation17"
+class="footnote">[17]</a>&nbsp; This is not true, for her
+legitimacy was with good reason contested.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote27"></a><a href="#citation27"
+class="footnote">[27]</a>&nbsp; This is a mistake; her epitaph
+says <i>stipendia constituit tribus hoc coenobio monachis et
+doctori grammatices apud</i> Wynbourne.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote29"></a><a href="#citation29"
+class="footnote">[29]</a>&nbsp; Sir Giles Dawbney; he was not
+Earl of Bridgewater, not a Lord.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote34"></a><a href="#citation34"
+class="footnote">[34]</a>&nbsp; This romantic inscription
+probably alluded to Philip II., who wooed the Queen after her
+sister&rsquo;s death; and to the destruction of his Armada.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote36a"></a><a href="#citation36a"
+class="footnote">[36a]</a>&nbsp; This probably alluded to the
+woollen manufacture; Stow mentions his riding through the Cloth
+Fair on the Eve of St. Bartholomew.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote36b"></a><a href="#citation36b"
+class="footnote">[36b]</a>&nbsp; The collar of SS.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote46"></a><a href="#citation46"
+class="footnote">[46]</a>&nbsp; He probably means rushes.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote49"></a><a href="#citation49"
+class="footnote">[49]</a>&nbsp; Her father had been treated with
+the same deference.&nbsp; It is mentioned by Foxe in his
+&ldquo;Acts and Monuments,&rdquo; that when the Lord Chancellor
+went to apprehend Queen Catherine Parr, he spoke to the King on
+his knees.&nbsp; King James I. suffered his courtiers to omit
+it.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote53"></a><a href="#citation53"
+class="footnote">[53]</a>&nbsp; Lord Treasurer Burleigh died
+August 4, 1598.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote56"></a><a href="#citation56"
+class="footnote">[56]</a>&nbsp; She was the daughter, sister, and
+aunt, of Sir William, Henry, and Sir Philip Sidney.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote68"></a><a href="#citation68"
+class="footnote">[68]</a>&nbsp; This was a strange blunder to be
+made so near the time, about so remarkable a person, unless he
+concluded that whoever displeased Henry VIII. was of course put
+to death.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote69"></a><a href="#citation69"
+class="footnote">[69]</a>&nbsp; This is a mistake; it was the
+surcoat of Edward IV., enriched with rubies, and was preserved
+here till the civil war.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote70"></a><a href="#citation70"
+class="footnote">[70]</a>&nbsp; This is confounded with the Round
+Tower.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote71"></a><a href="#citation71"
+class="footnote">[71]</a>&nbsp; It is not clear what the author
+means by <i>hypocaustis</i>; I have translated it bathing-rooms;
+it might mean only chambers with stoves.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote73"></a><a href="#citation73"
+class="footnote">[73]</a>&nbsp; The original is <i>optici</i>; it
+is impossible to guess what colour he meant.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote76"></a><a href="#citation76"
+class="footnote">[76]</a>&nbsp; Here are several mistakes.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote84"></a><a href="#citation84"
+class="footnote">[84]</a>&nbsp; Those marked with a &dagger; are
+extinct, or forfeited.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote91"></a><a href="#citation91"
+class="footnote">[91]</a>&nbsp; This is another most inaccurate
+account: the murderers of Becket were Tracy, Morville, Britton,
+and Fitzurse.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote99"></a><a href="#citation99"
+class="footnote">[99]</a>&nbsp; Queen Mary.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote101"></a><a href="#citation101"
+class="footnote">[101]</a>&nbsp; Viz., Popish.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote102"></a><a href="#citation102"
+class="footnote">[102]</a>&nbsp; &ldquo;This is the work of the
+Lord, and it is wonderful in our sight.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote103"></a><a href="#citation103"
+class="footnote">[103]</a>&nbsp; &ldquo;I have chosen God for my
+help.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote105"></a><a href="#citation105"
+class="footnote">[105]</a>&nbsp; <i>i.e.</i>, &ldquo;I will
+confine you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote106"></a><a href="#citation106"
+class="footnote">[106]</a>&nbsp; The Irish rebel.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote108"></a><a href="#citation108"
+class="footnote">[108]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> not.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote110"></a><a href="#citation110"
+class="footnote">[110]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> horse.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote112a"></a><a href="#citation112a"
+class="footnote">[112a]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> find</p>
+<p><a name="footnote112b"></a><a href="#citation112b"
+class="footnote">[112b]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> say.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote112c"></a><a href="#citation112c"
+class="footnote">[112c]</a>&nbsp; The First.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote113a"></a><a href="#citation113a"
+class="footnote">[113a]</a>&nbsp; Fathers.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote113b"></a><a href="#citation113b"
+class="footnote">[113b]</a>&nbsp; During Queen Elizabeth&rsquo;s
+reign.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote113c"></a><a href="#citation113c"
+class="footnote">[113c]</a>&nbsp; Charles I.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote115"></a><a href="#citation115"
+class="footnote">[115]</a>&nbsp; Burleigh, Leicester, and
+Walsingham.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote116"></a><a href="#citation116"
+class="footnote">[116]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> were without.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote117a"></a><a href="#citation117a"
+class="footnote">[117a]</a>&nbsp; The eldest son.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote117b"></a><a href="#citation117b"
+class="footnote">[117b]</a>&nbsp; Existing.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote117c"></a><a href="#citation117c"
+class="footnote">[117c]</a>&nbsp; In which she ruled.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote118"></a><a href="#citation118"
+class="footnote">[118]</a>&nbsp; Mary.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote119"></a><a href="#citation119"
+class="footnote">[119]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> amused.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote122a"></a><a href="#citation122a"
+class="footnote">[122a]</a>&nbsp; Camp.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote122b"></a><a href="#citation122b"
+class="footnote">[122b]</a>&nbsp; Council.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote122c"></a><a href="#citation122c"
+class="footnote">[122c]</a>&nbsp; In the first year of Queen
+Mary.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote124a"></a><a href="#citation124a"
+class="footnote">[124a]</a>&nbsp; Of his Privy Council.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote124b"></a><a href="#citation124b"
+class="footnote">[124b]</a>&nbsp; The Duke of Somerset.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote126"></a><a href="#citation126"
+class="footnote">[126]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> humours.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote127a"></a><a href="#citation127a"
+class="footnote">[127a]</a>&nbsp; Of which you have an account
+hereafter in this small pamphlet.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote127b"></a><a href="#citation127b"
+class="footnote">[127b]</a>&nbsp; In a future state.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote127c"></a><a href="#citation127c"
+class="footnote">[127c]</a>&nbsp; The art of poisoning.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote127d"></a><a href="#citation127d"
+class="footnote">[127d]</a>&nbsp; Martial state.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote128"></a><a href="#citation128"
+class="footnote">[128]</a>&nbsp; Leicester&rsquo;s.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote129"></a><a href="#citation129"
+class="footnote">[129]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> supported by.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote130a"></a><a href="#citation130a"
+class="footnote">[130a]</a>&nbsp; An estate.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote130b"></a><a href="#citation130b"
+class="footnote">[130b]</a>&nbsp; Under Edward VI.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote131a"></a><a href="#citation131a"
+class="footnote">[131a]</a>&nbsp; Elizabeth&rsquo;s.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote131b"></a><a href="#citation131b"
+class="footnote">[131b]</a>&nbsp; Counsellors.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote132"></a><a href="#citation132"
+class="footnote">[132]</a>&nbsp; Because notwithstanding many
+dissented from the Reformed Establishment in many points of
+doctrine, and still acknowledged the Pope&rsquo;s infallibility
+and supremacy, yet they looked not upon these doctrines and
+discipline to be fundamentals, or without which they could not be
+saved; and, therefore, continued to assemble and baptise and
+communicate for the space of ten years in the Reformed Church of
+England.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote133"></a><a href="#citation133"
+class="footnote">[133]</a>&nbsp; The Pope.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote136"></a><a href="#citation136"
+class="footnote">[136]</a>&nbsp; Beginning.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote138"></a><a href="#citation138"
+class="footnote">[138]</a>&nbsp; Poland.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote140a"></a><a href="#citation140a"
+class="footnote">[140a]</a> Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador,
+amused King James I. with much dissimulation.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote140b"></a><a href="#citation140b"
+class="footnote">[140b]</a>&nbsp; The traitor, of whom hereafter
+in this collection.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote144"></a><a href="#citation144"
+class="footnote">[144]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> had</p>
+<p><a name="footnote165"></a><a href="#citation165"
+class="footnote">[165]</a>&nbsp; Instability.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote166a"></a><a href="#citation166a"
+class="footnote">[166a]</a>&nbsp; James I.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote166b"></a><a href="#citation166b"
+class="footnote">[166b]</a>&nbsp; He dishonourably cut off this
+good servant&rsquo;s head, and seized upon his estate.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote174"></a><a href="#citation174"
+class="footnote">[174]</a>&nbsp; <i>al.</i> blew.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote181"></a><a href="#citation181"
+class="footnote">[181]</a>&nbsp; As related before, in the
+account of Secretary William Cecil.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote189a"></a><a href="#citation189a"
+class="footnote">[189a]</a>&nbsp; Horatio.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote189b"></a><a href="#citation189b"
+class="footnote">[189b]</a>&nbsp; Elizabeth&rsquo;s.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote191"></a><a href="#citation191"
+class="footnote">[191]</a>&nbsp; Willingly.</p>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAVELS IN ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN
+OF QUEEN ELIZABETH; WITH FRAGMENTA REGALIA***</p>
+<pre>
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg Etext Travels in England AND Fragmenta Regalia
+by Paul Hentzner and Sir Robert Naunton
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+Travels in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth by
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+December, 1999 [Etext #1992]
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+This etext was transcribed from the 1892 Cassell & Co. edition by
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+
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+
+
+
+Travels in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth by Paul
+Hentzner AND Fragmenta Regalia by Sir Robert Naunton.  1892 Cassell
+
+
+
+
+TRAVELS IN ENGLAND AND FRAGMENTA REGALIA
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+
+Queen Elizabeth herself, and London as it was in her time, with
+sketches of Elizabethan England, and of its great men in the way of
+social dignity, are here brought home to us by Paul Hentzner and Sir
+Robert Naunton.
+
+Paul Hentzner was a German lawyer, born at Crossen, in Brandenburg,
+on the 29th of January, 1558.  He died on the 1st January, 1623.  In
+1596, when his age was thirty-eight, he became tutor to a young
+Silesian nobleman, with whom he set out in 1597 on a three years'
+tour through Switzerland, France, England, and Italy.  After his
+return to Germany in 1600, he published, at Nuremberg, in 1612, a
+description of what he had seen and thought worth record, written in
+Latin, as "Itinerarium Germaniae, Galliae, Angliae, Italiae, cum
+Indice Locorum, Rerum atque Verborum."
+
+Horace Walpole caused that part of Hentzner's Itinerary which tells
+what he saw in England to be translated by Richard Bentley, son of
+the famous scholar, and he printed at Strawberry Hill two hundred
+and twenty copies.  In 1797 "Hentzner's Travels in England" were
+edited, together with Sir Robert Naunton's "Fragmenta Regalia," in
+the volume from which they are here reprinted, with notes by the
+translator and the editor.
+
+Sir Robert Naunton was of an old family with large estates, settled
+at Alderton, in Suffolk.  He was at Cambridge in the latter years of
+Elizabeth's reign, having entered as Fellow Commoner at Trinity
+College, and obtained a Fellowship at Trinity Hall.  Naunton went to
+Scotland in 1589 with an uncle, William Ashby, whom Queen Elizabeth
+sent thither as Ambassador, and was despatched to Elizabeth's court
+from Scotland as a trusty messenger.  In 1596-7 he was in France,
+and corresponded with the Earl of Essex, who was his friend.  After
+the fall of Essex he returned to Cambridge, and was made Proctor of
+the University in 1601, three years after Paul Hentzner's visit to
+England.  Then he became Public Orator at Cambridge, and by a speech
+made to King James at Hinchinbrook won his Majesty's praise for
+Latin and learning.  He came to court in the service of Sir James
+Overbury, obtained the active friendship of George Villiers Duke of
+Buckingham, and was sworn as Secretary of State on the 8th January,
+1617.  The king afterwards gave Naunton the office of Master of the
+Court of Wards and Liveries.
+
+Sir Robert Naunton wrote his recollections of the men who served
+Queen Elizabeth when he was near the close of his own life.  It was
+after 1628, because he speaks of Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester,
+as dead, and before 1632, because he speaks of Sir William Knollys
+living as the only Earl of Banbury.  He was created Earl of Banbury
+in 1626, and died in 1632.  The "Fragmenta Regalia" were first
+published in 1641, after Sir Robert's death.  They were reprinted in
+1642 and 1653, since which date they have appeared in various
+collections.  There was a good edition of them in 1870 among the
+very valuable "English Reprints" for which we are indebted to
+Professor Edward Arber.
+
+H.M.
+
+
+
+
+TRAVELS IN ENGLAND
+
+
+
+
+We arrived at Rye, a small English seaport.  Here, as soon as we
+came on shore, we gave in our names to the notary of the place, but
+not till he had demanded our business; and being answered, that we
+had none but to see England, we were conducted to an inn, where we
+were very well entertained; as one generally is in this country.
+
+We took post-horses for London:  it is surprising how swiftly they
+run; their bridles are very light, and their saddles little more
+than a span over.
+
+Flimwell, a village:  here we returned our first horses, and mounted
+fresh ones.
+
+We passed through Tunbridge, another village.
+
+Chepstead, another village:  here, for the second time, we changed
+horses.
+
+London, the head and metropolis of England:  called by Tacitus,
+Londinium; by Ptolemy, Logidinium; by Ammianus Marcellinus,
+Lundinium; by foreigners, Londra, and Londres; it is the seat of the
+British Empire, and the chamber of the English kings.  This most
+ancient city is the the county of Middlesex, the fruitfullest and
+wholesomest soil in England.  It is built on the river Thames, sixty
+miles from the sea, and was originally founded, as all historians
+agree, by Brutus, who, coming from Greece into Italy, thence into
+Africa, next into France, and last into Britain, chose this
+situation for the convenience of the river, calling it Troja Nova,
+which name was afterwards corrupted into Trinovant.  But when Lud,
+the brother of Cassibilan, or Cassivelan, who warred against Julius
+Caesar, as he himself mentions (lib. v. de Bell. Gall.), came to the
+crown, he encompassed it with very strong walls, and towers very
+artfully constructed, and from his own name called it Caier Lud,
+I.E., Lud's City.  This name was corrupted into that of Caerlunda,
+and again in time, by change of language, into Londres.  Lud, when
+he died, was buried in this town, near that gate which is yet called
+in Welsh, Por Lud--in Saxon, Ludesgate.
+
+The famous river Thames owes part of its stream, as well as its
+appellation, to the Isis; rising a little above Winchelcomb, and
+being increased with several rivulets, unites both its waters and
+its name to the Thame, on the other side of Oxford; thence, after
+passing by London, and being of the utmost utility, from its
+greatness and navigation, it opens into a vast arm of the sea, from
+whence the tide, according to Gemma Frisius, flows and ebbs to the
+distance of eighty miles, twice in twenty-five hours, and, according
+to Polydore Vergil, above sixty miles twice in twenty-four hours.
+
+This city being very large of itself, has very extensive suburbs,
+and a fort called the Tower, of beautiful structure.  It is
+magnificently ornamented with public buildings and churches, of
+which there are above one hundred and twenty parochial.
+
+On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of
+wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone,
+sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty
+feet diameter.  The whole is covered on each side with houses so
+disposed as to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all
+of a bridge.
+
+Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have
+been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes:  we
+counted above thirty.
+
+Paulus Jovius, in his description of the most remarkable towns in
+England, says all are obscured by London:  which, in the opinion of
+many, is Caesar's city of the Trinobantes, the capital of all
+Britain, famous for the commerce of many nations; its houses are
+elegantly built, its churches fine, its towns strong, and its riches
+and abundance surprising.  The wealth of the world is wafted to it
+by the Thames, swelled by the tide, and navigable to merchant ships
+through a safe and deep channel for sixty miles, from its mouth to
+the city:  its banks are everywhere beautified with fine country
+seats, woods, and farms; below is the royal palace of Greenwich;
+above, that of Richmond; and between both, on the west of London,
+rise the noble buildings of Westminster, most remarkable for the
+courts of justice, the parliament, and St. Peter's church, enriched
+with the royal tombs.  At the distance of twenty miles from London
+is the castle of Windsor, a most delightful retreat of the Kings of
+England, as well as famous for several of their tombs, and for the
+ceremonial of the Order of the Garter.  This river abounds in swans,
+swimming in flocks:  the sight of them, and their noise, are vastly
+agreeable to the fleets that meet them in their course.  It is
+joined to the city by a bridge of stone, wonderfully built; is never
+increased by any rains, rising only with the tide, and is everywhere
+spread with nets for taking salmon and shad.  Thus far Paulus
+Jovius.
+
+Polydore Vergil affirms that London has continued to be a royal
+city, and the capital of the kingdom, crowded with its own
+inhabitants and foreigners, abounding in riches, and famous for its
+great trade, from the time of King Archeninus, or Erchenvinus.  Here
+the kings are crowned, and solemnly inaugurated, and the council of
+the nation, or parliament, is held.  The government of the city is
+lodged, by ancient grant of the Kings of Britain, in twenty-four
+aldermen--that is, seniors:  these annually elect out of their own
+body a mayor and two sheriffs, who determine causes according to
+municipal laws.  It has always had, as indeed Britain in general
+has, a great number of men of learning, much distinguished for their
+writings.
+
+The walls are pierced with six gates, which, as they were rebuilt,
+acquired new names.  Two look westward:
+
+1.  Ludgate, the oldest, so called from King Lud, whose name is yet
+to be seen, cut in the stone over the arch on the side; though
+others imagine it rather to have been named Fludgate, from a stream
+over which it stands, like the Porta Fluentana at Rome.  It has been
+lately repaired by Queen Elizabeth, whose statue is placed on the
+opposite side.  And,
+
+2.  Newgate, the best edifice of any; so called from being new
+built, whereas before it was named Chamberlain gate.  It is the
+public prison.
+
+On the north are four:
+
+1.  Aldersgate, as some think from alder trees; as others, from
+Aldericius, a Saxon.
+
+2.  Cripplegate, from a hospital for the lame.
+
+3.  Moorgate, from a neighbouring morass, now converted into a
+field, first opened by Francetius {1} the mayor, A.D. 1414.
+
+4.  And Bishopsgate, from some bishop:  this the German merchants of
+the Hans society were obliged by compact to keep in repair, and in
+times of danger to defend.  They were in possession of a key to open
+or shut it, so that upon occasion they could come in, or go out, by
+night or by day.
+
+There is only one to the east:
+
+Aldgate, that is, Oldgate, from its antiquity; though others think
+it to have been named Elbegate.
+
+Several people believe that there were formerly two gates (besides
+that to the bridge) towards the Thames.
+
+1.  Billingsgate, now a cothon, or artificial port, for the
+reception of ships.
+
+2.  Dourgate, VULGO Dowgate, I.E., Water-gate.
+
+The cathedral of St. Paul was founded by Ethelbert, King of the
+Saxons, and being from time to time re-edified, increased to
+vastness and magnificence, and in revenue so much, that it affords a
+plentiful support to a bishop, dean, and precentor, treasurer, four
+archdeacons, twenty-nine prebendaries, and many others.  The roof of
+this church, as of most others in England, with the adjoining
+steeple, is covered with lead.
+
+On the right side of the choir is the marble tomb of Nicholas Bacon,
+with his wife.  Not far from this is a magnificent monument,
+ornamented with pyramids of marble and alabaster, with this
+inscription:
+
+
+Sacred to the memory of
+
+Sir Christopher Hatton, son of William, grandson of John, of the
+most ancient family of the Hattons; one of the fifty gentlemen
+pensioners to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth:  Gentleman of the privy
+chamber; captain of the guards; one of the Privy Council, and High
+Chancellor of England, and of the University of Oxford:  who, to the
+great grief of his Sovereign, and of all good men, ended this life
+religiously, after having lived unmarried to the age of fifty-one,
+at his house in Holborn, on the 20th of November, A.D. 1591.
+
+William Hatton, knight, his nephew by his sister's side, and by
+adoption his son and heir, most sorrowfully raised this tomb, as a
+mark of his duty.
+
+
+On the left hand is the marble monument of William Herbert, Earl of
+Pembroke, and his lady:  and near it, that of John, Duke of
+Lancaster, with this inscription
+
+
+Here sleeps in the Lord, John of Gant, so called from the city of
+the same name of Flanders, where he was born, fourth son of Edward
+the Third, King of England, and created by his father Earl of
+Richmond.  He was thrice married; first to Blanche, daughter and
+heiress of Henry Duke of Lancaster; by her he received an immense
+inheritance, and became not only Duke of Lancaster, but Earl of
+Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby, of whose race are descended many
+emperors, kings, princes, and nobles.  His second wife was
+Constance, who is here buried, daughter and heiress of Peter, King
+of Castile and Leon, in whose right he most justly {2} took the
+style of King of Castile and Leon.  She brought him one only
+daughter, Catherine, of whom, by Henry, are descended the Kings of
+Spain.  His third wife was Catherine, of a knight's family, a woman
+of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous progeny; from which is
+descended, by the mother's side, Henry the Seventh, the most prudent
+King of England, by whose most happy marriage with Elizabeth,
+daughter of Edward the Fourth, of the line of York, the two royal
+lines of Lancaster and York are united, to the most desired
+tranquillity of England.
+
+The most illustrious prince, John, surnamed Plantagenet, King of
+Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Richmond, Leicester,
+and Derby, Lieutenant of Aquitain, High Steward of England, died in
+the twenty-first year of Richard II., A.D. 1398.
+
+
+A little farther, almost at the entrance of the choir, in a certain
+recess, are two small stone chests, one of which is thus inscribed:
+
+
+Here lies Seba, King of the East Saxons, who was converted to the
+faith by St. Erkenwald, Bishop of London, A.D. 677.
+
+
+On the other:
+
+
+Here lies Ethelred, King of the Angles, son of King Edgar,
+
+On whom St. Dustan is said to have denounced vengeance, on his
+coronation day, in the following words:- "Inasmuch as thou hast
+aspired to the throne by the death of thy brother, against whose
+blood the English, along with thy infamous mother, conspired, the
+sword shall not pass from thy house! but rage all the days of thy
+life, afflicting all thy generation, till thy kingdom shall be
+translated to another, whose manner and language the people under
+thee knoweth not.  Nor shall thy sin be done away till after long
+chastisement, nor the sin of thy mother, nor the sin of those men
+who assisted in thy wicked council."
+
+All which came to pass as predicted by the saint; for after being
+worsted and put to flight by Sueno King of the Danes, and his son
+Canute, and at last closely besieged in London, he died miserably
+A.D. 1017, after he had reigned thirty-six years in great
+difficulties.
+
+
+There is besides in the middle of the church a tomb made of brass,
+of some Bishop of London, named William, who was in favour with
+Edward, King of England, and afterwards made counsellor to King
+William.  He was bishop sixteen years, and died A.D. 1077.  Near
+this is the following inscription:
+
+
+Virtue survives the funeral.
+To the memory of
+Thomas Linacre, an eminent physician, John Caius placed
+this monument.
+
+
+On the lower part of it is this inscription in gold letters:
+
+
+Thomas Linacre, physician to King Henry VIII., a man learned in the
+Greek and Latin languages, and particularly skilful in physick, by
+which he restored many from a state of languishment and despair to
+life.  He translated with extraordinary eloquence many of Galen's
+works into Latin; and published, a little before his death, at the
+request of his friends, a very valuable book on the correct
+structure of the Latin tongue.  He founded in perpetuity in favour
+of students in physick, two public lectures at Oxford, and one at
+Cambridge.  In this city he brought about, by his own industry, the
+establishing of a College of Physicians, of which he was elected the
+first president.  He was a detester of all fraud and deceit, and
+faithful in his friendships; equally dear to men of all ranks:  he
+went into orders a few years before his death, and quitted this life
+full of years, and much lamented, A.D. 1524, on the 29th of October.
+
+
+There are many tombs in this church, but without any inscriptions.
+It has a very fine organ, which, at evening prayer, accompanied with
+other instruments, is delightful.
+
+In the suburb to the west, joined to the city by a continual row of
+palaces belonging to the chief nobility, of a mile in length, and
+lying on the side next the Thames, is the small town of Westminster;
+originally called Thorney, from its thorn bushes, but now
+Westminster, from its aspect and its monastery.  The church is
+remarkable for the coronation and burial of the Kings of England.
+Upon this spot is said formerly to have stood a temple of Apollo,
+which was thrown down by an earthquake in the time of Antoninus
+Pius; from the ruins of which Sebert, King of the East Saxons,
+erected another to St. Peter:  this was subverted by the Danes, and
+again renewed by Bishop Dunstan, who gave it to a few monks.
+Afterwards, King Edward the Confessor built it entirely new, with
+the tenth of his whole revenue, to be the place of his own burial,
+and a convent of Benedictine monks; and enriched it with estates
+dispersed all over England.
+
+In this church the following things are worthy of notice:
+
+In the first choir, the tomb of Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII.,
+without any inscription.
+
+On the opposite side are two stone sepulchres:
+
+(1)  Edward, Earl of Lancaster, brother of Edward I.; (2)  Ademar of
+Valence, Earl of Pembroke, son of Ademar of Valence.  Joining to
+these is (3) that of Aveline, Countess of Lancaster.
+
+In the second choir is the chair on which the kings are seated when
+they are crowned; in it is enclosed a stone, said to be that on
+which the patriarch Jacob slept when he dreamed he saw a ladder
+reaching quite up into heaven.  Some Latin verses are written upon a
+tablet hanging near it; the sense of which is:
+
+
+That if any faith is to be given to ancient chronicles, a stone of
+great note is enclosed in this chair, being the same on which the
+patriarch Jacob reposed when he beheld the miraculous descent of
+angels.  Edward I., the Mars and Hector of England, having conquered
+Scotland, brought it from thence.
+
+The tomb of Richard II. and his wife, of brass, gilt, and these
+verses written round it:
+
+
+Perfect and prudent, Richard, by right the Second,
+Vanquished by Fortune, lies here now graven in stone,
+True of his word, and thereto well renound:
+Seemly in person, and like to Homer as one
+In worldly prudence, and ever the Church in one
+Upheld and favoured, casting the proud to ground,
+And all that would his royal state confound.
+
+
+Without the tomb is this inscription:
+
+
+Here lies King Richard, who perished by a cruel death,
+in the year 1369.
+To have been happy is additional misery.
+
+
+Near him is the monument of his queen, daughter of the Emperor
+Wenceslaus.
+
+On the left hand is the tomb of Edward I., with this inscription:
+
+
+Here lies Edward I., who humbled the Scots. A.D. 1308.
+Be true to your engagements.
+
+
+He reigned forty-six years.
+
+The tomb of Edward III., of copper, gilt, with this epitaph:
+
+
+Of English kings here lieth the beauteous flower
+Of all before past, and myrror to them shall sue:
+A merciful king, of peace conservator,
+The third Edward, &c.
+
+
+Besides the tomb are these words:
+
+
+Edward III., whose fame has reached to heaven.  A.D. 1377,
+Fight for your country.
+
+
+Here is shown his sword, eight feet in length, which they say he
+used in the conquest of France.
+
+His queen's epitaph:
+
+
+Here lies Queen Philippa, wife of Edward III.  Learn to live.  A.D.
+1369.
+
+
+At a little distance, the tomb of Henry V., with this legend:
+
+
+Henry, the scourge of France, lies in this tomb.  Virtue subdues all
+things.  A.D. 1422.
+
+
+Near this lies the coffin of Catherine, unburied, and to be opened
+by anyone that pleases.  On the outside is this inscription:
+
+
+Fair Catherine is at length united to her lord.  A.D. 1437.
+Shun idleness.
+
+
+The tomb of Henry III., of brass, gilt, with this epitaph:
+
+
+Henry III., the founder of this cathedral.  A.D. 1273.  War is
+delightful to the unexperienced.
+
+
+It was this Henry who, one hundred and sixty years after Edward the
+Confessor had built this church, took it down, and raised an entire
+new one of beautiful architecture, supported by rows of marble
+columns, and its roof covered with sheets of lead, a work of fifty
+years before its completion.  It has been much enlarged at the west
+end by the abbots.  After the expulsion of the monks, it experienced
+many changes; first it had a dean and prebendaries; then a bishop,
+who, having squandered the revenues, resigned it again to a dean.
+In a little time, the monks with their abbot were reinstated by
+Queen Mary; but, they being soon ejected again by authority of
+parliament, it was converted into a cathedral church--nay, into a
+seminary for the Church--by Queen Elizabeth, who instituted there
+twelve prebendaries, an equal number of invalid soldiers, and forty
+scholars; who at a proper time are elected into the universities,
+and are thence transplanted into the Church and State.
+
+Next to be seen is the tomb of Eleanor, daughter of Alphonso King of
+Spain, and wife of Edward I., with this inscription:
+
+
+This Eleanor was consort of Edward I.
+A.D. 1298.  Learn to die.
+
+
+The tomb of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII.
+
+In the middle of this chapel is the shrine of St. Edward, the last
+King of the Saxons.  It is composed of marble in mosaic:  round it
+runs this inscription in letters of gold:
+
+
+The venerable king, St. Edward the Confessor,
+A heroe adorned with every virtue.
+He died on the 5th of January, 1065,
+And mounted into Heaven.
+Lift up your hearts.
+
+
+The third choir, of surprising splendour and elegance, was added to
+the east end by Henry VII. for a burying-place for himself and his
+posterity.  Here is to be seen his magnificent tomb, wrought of
+brass and marble, with this epitaph:
+
+
+Here lies Henry VII. of that name, formerly King of England, son of
+Edmund, Earl of Richmond, who, ascending the throne on the twenty-
+second day of August, was crowned on the thirtieth of October
+following at Westminster, in the year of our Lord 1485.  He died on
+the twenty-first of April, in the fifty-third year of his age, after
+a reign of twenty-two years and eight months wanting a day.
+
+
+This monument is enclosed with rails of brass, with a long epitaph
+in Latin verse.
+
+Under the same tomb lies buried Edward VI., King of England, son of
+Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour.  He succeeded to his father when he was
+but nine years old, and died A.T. 1553, on the 6th of July, in the
+sixteenth year of his age, and of his reign the seventh, not without
+suspicion of poison.
+
+Mary was proclaimed queen by the people on the 19th of July, and
+died in November, 1558, and is buried in some corner of the same
+choir, without any inscription.
+
+
+Queen Elizabeth.
+
+Here lies Queen Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., sister of King
+Edward V., wife of Henry VII., and the glorious mother of Henry
+VIII.  She died in the Tower of London, on the eleventh of February,
+A.D. 1502, in the thirty-seventh year of her age.
+
+
+Between the second and third choirs in the side-chapels, are the
+tombs of Sebert, King of the East Saxons, who built this church with
+stone:  and
+
+Of Margaret of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., grandmother of Henry
+VIII.; she gave this monastery to the monks of Winbourne, {3} who
+preached and taught grammar all England over, and appointed salaries
+to two professors of divinity, one at Oxford, another at Cambridge,
+where she founded two colleges to Christ and to John His disciple.
+She died A.D. 1463, on the third of the calends of July.
+
+And of Margaret, Countess of Lenox, grandmother of James VI., King
+of Scotland.
+
+William of Valance, half-brother of Henry III.
+
+The Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward III.
+
+Upon another tomb is an honorary inscription for Frances, Duchess of
+Suffolk.  The sense of it is,
+
+
+That titles, royal birth, riches, or a large family, are of no
+avail:
+That all are transitory; virtue alone resisting the funeral pile.
+That this lady was first married to a duke, then to Stoke, a
+gentleman;
+And lastly, by the grave espoused to CHRIST.
+
+
+The next is the tomb of Lord Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford,
+whose lady composed the following Greek and Latin verses, and had
+them engraved on the marble:-
+
+
+How was I startled at the cruel feast,
+By death's rude hands in horrid manner drest;
+Such grief as sure no hapless woman knew,
+When thy pale image lay before my view.
+Thy father's heir in beauteous form arrayed
+Like flowers in spring, and fair, like them to fade;
+Leaving behind unhappy wretched me,
+And all thy little orphan-progeny:
+Alike the beauteous face, the comely air,
+The tongue persuasive, and the actions fair,
+Decay:  so learning too in time shall waste:
+But faith, chaste lovely faith, shall ever last.
+The once bright glory of his house, the pride
+Of all his country, dusty ruins hide:
+Mourn, hapless orphans; mourn, once happy wife;
+For when he died, died all the joys of life.
+Pious and just, amidst a large estate,
+He got at once the name of good and great.
+He made no flatt'ring parasite his guest,
+But asked the good companions to the feast.
+
+
+Anne, Countess of Oxford, daughter of William Cecil, Baron Burleigh,
+and Lord Treasurer.
+
+Philippa, daughter and co-heiress of John, Lord Mohun of Dunster,
+wife of Edward, Duke of York.
+
+Frances, Countess of Sussex, of the ancient family of Sidney.
+
+Thomas Bromley, Chancellor to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+The Earl of Bridgewater, {4} Lord Dawbney, Lord Chamberlain to Henry
+VII., and his lady.
+
+And thus much for Westminster.
+
+There are many other churches in this city, but none so remarkable
+for the tombs of persons of distinction.
+
+Near to this church is Westminster Hall, where, besides the Sessions
+of Parliament, which are often held there, are the Courts of
+Justice; and at stated times are heard their trials in law, or
+concerning the king's patrimony, or in chancery, which moderates the
+severity of the common law by equity.  Till the time of Henry I. the
+Prime Court of Justice was movable, and followed the King's Court,
+but he enacted by the Magna Charta that the common pleas should no
+longer attend his Court, but be held at some determined place.  The
+present hall was built by King Richard II. in the place of an
+ancient one which he caused to be taken down.  He made it part of
+his habitation (for at that time the Kings of England determined
+causes in their own proper person, and from the days of Edward the
+Confessor had their palace adjoining), till, above sixty years
+since, upon its being burnt, Henry VIII.  removed the royal
+residence to Whitehall, situated in the neighbourhood, which a
+little before was the house of Cardinal Wolsey.  This palace is
+truly royal, enclosed on one side by the Thames, on the other by a
+park, which connects it with St. James's, another royal palace.
+
+In the chamber where the Parliament is usually held, the seats and
+wainscot are made of wood, the growth of Ireland; said to have that
+occult quality, that all poisonous animals are driven away by it;
+and it is affirmed for certain, that in Ireland there are neither
+serpents, toads, nor any other venomous creature to be found.
+
+Near this place are seen an immense number of swans, who wander up
+and down the river for some miles, in great security; nobody daring
+to molest, much less kill any of them, under penalty of a
+considerable fine.
+
+In Whitehall are the following things worthy of observation:-
+
+I.  The Royal Library, well stored with Greek, Latin, Italian and
+French books; amongst the rest, a little one in French upon
+parchment, in the handwriting of the present reigning Queen
+Elizabeth, thus inscribed:-
+
+
+To the most high, puissant, and redoubted prince, Henry VIII. of the
+name, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith;
+Elizabeth, his most humble daughter.  Health and obedience.
+
+
+All these books are bound in velvet in different colours, though
+chiefly red, with clasps of gold and silver; some have pearls and
+precious stones set in their bindings.
+
+II.  Two little silver cabinets of exquisite work, in which the
+Queen keeps her paper, and which she uses for writing boxes.
+
+III.  The Queen's bed, ingeniously composed of woods of different
+colours, with quilts of silk, velvet, gold, silver, and embroidery.
+
+IV.  A little chest ornamented all over with pearls, in which the
+Queen keeps her bracelets, ear-rings, and other things of
+extraordinary value.
+
+V.  Christ's Passion, in painted glass.
+
+VI.  Portraits:  among which are, Queen Elizabeth, at sixteen years
+old; Henry, Richard, Edward, Kings of England; Rosamond; Lucrece, a
+Grecian bride, in her nuptial habit; the genealogy of the Kings of
+England; a picture of King Edward VI., representing at first sight
+something quite deformed, till by looking through a small hole in
+the cover which is put over it, you see it in its true proportions;
+Charles V., Emperor; Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, and Catherine
+of Spain, his wife; Ferdinand, Duke of Florence, with his daughters;
+one of Philip, King of Spain, when he came into England and married
+Mary; Henry VII., Henry VIII., and his mother; besides many more of
+illustrious men and women; and a picture of the Siege of Malta.
+
+VII.  A small hermitage, half hid in a rock, finely carved in wood.
+
+VIII.  Variety of emblems on paper, cut in the shape of shields,
+with mottoes, used by the mobility at tilts and tournaments, hung up
+here for a memorial.
+
+IX.  Different instruments of music, upon one of which two persons
+may perform at the same time.
+
+X.  A piece of clock-work, an Ethiop riding upon a rhinoceros, with
+four attendants, who all make their obeisance when it strikes the
+hour; these are all put into motion by winding up the machine.
+
+At the entrance into the park from Whitehall is this inscription:-
+
+
+The fisherman who has been wounded, learns, though late, to beware;
+But the unfortunate Actaeon always presses on.
+The chaste virgin naturally pitied:
+But the powerful goddess revenged the wrong.
+Let Actaeon fall a prey to his dogs,
+An example to youth,
+A disgrace to those that belong to him!
+May Diana live the care of Heaven;
+The delight of mortals;
+The security of those that belong to her! {5}
+
+
+In this park is great plenty of deer.
+
+In a garden joining to this palace there is a JET D'EAU, with a sun-
+dial, which while strangers are looking at, a quantity of water,
+forced by a wheel which the gardener turns at a distance, through a
+number of little pipes, plentifully sprinkles those that are
+standing round.
+
+Guildhall, a fine structure built by Thomas Knowles.  Here are to be
+seen the statues of two giants, said to have assisted the English
+when the Romans made war upon them:  Corinius of Britain, and
+Gogmagog of Albion.  Beneath upon a table the titles of Charles V.,
+Emperor, are written in letters of gold.
+
+The government of London is this:  the city is divided into twenty-
+five regions or wards; the Council is composed of twenty-four
+aldermen, one of whom presides over every ward.  And whereas of old
+the chief magistrate was a portreeve, I.E., governor of the city,
+Richard I. appointed two bailiffs; instead of which King John gave a
+power by grant of choosing annually a mayor from any of the twelve
+principal companies, and to name two sheriffs, one of whom to be
+called the king's, the other the city's.  It is scarce credible how
+this city increased, both in public and private buildings, upon
+establishing this form of government.  VIDE Camden's "Britannia,"
+Middlesex.
+
+It is worthy of observation, that every year, upon St. Bartholomew's
+Day, when the fair is held, it is usual for the mayor, attended by
+the twelve principal aldermen, to walk in a neighbouring field,
+dressed in his scarlet gown, and about his neck a golden chain, to
+which is hung a golden fleece, {6} and besides, that particular
+ornament {7} which distinguishes the most noble order of the garter.
+During the year of his magistracy, he is obliged to live so
+magnificently, that foreigner or native, without any expense, is
+free, if he can find a chair empty, to dine at his table, where
+there is always the greatest plenty.  When the mayor goes out of the
+precincts of the city, a sceptre, a sword, and a cap, are borne
+before him, and he is followed by the principal aldermen in scarlet
+gowns, with gold chains; himself and they on horseback.  Upon their
+arrival at a place appointed for that purpose, where a tent is
+pitched, the mob begin to wrestle before them, two at a time; the
+conquerors receive rewards from the magistrates.  After this is
+over, a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the crowd,
+which are pursued by a number of boys, who endeavour to catch them,
+with all the noise they can make.  While we were at this show, one
+of our company, Tobias Salander, doctor of physic, had his pocket
+picked of his purse, with nine crowns du soleil, which, without
+doubt, was so cleverly taken from him by an Englishman who always
+kept very close to him, that the doctor did not in the least
+perceive it.
+
+The Castle or Tower of London, called Bringwin, and Tourgwin, in
+Welsh, from its whiteness, is encompassed by a very deep and broad
+ditch, as well as a double wall very high.  In the middle of the
+whole is that very ancient and very strong tower, enclosed with four
+others, which, in the opinion of some, was built by Julius Caesar.
+Upon entering the tower, we were obliged to quit our swords at the
+gate and deliver them to the guard.  When we were introduced, we
+were shown above a hundred pieces of arras belonging to the Crown,
+made of gold, silver, and silk; several saddles covered with velvet
+of different colours; an immense quantity of bed-furniture, such as
+canopies, and the like, some of them most richly ornamented with
+pearl; some royal dresses, so extremely magnificent as to raise any
+one's admiration at the sums they must have cost.  We were next led
+into the Armoury, in which are these particularities:- Spears, out
+of which you may shoot; shields, that will give fire four times; a
+great many rich halberds, commonly called partisans, with which the
+guard defend the royal person in battle; some lances, covered with
+red and green velvet, and the body-armour of Henry VIII.; many and
+very beautiful arms, as well for men as for horses in horse-fights;
+the lance of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, three spans thick;
+two pieces of cannon, the one fires three, the other seven balls at
+a time; two others made of wood, which the English has at the siege
+of Boulogne, in France.   And by this stratagem, without which they
+could not have succeeded, they struck a terror into the inhabitants,
+as at the appearance of artillery, and the town was surrendered upon
+articles; nineteen cannon of a thicker make than ordinary, and in a
+room apart; thirty-six of a smaller; other cannon for chain-shot;
+and balls proper to bring down masts of ships.  Cross-bows, bows and
+arrows, of which to this day the English make great use in their
+exercises; but who can relate all that is to be seen here?  Eight or
+nine men employed by the year are scarce sufficient to keep all the
+arms bright.
+
+The Mint for coining money is in the Tower.
+
+N.B.--It is to be noted, that when any of the nobility are sent
+hither, on the charge of high crimes, punishable with death, such as
+treason, &c., they seldom or never recover their liberty.  Here was
+beheaded Anne Boleyn, wife of King Henry VIII., and lies buried in
+the chapel, but without any inscription; and Queen Elizabeth was
+kept prisoner here by her sister, Queen Mary, at whose death she was
+enlarged, and by right called to the throne.
+
+On coming out of the Tower, we were led to a small house close by,
+where are kept variety of creatures, viz.--three lionesses; one lion
+of great size, called Edward VI. from his having been born in that
+reign:  a tiger; a lynx; a wolf excessively old--this is a very
+scarce animal in England, so that their sheep and cattle stray about
+in great numbers, free from any danger, though without anybody to
+keep them; there is, besides, a porcupine, and an eagle.  All these
+creatures are kept in a remote place, fitted up for the purpose with
+wooden lattices, at the Queen's expense.
+
+Near to this Tower is a large open space; on the highest part of it
+is erected a wooden scaffold, for the execution of noble criminals;
+upon which, they say, three princes of England, the last of their
+families, have been beheaded for high treason; on the bank of the
+Thames close by are a great many cannon, such chiefly as are used at
+sea.
+
+The next thing worthy of note is the Royal Exchange, so named by
+Queen Elizabeth, built by Sir Thomas Gresham, citizen, for public
+ornament and the convenience of merchants.  It has a great effect,
+whether you consider the stateliness of the building, the assemblage
+of different nations, or the quantities of merchandise.  I shall say
+nothing of the hall belonging to the Hans Society; or of the
+conveyance of water to all parts of the town by subterraneous pipes,
+nor the beautiful conduits and cisterns for the reception of it; nor
+of the raising of water out of the Thames by a wheel, invented a few
+years since by a German.
+
+Bridewell, at present the House of Correction; it was built in six
+weeks for the reception of the Emperor Charles V.
+
+A Hall built by a cobbler and bestowed on the city, where are
+exposed to sale, three times in a week, corn, wool, cloth, fruits,
+and the like.
+
+Without the city are some theatres, where English actors represent
+almost every day tragedies and comedies to a very numerous
+audiences; these are concluded with excellent music, variety of
+dances, and the excessive applause of those that are present.
+
+Not far from one of these theatres, which are all built of wood,
+lies the royal barge, close to the river.  It has two splendid
+cabins, beautifully ornamented with glass windows, painting, and
+gilding; it is kept upon dry ground, and sheltered from the weather.
+
+There is still another place, built in the form of a theatre, which
+serves for the baiting of bulls and bears; they are fastened behind,
+and then worried by great English bull-dogs, but not without great
+risk to the dogs, from the horns of the one and the teeth of the
+other; and it sometimes happens that they are killed upon the spot;
+fresh ones are immediately supplied in the places of those that are
+wounded or tired.  To this entertainment there often follows that of
+whipping a blinded bear, which is performed by five or six men,
+standing circularly with whips, which they exercise upon him without
+any mercy, as he cannot escape from them because of his chain; he
+defends himself with all his force and skill, throwing down all who
+come within his reach and are not active enough to get out of it,
+and tearing the whips out of their hands and breaking them.  At
+these spectacles, and everywhere else, the English are constantly
+smoking tobacco; and in this manner--they have pipes on purpose made
+of clay, into the farther end of which they put the herb, so dry
+that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire to it, they draw
+the smoke into their mouths, which they puff out again through their
+nostrils like funnels, along with it plenty of phlegm and defluxion
+from the head.  In these theatres, fruits, such as apples, pears,
+and nuts, according to the season, are carried about to be sold, as
+well as ale and wine.
+
+There are fifteen colleges within and without the city, nobly built,
+with beautiful gardens adjoining.  Of these the three principal
+are:-
+
+I.  The Temple, inhabited formerly by the Knights Templars; it seems
+to have taken its name from the old temple, or church, which has a
+round tower added to it, under which lied buried those Kings of
+Denmark that reigned in England.
+
+II.  Gray's Inn.  And,
+
+III.  Lincoln's Inn.
+
+In these colleges numbers of young nobility, gentry, and others, are
+educated, and chiefly in the study of physic, for very few apply
+themselves to that of the law; they are allowed a very good table,
+and silver cups to drink out of.  Once a person of distinction, who
+could not help being surprised at the great number of cups, said,
+"He should have thought it more suitable to the life of students, if
+they had used rather glass, or earthenware, than silver."  The
+college answered, "They were ready to make him a present of all
+their plate, provided he would undertake to supply them with all the
+glass and earthenware they should have a demand for; since it was
+very likely he would find the expense, from constant breaking,
+exceed the value of the silver."
+
+The streets in this city are very handsome and clean; but that which
+is named from the goldsmiths who inhabit it, surpasses all the rest;
+there is in it a gilt tower, with a fountain that plays.  Near it,
+on the farther side, is a handsome house built by a goldsmith and
+presented by him to the city.  There are besides to be seen in this
+street, as in all others where there are goldsmiths' shops, all
+sorts of gold and silver vessels exposed to sale, as well as ancient
+and modern medals, in such quantities as must surprise a man the
+first time he sees and considers them.
+
+Fitz-Stephen, a writer of English history, reckoned in his time in
+London one hundred and twenty-seven parish churches, and thirteen
+belonging to convents; he mentions, besides, that upon a review
+there of men able to bear arms, the people brought into the field
+under their colours forty thousand foot and twenty thousand horse.
+VIDE Camden's "Britannia," Middlesex.
+
+The best oysters are sold here in great quantities.
+
+Everybody knows that English cloth is much approved of for the
+goodness of the materials, and imported into all the kingdoms and
+provinces of Europe.
+
+We were shown, at the house of Leonard Smith, a tailor, a most
+perfect looking-glass, ornamented with gold, pearl, silver, and
+velvet, so richly as to be estimated at five hundred ecus du soleil.
+We saw at the same place the hippocamp and eagle stone, both very
+curious and rare.
+
+And thus much of London.
+
+Upon taking the air down the river, the first thing that struck us
+was the ship of that noble pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in which he is
+said to have surrounded this globe of earth.  On the left hand lies
+Ratcliffe, a considerable suburb:  on the opposite shore is fixed a
+long pole with ram's-horns upon it, the intention of which was
+vulgarly said to be a reflection upon wilful and contented cuckolds.
+
+We arrived next at the royal palace of Greenwich, reported to have
+been originally built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and to have
+received very magnificent additions from Henry VII.  It was here
+Elizabeth, the present Queen, was born, and her she generally
+resides, particularly in summer, for the delightfulness of its
+situation.  We were admitted, by an order Mr. Rogers had procured
+from the Lord Chamberlain, into the presence chamber, hung with rich
+tapestry, and the floor, after the English fashion, strewed with
+hay, {8} through which the Queen commonly passes on her way to
+chapel.  At the door stood a gentleman dressed in velvet, with a
+gold chain, whose office was to introduce to the Queen any person of
+distinction that came to wait on her; it was Sunday, when there is
+usually the greatest attendance of nobility.  In the same hall were
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, a great number
+of Councillors of State, officers of the Crown, and gentlemen, who
+waited the Queen's coming out; which she did from her own apartment
+when it was time to go to prayers, attended in the following
+manner:-
+
+First went gentlemen, barons, earls, Knights of the Garter, all
+richly dressed and bareheaded; next came the Chancellor, bearing the
+seals in a red silk purse, between two, one of whom carried the
+Royal sceptre, the other the sword of state, in a red scabbard,
+studded with golden FLEURS DE LIS, the point upwards:  next came the
+Queen, in the sixty-fifth year of her age, as we were told, very
+majestic; her face oblong, fair, but wrinkled; her eyes small, yet
+black and pleasant; her nose a little hooked; her lips narrow, and
+her teeth black (a defect the English seem subject to, from their
+too great use of sugar); she had in her ears two pearls, with very
+rich drops; she wore false hair, and that red; upon her head she had
+a small crown, reported to be made of some of the gold of the
+celebrated Lunebourg table; her bosom was uncovered, as all the
+English ladies have it till they marry; and she had on a necklace of
+exceeding fine jewels; her hands were small, her fingers long, and
+her stature neither tall nor low; her air was stately, her manner of
+speaking mild and obliging.  That day she was dressed in white silk,
+bordered with pearls of the size of beans, and over it a mantle of
+black silk, shot with silver threads; her train was very long, the
+end of it borne by a marchioness; instead of a chain, she had an
+oblong collar of gold and jewels.  As she went along in all this
+state and magnificence, she spoke very graciously, first to one,
+then to another, whether foreign Ministers, or those who attended
+for different reasons, in English, French, and Italian; for, besides
+being well skilled in Greek, Latin, and the languages I have
+mentioned, she is mistress of Spanish, Scotch, and Dutch.  Whoever
+speaks to her, it is kneeling; now and then she raises some with her
+hand.  While we were there, W. Slawata, a Bohemian baron, had
+letters to present to her; and she, after pulling off her glove,
+gave him her right hand to kiss, sparkling with rings and jewels, a
+mark of particular favour.  Wherever she turned her face, as she was
+going along, everybody fell down on their knees. {9}  The ladies of
+the court followed next to her, very handsome and well-shaped, and
+for the most part dressed in white.  She was guarded on each side by
+the gentlemen pensioners, fifty in number, with gilt battle-axes.
+In the ante-chapel, next the hall where we were, petitions were
+presented to her, and she received them most graciously, which
+occasioned the acclamation of "Long Live Queen Elizabeth!"  She
+answered it with "I thank you, my good people."  In the chapel was
+excellent music; as soon as it and the service were over, which
+scarce exceeded half an hour, the Queen returned in the same state
+and order, and prepared to go to dinner.  But while she was still at
+prayers, we saw her table set out with the following solemnity:-
+
+A gentleman entered the room bearing a rod, and along with him
+another who had a table-cloth which, after they had both kneeled
+three times with the utmost veneration, he spread upon the table,
+and, after kneeling again, they both retired.  Then came two others,
+one with the rod again, the other with a salt-cellar, a plate, and
+bread; when they had kneeled as the others had done, and placed what
+was brought upon the table, they too retired with the same
+ceremonies performed by the first.  At last came an unmarried lady
+(we were told she was a countess), and along with her a married one,
+bearing a tasting-knife; the former was dressed in white silk, who,
+when she had prostrated herself three times in the most graceful
+manner, approached the table and rubbed the plates with bread and
+salt with as much awe as if the Queen had been present.  When they
+had waited there a little while, the yeomen of the guards entered,
+bareheaded, clothed in scarlet, with a golden rose upon their backs,
+bringing in at each turn a course of twenty-four dishes, served in
+plate, most of it gilt; these dishes were received by a gentleman in
+the same order they were brought, and placed upon the table, while
+the lady taster gave to each of the guard a mouthful to eat of the
+particular dish he had brought, for fear of any poison.  During the
+time that this guard, which consists of the tallest and stoutest men
+that can be found in all England, being carefully selected for this
+service, were bringing dinner, twelve trumpets and two kettledrums
+made the hall ring for half an hour together.  At the end of all
+this ceremonial, a number of unmarried ladies appeared, who, with
+particular solemnity, lifted the meat off the table, and conveyed it
+into the Queen's inner and more private chamber, where, after she
+had chosen for herself, the rest goes to the ladies of the Court.
+
+The Queen dines and sups alone with very few attendants, and it is
+very seldom that anybody, foreigner or native, is admitted at that
+time, and then only at the intercession of somebody in power.
+
+Near this palace is the Queen's park, stocked with deer.  Such parks
+are common throughout England, belonging to those that are
+distinguished either for their rank or riches.  In the middle of
+this is an old square tower, called Mirefleur, supposed to be that
+mentioned in the romance of "Amadis de Gaul;" and joining to it a
+plain, where knights and other gentlemen use to meet, at set times
+and holidays, to exercise on horseback.
+
+We left London in a coach, in order to see the remarkable places in
+its neighbourhood.
+
+The first was Theobalds, belonging to Lord Burleigh, the Treasurer.
+In the gallery was painted the genealogy of the Kings of England;
+from this place one goes into the garden, encompassed with a ditch
+full of water, large enough for one to have the pleasure of going in
+a boat and rowing between the shrubs; here are great variety of
+trees and plants, labyrinths made with a great deal of labour, a JET
+D'EAU, with its basin of white marble, and columns and pyramids of
+wood and other materials up and down the garden.  After seeing
+these, we were led by the gardener into the summer-house, in the
+lower part of which, built semicircularly, are the twelve Roman
+emperors in white marble, and a table of touchstone; the upper part
+of it is set round with cisterns of lead, into which the water is
+conveyed through pipes, so that fish may be kept in them, and in
+summer-time they are very convenient for bathing.  In another room
+for entertainment, very near this, and joined to it by a little
+bridge, was an oval table of red marble.  We were not admitted to
+see the apartments of this palace, there being nobody to show it, as
+the family was in town, attending the funeral of their lord. {10}
+
+Hoddesdon, a village.
+
+Ware, a market town.
+
+Puckeridge, a village; this was the first place where we observed
+that the beds at inns were made by the waiters.
+
+Camboritum, Cantabrigium and Cantabrigia, now called Cambridge, a
+celebrated town, so named from the river Cam, which after washing
+the western side, playing through islands, turns to the east, and
+divides the town into two parts, which are joined by a bridge,
+whence its modern name--formerly it had the Saxon one of
+Grantbridge.  Beyond this bridge is an ancient and large castle,
+said to be built by the Danes:  on this side, where far the greater
+part of the town stands, all is splendid; the streets fine, the
+churches numerous, and those seats of the Muses, the colleges, most
+beautiful; in these a great number of learned men are supported, and
+the studies of all polite sciences and languages flourish.
+
+I think proper to mention some few things about the foundation of
+this University and its colleges.  Cantaber, a Spaniard, is thought
+to have first instituted this academy 375 years before Christ, and
+Sebert, King of the East Angles, to have restored it A.D. 630.  It
+was afterwards subverted in the confusion under the Danes, and lay
+long neglected, till upon the Norman Conquest everything began to
+brighten up again:  from that time inns and halls for the convenient
+lodging of students began to be built, but without any revenues
+annexed to them.
+
+The first college, called Peter House, was built and endowed by Hugh
+Balsam, Bishop of Ely, A.D. 1280; and, in imitation of him, Richard
+Badew, with the assistance of Elizabeth Burke, Countess of Clare and
+Ulster, founded Clare Hall in 1326; Mary de St. Paul, Countess of
+Pembroke, Pembroke Hall in 1343; the Monks of Corpus Christi, the
+college of the same name, though it has besides that of Bennet; John
+Craudene, Trinity Hall, 1354; Edmond Gonville, in 1348, and John
+Caius, a physician in our times, Gonville and Caius College; King
+Henry VI., King's College, in 1441, adding to it a chapel that may
+justly claim a place among the most beautiful buildings in the
+world.  On its right side is a fine library, where we saw the "Book
+of Psalms" in manuscript, upon parchment four spans in length and
+three broad, taken from the Spaniards at the siege of Cadiz, and
+thence brought into England with other rich spoils.  Margaret of
+Anjou, his wife, founded Queen's College, 1448, at the same time
+that John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, built Jesus College; Robert
+Woodlarke, Catherine Hall; Margaret of Richmond, mother of King
+Henry VII., Christ's and St. John's Colleges, about 1506; Thomas
+Audley, Chancellor of England, Magdalen College, much increased
+since both in buildings and revenue by Christopher Wray, Lord Chief
+Justice; and the most potent King Henry VIII. erected Trinity
+College for religion and polite letters--in its chapel is the tomb
+of Dr. Whitacre, with an inscription in gold letters upon marble;
+Emanuel College, built in our own times by the most honourable and
+prudent Sir Walter Mildmay, one of Her Majesty's Privy Council; and
+lastly, Sidney College, now first building by the executors of the
+Lady Frances Sidney, {11} Countess of Sussex.
+
+We must note here that there is certain sect in England called
+Puritans; these, according to the doctrine of the Church of Geneva,
+reject all ceremonies anciently held, and admit of neither organs
+nor tombs in their places of worship, and entirely abhor all
+difference in rank among Churchmen, such as bishops, deans, &c.;
+they were first named Puritans by the Jesuit Sandys.  They do not
+live separate, but mix with those of the Church of England in the
+colleges.
+
+Potton, a village.
+
+Ampthill, a town; here we saw immense numbers of rabbits, which are
+reckoned as good as hares, and are very well tasted.
+
+We passed through the towns of Woburn, Leighton, Aylesbury, and
+Wheatley.
+
+Oxonium, Oxford, the famed Athens of England; that glorious seminary
+of learning and wisdom, whence religion, politeness, and letters,
+are abundantly dispersed into all parts of the kingdom.  The town is
+remarkably fine, whether you consider the elegance of its private
+buildings, the magnificence of its public ones, or the beauty and
+wholesomeness of its situation, which is on a plain, encompassed in
+such a manner with hills, shaded with wood, as to be sheltered on
+the one hand from the sickly south, and on the other from the
+blustering west, but open to the east, that blows serene weather,
+and to the north, the preventer of corruption, from which, in the
+opinion of some, it formerly obtained the appellation of Bellositum.
+This town is watered by two rivers, the Cherwell and the Isis,
+vulgarly called the Ouse; and though these streams join in the same
+channel, yet the Isis runs more entire and with more rapidity
+towards the south, retaining its name till it meets the Thame, which
+it seems long to have sought, at Wallingford; thence, called by the
+compound name of Thames, it flows the prince of all British rivers,
+of whom we may justly say, as the ancients did of the Euphrates,
+that it both sows and waters England.
+
+The colleges in this famous University are as follows:-
+
+In the reign of Henry III., Walter Merton, Bishop of Rochester,
+removed the college he had founded in Surrey, 1274, to Oxford,
+enriched it, and named it Merton College; and soon after, William,
+Archdeacon of Durham, restored, with additions, that building of
+Alfred's now called University College; in the reign of Edward I.,
+John Baliol, King of Scotland, or, as some will have it, his
+parents, founded Baliol College; in the reign of Edward II., Walter
+Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, founded Exeter College and Hart Hall;
+and, in imitation of him, the King, King's College, commonly called
+Oriel, and St. Mary's Hall; next, Philippa, wife of Edward III.,
+built Queen's College; and Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+Canterbury College; William Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, raised
+that magnificent structure called New College; Magdalen College was
+built by William Wainflete, Bishop of Winchester, a noble edifice,
+finely situated and delightful for its walks; at the same time,
+Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, that great encourager of learning,
+built the Divinity School very splendidly, and over it a library, to
+which he gave an hundred and twenty-nine very choice books,
+purchased at a great price from Italy, but the public has long since
+been robbed of the use of them by the avarice of particulars:
+Lincoln College; All Souls' College; St. Bernard's College; Brazen-
+Nose College, founded by William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, in the
+reign of Henry VII.; its revenues were augmented by Alexander Nowel,
+Dean of St. Paul's, London; upon the gate of this college is fixed a
+nose of brass; Corpus Christi College, built by Richard Fox, Bishop
+of Winchester--under his picture in the College chapel are lines
+importing that it is the exact representation of his person and
+dress.
+
+Christ's Church, the largest and most elegant of them all, was begun
+on the ground of St. Frideswide's Monastery, by Thomas Wolsey,
+Cardinal of York, to which Henry VIII. joined Canterbury College,
+settled great revenues upon it, and named it Christ's Church; the
+same great prince, out of his own treasury, to the dignity of the
+town and ornament of the University, made the one a bishoprie, and
+instituted professorships in the other.
+
+Jesus College, built by Hugh Price, Doctor of Laws.
+
+That fine edifice, the Public Schools, was entirely raised by Queen
+Mary, and adorned with various inscriptions.
+
+Thus far of the colleges and halls, which for the beauty of their
+buildings, their rich endowments, and copious libraries, excel all
+the academies in the Christian world.  We shall add a little of the
+academies themselves, and those that inhabit them.
+
+These students lead a life almost monastic; for as the monks had
+nothing in the world to do but when they had said their prayers at
+stated hours to employ themselves in instructive studies, no more
+have these.  They are divided into three tables:  the first is
+called the Fellows' table, to which are admitted earls, barons,
+gentlemen, doctors, and Masters of Arts, but very few of the latter-
+-this is more plentifully and expensively served than the others;
+the second is for Masters of Arts, Bachelors, some gentlemen, and
+eminent citizens; the third for people of low condition.  While the
+rest are at dinner or supper in a great hall, where they are all
+assembled, one of the students reads aloud the Bible, which is
+placed on a desk in the middle of the hall, and this office every
+one of them takes upon himself in his turn.  As soon as grace is
+said after each meal, every one is at liberty either to retire to
+his own chambers or to walk in the College garden, there being none
+that has not a delightful one.  Their habit is almost the same as
+that of the Jesuits, their gowns reaching down to their ankles,
+sometimes lined with fur; they wear square caps.  The doctors,
+Masters of Arts, and professors, have another kind of gown that
+distinguishes them.  Every student of any considerable standing has
+a key to the College library, for no college is without one.
+
+In an out-part of the town are the remains of a pretty large
+fortification, but quite in ruins.  We were entertained at supper
+with an excellent concert, composed of a variety of instruments.
+
+The next day we went as far as the Royal Palace of Woodstock, where
+King Ethelred formerly held a Parliament, and enacted certain laws.
+This palace, abounding in magnificence, was built by Henry I., to
+which he joined a very large park, enclosed with a wall; according
+to John Rosse, the first park in England.  In this very palace the
+present reigning Queen Elizabeth, before she was confined to the
+Tower, was kept prisoner by her sister Mary.  While she was detained
+here, in the utmost peril of her life, she wrote with a piece of
+charcoal the following verse, composed by herself, upon a window
+shutter:-
+
+
+"O Fortune! how thy restless wavering state
+Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit!
+Witness this present prison whither fate
+Hath borne me, and the joys I quit.
+Thou causedest the guilty to be loosed
+From bands wherewith are innocents enclosed;
+Causing the guiltless to be strait reserved,
+And freeing those that death had well deserved:
+But by her envy can be nothing wrought,
+So God send to my foes all they have thought.
+A.D., M.D.L.V."
+"Elizabeth, Prisoner.
+
+
+Not far from this palace are to be seen, near a spring of the
+brightest water, the ruins of the habitation of Rosamond Clifford,
+whose exquisite beauty so entirely captivated the heart of King
+Henry II. that he lost the thought of all other women; she is said
+to have been poisoned at last by the Queen.  All that remains of her
+tomb of stone, the letters of which are almost worn out, is the
+following:-
+
+
+" . . . Adorent,
+Utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur."
+
+
+The rhyming epitaph following was probably the performance of some
+monk:-
+
+
+"Hic jacet in tumba Rosamundi non Rosamunda,
+Non redolet sed olet, quae redolere solet."
+
+
+Returning from hence to Oxford, after dinner we proceeded on our
+journey, and passed through Ewhelme, a royal palace, in which some
+alms-people are supported by an allowance from the Crown.
+
+Nettlebed, a village.
+
+We went through the little town of Henley; from hence the Chiltern
+Hills bear north in a continued ridge, and divide the counties of
+Oxford and Buckingham.
+
+We passed Maidenhead.
+
+Windsor, a royal castle, supposed to have been begun by King Arthur,
+its buildings much increased by Edward III.  The situation is
+entirely worthy of being a royal residence, a more beautiful being
+scarce to be found; for, from the brow of a gentle rising, it enjoys
+the prospect of an even and green country; its front commands a
+valley extended every way, and chequered with arable lands and
+pasturage, clothed up and down with groves, and watered by that
+gentlest of rivers, the Thames; behind rise several hills, but
+neither steep nor very high, crowned with woods, and seeming
+designed by Nature herself for the purpose of hunting.
+
+The Kings of England, invited by the deliciousness of the place,
+very often retire hither; and here was born the conqueror of France,
+the glorious King Edward III., who built the castle new from the
+ground, and thoroughly fortified it with trenches, and towers of
+square stone, and, having soon after subdued in battle John, King of
+France, and David, King of Scotland, he detained them both prisoners
+here at the same time.  This castle, besides being the Royal Palace,
+and having some magnificent tombs of the Kings of England, is famous
+for the ceremonies belonging to the Knights of the Garter.  This
+Order was instituted by Edward III., the same who triumphed so
+illustriously over John, King of France.  The Knights of the Garter
+are strictly chosen for their military virtues, and antiquity of
+family; they are bound by solemn oath and vow to mutual and
+perpetual friendship among themselves, and to the not avoiding any
+danger whatever, or even death itself, to support, by their joint
+endeavours, the honour of the Society; they are styled Companions of
+the Garter, from their wearing below the left knee a purple garter,
+inscribed in letters of gold with "HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE," I.E.,
+"Evil to him that evil thinks."  This they wear upon the left leg,
+in memory of one which, happening to untie, was let fall by a great
+lady, passionately beloved by Edward, while she was dancing, and was
+immediately snatched up by the King, who, to do honour to the lady,
+not out of any trifling gallantry, but with a most serious and
+honourable purpose, dedicated it to the legs of the most
+distinguished nobility.  The ceremonies of this Society are
+celebrated every year at Windsor on St. George's Day, the tutelar
+saint of the Order, the King presiding; and the custom is that the
+Knights Companions should hang up their helmet and shield, with
+their arms blazoned on it, in some conspicuous part of the church.
+
+There are three principal and very large courts in Windsor Castle,
+which give great pleasure to the beholders:  the first is enclosed
+with most elegant buildings of white stone, flat-roofed, and covered
+with lead; here the Knights of the Garter are lodged; in the middle
+is a detached house, remarkable for its high tower, which the
+governor inhabits.  In this is the public kitchen, well furnished
+with proper utensils, besides a spacious dining-room, where all the
+poor Knights eat at the same table, for into this Society of the
+Garter, the King and Sovereign elects, at his own choice, certain
+persons, who must be gentlemen of three descents, and such as, for
+their age and the straitness of their fortunes, are fitter for
+saying their prayers than for the service of war; to each of them is
+assigned a pension of eighteen pounds per annum and clothes.  The
+chief institution of so magnificent a foundation is, that they
+should say their daily prayers to God for the King's safety, and the
+happy administration for the kingdom, to which purpose they attend
+the service, meeting twice every day at chapel.  The left side of
+this court is ornamented by a most magnificent chapel of one hundred
+and thirty-four paces in length, and sixteen in breadth; in this are
+eighteen seats fitted up in the time of Edward III. for an equal
+number of Knights:  this venerable building is decorated with the
+noble monuments of Edward IV., Henry VI., and VIII., and of his wife
+Queen Jane.  It receives from royal liberality the annual income of
+two thousand pounds, and that still much increased by the
+munificence of Edward III. and Henry VII.  The greatest princes in
+Christendom have taken it for the highest honour to be admitted into
+the Order of the Garter; and since its first institution about
+twenty kings, besides those of England, who are the sovereigns of
+it, not to mention dukes and persons of the greatest figure, have
+been of it.  It consists of twenty-six Companions.
+
+In the inward choir of the chapel are hung up sixteen coats-of-arms,
+swords, and banners; among which are those of Charles V. and
+Rodolphus II., Emperors; of Philip of Spain; Henry III. of France;
+Frederic II. of Denmark, &c.; of Casimir, Count Palatine of the
+Rhine; and other Christian princes who have been chosen into this
+Order.
+
+In the back choir, or additional chapel, are shown preparations made
+by Cardinal Wolsey, who was afterwards capitally punished, {12} for
+his own tomb; consisting of eight large brazen columns placed round
+it, and nearer the tomb four others in the shape of candlesticks;
+the tomb itself is of white and black marble; all which are
+reserved, according to report, for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth;
+the expenses already made for that purpose are estimated at upwards
+of 60,000 pounds.  In the same chapel is the surcoat {13} of Edward
+III., and the tomb of Edward Fynes, Earl of Lincoln, Baron Clinton
+and Say, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and formerly
+Lord High Admiral of England.
+
+The second court of Windsor Castle stands upon higher ground, and is
+enclosed with walls of great strength, and beautified with fine
+buildings and a tower; it was an ancient castle, of which old annals
+speak in this manner:  King Edward, A.D. 1359, began a new building
+in that part of the Castle of Windsor where he was born; for which
+reason he took care it should be decorated with larger and finer
+edifices than the rest.  In this part were kept prisoners John, King
+of France, and David, King of Scots, over whom Edward triumphed at
+one and the same time:  it was by their advice, struck with the
+advantage of its situation, and with the sums paid for their ransom,
+that by degrees this castle stretched to such magnificence, as to
+appear no longer a fortress, but a town of proper extent, and
+inexpugnable to any human force.  This particular part of the castle
+was built at the sole expense of the King of Scotland, except one
+tower, which, from its having been erected by the Bishop of
+Winchester, Prelate of the Order, is called Winchester Tower; {14}
+there are a hundred steps to it, so ingeniously contrived that
+horses can easily ascend them; it is a hundred and fifty paces in
+circuit; within it are preserved all manner of arms necessary for
+the defence of the place.
+
+The third court is much the largest of any, built at the expense of
+the captive King of France; as it stands higher, so it greatly
+excels the two former in splendour and elegance; it has one hundred
+and forty-eight paces in length, and ninety-seven in breadth; in the
+middle of it is a fountain of very clear water, brought under
+ground, at an excessive expense, from the distance of four miles.
+Towards the east are magnificent apartments destined for the royal
+household; towards the west is a tennis-court for the amusement of
+the Court; on the north side are the royal apartments, consisting of
+magnificent chambers, halls, and bathing-rooms, {15} and a private
+chapel, the roof of which is embellished with golden roses and
+FLEURS-DE-LIS:  in this, too, is that very large banqueting-room,
+seventy-eight paces long, and thirty wide, in which the Knights of
+the Garter annually celebrate the memory of their tutelar saint, St.
+George, with a solemn and most pompous service.
+
+From hence runs a walk of incredible beauty, three hundred and
+eighty paces in length, set round on every side with supporters of
+wood, which sustain a balcony, from whence the nobility and persons
+of distinction can take the pleasure of seeing hunting and hawking
+in a lawn of sufficient space; for the fields and meadows, clad with
+variety of plants and flowers, swell gradually into hills of
+perpetual verdure quite up to the castle, and at bottom stretch out
+in an extended plain, that strikes the beholders with delight.
+
+Besides what has been already mentioned, there are worthy of notice
+here two bathing-rooms, ceiled and wainscoted with looking-glass;
+the chamber in which Henry VI. was born; Queen Elizabeth's
+bedchamber, where is a table of red marble with white streaks; a
+gallery everywhere ornamented with emblems and figures; a chamber in
+which are the royal beds of Henry VII. and his Queen, of Edward VI.,
+of Henry VIII., and of Anne Boleyn, all of them eleven feet square,
+and covered with quilts shining with gold and silver; Queen
+Elizabeth's bed, with curious coverings of embroidery, but not quite
+so long or large as the others; a piece of tapestry, in which is
+represented Clovis, King of France, with an angel presenting to him
+the FLEURS-DE-LIS to be borne in his arms; for before his time the
+Kings of France bore three toads in their shield, instead of which
+they afterwards placed three FLEURS-DE-LIS on a blue field; this
+antique tapestry is said to have been taken from a King of France,
+while the English were masters there.  We were shown here, among
+other things, the horn of a unicorn, of above eight spans and a half
+in length, valued at above 10,000 pounds; the bird of paradise,
+three spans long, three fingers broad, having a blue bill of the
+length of half an inch, the upper part of its head yellow, the
+nether part of a . . . colour; {16} a little lower from either side
+of its throat stick out some reddish feathers, as well as from its
+back and the rest of its body; its wings, of a yellow colour, are
+twice as long as the bird itself; from its back grow out lengthways
+two fibres or nerves, bigger at their ends, but like a pretty strong
+thread, of a leaden colour, inclining to black, with which, as it
+has not feet, it is said to fasten itself to trees when it wants to
+rest; a cushion most curiously wrought by Queen Elizabeth's own
+hands.
+
+In the precincts of Windsor, on the other side the Thames, both
+whose banks are joined by a bridge of wood, is Eton, a well-built
+College, and famous school for polite letters, founded by Henry VI.;
+where, besides a master, eight fellows and chanters, sixty boys are
+maintained gratis.  They are taught grammar, and remain in the
+school till, upon trial made of their genius and progress in study,
+they are sent to the University of Cambridge.
+
+As we were returning to our inn, we happened to meet some country
+people CELEBRATING THEIR HARVEST HOME; their last load of corn they
+crown with flowers, having besides an image richly dressed, by
+which, perhaps, they would signify Ceres; this they keep moving
+about, while men and women, men and maid servants, riding through
+the streets in the cart, shout as loud as they can till they arrive
+at the barn.  The farmers here do not bind up their corn in sheaves,
+as they do with us, but directly as they have reaped or mowed it,
+put it into carts, and convey it into their barns.
+
+We went through the town of Staines.
+
+Hampton Court, a Royal Palace, magnificently built with brick by
+Cardinal Wolsey in ostentation of his wealth, where he enclosed five
+very ample courts, consisting of noble edifices in very beautiful
+work.  Over the gate in the second area is the Queen's device, a
+golden Rose, with this motto, "Dieu et mon Droit:" on the inward
+side of this gate are the effigies of the twelve Roman Emperors in
+plaster.  The chief area is paved with square stone; in its centre
+is a fountain that throws up water, covered with a gilt crown, on
+the top of which is a statue of Justice, supported by columns of
+black and white marble.  The chapel of this palace is most splendid,
+in which the Queen's closet is quite transparent, having its window
+of crystal.  We were led into two chambers, called the presence, or
+chambers of audience, which shone with tapestry of gold and silver
+and silk of different colours:  under the canopy of state are these
+words embroidered in pearl, "VIVAT HENRICUS OCTAVUS."  Here is
+besides a small chapel richly hung with tapestry, where the Queen
+performs her devotions.  In her bedchamber the bed was covered with
+very costly coverlids of silk:  at no great distance from this room
+we were shown a bed, the tester of which was worked by Anne Boleyn,
+and presented by her to her husband Henry VIII.  All the other
+rooms, being very numerous, are adorned with tapestry of gold,
+silver, and velvet, in some of which were woven history pieces; in
+others, Turkish and American dresses, all extremely natural.
+
+In the hall are these curiosities:
+
+A very clear looking-glass, ornamented with columns and little
+images of alabaster; a portrait of Edward VI., brother to Queen
+Elizabeth; the true portrait of Lucretia; a picture of the battle of
+Pavia; the history of Christ's passion, carved in mother-of-pearl;
+the portraits of Mary Queen of Scots, who was beheaded, and her
+daughter; {17} the picture of Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, and of
+Philip his son; that of Henry VIII.--under it was placed the Bible
+curiously written upon parchment; an artificial sphere; several
+musical instruments; in the tapestry are represented negroes riding
+upon elephants.  The bed in which Edward VI. is said to have been
+born, and where his mother Jane Seymour died in child-bed.  In one
+chamber were several excessively rich tapestries, which are hung up
+when the Queen gives audience to foreign ambassadors; there were
+numbers of cushions ornamented with gold and silver; many
+counterpanes and coverlids of beds lined with ermine:  in short, all
+the walls of the palace shine with gold and silver.  Here is besides
+a certain cabinet called Paradise, where besides that everything
+glitters so with silver, gold, and jewels, as to dazzle one's eyes,
+there is a musical instrument made all of glass, except the strings.
+Afterwards we were led into the gardens, which are most pleasant;
+here we saw rosemary so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover
+them entirely, which is a method exceeding common in England.
+
+Kingston, a market town.
+
+Nonesuch, a royal retreat, in a place formerly called Cuddington, a
+very healthful situation, chosen by King Henry VIII. for his
+pleasure and retirement, and built by him with an excess of
+magnificence and elegance, even to ostentation:  one would imagine
+everything that architecture can perform to have been employed in
+this one work.  There are everywhere so many statues that seem to
+breathe so many miracles of consummate art, so many casts that rival
+even the perfection of Roman antiquity, that it may well claim and
+justify its name of Nonesuch, being without an equal; or as the post
+sung -
+
+
+"This, which no equal has in art or fame,
+Britons deservedly do NONESUCH name."
+
+
+The palace itself is so encompassed with parks full of deer,
+delicious gardens, groves ornamented with trellis-work, cabinets of
+verdure, and walks so embrowned by trees, that it seems to be a
+place pitched upon by Pleasure herself, to dwell in along with
+Health.
+
+In the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and pyramids
+of marble, two fountains that spout water one round the other like a
+pyramid, upon which are perched small birds that stream water out of
+their bills.  In the Grove of Diana is a very agreeable fountain,
+with Actaeon turned into a stag, as he was sprinkled by the goddess
+and her nymphs, with inscriptions.
+
+There is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed pipes,
+which spurt upon all who come within their reach.
+
+Returned from hence to London.
+
+
+
+A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+
+Britain, consisting of the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, is
+the largest island in the world, encompassed by the ocean, the
+German and French seas.  The largest and southern part of it is
+England, so named from the Angli, who quitting the little territory
+yet called Angel in the kingdom of Denmark, took possession here.
+It is governed by its own King, who owns no superior but God.  It is
+divided into thirty-nine counties, to which thirteen in Wales were
+added by Henry VIII., the first who distributed that principality
+into counties; over each of these, in times of danger, a lord
+lieutenant, nominated by the King, presides with an unlimited power.
+Every year some gentleman, an inhabitant of the place, is appointed
+sheriff; his office is to collect the public moneys, to raise fines,
+or to make seizures, and account for it to the Treasury; to attend
+upon the judges, and put their sentence in execution; to empanel the
+jury, who sit upon facts, and return their verdict to the judges
+(who in England are only such of the law, and not of the fact); to
+convey the condemned to execution, and to dertermine in lesser
+causes, for the greater are tried by the judges, formerly called
+travelling judges of assize; these go their circuits through the
+counties twice every year to hear causes, and pronounce sentence
+upon prisoners.
+
+As to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, after the Popes had assigned a
+church and parish to every priest, Honorius, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, about the year 636, began to divide England in the same
+manner into parishes:  as it has two Provinces, so it has two
+Archbishops:  the one of Canterbury, Primate and Metropolitan of all
+England; the other of York:  subject to these are twenty-five
+bishops, viz., twenty-two to Canterbury, the remaining three to
+York.
+
+The soil is fruitful, and abounds with cattle, which inclines the
+inhabitants rather to feeding than ploughing, so that near a third
+part of the land is left uncultivated for grazing.  The climate is
+most temperate at all times, and the air never heavy, consequently
+maladies are scarcer, and less physic is used there than anywhere
+else.  There are but few rivers; though the soil is productive, it
+bears no wine; but that want is supplied from abroad by the best
+kinds, as of Orleans, Gascon, Rhenish, and Spanish.  The general
+drink is beer, which is prepared from barley, and is excellently
+well tasted, but strong, and what soon fuddles.  There are many
+hills without one tree, or any spring, which produce a very short
+and tender grass, and supply plenty of food to sheep; upon these
+wander numerous flocks, extremely white, and whether from the
+temperature of the air, or goodness of the earth, bearing softer and
+finer fleeces than those of any other country:  this is the true
+Golden Fleece, in which consist the chief riches of the inhabitants,
+great sums of money being brought into the island by merchants,
+chiefly for that article of trade.  The dogs here are particularly
+good.  It has mines of gold, silver, and tin (of which all manner of
+table utensils are made, in brightness equal to silver, and used all
+over Europe), of lead, and of iron, but not much of the latter.  The
+horses are small but swift.  Glasshouses are in plenty here.
+
+
+
+OF THE MANNERS OF THE ENGLISH.
+
+
+
+The English are serious, like the Germans; lovers of show, liking to
+be followed wherever they go by whole troops of servants, who wear
+their masters' arms in silver, fastened to their left arms, a
+ridicule they deservedly lie under.  They excel in dancing and
+music, for they are active and lively, though of a thicker make than
+the French; they cut their hair close on the middle of the head,
+letting it grow on either side; they are good sailors, and better
+pirates, cunning, treacherous and thievish; above three hundred are
+said to be hanged annually at London; beheading with them is less
+infamous than hanging; they give the wall as the place of honour;
+hawking is the general sport of the gentry; they are more polite in
+eating than the French, devouring less bread, but more meat, which
+they roast in perfection; they put a great deal of sugar in their
+drink; their beds are covered with tapestry, even those of farmers;
+they are often molested with the scurvy, said to have first crept
+into England with the Norman Conquest; their houses are commonly of
+two storeys, except in London, where they are of three and four,
+though but seldom of four; they are built of wood, those of the
+richer sort with bricks; their roofs are low, and, where the owner
+has money, covered with lead.
+
+They are powerful in the field, successful against their enemies,
+impatient of anything like slavery; vastly fond of great noises that
+fill the ear, such as the firing of cannon, drums, and the ringing
+of bells, so that it is common for a number of them, that have got a
+glass in their heads, to go up into the belfry, and ring the bells
+for hours together for the sake of exercise.  If they see a
+foreigner very well made, or particularly handsome, they will say,
+"It is a pity he is not an Englishman!"
+
+
+
+THE ILLUSTRIOUS FAMILIES OF ENGLAND
+
+
+
+Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, hereditary Marshal of England:  the
+duchy is extinct for rebellion, the last duke being beheaded.
+
+Grey, Duke of Suffolk, attainted under Queen Mary.
+
+Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel in his mother's right, and of Surrey
+by his father, son of the abovementioned Duke of Norfolk, he himself
+condemned for high treason, and his titles forfeited.
+
+Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, hereditary Chamberlain of England.
+
+Percy, Earl of Northumberland, descended from the Dukes of Brabant.
+
+Charles Nevill, Earl of Westmoreland, banished into Holland, and
+deprived of his fortunes and dignities for rebellion.
+
+Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury.
+
+Grey, Earl of Kent, has but a small estate.
+
+Stanley, Earl of Derby, and King of Man.
+
+Manners, Earl of Rutland.
+
+Somerset, Earl of Worcester, descended from a bastard of the
+Somerset family, which itself is of the royal family of the
+Plantagenets.
+
+Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.
+
+Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex.
+
+Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, of the line of York, by the mother's
+side.
+
+Bourchier, Earl of Bath.
+
+Ambrose Sutton, alias Dudley, Earl of Warwick, died a few years
+since, childless.
+
+Wriothesly, Earl of Southampton.
+
+Russell, Earl of Bedford.
+
+Herbert, Earl of Pembroke.
+
+Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, son of the Duke of Somerset, who
+was beheaded in the reign of Edward VI.
+
+Robert Sutton, or Dudley, Earl of Leicester, brother of the Earl of
+Warwick, died a few years ago.
+
+Robert d'Evereux, Earl of Essex, and of Ewe in Normandy, created
+hereditary Marshal of England in 1598.
+
+Charles Howard, of the Norfolk family, created Earl of Nottingham,
+1597, Lord High Admiral of England, and Privy Counsellor.
+
+Fynes, Earl of Lincoln.
+
+Brown, Viscount Montacute.
+
+Howard, of the Norfolk family, Viscount Bindon.
+
+Nevill, Baron Abergavenny; this barony is controverted.
+
+Touchet, Baron Audley.
+
+Zouch, Baron Zouch.
+
+Peregrine Bertie, Baron Willoughby of Eresby and Brooke, Governor of
+Berwick.
+
+Berkley, Baron Berkley, of the ancient family of the Kings of
+Denmark.
+
+Parker, Baron Morley.
+
+Dacre, Baron Dacre of Gyllesland:  this barony is vacant.
+
+Dacre, Baron Dacre of the South:  he died four years since, and the
+barony devolved to his daughter.
+
+Brook, Baron Cobham, Warden of the Cinque Ports.
+
+Stafford, Baron Stafford, reduced to want; he is heir to the family
+of the Dukes of Buckingham, who were hereditary Constables of
+England.
+
+Gray, Baron Gray of Wilton.
+
+Scroop, Baron Scroop of Boulton.
+
+Sutton, Baron Dudley.
+
+Stourton, Baron Stourton.
+
+Nevill, Baron Latimer, died some years since without heirs male; the
+title controverted.
+
+Lumley, Baron Lumley.
+
+Blunt, Baron Montjoy.
+
+Ogle, Baron Ogle.
+
+Darcy, Baron Darcy.
+
+Parker, Baron Montegle, son and heir of Baron Morley; he has this
+barony in right of his mother, of the family of Stanley.
+
+Sandys, Baron Sandys.
+
+Vaux, Baron Vaux.
+
+Windsor, Baron Windsor.
+
+Wentworth, Baron Wentworth.
+
+Borough, Baron Borough, reduced to want.
+
+Baron Mordaunt.  Baron Eure.
+
+Baron Rich.  Baron Sheffield.
+
+Baron North, Privy Counsellor, and Treasurer of the Household.
+
+Baron Hunsdon, Privy Counsellor, and Lord Chamberlain.
+
+Sackville, Baron Buckhurst, Privy Counsellor.
+
+Thomas Cecil, Baron Burleigh, son of the Treasurer.
+
+Cecil, Lord Roos, grandson of the Treasurer, yet a child:  he holds
+the barony in right of his mother, daughter to the Earl of Rutland.
+
+Howard of Maltravers, son of the Earl of Arundel, not yet restored
+in blood.
+
+Baron Cheyny.
+
+Baron Cromwell.  Baron Wharton.
+
+Baron Willoughby of Parham.
+
+Baron Pagett, in exile, attainted.
+
+Baron Chandois.  Baron St. John.
+
+Baron Delaware:  his ancestors took the King of France prisoner.
+
+Baron Compton, has squandered almost all his substance.
+
+Baron Norris.
+
+Thomas Howard, second son of the Duke of Norfolk, Baron Audley of
+Saffronwalden, in his mother's right.
+
+William, third son of the Duke of Norfolk, is neither a baron, nor
+yet restored in blood.
+
+Thus far of noble families.
+
+
+We set out from London in a boat, and fell down the river, leaving
+Greenwich, which we have spoken of before, on the right hand.
+
+Barking, a town in sight on the left.
+
+Gravesend, a small town, famous for the convenience of its port; the
+largest Dutch ships usually call here.  As we were to proceed
+farther from hence by water, we took our last leave here of the
+noble Bohemian David Strziela, and his tutor Tobias Salander, our
+constant fellow-travellers through France and England, they
+designing to return home through Holland, we on a second tour into
+France; but it pleased Heaven to put a stop to their design, for the
+worthy Strziela was seized with a diarrhoea a few days before our
+departure, and, as we afterwards learned by letters from Salander,
+died in a few days of a violent fever in London.
+
+Queenborough:  we left the castle on our right; a little farther we
+saw the fishing of oysters out of the sea, which are nowhere in
+greater plenty or perfection; witness Ortelius in his Epitome, &c.
+
+Whitstable; here we went ashore.
+
+Canterbury; we came to it on foot; this is the seat of the
+Archbishop, Primate of all England, a very ancient town, and,
+without doubt, of note in the time of the Romans.
+
+Here are two monasteries almost contiguous, namely of Christ and St.
+Augustine, both of them once filled with Benedictine Monks:  the
+former was afterwards dedicated to St. Thomas a Becket, the name of
+Christ being obliterated; it stands almost in the middle of the
+town, and with so much majesty lifts itself, and its two towers, to
+a stupendous height, that, as Erasmus says, it strikes even those
+who only see it at a distance with awe.
+
+In the choir, which is shut up with iron rails, are the following
+monuments:-
+
+King Henry IV., with his wife Joan of Navarre, of white marble.
+
+Nicholas Wootton, Privy Counsellor to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary,
+and Elizabeth, Kings and Queens of England.
+
+Of Prince Edward, Duke of Aquitaine and Cornwall, and Earl of
+Chester.
+
+Reginald Pole, with this inscription:
+
+
+"The remains of Reginald Pole, Cardinal and Archbishop of
+Canterbury."
+
+
+Cardinal Chatillon.
+
+We were then shown the chair in which the bishops are placed when
+they are installed.  In the vestibule of the church, on the south
+side, stand the statues of three men armed, cut in stone, who slew
+Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, made a saint for this
+martyrdom; their names are adjoined -
+
+Tusci, Fusci, Berri. {18}
+
+Being tired with walking, we refreshed ourselves here with a
+mouthful of bread and some ale, and immediately mounted post-horses,
+and arrived about two or three o'clock in the morning at Dover.  In
+our way to it, which was rough and dangerous enough, the following
+accident happened to us:  our guide, or postillion, a youth, was
+before with two of our company, about the distance of a musketshot;
+we, by not following quick enough, had lost sight of our friends; we
+came afterwards to where the road divided; on the right it was down-
+hill and marshy, on the left was a small hill:  whilst we stopped
+here in doubt, and consulted which of the roads we should take, we
+saw all on a sudden on our right hand some horsemen, their stature,
+dress, and horses exactly resembling those of our friends; glad of
+having found them again, we determined to set on after them; but it
+happened, through God's mercy, that though we called to them, they
+did not answer us, but kept on down the marshy road at such a rate,
+that their horses' feet struck fire at every stretch, which made us,
+with reason, begin to suspect they were thieves, having had warning
+of such; or rather, that they were nocturnal spectres, who, as we
+were afterwards told, are frequently seen in those places:  there
+were likewise a great many Jack-a-lanterns, so that we were quite
+seized with horror and amazement!  But, fortunately for us, our
+guide soon after sounded his horn, and we, following the noise,
+turned down the left-hand road, and arrived safe to our companions;
+who, when we had asked them if they had not seen the horsemen who
+had gone by us, answered, not a soul.  Our opinions, according to
+custom, were various upon this matter; but whatever the thing was,
+we were, without doubt, in imminent danger, from which that we
+escaped, the glory is to be ascribed to God alone.
+
+Dover, situated among cliffs (standing where the port itself was
+originally, as may be gathered from anchors and parts of vessels dug
+up there), is more famous for the convenience of its port, which
+indeed is now much decayed, and its passage to France, than for
+either its elegance or populousness:  this passage, the most used
+and the shortest, is of thirty miles, which, with a favourable wind,
+may be run over in five or six hours' time, as we ourselves
+experienced; some reckon it only eighteen to Calais, and to Boulogne
+sixteen English miles, which, as Ortelius says in his "Theatrum,"
+are longer than the Italian.
+
+Here was a church dedicated to St. Martin by Victred, King of Kent,
+and a house belonging to the Knights Templars; of either there are
+now no remains.  It is the seat of a suffragan to the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, who, when the Archbishop is employed upon business of
+more consequence, manages the ordinary affairs, but does not
+interfere with the archiepiscopal jurisdiction.  Upon a hill, or
+rather rock, which on its right side is almost everywhere a
+precipice, a very extensive castle rises to a surprising height, in
+size like a little city, extremely well fortified, and thick-set
+with towers, and seems to threaten the sea beneath.  Matthew Paris
+calls it the door and key of England; the ordinary people have taken
+into their heads that it was built by Julius Caesar; it is likely it
+might by the Romans, from those British bricks in the chapel which
+they made use of in their foundations.  See Camden's "Britannia."
+
+After we had dined, we took leave of England.
+
+
+
+
+FRAGMENTA REGALIA
+
+
+
+
+OR, OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATE QUEEN ELIZABETH, HER TIMES, AND
+FAVOURITES.  WRITTEN BY Sir Robert Naunton, MASTER OF THE COURT OF
+WARDS.  A.D. 1641.
+
+
+To take her in the original, she was the daughter of King Henry
+VIII. by Anne Boleyn, the second of six wives which he had, and one
+of the maids of honour to the divorced Queen, Katharine of Austria
+(or, as the now styled, Infanta of Spain), and from thence taken to
+the royal bed.
+
+That she was of a most noble and royal extract by her father will
+not fall into question, for on that side was disembogued into her
+veins, by a confluency of blood, the very abstract of all the
+greatest houses in Christendom:  and remarkable it is, considering
+that violent desertion of the Royal House of the Britons by the
+intrusion of the Saxons, and afterwards by the conquest of the
+Normans, that, through vicissitude of times, and after a
+discontinuance almost of a thousand years, the sceptre should fall
+again and be brought back into the old regal line and true current
+of the British blood, in the person of her renowned grandfather,
+King Henry VII., together with whatsoever the German, Norman,
+Burgundian, Castilian, and French achievements, with their
+intermarriages, which eight hundred years had acquired, could add of
+glory thereunto.
+
+By her mother she was of no sovereign descent, yet noble and very
+ancient in the family of Boleyn; though some erroneously brand them
+with a citizen's rise or original, which was yet but of a second
+brother, who (as it was divine in the greatness and lustre to come
+to his house) was sent into the city to acquire wealth, AD
+AEDIFICANDAM ANTIQUAM DOMUM, unto whose achievements (for he was
+Lord Mayor of London) fell in, as it is averred, both the blood and
+inheritance of the eldest brother for want of issue males, by which
+accumulation the house within few descents mounted, IN CULMEN
+HONORIS, and was suddenly dilated in the best families of England
+and Ireland:  as Howard, Ormond, Sackville, and others.
+
+Having thus touched, and now leaving her stirp, I come to her
+person, and how she came to the crown by the decease of her brother
+and sister.
+
+Under Edward VI. she was his, and one of the darlings of Fortune,
+for, besides the consideration of blood, there was between these two
+princes a concurrency and sympathy of their natures and affections,
+together with the celestial bond (confirmative religion), which made
+them one; for the King never called her by any other appellation but
+his sweetest and dearest sister, and was scarce his own man, she
+being absent; which was not so between him and the Lady Mary.
+
+Under her sister {19} she found her condition much altered; for it
+was resolved, and her destiny had decreed it, for to set her
+apprentice in the school of affliction, and to draw her through that
+ordeal-fire of trial, the better to mould and fashion her to rule
+and sovereignty:  which finished, Fortune calling to mind that the
+time of her servitude was expired, gave up her indentures, and
+therewith delivered into her custody a sceptre as the reward of her
+patience; which was about the twenty-sixth of her age:  a time in
+which, as for her internals grown ripe, and seasoned by adversity,
+in the exercise of her virtue; for, it seems, Fortune meant no more
+but to show her a piece of variety and changeableness of her nature,
+but to conduct her to her destiny, I.E., felicity.
+
+She was of person tall, of hair and complexion fair, and therewith
+well favoured, but high-nosed; of limbs and features neat; and,
+which added to the lustre of these external graces, of a stately and
+majestic comportment, participating in this more of her father than
+of her mother, who was of an inferior alloy, plausible, or, as the
+French hath it, more DEBONAIRE and affable:  virtues which might
+well suit with majesty, and which, descending as hereditary to the
+daughter, did render her of a sweeter temper, and endeared her more
+to the love and liking of the people, who gave her the name and fame
+of a most gracious and popular princess.
+
+The atrocity of the father's nature was rebated in her by the
+mother's sweeter inclinations; for (to take, and that no more than
+the character out of his own mouth) HE NEVER SPARED MAN IN HIS
+ANGER, NOR WOMAN IN HIS LUST.
+
+If we search farther into her intellectuals and abilities, the
+wheel-course of her government deciphers them to the admiration of
+posterity; for it was full of magnanimity, tempered with justice,
+piety, and pity, and, to speak truth, noted but with one act of
+stain, or taint, all her deprivations, either of life or liberty,
+being legal and necessitated.  She was learned, her sex and time
+considered, beyond common belief; for letters about this time, or
+somewhat before, did but begin to be of esteem and in fashion, the
+former ages being overcast with the mists and fogs of the Roman {20}
+ignorance; and it was the maxim that over-ruled the foregoing times,
+that IGNORANCE WAS THE MOTHER OF DEVOTION.  Her wars were a long
+time more in the auxiliary part, and assistance of foreign princes
+and states, than by invasion of any; till common policy advised it,
+for a safer way, to strike first abroad, than at home to expect the
+war, in all which she was ever felicitous and victorious.
+
+The change and alteration of religion upon the instant of her
+accession to the crown (the smoke and fire of her sister's
+martyrdoms scarcely quenched) was none of her least remarkable
+actions; but the support and establishment thereof, with the means
+of her own subsistence amidst so powerful enemies abroad, and those
+many domestic practices, were, methinks, works of inspiration, and
+of no human providence, which, on her sister's departure, she most
+religiously acknowledged--ascribing the glory of her deliverance to
+God above; for she being then at Hatfield, and under a guard, and
+the Parliament sitting at the self-same time, at the news of the
+Queen's death, and her own proclamation by the general consent of
+the House and the public sufferance of the people, falling on her
+knees, after a good time of respiration, she uttered this verse of
+the Psalm:
+
+
+"A DOMINO FACTUM EST ISTUD, ET EST MIRABILE IN OCULIS NOSTRIS." {21}
+
+
+And this we find to this day on the stamp of her gold, with this on
+her silver:
+
+
+" POSUI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM." {22}
+
+
+Her ministers and instruments of State, such as were PARTICIPES
+CURARUM, or bore a great part of the burthen, were MANY, and those
+MEMORABLE; but they were only FAVOURITES, and not MINIONS; such as
+acted more by HER princely rules and judgments, than by their OWN
+wills and appetites; for we saw no Gaveston, Vere, or Spencer, to
+have swayed alone, during forty-four years, which was a well-settled
+and advised maxim; for it valued her the more, it awed the most
+secure, it took best with the people, and it staved off all
+emulations, which are apt to rise and vent in obloquious acrimony
+even against the prince, where there is ONE ONLY admitted into high
+administrations.
+
+
+
+A MAJOR PALATII
+
+
+
+The principal note of her reign will be, that she ruled much by
+faction and parties, which she herself both made, upheld, and
+weakened, as her own great judgment advised; for I do dissent from
+the common and received opinion, that my Lord of Leicester was
+ABSOLUTE and ALONE in her GRACE; and, though I come somewhat short
+of the knowledge of these times, yet, that I may not err or shoot at
+random, I know it from assured intelligence that it was not so; for
+proof whereof, amongst many (that could present), I will both relate
+a story, and therein a known truth, and it was thus:  Bowyer, the
+Gentleman of the Black Rod, being charged by her express command to
+look precisely to all admissions in the Privy Chamber, one day
+stayed a very gay captain (and a follower of my Lord of Leicester)
+from entrance, for that he was neither well known, nor a sworn
+servant of the Queen; at which repulse, the gentleman (bearing high
+on my lord's favour) told him that he might, perchance, procure him
+a discharge.  Leicester coming to the contestation, said publicly,
+which was none of his wonted speeches, that he was a knave, and
+should not long continue in his office; and so turning about to go
+to the Queen, Bowyer, who was a bold gentleman and well-beloved,
+stepped before him, and fell at Her Majesty's feet, relates the
+story, and humbly craves Her Grace's pleasure, and in such a manner
+as if he had demanded whether my Lord of Leicester was King, or Her
+Majesty Queen:  whereunto she replied (with her wonted oath, GOD'S-
+DEATH) "My lord, I have wished you well, but my favour is not so
+locked up for you that others shall not participate thereof; for I
+have many servants unto whom I have, and will, at my pleasure,
+bequeath my favour, and likewise resume the same; and if you think
+to rule here, I will take a course to see you forthcoming; {23} I
+will have here but one MISTRESS, and no MASTER; and look that no ill
+happen to him, lest it be severely required at your hands:" which so
+quailed my Lord of Leicester, that his faint humility was, long
+after, one of his best virtues.
+
+Moreover, the Earl of Sussex, then Lord Chamberlain, was his
+professed antagonist to his dying day; and for my Lord Hunsdown, and
+Sir Thomas Sackville, after Lord Treasurer, who were all
+contemporaries, he was wont to say of them, that they were of the
+tribe of Dan, and were NOLI ME TANGERE, implying that they were not
+to be contested with, for they were, indeed, of the Queen's nigh
+kindred.
+
+From whence, and in many more instances, I conclude that she was
+absolute and sovereign mistress of her graces, and that all those to
+whom she distributed her favours were never more than tenants-at-
+will, and stood on no better terms than her princely pleasure, and
+their good behaviour.
+
+And this also I present as a known observation, that she was, though
+very capable of counsel, absolute enough in her own resolution;
+which was ever apparent even to her last, and in that of her still
+aversion to grant Tyrone {24} the least drop of her mercy, though
+earnestly and frequently advised thereunto, yea, wrought only by her
+whole Council of State, with very many reasons; and, as the state of
+her kingdom then stood, I may speak it with assurance, necessitated
+arguments.
+
+If we look into her inclination, as it was disposed to magnificence
+or frugality, we shall find in them many notable considerations; for
+all her dispensations were so poised as though Discretion and
+Justice had both decreed to stand at the beam, and see them weighed
+out in due proportion, the maturity of her paces and judgments
+meeting in a concurrence; and that in such an age that seldom
+lapseth to excess.
+
+To consider them apart, we have not many precedents of her
+LIBERALITY, nor any large donatives to PARTICULAR men, my Lord of
+Essex's book of PARKS excepted, which was a princely gift; and some
+more of a lesser size to my Lord of Leicester, Hatton, and others.
+
+Her rewards chiefly consisted in grants and leases of offices, and
+places of judicature; but for ready money, and in great sums, she
+was very sparing; which, we may partly conceive, was a virtue rather
+drawn out of necessity than her nature; for she had many layings-
+out, and as her wars were lasting, so their charge increased to the
+last period.  And I am of opinion with Sir Walter Raleigh, that
+those many brave men of her times, and of the militia, tasted little
+more of her bounty than in her grace and good word with their due
+entertainment; for she ever paid her soldiers well, which was the
+honour of her times, and more than her great adversary of Spain
+could perform; so that when we come to the consideration of her
+FRUGALITY, the observation will be little more than that her BOUNTY
+and it were so woven together, that the one was {25} stained by an
+honourable way of sparing.
+
+The Irish action we may call a malady, and a consumption of her
+times, for it accompanied her to her end; and it was of so profuse
+and vast an expense, that it drew near unto a distemperature of
+State, and of passion in herself; for, towards her last, she grew
+somewhat hard to please, her armies being accustomed to prosperity,
+and the Irish prosecution not answering her expectation, and her
+wonted success; for it was a good while an unthrifty and
+inauspicious war, which did much disturb and mislead her judgment;
+and the more for that it was a precedent taken out of her own
+pattern.
+
+For as the Queen, by way of division, had, at her coming to the
+crown, supported the revolted States of Holland, so did the King of
+Spain turn the trick upon herself, towards her going out, by
+cherishing the Irish rebellion; where it falls into consideration,
+what the state of this kingdom and the crown revenues were then able
+to endure and embrace.
+
+If we look into the establishments of those times with the best of
+the Irish army, counting the defeat of Blackwater, with all the
+precedent expenses, as it stood from my Lord of Essex's undertaking
+of the surrender of Kingsale, and the General Mountjoy, and somewhat
+after, we shall find the horse and foot troops were, for three or
+four years together, much about twenty thousand, besides the naval
+charge, which was a dependant of the same war; in that the Queen was
+then forced to keep in continual pay a strong fleet at sea to attend
+the Spanish coasts and parts, both to alarm the Spaniards, and to
+intercept the forces designed for the Irish assistance; so that the
+charge of that war alone did cost the Queen three hundred thousand
+pounds per annum at least, which was not the moiety of her other
+disbursements and expenses; which, without the public aids, the
+state of the royal receipts could not have much longer endured;
+which, out of her own frequent letters and complaints to the Deputy
+Mountjoy for cashiering of that list as soon as he could, might be
+collected, for the Queen was then driven into a strait.
+
+We are naturally prone to applaud the times behind us, and to vilify
+the present; for the concurrent of her fame carries it to this day,
+how loyally and victoriously she lived and died, without the grudge
+and grievance of her people; yet the truth may appear without
+detraction from the honour of so great a princess.  It is manifest
+she left more debts unpaid, taken upon credit of her privy-seals,
+than her progenitors did, or could have taken up, that were a
+hundred years before her; which was no inferior piece of State, to
+lay the burthen on that house {26} which was best able to bear it at
+a dead lift, when neither her receipts could yield her relief at the
+pinch, nor the urgency of her affairs endure the delays of
+Parliamentary assistance.  And for such aids it is likewise apparent
+that she received more, and that with the love of her people, than
+any two of her predecessors that took most; which was a fortune
+strained out of the subjects, through the plausibility of her
+comportment, and (as I would say, without offence) the prodigal
+distribution of her grace to all sorts of subjects; for I believe no
+prince living, that was so tender of honour, and so exactly stood
+for the preservation of sovereignty, was so great a courtier of the
+people, yea, of the Commons, and that stooped and declined low in
+presenting her person to the public view, as she passed in her
+progress and perambulations, and in her ejaculations of her prayers
+on the people.
+
+And, truly, though much may be written in praise of her providence
+and good husbandry, in that she could, upon all good occasions,
+abate her magnanimity, and therewith comply with the Parliament, and
+so always come off both with honour and profit; yet must we ascribe
+some part of the commendation to the wisdom of the times, and the
+choice of Parliament-men; for I said {27} not that they were at any
+time given to any violent or pertinacious dispute, the elections
+being made of grave and discreet persons, not factious and ambitious
+of fame; such as came not to the House with a malevolent spirit of
+contention, but with a preparation to consult on the public good,
+and rather to comply than to contest with Majesty:  neither dare I
+find {28} that the House was weakened and pestered through the
+admission of too many YOUNG HEADS, as it hath been of LATTER times;
+which remembers me of the Recorder Martin's speech about the truth
+of our late Sovereign Lord King James, {29} when there were accounts
+taken of FORTY gentlemen not above TWENTY, and some not exceeding
+SIXTEEN years of age; which made him to say, "that it was the
+ancient custom for old men to make laws for young ones, but there he
+saw the case altered, and there were children in the great council
+of the kingdom, which came to invade and invert nature, and to enact
+laws to govern their fathers."  Such {30} were in the House always,
+{31} and took the common cause into consideration; and they say the
+Queen had many times just cause, and need enough, to use their
+assistance:  neither do I remember that the House did ever
+capitulate, or prefer their private to the public and the Queen's
+necessities, but waited their times, and, in the first place, gave
+their supply, and according to the exigence of her affairs; yet
+failed not at the last to attain what they desired, so that the
+Queen and her Parliaments had ever the good fortune to depart in
+love, and on reciprocal terms, which are considerations that have
+not been so exactly observed in our LAST assemblies.  And I would to
+God they had been; for, considering the great debts left on the
+King, {32} and to what incumbrances the House itself had then drawn
+him, His Majesty was not well used, though I lay not the blame on
+the whole suffrage of the House, where he had many good friends; for
+I dare avouch it, had the House been freed of half a dozen popular
+and discontented persons (such as, with the fellow that burnt the
+temple of Ephesus, would be talked of, though for doing mischief), I
+am confident the King had obtained that which, in reason, and at his
+first occasion, he ought to have received freely, and without
+condition.  But pardon this digression, which is here remembered,
+not in the way of aggravation, but in true zeal of the public good,
+and presented IN CAVEAT of future times:  for I am not ignorant how
+the genius and spirit of the kingdom now moves to make His Majesty
+amends on any occasion; and how desirous the subject is to expiate
+that offence at any rate, may it please His Majesty to make a trial
+of his subjects' affections; and at what price they value now his
+goodness and magnanimity.
+
+But to our purpose:  the Queen was not to learn that, as the
+strength of the kingdom consisted in the multitude of her subjects,
+so the security of her person consisted and rested in the love and
+fidelity of her people, which she politically affected (as it hath
+been thought) somewhat beneath the height of her natural spirit and
+magnanimity.
+
+Moreover, it will be a true note of her providence, that she would
+always listen to her profit:  for she would not refuse the
+information of meanest personages, which proposed improvement; and
+had learned the philosophy of (HOC AGERE) to look unto her own work:
+of which there is a notable example of one Carmarthen, an under
+officer of the Custom House, who, observing his time, presented her
+with a paper, showing how she was abused in the under-renting of the
+Customs, and therewith humbly desired Her Majesty to conceal him,
+for that it did concern two or three of her great counsellors, {33}
+whom Customer Smith had bribed with two thousand pounds a man, so to
+lose the Queen twenty thousand pounds per annum; which being made
+known to the Lords, they gave strict order that Carmarthen should
+not have access to the back-stairs; but, at last, Her Majesty
+smelling the craft, and missing Carmarthen, she sent for him back,
+and encouraged him to stand to his information; which the poor man
+did so handsomely that, within the space of ten years, he was
+brought to double his rent, or leave the Custom to new farmers.  So
+that we may take this also in consideration, that there were of the
+Queen's Council which were not in the catalogue of saints.
+
+Now, as we have taken a view of some particular motives of her
+times, her nature, and necessities, it is not without the text to
+give a short touch of the HELPS and ADVANTAGES of her reign, which
+were NOT without {34} paroles; for she had neither husband, brother,
+sister, nor children to provide for, who, as they are dependants on
+the Crown, so do they necessarily draw livelihood from thence, and
+oftentimes exhaust and draw deep, especially when there is an ample
+fraternity royal, and of the princes of the blood, as it was in the
+time of Edward III. and Henry IV.  For when the Crown cannot, the
+public ought to give honourable allowance; for they are the honour
+and hopes of the kingdom; and the public, which enjoys them, hath
+the like interest with the father which begat them; and our common
+law, which is the inheritance of the kingdom, did ever of old
+provide aids for the PRIMOGENITUS {35} and the eldest daughter; for
+that the multiplicity of courts, and the great charges which
+necessarily follow a king, a queen, a prince, and royal issue, was a
+thing which was not IN RERUM NATURA {36} during the space of forty-
+four years, {37} but worn out of memory, and without the
+consideration of the present times, insomuch as the aids given to
+the late and Right Noble Prince Henry, and to his sister, the Lady
+Elizabeth, which were at first generally received as impositions for
+knighthood, though an ancient law, fell also into the imputation of
+a tax of nobility, for that it lay long covered in the embers of
+division between the Houses of York and Lancaster, and forgotten or
+connived at by the succeeding princes:  so that the strangeness of
+the observation, and the difference of those latter reigns, is that
+the Queen took up much BEYOND the power of law, which fell not into
+the murmur of people; and her successors took nothing but by warrant
+of the law, which nevertheless was received, THROUGH DISUSE, to be
+injurious to the liberty of the kingdom.
+
+Now before I come to any mention of her favourites, for hitherto I
+have delivered but some oblivious passages, thereby to prepare and
+smooth a way for the rest that follows:
+
+It is necessary that I touch on the religiousness of the other's
+reign, I mean the body of her sister's {38} Council of State, which
+she retained entirely, neither removing nor discontenting any,
+although she knew them averse to her religion, and, in her sister's
+time, perverse to her person, and privy to all her troubles and
+imprisonments.
+
+A prudence which was incompatible to her sister's nature, for she
+both dissipated and presented the major part of her brother's
+Council; but this will be of certain, that how compliable and
+obsequious soever she found them, yet for a good space she made
+little use of their counsels, more than in the ordinary course of
+the Board, for she had a dormant table in her own privy breast; yet
+she kept them together and in their places, without any sudden
+change; so that we may say of them that they were then of the Court,
+not of the Council; for whilst she AMAZED {39} them by a kind of
+promissive disputation concerning the points controverted by both
+Churches, she did set down her own gests, without their privity, and
+made all their progressions, gradations; but for that the tenents of
+her secrets, with the intents of her establishments, were pitched
+before it was known where the Court would sit down.
+
+Neither do I find that any of her sister's Council of State were
+either repugnant to her religion, or opposed her doings; Englefeild,
+Master of the Wards, excepted, who withdrew himself from the Board,
+and shortly after out of her dominions; so pliable and obedient they
+were to change with the times and their prince; and of them will
+fall a relation of recreation.  Paulet, Marquis of Winchester, and
+Lord Treasurer, had served then four princes, in as various and
+changeable times and seasons, that I may well say no time nor age
+hath yielded the like precedent.  This man, being noted to grow high
+in her favour (as his place and experience required), was questioned
+by an intimate friend of his, how he had stood up for thirty years
+together, amidst the change and ruins of so many Chancellors and
+great personages.  "Why," quoth the marquis, "ORTUS SUM E SALICE,
+NON EX QUERCU," I.E., "I am made of pliable willow, not of the
+stubborn oak."  And, truly, it seems the old man had taught them
+all, especially William, Earl of Pembroke, for they two were always
+of the King's religion, and always zealous professors:  of these it
+is said that being both younger brothers, yet of noble houses, they
+spent what was left them, and came on trust to the Court, where,
+upon the bare stock of their wits, they began to traffic for
+themselves, and prospered so well that they got, spent, and left
+more than any subjects from the Norman Conquest to their own times;
+whereupon it hath been prettily spoken that they lived in a time of
+dissolution.
+
+To conclude, then, of all the former reign, it is said that those
+two lived and died chiefly in her grace and favour:  by the letter
+written upon his son's marriage with the Lady Catherine Grey, he had
+like utterly to have lost himself; but at the instant of
+consummation, as apprehending the unsafety and danger of
+intermarriage with the blood royal, he fell at the Queen's feet,
+where he both acknowledged his presumption, and projected the cause
+and the divorce together:  so quick he was at his work, that in the
+time of repudiation of the said Lady Grey, he clapped up a marriage
+for his son, the Lord Herbert, with Mary Sidney, daughter to Sir
+Henry Sidney, then Lord Deputy or Ireland, the blow falling on
+Edward, the late Earl of Hertford, who, to his cost, took up the
+divorced lady, of whom the Lord Beauchamp was born, and William, now
+Earl of Hertford, is descended.
+
+I come now to present them to her own election, which were either
+admitted to her secrets of State, or taken into her grace and
+favour; of whom, in order, I crave leave to give unto posterity a
+cautious description, with a short character or draught of the
+persons themselves (for, without offence to others, I would be true
+to myself), their memories and merits, distinguishing those of
+MILITIAE {40} from the TOGATI; {41} and of both these she had as
+many, and those as able ministers, as had any of her progenitors.
+
+
+LEICESTER
+
+
+It will be out of doubt that my Lord of Leicester was one of the
+first whom she made Master of the Horse; he was the youngest son
+then living of the Duke of Northumberland, beheaded PRIMO MARIAE,
+{42} and his father was that Dudley which our histories couple with
+Empson, and both be much infamed for the caterpillars of the
+commonwealth during the reign of Henry VII., who, being of a noble
+extract, was executed the first year of Henry VIII., but not thereby
+so extinct but that he left a plentiful estate, and such a son who,
+as the vulgar speaks it, would live without a teat.  For, out of the
+ashes of his father's infamy, he rose to be a duke, and as high as
+subjection could permit or sovereignty endure.  And though he could
+not find out any appellation to assume the crown in his own person,
+yet he projected, and very nearly effected it, for his son Gilbert,
+by intermarriage with the Lady Jane Grey, and so, by that way, to
+bring it into his loins.  Observations which, though they lie beyond
+us, and seem impertinent to the text, yet are they not much
+extravagant, for they must lead us and show us how the after-
+passages were brought about, with the dependences on the line of a
+collateral workmanship; and surely it may amaze a well-settled
+judgment to look back into these times and to consider how the duke
+could attain to such a pitch of greatness, his father dying in
+ignominy, and at the gallows, his estate confiscated for pilling and
+polling the people.
+
+But, when we better think upon it, we find that he was given up but
+as a sacrifice to please the people, not for any offence committed
+against the person of the King; so that upon the matter he was a
+martyr of the prerogative, and the King in honour could do no less
+than give back to his son the privilege of his blood, with the
+acquiring of his father's profession, for he was a lawyer, and of
+the King's Council at Law, before he came to be EX INTERIORIBUS
+CONSILIIS, {43} where, besides the licking of his own fingers, he
+got the King a mass of riches, and that not with hazard, but with
+the loss of his life and fame, for the King's father's sake.
+
+Certain it is that his son was left rich in purse and brain, which
+are good foundations, and fuel to ambition; and, it may be supposed,
+he was on all occasions well heard of the King as a person of mark
+and compassion in his eye, but I find not that he did put up for
+advancement during Henry VIII.'s time, although a vast aspirer and a
+provident stayer.
+
+It seems he thought the King's reign was much given to the falling-
+sickness, but espying his time fitting, and the sovereignty in the
+hands of a pupil prince, he then thought he might as well put up,
+for it was the best; for having the possession of blood, and of
+purse, with a head-piece of a vast extent, he soon got to honour,
+and no sooner there but he began to side it with the best, even with
+the Protector, {44} and, in conclusion, got his and his brother's
+heads; still aspiring till he expired in the loss of his own, so
+that posterity may, by reading of the father and grandfather, make
+judgment of the son; for we shall find that this Robert, whose
+original we have now traced the better to present him, was inheritor
+to the genius and craft of his father, and Ambrose of the estate, of
+whom hereafter we shall make some short mention.
+
+We took him now as he was admitted into the Court and the Queen's
+favours, and here he was not to seek to play his part well and
+dexterously; but his play was chiefly at the fore-game, not that he
+was a learner at the latter, but he loved not the after-wit, for the
+report is (and I think not unjustly) that he was seldom behind-hand
+with his gamesters, and that they always went with the loss.
+
+He was a very goodly person, tall, and singularly well-featured, and
+all his youth well-favoured, of a sweet aspect, but high-foreheaded,
+which (as I should take it) was of no discommendation; but towards
+his latter, and which with old men was but a middle age, he grew
+high-coloured, so that the Queen had much of her father, for,
+expecting some of her kindred, and some few that had handsome wits
+in crooked bodies, she always took personage in the way of election,
+for the people hath it to this day, KING HENRY LOVED A MAN.
+
+Being thus in her grace, she called to mind the sufferings of HIS
+ancestors, both in her father's and sister's reigns, and restored
+his and his brother's blood, creating Ambrose, the elder, Earl of
+Warwick, and himself Earl of Leicester; and, as he was EX PRIMITIS,
+or, OF HER FIRST CHOICE, so he rested not there, but long enjoyed
+her favour, and therewith what he listed, till time and emulation,
+the companions of greatness, resolved of his period, and to colour
+him at his setting in a cloud (at Conebury) not by so violent a
+death, or by the fatal sentence of a judicature, as that of his
+father and grandfather was, but, as is supposed, by that poison
+which he had prepared for others, wherein they report him a rare
+artist.  I am not bound to give credit to all vulgar relations, or
+the libels of his time, which are commonly forced and falsified
+suitable to the words and honours {45} of men in passion and
+discontent; but what blinds me to think him no good man, amongst
+other things of known truth, is that of my Lord of Essex's {46}
+death in Ireland and the marriage of his lady, which I forbear to
+press in regard he is long since dead, and others are living whom it
+may concern.
+
+To take him in the observation of his letters and writings, which
+should best set him off, for such as have fallen into my hands, I
+never yet saw a style or phrase more seemingly religious and fuller
+of the strains of devotion; and, were they not sincere, I doubt much
+of his well-being, {47} and, I fear, he was too well seen in the
+aphorisms and principles of Nicholas the Florentine, and in the
+reaches {48} of Cesare Borgia.
+
+And hereto I have only touched him in his courtships.  I conclude
+him in his lance; {49} he was sent Governor by the Queen to the
+revolted States of Holland, where we read not of his wonders, for
+they say he had more of Mercury than he had of Mars, and that his
+device might have been, without prejudice to the great Caesar, VENI,
+VIDI, REDIVI.
+
+
+RADCLIFFE, Earl of Sussex.
+
+
+His {50} co-rival was Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex, who in his
+constellation was his direct opposite, for indeed he was one of the
+Queen's martialists, and did her very good service in Ireland, at
+her first accession, till she recalled him to the Court, whom she
+made Lord Chamberlain; but he played not his game with that cunning
+and dexterity as the Earl of Leicester did, who was much the fairer
+courtier, though Sussex was thought much the honester man, and far
+the better soldier, but he lay too open on his guard; he was a godly
+gentleman, and of a brave and noble nature, true and constant to his
+friends and servants; he was also of a very ancient and noble
+lineage, honoured through many descents, through the title of
+Fitzwalters.  Moreover, there was such an antipathy in his nature to
+that of Leicester, that, being together in Court, and both in high
+employments, they grew to a direct frowardness, and were in
+continual opposition, the one setting the watch, the other the
+guard, each on the other's actions and motions; for my Lord of
+Sussex was of so great spirit, which, backed with the Queen's
+special favour and support, {51} by a great and ancient inheritance,
+could not brook the other's empire, insomuch as the Queen upon
+sundry occasions had somewhat to do to appease and atone them, until
+death parted the competition, and left the place to Leicester, who
+was not long alone without his rival in grace and command; and, to
+conclude this favourite, it is confidently affirmed that, lying in
+his last sickness, he gave this CAVEAT to his friends:-
+
+"I am now passing into another world, and I must leave you to your
+fortunes and the Queen's grace and goodness; but beware of gipsy"
+(meaning Leicester), "for he will be too hard for you all; you know
+not the beast so well as I do."
+
+
+SECRETARY WILLIAM CECIL.
+
+
+I come now to the next, which was Secretary William Cecil, for on
+the death of the old Marquis of Winchester he came up in his room:
+a person of a most subtle and active spirit.
+
+He stood not by the way of constellation, but was wholly attentive
+to the service of his mistress, and his dexterity, experience, and
+merit therein challenged a room in the Queen's favour which eclipsed
+the other's over-seeming greatness, and made it appear that there
+were others steered and stood at the helm besides himself, and more
+stars in the firmament of grace than Ursa Major.
+
+He was born, as they say, in Lincolnshire, but, as some aver upon
+knowledge, of a younger brother of the Cecils of Hertfordshire, a
+family of my own knowledge, though now private, yet of no mean
+antiquity, who, being exposed, and sent to the City, as poor
+gentlemen used to do their sons, became to be a rich man on London
+Bridge, and purchased {52} in Lincolnshire, where this man was born.
+
+He was sent to Cambridge, and then to the Inns of Court, and so came
+to serve the Duke of Somerset in the time of his Protectorship as
+Secretary, and having a pregnancy to high inclinations, he came by
+degrees to a higher conversation with the chiefest affairs of State
+and Councils; but, on the fall of the duke, he stood some years in
+umbrage and without employment, till the State found they needed his
+abilities; and although we find not that he was taken into any place
+during Mary's reign, unless (as some say) towards the last, yet the
+Council several times made use of him, and in the Queen's {53}
+entrance he was admitted Secretary of State; afterwards he was made
+Master of the Court of Wards, then Lord Treasurer, for he was a
+person of most excellent abilities; and, indeed, the Queen began to
+need and seek out men of both guards, and so I conclude to rank this
+{54} great instrument amongst the TOGATI, for he had not to do with
+the sword, more than as the great paymaster and contriver of the war
+which shortly followed, wherein he accomplished much, through his
+theoretical knowledge at home and his intelligence abroad, by
+unlocking of the counsels of the Queen's enemies.
+
+We must now take it, and that of truth, into observation that, until
+the tenth of her reign, the times were calm and serene, though
+sometimes overcast, as the most glorious sun-rising is subject to
+shadowings and droppings, for the clouds of Spain, and the vapours
+of the Holy League, began to disperse and threaten her felicity.
+Moreover, she was then to provide for some intestine strangers,
+which began to gather in the heart of her kingdom, all which had
+relation and correspondency, each one to the other, to dethrone her
+and to disturb the public tranquillity, and therewithal, as a
+principal mark, the Established religion, for the name of Recusant
+then began first to be known to the world; until then the Catholics
+were no more than Church-Papists, {55} but now, commanded by the
+Pope's express Catholic Church, their mother, they separate
+themselves; so it seems the Pope had then his aims to take a true
+number of his children; but the Queen had the greater advantage, for
+she likewise took tale of her opposite subjects, their strength and
+how many they were, that had given their names to Baal, who {56}
+then by the hands of some of his proselytes fixed his bulls on the
+gates of St. Paul's, which discharged her subjects of all fidelity
+and received faith, and so, under the veil of the next successor, to
+replant the Catholic religion.  So that the Queen had then a new
+task and work in hand that might well awake her best providence, and
+required a muster of new arms, as well as courtships and counsels,
+for the time then began to grow quick and active, fitter for
+stronger motions than them of the carpet and measure; and it will be
+a true note of her magnanimity that she loved a soldier, and had a
+propensity in her nature to regard and always to grace them, which
+the Court, taking it into their consideration, took it as an
+inviting to win honour, together with Her Majesty's favour, by
+exposing themselves to the wars, especially when the Queen and the
+affairs of the kingdom stood in some necessity of the soldiers, for
+we have many instances of the sallies of the nobility and gentry;
+yea, and of the Court and her privy favourites, that had any touch
+or tincture of Mars in their inclinations, to steal away without
+licence and the Queen's privity, which had like to cost some of them
+dear, so predominant were their thoughts and hopes of honour grown
+in them, as we may truly observe in the exposition of Sir Philip
+Sidney, my Lord of Essex and Mountjoy, and divers others, whose
+absence, and the manner of their eruptions, was very distasteful
+unto her, whereof I can hereunto add a true and no impertinent
+story, and that of the last:  Mountjoy, who, having twice or thrice
+stole away into Brittany, where, under Sit John Norris, he had then
+a company, without the Queen's leave and privity, she sent a message
+unto him with a strict charge to the general to see him sent home.
+
+When he came into the Queen's presence, she fell into a kind
+railing, demanding of him how he durst go over without her leave.
+"Serve me so," quoth she, "once more, and I will lay you fast enough
+for running; you will never leave till you are knocked on the head,
+as that inconsiderate fellow Sidney was; you shall go when I send.
+In the meantime, see that you lodge in the Court" (which was then at
+Whitehall), "where you may follow your book, read, and discourse of
+the wars."  But to our purpose.  It fell out happily to those, and,
+as I may say, to these times, that the Queen during the calm time of
+her reign was not idle, nor rocked asleep with security, for she had
+been very provident in the reparation and augmentation of her
+shipping and ammunition, and I know not whether by a foresight of
+policy, or any instinct, it came about, or whether it was an act of
+her compassion, but it is most certain she sent no small troops to
+the revolted States of Holland, before she had received any affront
+from the King of Spain, that might deserve to tend to a breach of
+hostility, which the Papists maintain to this day was the
+provocation to the after-wars; but, omitting what might be said to
+this point, these Netherland wars were the Queen's seminaries or
+nursery of very many brave soldiers, and so likewise were the civil
+wars of France, whither she sent five several armies.
+
+They were the French scholars that inured the youth and gentry of
+the kingdom, and it was a militia, where they were daily in
+acquaintance with the discipline of the Spaniards, who were then
+turned the Queen's inveterate enemies.
+
+And thus have I taken in observation her DIES HALCYONII--I.E., these
+years of hers which were more serene and quiet than those that
+followed, which, though they were not less propitious, as being
+touched more with the points of honour and victory, yet were they
+troubled and loaded ever, both with domestic and foreign
+machinations; and, as it is already quoted, they were such as
+awakened her spirits and made her cast about her to defend rather by
+offending, and by way of provision to prevent all invasions, than to
+expect them, which was a piece of the cunning of the times; and with
+this I have noted the causes and PRINCIPIUM {57} of the wars
+following, and likewise points to the seed-plots from whence she
+took up these brave men and plants of honour who acted on the
+theatre of Mars, and on whom she dispersed the rays of her grace;
+who were persons, in their kinds of care, virtuous, and such as
+might, out of their merit, pretend interest to her favours, of which
+rank the number will equal, if not exceed, that of her gown-men, in
+recount of whom I will proceed with Sir Philip Sidney.
+
+
+SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.
+
+
+He was the son of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland, and
+President of Wales, a person of great parts, and of no mean grace
+with the Queen; his mother was sister to my Lord of Leicester, from
+whence we may conjecture how the father stood up in the sphere of
+honour and employments, so that his descent was apparently noble on
+both sides; and for his education, it was such as travel and the
+University could afford none better, and his tutors infuse; for,
+after an incredible proficiency in all the spheres of learning, he
+left the academical for that of the Court, whither he came by his
+uncle's invitation, famed after by noble reports of his
+accomplishments, which, together with the state of his person,
+framed by a natural propensity to arms, soon attracted the good
+opinions of all men, and was so highly praised in the esteem of the
+Queen, that she thought the Court deficient without him; and
+whereas, through the fame of his desert, he was in election for the
+kingdom of Pole, {58} she refused to further his preferment, it was
+not out of emulation of advancement, but out of fear to lose the
+jewel of her time.  He married the daughter and sole heir of Sir
+Frances Walsingham, the Secretary of State, a lady destined to the
+bed of honour, who, after his deplorable death at Zutphen, in the
+Low Countries, where he was at the time of his uncle Leicester's
+being there, was remarried to the Lord of Essex, and, since his
+death, to my Lord of St. Albans, all persons of the sword, and
+otherwise of great honour and virtue.
+
+They have a very quaint conceit of him, that Mars and Mercury fell
+at variance whose servant he should be; and there is an
+epigrammatist that saith that Art and Nature had spent their
+excellences in his fashioning, and, fearing they could not end what
+they had begun, they bestowed him up for time, and Nature stood mute
+and amazed to behold her own mark; but these are the particulars of
+poets.
+
+Certain it is he was a noble and matchless gentleman, and it may be
+said justly of him, without these hyperboles of faction, as it was
+of Cato Uticensis, that he seemed to be born only to that which he
+went about, VIR SATILIS INGENII, as Plutarch saith it; but to speak
+more of him were to make them less.
+
+
+WALSINGHAM.
+
+
+Sir Francis Walsingham, as we have said, had the honour to be Sir
+Philip Sidney's father-in-law; he was a gentleman at first, of a
+good house, and of a better education, and from the University
+travelled for the rest of his learning.  Doubtless he was the only
+linguist of his times, how to use his own tongue, whereby he came to
+be employed in the chiefest affairs of State.
+
+He was sent Ambassador to France, and stayed there LEGAR long in the
+heat of the civil wars, and at the same time that Monsieur was here
+a suitor to the Queen; and, if I be not mistaken, he played the very
+same part there as since Gondomar did here. {59}  At his return he
+was taken principal Secretary, and for one of the great engines of
+State, and of the times, high in his mistress's (the Queen's)
+favour, and a watchful servant over the safety of his mistress.
+
+They note him to have certain courtesies and secret ways of
+intelligence above the rest; but I must confess I am to seek
+wherefore he suffered Parry {60} to play so long as he did, hang on
+the hook, before he hoisted him up; and I have been a little curious
+in the search thereof, though I have not to do with the ARCANA
+REGALIA IMPERII, for to know it is sometimes a burden; and I
+remember it was Ovid's criminant error that he saw too much, but I
+hope these are collaterals, and of no danger.
+
+But that Parry, having an intent to kill the Queen, made the way of
+his access by betraying of others, and in impeaching of the priests
+of his own correspondency, and thereby had access to confer with the
+Queen, as oftentimes private and familiar discourse with Walsingham,
+will not be the query of the mystery, for the Secretary might have
+had an end of a further discovery and maturity of the treason; but
+that, after the Queen knew Parry's intent, why she would then admit
+him to private discourse, and Walsingham to suffer him, considering
+the conditions of all the designs, and to permit him to go where and
+whither he listed, and only under the secrecy of a dark sentinel set
+over him, was a piece of reach and hazard beyond my apprehension.  I
+must again profess that I have read many of his letters, for they
+are commonly sent to my Lord of Leicester and of Burleigh out of
+France, containing many fine passages and secrets, yet, if I might
+have been beholding to his cyphers, they would have told pretty
+tales of the times; but I must now close him up, and rank him
+amongst the TOGATI, yet chief of those that laid the foundations of
+the French and Dutch wars, which was another piece of his fineness
+of the times, with one observation more, that he was one of the
+greatest always of the Austrian embracements, for both himself and
+Stafford that preceded him might well have been compared to him in
+the Gospel that sowed his tares in the night; so did they their
+seeds in division in the dark; and as it is a likely report that
+they father on him at his return, the Queen speaking to him with
+some sensibility of the Spanish designs on France:  "Madam," he
+answered, "I beseech you be content, and fear not; the Spaniard hath
+a great appetite and an excellent digestion, but I have fitted him
+with a bone for these twenty years that your Majesty should have no
+cause to doubt him, provided that, if the fire chance to slake which
+I have kindled, you will be ruled by me, and cast in some of your
+fuel, which will revive the flame."
+
+
+WILLOUGHBY.
+
+
+My Lord Willoughby was one of the Queen's first swordsmen; he was of
+the ancient extract of the Bartewes, but more ennobled by his
+mother, who was Duchess of Suffolk.  He was a great master of the
+art MILITARY, and was sent general into France, and commanded the
+second army of five the Queen had sent thither, in aid of the
+French.  I have heard it spoken that, had he not slighted the Court,
+but applied himself to the Queen, he might have enjoyed a plentiful
+portion of her grace; and it was his saying, and it did him no good,
+that he was none of the REPTILIA, intimating that he could not creep
+on the ground, and that the Court was not his element; for, indeed,
+as he was a great soldier, so he was of a suitable magnanimity, and
+could not brook the obsequiousness and assiduity of the Court; and
+as he was then somewhat descending from youth, happily he had an
+ANIMAM REVERTENDI, or a desire to make a safe retreat.
+
+
+BACON.
+
+
+And now I come to another of the TOGATI, Sir Nicholas Bacon, an
+arch-piece of wit and of wisdom.  He was a gentleman, and a man of
+law, and of a great knowledge therein, whereby, together with his
+after-part of learning and dexterity, he was promoted to be Keeper
+of the Great Seal, and being of kin to the Treasurer Burleigh, and
+{61} also the help of his hand to bring him to the Queen's great
+favour, for he was abundantly facetious, which took much with the
+Queen, when it suited with the season, as he was well able to judge
+of the times; he had a very quaint saying, and he used it often to
+good purpose, "that he loved the jest well, but not the loss of his
+friend;" and that, though he knew that "VERUS QUISQUE SUAE FORTUNAE
+FABER," was a true and good principle, yet the most in number were
+those that numbered themselves, but I will never forgive that man
+that loseth himself to be rid of his jests.
+
+He was father to that refined wit which since hath acted a
+disastrous part on the public stage, and of late sat in his father's
+room as Lord Chancellor; those that lived in his age, and from
+whence I have taken this little model of him, give him a lively
+character, and they decipher him to be another Solon, and the Simon
+of those times, such a one as OEdipus was in dissolving of riddles;
+doubtless he was an able instrument, as it was his commendation that
+his head was the mallet, for it was a very great one, and therein
+kept a wedge, that entered all knotty pieces that come to the table.
+
+And now again I must fall back to smooth and plane a way to the rest
+that is behind, but not from my purpose.  There have been, about
+this time, two rivals in the Queen's favour, old Sir Francis
+Knowles, Comptroller of the House, and Sir Henry Norris, whom she
+had called up at Parliament to sit with the Peers in the higher
+House, as, Henry Norris of Rycot, who had married the daughter and
+heir of the old Henry Williams of Tayne, a noble person, and to
+whom, in her adversity, the Queen had been committed to his safe
+custody, and from him had received more than ordinary observances;
+now, such was the goodness of the Queen's nature, that she neither
+forgot the good turns received from the Lord Williams, neither was
+she unmindful of this Lord Norris, whose father, in her father's
+time, and in the business of her brother, died in a noble cause, and
+in the justification of her innocency.
+
+
+NORRIS.
+
+
+My Lord Norris had, by this lady, an apt issue, which the Queen
+highly respected, for he had six sons, and all martial and brave
+men:  the first was William, the eldest, and father to the late Earl
+of Berkshire, Sir John (vulgarly called General Norris), Sir Edward,
+Sir Thomas, Sir Henry, and Maximilian, men of haughty courage, and
+of great experience in the conduct of military affairs; and, to
+speak in the character of their merit, they were persons of such
+renown and worth as future times must, of duty, owe them the debt of
+an honourable memory.
+
+
+KNOWLES.
+
+
+Sir Francis Knowles was somewhat near in the Queen's affinity, and
+had likewise no incompetent issue; for he had also William, his
+eldest son, and since Earl of Banbury, Sir Thomas, Sir Robert, and
+Sir Francis, if I be not a little mistaken in their names and
+marshalling; and there was also the Lady Lettice, a sister of those,
+who was first Countess of Essex, and after of Leicester; and those
+were also brave men in their times and places, but they were of the
+Court and carpet, and not by the genius of the camp.
+
+Between these two families there was, as it falleth out amongst
+great ones and competitors of favour, no great correspondency; and
+there were some seeds, either of emulation or distrust, cast between
+them; which, had they not been disjoined in the residence of their
+persons, as that was the fortune of their employments, the one side
+attending the Court, and the other the Pavilion, surely they would
+have broken out into some kind of hostility, or, at least, they
+would entwine and wrestle one in the other, like trees circled with
+ivy; for there was a time when, both these fraternities being met at
+Court, there passed a challenge between them at certain exercises,
+the Queen and the old men being spectators, which ended in a flat
+quarrel amongst them all.  For I am persuaded, though I ought not to
+judge, that there were some relics of this feigned that were long
+after the causes of the one family's almost utter extirpation, and
+the other's improsperity; for it was a known truth that so long as
+my Lord of Leicester lived, who was the main pillar on the one side,
+for having married the sister, the other side took no deep root in
+the Court, though otherwise they made their ways to honour by their
+swords.  And that which is of more note, considering my Lord of
+Leicester's use of men of war, being shortly after sent Governor to
+the revolted States, and no soldier himself, is that he made no more
+account of Sir John Norris, a soldier, then deservedly famous, and
+trained from a page under the discipline of the greatest captain in
+Christendom, the Admiral Castilliau, and of command in the French
+and Dutch Wars almost twenty years.  And it is of further
+observation that my Lord of Essex, after Leicester's decease, though
+addicted to arms and honoured by the general in the Portugal
+expedition, whether out of instigation, as it hath been thought, or
+out of ambition and jealousy, eclipsed by the fame and splendour of
+this great commander, never loved him in sincerity.
+
+Moreover, and certain it is, he not only crushed, and upon all
+occasions quelled the youth of this great man and his famous
+brethren, but therewith drew on his own fatal end, by undertaking
+the Irish action in a time when he left the Court empty of friends,
+and full-fraught with his professed enemies.  But I forbear to
+extend myself in any further relation upon this subject, as having
+lost some notes of truth in these two nobles, which I would present;
+and therewith touched somewhat, which I would not, if the equity of
+the narration would have permitted any omission.
+
+
+PERROT.
+
+
+Sir John Perrot was a goodly gentleman, and of the sword; and he was
+of a very ancient descent, as an heir to many subtracts of gentry,
+especially from Guy de Brain of Lawhorn; so was he of a very vast
+estate, and came not to Court for want and to these advancements.
+He had the endowments of carriage and height of spirit, had he
+alighted on the alloy and temper of discretion; the defect whereof,
+with a native freedom and boldness of speech, drew him on to a
+clouded sitting, and laid him open to the spleen and advantage of
+his enemies, of whom Sir Christopher Hatton was professed.  He was
+yet a wise man and a brave courtier, but rough and participating
+more of active than sedentary motions, as being in his instillation
+destined for arms.  There is a query of some denotations, how he
+came to receive the foil, and that in the catastrophe? for he was
+strengthened with honourable alliances and the prime friendship in
+Court of my Lords of Leicester and Burleigh, both his contemporaries
+and familiars; but that there might be (as the adage hath it)
+falsity in friendship:  and we may rest satisfied that there is no
+dispute against fate, and they quit him for a person that loved to
+stand too much alone on his legs, of too often regress and
+discontinuance from the Queen's presence, a fault which is
+incompatible with the ways of Court and favour.  He was sent Lord-
+Deputy into Ireland, as it was then apprehended, for a kind of
+haughtiness and repugnancy in Council; or, as others have thought,
+the fittest person then to bridle the insolences of the Irish; and
+probable it is that both, considering the sway that he would have at
+the Board, being head in the Queen's favour, concurred, and did
+alike conspire his remove and ruin.  But into Ireland he went, where
+he did the Queen very great and many services, if the surplusage of
+the measure did not abate the value of the merit, as after-time
+found to be no paradox to save the Queen's purse, but both herself
+and my Lord Treasurer Burleigh ever took for good service; he
+imposed on the Irish the charge for bearing their own arms, which
+both gave them the possession and taught them the use of weapons;
+which provided in the end to a most fatal work, both in the
+profusion of blood and treasure.
+
+But at his return, and upon some account sent home before, touching
+the state of that kingdom, the Queen poured out assiduous
+testimonies of her grace towards him, till, by his retreat to his
+Castle of Cary, which he was then building, and out of a desire to
+be in command at home as he had been abroad, together with the
+hatred and practice of Hatton, then in high favour, whom he had, not
+long before, bitterly taunted for his dancing, he was accused for
+high treason, and for high words, and a forged letter, and
+condemned; though the Queen, on the news of his condemnation, swore,
+by her wonted oath, that the jury were all knaves:  and they
+delivered it with assurance that, on his return to the town after
+his trial, he said, with oaths and with fury, to the Lieutenant, Sir
+Owen Hopton, "What! will the Queen suffer her brother to be offered
+up as a sacrifice to the envy of my flattering adversaries?"  Which
+being made known to the Queen, and somewhat enforced, she refused to
+sign it, and swore he should not die, for he was an honest and
+faithful man.  And surely, though not altogether to set our rest and
+faith upon tradition and old reports, as that Sir Thomas Perrot, his
+father, was a gentleman of the Privy Chamber, and in the Court
+married to a lady of great honour, which are presumptions in some
+implications; but, if we go a little further and compare his
+pictures, his qualities, gesture, and voice, with that of the King,
+which memory retains yet amongst us, they will plead strongly that
+he was a surreptitious child of the blood royal.
+
+Certain it is that he lived not long in the Tower; and that after
+his decease, Sir Thomas Perrot, his son, then of no mean esteem with
+the Queen, having before married my Lord of Essex's sister, since
+Countess of Northumberland, had restitution of his land; though
+after his death also (which immediately followed) the Crown resumed
+the estate, and took advantage of the former attainder; and, to say
+the truth, the priest's forged letter was, at his arraignment,
+thought but as a fiction of envy, and was soon after exploded by the
+priest's own confession.  But that which most exasperated the Queen
+and gave advantage to his enemies was, as Sir Walter Raleigh takes
+into observation, words of disdain, for the Queen, by sharp and
+reprehensive letters, had nettled him; and thereupon, sending others
+of approbation, commending his service, and intimating an invasion
+from Spain; which was no sooner proposed but he said publicly, in
+the great chamber at Dublin: --"Lo, now she is ready to ** herself
+for fear of the Spaniards:  I am again one of her white boys," which
+are subject to a various construction, and tended to some
+disreputation of his Sovereign, and such as may serve for
+instruction to persons in place of honour and command, to beware of
+the violences of Nature, and especially the exorbitance of the
+tongue.  And so I conclude him with this double observation:  the
+one, of the innocency of his intentions, exempt and clear from the
+guilt of treason and disloyalty, therefore of the greatness of his
+heart; for at his arraignment he was so little dejected with what
+might be alleged, that rather he grew troubled with choler, and, in
+a kind of exasperation, he despised his jury, though of the Order of
+Knighthood, and of the especial gentry, claiming the privilege of
+trial by the peers and baronage of the realm, so prevalent was that
+of his native genius and haughtiness of spirit which accompanied him
+to the last, and till, without any diminution of change therein, it
+broke in pieces the cords of his magnanimity; for he died suddenly
+in the Tower, and when it was thought the Queen did intend his
+enlargement, with the restitution of his possessions, which were
+then very great, and comparable to most of the nobility.
+
+
+HATTON.
+
+
+Sir Christopher Hatton came to the Court as his opposite; Sir John
+Perrot was wont to say, by the galliard, for he came thither as a
+private gentleman of the Inns of Court, in a masque:  and, for his
+activity and person, which was tall and proportionable, taken into
+her favour.  He was first made Vice-Chamberlain, and, shortly after,
+advanced to the place of Lord Chancellor.  A gentleman that, besides
+the graces of his person and dancing, had also the endowment of a
+strong and subtle capacity, and that could soon learn the discipline
+and garb, both of the times and Court; and the truth is, he had a
+large proportion of gifts and endowments, but too much of the season
+of envy; and he was a mere vegetable of the Court that sprung up at
+night and sunk again at his noon.
+
+"Flos non mentorum, sed sex fuit illa virorum."
+
+
+EFFINGHAM.
+
+
+My Lord of Effingham, though a courtier betimes, yet I find not that
+the sunshine of his favour broke out upon him until she took him
+into the ship and made him High Admiral of England.  For his
+extract, it might suffice that he was the son of a Howard, and of a
+Duke of Norfolk.
+
+And, for his person, as goodly a gentleman as the times had any, if
+Nature had not been more intentive to complete his person, than
+Fortune to make him rich; for, the times considered, which were then
+active, and a long time after lucrative, he died not wealthy; yet
+the honester man, though it seems the Queen's purpose was to render
+the occasion of his advancement, and to make him capable of more
+honour.  At his return from the Cadiz voyage and action, she
+conferred it upon him, creating him Earl of Nottingham, to the great
+discontent of his colleague, my Lord of Essex, who then grew
+excessive in the appetite of her favour, and the truth is, so
+exorbitant in the limitation of the sovereign aspect, that it much
+alienated the Queen's grace from him, and drew others together with
+the Admiral to a combination, to conspire his ruin; and though, as I
+have heard it from that party (I mean the old Admiral's faction)
+that it lay not in his proper power to hurt my Lord Essex, yet he
+had more fellows, and such as were well skilled in the setting of
+the train; but I leave this to those of another age; it is out of
+doubt that the Admiral was a good, honest, and brave man, and a
+faithful servant to his mistress; and such a one as the Queen, out
+of her own princely judgment, knew to be a fit instrument in her
+service, for she was a proficient in the reading of men as well as
+books; and as sundry expeditions, as that aforementioned, and '88,
+do better express his worth and manifest the Queen's trust, and the
+opinion she had of his fidelity and conduct.
+
+Moreover, the Howards were of the Queen's alliance and consanguinity
+by her mother, which swayed her affection and bent it toward this
+great house; and it was a part of her natural propensity to grace
+and support ancient nobility, where it did not entrench, neither
+invade her interest; from such trespasses she was quick and tender,
+and would not spare any whatsoever, as we may observe in the case of
+the duke and my Lord of Hertford, whom she much favoured and
+countenanced, till they attempted the forbidden fruit, the fault of
+the last being, in the severest interpretation, but a trespass of
+encroachment; but in the first it was taken as a riot against the
+Crown and her own sovereign power, and as I have ever thought the
+cause of her aversion against the rest of that house, and the duke's
+great father-in-law, Fitz-Allen, Earl of Arundel, a person in the
+first rank of her affections, before these and some other jealousies
+made a separation between them:  this noble lord and Lord Thomas
+Howard, since Earl of Suffolk, standing alone in her grace, and the
+rest in her umbrage.
+
+
+PACKINGTON.
+
+
+Sir John Packington was a gentleman of no mean family, and of form
+and feature nowise disabled, for he was a brave gentleman, and a
+very fine courtier, and for the time which he stayed there, which
+was not lasting, very high in her grace; but he came in, and went
+out through disassiduity, drew the curtain between himself and the
+light of her grace, and then death overwhelmed the remnant, and
+utterly deprived him of recovery; and they say of him that had he
+brought less to her Court than he did, he might have carried away
+more than he brought, for he had a time of it, but was an ill
+husband of opportunity.
+
+
+HUNSDOWN.
+
+
+My Lord of Hunsdown was of the Queen's nearest kindred, and, on the
+decease of Sussex, both he and his son successively took the place
+of Lord Chamberlain.  He was a man fast to his prince, and firm to
+his friends and servants; and though he might speak big, and therein
+would be borne out, yet was he the more dreadful, but less harmful,
+and far from the practice of the Lord of Leicester's instructions,
+for he was downright; and I have heard those that both knew him well
+and had interest in him, say merrily of him that his Latin and
+dissimulation were alike; and that his custom of swearing and
+obscenity in speaking made him seem a worse Christian than he was,
+and a better knight of her carpet than he could be.  As he lived in
+a roughling time, so he loved sword and buckler men, and such as our
+fathers were wont to call men of their hands; of which sort he had
+many brave gentlemen that followed him, yet not taken for a popular
+and dangerous person:  and this is one that stood among the TOGATI,
+of an honest, stout heart, and such a one, that, upon occasion,
+would have fought for his prince and country, for he had the charge
+of the Queen's person, both in the Court and in the camp at Tilbury.
+
+
+RALEIGH.
+
+
+Sir Walter Raleigh was one that, it seems, Fortune had picked out of
+purpose, of whom to make an example and to use as her tennis-ball,
+thereby to show what she could do, for she tossed him up of nothing,
+and to and fro to greatness, and from thence down to little more
+than to that wherein she found him, a bare gentleman; and not that
+he was less, for he was well descended, and of good alliance, but
+poor in his beginnings:  and for my Lord Oxford's jests of him for
+the jacks and upstarts, we all know it savoured more of emulation,
+and his honour than of truth; and it is a certain note of the times,
+that the Queen, in her choice, never took in her favour a mere
+viewed man, or a mechanic, as Comines observes of Lewis XI., who did
+serve himself with persons of unknown parents, such as were Oliver,
+the barber, whom he created Earl of Dunoyes, and made him EX
+SECRETIS CONSILIIS, and alone in his favour and familiarity.
+
+His approaches to the University and Inns of Court were the grounds
+of his improvement, but they were rather extrusions than sieges, or
+settings down, for he stayed not long in a place; and, being the
+youngest brother, and the house diminished in his patrimony, he
+foresaw his destiny, that he was first to roll through want and
+disability, to subsist otherwise before he came to a repose, and as
+the stone doth by long lying gather moss.  He was the first that
+exposed himself in the land-service of Ireland, a militia which did
+not then yield him food and raiment, for it was ever very poor; nor
+dared he to stay long there, though shortly after he came thither
+again, under the command of the Lord Grey, but with his own colours
+flying in the field, having, in the interim, cast a mere chance,
+both in the Low Countries and in the voyage to sea; and, if ever man
+drew virtue out of necessity, it was he, and therewith was he the
+great example of industry; and though he might then have taken that
+of the merchant to himself,
+
+"Per mare, per terras, currit mercator ad Indos."
+
+He might also have said, and truly, with the philosopher, "OMNIA MEA
+MECUM PORTO," for it was a long time before he could brag of more
+than he carried at his back; and when he got on the winning side, it
+was his commendation that he took pains for it, and underwent many
+various adventures for his after-perfection, and before he came into
+the public note of the world; and thence may appear how he came up
+PER ARDUA:-
+
+"Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum."
+
+Not pulled up by chance, nor by any great admittance; I will only
+describe his natural parts, and these of his own acquiring.
+
+He had, in the outward man, a good presence, in a handsome and well-
+compacted person; a strong natural wit, and a better judgment, with
+a bold and plausible tongue, whereby he could set out his parts to
+the best advantage; and these he had by the adjuncts of some general
+learning, which by diligence he enforced to a great augmentation and
+perfection, for he was an indefatigable reader, by sea and land, and
+one of the best observers, both of men and of the times; and I am
+somewhat confident that among the second causes of his growth there
+was variance between him and my Lord General Grey, in his second
+descent into Ireland, which drew them both over to the council-
+table, there to plead their own causes; where what advantage he had
+in the case in controversy I know not, but he had much the better in
+the manner of telling his tale, insomuch as the Queen and the lords
+took no slight mark of the man and his parts; for from thence he
+came to be known, and to have access to the lords; and then we are
+not to doubt how such a man would comply to progression; and whether
+or no my Lord of Leicester had then cast a good word for him to the
+Queen, which would have done him no harm, I do not determine; but
+true it is, he had gotten the Queen's ear in a trice, and she began
+to be taken with his election, and loved to hear his reasons to her
+demands:  and the truth is, she took him for a kind of oracle, which
+nettled them all; yea, those that he relied on began to take this
+his sudden favour for an alarm and to be sensible of their own
+supplantation, and to project his, which made him shortly after sing
+-
+
+"Fortune, my foe, why dost thou frown?"
+
+So that, finding his favour declining, and falling into a recess, he
+undertook a new peregrination, to leave that TERRA INFIRMA {62} of
+the court for that of the waves, and by declining himself, and by
+absence to expel his and the passion of his enemies; which, in
+court, was a strange device of recovery, but that he then knew there
+was some ill office done him; yet he durst not attempt to mend it,
+otherwise than by going aside thereby to teach envy a new way of
+forgetfulness, and not so much as think of him.  Howsoever, he had
+it always in mind never to forget himself; and his device took so
+well that, in his return, he came in as rams do, by going backward
+with the greater strength, and so continued to the last, great in
+her favour, and captain of her guard:  where I must leave him, but
+with this observation, though he gained much at the court, he took
+it not out of the Exchequer, or merely out of the Queen's purse, but
+by his wit, and by the help of the prerogative; for the Queen was
+never profuse in delivering out of her treasure, but paid most and
+many of her servants, part in money, and the rest with grace; which,
+as the case stood, was then taken for good payment, leaving the
+arrears of recompense due for their merit, to her great successor,
+{63} who paid them all with advantage. {64}
+
+
+GREVILLE.
+
+
+Sir Foulke Greville, since Lord Brooke, had no mean place in her
+favour, neither did he hold it for any short time, or term; for, if
+I be not deceived, he had the longest lease, the smoothest time
+without rubs of any of her favourites; he came to the court in his
+youth and prime, as that is the time, or never:  he was a brave
+gentleman, and hopefully descended from Willoughby, Lord Brooke, and
+admiral to Henry the Seventh; neither illiterate, for he was, as he
+would often profess, a friend to Sir Philip Sidney, and there are
+now extant some fragments of his pen, and of the times, which do
+interest him in the muses, and which show in him the Queen's
+election had ever a noble conduct, and it motions more of virtue and
+judgment than of fancy.
+
+I find that he neither sought for nor obtained any great place or
+preferment in court, during all his time of attendance:  neither did
+he need it, for he came thither backed with a plentiful fortune,
+which, as himself was wont to say, was then better held together by
+a single life, wherein he lived and died a constant courtier of the
+ladies.
+
+
+ESSEX.
+
+
+My Lord of Essex, as Sir Henry Walton notes him, a gentleman of
+great parts, and partly of his times and retinue, had his
+introduction by my Lord of Leicester, who had married his mother; a
+tie of affinity which, besides a more urgent obligation, might have
+invited his care to advance him, his fortunes being then, through
+his father's infelicity, grown low; but that the son of a Lord
+Ferrers of Chartly, Viscount Hertford, and Earl of Essex, who was of
+the ancient nobility, and formerly in the Queen's good grace, could
+not have room in her favour, without the assistance of Leicester,
+was beyond the rule of her nature, which, as I have elsewhere taken
+into observation, was ever inclinable to favour the nobility:  sure
+it is, that he no sooner appeared in court, but he took with the
+Queen and the courtiers; and, I believe, they all could not choose
+but look through the sacrifice of the father on his living son,
+whose image, by the remembrance of former passages, was a fresh
+leek, the bleeding of men murdered, represented to the court, and
+offered up as a subject of compassion to all the kingdom.
+
+There was in this young lord, together with a goodly person, a kind
+of urbanity and innate courtesy, which both won the Queen, and too
+much took up the people to gaze on the new-adopted son of her
+favour; and as I go along, it will not be amiss to take into
+observation two notable quotations; the first was a violent
+indulgence of the Queen (which is incident to old age, where it
+encounters with a pleasing and suitable object) towards this great
+lord, which argued a non-perpetuity; the second was a fault in the
+object of her grace, my lord himself, who drew in too fast, like a
+child sucking on an over uberous nurse; and had there been a more
+decent decorum observed in both, or either of these, without doubt,
+the unity of their affections had been more permanent, and not so in
+and out, as they were, like an instrument well tuned, and lapsing to
+discord.
+
+The greater error of the two, though unwilling, I am constrained to
+impose on my Lord of Essex, and rather on his youth, and none of the
+least of the blame on those that stood sentinels about him, who
+might have advised better, but that like men intoxicated with hopes,
+they likewise had sucked in with the most of their lord's receipts,
+and so, like Caesars, would have all or none; a rule quite contrary
+to nature, and the most indulgent parents, who, though they may
+express more affection to one in the abundance of bequeaths, yet
+cannot forget some legacies, and distributives, and dividends to
+others of their begetting; and how hurtful partiality is, and
+proves, every day's experience tells us, out of which common
+consideration they might have framed to their hands a maxim of more
+discretion, for the conduct and management of their new-graved lord
+and master.
+
+But to omit that of infusion, and to do right to truth, my Lord of
+Essex, even of those that truly loved and honoured him, was noted
+for too bold an ingrosser, both of fame and favour; and of this,
+without offence to the living, or treading on the sacred grave of
+the dead, I shall present the truth of a passage yet in memory.
+
+My Lord of Mountjoy, who was another child of her favour, being
+newly come, and then but Sir Charles Blount (for my Lord William,
+his elder brother, was then living) had the good fortune to run one
+day well at tilt, and the Queen was therewith so well pleased, that
+she sent him, in token of her favour, a Queen at chess in gold,
+richly enamelled, which his servants had the next day fastened unto
+his arm with a crimson ribband; which my Lord of Essex, as he passed
+through the Privy Chamber, espying with his cloak cast under his
+arm, the better to command it to the view, enquired what it was, and
+for what cause there fixed:  Sir Foulke Greville told him, it was
+the Queen's favour, which the day before, and next after the
+tilting, she had sent him; whereat my Lord of Essex, in a kind of
+emulation, and as though he would have limited her favour, said "Now
+I perceive every fool must have a favour."  This bitter and public
+affront came to Sir Charles Blount's ear, at which he sent him a
+challenge; which was accepted by my lord, and they met near Marybone
+Park, where my lord was hurt in the thigh, and disarmed.  The Queen,
+missing of the men, was very curious to learn the truth, but at last
+it was whispered out; she sware by God's death, it was fit that some
+one or other should take him down and teach him better manners,
+otherwise there would be no rule with him; and here I note the
+imminution of my lord's friendship with Mountjoy, which the Queen
+herself did then conjure.
+
+Now for his fame we need not go far, for my Lord of Essex, having
+borne a grudge to General Norris, who had unwittingly offered to
+undertake the action of Brittany with fewer men than my lord had
+before demanded; on his return with victory, and a glorious report
+of his valour, he was then thought the only man for the Irish wars;
+wherein my Lord of Essex so wrought, by despising the number and
+quality of the rebels, that Norris was sent over with a scanty
+force, joined with the relics of the veteran troops of Britain, of
+set purpose, and as it fell out, to ruin Norris; and the Lord
+Burrows, by my lord's procurement, sent at his heels, and to command
+in chief, and to convey Norris only to his government at Munster;
+which aggravated the great heart of the general to see himself
+undervalued, and undermined, by my lord and Burrows, which was, as
+the Proverb speaks, JUVENES DOCERE SENES.
+
+Now my Lord Burrows in the beginning of his prosecution died,
+whereupon the Queen was fully bent to send over my Lord Mountjoy;
+which my Lord of Essex utterly misliked, and opposed with many
+reasons, and by arguments of contempt towards Mountjoy (his then
+professed friend and familiar) so predominant was his desire to reap
+the whole honour of closing up that war, and all others; now the way
+being paved and opened by his own workmanship, and so handled, that
+none durst appear to stand in the place; at last, and with much ado,
+he obtained his own ends, and therewith his fatal destruction,
+leaving the Queen and the court, where he stood impregnable and firm
+in her grace, to men that long had fought and waited their times to
+give him a trip, and could never find any opportunity, but this of
+his absence, and of his own creation; and those are true
+observations of his appetite and inclinations, which were not of any
+true proportion, but hurried and transported, with an over desire,
+and thirstiness after fame, and that deceitful fame of popularity;
+and, to help on his catastrophe, I observe likewise two sorts of
+people that had a hand in his fall:  the first was the soldiery,
+which all flock unto him, as it were foretelling a mortality, and
+are commonly of blunt and too rough counsels, and many times
+dissonant from the time of the court and State; the other sort were
+of his family, his servants and his own creatures, such as were
+bound by safety, and obligations of fidelity, to have looked better
+to the steering of that boat, wherein they themselves were carried,
+and not to have suffered it to fleet, and run on ground, with those
+empty sails of tumour of popularity and applause; methinks one
+honest man or other, who had but the brushing of his clothes, might
+have whispered in his ear, "My lord, look to it, this multitude that
+follows you will either devour you, or undo you; do not strive to
+overrule all, of it will cost hot water, and it will procure envy,
+and if needs your genius must have it so, let the court and the
+Queen's presence by your station, for your absence must undo you."
+But, as I have said, they had sucked too much of their lord's milk,
+and instead of withdrawing they drew {65} the coals of his ambition,
+and infused into him too much of the spirit of glory, yea, and mixed
+the goodness of his nature with a touch of revenge, which is
+evermore accompanied with a destiny of the same fate.  Of this
+number there were some of insufferable natures about him, that
+towards his last gave desperate advice, such as his integrity
+abhorred, and his fidelity forbade, amongst whom Sir Henry Walton
+notes, without injury, his Secretary Cuffe, as a vile man and of a
+perverse nature:  I could also name others that, when he was in the
+right course of recovery, settling to moderation, would not suffer a
+recess in him, but stirred up the dregs of those rude humours,
+which, by times and his affections out of his own judgment, he
+thought to repose and give them a vomit.  And thus I conclude this
+noble lord, as a mixture between prosperity and adversity, once a
+child of his great mistress's favour, but a son of Bellona.
+
+
+BUCKHURST.
+
+
+My lord of Buckhurst was of the noble house of Sackvilles, and of
+the Queen's consanguinity, or as the people then called him FILL-
+SACKS, by reason of his great wealth, and the vast patrimony left to
+his son, whereof in his youth he spent the best part, until the
+Queen, by her frequent admonitions, diverted the torrent of his
+profusion; he was a very fine gentleman, of person and endowments,
+both of art and nature, but without measure magnificent, till on the
+turn of his honour, and the alloy, that his yearly good counsel had
+wrought upon those immoderate courses of his youth, and that height
+of spirit inherent to his house; and then did the Queen, as a most
+judicious, indulgent prince, who, when she saw the man grown settled
+and staid, gave him an assistance, and advanced him to the
+treasurership, where he made amends to his house for his mis-spent
+time, both in the increasement of his estate and honour, which the
+Queen conferred upon him, together with the opportunity to remake
+himself, and thereby to show that this was a child that should have
+a share in her grace.
+
+They much commend his elocution, but more the excellency of his pen,
+for he was a scholar, and a person of a quick dispatch, faculties
+that yet run in the blood; and they say of him, that his secretaries
+did little for him, by the way of indictment, wherein they could
+seldom please him, he was so facete and choice in his phrases and
+style; and for his dispatches, and for the content he gave to
+suitors, he had a decorum seldom put in practice, for he had of his
+attendance that took into a roll the names of all suitors, with the
+date of their first addresses; so that a fresh man could not leap
+over his head, that was of a more ancient edition excepting the
+urgent affairs of the State.
+
+I find not that he was any way ensnared in the factions of the
+court, which were all his times strong, and in every man's note, the
+Howards and the Cecils of the one part, and my Lord of Essex, &c.,
+on the other, for he held the staff of the treasury fast in his
+hand, which made them, once in a year, to be beholden to him; and
+the truth is, as he was a wise man and a stout, he had no reason to
+be a partaker, for he stood sure in blood and in grace, and was
+wholly intentive to the Queen's service; and such were his
+abilities, that she might have more cunning instruments, but none of
+a more strong judgment and confidence in his ways, which are
+symptoms of magnanimity, whereunto methinks this motto hath some
+kind of reference, AUT NUNQUAM TENTES, AUT PERFICE.  As though he
+would have charactered, in a word, the genius of his house, or
+express somewhat of a higher inclination, than lay within his
+compass; that he was a courtier is apparent, for he stood always in
+her eye and in her favour.
+
+
+MOUNTJOY.
+
+
+My Lord Mountjoy was of the ancient nobility, but utterly decayed in
+the support thereof, patrimony, through his grandfather's excess,
+his father's vanity in search of the philosopher's stone, and his
+brother's untimely prodigality; all of which seemed, by a joint
+conspiracy, to ruinate the house, and altogether to annihilate it;
+as he came from Oxford, he took the Inner Temple in the way to
+court, whither he no sooner came, but he had a pretty kind of
+admission, which I have heard from a discreet man of his own, and
+much more of the secrets of those times; he was then much about
+twenty years of age, brown-haired, of a sweet face, and of a most
+neat composure, tall in his person.  The Queen was then at
+Whitehall, and at dinner, whither he came to see the fashion of the
+court, and the Queen had soon found him out, and, with a kind of an
+affected favour, asked her carver who he was; he answered he knew
+him not, insomuch that an inquiry was made, one from another, who he
+might be, till at length it was told the Queen, he was brother to
+the Lord William Mountjoy.  Thus inquiry, with the eye of her
+majesty fixed upon him, as she was wont to do, and to daunt men she
+knew not, stirred the blood of the young gentleman, insomuch as his
+colour went and came; which the Queen observing, called unto him,
+and gave him her hand to kiss, encouraging him with gracious words,
+and new looks, and so diverting her speech to the lords and ladies,
+she said that she no sooner observed him but she knew there was in
+him some noble blood, with some other expressions of pity towards
+his house; and then, again demanding his name, she said, "Fail you
+not to come to the court, and I will bethink myself, how to do you
+good;" and this was his inlet, and the beginning of his grace; where
+it falls into consideration that, though he wanted not wit nor
+courage, for he had very fine attractives, as being a good piece of
+a scholar, yet were those accompanied with the retractives of
+bashfulness, and natural modesty, which, as the wave of the house of
+his fortune then stood, might have hindered his progression, had
+they not been reinforced by the infusion of sovereign favour, and
+the Queen's gracious invitation; and that it may appear how he was,
+and how much that heretic, necessity, will work in the directions of
+good spirits, I can deliver it with assurance, that his exhibition
+was very scanty, until his brother died, which was shortly after his
+admission to the court; and then was it no more but a thousand marks
+PER ANNUM, wherewith he lived plentifully, and in a fine garb, and
+without any great sustentation of the Queen, during all her times.
+
+And, as there was in nature a kind of backwardness, which did not
+befriend him, nor suit with the motion of the court, so there was in
+him an inclination to arms, with a humour of travelling and gadding
+abroad, which had not some wise men about him laboured to remove,
+and the Queen laid in her command, he would, out of his own native
+propension, marred his own market; for as he was grown by reading,
+whereunto he was much addicted, to the theory of a soldier, so was
+he strongly invited by his genius, to the acquaintance of the
+practice of the war, which were the causes of his excursions, for he
+had a company in the Low Countries, from whom he came over with a
+noble acceptance of the Queen; but, somewhat restless in honourable
+thoughts, he exposed himself again and again, and would press the
+Queen with pretences of visiting his company so often, till at
+length he had a flat denial; yet he struck over with Sir John Norris
+into the action of Britanny, which was then a hot and active war,
+whom he would always call his father, honouring him above all men,
+and ever bewailing his end; so contrary he was in his esteem and
+valuation of this great commander to that of his friend, my Lord of
+Essex; till at last the Queen began to take his digressions for
+contempt, and confined his residence to the court, {66} and her own
+presence; and, upon my Lord of Essex's fall, so confident she was of
+her own princely judgment, and the opinion she had conceived of his
+worth and conduct, that she would have this noble gentleman and none
+other to bring in the Irish wars to a propitious end; for it was a
+prophetical speech of her own, that it would be his fortune and his
+honour to cut the thread of that fatal rebellion, and to bring her
+in peace to the grave; wherein she was not deceived:  for he
+achieved it, but with much pains and carefulness, and not without
+the forces and many jealousies of the court and times, wherewith the
+Queen's age and the malignity of her settling times were replete.
+And so I come to his dear friend in court, Secretary Cecil, whom, in
+his long absence, he adored as his saint, and counted him his only
+MECENAS, both before and after his departure from court, and during
+all the time of his command in Ireland; well knowing that it lay in
+his power, and by a word of his mouth, to make or mar him.
+
+
+ROBERT CECIL.
+
+
+Sir Robert Cecil, since Earl of Salisbury, was the son of the Lord
+Burleigh, and, by degrees, successor of his places and favours,
+though not of his lands; for he had Sir Thomas Cecil, his elder
+brother, since created Earl of Exeter; he was first Secretary of
+State, then Master of the Court of Wards, and, in the last of her
+reign, came to be Lord Treasurer:  all which were the steps of his
+father's greatness, and of the honour he left to his house.  For his
+person, he was not much beholden to Nature, though somewhat for his
+face, which was the best part of his outside:  for his inside, it
+may be said, and without offence, that he was his father's own son,
+and a pregnant precedent in all his discipline of state:  he was a
+courtier from his cradle, which might have made him betimes; but he
+was at the age of twenty and upwards, and was far short of his
+after-proof, but exposed, and by change of climate he soon made show
+what he was and would be.
+
+He lived in those times wherein the Queen had most need and use of
+men of weight; and, amongst many able ones, this was chief, as
+having taken his sufficiency from his instruction who begat him, the
+tutorship of the times and court, which were then academies of Art
+and Cunning.  For such was the Queen's condition, from the tenth or
+twelfth of her reign, that she had the happiness to stand up,
+whereof there is a former intimation, environed with many and more
+enemies, and assaulted with more dangerous practices, than any
+prince of her times, and of many ages before:  where we must not, in
+this her preservation, attribute it to human power, for that in his
+own omnipotent providence God ordained those secondary means, as
+instruments of the work, by an evident manifestation of the same
+work, which she acted; and it was a well-pleasing work of his own,
+out of a peculiar care he had decreed the protection of the work-
+mistress, and, thereunto, added his abundant blessing upon all and
+whatsoever she undertook:  which is an observation of satisfaction
+to myself, that she was in the right; though, to others now
+breathing under the same form and frame of her government, it may
+not seem an animadversion of their worth:  but I leave them to the
+peril of their own folly, and so come again to this great minister
+of state and the staff of the Queen's declining age; who, though his
+little crooked person could not promise any great supportation, yet
+it carried thereon a head and a head-piece of a vast content; and
+therein, it seems, Nature was so diligent to complete one and the
+best part about him, as the perfection of his memory and
+intellectuals; she took care also of his senses, and to put him in
+LYNCEOS OCULOS, or, to pleasure him the more, borrowed of Argos, so
+to give unto him a prospective sight; and, for the rest of his
+sensitive virtues, his predecessor, Walsingham, had left him a
+receipt to smell out what was done in the conclave.
+
+And his good old father was so well seen in mathematics, that he
+could tell you, throughout Spain, every part, every port, every
+ship, with its burden; whither bound, what preparations, what
+impediments for diversion of enterprises, counsel, and resolution;
+and, that we may see, as in a little map, how docible this little
+man was, I will present a taste of his abilities.
+
+My Lord of Devonshire, upon certainty that the Spaniards would
+invade Ireland with a strong army, had written very earnestly to the
+Queen and to the Council for such supplies to be timely sent over,
+that might enable him both to march up to the Spaniard, if he did
+land, and follow on his prosecution without diverting his intentions
+against the rebels.  Sir Robert Cecil, besides the general dispatch
+of the Council (as he often did) writ thus in private, for these two
+then began to love dearly:
+
+"My lord, out of the abundance of my affection, and the care I have
+of your well-doing, I must in private put you out of doubt or fear,
+for I know you cannot be sensible, otherwise than in the way of
+honour, that the Spaniards will not come unto you this year; for I
+have it from my own, what his preparations are in all his parts, and
+what he can do; for, be confident, he beareth up a reputation, by
+seeming to embrace more than he can gripe;  but, the next year, be
+assured, he will cast over to you some forlorn troops, which, how
+they may be reinforced beyond his present ability, and his first
+intention, I cannot, as yet, make any certain judgment; but I
+believe, out of my intelligence, that you may expect the landing in
+Munster, and, the more to distract you, in several places, as, at
+Kinsale, Beerhaven, and Baltimore; where, you may be sure, coming
+from sea, they will first fortify, and learn the strength of the
+rebels, before they dare take the field.  Howsoever, as I know you
+will not lessen your care, neither your defences, whatsoever lies in
+my power to do you and the public service, rest thereof assured."
+
+And to this I could add much more, but it may (as it is) suffice to
+present much of his abilities in the pen, that he was his crafts-
+master in foreign intelligence, and for domestic affairs.  As he was
+one of those that sat at the helm to the last of the Queen, so was
+he none of the least in skill, and in the true use of the compass;
+and so I shall only vindicate the scandal of his death, and conclude
+him; for he departed at St. Margaret's, near Marlborough, at his
+return from Bath, as my Lord Vice-Chamberlain, my Lord Clifford, and
+myself, his son, and son-in-law, and many more can witness:  but
+that the day before, he swooned on the way, and was taken out of his
+litter, and laid into his coach, was a truth out of which that
+falsehood concerning the manner of his death had its derivation,
+though nothing to the purpose, or to the prejudice of his worth.
+
+
+VERE.
+
+
+Sir Francis Vere was of that ancient, and of the most noble extract
+of the earls of Oxford; and it may be a question whether the
+nobility of his house, or the honour of his achievements, might most
+commend him, but that we have an authentic rule:
+
+"Nam genus et proavos et quae nos non fecimus ipsi,
+Vix ea nostra voco."
+
+For though he was an honourable slip of that ancient tree of
+nobility, which was no disadvantage to his virtue, yet he brought
+more glory to the name of Vere than he took of blood from the
+family.
+
+He was, amongst all the Queen's swordsmen, inferior to none, but
+superior to many; of whom it may be said, to speak much of him were
+the way to leave out somewhat that might add to his praise, and to
+forget more than would make to his honour.
+
+I find not that he came much to the court, for he lived almost
+perpetually in the camp; but, when he died, no man had more of the
+Queen's favour, and none less envied, for he seldom troubled it with
+the noise and alarms of supplications; his way was another sort of
+undermining.
+
+They report that the Queen, as she loved martial men, would court
+this gentleman, as soon as he appeared in her presence; and surely
+he was a soldier of great worth and command, thirty years in the
+service of the States, and twenty years over the English in chief,
+as the Queen's general:  and he, that had seen the battle of
+Newport, might there best have taken him and his noble brother, {67}
+the Lord of Tilbury, to the life.
+
+
+WORCESTER.
+
+
+My Lord of Worcester I have here put last, but not least in the
+Queen's favour; he was of the ancient and noble blood of the
+Beauforts, and of her {68} grandfather's kin by the mother, which
+the Queen could never forget, especially where there was an
+incurrence of old blood with fidelity, a mixture which ever sorted
+with the Queen's nature; and though there might hap somewhat in this
+house, which might invert her grace, though not to speak of my lord
+himself but in due reverence and honour, I mean contrariety or
+suspicion in religion; yet the Queen ever respected his house, and
+principally his noble blood, whom she first made Master of her
+Horse, and then admitted him of her Council of State.
+
+In his youth, part whereof he spent before he came to reside at
+court, he was a very fine gentleman, and the best horseman and
+tilter of the times, which were then the manlike and noble
+recreations of the court, and such as took up the applause of men,
+as well as the praise and commendation of ladies; and when years had
+abated those exercises of honour, he grew then to be a faithful and
+profound counsellor; and as I have placed him last, so was he the
+last liver of all her servants of her favour, and had the honour to
+see his renowned mistress, and all of them, laid in the places of
+their rests; and for himself, after a life of very noble and
+remarkable reputation, and in a peaceable old age, a fate that I
+make the last, and none of my slightest observations, which befell
+not many of the rest, for they expired like unto a light blown out
+with the snuff stinking, not commendably extinguished, and with an
+offence to the standers-by.  And thus I have delivered up my poor
+essay, or little draft of this great princess and her times, with
+the servants of her state and favour.  I cannot say I have finished
+it, for I know how defective and imperfect it is, as limned only in
+the original nature, not without the active blessings, and so left
+it as a task fitter for remoter times, and the sallies of some
+bolder pencil to correct that which is amiss, and draw the rest up
+to life, than for me to have endeavoured it.  I took it in
+consideration, how I might have dashed into it much of the stain of
+pollution, and thereby have defaced that little which is done; for I
+profess I have taken care to master my pen, that I might not err
+ANIMO, {69} or of set purpose discolour each or any of the parts
+thereof, otherwise than in concealment.  Haply there are some who
+will not approve of this modesty, but will censure it for
+pusillanimity, and, with the cunning artist, attempt to draw their
+line further out at length, and upon this of mine, which way (with
+somewhat more ease) it may be effected; for that the frame is ready
+made to their hands, and then haply I could draw one in the midst of
+theirs, but that modesty in me forbids the defacements in men
+departed, their posterity yet remaining, enjoying the merit of their
+virtues, and do still live in their honour.  And I had rather incur
+the censure of abruption, than to be conscious and taken in the
+manner, sinning by eruption, or trampling on the graves of persons
+at rest, which living we durst not look in the face, nor make our
+addresses unto them, otherwise than with due regard to their
+honours, and reverence to their virtues.
+
+
+LORD HERBERT.
+
+
+The accomplished, the brave, and romantic Lord Herbert of Cherbury
+was born in this reign, and laid the foundation of that admirable
+learning of which he was afterwards a complete master.
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+{1}  His name was Sir Thomas Falconer.
+
+{2}  This is not true, for her legitimacy was with good reason
+contested.
+
+{3}  This is a mistake; her epitaph says stipendia constituit tribus
+hoc coenobio monachis et doctori grammatices apud Wynbourne.
+
+{4}  Sir Giles Dawbney; he was not Earl of Bridgewater, not a Lord.
+
+{5}  This romantic inscription probably alluded to Philip II., who
+wooed the Queen after her sister's death; and to the destruction of
+his Armada.
+
+{6}  This probably alluded to the woollen manufacture; Stow mentions
+his riding through the Cloth Fair on the Eve of St. Bartholomew.
+
+{7}  The collar of SS.
+
+{8}  He probably means rushes.
+
+{9}  Her father had been treated with the same deference.  It is
+mentioned by Foxe in his "Acts and Monuments," that when the Lord
+Chancellor went to apprehend Queen Catherine Parr, he spoke to the
+King on his knees.  King James I. suffered his courtiers to omit it.
+
+{10}  Lord Treasurer Burleigh died August 4, 1598.
+
+{11}  She was the daughter, sister, and aunt, of Sir William, Henry,
+and Sir Philip Sidney.
+
+{12}  This was a strange blunder to be made so near the time, about
+so remarkable a person, unless he concluded that whoever displeased
+Henry VIII. was of course put to death.
+
+{13}  This is a mistake; it was the surcoat of Edward IV., enriched
+with rubies, and was preserved here till the civil war.
+
+{14}  This is confounded with the Round Tower.
+
+{15}  It is not clear what the author means by hypocaustis; I have
+translated it bathing-rooms; it might mean only chambers with
+stoves.
+
+{16}  The original is optici; it is impossible to guess what colour
+he meant.
+
+{17}  Here are several mistakes.
+
+{18}  This is another most inaccurate account:  the murderers of
+Becket were Tracy, Morville, Britton, and Fitzurse.
+
+{19}  Queen Mary.
+
+{20}  Viz., Popish.
+
+{21}  "This is the work of the Lord, and it is wonderful in our
+sight."
+
+{22}  "I have chosen God for my help."
+
+{23}  i.e. "I will confine you."
+
+{24}  The Irish rebel.
+
+{25}  al. not.
+
+{26}  al. horse.
+
+{27}  al. find
+
+{28}  al. say.
+
+{29}  The First.
+
+{30}  Fathers.
+
+{31}  During Queen Elizabeth's reign.
+
+{32}  Charles I.
+
+{33}  Burleigh, Leicester, and Walsingham.
+
+{34}  al. were without.
+
+{35}  The eldest son.
+
+{36}  Existing.
+
+{37}  In which she ruled.
+
+{38}  Mary.
+
+{39}  al. amused.
+
+{40}  Camp.
+
+{41}  Council.
+
+{42}  In the first year of Queen Mary.
+
+{43}  Of his Privy Council.
+
+{44}  Of his Privy Council.
+
+{45}  al. humours.
+
+{46}  Of which you have an account hereafter in this small pamphlet.
+
+{47}  In a future state.
+
+{48}  The art of poisoning.
+
+{49}  Martial state.
+
+{50}  Leicester's.
+
+{51}  al. supported by.
+
+{52}  An estate.
+
+{53}  Elizabeth's.
+
+{54}  Counsellors.
+
+{55}  Because notwithstanding many dissented from the Reformed
+Establishment in many points of doctrine, and still acknowledged the
+Pope's infallibility and supremacy, yet they looked not upon these
+doctrines and discipline to be fundamentals, or without which they
+could not be saved; and, therefore, continued to assemble and
+baptise and communicate for the space of ten years in the Reformed
+Church of England.
+
+{56}  The Pope.
+
+{57}  Beginning.
+
+{58}  Poland.
+
+{59} Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador, amused King James I. with
+much dissimulation.
+
+{60}  The traitor, of whom hereafter in this collection.
+
+{61}  had
+
+{62}  Instability.
+
+{63}  James I.
+
+{64}  He dishonourably cut off this good servant's head, and seized
+upon his estate.
+
+{65}  al. blew.
+
+{66}  As related before, in the account of Secretary William Cecil.
+
+{67}  Horatio.
+
+{68}  Elizabeth's.
+
+{69}  Willingly.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg eText Travels in England AND Fragmenta Regalia
+
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