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diff --git a/old/trvfg10.txt b/old/trvfg10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce94a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/trvfg10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4215 @@ +Project Gutenberg Etext Travels in England AND Fragmenta Regalia +by Paul Hentzner and Sir Robert Naunton + + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check +the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!! + +Please take a look at the important information in this header. +We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an +electronic path open for the next readers. Do not remove this. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations* + +Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and +further information is included below. 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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END* + + + + + +This etext was transcribed from the 1892 Cassell & Co. edition by +Jane Duff and proofed by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk. + + + + + +Travels in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth by Paul +Hentzner AND Fragmenta Regalia by Sir Robert Naunton. 1892 Cassell + + + + +TRAVELS IN ENGLAND AND FRAGMENTA REGALIA + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + + + +Queen Elizabeth herself, and London as it was in her time, with +sketches of Elizabethan England, and of its great men in the way of +social dignity, are here brought home to us by Paul Hentzner and Sir +Robert Naunton. + +Paul Hentzner was a German lawyer, born at Crossen, in Brandenburg, +on the 29th of January, 1558. He died on the 1st January, 1623. In +1596, when his age was thirty-eight, he became tutor to a young +Silesian nobleman, with whom he set out in 1597 on a three years' +tour through Switzerland, France, England, and Italy. After his +return to Germany in 1600, he published, at Nuremberg, in 1612, a +description of what he had seen and thought worth record, written in +Latin, as "Itinerarium Germaniae, Galliae, Angliae, Italiae, cum +Indice Locorum, Rerum atque Verborum." + +Horace Walpole caused that part of Hentzner's Itinerary which tells +what he saw in England to be translated by Richard Bentley, son of +the famous scholar, and he printed at Strawberry Hill two hundred +and twenty copies. In 1797 "Hentzner's Travels in England" were +edited, together with Sir Robert Naunton's "Fragmenta Regalia," in +the volume from which they are here reprinted, with notes by the +translator and the editor. + +Sir Robert Naunton was of an old family with large estates, settled +at Alderton, in Suffolk. He was at Cambridge in the latter years of +Elizabeth's reign, having entered as Fellow Commoner at Trinity +College, and obtained a Fellowship at Trinity Hall. Naunton went to +Scotland in 1589 with an uncle, William Ashby, whom Queen Elizabeth +sent thither as Ambassador, and was despatched to Elizabeth's court +from Scotland as a trusty messenger. In 1596-7 he was in France, +and corresponded with the Earl of Essex, who was his friend. After +the fall of Essex he returned to Cambridge, and was made Proctor of +the University in 1601, three years after Paul Hentzner's visit to +England. Then he became Public Orator at Cambridge, and by a speech +made to King James at Hinchinbrook won his Majesty's praise for +Latin and learning. He came to court in the service of Sir James +Overbury, obtained the active friendship of George Villiers Duke of +Buckingham, and was sworn as Secretary of State on the 8th January, +1617. The king afterwards gave Naunton the office of Master of the +Court of Wards and Liveries. + +Sir Robert Naunton wrote his recollections of the men who served +Queen Elizabeth when he was near the close of his own life. It was +after 1628, because he speaks of Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester, +as dead, and before 1632, because he speaks of Sir William Knollys +living as the only Earl of Banbury. He was created Earl of Banbury +in 1626, and died in 1632. The "Fragmenta Regalia" were first +published in 1641, after Sir Robert's death. They were reprinted in +1642 and 1653, since which date they have appeared in various +collections. There was a good edition of them in 1870 among the +very valuable "English Reprints" for which we are indebted to +Professor Edward Arber. + +H.M. + + + + +TRAVELS IN ENGLAND + + + + +We arrived at Rye, a small English seaport. Here, as soon as we +came on shore, we gave in our names to the notary of the place, but +not till he had demanded our business; and being answered, that we +had none but to see England, we were conducted to an inn, where we +were very well entertained; as one generally is in this country. + +We took post-horses for London: it is surprising how swiftly they +run; their bridles are very light, and their saddles little more +than a span over. + +Flimwell, a village: here we returned our first horses, and mounted +fresh ones. + +We passed through Tunbridge, another village. + +Chepstead, another village: here, for the second time, we changed +horses. + +London, the head and metropolis of England: called by Tacitus, +Londinium; by Ptolemy, Logidinium; by Ammianus Marcellinus, +Lundinium; by foreigners, Londra, and Londres; it is the seat of the +British Empire, and the chamber of the English kings. This most +ancient city is the the county of Middlesex, the fruitfullest and +wholesomest soil in England. It is built on the river Thames, sixty +miles from the sea, and was originally founded, as all historians +agree, by Brutus, who, coming from Greece into Italy, thence into +Africa, next into France, and last into Britain, chose this +situation for the convenience of the river, calling it Troja Nova, +which name was afterwards corrupted into Trinovant. But when Lud, +the brother of Cassibilan, or Cassivelan, who warred against Julius +Caesar, as he himself mentions (lib. v. de Bell. Gall.), came to the +crown, he encompassed it with very strong walls, and towers very +artfully constructed, and from his own name called it Caier Lud, +I.E., Lud's City. This name was corrupted into that of Caerlunda, +and again in time, by change of language, into Londres. Lud, when +he died, was buried in this town, near that gate which is yet called +in Welsh, Por Lud--in Saxon, Ludesgate. + +The famous river Thames owes part of its stream, as well as its +appellation, to the Isis; rising a little above Winchelcomb, and +being increased with several rivulets, unites both its waters and +its name to the Thame, on the other side of Oxford; thence, after +passing by London, and being of the utmost utility, from its +greatness and navigation, it opens into a vast arm of the sea, from +whence the tide, according to Gemma Frisius, flows and ebbs to the +distance of eighty miles, twice in twenty-five hours, and, according +to Polydore Vergil, above sixty miles twice in twenty-four hours. + +This city being very large of itself, has very extensive suburbs, +and a fort called the Tower, of beautiful structure. It is +magnificently ornamented with public buildings and churches, of +which there are above one hundred and twenty parochial. + +On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of +wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone, +sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty +feet diameter. The whole is covered on each side with houses so +disposed as to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all +of a bridge. + +Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have +been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we +counted above thirty. + +Paulus Jovius, in his description of the most remarkable towns in +England, says all are obscured by London: which, in the opinion of +many, is Caesar's city of the Trinobantes, the capital of all +Britain, famous for the commerce of many nations; its houses are +elegantly built, its churches fine, its towns strong, and its riches +and abundance surprising. The wealth of the world is wafted to it +by the Thames, swelled by the tide, and navigable to merchant ships +through a safe and deep channel for sixty miles, from its mouth to +the city: its banks are everywhere beautified with fine country +seats, woods, and farms; below is the royal palace of Greenwich; +above, that of Richmond; and between both, on the west of London, +rise the noble buildings of Westminster, most remarkable for the +courts of justice, the parliament, and St. Peter's church, enriched +with the royal tombs. At the distance of twenty miles from London +is the castle of Windsor, a most delightful retreat of the Kings of +England, as well as famous for several of their tombs, and for the +ceremonial of the Order of the Garter. This river abounds in swans, +swimming in flocks: the sight of them, and their noise, are vastly +agreeable to the fleets that meet them in their course. It is +joined to the city by a bridge of stone, wonderfully built; is never +increased by any rains, rising only with the tide, and is everywhere +spread with nets for taking salmon and shad. Thus far Paulus +Jovius. + +Polydore Vergil affirms that London has continued to be a royal +city, and the capital of the kingdom, crowded with its own +inhabitants and foreigners, abounding in riches, and famous for its +great trade, from the time of King Archeninus, or Erchenvinus. Here +the kings are crowned, and solemnly inaugurated, and the council of +the nation, or parliament, is held. The government of the city is +lodged, by ancient grant of the Kings of Britain, in twenty-four +aldermen--that is, seniors: these annually elect out of their own +body a mayor and two sheriffs, who determine causes according to +municipal laws. It has always had, as indeed Britain in general +has, a great number of men of learning, much distinguished for their +writings. + +The walls are pierced with six gates, which, as they were rebuilt, +acquired new names. Two look westward: + +1. Ludgate, the oldest, so called from King Lud, whose name is yet +to be seen, cut in the stone over the arch on the side; though +others imagine it rather to have been named Fludgate, from a stream +over which it stands, like the Porta Fluentana at Rome. It has been +lately repaired by Queen Elizabeth, whose statue is placed on the +opposite side. And, + +2. Newgate, the best edifice of any; so called from being new +built, whereas before it was named Chamberlain gate. It is the +public prison. + +On the north are four: + +1. Aldersgate, as some think from alder trees; as others, from +Aldericius, a Saxon. + +2. Cripplegate, from a hospital for the lame. + +3. Moorgate, from a neighbouring morass, now converted into a +field, first opened by Francetius {1} the mayor, A.D. 1414. + +4. And Bishopsgate, from some bishop: this the German merchants of +the Hans society were obliged by compact to keep in repair, and in +times of danger to defend. They were in possession of a key to open +or shut it, so that upon occasion they could come in, or go out, by +night or by day. + +There is only one to the east: + +Aldgate, that is, Oldgate, from its antiquity; though others think +it to have been named Elbegate. + +Several people believe that there were formerly two gates (besides +that to the bridge) towards the Thames. + +1. Billingsgate, now a cothon, or artificial port, for the +reception of ships. + +2. Dourgate, VULGO Dowgate, I.E., Water-gate. + +The cathedral of St. Paul was founded by Ethelbert, King of the +Saxons, and being from time to time re-edified, increased to +vastness and magnificence, and in revenue so much, that it affords a +plentiful support to a bishop, dean, and precentor, treasurer, four +archdeacons, twenty-nine prebendaries, and many others. The roof of +this church, as of most others in England, with the adjoining +steeple, is covered with lead. + +On the right side of the choir is the marble tomb of Nicholas Bacon, +with his wife. Not far from this is a magnificent monument, +ornamented with pyramids of marble and alabaster, with this +inscription: + + +Sacred to the memory of + +Sir Christopher Hatton, son of William, grandson of John, of the +most ancient family of the Hattons; one of the fifty gentlemen +pensioners to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth: Gentleman of the privy +chamber; captain of the guards; one of the Privy Council, and High +Chancellor of England, and of the University of Oxford: who, to the +great grief of his Sovereign, and of all good men, ended this life +religiously, after having lived unmarried to the age of fifty-one, +at his house in Holborn, on the 20th of November, A.D. 1591. + +William Hatton, knight, his nephew by his sister's side, and by +adoption his son and heir, most sorrowfully raised this tomb, as a +mark of his duty. + + +On the left hand is the marble monument of William Herbert, Earl of +Pembroke, and his lady: and near it, that of John, Duke of +Lancaster, with this inscription + + +Here sleeps in the Lord, John of Gant, so called from the city of +the same name of Flanders, where he was born, fourth son of Edward +the Third, King of England, and created by his father Earl of +Richmond. He was thrice married; first to Blanche, daughter and +heiress of Henry Duke of Lancaster; by her he received an immense +inheritance, and became not only Duke of Lancaster, but Earl of +Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby, of whose race are descended many +emperors, kings, princes, and nobles. His second wife was +Constance, who is here buried, daughter and heiress of Peter, King +of Castile and Leon, in whose right he most justly {2} took the +style of King of Castile and Leon. She brought him one only +daughter, Catherine, of whom, by Henry, are descended the Kings of +Spain. His third wife was Catherine, of a knight's family, a woman +of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous progeny; from which is +descended, by the mother's side, Henry the Seventh, the most prudent +King of England, by whose most happy marriage with Elizabeth, +daughter of Edward the Fourth, of the line of York, the two royal +lines of Lancaster and York are united, to the most desired +tranquillity of England. + +The most illustrious prince, John, surnamed Plantagenet, King of +Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Richmond, Leicester, +and Derby, Lieutenant of Aquitain, High Steward of England, died in +the twenty-first year of Richard II., A.D. 1398. + + +A little farther, almost at the entrance of the choir, in a certain +recess, are two small stone chests, one of which is thus inscribed: + + +Here lies Seba, King of the East Saxons, who was converted to the +faith by St. Erkenwald, Bishop of London, A.D. 677. + + +On the other: + + +Here lies Ethelred, King of the Angles, son of King Edgar, + +On whom St. Dustan is said to have denounced vengeance, on his +coronation day, in the following words:- "Inasmuch as thou hast +aspired to the throne by the death of thy brother, against whose +blood the English, along with thy infamous mother, conspired, the +sword shall not pass from thy house! but rage all the days of thy +life, afflicting all thy generation, till thy kingdom shall be +translated to another, whose manner and language the people under +thee knoweth not. Nor shall thy sin be done away till after long +chastisement, nor the sin of thy mother, nor the sin of those men +who assisted in thy wicked council." + +All which came to pass as predicted by the saint; for after being +worsted and put to flight by Sueno King of the Danes, and his son +Canute, and at last closely besieged in London, he died miserably +A.D. 1017, after he had reigned thirty-six years in great +difficulties. + + +There is besides in the middle of the church a tomb made of brass, +of some Bishop of London, named William, who was in favour with +Edward, King of England, and afterwards made counsellor to King +William. He was bishop sixteen years, and died A.D. 1077. Near +this is the following inscription: + + +Virtue survives the funeral. +To the memory of +Thomas Linacre, an eminent physician, John Caius placed +this monument. + + +On the lower part of it is this inscription in gold letters: + + +Thomas Linacre, physician to King Henry VIII., a man learned in the +Greek and Latin languages, and particularly skilful in physick, by +which he restored many from a state of languishment and despair to +life. He translated with extraordinary eloquence many of Galen's +works into Latin; and published, a little before his death, at the +request of his friends, a very valuable book on the correct +structure of the Latin tongue. He founded in perpetuity in favour +of students in physick, two public lectures at Oxford, and one at +Cambridge. In this city he brought about, by his own industry, the +establishing of a College of Physicians, of which he was elected the +first president. He was a detester of all fraud and deceit, and +faithful in his friendships; equally dear to men of all ranks: he +went into orders a few years before his death, and quitted this life +full of years, and much lamented, A.D. 1524, on the 29th of October. + + +There are many tombs in this church, but without any inscriptions. +It has a very fine organ, which, at evening prayer, accompanied with +other instruments, is delightful. + +In the suburb to the west, joined to the city by a continual row of +palaces belonging to the chief nobility, of a mile in length, and +lying on the side next the Thames, is the small town of Westminster; +originally called Thorney, from its thorn bushes, but now +Westminster, from its aspect and its monastery. The church is +remarkable for the coronation and burial of the Kings of England. +Upon this spot is said formerly to have stood a temple of Apollo, +which was thrown down by an earthquake in the time of Antoninus +Pius; from the ruins of which Sebert, King of the East Saxons, +erected another to St. Peter: this was subverted by the Danes, and +again renewed by Bishop Dunstan, who gave it to a few monks. +Afterwards, King Edward the Confessor built it entirely new, with +the tenth of his whole revenue, to be the place of his own burial, +and a convent of Benedictine monks; and enriched it with estates +dispersed all over England. + +In this church the following things are worthy of notice: + +In the first choir, the tomb of Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII., +without any inscription. + +On the opposite side are two stone sepulchres: + +(1) Edward, Earl of Lancaster, brother of Edward I.; (2) Ademar of +Valence, Earl of Pembroke, son of Ademar of Valence. Joining to +these is (3) that of Aveline, Countess of Lancaster. + +In the second choir is the chair on which the kings are seated when +they are crowned; in it is enclosed a stone, said to be that on +which the patriarch Jacob slept when he dreamed he saw a ladder +reaching quite up into heaven. Some Latin verses are written upon a +tablet hanging near it; the sense of which is: + + +That if any faith is to be given to ancient chronicles, a stone of +great note is enclosed in this chair, being the same on which the +patriarch Jacob reposed when he beheld the miraculous descent of +angels. Edward I., the Mars and Hector of England, having conquered +Scotland, brought it from thence. + +The tomb of Richard II. and his wife, of brass, gilt, and these +verses written round it: + + +Perfect and prudent, Richard, by right the Second, +Vanquished by Fortune, lies here now graven in stone, +True of his word, and thereto well renound: +Seemly in person, and like to Homer as one +In worldly prudence, and ever the Church in one +Upheld and favoured, casting the proud to ground, +And all that would his royal state confound. + + +Without the tomb is this inscription: + + +Here lies King Richard, who perished by a cruel death, +in the year 1369. +To have been happy is additional misery. + + +Near him is the monument of his queen, daughter of the Emperor +Wenceslaus. + +On the left hand is the tomb of Edward I., with this inscription: + + +Here lies Edward I., who humbled the Scots. A.D. 1308. +Be true to your engagements. + + +He reigned forty-six years. + +The tomb of Edward III., of copper, gilt, with this epitaph: + + +Of English kings here lieth the beauteous flower +Of all before past, and myrror to them shall sue: +A merciful king, of peace conservator, +The third Edward, &c. + + +Besides the tomb are these words: + + +Edward III., whose fame has reached to heaven. A.D. 1377, +Fight for your country. + + +Here is shown his sword, eight feet in length, which they say he +used in the conquest of France. + +His queen's epitaph: + + +Here lies Queen Philippa, wife of Edward III. Learn to live. A.D. +1369. + + +At a little distance, the tomb of Henry V., with this legend: + + +Henry, the scourge of France, lies in this tomb. Virtue subdues all +things. A.D. 1422. + + +Near this lies the coffin of Catherine, unburied, and to be opened +by anyone that pleases. On the outside is this inscription: + + +Fair Catherine is at length united to her lord. A.D. 1437. +Shun idleness. + + +The tomb of Henry III., of brass, gilt, with this epitaph: + + +Henry III., the founder of this cathedral. A.D. 1273. War is +delightful to the unexperienced. + + +It was this Henry who, one hundred and sixty years after Edward the +Confessor had built this church, took it down, and raised an entire +new one of beautiful architecture, supported by rows of marble +columns, and its roof covered with sheets of lead, a work of fifty +years before its completion. It has been much enlarged at the west +end by the abbots. After the expulsion of the monks, it experienced +many changes; first it had a dean and prebendaries; then a bishop, +who, having squandered the revenues, resigned it again to a dean. +In a little time, the monks with their abbot were reinstated by +Queen Mary; but, they being soon ejected again by authority of +parliament, it was converted into a cathedral church--nay, into a +seminary for the Church--by Queen Elizabeth, who instituted there +twelve prebendaries, an equal number of invalid soldiers, and forty +scholars; who at a proper time are elected into the universities, +and are thence transplanted into the Church and State. + +Next to be seen is the tomb of Eleanor, daughter of Alphonso King of +Spain, and wife of Edward I., with this inscription: + + +This Eleanor was consort of Edward I. +A.D. 1298. Learn to die. + + +The tomb of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII. + +In the middle of this chapel is the shrine of St. Edward, the last +King of the Saxons. It is composed of marble in mosaic: round it +runs this inscription in letters of gold: + + +The venerable king, St. Edward the Confessor, +A heroe adorned with every virtue. +He died on the 5th of January, 1065, +And mounted into Heaven. +Lift up your hearts. + + +The third choir, of surprising splendour and elegance, was added to +the east end by Henry VII. for a burying-place for himself and his +posterity. Here is to be seen his magnificent tomb, wrought of +brass and marble, with this epitaph: + + +Here lies Henry VII. of that name, formerly King of England, son of +Edmund, Earl of Richmond, who, ascending the throne on the twenty- +second day of August, was crowned on the thirtieth of October +following at Westminster, in the year of our Lord 1485. He died on +the twenty-first of April, in the fifty-third year of his age, after +a reign of twenty-two years and eight months wanting a day. + + +This monument is enclosed with rails of brass, with a long epitaph +in Latin verse. + +Under the same tomb lies buried Edward VI., King of England, son of +Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour. He succeeded to his father when he was +but nine years old, and died A.T. 1553, on the 6th of July, in the +sixteenth year of his age, and of his reign the seventh, not without +suspicion of poison. + +Mary was proclaimed queen by the people on the 19th of July, and +died in November, 1558, and is buried in some corner of the same +choir, without any inscription. + + +Queen Elizabeth. + +Here lies Queen Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., sister of King +Edward V., wife of Henry VII., and the glorious mother of Henry +VIII. She died in the Tower of London, on the eleventh of February, +A.D. 1502, in the thirty-seventh year of her age. + + +Between the second and third choirs in the side-chapels, are the +tombs of Sebert, King of the East Saxons, who built this church with +stone: and + +Of Margaret of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., grandmother of Henry +VIII.; she gave this monastery to the monks of Winbourne, {3} who +preached and taught grammar all England over, and appointed salaries +to two professors of divinity, one at Oxford, another at Cambridge, +where she founded two colleges to Christ and to John His disciple. +She died A.D. 1463, on the third of the calends of July. + +And of Margaret, Countess of Lenox, grandmother of James VI., King +of Scotland. + +William of Valance, half-brother of Henry III. + +The Earl of Cornwall, brother of Edward III. + +Upon another tomb is an honorary inscription for Frances, Duchess of +Suffolk. The sense of it is, + + +That titles, royal birth, riches, or a large family, are of no +avail: +That all are transitory; virtue alone resisting the funeral pile. +That this lady was first married to a duke, then to Stoke, a +gentleman; +And lastly, by the grave espoused to CHRIST. + + +The next is the tomb of Lord Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, +whose lady composed the following Greek and Latin verses, and had +them engraved on the marble:- + + +How was I startled at the cruel feast, +By death's rude hands in horrid manner drest; +Such grief as sure no hapless woman knew, +When thy pale image lay before my view. +Thy father's heir in beauteous form arrayed +Like flowers in spring, and fair, like them to fade; +Leaving behind unhappy wretched me, +And all thy little orphan-progeny: +Alike the beauteous face, the comely air, +The tongue persuasive, and the actions fair, +Decay: so learning too in time shall waste: +But faith, chaste lovely faith, shall ever last. +The once bright glory of his house, the pride +Of all his country, dusty ruins hide: +Mourn, hapless orphans; mourn, once happy wife; +For when he died, died all the joys of life. +Pious and just, amidst a large estate, +He got at once the name of good and great. +He made no flatt'ring parasite his guest, +But asked the good companions to the feast. + + +Anne, Countess of Oxford, daughter of William Cecil, Baron Burleigh, +and Lord Treasurer. + +Philippa, daughter and co-heiress of John, Lord Mohun of Dunster, +wife of Edward, Duke of York. + +Frances, Countess of Sussex, of the ancient family of Sidney. + +Thomas Bromley, Chancellor to Queen Elizabeth. + +The Earl of Bridgewater, {4} Lord Dawbney, Lord Chamberlain to Henry +VII., and his lady. + +And thus much for Westminster. + +There are many other churches in this city, but none so remarkable +for the tombs of persons of distinction. + +Near to this church is Westminster Hall, where, besides the Sessions +of Parliament, which are often held there, are the Courts of +Justice; and at stated times are heard their trials in law, or +concerning the king's patrimony, or in chancery, which moderates the +severity of the common law by equity. Till the time of Henry I. the +Prime Court of Justice was movable, and followed the King's Court, +but he enacted by the Magna Charta that the common pleas should no +longer attend his Court, but be held at some determined place. The +present hall was built by King Richard II. in the place of an +ancient one which he caused to be taken down. He made it part of +his habitation (for at that time the Kings of England determined +causes in their own proper person, and from the days of Edward the +Confessor had their palace adjoining), till, above sixty years +since, upon its being burnt, Henry VIII. removed the royal +residence to Whitehall, situated in the neighbourhood, which a +little before was the house of Cardinal Wolsey. This palace is +truly royal, enclosed on one side by the Thames, on the other by a +park, which connects it with St. James's, another royal palace. + +In the chamber where the Parliament is usually held, the seats and +wainscot are made of wood, the growth of Ireland; said to have that +occult quality, that all poisonous animals are driven away by it; +and it is affirmed for certain, that in Ireland there are neither +serpents, toads, nor any other venomous creature to be found. + +Near this place are seen an immense number of swans, who wander up +and down the river for some miles, in great security; nobody daring +to molest, much less kill any of them, under penalty of a +considerable fine. + +In Whitehall are the following things worthy of observation:- + +I. The Royal Library, well stored with Greek, Latin, Italian and +French books; amongst the rest, a little one in French upon +parchment, in the handwriting of the present reigning Queen +Elizabeth, thus inscribed:- + + +To the most high, puissant, and redoubted prince, Henry VIII. of the +name, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith; +Elizabeth, his most humble daughter. Health and obedience. + + +All these books are bound in velvet in different colours, though +chiefly red, with clasps of gold and silver; some have pearls and +precious stones set in their bindings. + +II. Two little silver cabinets of exquisite work, in which the +Queen keeps her paper, and which she uses for writing boxes. + +III. The Queen's bed, ingeniously composed of woods of different +colours, with quilts of silk, velvet, gold, silver, and embroidery. + +IV. A little chest ornamented all over with pearls, in which the +Queen keeps her bracelets, ear-rings, and other things of +extraordinary value. + +V. Christ's Passion, in painted glass. + +VI. Portraits: among which are, Queen Elizabeth, at sixteen years +old; Henry, Richard, Edward, Kings of England; Rosamond; Lucrece, a +Grecian bride, in her nuptial habit; the genealogy of the Kings of +England; a picture of King Edward VI., representing at first sight +something quite deformed, till by looking through a small hole in +the cover which is put over it, you see it in its true proportions; +Charles V., Emperor; Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, and Catherine +of Spain, his wife; Ferdinand, Duke of Florence, with his daughters; +one of Philip, King of Spain, when he came into England and married +Mary; Henry VII., Henry VIII., and his mother; besides many more of +illustrious men and women; and a picture of the Siege of Malta. + +VII. A small hermitage, half hid in a rock, finely carved in wood. + +VIII. Variety of emblems on paper, cut in the shape of shields, +with mottoes, used by the mobility at tilts and tournaments, hung up +here for a memorial. + +IX. Different instruments of music, upon one of which two persons +may perform at the same time. + +X. A piece of clock-work, an Ethiop riding upon a rhinoceros, with +four attendants, who all make their obeisance when it strikes the +hour; these are all put into motion by winding up the machine. + +At the entrance into the park from Whitehall is this inscription:- + + +The fisherman who has been wounded, learns, though late, to beware; +But the unfortunate Actaeon always presses on. +The chaste virgin naturally pitied: +But the powerful goddess revenged the wrong. +Let Actaeon fall a prey to his dogs, +An example to youth, +A disgrace to those that belong to him! +May Diana live the care of Heaven; +The delight of mortals; +The security of those that belong to her! {5} + + +In this park is great plenty of deer. + +In a garden joining to this palace there is a JET D'EAU, with a sun- +dial, which while strangers are looking at, a quantity of water, +forced by a wheel which the gardener turns at a distance, through a +number of little pipes, plentifully sprinkles those that are +standing round. + +Guildhall, a fine structure built by Thomas Knowles. Here are to be +seen the statues of two giants, said to have assisted the English +when the Romans made war upon them: Corinius of Britain, and +Gogmagog of Albion. Beneath upon a table the titles of Charles V., +Emperor, are written in letters of gold. + +The government of London is this: the city is divided into twenty- +five regions or wards; the Council is composed of twenty-four +aldermen, one of whom presides over every ward. And whereas of old +the chief magistrate was a portreeve, I.E., governor of the city, +Richard I. appointed two bailiffs; instead of which King John gave a +power by grant of choosing annually a mayor from any of the twelve +principal companies, and to name two sheriffs, one of whom to be +called the king's, the other the city's. It is scarce credible how +this city increased, both in public and private buildings, upon +establishing this form of government. VIDE Camden's "Britannia," +Middlesex. + +It is worthy of observation, that every year, upon St. Bartholomew's +Day, when the fair is held, it is usual for the mayor, attended by +the twelve principal aldermen, to walk in a neighbouring field, +dressed in his scarlet gown, and about his neck a golden chain, to +which is hung a golden fleece, {6} and besides, that particular +ornament {7} which distinguishes the most noble order of the garter. +During the year of his magistracy, he is obliged to live so +magnificently, that foreigner or native, without any expense, is +free, if he can find a chair empty, to dine at his table, where +there is always the greatest plenty. When the mayor goes out of the +precincts of the city, a sceptre, a sword, and a cap, are borne +before him, and he is followed by the principal aldermen in scarlet +gowns, with gold chains; himself and they on horseback. Upon their +arrival at a place appointed for that purpose, where a tent is +pitched, the mob begin to wrestle before them, two at a time; the +conquerors receive rewards from the magistrates. After this is +over, a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the crowd, +which are pursued by a number of boys, who endeavour to catch them, +with all the noise they can make. While we were at this show, one +of our company, Tobias Salander, doctor of physic, had his pocket +picked of his purse, with nine crowns du soleil, which, without +doubt, was so cleverly taken from him by an Englishman who always +kept very close to him, that the doctor did not in the least +perceive it. + +The Castle or Tower of London, called Bringwin, and Tourgwin, in +Welsh, from its whiteness, is encompassed by a very deep and broad +ditch, as well as a double wall very high. In the middle of the +whole is that very ancient and very strong tower, enclosed with four +others, which, in the opinion of some, was built by Julius Caesar. +Upon entering the tower, we were obliged to quit our swords at the +gate and deliver them to the guard. When we were introduced, we +were shown above a hundred pieces of arras belonging to the Crown, +made of gold, silver, and silk; several saddles covered with velvet +of different colours; an immense quantity of bed-furniture, such as +canopies, and the like, some of them most richly ornamented with +pearl; some royal dresses, so extremely magnificent as to raise any +one's admiration at the sums they must have cost. We were next led +into the Armoury, in which are these particularities:- Spears, out +of which you may shoot; shields, that will give fire four times; a +great many rich halberds, commonly called partisans, with which the +guard defend the royal person in battle; some lances, covered with +red and green velvet, and the body-armour of Henry VIII.; many and +very beautiful arms, as well for men as for horses in horse-fights; +the lance of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, three spans thick; +two pieces of cannon, the one fires three, the other seven balls at +a time; two others made of wood, which the English has at the siege +of Boulogne, in France. And by this stratagem, without which they +could not have succeeded, they struck a terror into the inhabitants, +as at the appearance of artillery, and the town was surrendered upon +articles; nineteen cannon of a thicker make than ordinary, and in a +room apart; thirty-six of a smaller; other cannon for chain-shot; +and balls proper to bring down masts of ships. Cross-bows, bows and +arrows, of which to this day the English make great use in their +exercises; but who can relate all that is to be seen here? Eight or +nine men employed by the year are scarce sufficient to keep all the +arms bright. + +The Mint for coining money is in the Tower. + +N.B.--It is to be noted, that when any of the nobility are sent +hither, on the charge of high crimes, punishable with death, such as +treason, &c., they seldom or never recover their liberty. Here was +beheaded Anne Boleyn, wife of King Henry VIII., and lies buried in +the chapel, but without any inscription; and Queen Elizabeth was +kept prisoner here by her sister, Queen Mary, at whose death she was +enlarged, and by right called to the throne. + +On coming out of the Tower, we were led to a small house close by, +where are kept variety of creatures, viz.--three lionesses; one lion +of great size, called Edward VI. from his having been born in that +reign: a tiger; a lynx; a wolf excessively old--this is a very +scarce animal in England, so that their sheep and cattle stray about +in great numbers, free from any danger, though without anybody to +keep them; there is, besides, a porcupine, and an eagle. All these +creatures are kept in a remote place, fitted up for the purpose with +wooden lattices, at the Queen's expense. + +Near to this Tower is a large open space; on the highest part of it +is erected a wooden scaffold, for the execution of noble criminals; +upon which, they say, three princes of England, the last of their +families, have been beheaded for high treason; on the bank of the +Thames close by are a great many cannon, such chiefly as are used at +sea. + +The next thing worthy of note is the Royal Exchange, so named by +Queen Elizabeth, built by Sir Thomas Gresham, citizen, for public +ornament and the convenience of merchants. It has a great effect, +whether you consider the stateliness of the building, the assemblage +of different nations, or the quantities of merchandise. I shall say +nothing of the hall belonging to the Hans Society; or of the +conveyance of water to all parts of the town by subterraneous pipes, +nor the beautiful conduits and cisterns for the reception of it; nor +of the raising of water out of the Thames by a wheel, invented a few +years since by a German. + +Bridewell, at present the House of Correction; it was built in six +weeks for the reception of the Emperor Charles V. + +A Hall built by a cobbler and bestowed on the city, where are +exposed to sale, three times in a week, corn, wool, cloth, fruits, +and the like. + +Without the city are some theatres, where English actors represent +almost every day tragedies and comedies to a very numerous +audiences; these are concluded with excellent music, variety of +dances, and the excessive applause of those that are present. + +Not far from one of these theatres, which are all built of wood, +lies the royal barge, close to the river. It has two splendid +cabins, beautifully ornamented with glass windows, painting, and +gilding; it is kept upon dry ground, and sheltered from the weather. + +There is still another place, built in the form of a theatre, which +serves for the baiting of bulls and bears; they are fastened behind, +and then worried by great English bull-dogs, but not without great +risk to the dogs, from the horns of the one and the teeth of the +other; and it sometimes happens that they are killed upon the spot; +fresh ones are immediately supplied in the places of those that are +wounded or tired. To this entertainment there often follows that of +whipping a blinded bear, which is performed by five or six men, +standing circularly with whips, which they exercise upon him without +any mercy, as he cannot escape from them because of his chain; he +defends himself with all his force and skill, throwing down all who +come within his reach and are not active enough to get out of it, +and tearing the whips out of their hands and breaking them. At +these spectacles, and everywhere else, the English are constantly +smoking tobacco; and in this manner--they have pipes on purpose made +of clay, into the farther end of which they put the herb, so dry +that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire to it, they draw +the smoke into their mouths, which they puff out again through their +nostrils like funnels, along with it plenty of phlegm and defluxion +from the head. In these theatres, fruits, such as apples, pears, +and nuts, according to the season, are carried about to be sold, as +well as ale and wine. + +There are fifteen colleges within and without the city, nobly built, +with beautiful gardens adjoining. Of these the three principal +are:- + +I. The Temple, inhabited formerly by the Knights Templars; it seems +to have taken its name from the old temple, or church, which has a +round tower added to it, under which lied buried those Kings of +Denmark that reigned in England. + +II. Gray's Inn. And, + +III. Lincoln's Inn. + +In these colleges numbers of young nobility, gentry, and others, are +educated, and chiefly in the study of physic, for very few apply +themselves to that of the law; they are allowed a very good table, +and silver cups to drink out of. Once a person of distinction, who +could not help being surprised at the great number of cups, said, +"He should have thought it more suitable to the life of students, if +they had used rather glass, or earthenware, than silver." The +college answered, "They were ready to make him a present of all +their plate, provided he would undertake to supply them with all the +glass and earthenware they should have a demand for; since it was +very likely he would find the expense, from constant breaking, +exceed the value of the silver." + +The streets in this city are very handsome and clean; but that which +is named from the goldsmiths who inhabit it, surpasses all the rest; +there is in it a gilt tower, with a fountain that plays. Near it, +on the farther side, is a handsome house built by a goldsmith and +presented by him to the city. There are besides to be seen in this +street, as in all others where there are goldsmiths' shops, all +sorts of gold and silver vessels exposed to sale, as well as ancient +and modern medals, in such quantities as must surprise a man the +first time he sees and considers them. + +Fitz-Stephen, a writer of English history, reckoned in his time in +London one hundred and twenty-seven parish churches, and thirteen +belonging to convents; he mentions, besides, that upon a review +there of men able to bear arms, the people brought into the field +under their colours forty thousand foot and twenty thousand horse. +VIDE Camden's "Britannia," Middlesex. + +The best oysters are sold here in great quantities. + +Everybody knows that English cloth is much approved of for the +goodness of the materials, and imported into all the kingdoms and +provinces of Europe. + +We were shown, at the house of Leonard Smith, a tailor, a most +perfect looking-glass, ornamented with gold, pearl, silver, and +velvet, so richly as to be estimated at five hundred ecus du soleil. +We saw at the same place the hippocamp and eagle stone, both very +curious and rare. + +And thus much of London. + +Upon taking the air down the river, the first thing that struck us +was the ship of that noble pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in which he is +said to have surrounded this globe of earth. On the left hand lies +Ratcliffe, a considerable suburb: on the opposite shore is fixed a +long pole with ram's-horns upon it, the intention of which was +vulgarly said to be a reflection upon wilful and contented cuckolds. + +We arrived next at the royal palace of Greenwich, reported to have +been originally built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and to have +received very magnificent additions from Henry VII. It was here +Elizabeth, the present Queen, was born, and her she generally +resides, particularly in summer, for the delightfulness of its +situation. We were admitted, by an order Mr. Rogers had procured +from the Lord Chamberlain, into the presence chamber, hung with rich +tapestry, and the floor, after the English fashion, strewed with +hay, {8} through which the Queen commonly passes on her way to +chapel. At the door stood a gentleman dressed in velvet, with a +gold chain, whose office was to introduce to the Queen any person of +distinction that came to wait on her; it was Sunday, when there is +usually the greatest attendance of nobility. In the same hall were +the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, a great number +of Councillors of State, officers of the Crown, and gentlemen, who +waited the Queen's coming out; which she did from her own apartment +when it was time to go to prayers, attended in the following +manner:- + +First went gentlemen, barons, earls, Knights of the Garter, all +richly dressed and bareheaded; next came the Chancellor, bearing the +seals in a red silk purse, between two, one of whom carried the +Royal sceptre, the other the sword of state, in a red scabbard, +studded with golden FLEURS DE LIS, the point upwards: next came the +Queen, in the sixty-fifth year of her age, as we were told, very +majestic; her face oblong, fair, but wrinkled; her eyes small, yet +black and pleasant; her nose a little hooked; her lips narrow, and +her teeth black (a defect the English seem subject to, from their +too great use of sugar); she had in her ears two pearls, with very +rich drops; she wore false hair, and that red; upon her head she had +a small crown, reported to be made of some of the gold of the +celebrated Lunebourg table; her bosom was uncovered, as all the +English ladies have it till they marry; and she had on a necklace of +exceeding fine jewels; her hands were small, her fingers long, and +her stature neither tall nor low; her air was stately, her manner of +speaking mild and obliging. That day she was dressed in white silk, +bordered with pearls of the size of beans, and over it a mantle of +black silk, shot with silver threads; her train was very long, the +end of it borne by a marchioness; instead of a chain, she had an +oblong collar of gold and jewels. As she went along in all this +state and magnificence, she spoke very graciously, first to one, +then to another, whether foreign Ministers, or those who attended +for different reasons, in English, French, and Italian; for, besides +being well skilled in Greek, Latin, and the languages I have +mentioned, she is mistress of Spanish, Scotch, and Dutch. Whoever +speaks to her, it is kneeling; now and then she raises some with her +hand. While we were there, W. Slawata, a Bohemian baron, had +letters to present to her; and she, after pulling off her glove, +gave him her right hand to kiss, sparkling with rings and jewels, a +mark of particular favour. Wherever she turned her face, as she was +going along, everybody fell down on their knees. {9} The ladies of +the court followed next to her, very handsome and well-shaped, and +for the most part dressed in white. She was guarded on each side by +the gentlemen pensioners, fifty in number, with gilt battle-axes. +In the ante-chapel, next the hall where we were, petitions were +presented to her, and she received them most graciously, which +occasioned the acclamation of "Long Live Queen Elizabeth!" She +answered it with "I thank you, my good people." In the chapel was +excellent music; as soon as it and the service were over, which +scarce exceeded half an hour, the Queen returned in the same state +and order, and prepared to go to dinner. But while she was still at +prayers, we saw her table set out with the following solemnity:- + +A gentleman entered the room bearing a rod, and along with him +another who had a table-cloth which, after they had both kneeled +three times with the utmost veneration, he spread upon the table, +and, after kneeling again, they both retired. Then came two others, +one with the rod again, the other with a salt-cellar, a plate, and +bread; when they had kneeled as the others had done, and placed what +was brought upon the table, they too retired with the same +ceremonies performed by the first. At last came an unmarried lady +(we were told she was a countess), and along with her a married one, +bearing a tasting-knife; the former was dressed in white silk, who, +when she had prostrated herself three times in the most graceful +manner, approached the table and rubbed the plates with bread and +salt with as much awe as if the Queen had been present. When they +had waited there a little while, the yeomen of the guards entered, +bareheaded, clothed in scarlet, with a golden rose upon their backs, +bringing in at each turn a course of twenty-four dishes, served in +plate, most of it gilt; these dishes were received by a gentleman in +the same order they were brought, and placed upon the table, while +the lady taster gave to each of the guard a mouthful to eat of the +particular dish he had brought, for fear of any poison. During the +time that this guard, which consists of the tallest and stoutest men +that can be found in all England, being carefully selected for this +service, were bringing dinner, twelve trumpets and two kettledrums +made the hall ring for half an hour together. At the end of all +this ceremonial, a number of unmarried ladies appeared, who, with +particular solemnity, lifted the meat off the table, and conveyed it +into the Queen's inner and more private chamber, where, after she +had chosen for herself, the rest goes to the ladies of the Court. + +The Queen dines and sups alone with very few attendants, and it is +very seldom that anybody, foreigner or native, is admitted at that +time, and then only at the intercession of somebody in power. + +Near this palace is the Queen's park, stocked with deer. Such parks +are common throughout England, belonging to those that are +distinguished either for their rank or riches. In the middle of +this is an old square tower, called Mirefleur, supposed to be that +mentioned in the romance of "Amadis de Gaul;" and joining to it a +plain, where knights and other gentlemen use to meet, at set times +and holidays, to exercise on horseback. + +We left London in a coach, in order to see the remarkable places in +its neighbourhood. + +The first was Theobalds, belonging to Lord Burleigh, the Treasurer. +In the gallery was painted the genealogy of the Kings of England; +from this place one goes into the garden, encompassed with a ditch +full of water, large enough for one to have the pleasure of going in +a boat and rowing between the shrubs; here are great variety of +trees and plants, labyrinths made with a great deal of labour, a JET +D'EAU, with its basin of white marble, and columns and pyramids of +wood and other materials up and down the garden. After seeing +these, we were led by the gardener into the summer-house, in the +lower part of which, built semicircularly, are the twelve Roman +emperors in white marble, and a table of touchstone; the upper part +of it is set round with cisterns of lead, into which the water is +conveyed through pipes, so that fish may be kept in them, and in +summer-time they are very convenient for bathing. In another room +for entertainment, very near this, and joined to it by a little +bridge, was an oval table of red marble. We were not admitted to +see the apartments of this palace, there being nobody to show it, as +the family was in town, attending the funeral of their lord. {10} + +Hoddesdon, a village. + +Ware, a market town. + +Puckeridge, a village; this was the first place where we observed +that the beds at inns were made by the waiters. + +Camboritum, Cantabrigium and Cantabrigia, now called Cambridge, a +celebrated town, so named from the river Cam, which after washing +the western side, playing through islands, turns to the east, and +divides the town into two parts, which are joined by a bridge, +whence its modern name--formerly it had the Saxon one of +Grantbridge. Beyond this bridge is an ancient and large castle, +said to be built by the Danes: on this side, where far the greater +part of the town stands, all is splendid; the streets fine, the +churches numerous, and those seats of the Muses, the colleges, most +beautiful; in these a great number of learned men are supported, and +the studies of all polite sciences and languages flourish. + +I think proper to mention some few things about the foundation of +this University and its colleges. Cantaber, a Spaniard, is thought +to have first instituted this academy 375 years before Christ, and +Sebert, King of the East Angles, to have restored it A.D. 630. It +was afterwards subverted in the confusion under the Danes, and lay +long neglected, till upon the Norman Conquest everything began to +brighten up again: from that time inns and halls for the convenient +lodging of students began to be built, but without any revenues +annexed to them. + +The first college, called Peter House, was built and endowed by Hugh +Balsam, Bishop of Ely, A.D. 1280; and, in imitation of him, Richard +Badew, with the assistance of Elizabeth Burke, Countess of Clare and +Ulster, founded Clare Hall in 1326; Mary de St. Paul, Countess of +Pembroke, Pembroke Hall in 1343; the Monks of Corpus Christi, the +college of the same name, though it has besides that of Bennet; John +Craudene, Trinity Hall, 1354; Edmond Gonville, in 1348, and John +Caius, a physician in our times, Gonville and Caius College; King +Henry VI., King's College, in 1441, adding to it a chapel that may +justly claim a place among the most beautiful buildings in the +world. On its right side is a fine library, where we saw the "Book +of Psalms" in manuscript, upon parchment four spans in length and +three broad, taken from the Spaniards at the siege of Cadiz, and +thence brought into England with other rich spoils. Margaret of +Anjou, his wife, founded Queen's College, 1448, at the same time +that John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, built Jesus College; Robert +Woodlarke, Catherine Hall; Margaret of Richmond, mother of King +Henry VII., Christ's and St. John's Colleges, about 1506; Thomas +Audley, Chancellor of England, Magdalen College, much increased +since both in buildings and revenue by Christopher Wray, Lord Chief +Justice; and the most potent King Henry VIII. erected Trinity +College for religion and polite letters--in its chapel is the tomb +of Dr. Whitacre, with an inscription in gold letters upon marble; +Emanuel College, built in our own times by the most honourable and +prudent Sir Walter Mildmay, one of Her Majesty's Privy Council; and +lastly, Sidney College, now first building by the executors of the +Lady Frances Sidney, {11} Countess of Sussex. + +We must note here that there is certain sect in England called +Puritans; these, according to the doctrine of the Church of Geneva, +reject all ceremonies anciently held, and admit of neither organs +nor tombs in their places of worship, and entirely abhor all +difference in rank among Churchmen, such as bishops, deans, &c.; +they were first named Puritans by the Jesuit Sandys. They do not +live separate, but mix with those of the Church of England in the +colleges. + +Potton, a village. + +Ampthill, a town; here we saw immense numbers of rabbits, which are +reckoned as good as hares, and are very well tasted. + +We passed through the towns of Woburn, Leighton, Aylesbury, and +Wheatley. + +Oxonium, Oxford, the famed Athens of England; that glorious seminary +of learning and wisdom, whence religion, politeness, and letters, +are abundantly dispersed into all parts of the kingdom. The town is +remarkably fine, whether you consider the elegance of its private +buildings, the magnificence of its public ones, or the beauty and +wholesomeness of its situation, which is on a plain, encompassed in +such a manner with hills, shaded with wood, as to be sheltered on +the one hand from the sickly south, and on the other from the +blustering west, but open to the east, that blows serene weather, +and to the north, the preventer of corruption, from which, in the +opinion of some, it formerly obtained the appellation of Bellositum. +This town is watered by two rivers, the Cherwell and the Isis, +vulgarly called the Ouse; and though these streams join in the same +channel, yet the Isis runs more entire and with more rapidity +towards the south, retaining its name till it meets the Thame, which +it seems long to have sought, at Wallingford; thence, called by the +compound name of Thames, it flows the prince of all British rivers, +of whom we may justly say, as the ancients did of the Euphrates, +that it both sows and waters England. + +The colleges in this famous University are as follows:- + +In the reign of Henry III., Walter Merton, Bishop of Rochester, +removed the college he had founded in Surrey, 1274, to Oxford, +enriched it, and named it Merton College; and soon after, William, +Archdeacon of Durham, restored, with additions, that building of +Alfred's now called University College; in the reign of Edward I., +John Baliol, King of Scotland, or, as some will have it, his +parents, founded Baliol College; in the reign of Edward II., Walter +Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, founded Exeter College and Hart Hall; +and, in imitation of him, the King, King's College, commonly called +Oriel, and St. Mary's Hall; next, Philippa, wife of Edward III., +built Queen's College; and Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, +Canterbury College; William Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, raised +that magnificent structure called New College; Magdalen College was +built by William Wainflete, Bishop of Winchester, a noble edifice, +finely situated and delightful for its walks; at the same time, +Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, that great encourager of learning, +built the Divinity School very splendidly, and over it a library, to +which he gave an hundred and twenty-nine very choice books, +purchased at a great price from Italy, but the public has long since +been robbed of the use of them by the avarice of particulars: +Lincoln College; All Souls' College; St. Bernard's College; Brazen- +Nose College, founded by William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, in the +reign of Henry VII.; its revenues were augmented by Alexander Nowel, +Dean of St. Paul's, London; upon the gate of this college is fixed a +nose of brass; Corpus Christi College, built by Richard Fox, Bishop +of Winchester--under his picture in the College chapel are lines +importing that it is the exact representation of his person and +dress. + +Christ's Church, the largest and most elegant of them all, was begun +on the ground of St. Frideswide's Monastery, by Thomas Wolsey, +Cardinal of York, to which Henry VIII. joined Canterbury College, +settled great revenues upon it, and named it Christ's Church; the +same great prince, out of his own treasury, to the dignity of the +town and ornament of the University, made the one a bishoprie, and +instituted professorships in the other. + +Jesus College, built by Hugh Price, Doctor of Laws. + +That fine edifice, the Public Schools, was entirely raised by Queen +Mary, and adorned with various inscriptions. + +Thus far of the colleges and halls, which for the beauty of their +buildings, their rich endowments, and copious libraries, excel all +the academies in the Christian world. We shall add a little of the +academies themselves, and those that inhabit them. + +These students lead a life almost monastic; for as the monks had +nothing in the world to do but when they had said their prayers at +stated hours to employ themselves in instructive studies, no more +have these. They are divided into three tables: the first is +called the Fellows' table, to which are admitted earls, barons, +gentlemen, doctors, and Masters of Arts, but very few of the latter- +-this is more plentifully and expensively served than the others; +the second is for Masters of Arts, Bachelors, some gentlemen, and +eminent citizens; the third for people of low condition. While the +rest are at dinner or supper in a great hall, where they are all +assembled, one of the students reads aloud the Bible, which is +placed on a desk in the middle of the hall, and this office every +one of them takes upon himself in his turn. As soon as grace is +said after each meal, every one is at liberty either to retire to +his own chambers or to walk in the College garden, there being none +that has not a delightful one. Their habit is almost the same as +that of the Jesuits, their gowns reaching down to their ankles, +sometimes lined with fur; they wear square caps. The doctors, +Masters of Arts, and professors, have another kind of gown that +distinguishes them. Every student of any considerable standing has +a key to the College library, for no college is without one. + +In an out-part of the town are the remains of a pretty large +fortification, but quite in ruins. We were entertained at supper +with an excellent concert, composed of a variety of instruments. + +The next day we went as far as the Royal Palace of Woodstock, where +King Ethelred formerly held a Parliament, and enacted certain laws. +This palace, abounding in magnificence, was built by Henry I., to +which he joined a very large park, enclosed with a wall; according +to John Rosse, the first park in England. In this very palace the +present reigning Queen Elizabeth, before she was confined to the +Tower, was kept prisoner by her sister Mary. While she was detained +here, in the utmost peril of her life, she wrote with a piece of +charcoal the following verse, composed by herself, upon a window +shutter:- + + +"O Fortune! how thy restless wavering state +Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit! +Witness this present prison whither fate +Hath borne me, and the joys I quit. +Thou causedest the guilty to be loosed +From bands wherewith are innocents enclosed; +Causing the guiltless to be strait reserved, +And freeing those that death had well deserved: +But by her envy can be nothing wrought, +So God send to my foes all they have thought. +A.D., M.D.L.V." +"Elizabeth, Prisoner. + + +Not far from this palace are to be seen, near a spring of the +brightest water, the ruins of the habitation of Rosamond Clifford, +whose exquisite beauty so entirely captivated the heart of King +Henry II. that he lost the thought of all other women; she is said +to have been poisoned at last by the Queen. All that remains of her +tomb of stone, the letters of which are almost worn out, is the +following:- + + +" . . . Adorent, +Utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur." + + +The rhyming epitaph following was probably the performance of some +monk:- + + +"Hic jacet in tumba Rosamundi non Rosamunda, +Non redolet sed olet, quae redolere solet." + + +Returning from hence to Oxford, after dinner we proceeded on our +journey, and passed through Ewhelme, a royal palace, in which some +alms-people are supported by an allowance from the Crown. + +Nettlebed, a village. + +We went through the little town of Henley; from hence the Chiltern +Hills bear north in a continued ridge, and divide the counties of +Oxford and Buckingham. + +We passed Maidenhead. + +Windsor, a royal castle, supposed to have been begun by King Arthur, +its buildings much increased by Edward III. The situation is +entirely worthy of being a royal residence, a more beautiful being +scarce to be found; for, from the brow of a gentle rising, it enjoys +the prospect of an even and green country; its front commands a +valley extended every way, and chequered with arable lands and +pasturage, clothed up and down with groves, and watered by that +gentlest of rivers, the Thames; behind rise several hills, but +neither steep nor very high, crowned with woods, and seeming +designed by Nature herself for the purpose of hunting. + +The Kings of England, invited by the deliciousness of the place, +very often retire hither; and here was born the conqueror of France, +the glorious King Edward III., who built the castle new from the +ground, and thoroughly fortified it with trenches, and towers of +square stone, and, having soon after subdued in battle John, King of +France, and David, King of Scotland, he detained them both prisoners +here at the same time. This castle, besides being the Royal Palace, +and having some magnificent tombs of the Kings of England, is famous +for the ceremonies belonging to the Knights of the Garter. This +Order was instituted by Edward III., the same who triumphed so +illustriously over John, King of France. The Knights of the Garter +are strictly chosen for their military virtues, and antiquity of +family; they are bound by solemn oath and vow to mutual and +perpetual friendship among themselves, and to the not avoiding any +danger whatever, or even death itself, to support, by their joint +endeavours, the honour of the Society; they are styled Companions of +the Garter, from their wearing below the left knee a purple garter, +inscribed in letters of gold with "HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE," I.E., +"Evil to him that evil thinks." This they wear upon the left leg, +in memory of one which, happening to untie, was let fall by a great +lady, passionately beloved by Edward, while she was dancing, and was +immediately snatched up by the King, who, to do honour to the lady, +not out of any trifling gallantry, but with a most serious and +honourable purpose, dedicated it to the legs of the most +distinguished nobility. The ceremonies of this Society are +celebrated every year at Windsor on St. George's Day, the tutelar +saint of the Order, the King presiding; and the custom is that the +Knights Companions should hang up their helmet and shield, with +their arms blazoned on it, in some conspicuous part of the church. + +There are three principal and very large courts in Windsor Castle, +which give great pleasure to the beholders: the first is enclosed +with most elegant buildings of white stone, flat-roofed, and covered +with lead; here the Knights of the Garter are lodged; in the middle +is a detached house, remarkable for its high tower, which the +governor inhabits. In this is the public kitchen, well furnished +with proper utensils, besides a spacious dining-room, where all the +poor Knights eat at the same table, for into this Society of the +Garter, the King and Sovereign elects, at his own choice, certain +persons, who must be gentlemen of three descents, and such as, for +their age and the straitness of their fortunes, are fitter for +saying their prayers than for the service of war; to each of them is +assigned a pension of eighteen pounds per annum and clothes. The +chief institution of so magnificent a foundation is, that they +should say their daily prayers to God for the King's safety, and the +happy administration for the kingdom, to which purpose they attend +the service, meeting twice every day at chapel. The left side of +this court is ornamented by a most magnificent chapel of one hundred +and thirty-four paces in length, and sixteen in breadth; in this are +eighteen seats fitted up in the time of Edward III. for an equal +number of Knights: this venerable building is decorated with the +noble monuments of Edward IV., Henry VI., and VIII., and of his wife +Queen Jane. It receives from royal liberality the annual income of +two thousand pounds, and that still much increased by the +munificence of Edward III. and Henry VII. The greatest princes in +Christendom have taken it for the highest honour to be admitted into +the Order of the Garter; and since its first institution about +twenty kings, besides those of England, who are the sovereigns of +it, not to mention dukes and persons of the greatest figure, have +been of it. It consists of twenty-six Companions. + +In the inward choir of the chapel are hung up sixteen coats-of-arms, +swords, and banners; among which are those of Charles V. and +Rodolphus II., Emperors; of Philip of Spain; Henry III. of France; +Frederic II. of Denmark, &c.; of Casimir, Count Palatine of the +Rhine; and other Christian princes who have been chosen into this +Order. + +In the back choir, or additional chapel, are shown preparations made +by Cardinal Wolsey, who was afterwards capitally punished, {12} for +his own tomb; consisting of eight large brazen columns placed round +it, and nearer the tomb four others in the shape of candlesticks; +the tomb itself is of white and black marble; all which are +reserved, according to report, for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth; +the expenses already made for that purpose are estimated at upwards +of 60,000 pounds. In the same chapel is the surcoat {13} of Edward +III., and the tomb of Edward Fynes, Earl of Lincoln, Baron Clinton +and Say, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and formerly +Lord High Admiral of England. + +The second court of Windsor Castle stands upon higher ground, and is +enclosed with walls of great strength, and beautified with fine +buildings and a tower; it was an ancient castle, of which old annals +speak in this manner: King Edward, A.D. 1359, began a new building +in that part of the Castle of Windsor where he was born; for which +reason he took care it should be decorated with larger and finer +edifices than the rest. In this part were kept prisoners John, King +of France, and David, King of Scots, over whom Edward triumphed at +one and the same time: it was by their advice, struck with the +advantage of its situation, and with the sums paid for their ransom, +that by degrees this castle stretched to such magnificence, as to +appear no longer a fortress, but a town of proper extent, and +inexpugnable to any human force. This particular part of the castle +was built at the sole expense of the King of Scotland, except one +tower, which, from its having been erected by the Bishop of +Winchester, Prelate of the Order, is called Winchester Tower; {14} +there are a hundred steps to it, so ingeniously contrived that +horses can easily ascend them; it is a hundred and fifty paces in +circuit; within it are preserved all manner of arms necessary for +the defence of the place. + +The third court is much the largest of any, built at the expense of +the captive King of France; as it stands higher, so it greatly +excels the two former in splendour and elegance; it has one hundred +and forty-eight paces in length, and ninety-seven in breadth; in the +middle of it is a fountain of very clear water, brought under +ground, at an excessive expense, from the distance of four miles. +Towards the east are magnificent apartments destined for the royal +household; towards the west is a tennis-court for the amusement of +the Court; on the north side are the royal apartments, consisting of +magnificent chambers, halls, and bathing-rooms, {15} and a private +chapel, the roof of which is embellished with golden roses and +FLEURS-DE-LIS: in this, too, is that very large banqueting-room, +seventy-eight paces long, and thirty wide, in which the Knights of +the Garter annually celebrate the memory of their tutelar saint, St. +George, with a solemn and most pompous service. + +From hence runs a walk of incredible beauty, three hundred and +eighty paces in length, set round on every side with supporters of +wood, which sustain a balcony, from whence the nobility and persons +of distinction can take the pleasure of seeing hunting and hawking +in a lawn of sufficient space; for the fields and meadows, clad with +variety of plants and flowers, swell gradually into hills of +perpetual verdure quite up to the castle, and at bottom stretch out +in an extended plain, that strikes the beholders with delight. + +Besides what has been already mentioned, there are worthy of notice +here two bathing-rooms, ceiled and wainscoted with looking-glass; +the chamber in which Henry VI. was born; Queen Elizabeth's +bedchamber, where is a table of red marble with white streaks; a +gallery everywhere ornamented with emblems and figures; a chamber in +which are the royal beds of Henry VII. and his Queen, of Edward VI., +of Henry VIII., and of Anne Boleyn, all of them eleven feet square, +and covered with quilts shining with gold and silver; Queen +Elizabeth's bed, with curious coverings of embroidery, but not quite +so long or large as the others; a piece of tapestry, in which is +represented Clovis, King of France, with an angel presenting to him +the FLEURS-DE-LIS to be borne in his arms; for before his time the +Kings of France bore three toads in their shield, instead of which +they afterwards placed three FLEURS-DE-LIS on a blue field; this +antique tapestry is said to have been taken from a King of France, +while the English were masters there. We were shown here, among +other things, the horn of a unicorn, of above eight spans and a half +in length, valued at above 10,000 pounds; the bird of paradise, +three spans long, three fingers broad, having a blue bill of the +length of half an inch, the upper part of its head yellow, the +nether part of a . . . colour; {16} a little lower from either side +of its throat stick out some reddish feathers, as well as from its +back and the rest of its body; its wings, of a yellow colour, are +twice as long as the bird itself; from its back grow out lengthways +two fibres or nerves, bigger at their ends, but like a pretty strong +thread, of a leaden colour, inclining to black, with which, as it +has not feet, it is said to fasten itself to trees when it wants to +rest; a cushion most curiously wrought by Queen Elizabeth's own +hands. + +In the precincts of Windsor, on the other side the Thames, both +whose banks are joined by a bridge of wood, is Eton, a well-built +College, and famous school for polite letters, founded by Henry VI.; +where, besides a master, eight fellows and chanters, sixty boys are +maintained gratis. They are taught grammar, and remain in the +school till, upon trial made of their genius and progress in study, +they are sent to the University of Cambridge. + +As we were returning to our inn, we happened to meet some country +people CELEBRATING THEIR HARVEST HOME; their last load of corn they +crown with flowers, having besides an image richly dressed, by +which, perhaps, they would signify Ceres; this they keep moving +about, while men and women, men and maid servants, riding through +the streets in the cart, shout as loud as they can till they arrive +at the barn. The farmers here do not bind up their corn in sheaves, +as they do with us, but directly as they have reaped or mowed it, +put it into carts, and convey it into their barns. + +We went through the town of Staines. + +Hampton Court, a Royal Palace, magnificently built with brick by +Cardinal Wolsey in ostentation of his wealth, where he enclosed five +very ample courts, consisting of noble edifices in very beautiful +work. Over the gate in the second area is the Queen's device, a +golden Rose, with this motto, "Dieu et mon Droit:" on the inward +side of this gate are the effigies of the twelve Roman Emperors in +plaster. The chief area is paved with square stone; in its centre +is a fountain that throws up water, covered with a gilt crown, on +the top of which is a statue of Justice, supported by columns of +black and white marble. The chapel of this palace is most splendid, +in which the Queen's closet is quite transparent, having its window +of crystal. We were led into two chambers, called the presence, or +chambers of audience, which shone with tapestry of gold and silver +and silk of different colours: under the canopy of state are these +words embroidered in pearl, "VIVAT HENRICUS OCTAVUS." Here is +besides a small chapel richly hung with tapestry, where the Queen +performs her devotions. In her bedchamber the bed was covered with +very costly coverlids of silk: at no great distance from this room +we were shown a bed, the tester of which was worked by Anne Boleyn, +and presented by her to her husband Henry VIII. All the other +rooms, being very numerous, are adorned with tapestry of gold, +silver, and velvet, in some of which were woven history pieces; in +others, Turkish and American dresses, all extremely natural. + +In the hall are these curiosities: + +A very clear looking-glass, ornamented with columns and little +images of alabaster; a portrait of Edward VI., brother to Queen +Elizabeth; the true portrait of Lucretia; a picture of the battle of +Pavia; the history of Christ's passion, carved in mother-of-pearl; +the portraits of Mary Queen of Scots, who was beheaded, and her +daughter; {17} the picture of Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, and of +Philip his son; that of Henry VIII.--under it was placed the Bible +curiously written upon parchment; an artificial sphere; several +musical instruments; in the tapestry are represented negroes riding +upon elephants. The bed in which Edward VI. is said to have been +born, and where his mother Jane Seymour died in child-bed. In one +chamber were several excessively rich tapestries, which are hung up +when the Queen gives audience to foreign ambassadors; there were +numbers of cushions ornamented with gold and silver; many +counterpanes and coverlids of beds lined with ermine: in short, all +the walls of the palace shine with gold and silver. Here is besides +a certain cabinet called Paradise, where besides that everything +glitters so with silver, gold, and jewels, as to dazzle one's eyes, +there is a musical instrument made all of glass, except the strings. +Afterwards we were led into the gardens, which are most pleasant; +here we saw rosemary so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover +them entirely, which is a method exceeding common in England. + +Kingston, a market town. + +Nonesuch, a royal retreat, in a place formerly called Cuddington, a +very healthful situation, chosen by King Henry VIII. for his +pleasure and retirement, and built by him with an excess of +magnificence and elegance, even to ostentation: one would imagine +everything that architecture can perform to have been employed in +this one work. There are everywhere so many statues that seem to +breathe so many miracles of consummate art, so many casts that rival +even the perfection of Roman antiquity, that it may well claim and +justify its name of Nonesuch, being without an equal; or as the post +sung - + + +"This, which no equal has in art or fame, +Britons deservedly do NONESUCH name." + + +The palace itself is so encompassed with parks full of deer, +delicious gardens, groves ornamented with trellis-work, cabinets of +verdure, and walks so embrowned by trees, that it seems to be a +place pitched upon by Pleasure herself, to dwell in along with +Health. + +In the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and pyramids +of marble, two fountains that spout water one round the other like a +pyramid, upon which are perched small birds that stream water out of +their bills. In the Grove of Diana is a very agreeable fountain, +with Actaeon turned into a stag, as he was sprinkled by the goddess +and her nymphs, with inscriptions. + +There is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed pipes, +which spurt upon all who come within their reach. + +Returned from hence to London. + + + +A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF ENGLAND. + + + +Britain, consisting of the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, is +the largest island in the world, encompassed by the ocean, the +German and French seas. The largest and southern part of it is +England, so named from the Angli, who quitting the little territory +yet called Angel in the kingdom of Denmark, took possession here. +It is governed by its own King, who owns no superior but God. It is +divided into thirty-nine counties, to which thirteen in Wales were +added by Henry VIII., the first who distributed that principality +into counties; over each of these, in times of danger, a lord +lieutenant, nominated by the King, presides with an unlimited power. +Every year some gentleman, an inhabitant of the place, is appointed +sheriff; his office is to collect the public moneys, to raise fines, +or to make seizures, and account for it to the Treasury; to attend +upon the judges, and put their sentence in execution; to empanel the +jury, who sit upon facts, and return their verdict to the judges +(who in England are only such of the law, and not of the fact); to +convey the condemned to execution, and to dertermine in lesser +causes, for the greater are tried by the judges, formerly called +travelling judges of assize; these go their circuits through the +counties twice every year to hear causes, and pronounce sentence +upon prisoners. + +As to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, after the Popes had assigned a +church and parish to every priest, Honorius, Archbishop of +Canterbury, about the year 636, began to divide England in the same +manner into parishes: as it has two Provinces, so it has two +Archbishops: the one of Canterbury, Primate and Metropolitan of all +England; the other of York: subject to these are twenty-five +bishops, viz., twenty-two to Canterbury, the remaining three to +York. + +The soil is fruitful, and abounds with cattle, which inclines the +inhabitants rather to feeding than ploughing, so that near a third +part of the land is left uncultivated for grazing. The climate is +most temperate at all times, and the air never heavy, consequently +maladies are scarcer, and less physic is used there than anywhere +else. There are but few rivers; though the soil is productive, it +bears no wine; but that want is supplied from abroad by the best +kinds, as of Orleans, Gascon, Rhenish, and Spanish. The general +drink is beer, which is prepared from barley, and is excellently +well tasted, but strong, and what soon fuddles. There are many +hills without one tree, or any spring, which produce a very short +and tender grass, and supply plenty of food to sheep; upon these +wander numerous flocks, extremely white, and whether from the +temperature of the air, or goodness of the earth, bearing softer and +finer fleeces than those of any other country: this is the true +Golden Fleece, in which consist the chief riches of the inhabitants, +great sums of money being brought into the island by merchants, +chiefly for that article of trade. The dogs here are particularly +good. It has mines of gold, silver, and tin (of which all manner of +table utensils are made, in brightness equal to silver, and used all +over Europe), of lead, and of iron, but not much of the latter. The +horses are small but swift. Glasshouses are in plenty here. + + + +OF THE MANNERS OF THE ENGLISH. + + + +The English are serious, like the Germans; lovers of show, liking to +be followed wherever they go by whole troops of servants, who wear +their masters' arms in silver, fastened to their left arms, a +ridicule they deservedly lie under. They excel in dancing and +music, for they are active and lively, though of a thicker make than +the French; they cut their hair close on the middle of the head, +letting it grow on either side; they are good sailors, and better +pirates, cunning, treacherous and thievish; above three hundred are +said to be hanged annually at London; beheading with them is less +infamous than hanging; they give the wall as the place of honour; +hawking is the general sport of the gentry; they are more polite in +eating than the French, devouring less bread, but more meat, which +they roast in perfection; they put a great deal of sugar in their +drink; their beds are covered with tapestry, even those of farmers; +they are often molested with the scurvy, said to have first crept +into England with the Norman Conquest; their houses are commonly of +two storeys, except in London, where they are of three and four, +though but seldom of four; they are built of wood, those of the +richer sort with bricks; their roofs are low, and, where the owner +has money, covered with lead. + +They are powerful in the field, successful against their enemies, +impatient of anything like slavery; vastly fond of great noises that +fill the ear, such as the firing of cannon, drums, and the ringing +of bells, so that it is common for a number of them, that have got a +glass in their heads, to go up into the belfry, and ring the bells +for hours together for the sake of exercise. If they see a +foreigner very well made, or particularly handsome, they will say, +"It is a pity he is not an Englishman!" + + + +THE ILLUSTRIOUS FAMILIES OF ENGLAND + + + +Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, hereditary Marshal of England: the +duchy is extinct for rebellion, the last duke being beheaded. + +Grey, Duke of Suffolk, attainted under Queen Mary. + +Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel in his mother's right, and of Surrey +by his father, son of the abovementioned Duke of Norfolk, he himself +condemned for high treason, and his titles forfeited. + +Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, hereditary Chamberlain of England. + +Percy, Earl of Northumberland, descended from the Dukes of Brabant. + +Charles Nevill, Earl of Westmoreland, banished into Holland, and +deprived of his fortunes and dignities for rebellion. + +Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. + +Grey, Earl of Kent, has but a small estate. + +Stanley, Earl of Derby, and King of Man. + +Manners, Earl of Rutland. + +Somerset, Earl of Worcester, descended from a bastard of the +Somerset family, which itself is of the royal family of the +Plantagenets. + +Clifford, Earl of Cumberland. + +Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex. + +Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, of the line of York, by the mother's +side. + +Bourchier, Earl of Bath. + +Ambrose Sutton, alias Dudley, Earl of Warwick, died a few years +since, childless. + +Wriothesly, Earl of Southampton. + +Russell, Earl of Bedford. + +Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. + +Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, son of the Duke of Somerset, who +was beheaded in the reign of Edward VI. + +Robert Sutton, or Dudley, Earl of Leicester, brother of the Earl of +Warwick, died a few years ago. + +Robert d'Evereux, Earl of Essex, and of Ewe in Normandy, created +hereditary Marshal of England in 1598. + +Charles Howard, of the Norfolk family, created Earl of Nottingham, +1597, Lord High Admiral of England, and Privy Counsellor. + +Fynes, Earl of Lincoln. + +Brown, Viscount Montacute. + +Howard, of the Norfolk family, Viscount Bindon. + +Nevill, Baron Abergavenny; this barony is controverted. + +Touchet, Baron Audley. + +Zouch, Baron Zouch. + +Peregrine Bertie, Baron Willoughby of Eresby and Brooke, Governor of +Berwick. + +Berkley, Baron Berkley, of the ancient family of the Kings of +Denmark. + +Parker, Baron Morley. + +Dacre, Baron Dacre of Gyllesland: this barony is vacant. + +Dacre, Baron Dacre of the South: he died four years since, and the +barony devolved to his daughter. + +Brook, Baron Cobham, Warden of the Cinque Ports. + +Stafford, Baron Stafford, reduced to want; he is heir to the family +of the Dukes of Buckingham, who were hereditary Constables of +England. + +Gray, Baron Gray of Wilton. + +Scroop, Baron Scroop of Boulton. + +Sutton, Baron Dudley. + +Stourton, Baron Stourton. + +Nevill, Baron Latimer, died some years since without heirs male; the +title controverted. + +Lumley, Baron Lumley. + +Blunt, Baron Montjoy. + +Ogle, Baron Ogle. + +Darcy, Baron Darcy. + +Parker, Baron Montegle, son and heir of Baron Morley; he has this +barony in right of his mother, of the family of Stanley. + +Sandys, Baron Sandys. + +Vaux, Baron Vaux. + +Windsor, Baron Windsor. + +Wentworth, Baron Wentworth. + +Borough, Baron Borough, reduced to want. + +Baron Mordaunt. Baron Eure. + +Baron Rich. Baron Sheffield. + +Baron North, Privy Counsellor, and Treasurer of the Household. + +Baron Hunsdon, Privy Counsellor, and Lord Chamberlain. + +Sackville, Baron Buckhurst, Privy Counsellor. + +Thomas Cecil, Baron Burleigh, son of the Treasurer. + +Cecil, Lord Roos, grandson of the Treasurer, yet a child: he holds +the barony in right of his mother, daughter to the Earl of Rutland. + +Howard of Maltravers, son of the Earl of Arundel, not yet restored +in blood. + +Baron Cheyny. + +Baron Cromwell. Baron Wharton. + +Baron Willoughby of Parham. + +Baron Pagett, in exile, attainted. + +Baron Chandois. Baron St. John. + +Baron Delaware: his ancestors took the King of France prisoner. + +Baron Compton, has squandered almost all his substance. + +Baron Norris. + +Thomas Howard, second son of the Duke of Norfolk, Baron Audley of +Saffronwalden, in his mother's right. + +William, third son of the Duke of Norfolk, is neither a baron, nor +yet restored in blood. + +Thus far of noble families. + + +We set out from London in a boat, and fell down the river, leaving +Greenwich, which we have spoken of before, on the right hand. + +Barking, a town in sight on the left. + +Gravesend, a small town, famous for the convenience of its port; the +largest Dutch ships usually call here. As we were to proceed +farther from hence by water, we took our last leave here of the +noble Bohemian David Strziela, and his tutor Tobias Salander, our +constant fellow-travellers through France and England, they +designing to return home through Holland, we on a second tour into +France; but it pleased Heaven to put a stop to their design, for the +worthy Strziela was seized with a diarrhoea a few days before our +departure, and, as we afterwards learned by letters from Salander, +died in a few days of a violent fever in London. + +Queenborough: we left the castle on our right; a little farther we +saw the fishing of oysters out of the sea, which are nowhere in +greater plenty or perfection; witness Ortelius in his Epitome, &c. + +Whitstable; here we went ashore. + +Canterbury; we came to it on foot; this is the seat of the +Archbishop, Primate of all England, a very ancient town, and, +without doubt, of note in the time of the Romans. + +Here are two monasteries almost contiguous, namely of Christ and St. +Augustine, both of them once filled with Benedictine Monks: the +former was afterwards dedicated to St. Thomas a Becket, the name of +Christ being obliterated; it stands almost in the middle of the +town, and with so much majesty lifts itself, and its two towers, to +a stupendous height, that, as Erasmus says, it strikes even those +who only see it at a distance with awe. + +In the choir, which is shut up with iron rails, are the following +monuments:- + +King Henry IV., with his wife Joan of Navarre, of white marble. + +Nicholas Wootton, Privy Counsellor to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, +and Elizabeth, Kings and Queens of England. + +Of Prince Edward, Duke of Aquitaine and Cornwall, and Earl of +Chester. + +Reginald Pole, with this inscription: + + +"The remains of Reginald Pole, Cardinal and Archbishop of +Canterbury." + + +Cardinal Chatillon. + +We were then shown the chair in which the bishops are placed when +they are installed. In the vestibule of the church, on the south +side, stand the statues of three men armed, cut in stone, who slew +Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, made a saint for this +martyrdom; their names are adjoined - + +Tusci, Fusci, Berri. {18} + +Being tired with walking, we refreshed ourselves here with a +mouthful of bread and some ale, and immediately mounted post-horses, +and arrived about two or three o'clock in the morning at Dover. In +our way to it, which was rough and dangerous enough, the following +accident happened to us: our guide, or postillion, a youth, was +before with two of our company, about the distance of a musketshot; +we, by not following quick enough, had lost sight of our friends; we +came afterwards to where the road divided; on the right it was down- +hill and marshy, on the left was a small hill: whilst we stopped +here in doubt, and consulted which of the roads we should take, we +saw all on a sudden on our right hand some horsemen, their stature, +dress, and horses exactly resembling those of our friends; glad of +having found them again, we determined to set on after them; but it +happened, through God's mercy, that though we called to them, they +did not answer us, but kept on down the marshy road at such a rate, +that their horses' feet struck fire at every stretch, which made us, +with reason, begin to suspect they were thieves, having had warning +of such; or rather, that they were nocturnal spectres, who, as we +were afterwards told, are frequently seen in those places: there +were likewise a great many Jack-a-lanterns, so that we were quite +seized with horror and amazement! But, fortunately for us, our +guide soon after sounded his horn, and we, following the noise, +turned down the left-hand road, and arrived safe to our companions; +who, when we had asked them if they had not seen the horsemen who +had gone by us, answered, not a soul. Our opinions, according to +custom, were various upon this matter; but whatever the thing was, +we were, without doubt, in imminent danger, from which that we +escaped, the glory is to be ascribed to God alone. + +Dover, situated among cliffs (standing where the port itself was +originally, as may be gathered from anchors and parts of vessels dug +up there), is more famous for the convenience of its port, which +indeed is now much decayed, and its passage to France, than for +either its elegance or populousness: this passage, the most used +and the shortest, is of thirty miles, which, with a favourable wind, +may be run over in five or six hours' time, as we ourselves +experienced; some reckon it only eighteen to Calais, and to Boulogne +sixteen English miles, which, as Ortelius says in his "Theatrum," +are longer than the Italian. + +Here was a church dedicated to St. Martin by Victred, King of Kent, +and a house belonging to the Knights Templars; of either there are +now no remains. It is the seat of a suffragan to the Archbishop of +Canterbury, who, when the Archbishop is employed upon business of +more consequence, manages the ordinary affairs, but does not +interfere with the archiepiscopal jurisdiction. Upon a hill, or +rather rock, which on its right side is almost everywhere a +precipice, a very extensive castle rises to a surprising height, in +size like a little city, extremely well fortified, and thick-set +with towers, and seems to threaten the sea beneath. Matthew Paris +calls it the door and key of England; the ordinary people have taken +into their heads that it was built by Julius Caesar; it is likely it +might by the Romans, from those British bricks in the chapel which +they made use of in their foundations. See Camden's "Britannia." + +After we had dined, we took leave of England. + + + + +FRAGMENTA REGALIA + + + + +OR, OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATE QUEEN ELIZABETH, HER TIMES, AND +FAVOURITES. WRITTEN BY Sir Robert Naunton, MASTER OF THE COURT OF +WARDS. A.D. 1641. + + +To take her in the original, she was the daughter of King Henry +VIII. by Anne Boleyn, the second of six wives which he had, and one +of the maids of honour to the divorced Queen, Katharine of Austria +(or, as the now styled, Infanta of Spain), and from thence taken to +the royal bed. + +That she was of a most noble and royal extract by her father will +not fall into question, for on that side was disembogued into her +veins, by a confluency of blood, the very abstract of all the +greatest houses in Christendom: and remarkable it is, considering +that violent desertion of the Royal House of the Britons by the +intrusion of the Saxons, and afterwards by the conquest of the +Normans, that, through vicissitude of times, and after a +discontinuance almost of a thousand years, the sceptre should fall +again and be brought back into the old regal line and true current +of the British blood, in the person of her renowned grandfather, +King Henry VII., together with whatsoever the German, Norman, +Burgundian, Castilian, and French achievements, with their +intermarriages, which eight hundred years had acquired, could add of +glory thereunto. + +By her mother she was of no sovereign descent, yet noble and very +ancient in the family of Boleyn; though some erroneously brand them +with a citizen's rise or original, which was yet but of a second +brother, who (as it was divine in the greatness and lustre to come +to his house) was sent into the city to acquire wealth, AD +AEDIFICANDAM ANTIQUAM DOMUM, unto whose achievements (for he was +Lord Mayor of London) fell in, as it is averred, both the blood and +inheritance of the eldest brother for want of issue males, by which +accumulation the house within few descents mounted, IN CULMEN +HONORIS, and was suddenly dilated in the best families of England +and Ireland: as Howard, Ormond, Sackville, and others. + +Having thus touched, and now leaving her stirp, I come to her +person, and how she came to the crown by the decease of her brother +and sister. + +Under Edward VI. she was his, and one of the darlings of Fortune, +for, besides the consideration of blood, there was between these two +princes a concurrency and sympathy of their natures and affections, +together with the celestial bond (confirmative religion), which made +them one; for the King never called her by any other appellation but +his sweetest and dearest sister, and was scarce his own man, she +being absent; which was not so between him and the Lady Mary. + +Under her sister {19} she found her condition much altered; for it +was resolved, and her destiny had decreed it, for to set her +apprentice in the school of affliction, and to draw her through that +ordeal-fire of trial, the better to mould and fashion her to rule +and sovereignty: which finished, Fortune calling to mind that the +time of her servitude was expired, gave up her indentures, and +therewith delivered into her custody a sceptre as the reward of her +patience; which was about the twenty-sixth of her age: a time in +which, as for her internals grown ripe, and seasoned by adversity, +in the exercise of her virtue; for, it seems, Fortune meant no more +but to show her a piece of variety and changeableness of her nature, +but to conduct her to her destiny, I.E., felicity. + +She was of person tall, of hair and complexion fair, and therewith +well favoured, but high-nosed; of limbs and features neat; and, +which added to the lustre of these external graces, of a stately and +majestic comportment, participating in this more of her father than +of her mother, who was of an inferior alloy, plausible, or, as the +French hath it, more DEBONAIRE and affable: virtues which might +well suit with majesty, and which, descending as hereditary to the +daughter, did render her of a sweeter temper, and endeared her more +to the love and liking of the people, who gave her the name and fame +of a most gracious and popular princess. + +The atrocity of the father's nature was rebated in her by the +mother's sweeter inclinations; for (to take, and that no more than +the character out of his own mouth) HE NEVER SPARED MAN IN HIS +ANGER, NOR WOMAN IN HIS LUST. + +If we search farther into her intellectuals and abilities, the +wheel-course of her government deciphers them to the admiration of +posterity; for it was full of magnanimity, tempered with justice, +piety, and pity, and, to speak truth, noted but with one act of +stain, or taint, all her deprivations, either of life or liberty, +being legal and necessitated. She was learned, her sex and time +considered, beyond common belief; for letters about this time, or +somewhat before, did but begin to be of esteem and in fashion, the +former ages being overcast with the mists and fogs of the Roman {20} +ignorance; and it was the maxim that over-ruled the foregoing times, +that IGNORANCE WAS THE MOTHER OF DEVOTION. Her wars were a long +time more in the auxiliary part, and assistance of foreign princes +and states, than by invasion of any; till common policy advised it, +for a safer way, to strike first abroad, than at home to expect the +war, in all which she was ever felicitous and victorious. + +The change and alteration of religion upon the instant of her +accession to the crown (the smoke and fire of her sister's +martyrdoms scarcely quenched) was none of her least remarkable +actions; but the support and establishment thereof, with the means +of her own subsistence amidst so powerful enemies abroad, and those +many domestic practices, were, methinks, works of inspiration, and +of no human providence, which, on her sister's departure, she most +religiously acknowledged--ascribing the glory of her deliverance to +God above; for she being then at Hatfield, and under a guard, and +the Parliament sitting at the self-same time, at the news of the +Queen's death, and her own proclamation by the general consent of +the House and the public sufferance of the people, falling on her +knees, after a good time of respiration, she uttered this verse of +the Psalm: + + +"A DOMINO FACTUM EST ISTUD, ET EST MIRABILE IN OCULIS NOSTRIS." {21} + + +And this we find to this day on the stamp of her gold, with this on +her silver: + + +" POSUI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM." {22} + + +Her ministers and instruments of State, such as were PARTICIPES +CURARUM, or bore a great part of the burthen, were MANY, and those +MEMORABLE; but they were only FAVOURITES, and not MINIONS; such as +acted more by HER princely rules and judgments, than by their OWN +wills and appetites; for we saw no Gaveston, Vere, or Spencer, to +have swayed alone, during forty-four years, which was a well-settled +and advised maxim; for it valued her the more, it awed the most +secure, it took best with the people, and it staved off all +emulations, which are apt to rise and vent in obloquious acrimony +even against the prince, where there is ONE ONLY admitted into high +administrations. + + + +A MAJOR PALATII + + + +The principal note of her reign will be, that she ruled much by +faction and parties, which she herself both made, upheld, and +weakened, as her own great judgment advised; for I do dissent from +the common and received opinion, that my Lord of Leicester was +ABSOLUTE and ALONE in her GRACE; and, though I come somewhat short +of the knowledge of these times, yet, that I may not err or shoot at +random, I know it from assured intelligence that it was not so; for +proof whereof, amongst many (that could present), I will both relate +a story, and therein a known truth, and it was thus: Bowyer, the +Gentleman of the Black Rod, being charged by her express command to +look precisely to all admissions in the Privy Chamber, one day +stayed a very gay captain (and a follower of my Lord of Leicester) +from entrance, for that he was neither well known, nor a sworn +servant of the Queen; at which repulse, the gentleman (bearing high +on my lord's favour) told him that he might, perchance, procure him +a discharge. Leicester coming to the contestation, said publicly, +which was none of his wonted speeches, that he was a knave, and +should not long continue in his office; and so turning about to go +to the Queen, Bowyer, who was a bold gentleman and well-beloved, +stepped before him, and fell at Her Majesty's feet, relates the +story, and humbly craves Her Grace's pleasure, and in such a manner +as if he had demanded whether my Lord of Leicester was King, or Her +Majesty Queen: whereunto she replied (with her wonted oath, GOD'S- +DEATH) "My lord, I have wished you well, but my favour is not so +locked up for you that others shall not participate thereof; for I +have many servants unto whom I have, and will, at my pleasure, +bequeath my favour, and likewise resume the same; and if you think +to rule here, I will take a course to see you forthcoming; {23} I +will have here but one MISTRESS, and no MASTER; and look that no ill +happen to him, lest it be severely required at your hands:" which so +quailed my Lord of Leicester, that his faint humility was, long +after, one of his best virtues. + +Moreover, the Earl of Sussex, then Lord Chamberlain, was his +professed antagonist to his dying day; and for my Lord Hunsdown, and +Sir Thomas Sackville, after Lord Treasurer, who were all +contemporaries, he was wont to say of them, that they were of the +tribe of Dan, and were NOLI ME TANGERE, implying that they were not +to be contested with, for they were, indeed, of the Queen's nigh +kindred. + +From whence, and in many more instances, I conclude that she was +absolute and sovereign mistress of her graces, and that all those to +whom she distributed her favours were never more than tenants-at- +will, and stood on no better terms than her princely pleasure, and +their good behaviour. + +And this also I present as a known observation, that she was, though +very capable of counsel, absolute enough in her own resolution; +which was ever apparent even to her last, and in that of her still +aversion to grant Tyrone {24} the least drop of her mercy, though +earnestly and frequently advised thereunto, yea, wrought only by her +whole Council of State, with very many reasons; and, as the state of +her kingdom then stood, I may speak it with assurance, necessitated +arguments. + +If we look into her inclination, as it was disposed to magnificence +or frugality, we shall find in them many notable considerations; for +all her dispensations were so poised as though Discretion and +Justice had both decreed to stand at the beam, and see them weighed +out in due proportion, the maturity of her paces and judgments +meeting in a concurrence; and that in such an age that seldom +lapseth to excess. + +To consider them apart, we have not many precedents of her +LIBERALITY, nor any large donatives to PARTICULAR men, my Lord of +Essex's book of PARKS excepted, which was a princely gift; and some +more of a lesser size to my Lord of Leicester, Hatton, and others. + +Her rewards chiefly consisted in grants and leases of offices, and +places of judicature; but for ready money, and in great sums, she +was very sparing; which, we may partly conceive, was a virtue rather +drawn out of necessity than her nature; for she had many layings- +out, and as her wars were lasting, so their charge increased to the +last period. And I am of opinion with Sir Walter Raleigh, that +those many brave men of her times, and of the militia, tasted little +more of her bounty than in her grace and good word with their due +entertainment; for she ever paid her soldiers well, which was the +honour of her times, and more than her great adversary of Spain +could perform; so that when we come to the consideration of her +FRUGALITY, the observation will be little more than that her BOUNTY +and it were so woven together, that the one was {25} stained by an +honourable way of sparing. + +The Irish action we may call a malady, and a consumption of her +times, for it accompanied her to her end; and it was of so profuse +and vast an expense, that it drew near unto a distemperature of +State, and of passion in herself; for, towards her last, she grew +somewhat hard to please, her armies being accustomed to prosperity, +and the Irish prosecution not answering her expectation, and her +wonted success; for it was a good while an unthrifty and +inauspicious war, which did much disturb and mislead her judgment; +and the more for that it was a precedent taken out of her own +pattern. + +For as the Queen, by way of division, had, at her coming to the +crown, supported the revolted States of Holland, so did the King of +Spain turn the trick upon herself, towards her going out, by +cherishing the Irish rebellion; where it falls into consideration, +what the state of this kingdom and the crown revenues were then able +to endure and embrace. + +If we look into the establishments of those times with the best of +the Irish army, counting the defeat of Blackwater, with all the +precedent expenses, as it stood from my Lord of Essex's undertaking +of the surrender of Kingsale, and the General Mountjoy, and somewhat +after, we shall find the horse and foot troops were, for three or +four years together, much about twenty thousand, besides the naval +charge, which was a dependant of the same war; in that the Queen was +then forced to keep in continual pay a strong fleet at sea to attend +the Spanish coasts and parts, both to alarm the Spaniards, and to +intercept the forces designed for the Irish assistance; so that the +charge of that war alone did cost the Queen three hundred thousand +pounds per annum at least, which was not the moiety of her other +disbursements and expenses; which, without the public aids, the +state of the royal receipts could not have much longer endured; +which, out of her own frequent letters and complaints to the Deputy +Mountjoy for cashiering of that list as soon as he could, might be +collected, for the Queen was then driven into a strait. + +We are naturally prone to applaud the times behind us, and to vilify +the present; for the concurrent of her fame carries it to this day, +how loyally and victoriously she lived and died, without the grudge +and grievance of her people; yet the truth may appear without +detraction from the honour of so great a princess. It is manifest +she left more debts unpaid, taken upon credit of her privy-seals, +than her progenitors did, or could have taken up, that were a +hundred years before her; which was no inferior piece of State, to +lay the burthen on that house {26} which was best able to bear it at +a dead lift, when neither her receipts could yield her relief at the +pinch, nor the urgency of her affairs endure the delays of +Parliamentary assistance. And for such aids it is likewise apparent +that she received more, and that with the love of her people, than +any two of her predecessors that took most; which was a fortune +strained out of the subjects, through the plausibility of her +comportment, and (as I would say, without offence) the prodigal +distribution of her grace to all sorts of subjects; for I believe no +prince living, that was so tender of honour, and so exactly stood +for the preservation of sovereignty, was so great a courtier of the +people, yea, of the Commons, and that stooped and declined low in +presenting her person to the public view, as she passed in her +progress and perambulations, and in her ejaculations of her prayers +on the people. + +And, truly, though much may be written in praise of her providence +and good husbandry, in that she could, upon all good occasions, +abate her magnanimity, and therewith comply with the Parliament, and +so always come off both with honour and profit; yet must we ascribe +some part of the commendation to the wisdom of the times, and the +choice of Parliament-men; for I said {27} not that they were at any +time given to any violent or pertinacious dispute, the elections +being made of grave and discreet persons, not factious and ambitious +of fame; such as came not to the House with a malevolent spirit of +contention, but with a preparation to consult on the public good, +and rather to comply than to contest with Majesty: neither dare I +find {28} that the House was weakened and pestered through the +admission of too many YOUNG HEADS, as it hath been of LATTER times; +which remembers me of the Recorder Martin's speech about the truth +of our late Sovereign Lord King James, {29} when there were accounts +taken of FORTY gentlemen not above TWENTY, and some not exceeding +SIXTEEN years of age; which made him to say, "that it was the +ancient custom for old men to make laws for young ones, but there he +saw the case altered, and there were children in the great council +of the kingdom, which came to invade and invert nature, and to enact +laws to govern their fathers." Such {30} were in the House always, +{31} and took the common cause into consideration; and they say the +Queen had many times just cause, and need enough, to use their +assistance: neither do I remember that the House did ever +capitulate, or prefer their private to the public and the Queen's +necessities, but waited their times, and, in the first place, gave +their supply, and according to the exigence of her affairs; yet +failed not at the last to attain what they desired, so that the +Queen and her Parliaments had ever the good fortune to depart in +love, and on reciprocal terms, which are considerations that have +not been so exactly observed in our LAST assemblies. And I would to +God they had been; for, considering the great debts left on the +King, {32} and to what incumbrances the House itself had then drawn +him, His Majesty was not well used, though I lay not the blame on +the whole suffrage of the House, where he had many good friends; for +I dare avouch it, had the House been freed of half a dozen popular +and discontented persons (such as, with the fellow that burnt the +temple of Ephesus, would be talked of, though for doing mischief), I +am confident the King had obtained that which, in reason, and at his +first occasion, he ought to have received freely, and without +condition. But pardon this digression, which is here remembered, +not in the way of aggravation, but in true zeal of the public good, +and presented IN CAVEAT of future times: for I am not ignorant how +the genius and spirit of the kingdom now moves to make His Majesty +amends on any occasion; and how desirous the subject is to expiate +that offence at any rate, may it please His Majesty to make a trial +of his subjects' affections; and at what price they value now his +goodness and magnanimity. + +But to our purpose: the Queen was not to learn that, as the +strength of the kingdom consisted in the multitude of her subjects, +so the security of her person consisted and rested in the love and +fidelity of her people, which she politically affected (as it hath +been thought) somewhat beneath the height of her natural spirit and +magnanimity. + +Moreover, it will be a true note of her providence, that she would +always listen to her profit: for she would not refuse the +information of meanest personages, which proposed improvement; and +had learned the philosophy of (HOC AGERE) to look unto her own work: +of which there is a notable example of one Carmarthen, an under +officer of the Custom House, who, observing his time, presented her +with a paper, showing how she was abused in the under-renting of the +Customs, and therewith humbly desired Her Majesty to conceal him, +for that it did concern two or three of her great counsellors, {33} +whom Customer Smith had bribed with two thousand pounds a man, so to +lose the Queen twenty thousand pounds per annum; which being made +known to the Lords, they gave strict order that Carmarthen should +not have access to the back-stairs; but, at last, Her Majesty +smelling the craft, and missing Carmarthen, she sent for him back, +and encouraged him to stand to his information; which the poor man +did so handsomely that, within the space of ten years, he was +brought to double his rent, or leave the Custom to new farmers. So +that we may take this also in consideration, that there were of the +Queen's Council which were not in the catalogue of saints. + +Now, as we have taken a view of some particular motives of her +times, her nature, and necessities, it is not without the text to +give a short touch of the HELPS and ADVANTAGES of her reign, which +were NOT without {34} paroles; for she had neither husband, brother, +sister, nor children to provide for, who, as they are dependants on +the Crown, so do they necessarily draw livelihood from thence, and +oftentimes exhaust and draw deep, especially when there is an ample +fraternity royal, and of the princes of the blood, as it was in the +time of Edward III. and Henry IV. For when the Crown cannot, the +public ought to give honourable allowance; for they are the honour +and hopes of the kingdom; and the public, which enjoys them, hath +the like interest with the father which begat them; and our common +law, which is the inheritance of the kingdom, did ever of old +provide aids for the PRIMOGENITUS {35} and the eldest daughter; for +that the multiplicity of courts, and the great charges which +necessarily follow a king, a queen, a prince, and royal issue, was a +thing which was not IN RERUM NATURA {36} during the space of forty- +four years, {37} but worn out of memory, and without the +consideration of the present times, insomuch as the aids given to +the late and Right Noble Prince Henry, and to his sister, the Lady +Elizabeth, which were at first generally received as impositions for +knighthood, though an ancient law, fell also into the imputation of +a tax of nobility, for that it lay long covered in the embers of +division between the Houses of York and Lancaster, and forgotten or +connived at by the succeeding princes: so that the strangeness of +the observation, and the difference of those latter reigns, is that +the Queen took up much BEYOND the power of law, which fell not into +the murmur of people; and her successors took nothing but by warrant +of the law, which nevertheless was received, THROUGH DISUSE, to be +injurious to the liberty of the kingdom. + +Now before I come to any mention of her favourites, for hitherto I +have delivered but some oblivious passages, thereby to prepare and +smooth a way for the rest that follows: + +It is necessary that I touch on the religiousness of the other's +reign, I mean the body of her sister's {38} Council of State, which +she retained entirely, neither removing nor discontenting any, +although she knew them averse to her religion, and, in her sister's +time, perverse to her person, and privy to all her troubles and +imprisonments. + +A prudence which was incompatible to her sister's nature, for she +both dissipated and presented the major part of her brother's +Council; but this will be of certain, that how compliable and +obsequious soever she found them, yet for a good space she made +little use of their counsels, more than in the ordinary course of +the Board, for she had a dormant table in her own privy breast; yet +she kept them together and in their places, without any sudden +change; so that we may say of them that they were then of the Court, +not of the Council; for whilst she AMAZED {39} them by a kind of +promissive disputation concerning the points controverted by both +Churches, she did set down her own gests, without their privity, and +made all their progressions, gradations; but for that the tenents of +her secrets, with the intents of her establishments, were pitched +before it was known where the Court would sit down. + +Neither do I find that any of her sister's Council of State were +either repugnant to her religion, or opposed her doings; Englefeild, +Master of the Wards, excepted, who withdrew himself from the Board, +and shortly after out of her dominions; so pliable and obedient they +were to change with the times and their prince; and of them will +fall a relation of recreation. Paulet, Marquis of Winchester, and +Lord Treasurer, had served then four princes, in as various and +changeable times and seasons, that I may well say no time nor age +hath yielded the like precedent. This man, being noted to grow high +in her favour (as his place and experience required), was questioned +by an intimate friend of his, how he had stood up for thirty years +together, amidst the change and ruins of so many Chancellors and +great personages. "Why," quoth the marquis, "ORTUS SUM E SALICE, +NON EX QUERCU," I.E., "I am made of pliable willow, not of the +stubborn oak." And, truly, it seems the old man had taught them +all, especially William, Earl of Pembroke, for they two were always +of the King's religion, and always zealous professors: of these it +is said that being both younger brothers, yet of noble houses, they +spent what was left them, and came on trust to the Court, where, +upon the bare stock of their wits, they began to traffic for +themselves, and prospered so well that they got, spent, and left +more than any subjects from the Norman Conquest to their own times; +whereupon it hath been prettily spoken that they lived in a time of +dissolution. + +To conclude, then, of all the former reign, it is said that those +two lived and died chiefly in her grace and favour: by the letter +written upon his son's marriage with the Lady Catherine Grey, he had +like utterly to have lost himself; but at the instant of +consummation, as apprehending the unsafety and danger of +intermarriage with the blood royal, he fell at the Queen's feet, +where he both acknowledged his presumption, and projected the cause +and the divorce together: so quick he was at his work, that in the +time of repudiation of the said Lady Grey, he clapped up a marriage +for his son, the Lord Herbert, with Mary Sidney, daughter to Sir +Henry Sidney, then Lord Deputy or Ireland, the blow falling on +Edward, the late Earl of Hertford, who, to his cost, took up the +divorced lady, of whom the Lord Beauchamp was born, and William, now +Earl of Hertford, is descended. + +I come now to present them to her own election, which were either +admitted to her secrets of State, or taken into her grace and +favour; of whom, in order, I crave leave to give unto posterity a +cautious description, with a short character or draught of the +persons themselves (for, without offence to others, I would be true +to myself), their memories and merits, distinguishing those of +MILITIAE {40} from the TOGATI; {41} and of both these she had as +many, and those as able ministers, as had any of her progenitors. + + +LEICESTER + + +It will be out of doubt that my Lord of Leicester was one of the +first whom she made Master of the Horse; he was the youngest son +then living of the Duke of Northumberland, beheaded PRIMO MARIAE, +{42} and his father was that Dudley which our histories couple with +Empson, and both be much infamed for the caterpillars of the +commonwealth during the reign of Henry VII., who, being of a noble +extract, was executed the first year of Henry VIII., but not thereby +so extinct but that he left a plentiful estate, and such a son who, +as the vulgar speaks it, would live without a teat. For, out of the +ashes of his father's infamy, he rose to be a duke, and as high as +subjection could permit or sovereignty endure. And though he could +not find out any appellation to assume the crown in his own person, +yet he projected, and very nearly effected it, for his son Gilbert, +by intermarriage with the Lady Jane Grey, and so, by that way, to +bring it into his loins. Observations which, though they lie beyond +us, and seem impertinent to the text, yet are they not much +extravagant, for they must lead us and show us how the after- +passages were brought about, with the dependences on the line of a +collateral workmanship; and surely it may amaze a well-settled +judgment to look back into these times and to consider how the duke +could attain to such a pitch of greatness, his father dying in +ignominy, and at the gallows, his estate confiscated for pilling and +polling the people. + +But, when we better think upon it, we find that he was given up but +as a sacrifice to please the people, not for any offence committed +against the person of the King; so that upon the matter he was a +martyr of the prerogative, and the King in honour could do no less +than give back to his son the privilege of his blood, with the +acquiring of his father's profession, for he was a lawyer, and of +the King's Council at Law, before he came to be EX INTERIORIBUS +CONSILIIS, {43} where, besides the licking of his own fingers, he +got the King a mass of riches, and that not with hazard, but with +the loss of his life and fame, for the King's father's sake. + +Certain it is that his son was left rich in purse and brain, which +are good foundations, and fuel to ambition; and, it may be supposed, +he was on all occasions well heard of the King as a person of mark +and compassion in his eye, but I find not that he did put up for +advancement during Henry VIII.'s time, although a vast aspirer and a +provident stayer. + +It seems he thought the King's reign was much given to the falling- +sickness, but espying his time fitting, and the sovereignty in the +hands of a pupil prince, he then thought he might as well put up, +for it was the best; for having the possession of blood, and of +purse, with a head-piece of a vast extent, he soon got to honour, +and no sooner there but he began to side it with the best, even with +the Protector, {44} and, in conclusion, got his and his brother's +heads; still aspiring till he expired in the loss of his own, so +that posterity may, by reading of the father and grandfather, make +judgment of the son; for we shall find that this Robert, whose +original we have now traced the better to present him, was inheritor +to the genius and craft of his father, and Ambrose of the estate, of +whom hereafter we shall make some short mention. + +We took him now as he was admitted into the Court and the Queen's +favours, and here he was not to seek to play his part well and +dexterously; but his play was chiefly at the fore-game, not that he +was a learner at the latter, but he loved not the after-wit, for the +report is (and I think not unjustly) that he was seldom behind-hand +with his gamesters, and that they always went with the loss. + +He was a very goodly person, tall, and singularly well-featured, and +all his youth well-favoured, of a sweet aspect, but high-foreheaded, +which (as I should take it) was of no discommendation; but towards +his latter, and which with old men was but a middle age, he grew +high-coloured, so that the Queen had much of her father, for, +expecting some of her kindred, and some few that had handsome wits +in crooked bodies, she always took personage in the way of election, +for the people hath it to this day, KING HENRY LOVED A MAN. + +Being thus in her grace, she called to mind the sufferings of HIS +ancestors, both in her father's and sister's reigns, and restored +his and his brother's blood, creating Ambrose, the elder, Earl of +Warwick, and himself Earl of Leicester; and, as he was EX PRIMITIS, +or, OF HER FIRST CHOICE, so he rested not there, but long enjoyed +her favour, and therewith what he listed, till time and emulation, +the companions of greatness, resolved of his period, and to colour +him at his setting in a cloud (at Conebury) not by so violent a +death, or by the fatal sentence of a judicature, as that of his +father and grandfather was, but, as is supposed, by that poison +which he had prepared for others, wherein they report him a rare +artist. I am not bound to give credit to all vulgar relations, or +the libels of his time, which are commonly forced and falsified +suitable to the words and honours {45} of men in passion and +discontent; but what blinds me to think him no good man, amongst +other things of known truth, is that of my Lord of Essex's {46} +death in Ireland and the marriage of his lady, which I forbear to +press in regard he is long since dead, and others are living whom it +may concern. + +To take him in the observation of his letters and writings, which +should best set him off, for such as have fallen into my hands, I +never yet saw a style or phrase more seemingly religious and fuller +of the strains of devotion; and, were they not sincere, I doubt much +of his well-being, {47} and, I fear, he was too well seen in the +aphorisms and principles of Nicholas the Florentine, and in the +reaches {48} of Cesare Borgia. + +And hereto I have only touched him in his courtships. I conclude +him in his lance; {49} he was sent Governor by the Queen to the +revolted States of Holland, where we read not of his wonders, for +they say he had more of Mercury than he had of Mars, and that his +device might have been, without prejudice to the great Caesar, VENI, +VIDI, REDIVI. + + +RADCLIFFE, Earl of Sussex. + + +His {50} co-rival was Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex, who in his +constellation was his direct opposite, for indeed he was one of the +Queen's martialists, and did her very good service in Ireland, at +her first accession, till she recalled him to the Court, whom she +made Lord Chamberlain; but he played not his game with that cunning +and dexterity as the Earl of Leicester did, who was much the fairer +courtier, though Sussex was thought much the honester man, and far +the better soldier, but he lay too open on his guard; he was a godly +gentleman, and of a brave and noble nature, true and constant to his +friends and servants; he was also of a very ancient and noble +lineage, honoured through many descents, through the title of +Fitzwalters. Moreover, there was such an antipathy in his nature to +that of Leicester, that, being together in Court, and both in high +employments, they grew to a direct frowardness, and were in +continual opposition, the one setting the watch, the other the +guard, each on the other's actions and motions; for my Lord of +Sussex was of so great spirit, which, backed with the Queen's +special favour and support, {51} by a great and ancient inheritance, +could not brook the other's empire, insomuch as the Queen upon +sundry occasions had somewhat to do to appease and atone them, until +death parted the competition, and left the place to Leicester, who +was not long alone without his rival in grace and command; and, to +conclude this favourite, it is confidently affirmed that, lying in +his last sickness, he gave this CAVEAT to his friends:- + +"I am now passing into another world, and I must leave you to your +fortunes and the Queen's grace and goodness; but beware of gipsy" +(meaning Leicester), "for he will be too hard for you all; you know +not the beast so well as I do." + + +SECRETARY WILLIAM CECIL. + + +I come now to the next, which was Secretary William Cecil, for on +the death of the old Marquis of Winchester he came up in his room: +a person of a most subtle and active spirit. + +He stood not by the way of constellation, but was wholly attentive +to the service of his mistress, and his dexterity, experience, and +merit therein challenged a room in the Queen's favour which eclipsed +the other's over-seeming greatness, and made it appear that there +were others steered and stood at the helm besides himself, and more +stars in the firmament of grace than Ursa Major. + +He was born, as they say, in Lincolnshire, but, as some aver upon +knowledge, of a younger brother of the Cecils of Hertfordshire, a +family of my own knowledge, though now private, yet of no mean +antiquity, who, being exposed, and sent to the City, as poor +gentlemen used to do their sons, became to be a rich man on London +Bridge, and purchased {52} in Lincolnshire, where this man was born. + +He was sent to Cambridge, and then to the Inns of Court, and so came +to serve the Duke of Somerset in the time of his Protectorship as +Secretary, and having a pregnancy to high inclinations, he came by +degrees to a higher conversation with the chiefest affairs of State +and Councils; but, on the fall of the duke, he stood some years in +umbrage and without employment, till the State found they needed his +abilities; and although we find not that he was taken into any place +during Mary's reign, unless (as some say) towards the last, yet the +Council several times made use of him, and in the Queen's {53} +entrance he was admitted Secretary of State; afterwards he was made +Master of the Court of Wards, then Lord Treasurer, for he was a +person of most excellent abilities; and, indeed, the Queen began to +need and seek out men of both guards, and so I conclude to rank this +{54} great instrument amongst the TOGATI, for he had not to do with +the sword, more than as the great paymaster and contriver of the war +which shortly followed, wherein he accomplished much, through his +theoretical knowledge at home and his intelligence abroad, by +unlocking of the counsels of the Queen's enemies. + +We must now take it, and that of truth, into observation that, until +the tenth of her reign, the times were calm and serene, though +sometimes overcast, as the most glorious sun-rising is subject to +shadowings and droppings, for the clouds of Spain, and the vapours +of the Holy League, began to disperse and threaten her felicity. +Moreover, she was then to provide for some intestine strangers, +which began to gather in the heart of her kingdom, all which had +relation and correspondency, each one to the other, to dethrone her +and to disturb the public tranquillity, and therewithal, as a +principal mark, the Established religion, for the name of Recusant +then began first to be known to the world; until then the Catholics +were no more than Church-Papists, {55} but now, commanded by the +Pope's express Catholic Church, their mother, they separate +themselves; so it seems the Pope had then his aims to take a true +number of his children; but the Queen had the greater advantage, for +she likewise took tale of her opposite subjects, their strength and +how many they were, that had given their names to Baal, who {56} +then by the hands of some of his proselytes fixed his bulls on the +gates of St. Paul's, which discharged her subjects of all fidelity +and received faith, and so, under the veil of the next successor, to +replant the Catholic religion. So that the Queen had then a new +task and work in hand that might well awake her best providence, and +required a muster of new arms, as well as courtships and counsels, +for the time then began to grow quick and active, fitter for +stronger motions than them of the carpet and measure; and it will be +a true note of her magnanimity that she loved a soldier, and had a +propensity in her nature to regard and always to grace them, which +the Court, taking it into their consideration, took it as an +inviting to win honour, together with Her Majesty's favour, by +exposing themselves to the wars, especially when the Queen and the +affairs of the kingdom stood in some necessity of the soldiers, for +we have many instances of the sallies of the nobility and gentry; +yea, and of the Court and her privy favourites, that had any touch +or tincture of Mars in their inclinations, to steal away without +licence and the Queen's privity, which had like to cost some of them +dear, so predominant were their thoughts and hopes of honour grown +in them, as we may truly observe in the exposition of Sir Philip +Sidney, my Lord of Essex and Mountjoy, and divers others, whose +absence, and the manner of their eruptions, was very distasteful +unto her, whereof I can hereunto add a true and no impertinent +story, and that of the last: Mountjoy, who, having twice or thrice +stole away into Brittany, where, under Sit John Norris, he had then +a company, without the Queen's leave and privity, she sent a message +unto him with a strict charge to the general to see him sent home. + +When he came into the Queen's presence, she fell into a kind +railing, demanding of him how he durst go over without her leave. +"Serve me so," quoth she, "once more, and I will lay you fast enough +for running; you will never leave till you are knocked on the head, +as that inconsiderate fellow Sidney was; you shall go when I send. +In the meantime, see that you lodge in the Court" (which was then at +Whitehall), "where you may follow your book, read, and discourse of +the wars." But to our purpose. It fell out happily to those, and, +as I may say, to these times, that the Queen during the calm time of +her reign was not idle, nor rocked asleep with security, for she had +been very provident in the reparation and augmentation of her +shipping and ammunition, and I know not whether by a foresight of +policy, or any instinct, it came about, or whether it was an act of +her compassion, but it is most certain she sent no small troops to +the revolted States of Holland, before she had received any affront +from the King of Spain, that might deserve to tend to a breach of +hostility, which the Papists maintain to this day was the +provocation to the after-wars; but, omitting what might be said to +this point, these Netherland wars were the Queen's seminaries or +nursery of very many brave soldiers, and so likewise were the civil +wars of France, whither she sent five several armies. + +They were the French scholars that inured the youth and gentry of +the kingdom, and it was a militia, where they were daily in +acquaintance with the discipline of the Spaniards, who were then +turned the Queen's inveterate enemies. + +And thus have I taken in observation her DIES HALCYONII--I.E., these +years of hers which were more serene and quiet than those that +followed, which, though they were not less propitious, as being +touched more with the points of honour and victory, yet were they +troubled and loaded ever, both with domestic and foreign +machinations; and, as it is already quoted, they were such as +awakened her spirits and made her cast about her to defend rather by +offending, and by way of provision to prevent all invasions, than to +expect them, which was a piece of the cunning of the times; and with +this I have noted the causes and PRINCIPIUM {57} of the wars +following, and likewise points to the seed-plots from whence she +took up these brave men and plants of honour who acted on the +theatre of Mars, and on whom she dispersed the rays of her grace; +who were persons, in their kinds of care, virtuous, and such as +might, out of their merit, pretend interest to her favours, of which +rank the number will equal, if not exceed, that of her gown-men, in +recount of whom I will proceed with Sir Philip Sidney. + + +SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. + + +He was the son of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland, and +President of Wales, a person of great parts, and of no mean grace +with the Queen; his mother was sister to my Lord of Leicester, from +whence we may conjecture how the father stood up in the sphere of +honour and employments, so that his descent was apparently noble on +both sides; and for his education, it was such as travel and the +University could afford none better, and his tutors infuse; for, +after an incredible proficiency in all the spheres of learning, he +left the academical for that of the Court, whither he came by his +uncle's invitation, famed after by noble reports of his +accomplishments, which, together with the state of his person, +framed by a natural propensity to arms, soon attracted the good +opinions of all men, and was so highly praised in the esteem of the +Queen, that she thought the Court deficient without him; and +whereas, through the fame of his desert, he was in election for the +kingdom of Pole, {58} she refused to further his preferment, it was +not out of emulation of advancement, but out of fear to lose the +jewel of her time. He married the daughter and sole heir of Sir +Frances Walsingham, the Secretary of State, a lady destined to the +bed of honour, who, after his deplorable death at Zutphen, in the +Low Countries, where he was at the time of his uncle Leicester's +being there, was remarried to the Lord of Essex, and, since his +death, to my Lord of St. Albans, all persons of the sword, and +otherwise of great honour and virtue. + +They have a very quaint conceit of him, that Mars and Mercury fell +at variance whose servant he should be; and there is an +epigrammatist that saith that Art and Nature had spent their +excellences in his fashioning, and, fearing they could not end what +they had begun, they bestowed him up for time, and Nature stood mute +and amazed to behold her own mark; but these are the particulars of +poets. + +Certain it is he was a noble and matchless gentleman, and it may be +said justly of him, without these hyperboles of faction, as it was +of Cato Uticensis, that he seemed to be born only to that which he +went about, VIR SATILIS INGENII, as Plutarch saith it; but to speak +more of him were to make them less. + + +WALSINGHAM. + + +Sir Francis Walsingham, as we have said, had the honour to be Sir +Philip Sidney's father-in-law; he was a gentleman at first, of a +good house, and of a better education, and from the University +travelled for the rest of his learning. Doubtless he was the only +linguist of his times, how to use his own tongue, whereby he came to +be employed in the chiefest affairs of State. + +He was sent Ambassador to France, and stayed there LEGAR long in the +heat of the civil wars, and at the same time that Monsieur was here +a suitor to the Queen; and, if I be not mistaken, he played the very +same part there as since Gondomar did here. {59} At his return he +was taken principal Secretary, and for one of the great engines of +State, and of the times, high in his mistress's (the Queen's) +favour, and a watchful servant over the safety of his mistress. + +They note him to have certain courtesies and secret ways of +intelligence above the rest; but I must confess I am to seek +wherefore he suffered Parry {60} to play so long as he did, hang on +the hook, before he hoisted him up; and I have been a little curious +in the search thereof, though I have not to do with the ARCANA +REGALIA IMPERII, for to know it is sometimes a burden; and I +remember it was Ovid's criminant error that he saw too much, but I +hope these are collaterals, and of no danger. + +But that Parry, having an intent to kill the Queen, made the way of +his access by betraying of others, and in impeaching of the priests +of his own correspondency, and thereby had access to confer with the +Queen, as oftentimes private and familiar discourse with Walsingham, +will not be the query of the mystery, for the Secretary might have +had an end of a further discovery and maturity of the treason; but +that, after the Queen knew Parry's intent, why she would then admit +him to private discourse, and Walsingham to suffer him, considering +the conditions of all the designs, and to permit him to go where and +whither he listed, and only under the secrecy of a dark sentinel set +over him, was a piece of reach and hazard beyond my apprehension. I +must again profess that I have read many of his letters, for they +are commonly sent to my Lord of Leicester and of Burleigh out of +France, containing many fine passages and secrets, yet, if I might +have been beholding to his cyphers, they would have told pretty +tales of the times; but I must now close him up, and rank him +amongst the TOGATI, yet chief of those that laid the foundations of +the French and Dutch wars, which was another piece of his fineness +of the times, with one observation more, that he was one of the +greatest always of the Austrian embracements, for both himself and +Stafford that preceded him might well have been compared to him in +the Gospel that sowed his tares in the night; so did they their +seeds in division in the dark; and as it is a likely report that +they father on him at his return, the Queen speaking to him with +some sensibility of the Spanish designs on France: "Madam," he +answered, "I beseech you be content, and fear not; the Spaniard hath +a great appetite and an excellent digestion, but I have fitted him +with a bone for these twenty years that your Majesty should have no +cause to doubt him, provided that, if the fire chance to slake which +I have kindled, you will be ruled by me, and cast in some of your +fuel, which will revive the flame." + + +WILLOUGHBY. + + +My Lord Willoughby was one of the Queen's first swordsmen; he was of +the ancient extract of the Bartewes, but more ennobled by his +mother, who was Duchess of Suffolk. He was a great master of the +art MILITARY, and was sent general into France, and commanded the +second army of five the Queen had sent thither, in aid of the +French. I have heard it spoken that, had he not slighted the Court, +but applied himself to the Queen, he might have enjoyed a plentiful +portion of her grace; and it was his saying, and it did him no good, +that he was none of the REPTILIA, intimating that he could not creep +on the ground, and that the Court was not his element; for, indeed, +as he was a great soldier, so he was of a suitable magnanimity, and +could not brook the obsequiousness and assiduity of the Court; and +as he was then somewhat descending from youth, happily he had an +ANIMAM REVERTENDI, or a desire to make a safe retreat. + + +BACON. + + +And now I come to another of the TOGATI, Sir Nicholas Bacon, an +arch-piece of wit and of wisdom. He was a gentleman, and a man of +law, and of a great knowledge therein, whereby, together with his +after-part of learning and dexterity, he was promoted to be Keeper +of the Great Seal, and being of kin to the Treasurer Burleigh, and +{61} also the help of his hand to bring him to the Queen's great +favour, for he was abundantly facetious, which took much with the +Queen, when it suited with the season, as he was well able to judge +of the times; he had a very quaint saying, and he used it often to +good purpose, "that he loved the jest well, but not the loss of his +friend;" and that, though he knew that "VERUS QUISQUE SUAE FORTUNAE +FABER," was a true and good principle, yet the most in number were +those that numbered themselves, but I will never forgive that man +that loseth himself to be rid of his jests. + +He was father to that refined wit which since hath acted a +disastrous part on the public stage, and of late sat in his father's +room as Lord Chancellor; those that lived in his age, and from +whence I have taken this little model of him, give him a lively +character, and they decipher him to be another Solon, and the Simon +of those times, such a one as OEdipus was in dissolving of riddles; +doubtless he was an able instrument, as it was his commendation that +his head was the mallet, for it was a very great one, and therein +kept a wedge, that entered all knotty pieces that come to the table. + +And now again I must fall back to smooth and plane a way to the rest +that is behind, but not from my purpose. There have been, about +this time, two rivals in the Queen's favour, old Sir Francis +Knowles, Comptroller of the House, and Sir Henry Norris, whom she +had called up at Parliament to sit with the Peers in the higher +House, as, Henry Norris of Rycot, who had married the daughter and +heir of the old Henry Williams of Tayne, a noble person, and to +whom, in her adversity, the Queen had been committed to his safe +custody, and from him had received more than ordinary observances; +now, such was the goodness of the Queen's nature, that she neither +forgot the good turns received from the Lord Williams, neither was +she unmindful of this Lord Norris, whose father, in her father's +time, and in the business of her brother, died in a noble cause, and +in the justification of her innocency. + + +NORRIS. + + +My Lord Norris had, by this lady, an apt issue, which the Queen +highly respected, for he had six sons, and all martial and brave +men: the first was William, the eldest, and father to the late Earl +of Berkshire, Sir John (vulgarly called General Norris), Sir Edward, +Sir Thomas, Sir Henry, and Maximilian, men of haughty courage, and +of great experience in the conduct of military affairs; and, to +speak in the character of their merit, they were persons of such +renown and worth as future times must, of duty, owe them the debt of +an honourable memory. + + +KNOWLES. + + +Sir Francis Knowles was somewhat near in the Queen's affinity, and +had likewise no incompetent issue; for he had also William, his +eldest son, and since Earl of Banbury, Sir Thomas, Sir Robert, and +Sir Francis, if I be not a little mistaken in their names and +marshalling; and there was also the Lady Lettice, a sister of those, +who was first Countess of Essex, and after of Leicester; and those +were also brave men in their times and places, but they were of the +Court and carpet, and not by the genius of the camp. + +Between these two families there was, as it falleth out amongst +great ones and competitors of favour, no great correspondency; and +there were some seeds, either of emulation or distrust, cast between +them; which, had they not been disjoined in the residence of their +persons, as that was the fortune of their employments, the one side +attending the Court, and the other the Pavilion, surely they would +have broken out into some kind of hostility, or, at least, they +would entwine and wrestle one in the other, like trees circled with +ivy; for there was a time when, both these fraternities being met at +Court, there passed a challenge between them at certain exercises, +the Queen and the old men being spectators, which ended in a flat +quarrel amongst them all. For I am persuaded, though I ought not to +judge, that there were some relics of this feigned that were long +after the causes of the one family's almost utter extirpation, and +the other's improsperity; for it was a known truth that so long as +my Lord of Leicester lived, who was the main pillar on the one side, +for having married the sister, the other side took no deep root in +the Court, though otherwise they made their ways to honour by their +swords. And that which is of more note, considering my Lord of +Leicester's use of men of war, being shortly after sent Governor to +the revolted States, and no soldier himself, is that he made no more +account of Sir John Norris, a soldier, then deservedly famous, and +trained from a page under the discipline of the greatest captain in +Christendom, the Admiral Castilliau, and of command in the French +and Dutch Wars almost twenty years. And it is of further +observation that my Lord of Essex, after Leicester's decease, though +addicted to arms and honoured by the general in the Portugal +expedition, whether out of instigation, as it hath been thought, or +out of ambition and jealousy, eclipsed by the fame and splendour of +this great commander, never loved him in sincerity. + +Moreover, and certain it is, he not only crushed, and upon all +occasions quelled the youth of this great man and his famous +brethren, but therewith drew on his own fatal end, by undertaking +the Irish action in a time when he left the Court empty of friends, +and full-fraught with his professed enemies. But I forbear to +extend myself in any further relation upon this subject, as having +lost some notes of truth in these two nobles, which I would present; +and therewith touched somewhat, which I would not, if the equity of +the narration would have permitted any omission. + + +PERROT. + + +Sir John Perrot was a goodly gentleman, and of the sword; and he was +of a very ancient descent, as an heir to many subtracts of gentry, +especially from Guy de Brain of Lawhorn; so was he of a very vast +estate, and came not to Court for want and to these advancements. +He had the endowments of carriage and height of spirit, had he +alighted on the alloy and temper of discretion; the defect whereof, +with a native freedom and boldness of speech, drew him on to a +clouded sitting, and laid him open to the spleen and advantage of +his enemies, of whom Sir Christopher Hatton was professed. He was +yet a wise man and a brave courtier, but rough and participating +more of active than sedentary motions, as being in his instillation +destined for arms. There is a query of some denotations, how he +came to receive the foil, and that in the catastrophe? for he was +strengthened with honourable alliances and the prime friendship in +Court of my Lords of Leicester and Burleigh, both his contemporaries +and familiars; but that there might be (as the adage hath it) +falsity in friendship: and we may rest satisfied that there is no +dispute against fate, and they quit him for a person that loved to +stand too much alone on his legs, of too often regress and +discontinuance from the Queen's presence, a fault which is +incompatible with the ways of Court and favour. He was sent Lord- +Deputy into Ireland, as it was then apprehended, for a kind of +haughtiness and repugnancy in Council; or, as others have thought, +the fittest person then to bridle the insolences of the Irish; and +probable it is that both, considering the sway that he would have at +the Board, being head in the Queen's favour, concurred, and did +alike conspire his remove and ruin. But into Ireland he went, where +he did the Queen very great and many services, if the surplusage of +the measure did not abate the value of the merit, as after-time +found to be no paradox to save the Queen's purse, but both herself +and my Lord Treasurer Burleigh ever took for good service; he +imposed on the Irish the charge for bearing their own arms, which +both gave them the possession and taught them the use of weapons; +which provided in the end to a most fatal work, both in the +profusion of blood and treasure. + +But at his return, and upon some account sent home before, touching +the state of that kingdom, the Queen poured out assiduous +testimonies of her grace towards him, till, by his retreat to his +Castle of Cary, which he was then building, and out of a desire to +be in command at home as he had been abroad, together with the +hatred and practice of Hatton, then in high favour, whom he had, not +long before, bitterly taunted for his dancing, he was accused for +high treason, and for high words, and a forged letter, and +condemned; though the Queen, on the news of his condemnation, swore, +by her wonted oath, that the jury were all knaves: and they +delivered it with assurance that, on his return to the town after +his trial, he said, with oaths and with fury, to the Lieutenant, Sir +Owen Hopton, "What! will the Queen suffer her brother to be offered +up as a sacrifice to the envy of my flattering adversaries?" Which +being made known to the Queen, and somewhat enforced, she refused to +sign it, and swore he should not die, for he was an honest and +faithful man. And surely, though not altogether to set our rest and +faith upon tradition and old reports, as that Sir Thomas Perrot, his +father, was a gentleman of the Privy Chamber, and in the Court +married to a lady of great honour, which are presumptions in some +implications; but, if we go a little further and compare his +pictures, his qualities, gesture, and voice, with that of the King, +which memory retains yet amongst us, they will plead strongly that +he was a surreptitious child of the blood royal. + +Certain it is that he lived not long in the Tower; and that after +his decease, Sir Thomas Perrot, his son, then of no mean esteem with +the Queen, having before married my Lord of Essex's sister, since +Countess of Northumberland, had restitution of his land; though +after his death also (which immediately followed) the Crown resumed +the estate, and took advantage of the former attainder; and, to say +the truth, the priest's forged letter was, at his arraignment, +thought but as a fiction of envy, and was soon after exploded by the +priest's own confession. But that which most exasperated the Queen +and gave advantage to his enemies was, as Sir Walter Raleigh takes +into observation, words of disdain, for the Queen, by sharp and +reprehensive letters, had nettled him; and thereupon, sending others +of approbation, commending his service, and intimating an invasion +from Spain; which was no sooner proposed but he said publicly, in +the great chamber at Dublin: --"Lo, now she is ready to ** herself +for fear of the Spaniards: I am again one of her white boys," which +are subject to a various construction, and tended to some +disreputation of his Sovereign, and such as may serve for +instruction to persons in place of honour and command, to beware of +the violences of Nature, and especially the exorbitance of the +tongue. And so I conclude him with this double observation: the +one, of the innocency of his intentions, exempt and clear from the +guilt of treason and disloyalty, therefore of the greatness of his +heart; for at his arraignment he was so little dejected with what +might be alleged, that rather he grew troubled with choler, and, in +a kind of exasperation, he despised his jury, though of the Order of +Knighthood, and of the especial gentry, claiming the privilege of +trial by the peers and baronage of the realm, so prevalent was that +of his native genius and haughtiness of spirit which accompanied him +to the last, and till, without any diminution of change therein, it +broke in pieces the cords of his magnanimity; for he died suddenly +in the Tower, and when it was thought the Queen did intend his +enlargement, with the restitution of his possessions, which were +then very great, and comparable to most of the nobility. + + +HATTON. + + +Sir Christopher Hatton came to the Court as his opposite; Sir John +Perrot was wont to say, by the galliard, for he came thither as a +private gentleman of the Inns of Court, in a masque: and, for his +activity and person, which was tall and proportionable, taken into +her favour. He was first made Vice-Chamberlain, and, shortly after, +advanced to the place of Lord Chancellor. A gentleman that, besides +the graces of his person and dancing, had also the endowment of a +strong and subtle capacity, and that could soon learn the discipline +and garb, both of the times and Court; and the truth is, he had a +large proportion of gifts and endowments, but too much of the season +of envy; and he was a mere vegetable of the Court that sprung up at +night and sunk again at his noon. + +"Flos non mentorum, sed sex fuit illa virorum." + + +EFFINGHAM. + + +My Lord of Effingham, though a courtier betimes, yet I find not that +the sunshine of his favour broke out upon him until she took him +into the ship and made him High Admiral of England. For his +extract, it might suffice that he was the son of a Howard, and of a +Duke of Norfolk. + +And, for his person, as goodly a gentleman as the times had any, if +Nature had not been more intentive to complete his person, than +Fortune to make him rich; for, the times considered, which were then +active, and a long time after lucrative, he died not wealthy; yet +the honester man, though it seems the Queen's purpose was to render +the occasion of his advancement, and to make him capable of more +honour. At his return from the Cadiz voyage and action, she +conferred it upon him, creating him Earl of Nottingham, to the great +discontent of his colleague, my Lord of Essex, who then grew +excessive in the appetite of her favour, and the truth is, so +exorbitant in the limitation of the sovereign aspect, that it much +alienated the Queen's grace from him, and drew others together with +the Admiral to a combination, to conspire his ruin; and though, as I +have heard it from that party (I mean the old Admiral's faction) +that it lay not in his proper power to hurt my Lord Essex, yet he +had more fellows, and such as were well skilled in the setting of +the train; but I leave this to those of another age; it is out of +doubt that the Admiral was a good, honest, and brave man, and a +faithful servant to his mistress; and such a one as the Queen, out +of her own princely judgment, knew to be a fit instrument in her +service, for she was a proficient in the reading of men as well as +books; and as sundry expeditions, as that aforementioned, and '88, +do better express his worth and manifest the Queen's trust, and the +opinion she had of his fidelity and conduct. + +Moreover, the Howards were of the Queen's alliance and consanguinity +by her mother, which swayed her affection and bent it toward this +great house; and it was a part of her natural propensity to grace +and support ancient nobility, where it did not entrench, neither +invade her interest; from such trespasses she was quick and tender, +and would not spare any whatsoever, as we may observe in the case of +the duke and my Lord of Hertford, whom she much favoured and +countenanced, till they attempted the forbidden fruit, the fault of +the last being, in the severest interpretation, but a trespass of +encroachment; but in the first it was taken as a riot against the +Crown and her own sovereign power, and as I have ever thought the +cause of her aversion against the rest of that house, and the duke's +great father-in-law, Fitz-Allen, Earl of Arundel, a person in the +first rank of her affections, before these and some other jealousies +made a separation between them: this noble lord and Lord Thomas +Howard, since Earl of Suffolk, standing alone in her grace, and the +rest in her umbrage. + + +PACKINGTON. + + +Sir John Packington was a gentleman of no mean family, and of form +and feature nowise disabled, for he was a brave gentleman, and a +very fine courtier, and for the time which he stayed there, which +was not lasting, very high in her grace; but he came in, and went +out through disassiduity, drew the curtain between himself and the +light of her grace, and then death overwhelmed the remnant, and +utterly deprived him of recovery; and they say of him that had he +brought less to her Court than he did, he might have carried away +more than he brought, for he had a time of it, but was an ill +husband of opportunity. + + +HUNSDOWN. + + +My Lord of Hunsdown was of the Queen's nearest kindred, and, on the +decease of Sussex, both he and his son successively took the place +of Lord Chamberlain. He was a man fast to his prince, and firm to +his friends and servants; and though he might speak big, and therein +would be borne out, yet was he the more dreadful, but less harmful, +and far from the practice of the Lord of Leicester's instructions, +for he was downright; and I have heard those that both knew him well +and had interest in him, say merrily of him that his Latin and +dissimulation were alike; and that his custom of swearing and +obscenity in speaking made him seem a worse Christian than he was, +and a better knight of her carpet than he could be. As he lived in +a roughling time, so he loved sword and buckler men, and such as our +fathers were wont to call men of their hands; of which sort he had +many brave gentlemen that followed him, yet not taken for a popular +and dangerous person: and this is one that stood among the TOGATI, +of an honest, stout heart, and such a one, that, upon occasion, +would have fought for his prince and country, for he had the charge +of the Queen's person, both in the Court and in the camp at Tilbury. + + +RALEIGH. + + +Sir Walter Raleigh was one that, it seems, Fortune had picked out of +purpose, of whom to make an example and to use as her tennis-ball, +thereby to show what she could do, for she tossed him up of nothing, +and to and fro to greatness, and from thence down to little more +than to that wherein she found him, a bare gentleman; and not that +he was less, for he was well descended, and of good alliance, but +poor in his beginnings: and for my Lord Oxford's jests of him for +the jacks and upstarts, we all know it savoured more of emulation, +and his honour than of truth; and it is a certain note of the times, +that the Queen, in her choice, never took in her favour a mere +viewed man, or a mechanic, as Comines observes of Lewis XI., who did +serve himself with persons of unknown parents, such as were Oliver, +the barber, whom he created Earl of Dunoyes, and made him EX +SECRETIS CONSILIIS, and alone in his favour and familiarity. + +His approaches to the University and Inns of Court were the grounds +of his improvement, but they were rather extrusions than sieges, or +settings down, for he stayed not long in a place; and, being the +youngest brother, and the house diminished in his patrimony, he +foresaw his destiny, that he was first to roll through want and +disability, to subsist otherwise before he came to a repose, and as +the stone doth by long lying gather moss. He was the first that +exposed himself in the land-service of Ireland, a militia which did +not then yield him food and raiment, for it was ever very poor; nor +dared he to stay long there, though shortly after he came thither +again, under the command of the Lord Grey, but with his own colours +flying in the field, having, in the interim, cast a mere chance, +both in the Low Countries and in the voyage to sea; and, if ever man +drew virtue out of necessity, it was he, and therewith was he the +great example of industry; and though he might then have taken that +of the merchant to himself, + +"Per mare, per terras, currit mercator ad Indos." + +He might also have said, and truly, with the philosopher, "OMNIA MEA +MECUM PORTO," for it was a long time before he could brag of more +than he carried at his back; and when he got on the winning side, it +was his commendation that he took pains for it, and underwent many +various adventures for his after-perfection, and before he came into +the public note of the world; and thence may appear how he came up +PER ARDUA:- + +"Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum." + +Not pulled up by chance, nor by any great admittance; I will only +describe his natural parts, and these of his own acquiring. + +He had, in the outward man, a good presence, in a handsome and well- +compacted person; a strong natural wit, and a better judgment, with +a bold and plausible tongue, whereby he could set out his parts to +the best advantage; and these he had by the adjuncts of some general +learning, which by diligence he enforced to a great augmentation and +perfection, for he was an indefatigable reader, by sea and land, and +one of the best observers, both of men and of the times; and I am +somewhat confident that among the second causes of his growth there +was variance between him and my Lord General Grey, in his second +descent into Ireland, which drew them both over to the council- +table, there to plead their own causes; where what advantage he had +in the case in controversy I know not, but he had much the better in +the manner of telling his tale, insomuch as the Queen and the lords +took no slight mark of the man and his parts; for from thence he +came to be known, and to have access to the lords; and then we are +not to doubt how such a man would comply to progression; and whether +or no my Lord of Leicester had then cast a good word for him to the +Queen, which would have done him no harm, I do not determine; but +true it is, he had gotten the Queen's ear in a trice, and she began +to be taken with his election, and loved to hear his reasons to her +demands: and the truth is, she took him for a kind of oracle, which +nettled them all; yea, those that he relied on began to take this +his sudden favour for an alarm and to be sensible of their own +supplantation, and to project his, which made him shortly after sing +- + +"Fortune, my foe, why dost thou frown?" + +So that, finding his favour declining, and falling into a recess, he +undertook a new peregrination, to leave that TERRA INFIRMA {62} of +the court for that of the waves, and by declining himself, and by +absence to expel his and the passion of his enemies; which, in +court, was a strange device of recovery, but that he then knew there +was some ill office done him; yet he durst not attempt to mend it, +otherwise than by going aside thereby to teach envy a new way of +forgetfulness, and not so much as think of him. Howsoever, he had +it always in mind never to forget himself; and his device took so +well that, in his return, he came in as rams do, by going backward +with the greater strength, and so continued to the last, great in +her favour, and captain of her guard: where I must leave him, but +with this observation, though he gained much at the court, he took +it not out of the Exchequer, or merely out of the Queen's purse, but +by his wit, and by the help of the prerogative; for the Queen was +never profuse in delivering out of her treasure, but paid most and +many of her servants, part in money, and the rest with grace; which, +as the case stood, was then taken for good payment, leaving the +arrears of recompense due for their merit, to her great successor, +{63} who paid them all with advantage. {64} + + +GREVILLE. + + +Sir Foulke Greville, since Lord Brooke, had no mean place in her +favour, neither did he hold it for any short time, or term; for, if +I be not deceived, he had the longest lease, the smoothest time +without rubs of any of her favourites; he came to the court in his +youth and prime, as that is the time, or never: he was a brave +gentleman, and hopefully descended from Willoughby, Lord Brooke, and +admiral to Henry the Seventh; neither illiterate, for he was, as he +would often profess, a friend to Sir Philip Sidney, and there are +now extant some fragments of his pen, and of the times, which do +interest him in the muses, and which show in him the Queen's +election had ever a noble conduct, and it motions more of virtue and +judgment than of fancy. + +I find that he neither sought for nor obtained any great place or +preferment in court, during all his time of attendance: neither did +he need it, for he came thither backed with a plentiful fortune, +which, as himself was wont to say, was then better held together by +a single life, wherein he lived and died a constant courtier of the +ladies. + + +ESSEX. + + +My Lord of Essex, as Sir Henry Walton notes him, a gentleman of +great parts, and partly of his times and retinue, had his +introduction by my Lord of Leicester, who had married his mother; a +tie of affinity which, besides a more urgent obligation, might have +invited his care to advance him, his fortunes being then, through +his father's infelicity, grown low; but that the son of a Lord +Ferrers of Chartly, Viscount Hertford, and Earl of Essex, who was of +the ancient nobility, and formerly in the Queen's good grace, could +not have room in her favour, without the assistance of Leicester, +was beyond the rule of her nature, which, as I have elsewhere taken +into observation, was ever inclinable to favour the nobility: sure +it is, that he no sooner appeared in court, but he took with the +Queen and the courtiers; and, I believe, they all could not choose +but look through the sacrifice of the father on his living son, +whose image, by the remembrance of former passages, was a fresh +leek, the bleeding of men murdered, represented to the court, and +offered up as a subject of compassion to all the kingdom. + +There was in this young lord, together with a goodly person, a kind +of urbanity and innate courtesy, which both won the Queen, and too +much took up the people to gaze on the new-adopted son of her +favour; and as I go along, it will not be amiss to take into +observation two notable quotations; the first was a violent +indulgence of the Queen (which is incident to old age, where it +encounters with a pleasing and suitable object) towards this great +lord, which argued a non-perpetuity; the second was a fault in the +object of her grace, my lord himself, who drew in too fast, like a +child sucking on an over uberous nurse; and had there been a more +decent decorum observed in both, or either of these, without doubt, +the unity of their affections had been more permanent, and not so in +and out, as they were, like an instrument well tuned, and lapsing to +discord. + +The greater error of the two, though unwilling, I am constrained to +impose on my Lord of Essex, and rather on his youth, and none of the +least of the blame on those that stood sentinels about him, who +might have advised better, but that like men intoxicated with hopes, +they likewise had sucked in with the most of their lord's receipts, +and so, like Caesars, would have all or none; a rule quite contrary +to nature, and the most indulgent parents, who, though they may +express more affection to one in the abundance of bequeaths, yet +cannot forget some legacies, and distributives, and dividends to +others of their begetting; and how hurtful partiality is, and +proves, every day's experience tells us, out of which common +consideration they might have framed to their hands a maxim of more +discretion, for the conduct and management of their new-graved lord +and master. + +But to omit that of infusion, and to do right to truth, my Lord of +Essex, even of those that truly loved and honoured him, was noted +for too bold an ingrosser, both of fame and favour; and of this, +without offence to the living, or treading on the sacred grave of +the dead, I shall present the truth of a passage yet in memory. + +My Lord of Mountjoy, who was another child of her favour, being +newly come, and then but Sir Charles Blount (for my Lord William, +his elder brother, was then living) had the good fortune to run one +day well at tilt, and the Queen was therewith so well pleased, that +she sent him, in token of her favour, a Queen at chess in gold, +richly enamelled, which his servants had the next day fastened unto +his arm with a crimson ribband; which my Lord of Essex, as he passed +through the Privy Chamber, espying with his cloak cast under his +arm, the better to command it to the view, enquired what it was, and +for what cause there fixed: Sir Foulke Greville told him, it was +the Queen's favour, which the day before, and next after the +tilting, she had sent him; whereat my Lord of Essex, in a kind of +emulation, and as though he would have limited her favour, said "Now +I perceive every fool must have a favour." This bitter and public +affront came to Sir Charles Blount's ear, at which he sent him a +challenge; which was accepted by my lord, and they met near Marybone +Park, where my lord was hurt in the thigh, and disarmed. The Queen, +missing of the men, was very curious to learn the truth, but at last +it was whispered out; she sware by God's death, it was fit that some +one or other should take him down and teach him better manners, +otherwise there would be no rule with him; and here I note the +imminution of my lord's friendship with Mountjoy, which the Queen +herself did then conjure. + +Now for his fame we need not go far, for my Lord of Essex, having +borne a grudge to General Norris, who had unwittingly offered to +undertake the action of Brittany with fewer men than my lord had +before demanded; on his return with victory, and a glorious report +of his valour, he was then thought the only man for the Irish wars; +wherein my Lord of Essex so wrought, by despising the number and +quality of the rebels, that Norris was sent over with a scanty +force, joined with the relics of the veteran troops of Britain, of +set purpose, and as it fell out, to ruin Norris; and the Lord +Burrows, by my lord's procurement, sent at his heels, and to command +in chief, and to convey Norris only to his government at Munster; +which aggravated the great heart of the general to see himself +undervalued, and undermined, by my lord and Burrows, which was, as +the Proverb speaks, JUVENES DOCERE SENES. + +Now my Lord Burrows in the beginning of his prosecution died, +whereupon the Queen was fully bent to send over my Lord Mountjoy; +which my Lord of Essex utterly misliked, and opposed with many +reasons, and by arguments of contempt towards Mountjoy (his then +professed friend and familiar) so predominant was his desire to reap +the whole honour of closing up that war, and all others; now the way +being paved and opened by his own workmanship, and so handled, that +none durst appear to stand in the place; at last, and with much ado, +he obtained his own ends, and therewith his fatal destruction, +leaving the Queen and the court, where he stood impregnable and firm +in her grace, to men that long had fought and waited their times to +give him a trip, and could never find any opportunity, but this of +his absence, and of his own creation; and those are true +observations of his appetite and inclinations, which were not of any +true proportion, but hurried and transported, with an over desire, +and thirstiness after fame, and that deceitful fame of popularity; +and, to help on his catastrophe, I observe likewise two sorts of +people that had a hand in his fall: the first was the soldiery, +which all flock unto him, as it were foretelling a mortality, and +are commonly of blunt and too rough counsels, and many times +dissonant from the time of the court and State; the other sort were +of his family, his servants and his own creatures, such as were +bound by safety, and obligations of fidelity, to have looked better +to the steering of that boat, wherein they themselves were carried, +and not to have suffered it to fleet, and run on ground, with those +empty sails of tumour of popularity and applause; methinks one +honest man or other, who had but the brushing of his clothes, might +have whispered in his ear, "My lord, look to it, this multitude that +follows you will either devour you, or undo you; do not strive to +overrule all, of it will cost hot water, and it will procure envy, +and if needs your genius must have it so, let the court and the +Queen's presence by your station, for your absence must undo you." +But, as I have said, they had sucked too much of their lord's milk, +and instead of withdrawing they drew {65} the coals of his ambition, +and infused into him too much of the spirit of glory, yea, and mixed +the goodness of his nature with a touch of revenge, which is +evermore accompanied with a destiny of the same fate. Of this +number there were some of insufferable natures about him, that +towards his last gave desperate advice, such as his integrity +abhorred, and his fidelity forbade, amongst whom Sir Henry Walton +notes, without injury, his Secretary Cuffe, as a vile man and of a +perverse nature: I could also name others that, when he was in the +right course of recovery, settling to moderation, would not suffer a +recess in him, but stirred up the dregs of those rude humours, +which, by times and his affections out of his own judgment, he +thought to repose and give them a vomit. And thus I conclude this +noble lord, as a mixture between prosperity and adversity, once a +child of his great mistress's favour, but a son of Bellona. + + +BUCKHURST. + + +My lord of Buckhurst was of the noble house of Sackvilles, and of +the Queen's consanguinity, or as the people then called him FILL- +SACKS, by reason of his great wealth, and the vast patrimony left to +his son, whereof in his youth he spent the best part, until the +Queen, by her frequent admonitions, diverted the torrent of his +profusion; he was a very fine gentleman, of person and endowments, +both of art and nature, but without measure magnificent, till on the +turn of his honour, and the alloy, that his yearly good counsel had +wrought upon those immoderate courses of his youth, and that height +of spirit inherent to his house; and then did the Queen, as a most +judicious, indulgent prince, who, when she saw the man grown settled +and staid, gave him an assistance, and advanced him to the +treasurership, where he made amends to his house for his mis-spent +time, both in the increasement of his estate and honour, which the +Queen conferred upon him, together with the opportunity to remake +himself, and thereby to show that this was a child that should have +a share in her grace. + +They much commend his elocution, but more the excellency of his pen, +for he was a scholar, and a person of a quick dispatch, faculties +that yet run in the blood; and they say of him, that his secretaries +did little for him, by the way of indictment, wherein they could +seldom please him, he was so facete and choice in his phrases and +style; and for his dispatches, and for the content he gave to +suitors, he had a decorum seldom put in practice, for he had of his +attendance that took into a roll the names of all suitors, with the +date of their first addresses; so that a fresh man could not leap +over his head, that was of a more ancient edition excepting the +urgent affairs of the State. + +I find not that he was any way ensnared in the factions of the +court, which were all his times strong, and in every man's note, the +Howards and the Cecils of the one part, and my Lord of Essex, &c., +on the other, for he held the staff of the treasury fast in his +hand, which made them, once in a year, to be beholden to him; and +the truth is, as he was a wise man and a stout, he had no reason to +be a partaker, for he stood sure in blood and in grace, and was +wholly intentive to the Queen's service; and such were his +abilities, that she might have more cunning instruments, but none of +a more strong judgment and confidence in his ways, which are +symptoms of magnanimity, whereunto methinks this motto hath some +kind of reference, AUT NUNQUAM TENTES, AUT PERFICE. As though he +would have charactered, in a word, the genius of his house, or +express somewhat of a higher inclination, than lay within his +compass; that he was a courtier is apparent, for he stood always in +her eye and in her favour. + + +MOUNTJOY. + + +My Lord Mountjoy was of the ancient nobility, but utterly decayed in +the support thereof, patrimony, through his grandfather's excess, +his father's vanity in search of the philosopher's stone, and his +brother's untimely prodigality; all of which seemed, by a joint +conspiracy, to ruinate the house, and altogether to annihilate it; +as he came from Oxford, he took the Inner Temple in the way to +court, whither he no sooner came, but he had a pretty kind of +admission, which I have heard from a discreet man of his own, and +much more of the secrets of those times; he was then much about +twenty years of age, brown-haired, of a sweet face, and of a most +neat composure, tall in his person. The Queen was then at +Whitehall, and at dinner, whither he came to see the fashion of the +court, and the Queen had soon found him out, and, with a kind of an +affected favour, asked her carver who he was; he answered he knew +him not, insomuch that an inquiry was made, one from another, who he +might be, till at length it was told the Queen, he was brother to +the Lord William Mountjoy. Thus inquiry, with the eye of her +majesty fixed upon him, as she was wont to do, and to daunt men she +knew not, stirred the blood of the young gentleman, insomuch as his +colour went and came; which the Queen observing, called unto him, +and gave him her hand to kiss, encouraging him with gracious words, +and new looks, and so diverting her speech to the lords and ladies, +she said that she no sooner observed him but she knew there was in +him some noble blood, with some other expressions of pity towards +his house; and then, again demanding his name, she said, "Fail you +not to come to the court, and I will bethink myself, how to do you +good;" and this was his inlet, and the beginning of his grace; where +it falls into consideration that, though he wanted not wit nor +courage, for he had very fine attractives, as being a good piece of +a scholar, yet were those accompanied with the retractives of +bashfulness, and natural modesty, which, as the wave of the house of +his fortune then stood, might have hindered his progression, had +they not been reinforced by the infusion of sovereign favour, and +the Queen's gracious invitation; and that it may appear how he was, +and how much that heretic, necessity, will work in the directions of +good spirits, I can deliver it with assurance, that his exhibition +was very scanty, until his brother died, which was shortly after his +admission to the court; and then was it no more but a thousand marks +PER ANNUM, wherewith he lived plentifully, and in a fine garb, and +without any great sustentation of the Queen, during all her times. + +And, as there was in nature a kind of backwardness, which did not +befriend him, nor suit with the motion of the court, so there was in +him an inclination to arms, with a humour of travelling and gadding +abroad, which had not some wise men about him laboured to remove, +and the Queen laid in her command, he would, out of his own native +propension, marred his own market; for as he was grown by reading, +whereunto he was much addicted, to the theory of a soldier, so was +he strongly invited by his genius, to the acquaintance of the +practice of the war, which were the causes of his excursions, for he +had a company in the Low Countries, from whom he came over with a +noble acceptance of the Queen; but, somewhat restless in honourable +thoughts, he exposed himself again and again, and would press the +Queen with pretences of visiting his company so often, till at +length he had a flat denial; yet he struck over with Sir John Norris +into the action of Britanny, which was then a hot and active war, +whom he would always call his father, honouring him above all men, +and ever bewailing his end; so contrary he was in his esteem and +valuation of this great commander to that of his friend, my Lord of +Essex; till at last the Queen began to take his digressions for +contempt, and confined his residence to the court, {66} and her own +presence; and, upon my Lord of Essex's fall, so confident she was of +her own princely judgment, and the opinion she had conceived of his +worth and conduct, that she would have this noble gentleman and none +other to bring in the Irish wars to a propitious end; for it was a +prophetical speech of her own, that it would be his fortune and his +honour to cut the thread of that fatal rebellion, and to bring her +in peace to the grave; wherein she was not deceived: for he +achieved it, but with much pains and carefulness, and not without +the forces and many jealousies of the court and times, wherewith the +Queen's age and the malignity of her settling times were replete. +And so I come to his dear friend in court, Secretary Cecil, whom, in +his long absence, he adored as his saint, and counted him his only +MECENAS, both before and after his departure from court, and during +all the time of his command in Ireland; well knowing that it lay in +his power, and by a word of his mouth, to make or mar him. + + +ROBERT CECIL. + + +Sir Robert Cecil, since Earl of Salisbury, was the son of the Lord +Burleigh, and, by degrees, successor of his places and favours, +though not of his lands; for he had Sir Thomas Cecil, his elder +brother, since created Earl of Exeter; he was first Secretary of +State, then Master of the Court of Wards, and, in the last of her +reign, came to be Lord Treasurer: all which were the steps of his +father's greatness, and of the honour he left to his house. For his +person, he was not much beholden to Nature, though somewhat for his +face, which was the best part of his outside: for his inside, it +may be said, and without offence, that he was his father's own son, +and a pregnant precedent in all his discipline of state: he was a +courtier from his cradle, which might have made him betimes; but he +was at the age of twenty and upwards, and was far short of his +after-proof, but exposed, and by change of climate he soon made show +what he was and would be. + +He lived in those times wherein the Queen had most need and use of +men of weight; and, amongst many able ones, this was chief, as +having taken his sufficiency from his instruction who begat him, the +tutorship of the times and court, which were then academies of Art +and Cunning. For such was the Queen's condition, from the tenth or +twelfth of her reign, that she had the happiness to stand up, +whereof there is a former intimation, environed with many and more +enemies, and assaulted with more dangerous practices, than any +prince of her times, and of many ages before: where we must not, in +this her preservation, attribute it to human power, for that in his +own omnipotent providence God ordained those secondary means, as +instruments of the work, by an evident manifestation of the same +work, which she acted; and it was a well-pleasing work of his own, +out of a peculiar care he had decreed the protection of the work- +mistress, and, thereunto, added his abundant blessing upon all and +whatsoever she undertook: which is an observation of satisfaction +to myself, that she was in the right; though, to others now +breathing under the same form and frame of her government, it may +not seem an animadversion of their worth: but I leave them to the +peril of their own folly, and so come again to this great minister +of state and the staff of the Queen's declining age; who, though his +little crooked person could not promise any great supportation, yet +it carried thereon a head and a head-piece of a vast content; and +therein, it seems, Nature was so diligent to complete one and the +best part about him, as the perfection of his memory and +intellectuals; she took care also of his senses, and to put him in +LYNCEOS OCULOS, or, to pleasure him the more, borrowed of Argos, so +to give unto him a prospective sight; and, for the rest of his +sensitive virtues, his predecessor, Walsingham, had left him a +receipt to smell out what was done in the conclave. + +And his good old father was so well seen in mathematics, that he +could tell you, throughout Spain, every part, every port, every +ship, with its burden; whither bound, what preparations, what +impediments for diversion of enterprises, counsel, and resolution; +and, that we may see, as in a little map, how docible this little +man was, I will present a taste of his abilities. + +My Lord of Devonshire, upon certainty that the Spaniards would +invade Ireland with a strong army, had written very earnestly to the +Queen and to the Council for such supplies to be timely sent over, +that might enable him both to march up to the Spaniard, if he did +land, and follow on his prosecution without diverting his intentions +against the rebels. Sir Robert Cecil, besides the general dispatch +of the Council (as he often did) writ thus in private, for these two +then began to love dearly: + +"My lord, out of the abundance of my affection, and the care I have +of your well-doing, I must in private put you out of doubt or fear, +for I know you cannot be sensible, otherwise than in the way of +honour, that the Spaniards will not come unto you this year; for I +have it from my own, what his preparations are in all his parts, and +what he can do; for, be confident, he beareth up a reputation, by +seeming to embrace more than he can gripe; but, the next year, be +assured, he will cast over to you some forlorn troops, which, how +they may be reinforced beyond his present ability, and his first +intention, I cannot, as yet, make any certain judgment; but I +believe, out of my intelligence, that you may expect the landing in +Munster, and, the more to distract you, in several places, as, at +Kinsale, Beerhaven, and Baltimore; where, you may be sure, coming +from sea, they will first fortify, and learn the strength of the +rebels, before they dare take the field. Howsoever, as I know you +will not lessen your care, neither your defences, whatsoever lies in +my power to do you and the public service, rest thereof assured." + +And to this I could add much more, but it may (as it is) suffice to +present much of his abilities in the pen, that he was his crafts- +master in foreign intelligence, and for domestic affairs. As he was +one of those that sat at the helm to the last of the Queen, so was +he none of the least in skill, and in the true use of the compass; +and so I shall only vindicate the scandal of his death, and conclude +him; for he departed at St. Margaret's, near Marlborough, at his +return from Bath, as my Lord Vice-Chamberlain, my Lord Clifford, and +myself, his son, and son-in-law, and many more can witness: but +that the day before, he swooned on the way, and was taken out of his +litter, and laid into his coach, was a truth out of which that +falsehood concerning the manner of his death had its derivation, +though nothing to the purpose, or to the prejudice of his worth. + + +VERE. + + +Sir Francis Vere was of that ancient, and of the most noble extract +of the earls of Oxford; and it may be a question whether the +nobility of his house, or the honour of his achievements, might most +commend him, but that we have an authentic rule: + +"Nam genus et proavos et quae nos non fecimus ipsi, +Vix ea nostra voco." + +For though he was an honourable slip of that ancient tree of +nobility, which was no disadvantage to his virtue, yet he brought +more glory to the name of Vere than he took of blood from the +family. + +He was, amongst all the Queen's swordsmen, inferior to none, but +superior to many; of whom it may be said, to speak much of him were +the way to leave out somewhat that might add to his praise, and to +forget more than would make to his honour. + +I find not that he came much to the court, for he lived almost +perpetually in the camp; but, when he died, no man had more of the +Queen's favour, and none less envied, for he seldom troubled it with +the noise and alarms of supplications; his way was another sort of +undermining. + +They report that the Queen, as she loved martial men, would court +this gentleman, as soon as he appeared in her presence; and surely +he was a soldier of great worth and command, thirty years in the +service of the States, and twenty years over the English in chief, +as the Queen's general: and he, that had seen the battle of +Newport, might there best have taken him and his noble brother, {67} +the Lord of Tilbury, to the life. + + +WORCESTER. + + +My Lord of Worcester I have here put last, but not least in the +Queen's favour; he was of the ancient and noble blood of the +Beauforts, and of her {68} grandfather's kin by the mother, which +the Queen could never forget, especially where there was an +incurrence of old blood with fidelity, a mixture which ever sorted +with the Queen's nature; and though there might hap somewhat in this +house, which might invert her grace, though not to speak of my lord +himself but in due reverence and honour, I mean contrariety or +suspicion in religion; yet the Queen ever respected his house, and +principally his noble blood, whom she first made Master of her +Horse, and then admitted him of her Council of State. + +In his youth, part whereof he spent before he came to reside at +court, he was a very fine gentleman, and the best horseman and +tilter of the times, which were then the manlike and noble +recreations of the court, and such as took up the applause of men, +as well as the praise and commendation of ladies; and when years had +abated those exercises of honour, he grew then to be a faithful and +profound counsellor; and as I have placed him last, so was he the +last liver of all her servants of her favour, and had the honour to +see his renowned mistress, and all of them, laid in the places of +their rests; and for himself, after a life of very noble and +remarkable reputation, and in a peaceable old age, a fate that I +make the last, and none of my slightest observations, which befell +not many of the rest, for they expired like unto a light blown out +with the snuff stinking, not commendably extinguished, and with an +offence to the standers-by. And thus I have delivered up my poor +essay, or little draft of this great princess and her times, with +the servants of her state and favour. I cannot say I have finished +it, for I know how defective and imperfect it is, as limned only in +the original nature, not without the active blessings, and so left +it as a task fitter for remoter times, and the sallies of some +bolder pencil to correct that which is amiss, and draw the rest up +to life, than for me to have endeavoured it. I took it in +consideration, how I might have dashed into it much of the stain of +pollution, and thereby have defaced that little which is done; for I +profess I have taken care to master my pen, that I might not err +ANIMO, {69} or of set purpose discolour each or any of the parts +thereof, otherwise than in concealment. Haply there are some who +will not approve of this modesty, but will censure it for +pusillanimity, and, with the cunning artist, attempt to draw their +line further out at length, and upon this of mine, which way (with +somewhat more ease) it may be effected; for that the frame is ready +made to their hands, and then haply I could draw one in the midst of +theirs, but that modesty in me forbids the defacements in men +departed, their posterity yet remaining, enjoying the merit of their +virtues, and do still live in their honour. And I had rather incur +the censure of abruption, than to be conscious and taken in the +manner, sinning by eruption, or trampling on the graves of persons +at rest, which living we durst not look in the face, nor make our +addresses unto them, otherwise than with due regard to their +honours, and reverence to their virtues. + + +LORD HERBERT. + + +The accomplished, the brave, and romantic Lord Herbert of Cherbury +was born in this reign, and laid the foundation of that admirable +learning of which he was afterwards a complete master. + + + +Footnotes: + + +{1} His name was Sir Thomas Falconer. + +{2} This is not true, for her legitimacy was with good reason +contested. + +{3} This is a mistake; her epitaph says stipendia constituit tribus +hoc coenobio monachis et doctori grammatices apud Wynbourne. + +{4} Sir Giles Dawbney; he was not Earl of Bridgewater, not a Lord. + +{5} This romantic inscription probably alluded to Philip II., who +wooed the Queen after her sister's death; and to the destruction of +his Armada. + +{6} This probably alluded to the woollen manufacture; Stow mentions +his riding through the Cloth Fair on the Eve of St. Bartholomew. + +{7} The collar of SS. + +{8} He probably means rushes. + +{9} Her father had been treated with the same deference. It is +mentioned by Foxe in his "Acts and Monuments," that when the Lord +Chancellor went to apprehend Queen Catherine Parr, he spoke to the +King on his knees. King James I. suffered his courtiers to omit it. + +{10} Lord Treasurer Burleigh died August 4, 1598. + +{11} She was the daughter, sister, and aunt, of Sir William, Henry, +and Sir Philip Sidney. + +{12} This was a strange blunder to be made so near the time, about +so remarkable a person, unless he concluded that whoever displeased +Henry VIII. was of course put to death. + +{13} This is a mistake; it was the surcoat of Edward IV., enriched +with rubies, and was preserved here till the civil war. + +{14} This is confounded with the Round Tower. + +{15} It is not clear what the author means by hypocaustis; I have +translated it bathing-rooms; it might mean only chambers with +stoves. + +{16} The original is optici; it is impossible to guess what colour +he meant. + +{17} Here are several mistakes. + +{18} This is another most inaccurate account: the murderers of +Becket were Tracy, Morville, Britton, and Fitzurse. + +{19} Queen Mary. + +{20} Viz., Popish. + +{21} "This is the work of the Lord, and it is wonderful in our +sight." + +{22} "I have chosen God for my help." + +{23} i.e. "I will confine you." + +{24} The Irish rebel. + +{25} al. not. + +{26} al. horse. + +{27} al. find + +{28} al. say. + +{29} The First. + +{30} Fathers. + +{31} During Queen Elizabeth's reign. + +{32} Charles I. + +{33} Burleigh, Leicester, and Walsingham. + +{34} al. were without. + +{35} The eldest son. + +{36} Existing. + +{37} In which she ruled. + +{38} Mary. + +{39} al. amused. + +{40} Camp. + +{41} Council. + +{42} In the first year of Queen Mary. + +{43} Of his Privy Council. + +{44} Of his Privy Council. + +{45} al. humours. + +{46} Of which you have an account hereafter in this small pamphlet. + +{47} In a future state. + +{48} The art of poisoning. + +{49} Martial state. + +{50} Leicester's. + +{51} al. supported by. + +{52} An estate. + +{53} Elizabeth's. + +{54} Counsellors. + +{55} Because notwithstanding many dissented from the Reformed +Establishment in many points of doctrine, and still acknowledged the +Pope's infallibility and supremacy, yet they looked not upon these +doctrines and discipline to be fundamentals, or without which they +could not be saved; and, therefore, continued to assemble and +baptise and communicate for the space of ten years in the Reformed +Church of England. + +{56} The Pope. + +{57} Beginning. + +{58} Poland. + +{59} Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador, amused King James I. with +much dissimulation. + +{60} The traitor, of whom hereafter in this collection. + +{61} had + +{62} Instability. + +{63} James I. + +{64} He dishonourably cut off this good servant's head, and seized +upon his estate. + +{65} al. blew. + +{66} As related before, in the account of Secretary William Cecil. + +{67} Horatio. + +{68} Elizabeth's. + +{69} Willingly. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg eText Travels in England AND Fragmenta Regalia + diff --git a/old/trvfg10.zip b/old/trvfg10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d11958 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/trvfg10.zip |