path: root/19979.txt

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Righte Merrie Christmasse, by John Ashton

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: A Righte Merrie Christmasse
       The Story of Christ-Tide

Author: John Ashton

Illustrator: Arthur C. Behrend

Release Date: November 30, 2006 [EBook #19979]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RIGHTE MERRIE CHRISTMASSE ***




Produced by Julie Barkley, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net









A righte Merrie Christmasse!!!

The Story of Christ-tide


By John Ashton. Copperplate
Etching of "The
Wassail Song," by Arthur
C. Behrend.


London: published by the Leadenhall
Press, Ltd., 50 Leadenhall Street;
Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent
& Co., Ltd. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 153-157 Fifth Avenue.

The Leadenhall Press Ltd.
London
[1894]


[Transcriber's Notes:

This text contains passages using the Anglo-Saxon thorn (Þ or þ,
equivalent of "th"), which should display properly in most text
viewers. The Anglo-Saxon yogh (equivalent of "y," "i," "g," or "gh")
will display properly only if the user has the proper font, so to
maximize accessibility, the character "3" is used in this e-text to
represent the yogh.

Characters with a macron are preceded by an equal sign and enclosed in
square brackets, e.g., [=a].

Superscripted characters are preceded by a carat and enclosed in curly
brackets, e.g., y^{t}.]


[Illustration: The Wassail Song]




TO THE READER


     I do not craue
     mo thankes to haue,
     than geuen to me
     all ready be;
     but this is all,
     to such as shall
       peruse this booke.
     That, for my sake,
     they gently take
     what ere they finde
     against their minde,
     when he, or she,
     shal minded be
       therein to looke.

     _Tusser._




A righte Merrie Christmasse!!!




PREFACE


It is with a view of preserving the memory of Christmas that I have
written this book.

In it the reader will find its History, Legends, Folk-lore, Customs,
and Carols--in fact, an epitome of Old Christ-tide, forming a volume
which, it is hoped, will be found full of interest.

JOHN ASHTON.




A righte Merrie Christmasse!!!




CONTENTS


CHAPTER I

Date of Christ's Birth discussed--Opinions of the Fathers--The
Eastern Church and Christ-tide--Error in Chronology--Roman
Saturnalia--Scandinavian Yule--Duration of Christ-tide 1


CHAPTER II

Historic Christ-tides in 790, 878, and 1065--William I.,
1066-1085--William II.--Henry I., 1127--Stephen--Henry II.,
1158-1171--Richard I., 1190--John, 1200--Henry III., 1253--Edwards I.,
II., and III.--Richard II., 1377-1398--Henry IV.-V., 1418--Henry
VIII., his magnificent Christ-tides 9


CHAPTER III

Historic Christ-tides--Edward VI., 1551--Mary--Elizabeth--James
I.--The Puritans--The Pilgrim Fathers--Christmas's Lamentation--Christ-tide
in the Navy, 1625 19


CHAPTER IV

Attempts of Puritans to put down Christ-tide--Attitude of the
people--Preaching before Parliament--"The arraignment, etc., of
Christmas" 26


CHAPTER V

The popular love of Christmas--Riots at Ealing and
Canterbury--Evelyn's Christmas days, 1652, '3, '4, '5, '7, Cromwell
and Christ-tide--The Restoration--Pepys and Christmas day, 1662--"The
Examination and Tryal of old Father Christmas" 34


CHAPTER VI

Commencement of Christ-tide--"O Sapientia!"--St. Thomas's day--William
the Conqueror and the City of York--Providing for Christmas
fare--Charities of food--Bull-baiting--Christ-tide charities--Going
"a-Thomassing," etc.--Superstitions of the day 45


CHAPTER VII

Paddington Charity (Bread and Cheese Lands)--Barring-out at
Schools--Interesting narrative 53


CHAPTER VIII

The Bellman--Descriptions of him--His verses. The Waits--Their
origin--Ned Ward on them--Corporation Waits--York Waits (17th
century)--Essay on Waits--Westminster Waits--Modern Waits 63


CHAPTER IX

Christ-tide Carols--The days of Yule--A Carol for
Christ-tide--"Lullaby"--The Cherry-tree Carol--Dives and Lazarus 70


CHAPTER X

Christmas Eve--Herrick thereon--The Yule Log--Folk-lore thereon--The
Ashen Faggot--Christmas Candles--Christmas Eve in the Isle of
Man--Hunting the Wren--Divination by Onions and Sage--A Custom at
Aston--"The Mock"--Decorations and Kissing Bunch--"Black
Ball"--Guisers and Waits--Ale Posset 75


CHAPTER XI

Christmas Eve in North Notts--Wassailing the Fruit Trees--Wassail
Songs--Wassailing in Sussex--Other Customs--King at Downside
College--Christ-tide Carol--Midnight Mass--The Manger--St. Francis of
Assisi 84


CHAPTER XII

Decorating with Evergreens--Its Origin and Antiquity--Mistletoe in
Churches--The permissible Evergreens--The Holly--"Holly and
Ivy"--"Here comes Holly"--"Ivy, chief of Trees"--"The Contest of the
Ivy and the Holly"--Holly Folk-lore--Church Decorations--To be kept up
till Candlemas day 91


CHAPTER XIII

Legends of the Nativity--The Angels--The Birth--The Cradles--The Ox
and Ass--Legends of Animals--The Carol of St. Stephen--Christmas
Wolves--Dancing for a Twelve-months--Underground Bells--The Fiddler
and the Devil 97


CHAPTER XIV

The Glastonbury Thorn, its Legend--Cuttings from it--Oaks coming into
leaf on Christmas day--Folk-lore--Forecast, according to the days of
the week on which Christmas falls--Other Folk-lore thereon 105


CHAPTER XV

Withholding Light--"Wesley Bob"--Wassail Carol--Presents in
Church--Morris Dancers--"First Foot"--Red-haired Men--Lamprey
Pie--"Hodening"--Its Possible Origin--The "Mari Lhoyd" 111


CHAPTER XVI

Curious Gambling Customs in Church--Boon granted--Sheaf of Corn for
the Birds--Crowning of the Cock--"The Lord Mayor of Pennyless
Cove"--"Letting in Yule"--Guisards--Christmas in the Highlands--Christmas
in Shetland--Christmas in Ireland 117


CHAPTER XVII

Ordinance against out-door Revelry--Marriage of a Lord of
Misrule--Mummers and Mumming--Country Mummers--Early Play--Two modern
Plays 125


CHAPTER XVIII

A Christmas jest--Ben Jonson's Masque of Christmas--Milton's Masque of
Comus--Queen Elizabeth and the Masters of Defence 138


CHAPTER XIX

The Lord of Misrule--The "Emperor" and "King" at Oxford--Dignity of
the Office--Its abolition in the City of London--The functions of a
Lord of Misrule--Christmas at the Temple--A grand Christmas there 143


CHAPTER XX

A riotous Lord of Misrule at the Temple--Stubbes on Lords of
Misrule--The Bishops ditto--Mumming at Norwich 1440--Dancing at the
Inns of Court--Dancing at Christmas--The Cushion Dance 155


CHAPTER XXI

Honey Fairs--Card-playing at Christmas--Throwing the Hood--Early
Religious Plays--Moralities--Story of a Gray's Inn Play--The first
Pantomime--Spectacular drama--George Barnwell--Story respecting this
Play 162


CHAPTER XXII

Profusion of Food at Christ-tide--Old English
Fare--Hospitality--Proclamations for People to spend Christ-tide at
their Country Places--Roast Beef--Boar's Head--Boar's Head
Carol--Custom at Queen's College, Oxon.--Brawn--Christmas Pie--Goose
Pie--Plum Pudding--Plum Porridge--Anecdotes of Plum Pudding--Large
one--Mince Pies--Hackin--Folk-lore--Gifts at Christ-tide--Yule
Doughs--Cop-a-loaf--Snap-dragon 169


CHAPTER XXIII

The First Carol--Anglo-Norman Carol--Fifteenth-Century Carol--"The
Twelve Good Joys of Mary"--Other Carols--"A Virgin most Pure"--Carol
of Fifteenth Century--"A Christenmesse Carroll" 180


CHAPTER XXIV

Christmas Gifts forbidden in the City of London--Charles II. and
Christmas Gifts--Christmas Tree--Asiatic Descent--Scandinavian
Descent--Candles on the Tree--Early Notices of in England--Santa
Claus--Krishkinkle--Curious Tenures of Land at Christmas 186


CHAPTER XXV

Christ-tide Literature--Christmas Cards--Their Origin--Lamplighter's
Verses--Watchman's Verses--Christmas Pieces 194


CHAPTER XXVI

Carol for St. Stephen's Day--Boxing Day--Origin of Custom--Early
examples--The Box--Bleeding Horses--Festivity on this Day--Charity at
Bampton--Hunting the Wren in Ireland--Song of the Wren Boys 201


CHAPTER XXVII

St. John's Day--Legend of the Saint--Carols for the Day--Holy
Innocents--Whipping Children--Boy Bishops--Ceremonies connected
therewith--The King of Cockney's Unlucky Day--Anecdote thereon--Carol
for the Day 207


CHAPTER XXVIII

New Year's Eve--Wassail--New Year's Eve Customs--Hogmany--The
Cl[=a]vie--Other Customs--Weather Prophecy 214


CHAPTER XXIX

New Year's Day--Carol--New Year's Gifts--"Dipping"--Riding the
"Stang"--Curious Tenures--God Cakes--The "Quaaltagh"--"First foot" in
Scotland--Highland Customs--In Ireland--Weather Prophecies--Handsel
Monday 220


CHAPTER XXX

Eve of Twelfth Day--Thirteen Fires--Tossing the Cake--Wassailing
Apple-Trees--The Eve in Ireland--Twelfth Day, or Epiphany--Carol for
the Day--Royal Offerings 232


CHAPTER XXXI

"The King of the Bean"--Customs on Twelfth Day--Twelfth Cakes--Twelfth
Night Characters--Modern Twelfth Night--The Pastry Cook's
Shops--Dethier's Lottery--The Song of the Wren--"Holly Night" at
Brough--"Cutting off the Fiddler's Head" 238


CHAPTER XXXII

St. Distaff's Day--Plough Monday--Customs on the Day--Feast of the
Purification 246




CHAPTER I

     Date of Christ's Birth discussed--Opinions of the
     Fathers--The Eastern Church and Christ-tide--Error in
     Chronology--Roman Saturnalia--Scandinavian Yule--Duration of
     Christ-tide.


The day on which Jesus Christ died is plainly distinguishable, but the
day of His birth is open to very much question, and, literally, is
only conjectural; so that the 25th December must be taken purely as
the day on which His birth is celebrated, and not as His absolute
natal day. In this matter we can only follow the traditions of the
Church, and tradition alone has little value.

In the second and early third centuries of our aera, we only know that
the festivals, other than Sundays and days set apart for the
remembrance of particular martyrs, were the Passover, Pentecost, and
the Epiphany, the baptism or manifestation of our Lord, when came "a
voice from Heaven saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well
pleased." This seems always to have been fixed for the 6th of January,
and with it was incorporated the commemoration of His birth.

Titus Flavius Clemens, generally known as Clemens of Alexandria, lived
exactly at this time, and was a contemporary of Origen. He speaks
plainly on the subject, and shows the uncertainty, even at that early
epoch of Christianity, of fixing the date:[1] "There are those who,
with an over-busy curiosity, attempt to fix not only the year, but the
date of our Saviour's birth, who, they say, was born in the
twenty-eighth year of Augustus, on the 25th of the month Pachon,"
_i.e._ the 20th of May. And in another place he says: "Some say that
He was born on the 24th or 25th of the month Pharmuthi," which would
be the 19th or 20th of April.

[Footnote 1: _Stromat._, L. 1, pp. 407-408, ed. Oxon., 1715.]

But, perhaps, the best source of information is from the _Memoires
pour servir a l'histoire ecclesiastique des six premiers Siecles_, by
Louis Sebastian le Nain de Tillemont, written at the very commencement
of the eighteenth century,[2] and I have no hesitation in appending a
portion of his fourth note, which treats "_Upon the day and year of
the birth of Jesus Christ_."

[Footnote 2: Translated by T. Deacon in 1733-35, pp. 335-336.]

"It is thought that Jesus Christ was born in the night, because it was
night when the angel declared His birth to the shepherds: in which S.
Augustin says that He literally fulfilled David's words, _Ante
luciferum genuite_.

"The tradition of the Church, says this father, is that it was upon
the 25th of December. Casaubon acknowledges that we should not
immediately reject it upon the pretence that it is too cold a season
for cattle to be at pasture, there being a great deal of difference
between these countries and Judaea; and he assures us that, even in
England, they leave the cows in the field all the year round.

"S. Chrysostom alleges several reasons to prove that Jesus Christ was
really born upon the 25th of December; but they are weak enough,
except that which he assures of, that it has always been the belief of
the Western Churches. S. Epiphanius, who will have the day to have
been the 6th of January, places it but at twelve days' distance. S.
Clement of Alexandria says that, in his time, some fixed the birth of
Jesus Christ upon the 19th or 20th April; others, on the 20th of May.
He speaks of it as not seeing anything certain in it.

"It is cited from one John of Nice, that it was only under Pope Julius
that the Festival of the Nativity was fixed at Rome upon the 25th of
December. Father Combesisius, who has published the epistle of this
author, confesses that he is very modern: to which we may add that he
is full of idle stories, and entirely ignorant of the history and
discipline of antiquity. So that it is better to rest upon the
testimony of S. Chrysostom, who asserts that, for a long time before,
and by very ancient tradition, it was celebrated upon the 25th of
December in the West, that is, in all the countries which reach from
Thrace to Cadiz, and to the farthest parts of Spain. He names Rome
particularly; and thinks that it might be found there that this was
the true day of our Saviour's birth, by consulting the registers of
the description of Judaea made at that time, supposing them still to be
preserved there. We find this festival placed upon the 25th of
December in the ancient Roman Calendar, which was probably made in the
year 354....

"We find by S. Basil's homily upon the birth of our Lord that a
festival in commemoration of it was observed in Cappadocia, provided
that this homily is all his; but I am not of opinion that it appears
from thence either that this was done in January rather than December
or any other month in the year, or that this festival was joined with
that of the Baptism. On the contrary, the Churches of Cappadocia seem
to have distinguished the Feast of the Nativity from that of the
Epiphany, for S. Gregory Nazianzen says, that after he had been
ordained priest, in the year 361, upon the festival of one mystery, he
retired immediately after into Pontus, on that of another mystery, and
returned from Pontus upon that of a third. Now we find that he
returned at Easter, so that there is all imaginable reason to believe
that he was ordained at Christmas, and retired upon the Epiphany. S.
Basil died, in all probability, upon the 1st of January in the year
379, and S. Gregory Nyssen says that his festival followed close upon
those of Christmas, S. Stephen, S. Peter, S. James, and S. John. We
read in an oration ascribed to S. Amphilochius, that he died on the
day of the Circumcision, between the Nativity of Jesus Christ and His
Baptism. S. Gregory Nyssen says that the Feast of Lights, and of the
Baptism of Jesus Christ, was celebrated some days after that of His
Nativity. The other S. Gregory takes notice of several mysteries which
were commemorated at Nazianzium with the Nativity, the Magi, etc., but
he says nothing, in that place, of the Baptism. And yet, if the
festival of Christmas was observed in Cappadocia upon the 25th of
December, we must say that S. Chrysostom was ignorant of it, since he
ascribes this practice only to Thrace and the more Western
provinces....

"In the year 377, or soon after, some persons who came from Rome,
introduced into Syria the practice of celebrating our Lord's Nativity
in the month of December, upon the same day as was done in the West;
and this festival was so well received in that country that in less
than ten years it was entirely established at Antioch, and was
observed there by all the people with great solemnity, though some
complained of it as an innovation. S. Chrysostom, who informs us of
all this, speaks of it in such a manner as to make Father Thomassin
say, not that the birth of Jesus Christ had till then been kept upon a
wrong day, but that absolutely it had not been celebrated there at
all.

"S. Chrysostom seems to say, that this festival was received at the
same time by the neighbouring provinces to Antioch; but this must not
be extended as far as to Egypt, as we learn from a passage in Cassian.
This author seems to speak only of the time when he was in Scetae
(about 399), but also of that when he wrote his tenth conference
(about the year 420 or 425). But it appears that, in the year 432,
Egypt had likewise embraced the practice of Rome: for Paul of Emesa,
in the discourse which he made then at Alexandria upon the 29th of
Coiac, which is the 25th of December, says it was the day on which
Jesus Christ was born. S. Isidore of Pelusium, in Egypt, mentions the
Theophany and the Nativity of our Saviour, according to the flesh, as
two different festivals. We were surprised to read in an oration of
Basil of Seleucia, upon S. Stephen, that Juvenal of Jerusalem, who
might be made bishop about the year 420, was the first who celebrated
there our Saviour's Nativity."

The Armenian Church still keeps up the eastern 6th of January as
Christmas day--and, as the old style of the calendar is retained, it
follows that they celebrate the Nativity twenty-four days after we do:
and modern writers make the matter more mixed--for Wiesseler thinks
that the date of the Nativity was 10th January, whilst Mr. Greswell
says it occurred on the 9th April B.C. 4.

It is not everybody that knows that our system of chronology is four
years wrong--_i.e._ that Jesus Christ must have been born four years
before _Anno Domini_, the year of our Lord. It happened in this way.
Dionysius Exiguus, in 533, first introduced the system of writing the
words _Anno Domini_, to point out the number of years which had
elapsed since the Incarnation of our Lord; in other words he
introduced our present chronology. He said the year 1 was the same as
the year A.U.C. (from the building of Rome) 754; and this statement he
based on the fact that our Saviour was born in the twenty-eighth year
of the reign of Augustus; and he reckoned from A.U.C. 727, when the
emperor first took the name of Augustus. The early Christians,
however, dated from the battle of Actium, which was A.U.C. 723, thus
making the Nativity 750. Now we believe that that event took place
during Herod's reign, and we know that Herod died between the 13th
March and 29th March, on which day Passover commenced, in A.U.C. 750,
so that it stands to reason that our chronology is wrong.

Some think that the date of 25th December, which certainly began in
the Roman Church, was fixed upon to avoid the multiplication of
festivals about the vernal equinox, and to appropriate to a Christian
use the existing festival of the winter solstice--the returning sun
being made symbolical of the visit of Christ to our earth; and to
withdraw Christian converts from those pagan observances with which
the closing year was crowded, whilst the licence of the _Saturnalia_
was turned into the merriment of Christmas.

This festival of the Saturnalia (of which the most complete account is
given by Macrobius in his _Conviviorum Saturnaliorum_) dated from the
remotest settlement of Latium, whose people reverenced Saturnus as the
author of husbandry and the arts of life. At this festival the utmost
freedom of social intercourse was permitted to all classes; even
slaves were allowed to come to the tables of their masters clothed in
their apparel, and were waited on by those whom they were accustomed
to serve. Feasting, gaming, and revelry were the occupations of all
classes, without discrimination of age, or sex, or rank. Processions
crowded the streets, boisterous with mirth: these illuminated the
night with lighted tapers of wax, which were also used as gifts
between friends in the humbler walks of life. The season was one for
the exchange of gifts of friendship, and especially of gifts to
children. It began on the 17th December, and extended virtually, to
the commencement of the New Year.

Prynne[3] speaks thus of Christmas: "If we compare our Bacchanalian
Christmasses and New Year's Tides with these Saturnalia and Feasts of
Janus, we shall finde such near affinytie betweene them both in regard
of time (they being both in the end of December and on the first of
January), and in their manner of solemnizing (both of them being spent
in revelling, epicurisme, wantonesse, idlenesse, dancing, drinking,
stage playes, and such other Christmas disorders now in use with
Christians), were derived from these Roman Saturnalia and Bacchanalian
Festivals; which should cause all pious Christians eternally to
abominate them."

[Footnote 3: _Histrio Mastix_, ed. 1633, p. 757.]

The Anglo-Saxons and early English knew not the words either of
Christmas or Christ-tide. To them it was the season of Yule. Bede (_de
temporum ratione_, c. 13), regards it as a term for the winter
solstice. "Menses Giuli a conversione solis in auctum dici, quia unus
eorum praecedit, alius subsequitur, nomina acceperunt": alluding to the
Anglo-Saxon Calendar, which designated the months of December and
January as _aeerre-geola_ and _aeftera-geola_, the former and the latter
Yule. Both Skeat and Wedgwood derive it from the old Norse _jol_,
which means feasting and revelry. Mr. J.F. Hodgetts, in an article
entitled "Paganism in Modern Christianity" (_Antiquary_, December
1882, p. 257), says:--

"The ancient name (Yule) for Christmas is still used throughout all
Scandinavia. The Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians wish each other a 'glad
Yule,' as we say 'A merry Christmas to you.' This alone would serve to
draw our attention to Scandinavia, even if no other reason existed for
searching there for the origin of our great Christian Feast. The grand
storehouses of Pagan lore, as far as the Northern nations of Teutonic
race are concerned, are the two Eddas, and if we refer to the part, or
chapter, of Snorri Sturlson's Edda, known as _Gylfa Ginning_, we shall
find the twelfth name of Odin, the Father of the Gods, or Allfather,
given as _Ialg_ or _Ialkr_ (pronounced _yolk_ or _yulg_). The
Christmas tree, introduced into Russia by the Scandinavians, is
called _elka_ (pronounced _yolka_), and in the times just preceding,
and just after, the conquest of Britain by the English, this high
feast of Odin was held in mid-winter, under the name of _Ialka tid_,
or Yule-tide. It was celebrated at this season, because the Vikings,
being then unable to go to sea, could assemble in their great halls
and temples and drink to the gods they served so well. Another reason
was, that it fell towards the end of the twelve mystic months that
made up the mythical, as well as the cosmical, cycle of the year, and
was therefore appropriately designated by the last of the names by
which Odin is called in the Edda."

There are different opinions as to the duration of Christ-tide. The
Roman Church holds that Christmas properly begins at Lauds on
Christmas Eve, when the Divine Office begins to be solemnised as a
Double, and refers directly to the Nativity of our Lord. It terminates
on the 13th of January, the Octave day of the Epiphany. The evergreens
and decorations remain in churches and houses until the 2nd of
February, the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

But I think that if we in England are bound by ecclesiastical law as
to the keeping of Christ-tide, it should, at least, be an English
use--such as was observed before the domination of Rome in England.
And, previous to the _Natale_, or Festival of the Nativity, the early
Church ordained a preparatory period of _nine days_, called a
_Novena_. These take the commencement of Christ-tide back to the 16th
December, on which day the Sarum use ordained the Anthem, which
commences, "O Sapientia, quae ex ore Altissimi prodidisti," and at the
present time this day is marked in the Calendar of the English Church
Service Book as "O Sapientia." That this was commonly considered the
commencement of Christ-tide is shown by the following anecdote of the
learned Dr. Parr:--A lady asked him when Christmas commenced, so that
she might know when to begin to eat mince pies. "Please to say
Christmas pie, madam," replied the Doctor. "Mince pie is
Presbyterian." "Well, Christmas pie--when may we begin to eat them?"
"Look in your Prayer-book Calendar for December and there you will
find 'O Sapientia.' Then Christmas pie--not before."

The Festival was considered of such high importance by the
Anglo-Saxons that the ordinary Octave was not good enough; it must be
kept up for _twelve_ days. And Collier (_Eccl. Hist._, 1840, vol. i.
p. 285) says that a law passed in the days of King Alfred, "by virtue
of which the _twelve days_ after the Nativity of our Saviour are made
festivals." This brings us to the feast of the Epiphany, 6th January,
or "Twelfth Day," when Christmas ends--for the Epiphany has its own
Octave to follow, and I think the general consensus of opinion is in
favour of this ending.




CHAPTER II

     Historic Christ-tides in 790, 878, and 1065--William I.,
     1066-1085--William II.--Henry I., 1127--Stephen--Henry II.,
     1158-1171--Richard I., 1190--John, 1200--Henry III.,
     1253--Edwards I., II., and III.--Richard II.,
     1377-1398--Henry IV.-V., 1418--Henry VIII., his magnificent
     Christ-tides.


The earliest historic Christmas in England was 790, when the Welsh
suddenly attacked the soldiers of Offa, King of Mercia, who were
celebrating Christ-tide, and slew many of them; and in 878, when
Alfred was doing likewise at Chippenham, that Guthrum and his Danes
fell upon him, destroyed his forces, and sent him a fugitive. In 1065,
at this season, Westminster Abbey was consecrated, but King Edward was
not there, being too ill. Next year, in this same Church of St. Peter,
was William I. crowned on Christmas day by Aldred, archbishop of York;
for he would not receive the crown at the hands of Stigand, archbishop
of Canterbury, "because he was hated, and furthermore judged to be a
verie lewd person, and a naughtie liver." In 1085 he kept his
Christ-tide at Gloucester, where he knighted his son Henry.

William II. followed the example of his father, and kept the festival
in state; as did Henry I. at Westminster, Windsor, and elsewhere. But
that of 1127 at Windsor was somewhat marred by a quarrel between two
prelates. It seems that Thurston, archbishop of York (in prejudice of
the right of William, archbishop of Canterbury), would have set the
crown on the king's head as he was going to hear Mass, but was pushed
back with some violence by the followers of the other archbishop, and
his chaplain, who was bearing the archiepiscopal crozier, was
ignominiously and contemptuously thrust out of doors, cross and all.
The strife did not end there, for both the prelates, together with the
bishop of Lincoln, went to Rome to lay their case before the Pope for
his decision.

Stephen, for a short time, kept Christ-tide royally; but the internal
dissensions of his kingdom prevented him from continuing celebrating
the festival in state. Henry II. kept his first Christ-tide at
Bermondsey, where, to conciliate his subjects, he solemnly promised to
expel all foreigners from England, whereupon some tarried not, but
went incontinently. A curious event happened at Christmas 1158, when
the king, then at Worcester, took the crown from his head and
deposited it on the altar, never wearing it afterwards. In 1171 he
spent the feast at Dublin, where, there being no place large enough,
he built a temporary hall for the accommodation of his suite and
guests, to which latter he taught the delights of civilisation in good
cookery, masquings, and tournaments. The most famous Christ-tide that
we hear of in the reign of Richard I. is that in 1190, when "the two
Kings of England and France held their Christmasse this yeare at
Messina, and still the King of England used great liberalitie in
bestowing his treasure freelie amongst knights and other men of warre,
so that it was thought he spent more in a moneth than anie of his
predecessours ever spent in a whole yeare."

John kept Christ-tide in 1200 at Guildford, "and there gave to his
servants manie faire liveries and suits of apparell. The archbishop of
Canturburie did also the like at Canturburie, seeming in deed to
strive with the king, which of them should passe the other in such
sumptuous appareling of their men: whereat the king (and not without
good cause) was greatlie mooved to indignation against him, although,
for a time, he coloured the same." John took a speedy and very curious
revenge. "From thence he returned and came to Canturburie, where he
held his Easter, which fell that yeare on the day of the Annunciation
of our Ladie, at which feast he sat crowned, together with his wife,
queen Isabell, _the archbishop of Canturburie bearing the charges of
them and their trains while they remained there_." Next year he held
the feast at Argenton in Normandy.

Henry III. celebrated the Nativity right royally in 1253 at York,
"whither came Alexander the young King of Scots, and was there made
knight by the King of England; and, on Saint Stephan's day, he married
the ladie Margaret, daughter to the King of England, according to the
assurance before time concluded. There was a great assemblie of noble
personages at that feast. The Queene dowager of Scotland, mother to
King Alexander, a Frenchwoman of the house of Coucie, had passed the
sea, and was present there with a faire companie of lords and
gentlemen. The number of knights that were come thither on the King of
England's part were reckoned to be at the point of one thousand. The
King of Scots had with him three score knights, and a great sort of
other gentlemen comparable to knights. The King of Scots did homage to
the King of England, at that time, for the realme of Scotland, and all
things were done with great love and favour, although, at the
beginning, some strife was kindled about taking up of lodgings. This
assemblie of the princes cost the archbishop verie deerelie in
feasting and banketting them and their traines. At one dinner it was
reported he spent at the first course three score fat oxen."

Edward I. had, at two separate times, as Christmas guests Llewellyn of
Wales and Baliol of Scotland. Edward II. kept one feast of the
Nativity at York in 1311, revelling with Piers Gaveston and his
companions; but that of 1326 was spent in prison at Kenilworth, whilst
his wife and son enjoyed themselves at Wallingford. Strange and sad
guests, too, must the captive King of France and David of Scotland
have been at Edward III.'s Christ-tide feast in 1358 at Westminster.

Richard II. came to the throne 21st June 1377, a boy of eleven years,
and I think Stow has made a mistake in a year in the following
account, because at the date he gives he would have been king instead
of prince.

"One other show, in the year 1377, made by the citizens for the
disport of the young prince Richard, son to the Black Prince, in the
feast of Christmas, in this manner:--On the Sunday before Candlemas,
in the night, one hundred and thirty citizens, disguised and well
horsed, in a mummery, with sound of trumpets, sackbuts, cornets,
shalmes, and other minstrels, and innumerable torch lights of wax,
rode from Newgate through Cheape, over the bridge, through
Southwarke, and so to Kennington beside Lambheth, where the young
prince remained with his mother and the Duke of Lancaster, his uncle,
the Earls of Cambridge, Hertford, Warwicke, and Suffolke, with divers
other lords. In the first rank did ride forty-eight in the likeness
and habit of Esquires, two and two together, clothed in red coats and
gowns of say or sandal, with comely visors on their faces; after them
came forty-eight Knights, in the same livery of colour and stuff; then
followed one richly arrayed like an Emperor; and, after him some
distance, one stately attired like a Pope, whom followed twenty-four
Cardinals; and, after them, eight or ten with black visors, not
amiable, as if they had been legates from some foreign princes. These
maskers, after they had entered Kennington, alighted from their
horses, and entered the hall on foot; which done, the prince, his
mother, and the lords, came out of the chamber into the hall, whom the
said mummers did salute, showing by a pair of dice upon the table
their desire to play with the prince, which they so handled, that the
prince did always win when he cast them. Then the mummers set to the
prince three jewels, one after the other, which were a bowl of gold, a
cup of gold, and a ring of gold, which the prince won at three casts.
Then they set to the prince's mother, the duke, the earls, and other
lords, to every one a ring of gold, which they did also win. After
which they were feasted, and the music sounded, the prince and lords
danced on the one part with the mummers, which did also dance; which
jollity being ended, they were again made to drink, and then departed
in order as they came."

When he came to the throne as Richard II. he had very enlarged ideas
on expenditure, and amongst others on Christmas feasts. He held one at
Lichfield in 1398, where the Pope's Nuncio and several foreign
noblemen were present, and he was obliged to enlarge the episcopal
palace in order to accommodate his guests. Stow tells us: "This yeere
King Richarde kept his Christmas at Liechfield, where he spent in the
Christmas time 200 tunns of wine, and 2000 oxen with their
appurtenances." But then he is said to have had 2000 cooks, and
cookery was then elevated into a science: so much so, that the
earliest cookery book that has come down to us is _The Forme of
Cury_, which "was compiled of the chef Mairt Cok of Kyng Richard the
Secunde, Kyng of .nglond[4] aftir the Conquest." Twenty-eight oxen,
three hundred sheep, an incredible number of fowls, and all kinds of
game were slaughtered every morning for the use of his household. It
seems incredible, but see what old John Hardyng, the metrical
chronicler, says:--

     Truly I herd Robert Ireleffe saye,
       Clerke of the grene cloth, y^{t} to the household,
     Came euery daye for moost partie alwaye,
       Ten thousand folke by his messis tould,
     That folowed the hous aye as thei would,
       And in the kechin three hundred seruitours,
       And in eche office many occupiours;

     And ladies faire with their gentilwomen,
       Chamberers also and launderers,
     Three hundred of them were occupied then.

[Footnote 4: [Transcriber's Note: ".nglond" appears in the original.
An 18th-Century annotated edition of _The Forme of Cury_ notes that in
the original manuscript, "E was intended to be prefixed in red ink" in
place of the leading period. See Pegge, Samuel, _The Forme of Cury_,
p. 1, note c (London: J. Nichols, 1780) (page image available at
http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/foc/FoC042.html).]]

Of the Christ-tides of Henry IV. there are no events recorded, except
that Stow states that "in the 2nd of his reign, he then keeping his
Christmas at Eltham, twelve aldermen and their sons rode in a mumming,
and had great thanks," but Henry V. had at least one sweet Christmas
day. It was in the year 1418, when he was besieging Rouen, and
Holinshed thus describes the sufferings of the garrison. "If I should
rehearse (according to the report of diverse writers) how deerelie
dogs, rats, mise, and cats were sold within the towne, and how
greedilie they were by the poore people eaten and devoured, and how
the people dailie died for fault of food, and young infants laie
sucking in the streets on their mother's breasts, lieng dead, starved
for hunger; the reader might lament their extreme miseries. A great
number of poore sillie creatures were put out at the gates, which were
by the Englishmen that kept the trenches, beaten and driven backe
againe to the same gates, which they found closed and shut against
them. And so they laie betweene the wals of the citie and the trenches
of the enimies, still crieing for helpe and releefe, for lacke whereof
great numbers of them dailie died.

"Howbeit, King Henrie, moved with pitie, upon Christmasse daie, in
the honor of Christes Nativitie, refreshed all the poore people with
vittels, to their great comfort and his high praise."

There are no notable Christ-tides until we come to the reign of Henry
VIII. In the second year of his reign he kept Christmas quietly at
Richmond, the queen being near her confinement, which event taking
place on the first of January, she was sufficiently recovered to look
at the festivities on Twelfth day. "Against the twelfe daie, or the
daie of the Epiphanie, at night, before the banket in the hall at
Richmond, was a pageant devised like a mounteine, and set with stones;
on the top of which mounteine was a tree of gold, the branches and
boughes frised with gold, spreading on everie side over the mounteine,
with roses and pomegranates, the which mounteine was, with vices,
brought up towards the king, and out of the same came a ladie
apparelled in cloth of gold, and the children of honour called the
henchmen, which were freshlie disguised, and danced a morice before
the king; and, that done, re-entered the mounteine, which was then
drawen backe, and then was the wassail or banket brought in, and so
brake up Christmasse."

However the queen was better next year, and "In this yeare the king
kept his Christmasse at Greenewich, where was such abundance of viands
served to all comers of anie honest behaviour, as hath beene few times
seene. And against New Yeeres night was made in the hall a castell,
gates, towers, and dungeon, garnished with artillerie and weapon,
after the most warlike fashion: and on the front of the castell was
written _Le forteresse dangereux_, and, within the castell were six
ladies cloathed in russet sattin, laid all over with leaves of gold,
and everie one knit with laces of blew silke and gold. On their heads,
coifs and caps all of gold. After this castell had beene caried about
the hall, and the queene had beheld it, in came the king with five
other, apparelled in coats, the one half of russet sattin, the other
halfe of rich cloth of gold; on their heads caps of russet sattin
embrodered with works of fine gold bullion.

"These six assaulted the castell. The ladies seeing them so lustie and
couragious, were content to solace with them, and upon further
communication to yeeld the castell, and so they came downe and dansed
a long space. And after, the ladies led the knights into the castell,
and then the castell suddenlie vanished out of their sights. On the
daie of the Epiphanie at night, the king, with eleven other, were
disguised, after the manner of Italie; called a maske, a thing not
seene before, in England; they were apparelled in garments long and
broad, wrought all with gold, with visors and caps of gold. And, after
the banket done, these maskers came in, with six gentlemen disguised
in silke, bearing staffe torches, and desired the ladies to danse:
some were content, and some refused. And, after they had dansed, and
communed togither, as the fashion of the maske is, they tooke their
leave and departed, and so did the queene and all the ladies."

In 1513, "The king kept a solemne Christmasse at Greenwich, with
danses and mummeries in most princelie manner. And on the Twelfe daie
at night came into the hall a mount, called _the_ rich mount. The
mount was set full of rich flowers of silke, and especiallie full of
broome slips full of cods, the branches were greene sattin, and the
flowers flat gold of damaske, which signified Plantagenet. On the top
stood a goodlie beacon giving light; round about the beacon sat the
king and five others, all in cotes and caps of right crimsin velvet,
embrodered with flat gold of damaske, their cotes set full of spangles
of gold. And foure woodhouses (? _wooden horses_) drew the mount till
it came before the queene, and then the king and his companie
descended and dansed. Then, suddenlie, the mount opened, and out came
six ladies in crimsin sattin and plunket, embrodered with gold and
pearle, with French hoods on their heads, and they dansed alone. Then
the lords of the mount tooke the ladies and dansed together; and the
ladies re-entered, and the mount closed, and so was conveied out of
the hall. Then the king shifted him, and came to the queene, and sat
at the banket, which was verie sumptuous."

1514, "This Christmasse, on New Yeares night, the king, the Duke of
Suffolke, and two other were in mantels of cloath of silver, lined
with blew velvet; the silver was pounced in letters, that the velvet
might be seene through; the mantels had great capes like to the
Portingall slops, and all their hosen, dublets, and coats were of the
same fashion cut, and of the same stuffe. With them were foure ladies
in gowns, after the fashion of Savoie, of blew velvet, lined with
cloath of gold, the velvet all cut, and mantels like tipets knit
togither all of silver, and on their heads bonets of burned gold: the
foure torch-bearers were in sattin white and blew. This strange
apparell pleased much everie person, and in especiall the queene. And
thus these foure lords and foure ladies came into the queenes chamber
with great light of torches, and dansed a great season, and then put
off their visors, and were all well knowne, and then the queene
hartily thanked the king's grace for her goodlie pastime and desport.

"Likewise on the Twelve night, the king and the queene came into the
hall at Greenewich, and suddenlie entered a tent of cloath of gold; and
before the tent stood foure men of armes, armed at all points, with
swords in their hands; and, suddenlie, with noise of trumpets entered
foure other persons all armed, and ran to the other foure, and there
was a great and fierce fight. And, suddenlie, out of a place like a
wood, eight wild men, all apparelled in greene mosse, made with sleved
silke, with ouglie weapons, and terrible visages, and there fought
with the knights eight to eight: and, after long fighting, the armed
knights drove the wild men out of their places, and followed the chase
out of the hall, and when they were departed, the tent opened, and
there came out six lords and six ladies richlie apparelled, and dansed
a great time. When they had dansed their pleasure, they entered the
tent againe, which was conveied out of the hall: then the king and
queene were served with a right sumptuous banket."

In 1515, "The king kept a solemne Christmasse at his manor of Eltham;
and on the Twelfe night, in the hall was made a goodlie castell,
wounderously set out: and in it certeine ladies and knights; and when
the king and queene were set, in came other knights and assailed the
castell, where manie a good stripe was given; and at the last the
assailants were beaten awaie. And then issued out knights and ladies
out of the castell, which ladies were rich and strangelie disguised;
for all their apparell was in braids of gold, fret with moving
spangles of silver and gilt, set on crimsin sattin, loose and not
fastned; the men's apparell of the same sute made like Julis of
Hungarie, and the ladies heads and bodies were after the fashion of
Amsterdam. And when the dansing was done, the banket was served in of
five hundred dishes, with great plentie to everie bodie."

In 1517, "the king kept his Christmasse at his manor of Greenwich, and
on the Twelfe night, according to the old custome, he and the queene
came into the hall; and when they were set, and the queene of Scots
also, there entered into the hall a garden artificiall, called the
garden of _Esperance_. This garden was towred at everie corner, and
railed with railes gilt; all the banks were set with flowers
artificiall of silke and gold, the leaves cut of green sattin, so that
they seemed verie flowers. In the midst of this garden was a piller of
antique worke, all gold set with pearles and stones, and on the top of
the piller, which was six square, was a lover, or an arch embowed,
crowned with gold; within which stood a bush of roses red and white,
all of silk and gold, and a bush of pomegranats of the like stuffe. In
this garden walked six knights, and six ladies richlie apparelled, and
then they descended and dansed manie goodlie danses, and so ascended
out of the hall, and then the king was served with a great banket."

In 1518 was the fearful plague of the "sweating sickness," and the
chronicler says "this maladie was so cruell that it killed some within
three houres, some merrie at dinner, and dead at dinner." It even
invaded the sanctity of the Court, and the king reduced his
_entourage_, and kept no Christmas that year.

In 1520, "the king kept his Christmas at Greenwich with much
noblenesse and open Court. On Twelfe daie his grace and the earle of
Devonshire, with foure aids, answered at the tournie all commers,
which were sixteene persons. Noble and rich was their apparell, but in
feats of armes the king excelled the rest."

The next one recorded is that of 1524, when "before the feast of
Christmasse, the lord Leonard Graie, and the lord John Graie, brethren
to the Marquesse Dorset, Sir George Cobham, sonne to the lord Cobham,
William Carie, Sir John Dudleie, Thomas Wiat, Francis Pointz, Francis
Sidneie, Sir Anthonie Browne, Sir Edward Seimor, Oliver Manners,
Percivall Hart, Sebastian Nudigate, and Thomas Calen, esquiers of the
king's houshold, enterprised a challenge of feats of armes against the
feast of Christmas, which was proclaimed by Windsore the herald, and
performed at the time appointed after the best manners, both at tilt,
tourneie, barriers, and assault of a castell erected for that purpose
in the tilt-yard at Greenewich, where the king held a roiall
Christmasse that yeare, with great mirth and princelie pastime."

Of the next Christ-tide we are told, "In this winter there was great
death in London, so that the terme was adjourned: and the king kept
his Christmasse at Eltham, with a small number, and therefore it was
called the Still Christmasse."

In 1526, "the king kept a solemne Christmasse at Greenewich with
revelles, maskes, disguisings and bankets; and the thirtith daie of
December, was an enterprise of iusts made at the tilt by six
gentlemen, against all commers, which valiantlie furnished the same,
both with speare and sword; and like iustes were kept the third daie
of Januarie, where were three hundred speares broken. That same night,
the king and manie yoong gentlemen with him, came to Bridewell, and
there put him and fifteene other, all in masking apparell, and then
tooke his barge and rowed to the cardinal's place, where were at
supper a great companie of lords and ladies, and then the maskers
dansed, and made goodlie pastime; and when they had well dansed, the
ladies plucked awaie their visors, and so they were all knowen, and to
the king was made a great banket."

This is the last recorded Christ-tide of this reign, and, doubtless,
as the king grew older and more sedate, he did not encourage the
sports which delighted him in his hot youth.




CHAPTER III

     Historic Christ-tides--Edward VI., 1551--Mary--Elizabeth--James
     I.--The Puritans--The Pilgrim Fathers--Christmas's
     Lamentation--Christ-tide in the Navy, 1625.


Only one is noted in the reign of Edward VI., that of 1551, of which
Holinshed writes, "Wherefore, as well to remove fond talke out of
men's mouths, as also to recreat and refresh the troubled spirits of
the young king; who seemed to take the trouble of his uncle[5]
somewhat heavilie; it was devised, that the feast of Christ's
nativitie, commonlie called Christmasse, then at hand, should be
solemnlie kept at Greenwich, with open houshold and frank resorte to
Court (which is called keeping of the hall), what time of old
ordinarie course there is alwaies one appointed to make sport in the
Court, called commonlie lord of misrule: whose office is not unknowne
to such as have beene brought up in noble men's houses, and among
great house-keepers, which use liberall feasting in that season. There
was, therefore, by orders of the Councell, a wise gentleman, and
learned, named George Ferrers, appointed to that office for this
yeare; who, being of better credit and estimation than commonlie his
predecessors had beene before, received all his commissions and
warrants by the name of the maister of the king's pastimes. Which
gentleman so well supplied his office, both in shew of sundrie sights
and devises of rare inventions, and in act of diverse interludes, and
matters of pastime plaied by persons, as not onely satisfied the
common sort, but, also, were very well liked and allowed by the
councell, and others of skill in the like pastimes; but, best of all,
by the yoong king himselfe, as appeered by his princelie liberalitie
in rewarding that service.

[Footnote 5: The Duke of Somerset had just been condemned to death,
and was beheaded the 22nd January following.]

"On mondaie, the fourth of Januarie, the said lord of merie disports
came by water to London, and landed at the Tower wharffe, where he was
received by Vanse, lord of misrule to John Mainard, one of the
shiriffes of London, and so conducted through the citie with a great
companie of yoong lords and gentlemen to the house of Sir George
Barne, lord maior, where he, with the cheefe of his companie dined,
and, after, had a great banket: and at his departure the lord maior
gave him a standing cup with a cover of silver and guilt, of the value
of ten pounds, for a reward, and also set a hogshed of wine, and a
barrell of beere at his gate, for his traine that followed him. The
residue of his gentlemen and servants dined at other aldermen's
houses, and with the shiriffes, and then departed to the tower wharffe
againe, and so to the court by water, to the great commendation of the
maior and aldermen, and highlie accepted of the king and councell."

Mary does not seem to have kept up state Christ-tide except on one
occasion, the year after her marriage with Philip, when a masque was
performed before her.

Elizabeth continued the old tradition, but they are only mentioned and
known by the Expenses books. It is said that at Christmas 1559 she was
displeased with something in the play performed before her, and
commanded the players to leave off. There was also a masque for her
amusement on Twelfth Night.

Of James I.'s first Christ-tide in England we have the following in a
letter from the Lady Arabella Stuart to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 3rd
December 1603:--

"The Queen intendeth to make a mask this Christmass, to which my lady
of Suffolk and my lady Walsingham have warrants to take of the late
Queen's apparell out of the Tower at their discretion. Certain
gentlemen, whom I may not yet name, have made me of theyr counsell,
intend another. Certain gentlemen of good sort another. It is said
there shall be 30 playes. The king will feast all the Embassadours
this Christmass."

The death of the infant Princess Mary in September 1607 did not
interfere with James I. keeping Christmas right royally in that year.
There were masques and theatricals--nay, the king wanted a play acted
on Christmas night--and card-playing went on for high sums, the queen
losing L300 on the eve of Twelfth night.

It was, probably, the exceeding license of Christ-tide that made the
sour Puritans look upon its being kept in remembrance, as vain and
superstitious; at all events, whenever in their power, they did their
best to crush it. Take, for instance, the first Christmas day after
the landing of the so-called "Pilgrim Fathers" at Plymouth Rock in
1620, and read the deliberate chilliness and studied slight of the
whole affair, which was evidently more than the ship's master could
bear.

"Munday, the 25 Day, we went on shore, some to fell tymber, some to
saw, some to riue, and some to carry, so that no man rested all that
day, but towards night, some, as they were at worke, heard a noyse of
some Indians, which caused vs all to goe to our Muskets, but we heard
no further, so we came aboord againe, and left some twentie to keepe
the court of gard; that night we had a sore storme of winde and raine.
Munday the 25 being Christmas day, we began to drinke water aboord,
but at night, the Master caused vs to have some Beere, and so on board
we had diverse times now and then some Beere, but on shore none at
all."

That this working on Christmas day was meant as an intentional
slight--for these pious gentlemen would not work on the Sunday--is, I
think, made patent by the notice by William Bradford, of how they kept
the following Christmas.

"One ye day called Christmas-day, ye Gov'r caled them out to worke (as
was used), but ye most of this new company excused themselves, and
said it went against their consciences to worke on ye day. So ye Gov'r
tould them that if they made it a mater of conscience, he would spare
them till they were better informed. So he led away y^{e} rest, and
left them: but when they came home at noone from their worke, he found
them in ye streete at play, openly; some pitching ye barr, and some at
stoole ball, and such like sports. So he went to them and tooke away
their implements, and told them it was against his conscience that
they should play, and others worke. If they made ye keeping of it
matter of devotion, let them kepe their houses, but there should be no
gameing or revelling in ye streets. Since which time nothing hath been
attempted that way, at least, openly."

But we shall hear more of the Puritans and Christ-tide, only my scheme
is to treat the season chronologically, and, consequently, there must
be a slight digression; and the following ballad, which must have been
published in the time of James I., because of the allusion to yellow
starch (Mrs. Turner having been executed for the poisoning of Sir
Thomas Overbury in 1615), gives us

     CHRISTMAS'S LAMENTATION

     Christmas is my name, far have I gone,
       Without regard; without regard.
     Whereas great men by flocks there be flown,
       To London-ward--to London Ward.
     There they in pomp and pleasure do waste
     That which Old Christmas was wonted to feast,
         Well a day!
     Houses where music was wont for to ring,
     Nothing but bats and owlets do sing.
         Well a day, Well a day.
           Well a day, where should I stay?

     Christmas beef and bread is turn'd into stones,
       Into stones and silken rags;
     And Lady Money sleeps and makes moans,
       And makes moans in misers' bags;
     Houses where pleasures once did abound,
     Nought but a dog and a shepherd is found,
         Well a day!
     Places where Christmas revels did keep,
     Now are become habitations for sheep.
         Well a day, Well a day,
           Well a day, where should I stay?

     Pan, the shepherds' god, doth deface,
       Doth deface Lady Ceres' crown,
     And the tillage doth go to decay,
       To decay in every town;
     Landlords their rents so highly enhance,
     That Pierce, the ploughman, barefoot may dance;
         Well a day!
     Farmers that Christmas would still entertain,
     Scarce have wherewith themselves to maintain,
         Well a day, etc.

     Come to the countryman, he will protest,
       Will protest, and of bull-beef boast;
     And, for the citizen, he is so hot,
       Is so hot, he will burn the roast.
     The courtier, sure good deeds will not scorn,
     Nor will he see poor Christmas forlorn?
         Well a day!
     Since none of these good deeds will do,
     Christmas had best turn courtier too,
         Well a day, etc.

     Pride and luxury they do devour,
       Do devour house keeping quite;
     And soon beggary they do beget,
       Do beget in many a knight.
     Madam, forsooth, in her coach must wheel
     Although she wear her hose out at heel,
         Well a day!
     And on her back wear that for a weed,
     Which me and all my fellows would feed.
         Well a day, etc.

     Since pride came up with the yellow starch,
       Yellow starch--poor folks do want,
     And nothing the rich men will to them give,
       To them give, but do them taunt;
     For Charity from the country is fled,
     And in her place hath nought left but need;
         Well a day!
     And corn is grown to so high a price,
     It makes poor men cry with weeping eyes.
         Well a day, etc.

     Briefly for to end, here do I find,
       I do find so great a vocation,
     That most great houses seem to attain,
       To attain a strong purgation;
     Where purging pills such effects they have shew'd,
     That forth of doors they their owners have spued;
         Well a day!
     And where'er Christmas comes by, and calls,
     Nought now but solitary and naked walls.
         Well a day, etc.

     Philemon's cottage was turn'd into gold,
       Into gold, for harbouring Jove:
     Rich men their houses up for to keep,
       For to keep, might their greatness move;
     But, in the city, they say, they do live,
     Where gold by handfulls away they do give;--
         I'll away,
     And thither, therefore, I purpose to pass,
     Hoping at London to find the Golden Ass.
         I'll away, I'll away,
           I'll away, for here's no stay.

A little light upon this ballad may possibly be found in a letter from
John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton (21st December 1627):--"Divers
lords and personages of quality have made means to be dispensed
withall for going into the Country this Christmas according to the
proclamation; but it will not be granted, so that they pack away on
all sides for fear of the worst."

As we are now getting near the attempted suppression of Christmas
under the Puritan _regime_, it may be as well to notice the extreme
licence to which the season's holiday and festivities had reached--and
perhaps a more flagrant case than the following can scarcely be given.
On 13th January 1626 the Commissioners of the Navy write to the Duke
of Buckingham that they have received information from persons who
have been on board the _Happy Entrance_ in the Downs, and the
_Nonsuch_ and _Garland_ at Gore-end, that for these Christmas
holidays, the captains, masters, boatswains, gunners, and carpenters,
were not aboard their ships, nor gave any attendance to the service,
leaving the ships a prey to any who might have assaulted them. The
Commissioners sent down clothes for the sailors, and there were no
officers to take charge of them, and the pressed men ran away as fast
as the Commissioners sent them down. If they had beaten up and down,
they might have prevented the loss of two English ships taken by the
Dunkirkers off Yarmouth.

This, naturally, was a state of things which could not be allowed, and
on January 15 the Duke of Buckingham wrote to Sir Henry Palmer as to
the officers and men quitting their ships at Christmas time, and
called upon him "presently to repair on board his own ship, and to
charge the officers of all the ships composing his fleet, not to
depart from their ships without order."




CHAPTER IV

     Attempts of Puritans to put down Christ-tide--Attitude of
     the people--Preaching before Parliament--"The Arraignment,
     etc., of Christmas."


As soon as the Puritans became at all powerful, their iconoclastic
zeal naturally attacked Christmas, and the Scotchmen, such as Baillie,
Rutherford, Gillespie, and Henderson, in the Westminster Assembly of
Divines, tried in 1643 to get the English observance of Christmas
abolished--but they only succeeded so far as coming to a resolution
that whilst preaching on that day, "withal to cry down the
superstition of that day." Next year they were happier in their
efforts, as is shortly told in _Parliamentary History_, December 19,
1644. "The lords and commons having long since appointed a day for a
Fast and Humiliation, which was to be on the last Wednesday in every
Month, it happening to fall on Christmas day this month, the Assembly
of Divine sent to acquaint the lords with it: and, to avoid any
inconveniences that might be by some people keeping it as a Feast, and
others as a Fast, they desired that the Parliament would publish a
Declaration the next Lord's day in the Churches of London and
Westminster; that that day might be kept as it ought to be, that the
whole kingdom might have comfort thereby. The houses agreed to this
proposal, and directed the following Ordinance to be published; which
bore this title--

"AN ORDINANCE FOR THE BETTER OBSERVATION OF THE FEAST OF THE NATIVITY
OF CHRIST.

"Whereas some doubts have been raised whether the next Fast shall be
celebrated, because it falleth on the day which, heretofore, was
usually called the Feast of the Nativity of our Saviour; the lords and
commons do order and ordain that public notice be given, that the Fast
appointed to be kept on the last Wednesday in every month, ought to be
observed until it be otherwise ordered by both houses; and that this
day particularly is to be kept with the more solemn humiliation,
because it may call to remembrance our sins and the sins of our
forefathers, who have turned this Feast, pretending the memory of
Christ, into an extreme forgetfulness of him, by giving liberty to
carnal and sensual delights; being contrary to the life which Christ
himself led here upon earth, and to the spiritual life of Christ in
our souls; for the sanctifying and saving whereof Christ was pleased
both to take a human life, and to lay it down again.

"The lords ordered That the Lord Mayor of London take care that this
Ordinance should be dispersed to all churches and chapels, within the
line of communication and the bills of mortality. Afterwards it was
made general through the kingdom; in consequence of which Christmas
day was no longer observed as a Festival, by law, till the
Restoration."

But the popular love of Christmas could not be done away with by
restrictive legislation, as the movers therein very well knew, _teste_
Lightfoot, who, in his Journal, says "Some of our members were sent to
the houses to desire them to give an order that the next Fast day
might be solemnly kept, because the people will be ready to neglect
it, being Christmas day."

Nor was anything neglected to repress this Christ-tide, because its
keeping was inbred in the people, and they hated this sour puritanical
feeling, and the doing away with their accustomed festivities. Richard
Kentish told the House of Commons so in very plain language. Said he:
"The people of England do hate to be reformed; so now, a prelatical
priest, with a superstitious service book, is more desired, and would
be better welcome to the generality of England, than the most learned,
laborious, conscientious preacher, whether Presbyterian or
Independent. These poor simple creatures are mad after superstitious
festivals, after unholy holidays."

The houses of Parliament baked their pie for themselves, and
deservedly had to eat it; for two red hot gospellers, Calamy and
Sedgewick, preached on the iniquity of keeping Christ-tide to the
Lords in Westminster Abbey; whilst in the contiguous Church of S.
Margaret, Thorowgood and Langley expatiated on the same theme to the
Commons, and, as if they could not have enough of so good a thing,
_all four sermons were printed by order of the Houses_.

Calamy in his sermon said, "This day is the day which is commonly
called the Feast of Christ's Nativity, or Christmas Day, a day that
hath hitherto been much abused in superstition and profaneness. I have
known some that have preferred Christmas Day before the Lord's Day,
and have cried down the Lord's Day and cried up Christmas Day. I have
known those that would be sure to receive the Sacrament on Christmas
Day though they did not receive it all the year after. This was the
superstition of this day, and the profaneness was as great. There were
some that did not play cards all the year long, yet they must play at
Christmas. This year, God, by a providence hath buried this Feast in a
Fast, and I hope it will never rise again. You have set out, Right
Honourable, a strict Order for the keeping of it, and you are here
to-day to observe your own Order, and I hope you will do it strictly."
And he finished with a prayer, in which he begged they might have
grace "to be humbled, especially for the old superstition and
profaneness of this Feast."

But although the English people were crushed for a time under the iron
heel of the Puritan boot, they had no sympathy with their masters, nor
their ways--_vide_ the rebound, immediately after Oliver Cromwell's
death, and the return to the old state of things, which has never
altered since, except as a matter of fashion. Yet, even then, there
were protests against this effacement of Christ-tide, and many have
been handed down to us, differing naturally very much in style. One
really amusing one has the merit of being short: and when the reader
of this book has perused it, I believe he will thank me for having
reproduced it. It is--

     "THE

     ARRAIGNMENT

     Conviction and Imprisonment

     of

     CHRISTMAS

     On _S. Thomas Day_ last,

     And

     How he broke out of Prison in the Holidayes and got away,
     onely left his hoary hair, and gray beard, sticking between
     two Iron Bars of a Window.

     With

     An Hue and Cry after CHRISTMAS, and a Letter from _Mr.
     Woodcock_, a Fellow in Oxford, to a Malignant Lady in LONDON.

     And divers passages between the Lady and the Cryer, about Old
     Christmas: And what shift he was fain to make to save his
     life, and great stir to fetch him back again.

     With divers other Witty Passages.

     Printed by _Simon Minc'd Pye_, for _Cissely Plum-Porridge_;
     And are to be sold by _Ralph Fidler_, Chandler, at the signe
     of the _Pack of Cards_ in _Mustard-Alley_, in _Brawn Street_.
     1645."

This little Tract commenced with the supposed Letter,

"Lady,

"_I Beseech you, for the love of Oxford, hire a Cryer (I will see him
paid for his paines), to cry old father Christmas, and keep him with
you (if you can meet with him, and stay him), till we come to London,
for we expect to be there shortly, and then we will have all things as
they were wont, I warrant you; hold up your spirits, and let not your
old friends be lost out of your favour, for his sake, who is_

"Your ever servant,

"JO. WOODCOCK.

"_Lady_--Honest Crier, I know thou knewest old Father Christmas; I am
sent to thee from an honest schollar of Oxford (that hath given me
many a hug and kisse in Christmasse time when we have been merry) to
cry Christmas, for they hear that he is gone from hence, and that we
have lost the poor old man; you know what marks he hath, and how to
cry him.

"_Cryer_--Who shall pay me for my paines?

"_Lady_--Your old friend, _Mr. Woodcock_, of Oxford. Wilt thou take
his word?

"_Cryer_--I will cry him, I warrant you, through the Citie and
Countrie, and it shall go hard but I will finde him out; I can partly
ghesse who can tell some newes of him, if any people in England can,
for I am acquainted with all his familiar friends. Trust me in this
businesse, I will bring you word within fewe dayes.

     _Ho-o-o-o-o-o-o yes, ho-o-o-o-o-o yes, ho-o-o-o-o-o yes;_

Any man or woman, whether Popish or Prelaticall, Superstitious or
Judaicall, or what person so ever, of any Tribe or Trullibub,[6] that
can give any knowledge, or tell any tidings of an old, old, old, very
old, grey-bearded Gentleman, called Christmas, who was wont to be a
verie familiar ghest, and visite all sorts of people, both poor and
rich, and used to appear in glittering gold silk and silver in the
Court, and in all shapes in the Theater in Whitehall, and had ringing
feasts and jollitie in all places, both in the Citie and Countrie for
his comming; if you went to the Temple, you might have found him there
at In and In, till many a Gentleman had outed all the mony from his
pocket, and after all, the Butlers found him locked up in their Boxes:
And in almost every house, you might have found him at Cards and Dice,
the very boyes and children could have traced him and the Beggers have
followed him from place to place, and seen him walking up and downe,
and in every house roast Beefe and Mutton, Pies and Plum-porrige, and
all manner of delicates round about him, and every one saluting merry
Christmas: If you had gone to the Queene's Chappel, you might have
found him standing against the wall, and the Papists weeping, and
beating themselves before him, and kissing his hoary head with
superstitious teares, in a theater exceeding all the plays of the
Bull, the Fortune, and the Cock-pit.

[Footnote 6: This word has an indefinite meaning. Sometimes it is
synonymous with entrails--as "tripes and trullibubs"; sometimes it is
meant for something very trifling, and then is occasionally spelt
"trillibubs." Why introduced here, no one can tell.]

"For age, this hoarie headed man was of great yeares, and as white as
snow; he entred the Romish Kallender time out of mind; is old, or very
neer, as _Father Mathusalem_ was; one that looked fresh in the
Bishops' time, though their fall made him pine away ever since; he was
full and fat as any dumb Docter of them all. He looked under the
consecrated Laune sleeves as big as Bul-beefe--just like Bacchus upon
a tunne of wine, when the grapes hang shaking about his eares; but,
since the catholike liquor is taken from him, he is much wasted, so
that he hath looked very thin and ill of late; but the wanton women
that are so mad after him, do not know how he is metamorphised, so
that he is not now like himselfe, but rather like Jack-a-lent.

"But yet some other markes that you may know him by, is that the
wanton Women dote after him; he helped them to so many new Gownes,
Hatts, and Hankerches, and other fine knacks, of which he hath a pack
on his back, in which is good store of all sorts, besides the fine
knacks that he got out of their husbands' pockets for household
provisions for him. He got Prentises, Servants, and Schollars many
play dayes, and therefore was well beloved by them also, and made all
merry with Bagpipes, Fiddles, and other musicks, Giggs, Dances, and
Mummings, yea, the young people had more merry dayes and houres before
him whilst he stayd, which was in some houses 12 dayes, in some 20, in
some more, in some lesse, than in all the yeare againe."

       *       *       *       *       *

"All you, therefore, that by your diligent inquirie, can tell me anie
tidings of this ould man called Christmas, and tell me where he may be
met withall; whether in any of your streets, or elsewhere, though in
never so straitned a place; in an Applewoman's staul or Grocer's
Curren Tub, in a Cooke's Oven or the Maide's Porrige pot, or crept
into some corner of a Translater's shop, where the Cobler was wont so
merrily to chant his Carolls; whosoever can tel what is become of him,
or where he may be found, let them bring him back againe into England,
to the Crier, and they shall have a Benediction from the Pope, an
hundred oaths from the Cavaliers, 40 kisses from the Wanton Wenches,
and be made Pursevant to the next Arch Bishop. Malignants will send
him a piece of Braune, and everie Prentice boy will give him his point
(? _pint of wine_) next holie Thursday, the good Wives will keepe him
in some corners of their mince pies, and the new Nuncio Ireland will
returne him to be canonized the next Reformation of the Calender.

     "_And so Pope save Christmas._

"_Cryer_--Lady, I am come to tell you what returne I can make you of
the crying of old Father Christmas, which I have done, and am now here
to give you an answer.

"_Lady_--Well said, honest Cryer, Mr. Woodcock will remember you for
it.

"_Cryer_--The poor old man upon St. Thomas his day was arraigned,
condemned, and after conviction cast into prison amongst the King's
Souldiers; fearing to be hanged, or some other execution to be done
upon him, and got out at so narrow a passage, between two Iron Bars of
a Window, that nothing but onely his old gray beard and hoarie haire
of his head stuck there, but nothing else to be seen of him; and, if
you will have that, compound for it, lest it be sold among the
sequestred goods, or burnt with the next Popish pictures, by the hand
of the hangman.

"_Lady_--But is old, old, good old Christmas gone? Nothing but the
hair of his good, grave old head and beard left! Well I will have
that, seeing I cannot have more of him, one lock whereof will serve
_Mr. Woodcock_ for a token. But what is the event of his departure?

"_Cryer_--The poor are sory for it, for they go to every door
a-begging as they were wont to do (_Good Mrs., somewhat against this
good Time_); but Time was transformed (_Away, begone, here is not for
you_); and so they, instead of going to the Ale-house to be drunk,
were fain to work all the Holidayes. The Schollers came into the Hall,
where their hungry stomacks had thought to have found good Brawn and
Christmas pies, Roast Beef and Plum-porridge; but no such matter.
Away, ye prophane, these are superstitious meats; your stomacks must
be fed with wholesome doctrine. Alas, poor tallow-faced Chandlers, I
met them mourning through the streets, and complaining that they could
get no vent for their Mustard, for want of Brawn.

"_Lady_--Well, if ever the Catholiques or Bishops rule again in
England, they will set the Church dores open on Christmas day, and we
shall have Masse at the High Altar, as was used when the day was first
instituted, and not have the holy Eucharist barred out of School, as
School boyes do their Masters against the festival![7] What! shall we
have our mouths shut to welcome old Christmas? No, no, bid him come by
night over the Thames, and we will have a back door open to let him
in. I will, myself, give him his diet for one year, to try his fortune
this time twelve month, it may prove better."

[Footnote 7: This Saturnalia of barring out the Schoolmaster at
Christmas--just before breaking up--was in use certainly as late as
1888. Vide _Notes and Queries_, 7th series, vol. vi. p. 484.]




CHAPTER V

     The popular love of Christmas--Riots at Ealing and
     Canterbury--Evelyn's Christmas days, 1652 '3 '4 '5
     '7--Cromwell and Christ-tide--The Restoration--Pepys and
     Christmas day, 1662--"The Examination and Tryal of old
     Father Christmas."


And this was the general feeling. Parliament might sit, as we learn by
_The Kingdome's Weekly Intelligencer_, No. 152: "Thursday, December
25, vulgarly known by the name of Christmas Day, both Houses sate. The
House of Commons, more especially, debated some things in reference to
the privileges of that House, and made some orders therein." But the
mass of the people quietly protested against this way of ignoring
Christ-tide, and notwithstanding the Assembly of Divines and
Parliament, no shops were open in London on that day, in spite of the
article published in No. 135 of _Mercurius Civicus, or London's
Intelligencer_, which explained the absurdity of keeping Christmas
day, and ordained that all shops should be opened, and that the
shopkeepers should see that their apprentices were at work on that
day. If they needed a holiday, "let them keep the fift of November,
and other dayes of that nature, or the late great mercy of God in the
taking of Hereford, which deserves an especiall day of thanks giving."
It would not so much have mattered if all the Puritans had followed
the example of George Fox, the founder of Quakerism, who, "when the
time called Christmas came, when others were feasting and sporting
themselves, went from house to house seeking out the poor and
desolate, and giving them money."

Parliament, although they did their best by public example to do away
with it, sitting every Christmas day from 1644 to 1656, could not
extinguish the deep-rooted feeling in favour of its being kept up in
the old-fashioned way, and, in London, at Christmas 1646, those who
opened their shops were very roughly used, so much so that in 1647
they asked the Parliament to protect them in future. Certainly, in
that year, the shops were all closed, but the irrepressible love of
Christmas could not be controlled, and the porters of Cornhill
bedecked the conduit with "Ivy, Rosmary, and Bays," and similar
decorations were exhibited in other parts of the City--a proceeding
which sorely exercised the Lord Mayor and the City Marshal, who rode
about, with their followings, setting fire to the harmless green
stuff--the doing of which occasioned great mirth among the Royalist
party.

There were riots about the keeping of Christmas in several parts of
the country--notably one at Ealing, in Middlesex; but there was a
famous one at Canterbury,[8] the particulars of which are given in a
short tract, which I here reprint, as it shows the feeling in the
country:

[Footnote 8: "Canterbury Christmas; or, A True Relation of the
Insurrection in Canterbury on Christmas Day last, with the great hurt
that befell divers persons thereby."]

"Upon Wednesday, _Decem._ 22, the Cryer of _Canterbury_ by the
appointment of Master _Major_,[9] openly proclaimed that Christmas
day, and all other Superstitious Festivals should be put downe, and
that a Market should be kept upon _Christmas day_.

[Footnote 9: Mayor.]

"Which not being observed (but very ill taken by the Country) the
towne was thereby unserved with provision, and trading very much
hindered; which occasioned great discontent among the people, caused
them to rise in a Rebellious way.

"The _Major_ being slighted, and his Commands observed only of a few
who opened their Shops, to the number of 12 at the most: They were
commanded by the multitude to shut up again, but refusing to obey,
their ware was thrown up and down, and they, at last, forced to shut
in.

"The _Major_ and his assistants used their best endeavours to qualifie
this tumult, but the fire being once kindled, was not easily quenched.

"The _Sheriffe_ laying hold of a fellow, was stoutly resisted; which
the _Major_ perceiving, took a Cudgell, and strook the man: who,
being now puny, pulled up his courage, and knockt down the _Major_,
whereby his Cloak was much torne and durty, besides the hurt he
received.

"The _Major_ hereupon made strict Proclamation for keeping the Peace,
and that every man depart to his own house.

"The multitude hollowing thereat, in disorderly manner; the _Aldermen_
and _Constables_ caught two or three of the rout, and sent them to the
Jaile, but they soon broke loose, and Jeered Master _Alderman_.

"Soone after, issued forth the Commanders of this Rabble, with an
addition of Souldiers, into the high street, and brought with them two
Foot-balls, whereby their company increased. Which the _Major_ and
_Aldermen_ perceiving, took what prisoners they had got, and would
have carried them to the Jayle. But the multitude following after to
the _King's Bench_, were opposed by Captain _Bridg_, who was straight
knoct down, and had his head broke in two places, not being able to
withstand the multitude, who, getting betwixt him and the Jayle,
rescued their fellowes, and beat the _Major_ and _Aldermen_ into their
houses, and then cried _Conquest_.

"Where, leaving them to breath a while, they went to one _White's_, a
Barber (a man noted to be a busie fellow), whose windowes they pulled
downe to the ground: The like they did to divers others, till night
overtook them, and they were forced to depart, continuing peaceable
the next day, it being the Saboth.

"On _Munday_ morning, the Multitude comming, the Major set a strong
watch with Muskets and Holbards in the City, both at the Gates and at
_S. Andrews_ Church, the Captaine of the Guard was _White_ the Barber.

"Till noon, they were quiet, then came one _Joyce_, a Hackney man,
whom _White_ bid stand, the fellow asked what the matter was, and
withall called him _Roundhead_; whereat _White_ being moved, cocked
his Pistoll and would have shot him, but the Major wisht him to hold:
Neverthelesse he shot, and the fellow fell down, but was not dead.
Whence arose a sudden clamour that a man was murdered, whereupon the
people came forth with clubs, and the _Major_ and _Aldermen_ made
haste away; the Towne rose againe, and the Country came in, took
possession of the Gates, and made enquiry for _White_; they found him
in a hay loft, where they broke his head, and drag'd him in the
streets, setting open the Prison dores and releasing those that were
in hold.

"Next, they vowed vengeance on the _Major_, pulling up his posts,
breaking his windowes; but, at last, being perswaded by Sir _William
Man_, Master _Lovelise_, Master _Harris_, and Master _Purser_, had
much adoe to persuade them from taking of his Person; so came
tumultuously into the high street, and their demands were so high,
that those Gentlemen could not perswade them. Afterward, meeting
Master _Burly_, the Town Clark, demanded the Keyes of the Prison from
him, which, being granted, they, with those Gentlemen formerly named,
went again to the Town Hall to Treat, and came to an agreement, which
was, that forty or fifty of their own men should keep the Town that
night, being compleatly armed, which being performed (the morning
issued) and they continued in arms till Tuesday morning: There are
none as yet dead, but diverse dangerously hurt.

"Master _Sheriffe_ taking _White's_ part, and striving to keep the
Peace, was knockt down, and his head fearfully broke; it was God's
mercy his braines were not beat out, but it should seem he had a
clung[10] pate of his own.

[Footnote 10: Tough or strong.]

"They went also without S. _George's_ gate, and did much injury to Mr.
_Lee_.

"As I am credibly informed, the injuries done are these.

"They have beat down all the windowes of Mr. _Major's_ House, burnt
the Stoups at the comming in of his dore, Master _Reeves'_ Windowes
were broke, Master _Page_, and Master _Pollen_, one _Buchurst_,
Captaine _Bridge_, _Thomas Harris_, a busie prating fellow, and others
were sorely wounded.

"It is Ordered that _Richard White_ and _Robert Hues_, being in
fetters, be tryed according to the Law, and upon faire Composition,
the multitude have delivered their Armes into the Hands of the City,
upon engagements of the best of the City that no man shall further
question or trouble them."

On this Christmas day, Parliament,[11] "on Saturday, December 25th,
commonly called Christmas day, received some complaints of the
countenancing of malignant ministers in some parts of London, where
they preach and use the Common Prayer Book, contrary to the order of
Parliament, and some delinquent Ministers have power given them to
examine and punish churchwardens, sequestrators, and others that do
countenance delinquent ministers to preach, and commit them, if they
see cause; upon which some were taken into Custody." One instance of
this is given in Whitelocke's _Memorials_ (p. 286). "Mr. Harris, a
Churchwarden of St. Martius, ordered to be committed for bringing
delinquents to preach there, and to be displaced from his office of
Churchwarden."

[Footnote 11: Rushworth's _Historical Collections_, pt. iv. vol. ii.
p. 944.]

And so it went on, the Parliament and Nonconformists doing their best
to suppress Christ-tide, and the populace stubbornly refusing to
submit, as is shown in a letter from Sir Thomas Gower to Mr. John
Langley, on December 28, 1652.[12] "There is little worth writing,
most of the time being spent in endeavouring to take away the esteem
held of Christmas Day, to which end, order was made that whoever would
open shops should be protected by the State; yet I heard of no more
than two who did so, and one of them had better have given L50, his
wares were so dirtyed; and secondly, that no sermons should be
preached, which was observed (for aught I hear) save at Lincoln's
Inn."

[Footnote 12: Hist. MSS. Commission Reports, v. p. 192.]

Evelyn, who was a staunch Episcopalian, writes in deep despondency as
to the keeping of Christ-tide. "1652, Dec. 25, Christmas day, no
Sermon any where, no church being permitted to be open, so observed it
at home. The next day, we went to Lewisham, where an honest divine
preached." "1653, Dec. 25, Christmas-day. No churches, or public
assembly. I was fain to pass the devotions of that Blessed day with my
family at home." "1654, Dec. 25, Christmas-day. No public offices in
Churches, but penalties on observers, so as I was constrained to
celebrate it at home."

On November 27, 1655, Cromwell promulgated an edict, prohibiting all
ministers of the Church of England from preaching or teaching in any
schools, and Evelyn sadly notes the fact. "Dec. 25. There was no more
notice taken of Christmas day in Churches. I went to London, where
Dr. Wild preached the funeral sermon of Preaching,[13] this being the
last day; after which, Cromwell's proclamation was to take place, that
none of the Church of England should dare either to preach, or
administer Sacraments, teach school, etc., on pain of imprisonment or
exile. So this was the mournfullest day that in my life I had seen, or
the Church of England herself, since the Reformation; to the great
rejoicing of both Papist and Presbyter. So pathetic was his discourse,
that it drew many tears from the auditory. Myself, wife, and some of
our family received the Communion: God make me thankful, who hath
hitherto provided for us the food of our souls as well as bodies! The
Lord Jesus pity our distressed Church, and bring back the captivity of
Zion!"

[Footnote 13: His text was 2 Cor. xiii. 9.]

His next recorded Christ-tide was an eventful one for him, and he thus
describes it: "1657, Dec. 25. I went to London with my wife to
celebrate Christmas day, Mr. Gunning preaching in Exeter Chapel, on
Michah vii. 2. Sermon ended, as he was giving us the Holy Sacrament,
the Chapel was surrounded with soldiers, and all the Communicants and
assembly surprised and kept prisoners by them, some in the house,
others carried away. It fell to my share to be confined to a room in
the house, where yet I was permitted to dine with the master of it,
the Countess of Dorset, Lady Hatton, and some others of quality who
invited me. In the afternoon, came Colonel Whalley, Goffe, and others,
from Whitehall, to examine us one by one; some they committed to the
Marshal, some to prison. When I came before them, they took my name
and abode, examined me why, contrary to the ordinance made, that none
should any longer observe the superstitious time of the Nativity (so
esteemed by them), I durst offend, and particularly be at Common
Prayers, which they told me was but the Mass in English, and
particularly pray for Charles Stuart, for which we had no Scripture. I
told them we did not pray for Charles Stuart, but for all Christian
Kings, Princes, and Governors. They replied, in doing so we prayed for
the King of Spain, too, who was their enemy, and a Papist, with other
frivolous and ensnaring questions and much threatening; and, finding
no colour to detain me, they dismissed me with much pity of my
ignorance. These were men of high flight and above ordinances, and
spake spiteful things of our Lord's Nativity. As we went up to receive
the Sacrament, the miscreants held their muskets against us, as if
they would have shot us at the Altar, but yet suffering us to finish
the Office of the Communion, as, perhaps, not having instructions what
to do, in case they found us in that action. So I got home late the
next day: blessed be God!"

Cromwell himself seems to have been somewhat ashamed of these
persecutions and severities, for[14] (25th December 1657) "Some
Congregations being met to observe this day, according to former
solemnity, and the _Protector_ being moved that Souldiers might be
sent to repress them, he advised against it, as that which was
contrary to the _Liberty of Conscience_ so much owned and pleaded for
by the _Protector_ and his friends; but, it being contrary to
Ordinances of Parliament (which were also opposed in the passing of
them) that these days should be so solemnized, the _Protector_ gave
way to it, and those meetings were suppressed by the Souldiers."

[Footnote 14: Whitelock's _Memorials_, ed. 1682, p. 666.]

But his life was drawing to a close, and with the Restoration of the
king came also that of Christ-tide, and there was no longer any need
of concealment, as Pepys tells us how he spent his Christmas day in
1662. "Had a pleasant walk to White Hall, where I intended to have
received the Communion with the family, but I came a little too late.
So I walked up into the house, and spent my time looking over
pictures, particularly the ships in King Henry the VIII.ths voyage to
Bullaen; marking the great difference between those built then and
now. By and by down to the Chapel again, where Bishop Morley[15]
preached upon the Song of the Angels, 'Glory to God on high, on earth
peace, and good will towards men.' Methought he made but a poor
Sermon, but long, and, reprehending the common jollity of the Court
for the true joy that shall and ought to be on these days; he
particularized concerning their excess in playes and gaming, saying
that he whose office it is to keep the gamesters in order and within
bounds, serves but for a second rather in a duell, meaning the
groome-porter. Upon which it was worth observing how far they are come
from taking the reprehensions of a bishop seriously, that they all
laugh in the Chapel when he reflected on their ill actions and
courses. He did much press us to joy in these public days of joy, and
to hospitality; but one that stood by whispered in my eare that the
Bishop do not spend one groate to the poor himself. The Sermon done, a
good anthem followed with vialls, and the King come down to receive
the Sacrament. But I staid not, but, calling my boy from my Lord's
lodgings, and giving Sarah some good advice, by my Lord's order, to be
sober, and look after the house, I walked home again with great
pleasure, and there dined by my wife's bed side with great content,
having a mess of brave plum-porridge and a roasted pullet for dinner,
and I sent for a mince pie abroad, my wife not being well, to make any
herself yet."

[Footnote 15: Bishop of Winchester, died 1684.]

The popular love of Christmas is well exemplified in a little 16mo
book, printed in 1678, entitled "The Examination and Tryal of old
Father CHRISTMAS; Together with his Clearing by the Jury, at the
Assizes held at the Town of _Difference_, in the County of
_Discontent_." The Jury was evidently a packed one. "Then saith the
_Clerk_ to the _Cryer_, count them--_Starve-mouse_, one, _All-pride_,
two, _Keep-all_, three, _Love-none_, four, _Eat-alone_, five,
_Give-little_, six, _Hoard-corn_, seven, _Grutch-meat_, eight,
_Knit-gut_, nine, _Serve-time_, ten, _Hate-good_, eleven,
_Cold-kitchen_, twelve.

"Then saith the _Cryer_, all you bountiful Gentlemen of the Jury,
answer to your names, and stand together, and hear your Charge.

"With that there was such a lamentable groan heard, enough to turn Ice
into Ashes, which caused the _Judge_, and the rest of the Bench, to
demand what the matter was; it was replied that the grave old
Gentleman, _Christmas_, did sound (_swoon_) at the naming of the Jury;
then it was commanded that they should give him air, and comfort him
up, so that he might plead for himself: and here, I cannot pass by in
silence, the love that was expressed by the Country people, some
shreeking and crying for the old man; others striving to hold him up,
others hugging him, till they had almost broke the back of him,
others running for Cordials and strong waters, insomuch that, at last
they had called back his wandring spirits, which were ready to take
their last farewel."

Christmas challenged this jury, and another was empanelled consisting
of Messrs _Love-friend_, _Hate-strife_, _Free-man_, _Cloath-back_,
_Warm-gut_, _Good-work_, _Neighbour-hood_, _Open-house_, _Scorn-use_,
_Soft-heart_, _Merry-man_, and _True-love_. His Indictment was as
follows:

"_Christmas_, thou art here indicted by the name of _Christmas_, of
the Town of _Superstition_, in the County of _Idolatry_, and that thou
hast, from time to time, abused the people of this Common-wealth,
drawing and inticing them to Drunkenness, Gluttony, and unlawful
Gaming, Wantonness, Uncleanness, Lasciviousness, Cursing, Swearing,
abuse of the Creatures, some to one Vice, and some to another; all to
Idleness: what sayest thou to thy Inditement, guilty or not guilty? He
answered, Not guilty, and so put himself to the Trial."

After the witnesses against him were heard, Christmas was asked what
he could say in his defence.

"_Judge._--Old _Christmas_, hold up thy head, and speak for thy self.
Thou hast heard thy inditement, and also what all these Witnesses have
evidenced against thee; what sayest thou now for thy self, that
sentence of condemnation should not be pronounced against thee?

"_Christmas._--Good my Lord, be favourable to an old man, I am above
One thousand six hundred years old, and was never questioned at Sizes
or Sessions before: my Lord, look on these white hairs, are they not a
Crown of Glory?...

"And first, my Lord, I am wronged in being indited by a wrong name, I
am corruptly called _Christmas_, my name is _Christ-tide_ or time.

"And though I generally come at a set time, yet I am with him every
day that knows how to use me.

"My Lord, let the Records be searcht, and you shall find that the
Angels rejoyced at my coming, and sung _Gloria in excelsis_; the
Patriarchs and Prophets longed to see me.

"The Fathers have sweetly imbraced me, our modern Divines all
comfortably cherisht me; O let me not be despised now I'm old. Is
there not an injunction in _Magna Charta_, that commands men to
inquire for the old way, which is the good way; many good deeds do I
do, O, why do the people hate me? We are commanded to be given to
Hospitality, and this hath been my practice from my youth upward: I
come to put men in mind of their redemption, to have them love one
another, to impart with something here below, that they may receive
more and better things above; the wise man saith _There is a time for
all things_, and why not for thankfulness? I have been the cause that
at my coming, Ministers have instructed the people every day in
publick, telling the people how they should use me, and other
delights, not to effeminate, or corrupt the mind, and bid them abhor
those pleasures from which they should not rise bettered, and that
they should by no means turn pass-time into Trade: And if that at any
time they have stept an Inch into excess, to punish themselves for it,
and be ever after the more careful to keep within compass.

"And did also advise them to manage their sports without Passion; they
would also tell the people that their feasts should not be much more
than nature requires, and grace moderates; not pinching, nor
pampering; And whereas they say that I am the cause they sit down to
meat, and rise up again graceless, they abundantly wrong me: I have
told them that before any one should put his hand in the dish, he
should look up to the owner, and hate to put one morsel in his mouth
unblessed: I tell them they ought to give thanks for that which is
paid for already, knowing that neither the meat, nor the mouth, nor
the man, are of his own making: I bid them fill their bellies, not
their eyes, and rise from the board, not glutted, but only satisfied,
and charge them to have a care that their guts be no hindrances to
their brains or hands, and that they should not lose themselves in
their feasts, but bid them be soberly merry, and wisely free. I also
advise them to get friendly Thrift to be there Caterer, and Temperance
to carve at the board, and be very watchful that obscenity, detraction
and scurrility be banisht the table; but let their discourse be as
savoury as the meat, and so feed as though they did live to eat, and,
at last, rise as full of thankfulness, as of food; this hath, this is,
and this shall be my continual practice.

"Now, concerning the particulars that these folks charge me with, I
cannot answer them, because I do not remember them; my memory is but
weak, as old men's use to be; but, methinks, they seem to be the seed
of the Dragon; they send forth of their mouths whole floods of impious
inventions against me, and lay to my charge things which I am not
guilty of, which hath caused some of my friends to forsake me, and
look upon me as a stranger: my brother _Good-works_ broke his heart
when he heard on it, my sister _Charity_ was taken with the
Numb-palsie, so that she cannot stretch out her hand...."

Counsel was heard for him as well as witnesses examined on his behalf,
and the Jury "brought him in, _Not Guilty_, with their own judgement
upon it. That he who would not fully celebrate _Christmas_ should
forfeit his estate. The Judge being a man of old integrity, was very
well pleased, and _Christmas_ was released with a great deal of
triumph and exaltation."




CHAPTER VI

     Commencement of Christ-tide--"O Sapientia!"--St. Thomas's
     Day--William the Conqueror and the City of York--Providing
     for Christmas fare--Charities of
     food--Bull-baiting--Christ-tide charities--Going
     "a-Thomassing," etc.--Superstitions of the day.


We take it for granted that in the old times, when Christ-tide was
considered so great a festival as to be accorded a Novena--that it
began on the 16th December, when, according to the use of Sarum, the
antiphon "O Sapientia," is sung. This, as before stated, is pointed
out plainly in our English Church Calendar, which led to a curious
mistake on the part of Dr. Ellicott, Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol,
who on one occasion described it as the _Festival_ of "O Sapientia."
The other antiphons which are sung between the 16th December and
Christmas Eve are "O Adonai," "O Radix Jesu," "O Clavis David," "O
Oriens Splendor," "O Rex Gentium," and "O Emmanuel," and they are
commonly called the O's.

But, beyond its being lawful to eat mince pies on the 16th December, I
know of nothing noteworthy on the days intervening between that date
and the festival of St. Thomas on the 21st December, which is, or was,
celebrated in different parts of the country, with some very curious
customs. The earliest I can find of these is noted by Drake in his
_Eboracum_,[16] and he says he took the account from a MS. which came
into his possession.

[Footnote 16: Ed. 1736, p. 217.]

"William the Conqueror, on the third year of his reign (on St.
Thomas's Day), laid siege to the City of York; but, finding himself
unable, either by policy or strength, to gain it, raised the siege,
which he had no sooner done but by accident he met with two fryers at
a place called Skelton, not far from York, and had been to seek
reliefe for their fellows and themselves against Christmas: the one
having a wallet full of victualls and a shoulder of mutton in his
hand, with two great cakes hanging about his neck; the other having
bottles of ale, with provisions, likewise of beife and mutton in his
wallett.

"The King, knowing their poverty and condition, thought they might be
serviceable to him towards the attaining York, wherefore (being
accompanied with Sir John Fothergill, general of the field, a Norman
born), he gave them money, and withall a promise that, if they would
lett him and his soldiers into their priory at a time appointed, he
would not only rebuild their priory, but indowe it likewise with large
revenues and ample privileges. The fryers easily consented, and the
Conqueror as soon sent back his army, which, that night, according to
agreement, were let into the priory by the two fryers, by which they
immediately made themselves masters of all York; after which Sir
Robert Clifford, who was governor thereof, was so far from being
blamed by the Conqueror for his stout defence made the preceding days,
that he was highly esteemed and rewarded for his valour, being created
Lord Clifford, and there knighted, with the four magistrates then in
office--viz., Horongate, Talbot (who after came to be Lord Talbott),
Lassells, and Erringham.

"The Arms of the City of York at that time was, _argent_, a cross,
_gules_, viz. St. George's Cross. The Conqueror charged the cross with
five lyons, passant gardant, _or_, in memory of the five worthy
captains, magistrates, who governed the city so well, that he
afterwards made Sir Robert Clifford governour thereof, and the other
four to aid him in counsell; and, the better to keep the City in
obedience, he built two castles, and double-moated them about; and, to
shew the confidence and trust he put in these old but new-made
officers by him, he offered them freely to ask whatsoever they would
of him before he went, and he would grant their request; wherefore
they (abominating the treachery of the two fryers to their eternal
infamy), desired that, on St. Thomas's Day, for ever, they might have
a fryer of the priory of St. Peter's to ride through the city on
horseback, with his face to the horse's tayle: and that, in his hand,
instead of a bridle, he should have a rope, and in the other a
shoulder of mutton, with one cake hanging on his back and another on
his breast, with his face painted like a Jew; and the youth of the
City to ride with him, and to cry and shout 'Youl, Youl!' with the
officers of the City riding before and making proclamation, that on
this day the City was betrayed; and their request was granted them;
which custom continued till the dissolution of the said fryory; and
afterwards, in imitation of the same, the young men and artizans of
the City, on the aforesaid St. Thomas's day, used to dress up one of
their own companions like a fryer, and call him Youl, which custom
continued till within these threescore years, there being many now
living which can testify the same. But upon what occasion since
discontinued, I cannot learn; this being done in memory of betraying
the City by the said fryers to William the Conqueror."

St. Thomas's day used to be utilised in laying in store of food at
Christ-tide for the purpose of properly keeping the feast of the
Nativity. In the Isle of Man it was the custom for the people to go on
that day to the mountains in order to capture deer and sheep for the
feast; and at night bonfires blazed on the summit of every "fingan,"
or cliff, to provide for which, at the time of casting peats, every
person put aside a large one, saying, "Faaid mooar moaney son oie'l
fingan"--that is, _A large turf for Fingan's Eve_.

Beef was sometimes left to the parish by deceased benefactors, as in
the case of Boteler's Bull Charity at Biddenham, Bedfordshire, of
which Edwards says:[17] "This is an ancient annual payment of L5 out
of an estate at Biddenham, formerly belonging to the family of
Boteler, and now the property of Lord Viscount Hampden, which is due
and regularly paid on St. Thomas's Day to the overseers of the poor,
and is applicable by the terms of the original gift (of which no
written memorial is to be found), or by long-established usage, to the
purchase of a bull, which is killed and the flesh thereof given among
the poor persons of the parish.

[Footnote 17: _A Collection of Old English Customs and Curious
Bequests and Charities_, London, 1842, p. 64.]

"For many years past, the annual fund being insufficient to purchase a
bull, the deficiency has been made good out of other charities
belonging to the parish. It was proposed some years ago by the vicar
that the L5 a year should be laid out in buying meat, but the poor
insisted on the customary purchase of a bull being continued, and the
usage is, accordingly, kept up. The price of the bull has varied of
late years from L9 to L14. The Churchwardens, Overseers, and principal
inhabitants assist at the distribution of the meat."

He gives another instance[18] of a gift of beef and barley at Nevern,
Pembrokeshire: "William Rogers, by will, June 1806, gave to the
Minister and Churchwardens of Nevern and their successors L800 three
per cent. Consols, to be transferred by his executors within six
months after his decease; and it was his will that the dividends
should be laid out annually, one moiety thereof in good beef, the
other moiety in good barley, the same to be distributed on every St.
Thomas's Day in every year by the Minister and Churchwardens, to and
among the poor of the said parish of Nevern.

[Footnote 18: _A Collection of Old English Customs and Curious
Bequests and Charities_, London, 1842, p. 24.]

"After the payment of L1 to a solicitor in London, and a small amount
for a stamp and postage, the dividends (L24) are expended in the
purchase of beef and barley, which is distributed by the Churchwarden
on 21st December to all the poor of the parish, in shares of between
two and three gallons of barley, and between two and three pounds of
beef."

Yet another example of Christmas beef for the poor--this time rather
an unpleasant one:[19] "The cruel practice of bull-baiting was
continued annually on St. Thomas's Day in the quaint old town of
Wokingham, Berks, so lately as 1821. In 1822, upon the passing of the
Act against cruelty to Animals, the Corporation resolved on abolishing
the custom. The alderman (as the chief Magistrate is called there)
went with his officers in procession and solemnly pulled up the
bull-ring, which had, from immemorial time been fixed in the
market-place. The bull-baiting was regarded with no ordinary
attachment by 'the masses'; for, besides the love of 'sport,' however
barbarous, it was here connected with something more solid--the
Christmas dinner.

[Footnote 19: _Notes and Queries_, second series, v. 35.]

"In 1661, George Staverton gave by will, out of his Staines house,
four pounds to buy a bull for the use of the poor of Wokingham parish,
to be increased to six pounds after the death of his wife and her
daughter; the bull to be baited, and then cut up, 'one poor's piece
not exceeding another's in bigness.' Staverton must have been an
amateur of the bull-bait; for he exhorts his wife, if she can spare
her four pounds a-year, to let the poor have the bull at Christmas
next after his decease, and so forward.

"Great was the wrath of the populace in 1822 at the loss, not of the
beef--for the corporation duly distributed the meat--but of the
baiting. They vented their rage for successive years in occasional
breaches of the peace. They found out--often informed by the
sympathising farmer or butcher--where the devoted animal was
domiciled; proceeded at night to liberate him from stall or meadow,
and to chase him across the country with all the noisy accompaniments
imaginable. So long was this feeling kept alive, that thirteen years
afterwards--viz. in 1835--the mob broke into the place where one of
the two animals to be divided was abiding, and baited him, in defiance
of the authorities, in the market-place; one enthusiastic amateur,
tradition relates, actually lying on the ground and seizing the
miserable brute by the nostril, _more canino_, with his own human
teeth! This was not to be endured, and a sentence of imprisonment in
Reading Gaol gave the _coup de grace_ to the sport. The bequest of
Staverton now yields an income of L20, and has for several years past
been appropriated to the purchase of two bulls. The flesh is divided,
and distributed annually on St. Thomas's Day, by the alderman,
churchwardens, and overseers to nearly every poor family (between 200
and 300), without regard to their receiving parochial relief. The
produce of the offal and hides is laid out in the purchase of shoes
and stockings for the poor women and children. The bulls' tongues are
recognised by courtesy as the perquisites of the alderman and
town-clerk."

But there were other kindly gifts to the poor, _vide_ one at
Farnsfield, Nottinghamshire, where Samuel Higgs,[20] by his will dated
May 11, 1820 (as appears from the church tablet), gave L50 to the
vicar and churchwardens of this parish, and directed that the interest
should be given every year on 21st December, in equal proportions, to
ten poor men and women who could repeat the Lord's Prayer, the Creed,
and the Ten Commandments before the vicar or such other person as he
should appoint to hear them. The interest is applied according to the
donor's orders, and the poor persons appointed to partake of the
charity continue to receive it during their lives.

[Footnote 20: _Edwards_, p. 209.]

Take another case, at Tainton, Oxfordshire,[21] where a quarter of
barley meal is provided annually at the expense of Lord Dynevor, the
lord of the manor, and made into loaves called cobbs. These used to be
given away in Tainton Church to such of the poor children of Burford
as attended. A sermon is preached on St. Thomas's Day, according to
directions supposed to be contained in the will of Edmund Harman, 6s.
8d. being also paid out of Lord Dynevor's estate to the preacher. The
children used to make so much riot and disturbance in the church, that
about 1809 it was thought better to distribute the cobbs in a stable
belonging to one of the churchwardens, and this course has been
pursued ever since.

[Footnote 21: _Ibid._, p. 25.]

At Slindon, Sussex,[22] a sum of L15 was placed in the Arundel Savings
Bank, in the year 1824, the interest of which is distributed on St.
Thomas's Day. It is said that this money was found many years since on
the person of a beggar, who died by the roadside, and the interest of
it has always been appropriated by the parish officers for the use of
the poor.

[Footnote 22: _Ibid._, p. 129.]

Where these gifts were not distributed, as a rule, the poor country
folk went round begging for something wherewith to keep the festival
of Christ-tide; and for this they can scarcely be blamed, for
agricultural wages were very low, and mostly paid in kind, so that the
labourer could never lay by for a rainy day, much less have spare cash
to spend in festivity. Feudality was not wholly extinct, and they
naturally leaned upon their richer neighbours for help--especially at
this season of rejoicing throughout all England--a time of feasting
ever since the Saxon rule. So, following the rule of using St.
Thomas's Day as the day for providing the necessaries for the
Christmas feast, they went about from farm-house to mansion soliciting
gifts of food. In some parts, as in Derbyshire, this was called "going
a-Thomassing," and the old and young folks would come home laden with
gifts of milk, cheese, wheat, with which to make furmity or furmenty,
oatmeal, flour, potatoes, mince pies, pigs' puddings, or pork pies,
and other goodies. This collection went by the same name in Cheshire
and neighbouring counties, where the poor generally carried a bag and
a can into which they might put the flour, meal, or corn that might be
given them.

In other places, such as Northamptonshire, Kent, Sussex,
Herefordshire, Worcestershire, it went under the name of "Going a
Gooding," and in some cases the benefactions were acknowledged by a
return present of a sprig of holly or mistletoe or a bunch of
primroses. In some parts of Herefordshire they "called a spade a
spade," and called this day "Mumping," or begging day; and in
Warwickshire, where they principally received presents of corn, it was
termed "going-a-corning"; and in that home of orchards Worcestershire,
this rhyme used to be sung--

     Wissal, wassail through the town,
     If you've got any apples throw them down;
     Up with the stocking, and down with the shoe,
     If you've got no apples money will do.
     The jug is white, and the ale is brown,
     This is the best house in the town.

"Cuthbert Bede" (the Rev. Edward Bradley) writes[23]--"In the
Staffordshire parish whence I write, S. Thomas's Day is observed
thus:--Not only do the old women and widows, but representatives also
from each poorer family in the parish, come round for alms. The
clergyman is expected to give one shilling to each person, and, as no
'reduction is made on taking a quantity' of recipients, he finds the
celebration of the day attended with no small expense. Some of the
parishioners give alms in money, others in kind. Thus, some of the
farmers give corn, which the miller grinds _gratis_. The day's custom
is termed 'Gooding.' In neighbouring parishes no corn is given, the
farmers giving money instead; and in some places the money collected
is placed in the hands of the clergyman and churchwardens, who, on the
Sunday nearest to S. Thomas's Day, distribute it at the vestry. The
fund is called S. Thomas's Dole, and the day itself is termed Doleing
Day."

[Footnote 23: _Notes and Queries_, 2 series, iv. 487.]

There is very little folk-lore about this day. Halliwell says that
girls used to have a method of divination with a "S. Thomas's Onion,"
for the purpose of finding their future husbands. The onion was
peeled, wrapped in a clean handkerchief, and then being placed under
their heads, the following lines were said:

     Good S. Thomas, do me right,
     And see my true love come to-night,
     That I may see him in the face,
     And him in my kind arms embrace.

A writer in _Notes and Queries_[24] says, "A Nottinghamshire
maid-servant tells me:--'One of my mistresses was brought up at
Ranskill, or not far from there. She used to say that when she and her
sister were children they always hid under the nurse's cloak if they
went out to a party on S. Thomas's Day. They were told that S. Thomas
came down at that time and sat on the steeple of the church.'"

[Footnote 24: 7 series, x. p. 487.]




CHAPTER VII

     Paddington Charity (Bread and Cheese Lands)--Barring-out at
     Schools--Interesting narrative.


Until Christmas eve there is nothing remarkable about this Novena of
Christ-tide, excepting a curious charitable custom which used to
obtain in the parish of Paddington, which may be well described by a
quotation from the _London Magazine_ (December 1737, p. 705).

"Sunday, December 18, 1737. This day, according to annual custom,
bread and cheese were thrown from Paddington steeple to the populace,
agreeable to the will of two women, who were relieved there with bread
and cheese when they were almost starved; and Providence afterwards
favouring them, they left an estate in that parish to continue the
custom for ever on that day."

Three pieces of land situated in the parish were certainly left by two
maiden ladies, whose names are unknown, and their charity was
distributed as described until the Sunday before Christmas 1834, when
the bread and cheese (consisting of three or four dozen penny rolls,
and the same quantity of pieces of cheese) were thrown for the last
time from the belfry of St. Mary's Church by Mr. Wm. Hogg, the parish
clerk. After that date the rents arising from these "bread and cheese
lands," as they are called, were distributed in the shape of bread,
coals, and blankets, to poor families inhabiting the parish, of whom a
list was made out annually for the churchwardens, stating their
residence and occupation, and the number of children under ten years
of age. Subsequently the Court of Chancery assented to a scheme
whereby the rents are portioned amongst the national schools, etc.

A curious custom used to obtain in some schools just before the
Christmas holidays, of _barring-out_ the master, and keeping him out
of the schoolroom until the boys' grievances had been listened to and
promise of redress given; and the best account of this custom that I
have ever met with is in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1828, vol. ii.
p. 404, etc.

"It was a few days before the usual period of the Christmas Holidays
arrived, when the leading scholars of the head form determined on
reviving the ancient but obsolete custom of _barring-out_ the master
of the school. Many years had elapsed since the attempt had succeeded;
and many times since that period had it been made in vain. The
scholars had heard of the glorious feats of their forefathers in their
boyish years, when they set the lash of the master at defiance for
days together. Now, alas! all was changed; the master, in the opinion
of the boys, reigned a despot absolute and uncontrolled; the merciless
cruelty of his rod, and the heaviness of his tasks, were
insupportable. The accustomed holidays had been rescinded; the usual
Christmas feast reduced to a non-entity, and the chartered rights of
the scholars were continually violated. These grievances were
discussed _seriatim_; and we were all unanimously of opinion that our
wrongs should, if possible, be redressed. But how the object should be
effected was a momentous and weighty affair. The master was a
clergyman of the old school, who for the last forty years had
exercised an authority hitherto uncontrolled, and who had no idea of
enforcing scholastic discipline without the exercise of the whip. The
consequences of a failure were terrible to think upon; but then the
anticipation of success, and the glory attendant upon the enterprise,
if successful, were sufficient to dispel every fear.

"At the head of the Greek class was one whose very soul seemed formed
for the most daring attempts. He communicated his intentions to a
chosen few, of which the writer was one, and offered to be the leader
of the undertaking if we would promise him our support. We hesitated;
but he represented the certainty of success with such feeling
eloquence that he entirely subdued our opposition. He stated that
Addison had acquired immortal fame by a similar enterprise. He told us
that almost every effort in the sacred cause of freedom had succeeded.
He appealed to our classical recollections:--Epaminondas and Leonidas
were worthy of our example; Tarquin and Caesar, as tyrants, had fallen
before the united efforts of freedom; we had only to be unanimous, and
the rod of this scholastic despot would be for ever broken. We then
entered enthusiastically into his views. He observed that delays were
dangerous; 'the barring-out,' he said, 'should take place the very
next morning to prevent the possibility of being betrayed.' On a
previous occasion (he said), some officious little urchin had told the
master the whole plot, several days having been allowed to intervene
between the planning of the project and its execution, and, to the
astonishment of the boys, it appeared they found the master at his
desk two hours before his usual time, and had the mortification of
being congratulated on their early attendance, with an order to be
there every morning at the same hour!

"To prevent the occurrence of such a defeat we determined on
organising our plans that very night. The boys were accordingly told
to assemble after school hours at a well-known tombstone in the
neighbouring Churchyard, as something of importance was under
consideration. The place of meeting was an elevated parallelogram
tombstone, which had always served as a kind of council table to
settle our little disputes as well as parties of pleasure. Here we all
assembled at the appointed time. Our leader took his stand at one end
of the stone, with the head boys who were in the secret on each side
of him. 'My boys (he laconically observed), to-morrow morning we are
to _bar-out_ the flogging parson, and to make him promise that he will
not flog us hereafter without a cause, nor set us long tasks or
deprive us of our holidays. The boys of the Greek form will be your
Captains, and I am to be your Captain-General. Those that are cowards
had better retire and be satisfied with future floggings; but you, who
have courage, and know what it is to have been flogged for nothing,
come here and sign your names.' He immediately pulled out a pen and a
sheet of paper; and having tied some bits of thread round the
finger-ends of two or three boys, with a pin he drew blood to answer
for ink, and to give more solemnity to the act. He signed the first,
the Captains next, and the rest in succession. Many of the lesser boys
slunk away during the ceremony; but on counting the names we found we
mustered upwards of forty--sufficient, it was imagined, even to carry
the school by storm. The Captain-General then addressed us: 'I have
the key of the school, and shall be there at seven o'clock. The old
Parson will arrive at nine, and every one of you must be there before
eight to allow us one hour for barricading the doors and windows.
Bring with you as much provision as you can; and tell your parents
that you have to take your dinners in school. Let every one of you
have some weapon of defence; you who cannot obtain a sword, pistol, or
poker, must bring a stick or cudgel. Now, all go home directly, and be
sure to arrive early in the morning.'

"Perhaps a more restless and anxious night was never passed by young
recruits on the eve of a general battle. Many of us rose some hours
before the time; and at seven o'clock, when the school door was
opened, there was a tolerably numerous muster. Our Captain immediately
ordered candles to be lighted, and a rousing fire to be made (for it
was a dark December's morning). He then began to examine the store of
provisions, and the arms which each had brought. In the meantime, the
arrival of every boy with additional material was announced by
tremendous cheers.

"At length the Church Clock struck eight. 'Proceed to barricade the
doors and windows,' exclaimed the Captain, 'or the old lion will be
upon us before we are prepared to meet him.' In an instant the old
oaken door rang on its heavy hinges. Some, with hammers, gimlets, and
nails, were eagerly securing the windows, while others were dragging
along the ponderous desks, forms, and everything portable, to
blockade, with certain security, every place which might admit of
ingress. This operation being completed, the Captain mounted the
master's rostrum, and called over the list of names, when he found
only two or three missing. He then proceeded to classify them into
divisions, or companies of six, and assigned to each its respective
Captain. He prescribed the duties of each company. Two were to guard
the large casement window, where, it was expected, the first attack
would be made; this was considered the post of honour, and,
consequently, the strongest boys, with the most formidable weapons,
were selected, whom we called Grenadiers. Another company, whom we
considered as the Light Infantry, or Sharp Shooters, were ordered to
mount a large desk in the centre of the School; and, armed with
squibs, crackers, and various missiles, they were to attack the enemy
over the heads of the Combatants. The other divisions were to guard
the back windows and door, and to act according to the emergency of
the moment. Our leader then moved some resolutions (which, in
imitation of Brutus, he had cogitated during the previous night), to
the effect that each individual should implicitly obey his own
Captain; that each Captain should follow the orders of the
Captain-general, and that a _corps de reserve_ should be stationed in
the rear, to enforce this obedience, and prevent the combatants from
taking to flight. The resolutions were passed amid loud vociferations.

"We next commenced an examination of the various weapons, and found
them to consist of one old blunderbuss, one pistol, two old swords, a
few rusty pokers, and sticks, stones, squibs, and gunpowder in
abundance. The firearms were immediately loaded with blank powder; the
swords were sharpened, and the pokers heated in the fire. These
weapons were assigned to the most daring company, who had to protect
the principal window. The missiles were for the light infantry, and
all the rest were armed with sticks.

"We now began to manoeuvre our companies, by marching them into line
and column, so that every one might know his own situation. In the
midst of this preparation, the sentinel whom we had placed at the
window, loudly vociferated, 'The parson! The parson's coming!'

"In an instant all was confusion. Every one ran he knew not where; as
if eager to fly, or screen himself from observation. Our captain
immediately mounted a form, and called to the captains of the two
leading companies to take their stations. They immediately obeyed;
and the other companies followed their example; though they found it
much more difficult to manoeuvre when danger approached than they
had a few minutes before! The well-known footstep, which had often
struck on our ears with terror, was now heard to advance along the
portico. The muttering of his stern voice sounded in our ears like the
lion's growl. A death-like silence prevailed: we scarcely dared to
breathe: the palpitations of our little hearts could, perhaps, alone
be heard. The object of our dread then went round to the front window,
for the purpose of ascertaining whether any one was in the school.
Every footstep struck us with awe: not a word, not a whisper was
heard. He approached close to the window; and with an astonished
countenance stood gazing upon us, while we were ranged in battle
array, motionless statues, and silent as the tomb. 'What is the
meaning of this?' he impatiently exclaimed. But no answer could he
obtain, for who would then have dared to render himself conspicuous by
a reply? Pallid countenances and livid lips betrayed our fears. The
courage, which one hour before was ready to brave every danger,
appeared to be fled. Every one seemed anxious to conceal himself from
view: and there would, certainly, have been a general flight through
the back windows had it not been for the prudent regulation of a
_corps de reserve,_ armed with cudgels, to prevent it.

"'You young scoundrels, open the door instantly,' he again exclaimed;
and, what added to our indescribable horror, in a fit of rage he
dashed his hand through the window, which consisted of diamond-shaped
panes, and appeared as if determined to force his way in.

"Fear and trepidation, attended by an increasing commotion, now
possessed us all. At this critical moment every eye turned to our
captain, as if to reproach him for having brought us into this
terrible dilemma. He alone stood unmoved; but he saw that none would
have courage to obey his commands. Some exciting stimulus was
necessary. Suddenly waving his hand, he exclaimed aloud, 'Three cheers
for the barring-out, and success to our cause!' The cheers were
tremendous; our courage revived; the blood flushed in our cheeks; the
parson was breaking in; the moment was critical. Our Captain,
undaunted, sprang to the fire-place--seized a heated poker in one
hand, and a blazing torch in the other. The latter he gave to the
captain of the sharp shooters, and told him to prepare a volley; when,
with red-hot poker, he fearlessly advanced to the window seat; and,
daring his master to enter, he ordered an attack--and an attack,
indeed, was made, sufficiently tremendous to have repelled a more
powerful assailant. The missiles flew at the ill-fated window from
every quarter. The blunderbuss and the pistol were fired; squibs and
crackers, inkstands and rulers, stones, and even burning coals, came
in showers about the casement, and broke some of the panes into a
thousand pieces; while blazing torches, heated pokers, and sticks,
stood bristling under the window. The whole was scarcely the work of a
minute: the astonished master reeled back in dumb amazement. He had,
evidently, been struck with a missile or with the broken glass; and
probably fancied that he had been wounded by the firearms. The schools
now rang with the shouts of 'Victory,' and continued cheering. 'The
enemy again approaches,' cried the captain; 'fire another
volley;--stay, he seeks a parley--hear him.' 'What is the meaning, I
say, of this horrid tumult?' 'The barring-out, the barring-out!' a
dozen voices instantly exclaimed. 'For shame,' says he, in a tone
evidently subdued; what disgrace are you bringing upon yourselves and
the schools. What will the Trustees--what will your parents say?
William,' continued he, addressing the captain, 'open the door without
further delay.' 'I will, Sir,' he replied, 'on your promising to
pardon us, and give us our lawful holidays, of which we have lately
been deprived; and not set us tasks during the holidays.' 'Yes, yes,'
said several squealing voices, 'that is what we want; and not to be
flogged for nothing.' 'You insolent scoundrels! you consummate young
villains!' he exclaimed, choking with rage, and at the same time
making a furious effort to break through the already shattered window,
'open the door instantly, or I'll break every bone in your hides.'
'Not on those conditions,' replied our Captain, with provoking
coolness;--'Come on, my boys, another volley.' No sooner said than
done, and even with more fury than before. Like men driven to despair,
who expect no quarter on surrendering, the little urchins daringly
mounted the window seat, which was a broad, old-fashioned one, and
pointed the fire arms and heated poker at him; whilst others advanced
with the squibs and missiles. 'Come on, my lads,' said the captain,
'let this be our Thermopylae, and I will be your Leonidas.' And,
indeed, so daring were they, that each seemed ready to emulate the
Spartans of old. The master, perceiving their determined obstinacy,
turned round, without further remonstrance, and indignantly walked
away.

"Relieved from our terrors, we now became intoxicated with joy. The
walls rang with repeated hurrahs! In the madness of enthusiasm, some
of the boys began to tear up the forms, throw the books about, break
the slates, locks, and cupboards, and act so outrageously that the
captain called them to order; not, however, before the master's desk
and drawers had been broken open, and every play thing which had been
taken from the scholars restored to its owner.

"We now began to think of provisions. They were all placed on one
table and dealt out in rations by the Captains of each company. In the
meantime, we held a council of war, as we called it, to determine on
what was to be done.

"In a recess at the east end of the school there stood a large oak
chest, black with age, whose heavy hinges had become corroded with
years of rust. It was known to contain the records and endowments of
the school; and, as we presumed, the regulations for the treatment of
the scholars. The oldest boy had never seen its inside. Attempts,
dictated by insatiable curiosity, had often been made to open it; but
it was deemed impregnable. It was guarded by three immense locks, and
each key was in the possession of different persons. The wood appeared
to be nearly half a foot thick, and every corner was plaited with
iron. All eyes were instinctively directed to this mysterious chest.
Could any means be devised for effecting an entrance? was the natural
question. We all proceeded to reconnoitre; we attempted to move it,
but in vain: we made some feeble efforts to force the lid; it was firm
as a block of marble. At length, one daring urchin brought, from the
fire-place, a red-hot poker, and began to bore through its sides. A
universal shout was given. Other pokers were brought, and to work they
went. The smoke and tremendous smell which the old wood sent forth
rather alarmed us. We were apprehensive that we might burn the records
instead of obtaining a copy of them. This arrested our progress for a
few minutes.

"At this critical moment a shout was set up that the parson
and a constable was coming! Down went the pokers; and, as if
conscience-stricken, we were all seized with consternation. The
casement window was so shattered that it could easily be entered by
any resolute fellow. In the desperation of the moment we seized the
desks, forms, and stools to block it up; but, in some degree, our
courage had evaporated, and we felt reluctant to act on the offensive.
The old gentleman and his attendant deliberately inspected the windows
and fastenings: but, without making any attempt to enter, they
retreated for the purpose, we presumed, of obtaining additional
assistance. What was now to be done? The master appeared obdurate, and
we had gone too far to recede. Some proposed to drill a hole in the
window seat, fill it with gunpowder, and explode it if any one
attempted to enter. Others thought we had better prepare to set fire
to the school sooner than surrender unconditionally. But the majority
advised what was, perhaps, the most prudent resolution, to wait for
another attack; and, if we saw no hopes of sustaining a longer
defence, to make the best retreat we could.

"The affair of the Barring Out had now become known, and persons began
to assemble round the windows, calling out that the master was coming
with assistance, and saying everything to intimidate us. Many of us
were completely jaded with the over-excitement we had experienced
since the previous evening. The school was hot, close, and full of
smoke. Some were longing for liberty and fresh air; and most of us
were now of opinion that we had engaged in an affair which it was
impossible to accomplish. In this state of mind we received another
visit from our dreaded master. With his stick he commenced a more
furious attack than before; and, observing us less turbulent, he
appeared determined to force his way in spite of the barricadoes. The
younger boys thought of nothing but flight and self-preservation, and
the rush to the back windows became general. In the midst of this
consternation our Captain exclaims, 'Let us not fly like cowards; if
we must surrender, let the gates of the citadel be thrown open: the
day is against us; but let us bravely face the enemy, and march out
with the honours of war.' Some few had already escaped; but the rest
immediately ranged themselves on each side of the school, in two
extended lines, with their weapons in hand. The door was thrown
open--the master instantly entered, and passed between the two lines,
denouncing vengeance on us all. But, as he marched in we marched out
in military order; and, giving three cheers, we dispersed into the
neighbouring fields.

"We shortly met again, and, after a little consultation, it was
determined that none of the leaders should come to school until sent
for, and a free pardon given.

"The defection, however, was so general that no corporal punishments
took place. Many of the boys did not return till after the holidays:
and several of the elder ones never entered the school again."

This curious custom can hardly be considered as dead, for a writer,
mentioning it in _Notes and Queries_ for December 22, 1888 (7th
series, vi. p. 484), says: "This old custom, strange to say, still
exists, in spite of the schoolmaster and the Board School. It may be
of interest to some of your readers if I give an extract from a letter
to the Dalston (Carlisle) School Board in reference to this subject,
received at their last meeting on December 7th. 'I would ask the
sanction of the Board for the closing of the school for the Vacation
on the evening of Thursday the 20th. If we open on the Friday we
shall, most likely, have a poor attendance. My principal reason for
asking is that we should be thus better able to effectually put a stop
to the old barbarous custom of Barring Out. Some of the children might
possibly be persuaded by outsiders to make the attempt on Friday, and
in such a case I should feel it my duty to inflict an amount of
castigation on offenders such as neither they nor myself would
relish.'

"The majority of the Board sympathised with the Master's difficulty
and granted his request; though as Chairman I expressed my curiosity
to see the repetition of a custom I had heard so much about."




CHAPTER VIII

     The Bellman--Descriptions of him--His verses. The
     Waits--Their origin--Ned Ward on them--Corporation
     Waits--York Waits (17th Century)--Essay on
     Waits--Westminster Waits--Modern Waits.


Before the advent of Christmas the Bellman, or Watchman, left at each
house a copy of verses ostensibly breathing good-will and a happy
Christmas to the occupants, but in reality as a reminder to them of
his existence, and that he would call in due time for his Christmas
box. The date of the institution of the Bellman is not well defined.
In Tegg's _Dictionary of Chronology_, 1530 is given, but no authority
for the statement is adduced; Machyn, in his diary, is more definite
"[the xij. day of January 1556-7, in Alderman Draper's ward called]
chordwenerstrett ward, a belle man [went about] with a belle at evere
lane, and at the ward [end to] gyff warnyng of ffyre and candyll
lyght, [and to help the] poure, and pray for the ded." Their cry
being, "Take care of your fire and candle, be charitable to the poor,
and pray for the dead."

Shakespeare knew him, for in _Macbeth_ (Act II. sc. 2) he says:

     It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal bell man,
     Which gives the stern'st good night.

And Milton mentions him in _Il Penseroso_:

     Or the bellman's drowsy charm,
     To bless the doors from nightly harm.

Herrick also celebrates _The Bellman_:

     From noise of Scare-fires rest ye free,
     From Murders _Benedicite_.
     From all mischances, that may fright
     Your pleasing slumbers in the night;
     Mercie secure ye all, and keep
     The Goblin from ye, while ye sleep.
     Past one o'clock, and almost two,
     My Masters all, _Good day to you_.

On the title page of Decker's _Belman of London_ (ed. 1608) we have a
woodcut giving a vivid portrait of the Bellman going his nightly
rounds with his pike upon his shoulder, a horn lanthorn, with a candle
inside, in one hand, and his bell, which is attached by a strap to his
girdle, in the other hand, his faithful dog following him in his
nightly rounds. In his _Lanthorne and Candle light; or The Bell-man's
second Night's walke_, ed. 1608, the title page gives us a totally
different type of Bellman, carrying both bell and lanthorn, but
bearing no pike, nor is he accompanied by a dog. In his _O per se O_,
ed. 1612, is another type of Bellman, with lanthorn, bell, and brown
bill on his shoulder, but no dog. And in his _Villanies Discovered by
Lanthorne and Candle Light_, etc., ed. 1620, we have two more and yet
different Bellmen, one with bell, lanthorn, and bill, followed by a
dog; the other (a very rough wood cut) does not give him his
four-footed friend. This is the heading to the "Belman's Cry":

     Men and Children, Maides and Wives,
     'Tis not late to mend your lives:

            *       *       *       *       *

     When you heare this ringing Bell,
     Think it is your latest knell:
     When I cry, Maide in your Smocke,
     Doe not take it for a mocke:
     Well I meane, if well 'tis taken,
     I would have you still awaken:
     Foure a Clocke, the Cock is crowing
     I must to my home be going:
     When all other men doe rise,
     Then must I shut up mine eyes.

He was a person of such importance, that in 1716 Vincent Bourne
composed a long Latin poem in praise of one of the fraternity: "Ad
Davidem Cook, Westmonasterii Custodem Nocturnum et Vigilantissimum,"
a translation of which runs thus, in the last few lines:

     Should you and your dog ever call at my door,
     You'll be welcome, I promise you, nobody more.
     May you call at a thousand each year that you live,
     A shilling, at least, may each householder give;
     May the "Merry Old Christmas" you wish us, befal,
     And your self, and your dog, be the merriest of all!

At Christ-tide it was their custom to leave a copy of verses, mostly
of Scriptural character, and generally very sorry stuff, at every
house on their beat, with a view to receiving a Christmas box; and
this was an old custom, for Gay notices it in his _Trivia_ (book ii.)
written in 1715:

     Behold that narrow street which steep descends,
     Whose building to the slimy shore extends;
     Here Arundel's fam'd structure rear'd its frame,
     The street, alone, retains the empty name;
     Where Titian's glowing paint the canvass warm'd,
     And Raphael's fair design, with judgment, charm'd,
     Now hangs the _bellman's song_, and pasted here
     The coloured prints of Overton appear.

Another ante-Christmas custom now falling into desuetude is the waits,
who originally were musical watchmen, who had to give practical
evidence of their vigilance by playing on the hautboy, or flageolet,
at stated times during the night. In the household of Edward IV. there
is mentioned in the _Liber niger Domus Regis_, "A Wayte, that nightely
from Mychelmas to Shreve Thorsdaye, _pipe the watch_ within this
courte fowere tymes; in the Somere nightes three tymes, and maketh
_bon gayte_ at every chambre doare and offyce, as well for feare of
pyckeres and pillers."[25]

[Footnote 25: Pickers and stealers.]

These waits afterwards became bands of musicians, who were ready to
play at any festivities, such as weddings, etc., and almost every city
and town had its band of waits; the City of London had its Corporation
Waits, which played before the Lord Mayor in his inaugural procession,
and at banquets and other festivities. They wore blue gowns, red
sleeves and caps, and every one had a silver collar about his neck.
Ned Ward thus describes them in his _London Spy_ (1703).

"At last bolted out from the corner of a street, with an _ignis
fatuus_ dancing before them, a parcel of strange hobgoblins, covered
with long frieze rugs and blankets, hooped round with leather girdles
from their cruppers to their shoulders, and their noddles buttoned up
into caps of martial figure, like a Knight Errant at tilt and
tournament, with his wooden head locked in an iron helmet; one, armed,
as I thought with a lusty faggot-bat, and the rest with strange wooden
weapons in their hands, in the shape of clyster pipes, but as long
almost as speaking trumpets. Of a sudden they clapped them to their
mouths, and made such a frightful yelling that I thought _he_ would
have been dissolving, and the terrible sound of the last trumpet to be
within an inch of my ears.... 'Why, what,' says he, 'don't you love
musick? These are the topping tooters of the town, and have gowns,
silver chains and salaries for playing _Lilli-borlero_ to my Lord
Mayor's horse through the City.'"

That these Corporation Waits were no mean musicians we have the
authority of Morley, who, in dedicating his _Consort Lessons_ to the
Lord Mayor and Aldermen in 1599, says:

"As the ancient custom of this most honourable and renowned city hath
been ever to retain and maintain excellent and expert musicians to
adorn your Honours' favours, feasts and solemn meetings--to these,
your Lordships' Wayts, I recommend the same--to your servants' careful
and skilful handling."

These concert lessons were arranged for six instruments--viz. two
viols (treble and bass), a flute, a cittern (a kind of guitar, strung
with wire), a treble lute, and a pandora, which was a large
instrument, similar to a lute, but strung with wire in lieu of catgut.

The following is a description of the York Waits, end of seventeenth
century:

     In a Winter's morning,
     Long before the dawning,
     'Ere the cock did crow,
     Or stars their light withdraw,
     Wak'd by a hornpipe pretty,
     Play'd along York City,
     By th' help of o'er night's bottle
     Damon made this ditty....
     In a winter's night,
     By moon or lanthorn light,
     Through hail, rain, frost, or snow
     Their rounds the music go;
     Clad each in frieze or blanket
     (For either, heav'n be thanked),
     Lin'd with wine a quart,
     Or ale a double tankard.
     Burglars send away,
     And, bar guests dare not stay;
     Of claret, snoring sots
     Dream o'er their pipes and pots,

            *       *       *       *       *

     Candles, four in the pound,
     Lead up the jolly Round,
     While Cornet shrill i' th' middle
     Marches, and merry fiddle,
     Curtal with deep hum, hum,
     Cries we come, come,
     And theorbo loudly answers,
     Thrum, thrum, thrum, thrum, thrum.
     But, their fingers frost-nipt,
     So many notes are o'erslipt,
     That you'd take sometimes
     The Waits for the Minster chimes:
     Then, Sirs, to hear their musick
     Would make both me and you sick,
     And much more to hear a roopy fiddler call
     (With voice, as Moll would cry,
     "Come, shrimps, or cockles buy").
     "Past three, fair frosty morn,
     Good morrow, my masters all."

With regard to their modern practice of playing during the night-tide,
we find the following explanation in an _Essay on the Musical Waits at
Christmas_, by John Cleland, 1766. Speaking of the Druids, he says:
"But, whatever were their reasons for this preference, it is out of
doubt that they generally chose the dead of night for the celebration
of their greatest solemnities and festivals. Such assemblies, then,
whether of religion, of ceremony, or of mere merriment, were
promiscuously called _Wakes_, from their being nocturnal. The master
of the _Revels_ (_Reveils_) would, in good old English, be termed the
Master of the _Wakes_. In short, such nocturnal meetings are the
_Wakes_ of the Britons; the _Reveillons_ of the French; the
_Medianoche_ of the Spaniards; and the _Pervigilia_ of the Romans. The
Custom of _Wakes_ at burials (_les vigiles des morts_) is at this
moment, in many parts, not discontinued.

"But, at the antient _Yule_ (or Christmas time, especially), the
dreariness of the weather, the length of the night, would naturally
require something extraordinary, to wake and rouse men from their
natural inclination to rest, and to a warm bed, at that hour. The
summons, then, to the _Wakes_ of that season were given by music,
going the rounds of invitation to the mirth or festivals which were
awaiting them. In this there was some propriety, some object; but
where is there any in such a solemn piece of banter as that of music
going the rounds and disturbing people in vain? For, surely, any
meditation to be thereby excited on the holiness of the ensuing day
could hardly be of great avail, in a bed, between sleeping and waking.
But such is the power of custom to perpetuate absurdities.

"However, the music was called _The Wakeths_, and, by the usual
tendency of language to euphony, softened into _Waits_, as _workth_
into _wort_, or _checkths_ into _chess_, etc."

Another authority, Jones, in his _Welsh Bards_, 1794, says: "Waits are
musicians of the lower order, who commonly perform on Wind
instruments, and they play in most towns under the windows of the
chief inhabitants, at midnight, a short time before Christmas; for
which they collect a Christmas box, from house to house. They are said
to derive their name of _Waits_, for being always in waiting to
celebrate weddings and other joyous events happening within their
district. There is a building at Newcastle called _Waits' Tower_,
which was, formerly, the meeting-house of the town band of musicians."

The town waits certainly existed in Westminster as late as 1822, and
they were elected by the Court of Burgesses of that city--_vide_ a
magazine cutting of that date: "_Christmas Waits_.--Charles Clapp,
Benjamin Jackson, Denis Jelks, and Robert Prinset, were brought to Bow
Street Office by O. Bond, the constable, charged with performing on
several musical instruments in St. Martin's Lane, at half-past twelve
o'clock this morning, by Mr. Munroe, the authorized principal Wait,
appointed by the Court of Burgesses for the City and Liberty of
Westminster, who alone considers himself entitled, by his appointment,
to apply for Christmas boxes. He also urged that the prisoners, acting
as Minstrels, came under the meaning of the Vagrant Act, alluded to in
the 17th Geo. II.; however, on reference to the last Vagrant Act of
the present king, the word 'minstrels' is omitted; consequently, they
are no longer cognizable under that Act of Parliament; and, in
addition to that, Mr. Charles Clapp, one of the prisoners, produced
his indenture of having served seven years as an apprentice to the
profession of a musician to Mr. Clay, who held the same appointment as
Mr. Munroe does under the Court of Burgesses. The prisoners were
discharged, after receiving an admonition from Mr. Halls, the sitting
magistrate, not to collect Christmas boxes."

In an article, "Concerning Christmas," in _Belgravia_ (vol. 6, new
series, p. 326), we read: "It may not, perhaps, be generally known
that, in the year of grace 1871, 'Waits' are regularly sworn before
the Court of Burgesses at Westminster, and act under the authority of
a warrant, signed by the clerk, and sealed with the arms of the city
and liberty; in addition to which they are bound to provide themselves
with a silver badge, also bearing the arms of Westminster."

The modern waits have entirely departed from any pretence of allusion
to Christ-tide, and play indifferently the last things out in dance
music, operatic airs, or music-hall songs; and they act upon people
according to their various temperaments, some liking to "hear the
waits," whilst others roundly anathematise them for disturbing their
slumbers.




CHAPTER IX

     Christ-tide Carols--The days of Yule--A Carol for
     Christ-tide--"Lullaby"--The Cherry-tree Carol--Dives and
     Lazarus.


The singing of carols is now confined to Christmas day; but it was not
always so, appropriate carols being sung during the Christ-tide
preceding the day of the Nativity--such, for instance, as the
following examples. The first is taken from Sloane MS. 2593, in the
British Museum, and in this one I have preserved the old spelling,
which is ascribed to the time of Henry VI. It will be seen that
Christ-tide is prolonged till Candlemas day, the Feast of the
Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is kept on the 2nd of
February, on which day all Christ-tide decorations are taken down.

     Make we myrth
     For Crystes byrth,
       And syng we 3ole[26] tyl Candelmes.

     The fyrst day of 3ole have we in mynd,
     How God was man born of oure kynd:
     For he the bondes wold onbynd
       Of all oure synnes and wykednes.

     The secund day we syng of Stevene,
     That stoned and steyyd up even
     To God that he saw stond in hevyn,
       And crounned was for hys prouesse.

     The iij day longeth to sent Johan,
     That was Cristys darlyng, derer non,
     Whom he betok, whan he shuld gon,
       Hys moder der for hyr clennesse,

     The iiij day of the chyldren 3ong,
     That Herowd to deth had do with wrong,
     And Crist thei coud non tell with tong,
       But with ther blod bar hym wytnesse.

     The v day longeth to sent Thomas,[27]
     That as a strong pyller of bras,
     Held up the chyrch, and sclayn he was,
       For he sted with ry3twesnesse.

     The viij day tok Jhesu hys name,
     That saved mankynd fro syn and shame,
     And circumsysed was for no blame,
       But for ensample of meknesse.

     The xij day offerd to hym kynges iij,
     Gold, myr, and cence, thes gyftes free,
     For God, and man, and kyng was he,
       Thus worschyppyd thei his worthynes.

     On the xl day cam Mary myld,
     Unto the temple with hyr chyld,
     To shew hyr clen that never was fylyd,
       And therwith endyth Chrystmes.

[Footnote 26: Yule.]

[Footnote 27: St. Thomas a Becket, of Canterbury, was commemorated on
29th December.]

The following is taken from a MS. of the latter half of the fifteenth
century, which Mr. Thomas Wright edited for the Percy Society in 1847.
The spelling is even more archaic than the above, so that it is
modernised, and a gloss given for all those words which may not be
easily understood wherever possible:--

         This endris[28] night
         I saw a sight,
           A star as bright as day;
         And ever among
         A maiden sung,
           Lullay, by by, lullay.

     The lovely lady sat and sang, and to her Child said--
     My son, my brother, my father dear, why lyest Thou thus in hayd.
         My sweet bird,
         Thus it is betide
           Though Thou be King veray;[29]
         But, nevertheless,
         I will not cease
           To sing, by by, lullay.

     The Child then spake in His talking, and to His mother said--
     I bekyd[30] am King, in Crib[31] there I be laid;
         For Angels bright
         Down to Me light,
           Thou knowest it is no nay;
         And of that sight
         Thou mays't be light
           To sing, by by, lullay.

     Now, sweet Son, since Thou art King, why art Thou laid in stall?
     Why not Thou ordained Thy bedding in some great King his hall?
         Me thinketh it is right
         That King or Knight
           Should lie in good array;
         And then among
         It were no wrong
           To sing, by by, lullay.

     Mary, mother, I am thy child, though I be laid in stall,
     Lords and dukes shall worship Me, and so shall Kings all;
         Ye shall well see
         That Kings three
           Shall come the twelfth day;
         For this behest
         Give me thy breast
           And sing, by by, lullay.

     Now tell me, sweet Son, I pray Thee, Thou art my love and dear,
     How should I keep Thee to Thy pay,[32] and make Thee glad of cheer;
         For all Thy will
         I would fulfil
           Thou witest[33] full well, in fay,[34]
         And for all this
         I will Thee kiss
           And sing, by by, lullay.

     My dear mother, when time it be, thou take Me up aloft,
     And set Me upon thy knee, and handle Me full soft;
         And in thy arm,
         Thou wilt Me warm,
           And keep night and day;
         If I weep,
         And may not sleep,
           Thou sing, by by, lullay.

     Now, sweet Son, since it is so, that all thing is at Thy will,
     I pray Thee grant me a boon, if it be both right and skill.[35]
         That child or man,
         That will or can
           Be merry upon my day;
         To bliss them bring,
         And I shall sing
           Lullay, by by, lullay.

[Footnote 28: Last.]

[Footnote 29: True.]

[Footnote 30: I am renowned as.]

[Footnote 31: Manger.]

[Footnote 32: Satisfaction.]

[Footnote 33: Knowest.]

[Footnote 34: In faith.]

[Footnote 35: Reasonable.]

A very popular carol, too, was that of the Legend of the Cherry Tree,
which is very ancient, and is one of the scenes in the fifteenth of
the Coventry Mysteries, which were played in the fifteenth century, on
_Corpus Christi Day_.

     Joseph was an old man,
       And an old man was he,
     And he married Mary
       The Queen of Galilee.

     When Joseph was married,
       And Mary home had brought,
     Mary proved with child,
       And Joseph knew it not.

     Joseph and Mary walked
       Through a garden gay,
     Where the cherries they grew
       Upon every tree.

     O, then bespoke Mary,
       With words both meek and mild,
     "O, gather me cherries, Joseph,
       They run so in my mind."

     And then replied Joseph,
       With his words so unkind,
     "Let him gather thee cherries,
       That got thee with child."

     O, then bespoke our Savior,
       All in His mother's womb,
     "Bow down, good cherry tree,
       To My mother's hand."

     The uppermost sprig
       Bowed down to Mary's knee,
     "Thus you may see, Joseph,
       These cherries are for me."

     "O, eat your cherries, Mary,
       O, eat your cherries now,
     O, eat your cherries, Mary,
       That grow upon the bow."

The parable of Dives and Lazarus was a great favourite at Christ-tide,
as, presumably, it served to stir up men to deeds of charity towards
their poorer brethren; but the following carol, parts of which are
very curious, has nothing like the antiquity of the foregoing
examples:--

     As it fell out upon a day,
       Rich Dives made a feast,
     And he invited all his guests,
       And gentry of the best.

     Then Lazarus laid him down, and down,
       And down at Dives' door,
     "Some meat, some drink, brother Dives,
       Bestow upon the poor."

     "Thou art none of my brother, Lazarus,
       That lies begging at my door,
     No meat, nor drink will I give thee,
       Nor bestow upon the poor."

     Then Lazarus laid him down, and down,
       And down at Dives' wall,
     "Some meat, some drink, brother Dives,
       Or with hunger starve I shall."

     "Thou art none of my brother, Lazarus,
       That lies begging at my wall,
     No meat, nor drink will I give thee,
       But with hunger starve you shall."

     Then Lazarus laid him down, and down,
       And down at Dives' gate,
     "Some meat, some drink, brother Dives,
       For Jesus Christ, His sake."

     "Thou art none of my brother, Lazarus,
       That lies begging at my gate,
     No meat, nor drink I'll give to thee,
       For Jesus Christ, His sake."

     Then Dives sent out his merry men,
       To whip poor Lazarus away,
     But they had no power to strike a stroke,
       And flung their whips away.

     Then Dives sent out his hungry dogs,
       To bite him as he lay.
     But they had no power to bite at all,
       So licked his sores away.

     As it fell upon a day,
       Poor Lazarus sickened and died,
     There came an Angel out of heaven,
       His soul there for to guide.

     "Rise up, rise up, brother Lazarus,
       And come along with me,
     For there's a place in heaven provided
       To site on an Angel's knee."

     As it fell upon a day,
       Rich Dives sickened and died,
     There came a serpent out of hell,
       His soul there for to guide.

     "Rise up, rise up, brother Dives,
       And come along with me,
     For there's a place in hell provided,
       To sit on a serpent's knee."

     Then Dives lifting his eyes to heaven,
       And seeing poor Lazarus blest,
     "Give me a drop of water, brother Lazarus,
       To quench my flaming thirst.

     "Oh! had I as many years to abide,
       As there are blades of grass,
     Then there would be an ending day;
       But in hell I must ever last.

     "Oh! was I now but alive again,
       For the space of one half hour,
     I would make my will, and then secure
       That the devil should have no power."




CHAPTER X

     Christmas Eve--Herrick thereon--The Yule Log--Folk-lore
     thereon--The Ashen Faggot--Christmas Candles--Christmas Eve
     in the Isle of Man--Hunting the Wren--Divination by Onions
     and Sage--A Custom at Aston--"The Mock"--Decorations and
     Kissing Bunch--"Black Ball"--Guisers and Waits--Ale Posset.


All the festivals of the Church are preceded by a vigil, or eve, and,
considering the magnitude of the festival of Christmas, it is no
wonder that the ceremonial attaching to the eve of the Nativity
outvies all others. What sings old Herrick of it?

       Come, bring with a noise,
       My merrie, merrie boyes,
     The Christmas Log to the firing;
       While my good Dame, she
       Bids ye all be free;
     And drink to your hearts' desiring.

       With the last yeere's brand,
       Light the new block, And
     For good successe in his spending,
       On your Psalterie play,
       That sweet luck may
     Come while the Log is teending.[36]

       Drink now the strong Beere,
       Cut the white loafe heere,
     The while the meat is a shredding;
       For the rare Mince pie,
       And the Plums stand by
     To fill the Paste that's a-kneading.

[Footnote 36: Lighting, burning.]

Bringing in the Yule log, clog, or block--for it is indifferently
called by any of these names, was a great function on Christmas
eve--and much superstitious reverence was paid to it, in order to
insure good luck for the coming year. It had to be lit "with the last
yeere's brand," and Herrick gives the following instructions in _The
Ceremonies for Candlemasse day_.

     Kindle the Christmas Brand, and then
       Till Sunne-set, let it burne;
     Which quencht, then lay it up agen,
       Till Christmas next returne.

     Part must be kept, wherewith to teend
       The Christmas Log next yeare;
     And, where 'tis safely kept, the Fiend
       Can do no mischief there.

But, even if lit with the remains of last year's log, it seems to be
insufficient, unless the advice to the maids who light it be followed.

     Wash your hands, or else the fire
     Will not teend to your desire;
     Unwasht hands, ye Maidens, know,
     Dead the Fire, though ye blow.

In some parts of Devonshire a curious custom in connection with the
Yule log is still kept up, that of burning the Ashton or ashen faggot.
It is well described by a writer in _Notes and Queries_.[37]

[Footnote 37: Sixth series, vol. ii. p. 508.]

"Of the olden customs, so many of which are dying out, that of burning
an 'ashen faggot' on Christmas Eve, still holds its own, and is kept
up at many farm houses.

"Among the various gleanings of the Devon Association Folk-Lore
Committee is recorded a notice of this custom. We are there informed
that, on Christmas eve, 1878, the customary faggot was burned at
_thirty-two_ farms and cottages in the Ashburton postal district
alone.

"The details of the observance vary in different families; but some,
being common to all, may be considered as held necessary to the due
performance of the rite. For example, the faggot must contain as
large a log of ash as possible, usually the trunk of a tree, remnants
of which are supposed to continue smouldering on the hearth the whole
of the twelve days of Christmas. This is the Yule dog of our
forefathers, from which a fire can be raised by the aid of a pair of
bellows, at any moment day or night, in token of the ancient custom of
open hospitality at such a season. Then the faggot must be bound
together with as many binders of twisted hazel as possible.
Remembering that the Ash and Hazel were sacred trees with the
Scandinavians, their combined presence in forming the faggot may once
have contained some mystic signification. Also, as each binder is
burned through, a quart of cider is claimed by the Company. By this,
some hidden connexion between the pleasures of the party and the
loosening bands of the faggot is typified. While the fire lasts, all
sorts of amusements are indulged in--all distinction between master
and servant, neighbour and visitor, is for the time set aside.

     "The heir, with roses in his shoes,
     That night might village partner choose;
     The lord, underogating, share
     The vulgar game of 'post and pair.'
     All hailed, with uncontrolled delight,
     And general voice, the happy night,
     That to the cottage, as the crown,
     Brought tidings of Salvation down.

"In some houses, when the faggot begins to burn up, a young child is
placed on it, and his future pluck foretold by his nerve or timidity.
May not this be a remnant of the dedication of children to the Deity
by passing them through the sacred fire?

"Different reasons are given for burning Ash. By some, it is said that
when our Saviour was born, Joseph cut a bundle of Ash, which, every
one knows, burns very well when green; that, by this, was lighted a
fire, by which He was first dressed in swaddling clothes.

"The gipsies have a legend that our Saviour was born out in a field
like themselves, and brought up by an Ash fire. The holly, ivy, and
pine, they say, hid him, and so, now, are always green, whilst the ash
and the oak showed where He was hiding, and they remain dead all the
winter. Therefore the gipsies burn Ash at Christmas.

"We can well understand how the pleasures of the ashen faggot are
looked forward to with delight by the hard-working agricultural
labourer, for whom few social enjoyments are provided. The harvest
home, in these days of machinery, seems lost in the usual routine of
work, and the shearing feast, when held, is confined to the farmer's
family, or shepherd staff, and is not a general gathering. Moreover,
these take place in the long busy days of summer, when extra hands and
strangers are about the farm doing job work. But, with Christmas,
things are different. Work is scarce; only the regular hands are on
the farm, and there is nothing to prevent following out the good old
custom of our ancestors, of feasting, for once, those among whom one's
lot is cast.

     "England was Merry England, when
     Old Christmas brought his sports again.
     'Twas Christmas broached the mightiest ale;
     'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale:
     A Christmas gambol oft could cheer
     The poor man's heart through half the year."

To add to the festivity and light, large candles are burnt, the bigger
the better; but, as the custom of keeping Christmas descended from
"Children of a larger growth" to those of lesser, so did the size of
the candles decrease in proportion, until they reached the minimum at
which we now know them. In the Isle of Man they had a custom which
has, probably, dropped into desuetude, of all going to church on
Christmas eve, each bearing the largest candle procurable. The
churches were well decorated with holly, and the service, in
commemoration of the Nativity, was called _Oiel Verry_. Waldron, in
his _Description of the Isle of Man_, says, "On the 24th of December,
towards evening, all the servants in general have a holiday; they go
not to bed all night, but ramble about till the bells ring in all the
churches, which is at twelve o'clock: prayers being over, they go to
hunt the wren; and, after having found one of these poor birds, they
kill her and lay her on a bier, with the utmost solemnity, bringing
her to the parish church, and burying her with a whimsical kind of
solemnity, singing dirges over her in the Manks language, which they
call her knell; after which Christmas begins."

There are many peculiar customs appertaining to Christmas eve. Burton,
in his _Anatomy of Melancholy_, says, "'Tis their only desire, if it
may be done by art, to see their husband's picture in a glass; they'll
give anything to know when they shall be married; how many husbands
they shall have, by _Cromnyomantia_, a kind of divination, with onions
laid on the altar at Christmas eve." This seems to be something like
that which we have seen practised on St. Thomas's day--or that
described in Googe's _Popish Kingdome_.

     In these same days, young wanton gyrles that meet for marriage be,
     Doe search to know the names of them that shall their husbands be;
     Four onyons, five, or eight, they take, and make in every one
     Such names as they doe fancie most, and best to think upon.
     Then near the chimney them they set, and that same onyon then
     That firste doth sproute doth surely beare the name of their good man.

In Northamptonshire another kind of divination, with the same object,
used to be practised: the girl who was anxious to ascertain her lot in
the married state, went into the garden and plucked twelve sage
leaves, under the firm conviction that she would be favoured with a
glimpse of the shadowy form of her future husband as he approached her
from the opposite end of the ground; but she had to take great care
not to damage or break the sage stock, otherwise the consequences
would be fearful. But then, in this county, the ghosts of people who
had been buried at cross roads had liberty to walk about and show
themselves on Christmas eve, so that the country folk did not care to
stir out more than necessary on the vigil. At Walton-le-Dale, in
Lancashire, the inmates of most of the houses sat up on Christmas eve,
with their doors open, whilst one of the party read the narrative of
St. Luke, the saint himself being supposed to pass through the house.

A contributor to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, 7th February 1795, gives
the following account of a custom which took place annually on the
24th of December, at the house of a gentleman residing at Aston, near
Birmingham. "As soon as supper is over, a table is set in the hall. On
it is placed a brown loaf, with twenty silver threepences stuck on
the top of it, a tankard of ale, with pipes and tobacco; and the two
oldest servants have chairs behind it, to sit as judges, if they
please. The steward brings the servants, both men and women, by one at
a time, covered with a winnow sheet, and lays their right hand on the
loaf, exposing no other part of the body. The oldest of the two judges
guesses at the person, by naming a name, then the younger judge, and,
lastly, the oldest again. If they hit upon the right person, the
steward leads the person back again; but, if they do not, he takes off
the winnow sheet, and the person receives a threepence, makes a low
obeisance to the judges, but speaks not a word. When the second
servant was brought, the younger judge guessed first and third; and
this they did alternately, till all the money was given away. Whatever
servant had not slept in the house the preceding night forfeited his
right to the money. No account is given of the origin of this strange
custom, but it has been practised ever since the family lived there.
When the money is gone, the servants have full liberty to drink,
dance, sing, and go to bed when they please."

In Cornwall, in many villages, Christmas merriment begins on the
vigil, when the "mock" or Yule log is lighted by a portion saved from
last year's fire. The family gather round the blaze, and amuse
themselves with various games; and even the younger children are
allowed, as a special favour, to sit up till a late hour to see the
fun, and afterwards "to drink to the mock." In the course of the
evening the merriment is increased by the entry of the "goosey
dancers" (guised dancers), the boys and girls of the village, who have
rifled their parents' wardrobes of old coats and gowns and, thus
disguised, dance and sing, and beg money to make merry with. They are
allowed, and are not slow to take, a large amount of license in
consideration of the season. It is considered to be out of character
with the time, and a mark of an ill-natured churlish disposition, to
take offence at anything they do or say. This mumming is kept up
during the week.

A very graphic description of Christmas eve in a Derbyshire cottage is
given in _Notes and Queries_.[38] "For several weeks before Christmas
the cottager's household is much busier than usual in making
preparations for the great holiday. The fatted pig has been killed, as
a matter of course, and Christmas pies, mince pies, and many other
good things made from it in readiness for the feast. The house has
been thoroughly cleaned, and all made 'spick and span.' The lads of
the house, with those of their neighbours, have been learning their
parts, and getting ready their dresses for the 'Christmas guising,'
and the household daily talk is full flavoured of Christmas.

[Footnote 38: Fifth series, viii. p. 481.]

"The lasses have made their own special preparations, and for two or
three days before Christmas Eve have been getting ready the accustomed
house decorations--short garlands of holly and other evergreens for
the tops of cupboards, pictures, and other furniture--and making up
the most important decoration of all, 'the kissing-bunch.'

"This 'kissing-bunch' is always an elaborate affair. The size depends
upon the couple of hoops--one thrust through the other--which form its
skeleton. Each of the ribs is garlanded with holly, ivy, and sprigs of
other greens, with bits of coloured ribbons and paper roses, rosy
cheeked apples, specially reserved for this occasion, and oranges.
Three small dolls are also prepared, often with much taste, and these
represent our Saviour, the mother of Jesus, and Joseph. These dolls
generally hang within the kissing-bunch by strings from the top, and
are surrounded by apples, oranges tied to strings, and various
brightly coloured ornaments. Occasionally, however, the dolls are
arranged in the kissing-bunch to represent a manger scene.

"When the preparations are completed, the house is decorated during
the day of Christmas eve. Every leaded window-pane holds its sprig of
holly, ivy, or box; the ornaments on and over the mantel-shelf receive
like attention, and every ledge and corner is loaded with green stuff.
Mistletoe is not very plentiful in Derbyshire; but, generally, a bit
is obtainable, and this is carefully tied to the bottom of the
kissing-bunch, which is then hung in the middle of the house-place,
the centre of attraction during Christmas-tide.

"While all this is going on, the housewife is very busy. 'Black-ball'
has to be made; the 'elderberry wine' to be got out; 'sugar, spice,
and all that's nice' and needful placed handy. The shop has to be
visited, and the usual yearly gift of one, two, or three Christmas
candles received. With these last, as every one knows, the house is
lit up at dusk on Christmas Eve.

"Without the 'black-ball' just mentioned, the Christmas rejoicings in
a cottage would not be complete. 'Black-ball' is a delicacy compounded
of black treacle and sugar boiled together in a pan, to which, when
boiling, is added a little flour, grated ginger, and spices. When it
is boiled enough, it is poured into a large shallow dish, and, when
partially cooled, is cut into squares and lengths, then rolled or
moulded into various shapes. When quite cool, it is very hard, and
very toothsome to young Derbyshire.

"After an early tea-meal, the fire is made up with a huge Yule-log;
all the candles, oil and fat lamps lit, and everything is bright and
merry-looking. The head of the family sits in the chimney corner with
pipe and glass of ale, or mulled elder wine. The best table is set
out, and fairly loaded with Christmas and mince pies, oranges, apples,
nuts, 'black-baw,' wine, cakes, and green cheese, and the whole
family, with the guests, if any, set about enjoying themselves.
Romping games are the order of the eve, broken only when the
'guisers'--of whom there are always several sets--or waits arrive. The
'guisers' are admitted indoors, and go through the several acts of
their play. At the conclusion 'Betsy Belzebub' collects coppers from
the company, and glasses of ale and wine are given to the players. The
Waits, or 'Christmas Singers' as they are mostly called, sing their
carols and hymns outside the house, and during the performance cakes
and ale, wine, and other cheer are carried out to them. So the Eve
passes on.

"At nine or ten o'clock is brewed a large bowl of 'poor man's
punch'--ale posset! This is the event of the night. Ale posset, or
milk and ale posset as some call it, is made in this wise. Set a quart
of milk on the fire. While it boils, crumble a twopenny loaf into a
deep bowl, upon which pour the boiling milk. Next, set two quarts of
good ale to boil, into which grate ginger and nutmeg, adding a
quantity of sugar. When the ale nearly boils, add it to the milk and
bread in the bowl, stirring it while it is being poured in.

"The bowl of ale posset is then placed in the centre of the table. All
the single folks gather round, each provided with a spoon. Then
follows an interesting ceremony. A wedding ring, a bone button, and a
fourpenny piece are thrown into the bowl, and all begin to eat, each
dipping to the bottom of the bowl. He or she who brings up the ring
will be the first married; whoever brings up the button will be an old
maid or an old bachelor; and he or she who brings out the coin will
become the richest. As may be imagined, this creates great fun. When
seven shilling gold pieces were in circulation, this was the coin
always thrown into the posset.

"The games are resumed when the posset is eaten, or possibly all
gather round the fire, and sing or tell stories, whiling away the
hours till the stroke of twelve, when all go outside the house to
listen, whilst the singers, who have gathered at some point in the
village, sing 'Christians, awake!' or 'Hark! the Herald Angels Sing';
and so comes to an end the cottager's one hearth-stone holiday of the
whole year."




CHAPTER XI

     Christmas Eve in North Notts--Wassailing the Fruit
     Trees--Wassail Songs--Wassailing in Sussex--Other
     Customs--King at Downside College--A Christ-tide
     Carol--Midnight Mass--The Manger--St. Francis of Assisi.


As these old customs are fast dying out, and should be chronicled, I
must be pardoned if I give another and very similar illustration of
how Christmas eve was spent in North Notts fifty years ago.[39]

[Footnote 39: _Notes and Queries_, seventh series, ii. 501.]

"None keep Christmas nowadays as was the fashion fifty to a hundred
years ago in this part of the country. Here and there are to be met
the customs, or bits of the customs, which were then observed: but, as
a rule, the old ways have given place to new ones. Here in North
Notts, every house is more or less decked in the few days before
Christmas Day with holly, ivy, and evergreens, nor is mistletoe
forgotten, which would scarcely be likely by any one living within a
dozen miles of Sherwood Forest, where mistletoe grows in rare
profusion on thorn bushes, the oak, and other trees, and under certain
conditions may be had for the asking.

"Fifty years ago, at any rate, in all the villages and towns of North
Notts, the preparations among farmers, tradesmen, and poor folks for
keeping Christmas Eve and Christmas Day were always on a bountiful
scale. Fat pigs were killed a week or so previously, portions of which
were made into Christmas pies of various kinds. Plum puddings were
made, and the mince meat, cunningly prepared some weeks beforehand,
was made into mince pies of all sorts, sizes, and shapes. Yule
'clogs,' as they are here called, were sawn or chopped in readiness,
and a stock laid in sufficient to last the whole of one or two
evenings.

"In well-regulated houses it was usual to have all the preparations
and the housework completed by early in the afternoon of Christmas
Eve, and after an early tea in parlour and kitchen--the servants,
clean and neat, piled up the Yule clogs in the rooms, getting the
large ones well alight, and keeping them going by smaller knots of
wood. Long, large, white Christmas Candles were lighted, set in
old-fashioned, time-honoured, brass candlesticks, accompanied by
equally old and honoured brass snuffers and trays, all bright and
shining. Of candles, there was no lack, and when all were fairly
going, parlour and kitchen presented a blaze of warm, ruddy light,
only seen once in the year. In both rooms the Christmas Eve tables
were laid with snowy linen, and set for feasting, with all the good
things provided. On each table would be a large piece of beef, and a
ham, flanked by the pies and other good things, including a Christmas
Cheese.

"About six in the evening, the chief item of the feast was prepared.
This was hot spiced ale, usually of a special brew. This was prepared
by the gallon in a large kettle, or iron pot, which stood, for the
purpose, on the hob. The ale was poured in, made quite hot, but not
allowed to boil, and then sugar and spice were added according to
taste, some women having a special mode of making the brew. When
ready, the hot ale was ladled into bowls,--the large earthenware ones
now so rare. A white one, with blue decorations, was used in the
parlour, a commoner one, of the yellowish earthenware kind, with rough
blue or other coloured bands for ornamentation, being for the kitchen.
These, nearly full of the steaming brew, were carried to the tables.
Whoever then dropped in, and usually there were many, to see parlour
or kitchen company, had to drink from these bowls, lifting the bowl to
the lips with both hands, expressing a good seasonable wish, and
taking a hearty drink. The visitors then partook of anything on the
table they liked, and one and all were treated bountifully. Soon, as
the company arrived, the fun increased in parlour and kitchen,
particularly in the latter, as the womenkind went through the
old-fashioned ceremony under the mistletoe, which was hung aloft from
a highly-decorated 'kissing-bunch.'

"All sorts of games and fun went on till about ten o'clock, as a rule,
about which time the master, mistress, and family, with the rest of
the parlour company, visited the kitchen. Then the steaming ale bowl
was refilled, and all, beginning with the master and the mistress, in
turn drank from the bowl. This over, the parlour company remained, and
entered into the games for a time. There was always some one who could
sing a suitable song; and one, if song it can be called, was:

     "_The Folks' Song._

     "When me an' my folks
     Come to see you an' your folks,
     Let you an' your folks
     Treat me an' my folks
     As kind, as me an' my folks
     Treated you an' your folks,
     When you an' your folks
     Came to see me an' my folks,
     Sure then! never were such folks
     Since folks were folks!

"This was sung several times over with the last two lines as a chorus.
The proceedings in the kitchen closed with another general sup from
the replenished bowl, the parlour folks returning to the parlour.
During the evening the proceedings were varied by visits from
Christmas singers and the mummers, all of whom were well entertained.
Usually, if the weather was fit, the kitchen folks wound up the night
with a stroll, dropping in to see friends at other houses. As a rule,
soon after midnight the feastings were over, but most folks never
thought of retiring till they heard the bands of singers in the
distance singing the morning hymn, 'Christians, awake!'"

A very old custom was that of "wassailing" the fruit trees on
Christmas eve, although it obtained on other days, such as New Year's
day and Twelfth day. Herrick says:

     Wassaile the Trees that they may beare
     You many a Plum and many a Peare;
     For more or lesse fruits they will bring,
     As you do give them Wassailing.

This custom of drinking to the trees and pouring forth libations to
them differs according to the locality. In some parts of Devonshire it
used to be customary for the farmer, with his family and friends,
after partaking together of hot cakes and cider (the cakes being
dipped in the liquor previous to being eaten), to proceed to the
orchard, one of the party bearing hot cake and cider as an offering to
the principal apple tree. The cake was formally deposited on the fork
of the tree, and the cider thrown over it.

In the neighbourhood of the New Forest the following lines are sung at
the wassailing of the trees:

     Apples and pears, with right good corn
     Come in plenty to every one;
     Eat and drink good cake and hot ale,
     Give earth to drink, and she'll not fail.

Horsfield, who wrote of Sussex, speaks somewhat at length of this
subject, and says that the wassail bowl was compounded of ale, sugar,
nutmeg, and roasted apples, the latter called "lambs' wool." The
wassail bowl is placed on a small round table, and each person present
is furnished with a silver spoon to stir. They then walk round the
table as they go, and stirring with the right hand, and every
alternate person passes at the same time under the arm of his
preceding neighbour. The wassailing (or "worsling," as it is termed in
West Sussex) of the fruit trees is considered a matter of grave
importance, and its omission is held to bring ill luck, if not the
loss of all the next crop. Those who engage in the ceremony are called
"howlers."

The farm labourers, or boys (says Horsfield), after the day's toil is
ended, assemble in a group to wassail the apple trees, etc. The
trumpeter of the party is furnished with a cow's horn, with which he
makes sweet music. Thus equipped, they call on the farmer, and
inquire, "please, sir, do you want your trees worsled?" They then
proceed to the orchard, and encircling one of the largest and
best-bearing trees, chant in a low voice a certain doggerel rhyme; and
this ended, all shout in chorus, with the exception of the trumpeter,
who blows a loud blast. During the ceremony they rap the trees with
their sticks. "Thus going from tree to tree, or group to group, they
wassail the whole orchard; this finished, they proceed to the house of
the owner, and sing at his door a song common on the occasion. They
are then admitted, and, placing themselves around the kitchen fire,
enjoy the sparkling ale and the festivities of the season."

There are two wassail rhymes in Sussex:

     "Stand fast, root; bear well, top;
     Pray the God send us a good howling crop.
     Every twig, apples big;
     Every bough, apples enow.
     Hats full, caps full,
     Full quarters, sacks full.
          Holloa, boys, holloa! Hurrah!"

The other is:

     "Here's to thee, old apple tree;
     May'st thou bud, may'st thou blow,
     May'st thou bear apples enow!
     Hats full! Caps full!
     Bushel, bushel sacks full!
     And my pockets full, too!
                        Hurrah!"

In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (January 1820, p. 33) mention is made of
"an ancient superstitious custom obtaining at Tretyre, in
Herefordshire, upon Christmas Eve. They make a cake, poke a stick
through it, fasten it upon the horn of an ox, and say certain words,
begging a good crop of corn for the master. The men and boys attending
the oxen range themselves around. If the ox throws the cake behind it
belongs to the men; if before, to the boys. They take with them a
wooden bottle of cyder, and drink it, repeating the charm before
mentioned."

There is a curious custom at Downside College, near Bath. On Christmas
eve the scholars of this well-known institution proceed to the
election of their king and other officers of his household, consisting
of the mayor of the palace, etc. His reign lasts fourteen days, during
which period there are many good feasts; a room in the college being
fitted up in fine style, and used by his Majesty as his palace. At
Oxford, too, in pre-Reformation time, at Merton College, they had a
king of Christmas, or misrule; at St. John's he was styled lord, and
at Trinity he was emperor!

There is a rather rough but pretty west country carol for Christmas
eve, which is to be found in Davies Giddy, or Gilbert's _Ancient
Christmas Carols, etc._, and which, he says, was chanted in private
houses on Christmas eve throughout the west of England up to the
latter part of the last century.

     The Lord at first did Adam make
       Out of the dust and clay,
     And in his nostrils breathed life,
       E'en as the Scriptures say.
     And then in Eden's Paradise
       He placed him to dwell,
     That he, within it, should remain,
       To dress and keep it well.
         _Now let good Christians all begin
         An holy life to live,
         And to rejoice and merry be,
         For this is Christmas Eve._

     And then within the garden he
       Commanded was to stay,
     And unto him in commandment
       These words the Lord did say:
     "The fruit which in the garden grows
       To thee shall be for meat,
     Except the tree in the midst thereof,
       Of which thou shall not eat."
         _Now let good Christians, etc._

     "For in the day that thou shall eat,
       Or to it then come nigh;
     For if that thou doth eat thereof,
       Then surely thou shalt die."
     But Adam he did take no heed
       Unto the only thing,
     But did transgress God's holy law,
       And so was wrapt in sin.
         _Now let good Christians, etc._

     Now, mark the goodness of the Lord,
       Which He for mankind bore,
     His mercy soon He did extend,
       Lost man for to restore;
     And then, for to redeem our souls
       From death and hellish thrall,
     He said His own dear Son should be
       The Saviour of us all.
         _Now let good Christians, etc._

     Which promise now is brought to pass,
       Christians, believe it well;
     And by the coming of God's dear Son
       We are redeemed from thrall.
     Then, if we truly do believe,
       And do the thing aright;
     Then, by His merits, we, at last,
       Shall live in heaven bright
         _Now let good Christians, etc._

     And now the Tide is nigh at hand
       In which our Saviour came;
     Let us rejoice, and merry be,
       In keeping of the same.
     Let's feed the poor and hungry souls,
       And such as do it crave;
     Then, when we die, in heaven sure
       Our reward we shall have.
         _Now let good Christians, etc._

Christmas eve is notable in the Roman Catholic Church for the unique
fact that mass is celebrated at midnight. I say, advisably, _is_
celebrated, because, although Cardinal Manning abolished public mass
at that hour within the diocese of Westminster about 1867, yet in
conventual establishments it is still kept up, and in every church
three masses are celebrated. The ancient, and, in fact, the modern
use, until interrupted by Cardinal Manning, was to celebrate mass at
midnight, at daybreak, and at the third hour (9 a.m.) This use is very
old; for Thelesphorus, who was Pope A.D. 127, decreed that three
masses should be sung _in Festo Nativitatis_, to denote that the birth
of Christ brought salvation to the fathers of three periods--viz. the
fathers before, under, and after the law.

Another Roman Catholic custom on Christmas eve is the preparation of
"the Manger," which in some places is a very elaborate affair. The
Christ is lying on straw between the ox and ass, Mary and Joseph
bending over Him; the shepherds are kneeling in adoration, and the
angels, hovering above, are supposed to be singing the _gloria in
excelsis_. A writer in the _Catholic World_ (vol. xxxiv. p. 439)
says:--"Christmas Dramas are said to owe their origin to St. Francis
of Assisi. Before his death he celebrated the sacred Birth-night in
the woods, where a stable had been prepared with an ox and an ass, and
a crib for an altar. A great number of people came down from the
mountains, singing joyful hymns and bearing torches in their hands;
for it was not fitting that a night that had given light to the whole
world, should be shrouded in darkness. St. Francis, who loved to
associate all nature with his ministry, was filled with joy. He
officiated at the Mass as deacon. He sang the Gospel, and then
preached in a dramatic manner on the birth of Christ. When he spoke of
the Lamb of God, he was filled with a kind of divine frenzy, and
imitated the plaintive cry of the sacrificial lamb; and, when he
pronounced the sweet name of Jesus, it was as if the taste of honey
were on his lips. One soul before the rural altar, that night, with
purer eyes than the rest, saw the Divine Babe, radiant with eternal
beauty, lying in the manger."




CHAPTER XII

     Decorating with Evergreens--Its Origin and
     Antiquity--Mistletoe in Churches--The permissible
     Evergreens--The Holly--"Holly and Ivy"--"Here comes
     Holly"--"Ivy, chief of Trees"--"The Contest of the Ivy and
     the Holly"--Holly Folk-lore--Church Decorations--To be kept
     up till Candlemas day.


Christmas Eve is especially the time for decorating houses and
churches with evergreens, a custom which seems to have come from
heathen times; at least, no one seems to know when it commenced.
Polydore Vergil[40] says:--"Trymming of the temples with hangynges,
floures, boughes, and garlondes, was taken of the heathen people,
whiche decked their idols and houses with such array." That it is an
old custom in England to deck houses, churches, etc., at Christ-tide
with evergreens is undoubted--the only question is, how old is it?
Stow, in his _Survey_, says: "Against the Feast of Christmas, every
man's house, as also their parish churches, were decked with holme,
ivy, bayes, and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be
green. The Conduits and Standards in the streets were, likewise,
garnished; among the which I read that, in the year 1444, by tempest
of thunder and lightning, towards the morning of Candlemas day, at the
Leadenhall in Cornhill, a standard of tree, being set up in the midst
of the pavement, fast in the ground, nailed full of holme and ivie,
for disport of Christmass to the people, was torne up and cast down by
the malignant Spirit (as was thought), and the stones of the pavement
all about were cast in the streets, and into divers houses, so that
the people were sore aghast at the great tempests."

[Footnote 40: Langley's _Abridg._, p. 100.]

Stow, we see, makes no mention of mistletoe, nor do we find it in old
churchwardens' accounts, because mistletoe was accounted a heathen
plant, on account of its association with the Druids, and not only was
therefore unsuitable to bedeck a place of Christian worship, but the
old rite of kissing beneath it rendered it inadmissible. Still, in
Queen Anne's time, it was recognised as a Christmas decoration, for
Gay in his _Trivia_ has sung--

     When _Rosemary_ and _Bays_, the poet's crown,
     Are bawl'd in frequent cries through all the town;
     Then judge the festival of Christmas near,
     Christmas, the joyous period of the year!
     Now with bright _Holly_ all the temples strow
     With _Laurel_ green, and sacred MISTLETOE.

The mistletoe is found in several counties in England, but the bulk of
that which we have now at Christ-tide comes from Brittany. There is a
popular belief that it grows on oaks, possibly on account of Druidical
tradition to that effect, but, as a matter of fact, its connection
with that tree in England is very rare, Dr. Ball, in a paper in the
_Journal of Botany_, only mentioning seven authentic instances of its
growth on the oak tree in this country. It principally makes its
_habitat_ on the apple, poplar, hawthorn, lime, maple, and mountain
ash, and has been found on the cedar of Lebanon and the laurel.

The bay tree was believed to have the property of protection against
fire or lightning. The ivy was considered to prevent intoxication, and
for this reason Bacchus is represented as being crowned with ivy
leaves. The holly was originally the Holy Tree, and tradition says
that, unknown before, it sprang up in perfection and beauty beneath
the footsteps of Christ when he first trod the earth, and that, though
man has forgotten its attributes, the beasts all reverence it, and are
never known to injure it.

The four following carols are all of the fifteenth century:

     HOLLY AND IVY

     Holly and Ivy made a great party,
     Who should have the mastery
       In lands where they go.

     Then spake Holly, "I am fierce and jolly,
     I will have the mastery
       In lands where we go."

     Then spake Ivy, "I am loud and proud,
     And I will have the mastery
       In lands where we go."

     Then spake Holly, and set him down on his knee,
       "I pray thee, gentle Ivy, say[41] me no villany
       In lands where we go."

[Footnote 41: Do.]


     HERE COMES HOLLY

       Alleluia, Alleluia,
       Alleluia, now sing we.
     Here comes Holly, that is so gent,[42]
     To please all men is his intent,
         Alleluia.

     But Lord and Lady of this Hall,
     Whosoever against Holly call.
         Alleluia.

     Whosoever against Holly do cry,
     In a lepe[43] he shall hang full high.
         Alleluia.

     Whosoever against Holly doth sing,
     He may weep and hands wring.
         Alleluia.

[Footnote 42: Pretty.]

[Footnote 43: A large basket.]


     IVY, CHIEF OF TREES

     The most worthy she is in town,
       He that saith other, doth amiss;
     And worthy to bear the crown;
       _Veni coronaberis._

     Ivy is soft and meek of speech,
       Against all bale she is bliss;
     Well is he that may her reach,
       _Veni coronaberis._

     Ivy is green with colour bright,
       Of all trees best she is;
     And that I prove well now be right,
       _Veni coronaberis._

     Ivy beareth berries black.
       God grant us all His bliss;
     For there shall we nothing lack,
       _Veni coronaberis._


     THE CONTEST OF THE IVY AND THE HOLLY

       _Nay, Ivy, nay, it shall not be, I wis,
       Let Holly have the mastery as the manner is._

     Holly standeth in the hall, fair to behold,
     Ivy stands without the door; she is full sore a cold.
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

     Holly and his merry men, they dancen and they sing;
     Ivy and her maidens, they weepen and they wring.
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

     Ivy hath a lybe, she caught it with the cold,
     So may they all have, that with Ivy hold.
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

     Holly hath berries, as red as any rose,
     The foresters, the hunters, keep them from the does.
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

     Ivy hath berries, as black as any sloe,
     There comes the owl and eats them as she go.
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

     Holly hath birds, a full fair flock,
     The nightingale, the poppinjay, the gentle laverock.
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

     Good Ivy, good Ivy, what birds hast thou?
     None but the owlet that cries How! How!
       _Nay, Ivy, nay_, etc.

It is just as well to be particular as to the quality of the holly
used in Christmas decorations; for on that depends who will be the
ruler of the house during the coming year--the wife or the husband. If
the holly is smooth the wife will get the upper hand, but if it be
prickly, then the husband will gain the supremacy. It is also unlucky
to bring holly into the house before Christmas Eve. And, please, if
you are doing at home any decorations for the church, be sure and make
them on the ground floor, for it is specially unlucky to make anything
intended for use in a church in an upper chamber.

The custom of church decoration may possibly have been suggested by a
verse in the first lesson appointed to be read on Christmas eve--lx.
Isaiah, 13. "The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree,
the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my
sanctuary." Some years ago, at the commencement of the great Church
revival, the Christmas decorations in churches were very elaborate,
but they are now, as a rule, much quieter, and the only admissible
evergreens are contained in the following distich--

     Holly and Ivy, Box and Bay,
     Put in the Church on Christmas day.

These decorations, both in church and in private houses, ought to be
kept up until the 1st of February, Candlemas eve, when they should be
burnt--a proceeding which set fire to the hall of Christ Church,
Oxford, in 1719. Herrick gives the following:--

     CEREMONIES FOR CANDLEMASSE EVE

     Down with the Rosemary and Bayes,
       Down with the Mistleto;
     Instead of Holly, now upraise
       The greener Box (for show).

     The Holly, hitherto did sway;
       Let Box now domineere;
     Untill the dancing Easter day,
       Or Easter's Eve appeare.

     The youthfull Box, which now hath grace,
       Your houses to renew;
     Grown old, surrender must his place,
       Unto the crisped Yew.

     When Yew is out, then Birch comes in,
       And many Flowers beside;
     Both of a fresh and fragrant kinne
       To honour Whitsuntide.

     Green Rushes then, and sweetest Bents,
       With cooler Oken boughs;
     Come in for comely ornaments,
       To readorn the house
     Thus times do shift; each thing his turn do's hold;
     _New things succeed, as former things grow old._

And with Candlemas day ends all festivity connected with Christ-tide.

     End now the White-loafe, and the Pye,
     And let all sports with Christmas dye.




CHAPTER XIII

     Legends of the Nativity--The Angels--The Birth--The
     Cradles--The Ox and Ass--Legends of Animals--The Carol of
     St. Stephen--Christmas Wolves--Dancing for a
     Twelve-months--Underground Bells--The Fiddler and the Devil.


It would indeed be singular if an event of such importance as the
birth, as man, of the Son of God had not been specially marked out by
signs and wonders, and that many legends concerning these should be
rife. Naturally He was welcomed by the heavenly host; and Abraham a
Sancta Clara, in one of his sermons, gives a vivid description of the
wonders that happened on the Nativity. "At the time when God's Son was
born, there came to pass a great many wonderful circumstances. First
of all, a countless multitude of angels flew from heaven, and paid
their homage to the Celestial Child in various loving hymns, instead
of the usual lullabie, sung to babies. Next, the deep snow, which had
covered the ground in the same neighbourhood, at once disappeared;
and, in its place were to be seen trees covered with a thick foliage
of leaves, whilst the earth was decorated with a rich and luxuriant
crop of the most beautiful flowers."

This visitation of the angels is represented in nearly every old
painting of the Nativity, some, like Botticelli, giving a whole band
of angels, others contenting themselves with two or three, sufficient
to indicate their presence. Fra Jacopone da Todi sings:

     Little angels all around
       Danced and Carols flung;
     Making verselets sweet and true,
       Still of love they sung;
     Calling saints and sinners too,
       With love's tender tongue.

Lope de Vega makes Our Lady caution the angels as they come through
the palm trees--

     Holy angels, and blest,
       Through these palms as ye sweep,
     Hold their branches at rest,
       For my Babe is asleep.

     And ye, Bethlehem palm-trees,
       As stormy winds rush
     In tempest and fury,
       Your angry noise hush;--

     Move gently, move gently,
       Restrain your wild sweep;
     Hold your branches at rest,
       My Babe is asleep.

Mrs. Jameson[44] says that "one legend relates that Joseph went to
seek a midwife, and met a woman coming down from the mountains, with
whom he returned to the stable. But, when they entered, it was filled
with light greater than the sun at noonday; and, as the light
decreased, and they were able to open their eyes, they beheld Mary
sitting there with her Infant at her bosom. And the Hebrew woman,
being amazed, said: 'Can this be true?' and Mary answered, 'It is
true; as there is no child like unto my son, so there is no woman like
unto his mother.'"

[Footnote 44: _Legends of the Madonna_, p. 205.]

Le Bon,[45] speaking of the cradle of Jesus, says: "According to
tradition, the stone cradle contained one of wood. That of stone still
exists at Bethlehem, not in its primitive state, but decorated with
white marble, and enriched with magnificent draperies. The wooden one
was, in the seventh century, at the time of the Mahometan Invasion in
the East, transported to Rome, then become the new Jerusalem, the
Bethlehem of a new people. It there reposes in the superb basilica of
Santa Maria Maggiore, where it is guarded by the eternal city with
more affection than the Ark of the Covenant, and with more respect
than the cottage of Romulus. Centuries have not been able to enfeeble
the veneration and the love with which this trophy of the love of God
for his creatures has been surrounded. This cradle, this sacred
monument, reposes in a shrine of crystal, mounted on a stand of silver
enamelled with gold and precious stones, the splendid offering of
Philip IV., King of Spain. This shrine is preserved in a brazen
coffer, and is only exposed for veneration--on the grand altar, once a
year, on Christmas Day."

[Footnote 45: _Fleurs de Catholicisme_, vol. iii. p. 236.]

The ox and ass are indispensable accessories to a picture of the
Nativity, and it is said that their introduction rests on an old
tradition mentioned by St. Jerome, and also on a text of prophecy:
"The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib."[46]
Tradition says that these animals recognised and worshipped their
Divine Master.

[Footnote 46: Isaiah i. 3.]

     In praesepe ponitur,
     Sub foeno asinorum,
     Cognoverunt Dominum,
     Christum, Regem coelorum.

     Et a brutis noscitur,
     Matris velo tegitur.

So also it is believed in many places that at midnight on Christmas
eve all cattle bowed their knees; and Brand gives an instance of this
legend, and says "that a Cornish peasant told him in 1790 of his
having, with some others, watched several oxen in their stalls on the
Eve of old Christmas Day, and that at twelve o'clock, they observed
the two oldest oxen fall upon their knees and (as he expressed it in
the idiom of the country) make a cruel moan like Christian creatures."

There is another legend which relates how other animals took part in
the announcement of the Saviour's coming on earth. Praetorius says:

     Vacca _puer natus_ clamabat nocte sub ipsa,
       Qua Christus pura virgine natus homo est;
     Sed, quia dicenti nunquam bene creditur uni,
       Addebat facti testis, asellus; _ita_.
     Dumque aiebat; _ubi?_ clamoso guttere gallus;
       _In Betlem, Betlem_, vox geminabat ovis.
     Felices nimium pecudes, pecorumque magistri,
       Qui norunt Dominum concelebrare suum.

Hone describes a curious sheet of carols printed in London in 1701.
"It is headed 'CHRISTUS NATUS EST; _Christ is born_,' with a wood-cut
10 inches high by 8-1/2 inches wide, representing the stable of
Bethlehem; Christ in the crib, watched by the Virgin and Joseph;
shepherds kneeling, angels attending; a man playing on the bagpipes; a
woman with a basket of fruit on her head; a sheep bleating, and an ox
lowing on the ground; a raven croaking, and a crow cawing, on the hay
rack; a cock crowing above them; and angels singing in the sky. The
animals have labels from their mouths bearing Latin inscriptions. Down
the side of the wood-cut is the following account and explanation:--'A
religious man inventing the concerts of both birds and beasts drawn in
the picture of our Saviour's birth, doth thus express them: The cock
croweth, _Christus natus est_--Christ is born. The raven asked
_Quando_?--When? The crow replied, _Hac nocte_--this night. The ox
crieth out, _Ubi? Ubi?_--Where? Where? The sheep bleateth out
_Bethlehem_. A voice from heaven sounded, _Gloria in Excelsis_--Glory
be on high!'"

Another pictorial representation of this legend is mentioned by the
Rev. Dr. John Mason Neale in _The Unseen World_ (p. 27). An example
which, in modern times, would be considered ludicrous, of the manner
in which our ancestors made external Nature bear witness to our Lord,
occurs in what is called the Prior's Chamber in the small Augustinian
house of Shulbrede, in the parish of Linchmere, in Sussex. On the wall
is a fresco of the Nativity; and certain animals are made to give
their testimony to that event in words which somewhat resemble, or may
be supposed to resemble, their natural sounds. A cock, in the act of
crowing, stands at the top, and a label, issuing from his mouth, bears
the words, _Christus natus est_. A duck inquires, _Quando? Quando?_ A
raven hoarsely answers, _In hac nocte_. A cow asks, _Ubi? Ubi?_ And a
lamb bleats out _Bethlehem_.

This idea that beasts were endowed with human speech on Christmas
night was very widespread, as the following legend well instances, it
being common both to Switzerland and Suabia. One Christmas night, in
order to test the truth of this legend, a peasant crept slyly upon
that solemn and holy night into the stable, where his oxen were
quietly chewing the hay set before them. An instant after the peasant
had hidden himself, one of the oxen said to another "We are going to
have a hard and heavy task to do this week." "How is that? the harvest
is got in and we have drawn home all the winter fuel." "That is so,"
was the reply, "but we shall have to drag a coffin to the churchyard,
for our poor master will most certainly die this week." The peasant
shrieked, and fell back, senseless, was taken home, and the ox's
prophecy was duly fulfilled.

It is also thought that the cocks crow all night at Christmas, and
Bourne says, anent this belief, that it was about the time of cock
crowing when our Saviour was born, and the heavenly host had then
descended to sing the first Christmas carol to the poor shepherds in
the fields of Bethlehem.

Shakespeare mentions this popular tradition in Hamlet, act i. sc.
i.:--

     Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comes
     Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
     The bird of dawning singeth all night long:
     And then, they say, no spirit dares stir abroad;
     The nights are wholesome; then no planets strike,
     No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm,
     So hallow'd and so gracious is the time.

But there is yet another legend of cock-crowing which is found in a
carol for St. Stephen's Day, temp. Henry VI.:--

     Saint Stephen was a clerk
       In King Herod his hall,
     And served him of bread and cloth,
       As ever King befall.

     Stephen out of kitchen came
       With boar his head on hand,
     He saw a star was fair and bright
       Over Bethlem stand.

     He cast adown the boar his head,
       And went into the hall.
     "I forsake thee, King Herod,
       And thy works all.

     "I forsake thee, King Herod,
       And thy works all,
     There is a Child in Bethlem born,
       Is better than we all."

     "What aileth thee, Stephen,
       What is thee befall?
     Lacketh thee either meat or drink,
       In King Herod his hall?"

     "Lacketh me neither meat nor drink,
       In King Herod his hall;
     There is a Child in Bethlem born,
       Is better than we all."

     "What aileth thee, Stephen,
       Art thou wode,[47] or ginnest to brede[48]
     Lacketh thee either gold or fee,
       Or any rich weed?"[49]

     "Lacketh me neither gold nor fee,
       Nor none rich weed,
     There is a child in Bethlem born
       Shall help us at our need."

     "That is all so sooth, Stephen,
       All so sooth, I wis,
     As this capon crow shall,
       That lyeth here in my dish."

     That word was not so soon said,
       That word in that hall,
     The Capon crew, _Christus natus est_!
       Among the lords, all.

     Riseth up my tormentors,
       By two, and all by one,
     And leadeth Stephen out of this town
       And stoneth him with stone.

     Tooken they Stephen
       And stoned him in the way,
     And therefore is his even,
       On Christ his own day.

[Footnote 47: Mad.]

[Footnote 48: Beginnest to upbraid.]

[Footnote 49: Dress.]

There are several minor legends of animals and Christ-tide--for
instance, at this time the bees are said to hum the Old Hundredth
Psalm, but this is mild to what Olaus Magnus tells us _Of the
Fiercenesse of Men, who by Charms are turned into Wolves_:--"In the
Feast of Christ's Nativity, in the night, at a certain place, that
they are resolved upon amongst themselves, there is gathered together
such a huge multitude of Wolves changed from men, that dwell in divers
places, which afterwards, the same night, doth so rage with wonderfull
fiercenesse, both against mankind, and other creatures that are not
fierce by nature, that the Inhabitants of that country suffer more
hurt from them than ever they do from the true natural Wolves. For, as
it is proved, they sit upon the houses of men that are in the Woods,
with wonderfull fiercenesse, and labour to break down the doors,
whereby they may destroy both men and other creatures that remain
there.

"They go into the Beer-Cellars, and there they drink out some Tuns of
Beer or Mede, and they heap al the empty vessels one upon another in
the midst of the Cellar, and so leave them; wherin they differ from
the natural and true Wolves. But the place, where, by chance they
stayed that night, the Inhabitants of those Countries think to be
prophetical; Because, if any ill successe befall a Man in that place;
as if his Cart overturn, and he be thrown down in the Snow, they are
fully persuaded that man must die that year, as they have, for many
years, proved it by experience. Between _Lituania_, _Samogetia_ and
_Curonia_, there is a certain wall left, of a Castle that was thrown
down; to this, at a set time, some thousands of them come together,
that each of them may try his nimblenesse in leaping. He that cannot
leap over this wall, as commonly the fat ones cannot, are beaten with
whips by their Captains."

There is a story told of another Magnus, only in this case it was a
Saint of that name. On Christmas eve, in the year 1012, a party of
about thirty-three young men and women were merrily dancing in the
churchyard of a certain church, dedicated to St. Magnus. A priest was
at his devotions inside the church, and was so much disturbed by their
merriment that he sent to them, asking them to desist for a while. But
of this they took no heed, although the message was more than once
repeated. Thereupon, waxing indignant, the holy man prayed his patron
saint, St. Magnus, to visit the offenders with condign punishment. His
prayer was heard, and the result was that the festive crew could not
leave off dancing. For twelve whole months they continued dancing;
night and day, winter and summer, through sunshine or storm, they had
to prance. They knew no weariness, they needed no rest, nor did their
clothes or boots wear out; but they wore away the surface of the earth
so much that at the end of the twelvemonths they were in a hole up to
their middles. The legend goes on to say, that on the expiration of
their Terpsichorean punishment they slept continuously for three days
and nights.

There are some curious legends of underground bells which sound only
at Christmas. A writer in _Notes and Queries_ (5 series, ii. 509)
says--"Near Raleigh, Notts, there is a valley said to have been caused
by an earthquake several hundred years ago, which swallowed up a whole
village, together with the Church. Formerly, it was a custom of the
people to assemble in this valley every Christmas Day morning to
listen to the ringing of the bells of the Church beneath them. This,
it was positively stated, might be heard by placing the ear to the
ground, and hearkening attentively. As late as 1827 it was usual on
this morning for old men and women to tell their children and young
friends to go to the valley, stoop down, and hear the bells ring
merrily. The villagers heard the ringing of the bells of a
neighbouring church, the sound of which was communicated by the
surface of the ground. A similar belief exists, or did, a short time
ago, at Preston, Lancashire."

This legend is not peculiar to England, for there is the same told of
a place in the Netherlands, named Been, near Zoutleeuw, now engulphed
in the ocean. It was a lovely and a stately city, but foul with sin,
when our Lord descended to earth upon a Christmas night to visit it.
All the houses were flaming with lights, and filled with luxury and
debauchery; and, as our Lord, in the guise of a beggar, passed from
door to door, there was not found a single person who would afford Him
the slightest relief. Then, in His wrath, He spoke one word, and the
waves of the sea rushed over the wicked city, and it was never seen
more; but the place where it was immersed is known by the sound of the
church bells coming up through the waters on a Christmas night.

In spite of Shakespeare's dictum that "no spirit dares stir abroad,"
the rule would not seem to obtain in the Isle of Man--for there is a
legend there, how a fiddler, having agreed with a stranger to play,
during the twelve days of Christmas, to whatever company he should
bring him, was astonished at seeing his new master vanish into the
earth as soon as the bargain had been made. Terrified at the thought
of having agreed to work for such a mysterious personage, he quickly
resorted to the clergyman, who ordered him to fulfil his engagement,
but to play nothing but psalms. Accordingly, as soon as Christ-tide
arrived, the weird stranger made his appearance, and beckoned the
fiddler to a spot where some company was assembled. On reaching his
destination, he at once struck up a psalm tune, which so enraged his
audience that they instantly vanished, but not without so violently
bruising him that it was with difficulty that he reached home to tell
his novel Christmas experience.




CHAPTER XIV

     The Glastonbury Thorn, its Legend--Cuttings from it--Oaks
     coming into leaf on Christmas day--Folk-lore--Forecast,
     according to the days of the week on which Christmas
     falls--Other Folk-lore thereon.


Even the vegetable world contributed to the wonders of Christmas, for
was there not the famous Glastonbury Thorn which blossomed on old
Christmas day? Legend says that this was the walking staff of Joseph
of Arimathaea, who, after Christ's death, came over to England and
settled at Glastonbury, where, having planted his staff in the ground,
it put forth leaves, and miraculously flowered on the festival of the
Nativity; and it is a matter of popular belief, not always followed
out by practice, that it does so to this day. The fact is that this
thorn, the _Crataegus praecox_, will, in a mild and suitable season,
blossom before Christmas. It is not a particularly rare plant. Aubrey
thus speaks of it in his _Natural History of Wiltshire_.

"Mr. Anthony Hinton, one of the Officers of the Earle of Pembroke, did
inoculate, not long before the late civill warres (ten yeares or
more), a bud of Glastonbury Thorne, on a thorne, at his farm house, at
Wilton, which blossoms at Christmas, as the other did. My mother has
had branches of them for a flower-pott, several Christmasses, which I
have seen. Elias Ashmole, Esq., in his notes upon _Theatrum Chymicum_,
saies that in the churchyard of Glastonbury grew a walnutt tree that
did putt out young leaves at Christmas, as doth the King's Oake in the
New Forest. In Parham Park, in Suffolk (Mr. Boutele's), is a pretty
ancient thorne, that blossomes like that at Glastonbury; the people
flock hither to see it on Christmas Day. But in the rode that leades
from Worcester to Droitwiche is a black thorne hedge at Clayes, half
a mile long or more, that blossoms about Christmas day, for a week or
more together. Dr. Ezerel Tong sayd that about Rumly-Marsh, in Kent,
are thornes naturally like that near Glastonbury. The Soldiers did
cutt downe that near Glastonbury; the stump remaines."

Several trees which are descended by cuttings from the Holy Thorn
still exist in and about Glastonbury. One of them, of somewhat scanty
and straggling growth, occupies the site of the original thorn, on the
summit of Weary-all Hill. Another, a much finer tree, compact and
healthy, stands on private premises, near the entrance of a house that
faces the abbot's kitchen. These descendants of the Holy Thorn inherit
the famous peculiarity of that tree.

The _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1753, has the following in its
"Historical Chronicle" for January. "_Quainton in Buckinghamshire,
Dec. 24._ Above 2000 people came here this night, with lanthorns and
candles, to view a black thorn which grows in the neighbourhood, and
which was remembered (this year only) to be a slip from the famous
_Glastonbury_ Thorn, that it always budded on the 24th, was full blown
the next day, and went all off at night; but the people, finding no
appearance of a bud, 'twas agreed by all that Decemb. 25, N.S., could
not be the right _Christmas Day_,[50] and, accordingly, refused going
to Church, and treating their friends on that day, as usual: at length
the affair became so serious that the ministers of the neighbouring
villages, in order to appease the people, thought it prudent to give
notice that the old _Christmas Day_ should be kept holy as before.

[Footnote 50: This was the first Christmas day, New Style: the change
taking place Sept. 2, 1752, which became Sept. 14.]

"_Glastonbury._ A vast concourse of people attended the noted thorns
on _Christmas Eve_, New Stile; but, to their great disappointment,
there was no appearance of its blowing, which made them watch it
narrowly the 5th of _Jan._, the _Christmas-day_, Old Stile, when it
blow'd as usual."

A writer in _Notes and Queries_ (3 series ix. 33) says, "A friend of
mine met a girl on Old Christmas Day, in a village of North Somerset,
who told him that she was going to see the Christmas Thorn in
blossom. He accompanied her to an orchard, where he found a tree,
propagated from the celebrated Glastonbury Thorn, and gathered from it
several sprigs in blossom. Afterwards, the girl's mother informed him
that it had, formerly, been the custom for the youth of both sexes to
assemble under the tree at midnight, on Christmas Eve, in order to
hear the bursting of the buds into flower; and, she added, 'As they
com'd out, you could hear 'em haffer.'"[51]

[Footnote 51: Crackle.]

This celebration of Christ-tide was not confined to this thorn--some
oaks put forth leaves on Christmas day. Aubrey says that an oak in the
New Forest "putteth forth young leaves on Christmas-day, for about a
week at that time of the yeare. Old Mr. Hastings, of Woodlands, was
wont to send a basket full of them to King Charles I. I have seen of
them several Christmasses brought to my father. But Mr. Perkins, who
lives in the New Forest, sayes that there are two other oakes besides
that, which breed green buddes after Christmas day (pollards also),
but not constantly."

There is yet another bit of Folk-lore anent flowers and Christ-tide
which may be found in _The Connoisseur_, No. 56, Feb. 20, 1755. "Our
maid, Betty, tells me that, if I go backwards, without speaking a
word, into the garden, upon Midsummer Eve, and gather a Rose, and keep
it in a clean sheet of paper, without looking at it, 'till Christmas
day, it will be as fresh as in June; and, if I then stick it in my
bosom, he that is to be my husband will come and take it out."

It is perhaps as well to know what will happen to us if the Feast of
the Nativity falls on a particular day in the week--as, according to
the proverb, "forewarned is fore armed."

     Nowe takethe heed, euery man,
     That englisshe vnderstonde can,
     If that Crystmasse day falle
     Vpon Sonday, wittethe weel alle,
     That wynter saysoun shal been esy,
     Save gret wyndes on lofft shal flye.
     The somer affter al-so bee drye,
     And right saysounable, I seye.
     Beestis and sheepe shal threue right weel,
     But other vytayle shal fayle, mooste deel.[52]

            *       *       *       *       *

     Be kynde shal, with-outen lees,
     Alle landes thanne shal haue pees.
     But offt-tymes, for synne that is doone,
     Grace is wyth-drawen from many oone
     And goode tyme alle thinges for to do;
     But who-so feelethe, is sone for-do.
     What chylde that day is borne,
     Gret and ryche he shal be of Corne.

     If Cristmasse day on Monday bee,
     Gret wynter that yeer shal ghee see,
     And ful of wynde lowde and scille;[53]
     But the somer, truwly to telle,
     Shal bee sterne with wynde also,
     Ful of tempeste eeke ther-too;
     And vitayles shal soo multeplye,
     And gret moryne of bestes shal hye.
     They that bee borne, with-outen weene,
     Shoulle be strong men and kene.

     If Crystmasse day on Tuysday be,
     Wymmen shal dye gret plentee.
     That wynter shal shewe gret merveylle
     Shippes shal bee in gret parayle;
     That yeer shal kynges and lordes bee sleyne,
     In lande, of werre gret woone,[54] certayne.
     A drye somer shal be that yeere;
     Alle that been borne that day in-feere,
     They been stronge and coveytous,
     But theyre ende shal be petous;[55]
     They shal dye with swerd or knyff.
     If thou stele ought, hit leesethe thy lyfe;
     But if thou falle seeke, certayne,
     Thou shalt tourne to lyf ageyne.

     If that the Cristmasse day
     Falle vpon a Weddensday,
     That yeere shal be hardee and strong,
     And many huge wyndes amonge.
     The somer goode and mury shal be,
     And that yeere shal be plentee.
     Yonge folkes shal dye alsoo;
     Shippes in the see, tempest and woo.
     What chylde that day is borne is his
     Fortune to be doughty and wys,
     Discrete al-so and sleeghe of deede,
     To fynde feel[56] folkes mete and weede.[57]

     If Cristmasse day on therusday bee,
     A wonder wynter yee shoule see,
     Of wyndes, and of weders wicke,[58]
     Tempestes eeke many and thicke.
     The somer shal bee strong and drye,
     Corne and beestes shal multeplye,
     Ther as the lande is goode of tilthe;
     But kynges and lordes shal dye by filthe
     What chylde that day eborne bee,
     He shal no dowte Right weel ethee,[59]
     Of deedes that been good and stable.
     Of speeche ful wyse and Raysonable.
     Who-so that day bee thefft aboute,
     He shall bee shent,[60] with-outen doute;
     But if seeknesse that day thee felle,
     Hit may not long with thee dwelle.

     If Cristmasse day on fryday be,
     The frost of wynter harde shal be,
     The frost, snowe and the floode;
     But at the eende hit shal bee goode.
     The somer goode and feyre alsoo,
     Folke in eerthe shal haue gret woo.
     Wymmen with chylde, beestes and corne,
     Shal multeplye, and noon be lorne.[61]
     The children that been borne that day,
     Shoule longe lyve, and lechcherous ay.

     If Cristmasse day on saturday falle,
     That wynter wee most dreeden alle.
     Hit shal bee ful of foule tempest,
     That hit shal slee bothe man and beest.
     Fruytes and corne shal fayle, gret woone,
     And eelde folk dye many oon.
     What woman that of chylde travayle,
     They shoule bee boothe in gret parayle.
     And children that been borne that day,
     With June half yeere shal dy, no nay.

[Footnote 52: There seems to be a hiatus here.]

[Footnote 53: Shrill.]

[Footnote 54: Abundance.]

[Footnote 55: Piteous.]

[Footnote 56: Many.]

[Footnote 57: Clothing.]

[Footnote 58: Wicked, foul.]

[Footnote 59: Thrive.]

[Footnote 60: Brought to confusion.]

[Footnote 61: Lost.]

The _Shepherd's Kalendar_ says: "If the sun shines clear and bright on
Christmas day, it promises a peaceful year, free from clamours and
strife, and foretells much plenty to ensue; but if the wind blows
stormy towards sunset, it betokens sickness in the spring and autumn
quarters."

Another authority, _Husband-man's Practice_, warns us that "when
Christmas day cometh while the moon waxeth, it shall be a very good
year, and the nearer it cometh to the new moon, the better shall that
year be. If it cometh when the moon decreaseth, it shall be a hard
year, and the nearer the latter end thereof it cometh, the worse and
harder shall the year be."

The same book says: "The wise and cunning masters in Astrology have
found that men may see and mark the weather of the holy Christmas
night, how the whole year after shall be in his working and doing, and
they shall speak on this wise:

"When on the Christmas night and evening it is very fair and clear
weather, and is without wind and rain, then it is a token that this
year will be plenty of wine and fruite.

"But if the contrariwise, foul weather and windy, so shall it be very
scant of wine and fruite.

"But if the wind arise at the rising of the sun, then it betokeneth
great dearth among beasts and cattle this year.

"But if the wind arise at the going down of the same, then it
signifieth death to come among kings and other great lords."




CHAPTER XV

     Withholding Light--"Wesley Bob"--Wassail Carol--Presents in
     Church--Morris Dancers--"First Foot"--Red-haired
     Men--Lamprey Pie--"Hodening"--Its Possible Origin--The "Mari
     Lhoyd."


There was a curious tradition in the north of England, which is
practically done away with in these days of lucifer matches. In the
old days of tinder boxes, if any one failed to get a light, it was of
no use his going round to the neighbours to get one, for even his
dearest friends would refuse him, it being considered _most unlucky_
to allow any light to leave the house between Christmas eve and New
Year's day, both inclusive. No reason has been found for this singular
and somewhat churlish custom.

Another north country custom, especially at Leeds, was for the
children to go from house to house carrying a "Wessel (or Wesley)
bob," a kind of bower made of evergreens, inside which were placed a
couple of dolls, representing the Virgin and Infant Christ. This was
covered with a cloth until they came to a house door, when it was
uncovered. At Huddersfield, a "wessel bob" was carried about,
gorgeously ornamented with apples, oranges, and ribbons, and when they
reached a house door they sung the following carol:

     Here we come a wassailing
       Among the leaves so green,
     Here we come a wandering
       So fair to be seen.

     _Chorus._

     For it is in Christmas time
       Strangers travel far and near,
     So God bless you, and send you a happy New Year.

     We are not daily beggars,
       That beg from door to door,
     But we are neighbours' children,
       Whom you have seen before.

     Call up the butler of this house,
       Put on his golden ring,
     Let him bring us a glass of beer,
       And the better we shall sing.

     We have got a little purse
       Made of stretching leather skin,
     We want a little of your money
       To line it well within.

     Bring us out a Table,
       And spread it with a cloth;
     Bring out a mouldy cheese,
       Also your Christmas loaf.

     God bless the Master of the house,
       Likewise the Mistress too,
     And all the little children
       That round the table go.

     Good master and mistress,
       While you're sitting by the fire,
     Pray think of us poor children
       Who are wand'ring in the mire.[62]

[Footnote 62: Those who went round thus were called "Vessel Cup
women."]

At Aberford, near Leeds, two dolls were carried about in boxes in a
similar manner, and they were called "wesley (_wassail_) boxes."

Whilst on the subject of Yorkshire Christmas customs, I may mention
that a correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (1790, vol. 60, p.
719), says that at Ripon the singing boys came into the church with
large baskets of red apples, with a sprig of rosemary stuck in each,
which they present to all the congregation, and generally have a
return made to them of 2d., 4d., or 6d., according to the quality of
the lady or gentleman.

In the _History of Yorkshire_ (1814, p. 296) it tells how, during the
Christmas holidays, the Sword or Morisco Dance used to be practised at
Richmond by young men dressed in shirts ornamented with ribbons folded
into roses, having swords, or wood cut in the form of that weapon.
They exhibited various feats of activity, attended by an old fiddler,
by "Bessy," in the grotesque habit of an old woman, and by the fool,
almost covered with skins, a hairy cap on his head, and the tail of a
fox hanging from his head. These led the festive throng, and diverted
the crowd with their droll antic buffoonery. The office of one of
these characters was to go about rattling a box, and soliciting money
from door to door to defray the expenses of a feast, and a dance in
the evening.[63]

[Footnote 63: This dance is thus described in _Notes and Queries_ (5th
series, xii. 506). "Six youths, called sword dancers, dressed in white
and decked with ribbons, accompanied by a fiddler, a boy in fantastic
attire, the Bessy, and a doctor, practised a rude dance till New
Year's day, when they ended with a feast. The Bessy interfered, whilst
the dancers, surrounded him with swords, and he was killed."]

In Sheffield the custom of "first-foot" is kept up on Christmas day
and New Year's day, but there is no distinction as to complexion or
colour of hair of the male who first enters the house.

A correspondent in _Notes and Queries_ (3rd series, i. 223), writes:
"The object of desire is that the first person who enters a house on
the morning of Christmas day or that of New Year's day, should have
black or dark hair. Many make arrangements by special invitation that
some man or boy of dark hair, and otherwise approved, should present
himself at an early hour to wish the compliments of the season, and
the door is not opened to let any one else in until the arrival of the
favoured person. He is regaled with spice cake and cheese, and with
ale or spirits, as the case may be. All the 'ill luck'--that is, the
untoward circumstances of the year, would be ascribed to the accident
of a person with light hair having been the first to enter a dwelling
on the mornings referred to. I have known instances where such
persons, innocently presenting themselves, have met with anything but
a Christmas welcome. The great object of dread is a red-haired man or
boy (women or girls of any coloured hair or complexion are not
admissible as the first visitors at all), and all light shades are
objectionable.

"I have not been able to trace the origin of the custom, nor do I
remember having read any explanation of its meaning. I once heard an
aged woman, who was a most stern observer of all customs of the
neighbourhood, especially those which had an air of mystery or a
superstition attached to them, attempt to connect the observance with
the disciple who sold the Saviour. In her mind all the observances of
Christmas were associated with the birth or death of Christ, and she
made no distinction whatever between the events which attended the
Nativity, and those which preceded and followed the Crucifixion. She
told me that Judas had red hair, and it was in vain to argue with her
that he had no connection whatever with the events which our Christmas
solemnities and festivities were intended to commemorate. It satisfied
her mind, and that was enough. After many inquiries, I was not able to
obtain any answer more reasonable."

More than twenty-two years after the above, another correspondent
writing on the subject to the same periodical (6th series, x. 482)
says (speaking of Yorkshire): "The first person to enter the house on
a Christmas morning must be a male, and the first thing brought in
must be green. Some folks used to lay a bunch of holly on the doorstep
on Christmas Eve, so as to be ready. Some say you must not admit a
_strange_ woman on Christmas day; but I have heard of one old
gentleman near York who would never permit _any_ woman to enter his
house on a Christmas Day."

It was formerly the custom of the city of Gloucester to present a
lamprey pie to the king at Christmas. This custom was kept up until
early in this century, when it fell into desuetude. It was revived in
1893, not at Christmas, but in May, when a beautiful pie, with finely
moulded paste, and enamelled silver skewers, which also served as
spoons, was presented to Her Majesty.

There was, or is, a curious custom in Kent at Christ-tide called
"Hodening," the best account of which that I have seen is in the
_Church Times_ of January 23, 1891: "Hodening was observed on
Christmas Eve at Walmer in 1886, which was the last time I spent the
festival there," writes one antiquary. Another writes: "When I was a
lad, about forty-five years since, it was always the custom, on
Christmas Eve, with the male farm servants from every farm in our
parish of Hoath (Borough of Reculver), and neighbouring parishes of
Herne and Chislet, to go round in the evening from house to house with
the hoodining horse, which consisted of the imitation of a horse's
head made of wood, life size, fixed on a stick about the length of a
broom handle, the lower jaw of the head was made to open with hinges,
a hole was made through the roof of the mouth, then another through
the forehead, coming out by the throat; through this was passed a cord
attached to the lower jaw, which, when pulled by the cord at the
throat, caused it to close and open; on the lower jaw large-headed
hobnails were driven in to form the teeth. The strongest of the lads
was selected for the horse; he stooped, and made as long a back as he
could, supporting himself by the stick carrying the head; then he was
covered with a horsecloth, and one of his companions mounted his
back. The horse had a bridle and reins. Then commenced the kicking,
rearing, jumping, etc., and the banging together of the teeth. As soon
as the doors were opened the 'horse' would pull his string
incessantly, and the noise made can be better imagined than described.
I confess that, in my very young days, I was horrified at the approach
of the hoodining horse, but, as I grew older, I used to go round with
them. I was at Hoath on Thursday last, and asked if the custom was
still kept up. It appears it is now three or four years since it has
taken place. I never heard of it in the Isle of Thanet. There was no
singing going on with the hoodining horse, and the party was strictly
confined to the young men who went with the horses on the farms. I
have seen some of the wooden heads carved out quite hollow in the
throat part, and two holes bored through the forehead to form the
eyes. The lad who played the horse would hold a lighted candle in the
hollow, and you can imagine how horrible it was to any one who opened
the door to see such a thing close to his eyes. Carollers in those
days were called hoodiners in the parishes I have named."

And the following communication is interesting and valuable: "Some
such custom prevailed in the seventh century. In the _Penitential_ of
Archbishop Theodore (d. 690) penances are ordained for 'any who, on
the Kalends of January, clothe themselves with the skins of cattle and
carry heads of animals.' The practice is condemned as being
_daemoniacum_ (see Kemble's _Saxons_, vol. i., p. 525). The custom
would, therefore, seem to be of pagan origin, and the date is
practically synchronous with Christmas, when, according to the rites
of Scandinavian mythology, one of the three great annual festivals
commenced. At the sacrifices which formed part of these festivals, the
horse was a frequent victim in the offerings to Odin for martial
success, just as in the offerings to Frey for a fruitful year the hog
was the chosen animal. I venture, therefore, to suggest that
_hodening_ (or probably _Odening_) is a relic of the Scandinavian
mythology of our forefathers."

Brand says: "It has been satisfactorily shown that the _Mari Lhoyd_,
or horse's skull decked with ribbons, which used to be carried about
at Christmas in Wales, was not exclusively a Welsh custom, but was
known and practised in the border counties. It was undoubtedly a form
of the old English Hobby Horse, one universally prevalent as a popular
sport, and conducted, as the readers of Strutt, Douce, and others are
already well aware, with all kinds of grotesque and whimsical
mummery."




CHAPTER XVI

     Curious Gambling Customs in Church--Boon granted--Sheaf of
     Corn for the Birds--Crowning of the Cock--"The Lord Mayor of
     Pennyless Cove"--"Letting in Yule"--Guisards--Christmas in
     the Highlands--Christmas in Shetland--Christmas in Ireland.


In 1570 was published "The Popish Kingdome, or, Reigne of Antichrist,
written in Latin Verse by Thomas Naogeorgus (Kirchmayer) and englished
by Barnabe Googe," and in it we have some curious Christmas customs
and folk-lore.

     Then comes the day wherein the Lorde did bring his birth to passe;
     Whereas at midnight up they rise, and every man to Masse.
     This time so holy counted is, that divers earnestly
     Do thinke the waters all to wine are chaunged sodainly;
     In that same houre that Christ himselfe was borne, and came to light,
     And unto water streight againe transformde and altred quight.
     There are beside that mindfully the money still do watch,
     That first to aultar commes, which then they privily do snatch.
     The priestes, least other should it have, takes oft the same away,
     Whereby they thinke, throughout the yeare to have good lucke in play,
     And not to lose: then straight at game till day-light do they strive,
     To make some present proofe how well their hallowde pence wil thrive.
     Three Masses every priest doth sing upon that solemne day,
     With offrings unto every one, that so the more may play.
     This done, a woodden child in clowtes is on the aultar set,
     About the which both boyes and gyrles do daunce and trymly jet,
     And Carrols sing in prayse of Christ, and, for to helpe them heare,
     The organs aunswere every verse with sweete and solemne cheere.
     The priestes doe rore aloude; and round about the parentes stande,
     To see the sport, and with their voyce do helpe them and their hande.

Another old Christmas belief may be found in the _Golden Legend_,
printed by Wynkyn de Worde, where it is said, "that what persone
beynge in clene lyfe desyre on thys daye (_Christmas_) a boone of God:
as ferre as it is ryghtfull and good for hym, our lorde at reuerence
of thys blessid and hye feste of his natiuite wol graunt it to hym."

Most English Christmas customs, save the Christmas Tree, cards, and
the stocking hung up to receive gifts, are old, but one of the
prettiest modern ones that I know of was started by the Rev. J.
Kenworthy, Rector of Ackworth, in Yorkshire, about forty years since,
of hanging a sheaf of corn outside the church porch, on Christmas eve,
for the special benefit of the birds. It seems a pity that it is not
universally practised in rural parishes.

To be spoken of in the past tense also are, I fear, the Christ-tide
customs of Wales--the _Mari Lhoyd_, or _Lwyd_, answering to the
Kentish _Hodening_, and the _Pulgen_, or the Crowning of the Cock,
which was a simple religious ceremony. About three o'clock on
Christmas morning the Welsh in many parts used to assemble in church,
and, after prayers and a sermon, continue there singing psalms and
hymns with great devotion till it was daylight; and if, through age or
infirmity, any were disabled from attending, they never failed having
prayers at home and carols on our Saviour's nativity.

At Tenby it was customary at four o'clock on Christmas morning for
the young men of the town to escort the rector with lighted torches
from his residence to the church. Sometimes also, before or after
Christmas day, the fishermen of Tenby dressed up one of their number,
whom they called the "Lord Mayor of Pennyless Cove," with a covering
of evergreens and a mask over his face; they would then carry him
about, seated in a chair, with flags flying, and a couple of violins
playing before him. Before every house the "Lord Mayor" would address
the occupants, wishing them a merry Christmas and a happy New Year. If
his good wishes were responded to with money his followers gave three
cheers, the masquer would himself give thanks, and the crowd again
cheered.

In Scotland, Christ-tide is not observed as much as in England, the
Scotch reserving all their festive energy for the New Year. Yet, in
some parts of Scotland, he who first opens the door on Yule day is
esteemed more fortunate during the coming year than the remainder of
the family, because he "lets in Yule." And Yule is treated as a real
person, as some people set a table or chair, covered with a clean
cloth, in the doorway, and set upon it bread and cheese for Yule. It
is common also to have a table covered in the house from morning till
night with bread and drink upon it, that every one who calls may take
a portion, and it is considered particularly inauspicious if any one
comes into a house and leaves it without doing so. However many be the
callers during the day, all must partake of the good cheer.

In Chambers's _Popular Rhymes_ (ed. 1870, p. 169), it is said that the
doings of the guisards (masquers) form a conspicuous feature in the
New Year proceedings throughout Scotland. The evenings on which these
persons are understood to be privileged to appear are those of
Christmas, Hogmanay, New Year's day, and Handsel Monday. Dressed in
quaint and fantastic attire, they sing a selection of songs which have
been practised by them some weeks before. There were important doings,
however--one of a theatrical character. There is one rude and
grotesque drama (called Galatian) which they are accustomed to perform
on each of the four above-mentioned nights; and which, in various
fragments or versions, exists in every part of Lowland Scotland. The
performers, who are never less than three, but sometimes as many as
six, having dressed themselves, proceed in a band from house to house,
generally contenting themselves with the kitchen as an arena, whither,
in mansions presided over by the spirit of good humour, the whole
family will resort to witness the scene of mirth.

Grant, in his _Popular Superstitions of the Highlands_, says that as
soon as the brightening glow of the eastern sky warns the anxious
housemaid of the approach of Christmas day, she rises, full of anxiety
at the prospect of her morning labours. The meal, which was steeped in
the _sowans bowie_ a fortnight ago to make the _Prechdacdan sour_, or
_sour scones_, is the first object of her attention. The gridiron is
put on the fire, and the sour scones are soon followed by hard cakes,
soft cakes, buttered cakes, bannocks, and _pannich perm_. The baking
being once over, the sowans pot succeeds the gridiron, full of new
sowans, which are to be given to the family, agreeably to custom, this
day in their beds. The sowans are boiled into the consistency of
molasses, when the _lagan-le-vrich_, or yeast bread, to distinguish it
from boiled sowans, is ready. It is then poured into as many bickers
as there are individuals to partake of it, and presently served to the
whole, both old and young. As soon as each despatches his bicker, he
jumps out of bed--the elder branches to examine the ominous signs of
the day, and the younger to enter into its amusements.

Flocking to the swing--a favourite amusement on this occasion, the
youngest of the family gets the first "shouder," and the next oldest
to him, in regular succession. In order to add more to the spirit of
the exercise, it is a common practice with the person in the swing,
and the person appointed to swing him, to enter into a very warm and
humorous altercation. As the swung person approaches the swinger, he
exclaims, "_Ei mi tu chal_"--"I'll eat your kail." To this the swinger
replies, with a violent shove, "_Cha ni u mu chal_"--"You shan't eat
my kail." These threats and repulses are sometimes carried to such a
height as to break down or capsize the threatener, which generally
puts an end to the quarrel.

As the day advances those minor amusements are terminated at the
report of the gun, or the rattle of the ball-clubs--the gun inviting
the marksmen to the _Kiavamuchd_, or prize-shooting, and the latter to
_Luchd-vouil_, or the ball combatants--both the principal sports of
the day. Tired at length of the active amusements of the field, they
exchange them for the substantial entertainment of the table. Groaning
under the "_Sonsy Haggis_" and many other savoury dainties, unseen for
twelve months before, the relish communicated to the company by the
appearance of the festive board is more easily conceived than
described. The dinner once despatched, the flowing bowl succeeds, and
the sparkling glass flies to and fro like a weaver's shuttle. The rest
of the day is spent in dancing and games.

An old Shetlander, telling about Yule-time in Shetland[64] in his
boyhood, says: "I daresay Yule--the dear Yule I remember so well--will
ere long be known and spoken of only as a tradition; for, altogether,
life in those islands is now very different from what it was some
fifty or sixty years ago." Yule, it seems, was then kept on old
Christmas day, and great were the preparations made for it. Everybody
had to have a new suit of clothes for the season, and the day began
with a breakfast at nine--a veritable feast of fat things; and "before
we rise from the table, we have yet to partake of the crowning glory
of a Yule breakfast, and without which we should not look upon it as a
Yule breakfast at all. From the sideboard are now brought and set
before our host a large china punch-bowl, kept expressly for the
purpose; a salver, with very ancient, curiously-shaped large
glasses--also kept sacred to the occasion--and a cake-basket heaped
with rich, crisp shortbread. The bowl contains _whipcol_, the
venerable and famous Yule breakfast beverage. I do not know the origin
or etymology of the name _whipcol_. I do not think it is to be found
in any of the dictionaries. I do not know if it was a Yule drink of
our Viking ancestors in the days of paganism. I do not know if there
was any truth in the tradition that it was the favourite drink of the
dwellers in Valhalla, gods and heroes, when they kept their high Yule
festival. But this I know, there never was, in the old house, a Yule
breakfast without it. It had come down to us from time immemorial, and
was indissolubly connected with Yule morning. That is all I am able to
say about it, except that I am able to give the constituents of this
luscious beverage, which is not to be confounded with egg-flip. The
yelks of a dozen fresh eggs are whisked for about half an hour with
about a pound of sifted loaf sugar; nearly half a pint of old rum is
added, and then a pint of rich, sweet cream. A bumper of this, tossed
off to many happy returns of Yule day, together with a large square of
shortbread, always rounded up our Yule breakfast."

[Footnote 64: _Chambers' Journal_, Dec. 21, 1881.]

Football was the only game played at, and at this they continued till
3 P.M., when they sat down to a dinner which entirely eclipsed the
breakfast. After tea, there was dancing to the music of a fiddler
until eleven, when a substantial supper was partaken of, then several
glasses of potent punch, before retiring to rest. For a whole week
this feasting and football playing was kept up, and wonderful must
have been the constitutions of the Shetlanders who could stand it.

In Catholic Ireland, as opposed to Presbyterian Scotland, we might
expect a better observance of Christ-tide; and the best account I can
find of Christmas customs in Ireland is to be met with in _Notes and
Queries_ (3rd series, viii. 495).

"Many of what are called 'the good old customs' are not now observed
in the rural districts of Ireland; and I have heard ignorant old men
attribute the falling off to the introduction of railways, the
improvement of agricultural operations, and cattle shows! Amongst some
of the customs that I remember in the south-east of Ireland were the
following:

"A week or two before Christmas landed proprietors would have
slaughtered fine fat bullocks, the greater portion of which would be
distributed to the poor; and farmers holding from ten acres of land
upwards, were sure to kill a good fat pig, fed up for the purpose, for
the household; but the poorer neighbours were also certain of
receiving some portions as presents. When the hay was made up in the
farm yards, which was generally about the time that apples became
ripe, quantities of the fruit would be put in the hayricks, and left
there till Christmas. The apples thus received a fine flavour, no
doubt from the aroma of the new-mown hay. In localities of rivers
frequented by salmon, which came up with the floods of August and
September, the inhabitants used to select the largest fish, pickle
them in vinegar, whole ginger, and other spices, and retain them till
Christmas, when they formed a most delicious dish at the breakfast
table. Large trout were preserved in like manner for the same purpose.
Eggs were collected in large quantities, and were preserved in corn
chaff, after having been first rubbed over with butter. I have eaten
eggs, so preserved, after three or four months and they tasted as
fresh as if only a day old.

"In districts where the farmers were well-to-do, and in hamlets and
villages, young men used to go about fantastically dressed, and with
fifes and drums serenade and salute the inhabitants, for which they
were generally rewarded with eggs, butter, and bacon. These they would
afterwards dispose of for money, and then have a 'batter,' which, as
Dr. Todd, of Trinity College, Dublin, truly says, is a 'drinking
bout.' These bands of itinerant minstrels were called 'Mummers.' They
are not now to be met with. It was usual for people to send presents
to each other, which consisted chiefly of spirits (_potheen_,
home-made whisky), beer, fine flour, geese, turkeys, and hares. A
beverage called 'Mead,' which was extracted from honeycomb, was also a
favourite liquor, and when mixed with a little alcoholic spirit, was
an agreeable drink, but deceitful and seductive, as well as
intoxicating. This used to pass in large quantities amongst
neighbours. 'Christmas cakes' and puddings were extensively made and
sent as presents. The latter were particularly fine, and made with
fine flour, eggs, butter, fruit, and spices. I have never met anything
in cities and large towns to equal them in their way, both as regards
wholesomeness and flavour.

"Of course, the houses were all decorated with holly and ivy, winter
natural flowers, and other emblems of joy. People hardly went to bed
at all on Christmas eve, and the first who announced the crowing of
the Cock, if a male, was rewarded with a cup of tea, in which was
mixed a glass of spirits; if a female, the tea only; but, as a
substitute for the whisky, she was saluted with half a dozen kisses,
which was the greatest compliment that could be paid her. The
Christmas block for the fire, or Yule log, was indispensable. The
last place in which I saw it was the hall of Lord Ward's mansion, near
Downpatrick, in Ireland; and although it was early in the forenoon,
his lordship (then a young man) insisted on my tasting a glass of
whisky, not to break the custom of the country, or the hall. He did
the same himself."




CHAPTER XVII

     Ordinance against out-door Revelry--Marriage of a Lord of
     Misrule--Mummers and Mumming--Country Mummers--Early
     Play--Two modern Plays.


These Christmas revelries were sometimes carried to excess, and needed
curbing with the strong hand of the law, an early instance of which we
find in Letter Book I. of the Corporation of the City of London, fol.
223, 6 Henry V., A.D. 1418.

"The Mair and Aldermen chargen on þe kynges byhalf, and þis Cite, þat
no manere persone, of what astate, degre, or condicoun þat euere he
be, duryng þis holy tyme of Christemes be so hardy in eny wyse to walk
by nyght in eny manere mommyng, pleyes, enterludes, or eny oþer
disgisynges with eny feynyd berdis,[65] peyntid visers, diffourmyd or
colourid visages in eny wyse, up peyne of enprisonement of her bodyes
and makyng fyne after þe discrecioun of þe Mair and Aldremen;
ontake[66] þat hit be leful to eche persone for to be honestly mery as
he can, within his owne hous dwellyng. And more ouere þei charge on þe
Kynges byhalf, and þe Cite, þat eche honest persone, dwellyng in eny
hye strete or lane of þis Citee, hang out of her house eche night,
duryng þis solempne Feste, a lanterne with a candell þer in, to
brenne[67] as long as hit may endure, up[68] peyne to pay ivd, to þe
chaumbre at eche tyme þat hit faillith."

[Footnote 65: False beards.]

[Footnote 66: Except that it shall be.]

[Footnote 67: Burn.]

[Footnote 68: Upon pain of paying.]

And to cite another case, much later in date, the Commissioners for
Causes Ecclesiastical kept strict watch on some of the Christmas
revellers of 1637. They had before them one Saunders, from
Lincolnshire, for carrying revelry too far. Saunders and others, at
Blatherwick, had appointed a Lord of Misrule over their festivities.
This was perfectly lawful, and could not be gainsaid. But they had
resolved that he should have a lady, or Christmas wife; and probably
there would have been no harm in that, if they had not carried the
matter too far. They, however, brought in as bride one Elizabeth
Pitto, daughter of the hog-herd of the town. Saunders received her,
disguised as a parson, wearing a shirt or smock for a surplice. He
then married the Lord of Misrule to the hog-herd's daughter, reading
the whole of the marriage service from the Book of Common Prayer. All
the after ceremonies and customs then in use were observed, and the
affair was carried to its utmost extent. The parties had time to
repent at leisure in prison.

The old English disport of mumming at Christmas is of great
antiquity--so great that its origin is lost. Fosbroke, in his
_Encyclopaedia of Antiquities_ (ed. 1843, ii. 668), says, under the
heading "Mummers: These were amusements derived from the Saturnalia,
and so called from the Danish _mumme_, or Dutch _momme_--disguise in a
mask. Christmas was the grand scene of mumming, and some mummers were
disguised as bears, others like unicorns, bringing presents. Those who
could not procure masks rubbed their faces with soot, or painted them.
In the Christmas mummings the chief aim was to surprise by the oddity
of the masks, and singularity and splendour of the dresses. Everything
was out of nature and propriety. They were often attended with an
exhibition of gorgeous machinery.[69] It was an old custom also to
have mummeries on Twelfth night. They were the common holiday
amusements of young people of both sexes; but by 6 Edward III. the
mummers, or masqueraders, were ordered to be whipped out of London."

[Footnote 69: Fosbroke here seems to have mixed up masquers and
mummers.]

The original mumming was in dumb show, and was sometimes of
considerable proportions, _vide_ one in 1348, where there were "eighty
tunics of buckram, forty-two visors, and a great variety of other
whimsical dresses were provided for the disguising at court at the
Feast of Christmas." A most magnificent mummery or disguising was
exhibited by the citizens of London in 1377, for the amusement of
Richard, Prince of Wales, in which no fewer than 130 persons were
disguised; which, with that in 1401, I have already described. Philip
Stubbes, the Puritan, says: "In 1440, one captain John Gladman, a man
ever true and faithful to God and the King, and constantly sportive,
made public disport with his neighbours at Christmas. He traversed the
town on a horse as gaily caparisoned as himself, preceded by the
twelve months, each dressed in character. After him crept the pale
attenuated figure of Lent, clothed in herring skins, and mounted on a
sorry horse, whose harness was covered with oyster shells. A train,
fantastically garbed, followed. Some were clothed as bears, apes, and
wolves; others were tricked out in armour; a number appeared as
harridans, with blackened faces and tattered clothes, and all kept up
a promiscuous fight. Last of all marched several carts, whereon a
number of fellows, dressed as old fools, sat upon nests, and pretended
to hatch young fools."

We still have our mummers in very many a country village; but the
sport is now confined to the village boys, who, either masked or with
painted faces, ribbons, and other finery (I have known them tricked
out with paper streamers, obtained from a neighbouring paper mill),
act a play(!), and, of course, ask for money at its conclusion. By
some, it is considered that this play originated in the commemoration
of the doughty deeds of the Crusaders.

The earliest of these plays that I can find is in a fifteenth century
MS.--_temp._ Edward IV.--and the characters are the nine worthies:

_Ector de Troye._     Thow Achylles in bataly me slow,
                           Of my worthynes men speken I now.

_Alisander._          And in romaunce often am I leyt,
                           As conqueror gret thow I seyt.

_Julius Caesar._       Thow my cenatoures me slow in c[=o]llory,
                           Fele londes byfore by conquest wan I.

_Josue._              In holy Chyrche 3e mowen here and rede,
                           Of my worthynes and of my dede.

_Dauit._              After y^{t} slayn was Golyas,
                           By me the sawter than made was.

_Judas Macabeus._     Of my wurthynesse 3yf 3e wyll wete,
                           Secke the byble, for ther it is wrete.

_Arthour._            The round tabyll I sette w^{t} Knyghtes strong,
                           Zyt shall I come a3en, thow it be long.

_Charles._            With me dwellyd Rouland Olyvere,
                           In all my conquest fer and nere.

_Godefry de Boleyn._  And I was Kyng of Jherusalem,
                           The crowne of thorn I wan fro hem.

Of the comparatively modern play acted by the mummers space only
enables me to give two examples, although I could give many more. The
first is the simplest, and only requires three principal actors, and
this is still played in Oxfordshire.[70]

[Footnote 70: _Notes and Queries_, 6th series xii. 489.]

_A Knight enters with his sword drawn, and says:_

     Room, room, make room, brave gallants all,
     For me and my brave company!
     Where's the man that dares bid me stand?
     I'll cut him down with my bold hand!

_St. George._  Here's the man that dares bid you stand;
                    He defies your courageous hand!

_The Knight._  Then mind your eye, to guard the blow,
                    And shield your face, and heart also.

(_St. George gets wounded in the combat, and falls._)

     Doctor, Doctor, come here and see,
     St. George is wounded in the knee;
     Doctor, Doctor, play well your part.
     St. George is wounded in the heart!

(_The Doctor enters._)

     I am a Doctor, and a Doctor good,
     And with my hand I'll stop the blood.

_The Knight._  What can you cure, Doctor?

_The Doctor._  I can cure coughs, colds, fevers, gout,
                    Both pains within and aches without;
                    I will bleed him in the thumb.

_St. George._  O! will you so? then I'll get up and run!

_Some more Mummers or Minstrels come in, and they sing the following
stanza, accompanied by the Hurdy Gourdy_:--

     My father, he killed a fine fat hog,
       And that you may plainly see;
     My mother gave me the guts of the hog,
       To make a hurdy gourdy.

_Then they repeat the song in full chorus, and dance._

The other example is far more elaborate, and was read by J.S. Udal,
Esquire, in a paper on Christmas Mummers in Dorsetshire before the
Folk-lore Society, 13th April 1880. He said: "I will now proceed to
give the entire rendering of the first version as it was obtained for
me, some few years ago, by an old Dorsetshire lady, who is now dead,
and in this the _dramatis personae_ are as follow:--

     "OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.
     ROOM.
     ANTHONY, the Egyptian King.
     ST. GEORGE.
     ST. PATRICK.
     CAPTAIN BLUSTER.
     GRACIOUS KING.
     GENERAL VALENTINE.
     COLONEL SPRING.
     OLD BETTY.
     DOCTOR.
     SERVANT-MAN."

_Enter_ OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

     Here comes I, Father Christmas, welcome, or welcome not,
     I hope Old Father Christmas will never be forgot.
     Although it is Old Father Christmas, he has but a short time to stay
     I am come to show you pleasure, and pass the time away.
     I have been far, I have been near,
     And now, I am come to drink a pot of your Christmas beer;
     And, if it is your best,
     I hope, in heaven your soul will rest.
     If it is a pot of your small,
     We cannot show you no Christmas at all.
     Walk in, Room, again I say,
     And, pray, good people, clear the way.
     Walk in, Room.

_Enter_ ROOM.

     God bless you all, Ladies and Gentlemen,
     It's Christmas time, and I am come again.
     My name is Room, one sincere and true,
     A merry Christmas I wish to you.
     King of Egypt is for to display,
     A noble champion without delay.
     St. Patrick too, a charming Irish youth,
     He can fight, or dance, or love a girl with truth.
     A noble Doctor, I do declare, and his surprising tricks, bring up
       the rear.
     And let the Egyptian King straightway appear.

_Enter_ EGYPTIAN KING.

     Here comes I, Anthony, the Egyptian King.
     With whose mighty acts, all round the globe doth ring;
     No other champion but me excels,
     Except St. George, my only son-in-law.
     Indeed, that wondrous Knight, whom I so dearly love,
     Whose mortal deeds the world dost well approve,
     The hero whom no dragon could affright,
     A whole troop of soldiers couldn't stand in sight.
     Walk in, St. George, his warlike ardour to display,
     And show Great Britain's enemies dismay.
     Walk in, St. George.

_Enter_ ST. GEORGE.

     Here am I, St. George, an Englishman so stout,
     With those mighty warriors I long to have a bout;
     No one could ever picture me the many I have slain,
     I long to fight, it's my delight, the battle o'er again.
     Come then, you boasting champions,
     And here, that in war I doth take pleasure,
     I will fight you all, both great and small,
     And slay you at my leisure.
     Come, haste, away, make no delay,
     For I'll give you something you won't like,
     And, like a true-born Englishman,
     I will fight you on my stumps.
     And, now, the world I do defy,
     To injure me before I die.
     So, now, prepare for war, for that is my delight.

_Enter_ ST. PATRICK, _who shakes hands with_ ST. GEORGE.

     My worthy friend, how dost thou fare, St. George?
     Answer, my worthy Knight.

ST. GEORGE.

     I am glad to find thee here;
     In many a fight that I have been in, travelled far and near,
     To find my worthy friend St. Patrick, that man I love so dear.
     Four bold warriors have promised me
     To meet me here this night to fight.
     The challenge did I accept, but they could not me affright.

ST. PATRICK.

     I will always stand by that man that did me first enlarge,
     I thank thee now, in gratitude, my worthy friend, St. Geaerge;
     Thou did'st first deliver me out of this wretched den,
     And now I have my liberty, I thank thee once again.

_Enter_ CAPTAIN BLUSTER.

     I'll give St. George a thrashing, I'll make him sick and sore,
     And, if I further am disposed, I'll thrash a dozen more.

ST. PATRICK.

     Large words, my worthy friend,
     St. George is here,
     And likewise St. Patrick too;
     And he doth scorn such men as you.
     I am the man for thee,
     Therefore, prepare yourself to fight with me;
     Or, else, I'll slay thee instantly.

CAPTAIN BLUSTER.

     Come on, my boy! I'll die before
     I yield to thee, or twenty more.

(_They fight, and_ ST. PATRICK _kills_ CAPTAIN BLUSTER.)

ST. PATRICK.

     Now one of St. George's foes is killed by me,
     Who fought the battle o'er,
     And, now, for the sake of good St. George,
     I'll freely fight a hundred more.

ST. GEORGE.

     No, no, my worthy friend,
     St. George is here,
     I'll fight the other three;
     And, after that, with Christmas beer,
     So merry we will be.

_Enter_ GRACIOUS KING.

     No beer, or brandy, Sir, I want, my courage for to rise,
     I only want to meet St. George, or take him by surprise;
     But I am afraid he never will fight me,
     I wish I could that villain see.

ST. GEORGE.

     Tremble, thou tyrant, for all thy sin that's past,
     Tremble to think that this night will be thy last.
     Thy conquering arms shall quickly by thee lay alone
     And send thee, passing, to eternal doom.
     St. George will make thy armour ring;
     St. George will soon despatch the Gracious King.

GRACIOUS KING.

     I'll die before I yield to thee, or twenty more.

(_They fight_, ST. GEORGE _kills the_ GRACIOUS KING.)

ST. GEORGE.

     He was no match for me, he quickly fell.

_Enter_ GENERAL VALENTINE.

     But I am thy match, and that my sword shall tell,
     Prepare thyself to die, and bid thy friends farewell.
     I long to fight such a brave man as thee,
     For it's a pleasure to fight so manfully
                     (_a line missing._)
     Rations so severe he never so long to receive.
     So cruel! for thy foes are always killed;
     Oh! what a sight of blood St. George has spilled!
     I'll fight St. George the hero here,
     Before I sleep this night.
     Come on, my boy, I'll die before
     I yield to thee, or twenty more.
     St. George, thou and I'll the battle try,
     If thou dost conquer I will die.

(_They fight_, ST. GEORGE _kills the_ GENERAL.)

ST. GEORGE.

     Where now is Colonel Spring? he doth so long delay,
     That hero of renown, I long to show him play.

_Enter_ COLONEL SPRING.

     Holloa! behold me, here am I!
     I'll have thee now prepare,
     And by this arm thou'lt surely die,
     I'll have thee this night, beware.
     So, see, what bloody works thou'st made,
     Thou art a butcher, sir, by trade.
     I'll kill, as thou did'st kill my brother,
     For one good turn deserves another.

(_They fight_, ST. GEORGE _kills the_ COLONEL.)

ST. PATRICK.

Stay thy hand, St. George, and slay no more; for I feel for the wives
and families of those men thou hast slain.

ST. GEORGE.

So am I sorry. I'll freely give any sum of money to a doctor to
restore them again. I have heard talk of a mill to grind old men
young, but I never heard of a doctor to bring dead men to life again.

ST. PATRICK.

There's an Irish doctor, a townsman of mine, who lived next door to
St. Patrick, he can perform wonders. Shall I call him, St. George?

ST. GEORGE.

With all my heart. Please to walk in, Mr. Martin Dennis. It's an ill
wind that blows no good work for the doctor. If you will set these men
on

_Enter_ DOCTOR.

their pins, I'll give thee a hundred pound, and here is the money.

DOCTOR.

So I will, my worthy knight, and then I shall not want for whiskey for
one twelvemonth to come. I am sure, the first man I saw beheaded, I
put his head on the wrong way. I put his mouth where his poll ought to
be, and he's exhibited in a wondering nature.

ST. GEORGE.

Very good answer, Doctor. Tell me the rest of your miracles, and raise
those warriors.

DOCTOR.

I can cure love-sick maidens, jealous husbands, squalling wives,
brandy-drinking dames, with one touch of my triple liquid, or one sly
dose of my Jerusalem balsam, and that will make an old crippled dame
dance the hornpipe, or an old woman of seventy years of age conceive
and bear a twin. And now to convince you all of my exertions,--Rise,
Captain Bluster, Gracious King, General Valentine, and Colonel Spring!
Rise, and go to your father!

(_On the application of the medicine they all rise and retire._)

_Enter_ OLD BET.

     Here comes dame Dorothy,
     A handsome young woman, good morning to ye.
     I am rather fat, but not very tall,
     I'll do my best endeavour to please you all.
     My husband, he is to work, and soon he will return,
     And something for our supper bring,
     And, perhaps, some wood to burn.
     Oh! here he comes!

_Enter_ JAN, _or_ OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

Well! Jan.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

Oh! Dorothy.

OLD BET.

What have you been doing all this long day, Jan?

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

I have been a-hunting, Bet.

OLD BET.

The devil! a-hunting is it? Is that the way to support a wife? Well,
what have you catched to-day, Jan?

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

A fine jack hare, and I intend to have him a-fried for supper; and
here is some wood to dress him.

OLD BET.

Fried! no, Jan, I'll roast it nice.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

I say, I'll have it fried.

OLD BET.

Was there ever such a foolish dish!

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

     No matter for that. I'll have it a-done; and if you don't do as I
       do bid,
     I'll hit you in the head.

OLD BET.

     You may do as you like for all I do care,
     I'll never fry a dry jack hare.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

Oh! you won't, wooll'ee?

(_He strikes her and she falls._)

     Oh! what have I done! I have murdered my wife!
     The joy of my heart, and the pride of my life.
     And out to the gaol I quickly shall be sent.
     In a passion I did it, and no malice meant.
     Is there a doctor that can restore?
     Fifty pounds I'll give him, or twice fifty more.

(_Some one speaks._)

Oh! yes, Uncle Jan, there is a doctor just below, and for God's sake
let him just come in. Walk in, Doctor.

_Enter_ DOCTOR.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

Are you a doctor?

DOCTOR.

Yes, I am a doctor--a doctor of good fame. I have travelled through
Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, and by long practice and experience
I have learned the best of cures for most disorders instant
(_incident?_) to the human body; find nothing difficult in restoring a
limb, or mortification, or an arm being cut off by a sword, or a head
being struck off by a cannon-ball, if application have not been
delayed till it is too late.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

     You are the very man, I plainly see,
     That can restore my poor old wife to me.
     Pray tell me thy lowest fee.

DOCTOR.

     A hundred guineas, I'll have to restore thy wife,
     'Tis no wonder that you could not bring the dead to life.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

That's a large sum of money for a dead wife!

DOCTOR.

Small sum of money to save a man from the gallows. Pray what big stick
is that you have in your hand?

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

That is my hunting pole.

DOCTOR.

Put aside your hunting pole, and get some assistance to help up your
wife.

(OLD BET _is raised up to life again._)

Fal, dal, lal! fal, dal, lal! my wife's alive!

_Enter_ SERVANT MAN _who sings._

     Well met, my brother dear!
     All on the highway
     Sall and I were walking along,
     So I pray, come tell to me
     What calling you might be.
     I'll have you for some serving man.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

     I'll give thee many thanks,
     And I'll quit thee as soon as I can;
     Vain did I know
     Where thee could do so or no,
     For to the pleasure of a servant man.

SERVANT MAN.

     Some servants of pleasure
     Will pass time out of measure,
     With our hares and hounds
     They will make the hills and valleys sound
     That's a pleasure for some servant man.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

     My pleasure is more than for to see my oxen grow fat,
     And see them prove well in their kind,
     A good rick of hay, and a good stack of corn to fill up my barn,
     That's a pleasure of a good honest husband man.

SERVANT MAN.

     Next to church they will go with their livery fine and gay,
     With their cocked-up hat, and gold lace all round,
     And their shirt so white as milk,
     And stitched so fine as silk,
     That's a habit for a servant man.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

     Don't tell I about thee silks and garments that's not fit to
       travel the bushes.
     Let I have on my old leather coat,
     And in my purse a groat,
     And there, that's a habit for a good old husband man.

SERVANT MAN.

     Some servant men doth eat
     The very best of meat,
     A cock, goose, capon, and swan;
     After lords and ladies dine,
     We'll drink strong beer, ale, and wine;
     That's a diet for some servant man.

OLD FATHER CHRISTMAS.

Don't tell I of the cock, goose, or capon, nor swan; let I have a good
rusty piece of bacon, pickled pork, in the house, and a hard crust of
bread and cheese once now and then; that's a diet for a good old
honest husband man.

     So we needs must confess
     That your calling is the best,
     And we will give you the uppermost hand;
     So no more we won't delay,
     But we will pray both night and day,
     God bless the honest husband man. Amen.

[_Exeunt_ OMNES.]




CHAPTER XVIII

     A Christmas jest--Ben Jonson's Masque of Christmas--Milton's
     Masque of Comus--Queen Elizabeth and the Masters of Defence.


This is rather sorry stuff; but then in purely rural places, untouched
by that great civiliser, the railroad, a little wit goes a great way,
as we may see by the following story told in Pasquil's "Jests," 1604.
"There was some time an old knight, who, being disposed to make
himself merry on a Christmas time, sent for many of his tenants and
poore neighbours, with their wives to dinner; when, having made meat
to be set on the table, he would suffer no man to drinke till he that
was master over his wife should sing a carrol; great niceness there
was who should be the musician. Yet with much adoe, looking one upon
another, after a dry hemme or two, a dreaming companion drew out as
much as he durst towards an ill-fashioned ditty. When, having made an
end, to the great comfort of the beholders, at last it came to the
women's table, when, likewise, commandment was given that there should
no drinkes be touched till she that was master over her husband had
sung a Christmas carroll, whereupon they fell all to such a singing
that there never was heard such a catterwauling piece of musicke.
Whereat the knight laughed so heartily that it did him halfe as much
good as a corner of his Christmas pie."

Of Masques I have already written, in describing Royal Christ-tides,
but there is one, a notice of which must not be omitted, Ben Jonson's
Masque of Christmas, as it was presented at Court 1616. The _dramatis
personae_ are:--

CHRISTMAS, attired in round hose, long stockings, a closed doublet, a
high-crowned hat, with a brooch, a long thin beard, a truncheon,
little ruffs, white shoes, his scarfs and garters tied cross, and his
drum beaten before him.

HIS SONS AND DAUGHTERS (ten in number) led in, in a string, by CUPID,
who is attired in a flat cap, and a prentice's coat, with wings at his
shoulders.

MISRULE, in a velvet cap, with a sprig, a short cloak, great yellow
ruff, his torch-bearer bearing a rope, a cheese, and a basket.

CAROL, a long tawney coat, with a red cap, and a flute at his girdle,
his torch-bearer carrying a song-book open.

MINCED PIE, like a fine cook's wife, drest neat; her man carrying a
pie, dish, and spoons.

GAMBOL, like a tumbler, with a hoop and bells; his torch-bearer arm'd
with a colt staff and a binding staff.

POST AND PAIR, with a pair-royal of aces in his hat; his garment all
done over with pairs and purs; his squire carrying a box, cards, and
counters.

NEW YEAR'S GIFT, in a blue coat, serving man like, with an orange, and
a sprig of rosemary gilt, on his head, his hat full of brooches, with
a collar of gingerbread; his torch-bearer carrying a march pane with a
bottle of wine on either arm.

MUMMING, in a masquing pied suit, with a vizard; his torch-bearer
carrying the box, and ringing it.

WASSEL, like a neat sempster and songster; her page bearing a brown
bowl, drest with ribands, and rosemary, before her.

OFFERING, in a short gown, with a porter's staff in his hand, a wyth
borne before him, and a bason, by his torch-bearer.

BABY CAKE (_Twelfth cake_), dressed like a boy, in a fine long coat,
biggin bib, muckender, and a little dagger; his usher bearing a great
cake, with a bean and a pease.

After some dialogue, Christmas introduces his family in the following
song:--

     Now, their intent, is above to present,
       With all the appurtenances,
     A right Christmas, as, of old, it was,
       To be gathered out of the dances.

     Which they do bring, and afore the king,
       The queen, and prince, as it were now
     Drawn here by love; who over and above,
       Doth draw himself in the geer too.

[_Here the drum and fife sounds, and they march about once. In the
second coming up_, Christmas _proceeds to his_ Song.]

     Hum drum, sauce for a coney;
       No more of your martial music;
     Even for the sake o' the next new stake,
       For there I do mean to use it.

     And now to ye, who in place are to see
       With roll and farthingale hooped;
     I pray you know, though he want his bow,
       By the wings, that this is CUPID.

     He might go back, for to cry _What you lack?_
       But that were not so witty:
     His cap and coat are enough to note,
       That he is the Love o' the City.

     And he leads on, though he now be gone,
       For that was only his rule:
     But now comes in, Tom of Bosom's-Inn,
       And he presenteth MIS-RULE.

     Which you may know, by the very show,
       Albeit you never ask it:
     For there you may see, what his ensigns be,
       The rope, the cheese, and the basket.

     This CAROL plays, and has been in his days
       A chirping boy, and a kill-pot.
     Kit cobler it is, I'm a father of his,
       And he dwells in the lane called Fill-pot.

     But, who is this? O, my daughter Cis,
       MINCED PIE; with her do not dally
     On pain o' your life; she's an honest cook's wife,
       And comes out of Scalding-alley.

     Next in the trace, comes GAMBOL in place;
       And to make my tale the shorter,
     My son Hercules, tane out of Distaff lane,
       But an active man and a porter.

     Now, POST AND PAIR, old Christmas's heir,
       Doth make and a gingling sally;
     And wot you who, 'tis one of my two
       Sons, card makers in Pur-alley.

     Next, in a trice, with his box and his dice,
       Mac' pipin my son, but younger,
     Brings MUMMING in; and the knave will win
       For he is a costermonger.

     But NEW YEAR'S GIFT, of himself makes shift
       To tell you what his name is;
     With orange on head, and his gingerbread,
       Clem Waspe of Honey lane 'tis.

     This, I you tell, is our jolly WASSEL,
       And for Twelfth night more meet too;
     She works by the ell, and her name is Nell,
       And she dwells in Threadneedle street too.

     Then OFFERING, he, with his dish and his tree,
       That in every great house keepeth,
     Is by my son, young Little-worth, done,
       And in Penny-rich street he sleepeth.

     Last BABY CAKE, that an end doth make
       Of Christmas merry, merry vein-a,
     Is child Rowlan, and a straight young man,
       Though he comes out of Crooked lane-a.

     There should have been, and a dozen, I ween,
       But I could find but one more
     Child of Christmas, and a LOG it was,
       When I had them all gone o'er.

     I prayed him, in a tune so trim,
       That he would make one to prance it:
     And I myself would have been the twelfth,
       O! but LOG was too heavy to dance it.

Nor must we forget a Masque by Milton, "Comus, a Masque, at Ludlow
Castle, 1634," in which appeared the Lord Brockley, Mr. Thomas
Egerton, his brother, and the Lady Alice Egerton.

But all Christmas sports were not so gentle as was the Masque, as the
following account of the Virgin Queen's amusements shows us. Amongst
the original letters preserved by the descendants of Sir John Kytson,
of Hengrave Hall, is one addressed by Christopher Playter to Mr.
Kytson, in 1572, which contains the following: "At Chris-time here
were certayne ma^{rs} of defence, that did challenge all comers at all
weapons, as long sworde, staff, sword and buckler, rapier with the
dagger: and here was many broken heads, and one of the ma^{rs} of
defence dyed upon the hurt which he received on his head. The
challenge was before the quenes Ma^{tie}, who seemes to have pleasure
therein; for when some of them would have sollen a broken pate, her
Majesty bade him not to be ashamed to put off his cap, and the blood
was spied to run about his face. There was also at the corte new
plays, w^{h} lasted almost all night. The name of the play was huff,
suff, and ruff, with other masks both of ladies and gents."




CHAPTER XIX

     The Lord of Misrule--The "Emperor" and "King" at
     Oxford--Dignity of the Office--Its abolition in the City of
     London--The functions of a Lord of Misrule--Christmas at the
     Temple--A grand Christmas there.


We have seen in the account of historic Christ-tides how a Lord of
Misrule was nominated to amuse Edward VI., and with what honour he was
received at the Mansion house. The popular idea of the Lord of Misrule
is that he was a buffoon; but this is far from being the case. Warton
says that, in an original draught of the Statutes of Trinity College,
Cambridge, founded in 1546, one of the chapters is entitled "De
Praefecto Ludorum, qui IMPERATOR dicitur." And it was ordered, as
defining the office of "Emperor," that one of the Masters of Arts
should be placed over the juniors every Christmas for the regulation
of their games and diversions at that season. His sovereignty was to
last during the twelve days of Christmas, and also on Candlemas day,
and his fee was forty shillings. Warton also found a disbursement in
an audit book of Trinity Coll. Oxon. for 1559. "Pro prandio _Principis
Natalicii_."

Anthony a Wood, in his _Athenae_, speaking of the "Christmas Prince of
St. John's College, whom the Juniors have annually, for the most part,
elected from the first foundation of that College," says: "The custom
was not only observed in that College, but in several other Houses,
particularly in Merton College, where, from the first foundation, the
fellows annually elected, about St. Edmund's Day, in November, a
Christmas Lord, or Lord of Misrule, styled in the Registers _Rex
Fabarum_, and _Rex Regni Fabarum_: which custom continued till the
Reformation of Religion, and then that producing Puritanism, and
Puritanism Presbytery, the possession of it looked upon such laudable
and ingenious customs as popish, diabolical, and anti-Christian."

The office was one of dignity, as we may see by Henry Machyn's diary,
1551-52: "The iiij day of Januarii was made a grett skaffold in chepe,
hard by the crosse, agaynst the kynges lord of myssrule cummyng from
Grenwyche and (he) landyd at Toure warff, and with hym yonge knyghts
and gentyllmen a gret nombur on hosse bake sum in gownes and cotes and
chaynes abowt ther nekes, and on the Toure hyll ther they went in
order, furst a standard of yelow and grene sylke with Saint George,
and then gounes and skuybes (squibs) and trompets and bagespypes, and
drousselars and flutes, and then a gret company all in yelow and gren,
and docturs declaryng my lord grett, and then the mores danse, dansyng
with a tabret," etc.

But so popular were these Lords of Misrule that every nobleman and
person of position had one. Henry Percy, fifth Earl of Northumberland,
had one certainly in 1512, whose fee was 30s. Nor did Sir Thomas More,
when attached to the household of Cardinal Morton, object to "stepp in
among the players." That they were usual adjuncts to great houses is
evidenced by an extract from Churchyard's _Lamentacion of
Freyndshypp_, a ballad printed about 1565:--

     Men are so used these dayes wyth wordes,
     They take them but for jestes and boordes,
     That _Christmas Lordes_ were wont to speke.

Stow tells us that, by an Act of Common Council, 12, Philip and Mary,
for retrenching expenses, among other things it was ordered that the
Lord Mayor or Sheriffs shall not keep any Lord of Misrule in any of
their houses. But it still seems to have been customary for Sheriffs,
at least, to have them, for Richard Evelyn, Esq. (father of the
diarist), who kept his Shrievalty of Surrey and Sussex in 1634, in a
most splendid manner, did not forego his Lord of Misrule, as the
following shows:--

     "Articles made and appoynted by the Right Wo^{ll} Richard
     Evelyn Esq., High Sheriffe and Deputie Leavetenaunt to the
     Kinge's Ma^{tie} for the Counties of Surrey and Sussex.

"IMPRIMIS. I give free leave to Owen Flood my Trumpeter, gent. to be
Lo^{d} of Misrule of all good Orders during the twelve dayes. And also
I give free leave to the said Owen Flood to co[=m]and all and every
person whatsoev^{r}, as well servants as others, to be at his
co[=m]and whensoev^{r} he shall sound his Trumpett or Musick, and to
do him good service as though I were present my selfe at their
perills.

"His Lo^{pp} commaunds every person or persons whatsoev^{r} to appeare
at the Hall at seaven of the Clocke in the morninge, to be at prayers,
and afterwards to be at his Lo^{pps} commaunds, upon paine of
punishment, accordinge as his Lo^{pp} shall thinke fitt.

"If any person shall sware any oath w^{th}in the precinct of the ...
shall suffer punishment at his Lo^{pps} pleasure.

"If any man shall come into the Hall, and sett at dinner or supper
more than once, he shall endure punishment at his Lo^{pps} pleasure.

"If any man shal bee drunke, or drinke more than is fitt, or offer to
sleepe during the time abovesaid, or do not drinke up his bowle of
beere, but flings away his snuffe (that is to say) the second draught,
he shall drinke two, and afterwards be excluded.

"If any man shall quarrell, or give any ill language to any person
duringe the abovesaid twelve dayes w^{th}in the gates or precinct
thereof, he is in danger of his Lo^{pps} displeasure.

"If any person shall come into the kitchen whiles meate is a
dressinge, to molest the cookes, he shall suffer the rigor of his
Lo^{pps} law.

"If any man shall kisse any maid, widdow or wife, except to bid
welcome or farewell, w^{th}out his Lo^{pps} consent, he shall have
punishment as his Lo^{pp} shall thinke convenient.

"The last article: I give full power and authoritie to his Lo^{pp} to
breake up all lockes, bolts, barres, doores, and latches, and to
flinge up all doores out of hendges to come at those whoe presume to
disobey his Lo^{pps} commaunds.

     "God save the King."

These somewhat whimsical articles of agreement were evidently intended
to prevent mirth relapsing into licence, which, unfortunately, was too
often the case, especially with the Lord of Misrule or Prince of Love,
who directed the revels of the law students. Gerard Legh, in _The
Accidens of Armory_, 1562, says that Christmas was inaugurated with
"the shot of double cannon, in so great a number, and so terrible,
that it darkened the whole air," and meeting "an honest citizen,
clothed in a long garment," he asked him its meaning, "who friendly
answered, 'It is,' quoth he, 'a warning to the Constable Marshall of
the Inner Temple to prepare the dinner.'"

Sir William Dugdale, in _Origines Juridiciales_ (ed. 1666, p. 163,
etc.), gives us the following account of a grand Christmas in the
Inner Temple, "extracted out of the Accompts of the House":--

"First, it hath been the duty of the Steward to provide five fat
Brawns, Vessells, Wood, and other necessaries belonging to the
Kitchin: As also all manner of Spices, Flesh, Fowl, and other Cates
for the Kitchin.

"The Office of the Chief Butler to provide a rich Cupboard of Plate,
Silver and Parcel gilt; Seaven dozen of Silver and gilt Spoons; Twelve
fair Salt-cellars, likewise Silver and gilt; Twenty Candlesticks of
the like.

"Twelve fine large Table Cloths of Damask and Diaper. Twenty dozen of
Napkins suitable, at the least. Three dozen of fair large Towells;
whereof the Gentlemen Servers and Butlers of the House to have, every
of them, one at meal times, during their attendance. Likewise to
provide Carving Knives: Twenty dozen of white Cups and green Potts; a
Carving Table; Torches; Bread; Beer, and Ale. And the chief of the
Butlers was to give attendance on the highest Table in the Hall, with
Wine, Ale, and Beer; and all the other Butlers to attend at the other
Tables in like sort.

"The Cupboard of Plate is to remain in the Hall on _Christmass_ day,
_St. Stephan's_ day, and _New Year's_ day. Upon the Banquetting night
it was removed into the Buttry; which, in all respects, was very
laudably performed.

"The Office of the Constable Marshall to provide for his imployment, a
fair gilt compleat Harneys, with a nest of Fethers in the Helm; a
fair Poleaxe to bear in his hand, to be chevalrously ordered on
_Christmass_ day, and other days, as, afterwards, is shewed: touching
the ordering and setling of all which ceremonies, during the said
_grand Christmass_, a solempn consultation was held at their
Parliament in this House, in form following:--

"First, at the Parliament kept in their Parliament Chamber of this
House, on the even at night of _St. Thomas_ the Apostle, Officers are
to attend, according as they had been, long before that time, at a
former Parliament named and elected to undergo several offices for
this time of solempnity, honour, and pleasance: Of which Officers,
these are the most eminent; namely the _Steward_, _Marshall_,
_Constable Marshall_, _Butler_, and _Master of the Game_. These
Officers are made known, and elected in _Trinity Term_ next before;
and to have knowledg thereof by Letters, if in the Country, to the end
that they may prepare themselves against _All Hallow-tide_; that, if
such nominated Officers happen to fail, others may then be chosen in
their rooms. The other Officers are appointed at other times neerer
_Christmass_ day.

"If the Steward, or any of the said Officers named in _Trinity Term_,
refuse, or fail, he, or they, were fined, every one, at the discretion
of the Bench; and the Officers aforenamed agreed upon. And at such a
Parliament, if it be fully resolved to proceed with such a _grand
Christmass_, then the two youngest Butlers must light two Torches, and
go before the Bench to the Upper end of the Hall; who, being set down,
the ancientest Bencher delivereth a Speech, briefly to the whole
society of gentlemen then present, touching their Consent, as afore;
which ended, the eldest Butler is to publish all the Officers names,
appointed in Parliament; and then in token of joy and good liking, the
Bench and Company pass beneath the Harth, and sing a Carol, and so to
Boyer (drink).

[Sidenote: _Christmas Eve._]

"The _Marshall_ at Dinner is to place at the highest Table's end, and
next to the Library, all on one side thereof, the most ancient persons
in the Company present: the Dean of the Chapell next to him; then an
Antient, or Bencher, beneath him. At the other end of the Table, the
Server, Cup-bearer and Carver. At the upper end of the Bench Table,
the King's Serjeant and Chief Butler: and, when the Steward hath
served in, and set on the Table, the first Mess, then he, also, is to
sit down.

"Also, at the upper end of the other Table, on the other side of the
Hall, are to be placed the three Masters of the Revells; and at the
lower end of the Bench Table, are to sit, the King's Attorney, the
Ranger of the Forest, and the Master of the Game. And, at the lower
end of the Table, on the other side of the Hall, the fourth Master of
the Revells, the Common Sergeant, and Constable Marshall. And, at the
upper end of the Utter Barister's Table, the Marshall sitteth, when he
hath served in the first Mess: The Clark of the Kitchin, also, and the
Clark of the Sowce-tub, when they have done their offices in the
Kitchin, sit down. And, at the upper end of the Clark's Table, the
Lieutenant of the Tower, and the attendant to the Buttry are placed.

"At these two Tables last rehersed, the persons there, may sit on both
sides of the Table: but, of the other three Tables, all are to sit
upon one side. And then, the Butlers, or Christmas servants, are first
to cover the Tables with fair linnen Table-Cloths; and furnish them
with Salt-cellars, Napkins and Trenchers, and a Silver Spoon. And
then, the Butlers of the House must place at the Salt-cellar, at every
the said first three highest Tables, a stock of Trenchers, and Bread:
and, at the other Tables, Bread only, without Trenchers.

"At the first Course the Minstrells must sound their Instruments, and
go before; and the Steward and Marshall are, next, to follow together;
and, after them, the Gentlemen Server; and, then, cometh the meat.
Those three Officers are to make, altogether, three solempn Curtesies,
at three several times, between the Skreen and the upper Table;
beginning with the first, at the end of the Bencher's table; the
second at the midst; and the third at the other end; and then,
standing by, the Server performeth his Office.

"When the first Table is set and served, the Steward's Table is next
to be served. After him, the Master's table of the Revells; then that
of the Master of the Game, the High Constable-Marshall: Then the
Lieutenant of the Tower; then the Utter Barister's table; and lastly,
the Clerk's table. All which time the Musick must stand right above
the Harthside, with the noise of their Musick, their faces direct
towards the highest Table: and, that done, to return into the Buttry,
with their Musick sounding.

"At the second course, every Table is to be served, as at the first
Course, in every respect, which performed, the Servitors and Musicians
are to resort to the place assigned them to dine at; which is the
Valect's, or Yeoman's Table, beneath the Skreen. Dinner ended, the
Musicians prepare to sing a Song, at the highest Table; which ceremony
accomplished, then the Officers are to address themselves, every one
in his office, to avoid the Tables in fair and decent manner, they
beginning at the Clerk's Table; thence proceed to the next; and thence
to all the others, till the highest Table be solempnly avoided.

"Then, after a little repose, the persons at the highest Table arise,
and prepare to Revells: in which time, the Butlers and other Servitors
with them, are to dine in the Library.

"At both the dores in the Hall, are Porters to view the Comers in and
out at meal times: To each of them is allowed a Cast of Bread and a
Candle nightly, after Supper.

"At night, before Supper, are Revells and Dancing; and so also after
Supper, during the twelve days of Christmass. The antientest Master of
the Revells is, after Dinner and Supper, to sing a Caroll, or Song;
and command other Gentlemen then there present, to sing with him and
the Company, and so it is very decently performed.

"A Repast at Dinner is viii^{d.}

[Sidenote: _Christmass day._]

"Service in the Church ended, the Gentlemen presently repair into the
Hall, to Breakfast, with Brawn, Mustard, and Malmsey.

"At Dinner, the Butler appointed for the _grand Christmass_, is to see
the Tables covered and furnished: and the ordinary Butlers of the
House are decently to set Bread, Napkins, and Trenchers in good form,
at every Table; with Spoones and Knives.

"At the first Course is served in, a fair and large Bore's head, upon
a Silver Platter, with Minstralsye. Two Gentlemen in Gownes are to
attend at Supper, and to bear two fair Torches of Wax, next before the
Musicians and Trumpeters, and stand above the Fire with the Musick,
till the first Course be served in, through the Hall. Which performed,
they, with the Musick, are to return to the Buttry. The like course is
to be observed in all things, during the time of Christmass. The like
at Supper.

"At Service time this Evening, the two youngest Butlers are to bear
Torches in the Genealogia. A Repast at Dinner is xii^{d.} which
Strangers of worth are admitted to take in the Hall; and such are to
be placed at the discretion of the Marshall.

[Sidenote: _St. Stephan's day._]

"The Butler appointed for Christmass is to see the Tables covered, and
furnished with Salt-cellars, Napkins, Bread, Trenchers and Spoones.
Young gentlemen of the House are to attend and serve till the latter
Dinner, and then dine themselves.

"This day, the Server, Carver and Cup-bearer are to serve, as afore.
After the first Course served in, the Constable Marshall cometh into
the Hall, arrayed with a fair, rich, compleat Harneys, white and
bright, and gilt; with a Nest of Fethers of all Colours upon his Crest
or Helm, and a gilt Poleaxe in his hand: to whom is associate the
Lieutenant of the Tower, armed with a fair white Armour, a Nest of
Fethers in his Helm, and a like Poleaxe in his hand; and with them
sixteen Trumpetters; four Drums and Fifes going in rank before them:
and, with them, attendeth four men in white Harneys, from the middle
upwards, and Halberds in their hands, bearing on their shoulders the
Tower; which persons, with the Drums, Trumpets and Musick, go three
times about the Fire. Then the Constable Marshall, after two or three
Curtesies made, kneeleth down before the Lord Chancellor; behind him
the Lieutenant; and they kneeling, the Constable Marshall pronounceth
an Oration of a quarter of an hour's length, thereby declaring the
purpose of his coming; and that his purpose is, to be admitted into
his Lordship's service.

"The Lord Chancellor saith, He will take farther advice thereon.

"Then the Constable Marshall, standing up, in submissive manner,
delivereth his naked Sword to the Steward, who giveth it to the Lord
Chancellour: and, thereupon, the Lord Chancellour willeth the Marshall
to place the Constable Marshall in his Seat; and so he doth, with the
Lieutenant, also, in his Seat or Place. During this ceremony, the
Tower is placed beneath the fire.

"Then cometh in the Master of the Game apparalled in green Velvet: and
the Ranger of the Forest also, in a green suit of Satten; bearing in
his hand a green Bow, and divers Arrows; with, either of them, a
Hunting Horn about their Necks; blowing together three blasts of
Venery, they pace round about the fire three times. Then the Master of
the Game maketh three Curtesies, as aforesaid; and kneeleth down
before the Lord Chancellour, declaring the cause of his coming, and
desireth to be admitted into his service, &c. All this time, the
Ranger of the Forest standeth directly behind him. Then the Master of
the Game standeth up.

"This ceremony also performed, a Huntsman cometh into the Hall, with a
Fox and a Purse-net; with a Cat, both bound at the end of a staff;
and, with them, nine or ten Couple of Hounds, with the blowing of
Hunting Hornes. And the Fox and Cat are, by the Hounds, set upon, and
killed beneath the Fire. This sport finished, the Marshall placeth
them in their several appointed places.

"Then proceedeth the second Course; which done, and served out, the
Common Serjeant delivereth a plausible Speech to the Lord Chancellour,
and his Company, at the highest Table, how necessary a thing it is to
have Officers at this present; the Constable Marshall, and Master of
the Game, for the better honour and reputation of the Common-Wealth;
and wisheth them to be received, &c.

"Then the King's Serjeant at Law declareth and inferreth the
necessity; which heard, the Lord Chancellour desireth respite of
farther advice. Then the antientist of the Masters of the Revells
singeth a Song, with assistance of others there present.

"At Supper, the Hall is to be served with all solempnity, as upon
Christmass day, both the first and second Course to the highest
Table. Supper ended, the Constable Marshall presenteth himself with
Drums afore him, mounted upon a Scaffold, borne by four men; and goeth
three times round about the Harthe, crying out aloud, _A Lord, A
Lord_, &c. Then he descendeth and goeth to dance, &c., and, after, he
calleth his Court, every one by name, one by one, in this Manner:--

     "_Sir Francis Flatterer_, of FOWLESHURST, in the County of
     BUCKINGHAM.

     _Sir Randle Backbite_, of RASCALL HALL, in the County of RAKE
     HELL.

     _Sir Morgan Mumchance_, of MUCH MONKERY, in the County of MAD
     MOPERY.

     _Sir Bartholomew Baldbreech_, of BUTTOCKSBURY, in the County
     of BREKE NECK.

"This done, the Lord of Misrule addresseth himself to the Banquet:
which ended with some Minstralsye, mirth and dancing, every man
departeth to rest.

"At every Mess is a pot of Wine allowed. Every Repast is vi^{d.}

[Sidenote: _St. John's day._]

"About Seaven of the Clock in the Morning, the Lord of Misrule is
abroad, and, if he lack any Officer or Attendant, he repaireth to
their Chambers, and compelleth them to attend in person upon him after
Service in the Church, to breakfast, with Brawn, Mustard and Malmsey.
After Breakfast ended, his Lordship's power is in suspence, untill his
personal presence at night; and then his power is most potent.

"At Dinner and Supper is observed the Diet and service performed on
_St. Stephan's_ day. After the second Course served in, the King's
Serjeant, Oratour like, declareth the disorder of the Constable
Marshall, and of the Common Serjeant; which complaint is answered by
the Common Serjeant, who defendeth himself and the Constable Marshall
with words of great efficacy: Hereto the King's Serjeant replyeth.
They rejoyn &c., and whoso is found faulty, committed to the Tower &c.

"If any Officer be absent at Dinner or Supper Times; if it be
complained of, he that sitteth in his place is adjudged to have like
punishment, as the Officer should have had, being present: and then,
withall, he is enjoyned to supply the Office of the true absent
Officer, in all points. If any offendor escape from the Lieutenant,
into the Buttery, and bring into the Hall a Manchet upon the point of
a knife, he is pardoned. For the Buttry, in that case, is a Sanctuary.
After Cheese served to the Table, not any is commanded to sing.

[Sidenote: _Childermass day._]

"In the Morning, as afore, on Monday, the Hall is served; saving that
the Server, Carver and Cup bearer do not attend any service. Also like
Ceremony at Supper.

[Sidenote: _Wednsday._]

"In the Morning no Breakfast at all; but like service as afore is
mentioned, both at Dinner and Supper.

[Sidenote: _Thursday._]

"At Breakfast, Brawn, Mustard and Malmsey. At Dinner, Roast Beef,
Venison-Pasties, with like solempnities as afore. And at Supper,
Mutton and Hens roasted.

[Sidenote: _New Year's day._]

"In the Morning, Breakfast, as formerly. At Dinner like solempnity as
on Christmass Eve.

"_The Banquetting Night._

"It is proper to the Butler's Office to give warning to every House of
Court, of this Banquet; to the end that they, and the Innes of
Chancery be invited thereto, to see a Play and Mask. The Hall is to be
furnished with Scaffolds to sit on, for Ladies to behold the Sports,
on each side. Which ended, the Ladies are to be brought into the
Library, unto the Banquet there; and a Table is to be covered and
furnished with all Banquetting Dishes, for the Lord Chancellour, in
the Hall; where he is to call to him the Ancients of other Houses, as
many as may be on the one side of the Table. The Banquet is to be
served in, by Gentlemen of the House.

"The Marshall and Steward are to come before the Lord Chancellour's
Mess. The Butlers for Christmas must serve Wine; and the Butlers of
the House, Beer and Ale &c. When the Banquet is ended, then cometh
into the Hall, the Constable Marshall, fairly mounted on his Mule;
and deviseth some sport, for passing away the rest of the night.

[Sidenote: _Twelf Day._]

"At Breakfast, Brawn, Mustard and Malmsey, after Morning Prayer ended:
And, at Dinner, the Hall is to be served as upon _St. John's_ Day."




CHAPTER XX

     A riotous Lord of Misrule at the Temple--Stubbes on Lords of
     Misrule--The Bishops ditto--Mumming at Norwich,
     1440--Dancing at the Inns of Court--Dancing at
     Christmas--The Cushion Dance.


The high spirits of the "Temple Sparks" occasionally led them to
licence, as the author of _The Reign of King Charles_ (1655) tells us
was the case in 1627. "That Christmas the Temple Sparks had enstalled
a Lieutenant, which we country folk call a Lord of Misrule. The
Lieutenant had, on Twelfth eve, late in the night, sent out to collect
his rents in Ramme Alley and Fleet Street, limiting five shillings to
every house. At every door they winded their Temple horn, and if it
procured not entrance at the second blast or summons, the word of
command was then 'Give fire, gunner.' This gunner was a robustious
Vulcan, and his engine a mighty smith's hammer. The next morning the
Lord Mayor of London was made acquainted therewith, and promised to be
with them next night; commanding all that ward, and also the watch, to
attend him with their halberds. At the hour prefixt, the Lord Mayor
and his train marched up in martial equipage to Ramme Alley.

"Out came the Lieutenant with his suit of Gallants, all armed _in
cuerpo_. One of the Halberdiers bade the Lieutenant come to my Lord
Mayor. 'No,' said the Lieutenant, 'let the Lord Mayor come to me.' But
this controversy was soon ended, they advancing each to other, till
they met half way; then one of the Halberdiers reproved the Lieutenant
for standing covered before the Lord Mayor. The Lieutenant gave so
crosse an answere, as it begat as crosse a blow; which, the Gentlemen,
not brooking, began to lay about them; but in fine the Lieutenant was
knockt down and sore wounded, and the Halberdiers had the better of
the swords. The Lord Mayor being master of the field, took the
Lieutenant, and haled rather than led him to the Counter, and with
indignation thrust him in at the prison gate, where he lay till the
Attorney General mediated for his enlargement, which the Lord Mayor
granted upon condition he should submit and acknowledge his fault. The
Lieutenant readily embraced the motion; and, the next day, performing
the condition, so ended this Christmas Game."

We can hardly expect an unbiassed opinion on the subject of Lords of
Misrule, or any other merriment, from Phillip Stubbes, the Puritan,
who, in _The Anatomie of Abuses_ (ed. 1583), speaking of these
"Christmas Lords," says: "The name, indeed, is odious both to God and
good men, and such as the very heathen people would have blushed at
once to have named amongst them. And, if the name importeth some evil,
then, what may the thing it selfe be, judge you? But, because you
desire to know the manner of them, I will showe you as I have seen
them practised myself.

"First, all the wilde-heds of the parish, conventing togither, chuse
them a graund-captain (of all mischeefe) whom they innoble with the
title of my Lord of Mis-rule, and him they crowne with great
solemnitie, and adopt for their king. This king anointed chuseth forth
twentie, fortie, three score, or a hundred lustie guttes, like to him
self, to waight uppon his lordlie Majestie, and to guarde his noble
person. Then, everie one of these his men, he investeth with his
liveries of green, yellow, or some other light wanton colour; and, as
though they were not gaudie enough, I should say, they bedecke them
selves with scarfs, ribons and laces, hanged all over with golde
rings, precious stones, and other jewels; this doon, they tye about
either leg xx or xl bels, with rich handkerchiefs in their hands, and
sometimes laid a crosse over their shoulders and necks, borrowed for
the most parte of their pretie Mopsies and looving Besses, for bussing
them in the dark.

"Thus, al things set in order, then have they their hobby horses,
dragons and other antiques, togither with their baudie pipers and
thundering drummers, to strike up the devil's daunce withall. Then
marche these heathen company towards the church and church yard, their
pipers piping, their drummers thundring, their stumps dauncing, their
bels jyngling, their handkerchefs swinging about their heds like
madmen, their hobbie horses and other monsters skirmishing amongst the
route; and in this sorte they go to the church (I say), and into the
church (though the minister be at praier, or preaching), dancing and
swinging their handkercheifs over their heds in the church, like
devils incarnate, with such a confuse noise, that no man can hear his
own voice. Then, the foolish people, they looke, they stare, they
laugh, they fleer, and mount upon fourmes and pewes, to see these
goodly pageants solemnized in this sort. Then, after this, about the
church they goe againe and again, and so foorth into the churchyard,
where they have commonly their sommer haules, their bowers, arbors,
and banqueting houses set up, wherin they feast, banquet and daunce al
that day, and (peradventure) all the night too. And thus these
terrestriall furies spend the Sabaoth day.

"They have, also, certain papers, wherein is painted some babblerie or
other, of imagery woork, and these they call My Lord of Misrule's
badges: these they give to every one that wil give money for them, to
maintaine them in their heathenrie, devilrie, whordome, drunkennes,
pride, and what not. And who will not be buxom to them, and give them
money for these their devilish cognizances, they are mocked and
flouted at not a little. And, so assotted are some, that they not only
give them monie, to maintain their abhomination withall, but also
weare their badges and cognizances in their hats and caps openly. But
let them take heede; for these are the badges, seales, brands, and
cognizances of the devil, whereby he knoweth his servants and clyents
from the children of God; and so long as they weare them, _Sub vexillo
diaboli militant contra Dominum et legem suam_: they fight under the
banner and standerd of the Devil against Christ Jesus, and all his
lawes. Another sorte of fantasticall fooles bring to these hel-hounds
(the Lord of Mis-rule and his complices) some bread, some good ale,
some new cheese, some olde, some custards and fine Cakes; some one
thing, some another; but, if they knew that as often as they bring
anything to the maintenance of these execrable pastimes, they offer
sacrifice to the devil and Sathanas, they would repent and withdraw
their hands, which God graunt they may!"

Although Stubbes wrote with exceeding bitterness and party bias, he
had some warrant for his diatribe. In the _Injunctions_ of Parkhurst,
Bishop of Norwich[71] (1569), he says: "Item, that no person or
persons calling themselves lords of misrule in the Christmas tyme, or
other vnreuerent persons at any other tyme, presume to come into the
church vnreuerently playing their lewd partes, with scoffing, iesting,
or rebaldry talke, and, if any such haue alredy offended herein, to
present them and their names to the ordinary."

[Footnote 71: _Second Report of Ritual Comm._, from which the examples
following are also taken.]

Grindal, Archbishop of York, in his _Injunctions_ (1571) also says:
"Item, that the Minister and Churchwardens shall not suffer any lordes
of misrule, or sommer lordes or ladies, or any disguised persons or
others, in Christmas or ... at rish bearings, or any other times to
come vnreuerently into any Church, or Chapell, or Churchyarde, and
there daunce ... namely, in the time of diuine service, or of anie
sermon." And so say Overton, Bishop of Lichfield (1584); Bancroft,
Bishop of London (1601); and Howson, Bishop of Oxford (1619).

Merely to show how general throughout England were these Rulers of
Christmas Festivities, I will give one more example, taken from the
_Records of Norwich_, re what happened there at Christ-tide 1440.
"John Hadman,[72] a wealthy citizen, made disport with his neighbours
and friends, and was crowned King of Christmas. He rode in state
through the City, dressed forth in silks and tinsel, and preceded by
twelve persons habited as the twelve months of the year. After King
Christmas followed Lent, clothed in white garments, trimmed with
herring skins, on horseback, the horse being decorated with trappings
of oyster shells, being indicative that sadness and a holy time should
follow Christmas revelling. In this way they rode through the City,
accompanied by numbers in various grotesque dresses, making disport
and merriment; some clothed in armour, others, dressed as devils,
chased the people, and sorely affrighted the women and children;
others wearing skin dresses, and counterfeiting bears, wolves, lions,
and other animals, and endeavouring to imitate the animals they
represented, in roaring and raving, alarming the cowardly, and
appalling the stoutest hearts."

[Footnote 72: Probably the John Gladman spoken of by Stubbes (see p.
127).]

Naturally, among the pastimes of this festive season dancing was not
the least. And it was reckoned as a diversion for staid people. We
know how--

     The grave Lord Keeper led the braules,
       The mace and seals before him.

It was a practice for the bar to dance before the Judges at Lincoln's
Inn at Christmas, and in James I.'s time the under barristers were, by
decimation, put out of Commons, because they did not dance, as was
their wont, according to the ancient custom of the Society.[73] This
practice is also mentioned in a book published about 1730, called
_Round About our Coal Fire_, etc. "The dancing and singing of the
Benchers in the great Inns of Court at Christmas is, in some sort,
founded upon interest, for they hold, as I am informed, some
priviledge by dancing about the fire in the middle of their Hall, and
singing the song of _Round About our Coal Fire_." In the prologue to
the same book we have the following song:--

     O you merry, merry Souls,
       Christmas is a coming,
     We shall have flowing bowls,
       Dancing, piping, drumming.

     Delicate minced pies,
       To feast every virgin,
     Capon and goose likewise,
       Brawn, and a dish of sturgeon.

     Then, for your Christmas box,
       Sweet plumb cakes and money,
     Delicate Holland smocks,
       Kisses sweet as honey.

     Hey for the Christmas Ball,
       Where we shall be jolly,
     Coupling short and tall,
       Kate, Dick, Ralph, and Molly.

     Then to the hop we'll go,
       Where we'll jig and caper,
     _Cuckolds all a-row_,
       Will shall pay the scraper.

     Hodge shall dance with Prue,
       Keeping time with kisses,
     We'll have a jovial crew
       Of sweet smirking Misses.

[Footnote 73: Dugdale's _Orig. Jurid._ cap. 64.]

We still keep up the custom of dancing at Christ-tide, and no
Christmas party is complete without it; but of all the old tunes,
such as _Sellinger's Rounds_, the one mentioned in the above song,
with many others, but one remains to us, and that is peculiar to this
season--_Sir Roger de Coverly_.

_Notes and Queries_, 19th December 1885, gives an account of a very
curious dance. "One of the most popular indoor games at Christmas time
was, in Derbyshire, that of the 'Cushion Dance,' which was performed
at most of the village gatherings and farm-house parties during the
Christmas holidays upwards of forty years ago. The following is an
account of the dance as it was known amongst the farmer's sons and
daughters and the domestics, all of whom were on a pretty fair
equality, very different from what prevails in farm-houses of to-day.
The dance was performed with boisterous fun, quite unlike the game as
played in higher circles, where the conditions and rules of procedure
were of a more refined order.

"The company were seated round the room, a fiddler occupying a raised
seat in a corner. When all were ready, two of the young men left the
room, returning presently, one carrying a large square cushion, the
other an ordinary drinking horn, china bowl, or silver tankard,
according to the possessions of the family. The one carrying the
cushion locked the door, putting the key in his pocket. Both gentlemen
then went to the fiddler's corner, and, after the cushion-bearer had
put a coin in the vessel carried by the other, the fiddler struck up a
lively tune, to which the young men began to dance round the room,
singing or reciting to the music:--

     "'Frinkum, frankum is a fine song,
     An' we will dance it all along;
     All along and round about
     Till we find the pretty maid out.'

"After making the circuit of the room, they halted on reaching the
fiddler's corner, and the cushion-bearer, still to the music of the
fiddle, sang or recited:--

     "'Our song it will no further go!'

"_The Fiddler_--

     "'Pray, kind sir, why say you so?'

"_The Cushion-Bearer_--

     "'Because Jane Sandars won't come to.'

"_The Fiddler_--

     "'She must come to, she shall come to,
     An' I'll make her, whether she will or no!'

"The cushion-bearer and vessel-holder then proceeded with the dance,
going as before round the room, singing 'Frinkum, frankum,' etc., till
the cushion-bearer came to the lady of his choice, before whom he
paused, placed the cushion on the floor at her feet, and knelt upon
it. The vessel-bearer then offered the cup to the lady, who put money
in it, and knelt on the cushion in front of the kneeling gentleman.
The pair kissed, arose, and the gentleman, first giving the cushion to
the lady with a bow, placed himself behind her, taking hold of some
portion of her dress. The cup-bearer fell in also, and they danced on
to the fiddler's corner, and the ceremony was again gone through as at
first, with the substitution of the name of John for Jane, thus:--

"_The Lady_--

     "'Our song it will no further go!'

"_The Fiddler_--

     "'Pray, kind Miss, why say you so?'

"_The Lady_--

     "'Because John Sandars won't come to.'

"_The Fiddler_--

     "'He must come to, he shall come to,
     An' I'll make him, whether he will or no.'

"The dancing then proceeded, and the lady, on reaching her choice (a
gentleman, of necessity), placed the cushion at his feet. He put money
in the horn and knelt. They kissed and rose, he taking the cushion and
his place in front of the lady, heading the next dance round; the lady
taking him by the coat tails, the first gentleman behind the lady,
with the horn-bearer in the rear. In this way the dance went on till
all present, alternately a lady and gentleman, had taken part in the
ceremony. The dance concluded with a romp in file round the room, to
the quickening music of the fiddler, who, at the close, received the
whole of the money collected by the horn-bearer."




CHAPTER XXI

     Honey Fairs--Card-playing at Christmas--Throwing the
     Hood--Early Religious Plays--Moralities--Story of a Gray's
     Inn Play--The first Pantomime--Spectacular Drama--George
     Barnwell--Story respecting this Play.


_Time's Telescope_ (1824, p. 297) notes that in Cumberland, and in all
the great towns in the north of England, about a week before
Christmas, what are called _Honey fairs_ were held, in which dancing
forms the leading amusement.

Card-playing, too, was justifiable at Christ-tide. An ordinance for
governing the household of the Duke of Clarence in the reign of Edward
IV. forbade all games at dice, cards, or other hazard for money
"_except during the twelve days at Christmas_." And, again, in the
reign of Henry VII. an Act was passed against unlawful games, which
expressly forbids artificers, labourers, servants, or apprentices to
play at any such, _except at Christmas_, and at some of the colleges
cards are introduced in the Combination Rooms during the twelve days
of Christmas, but never appear there during the remainder of the year.

Cards are not much patronised by the present generation, yet dignity
is occasionally sunk in a romping round game at Christ-tide. But it is
a question as to who knows such games as My Lady Coventry, All Fours,
Snip Snap Snorum, Old Maid, Commerce, Put, Pope Joan, Brag, Blind
Hookey, Loo, etc., etc., without reference to a manual on the subject.

Timbs[74] gives a very curious custom or game which, he says, is still
observed on Old Christmas day in the village of Haxey, in
Lincolnshire. It is traditionally said to have originated from a lady
of the De Mowbrays, who, a few years after the Conquest, was riding
through Craize Lound, an adjoining hamlet, when the wind blew her
riding hood from her head, and so amused her, that she left twelve
acres of land to twelve men who ran after the hood, and gave them the
strange name of Boggoners; to them, however, the land, with the
exception of about a quarter of an acre, has for centuries been lost.
The Throwing of the Hood now consists of the villagers of West
Woodside and Haxey trying who can get to the nearest public-house in
each place, the Hood, which is made of straw covered with leather,
about two feet long and nine inches round. The twelve Boggoners are
pitched against the multitude, which has been known to exceed two
thousand persons from all parts of the neighbourhood; and as soon as a
Boggoner touches the hood or catches it the game is won.

[Footnote 74: _Garland for the Year_, p. 151.]

There was another amusement at Christmas, before Mumming and the
comparatively modern play of St. George--the Religious plays, the
first of which is mentioned by Matthew Paris, who says that Geoffrey,
a learned Norman, and Master of the school of the Abbey of Dunstable,
composed the play of St. Catharine, which was acted by his scholars in
1110. Fitzstephen, writing later in the same century, remarks that
"London, for its theatrical exhibitions has religious plays, either
the representations of miracles wrought by holy confessors or the
sufferings of martyrs." Then came the Interlude, which was generally
founded on a single event, and was of moderate length, but not always,
for in the reign of Henry IV. one was exhibited in Smithfield which
lasted eight days; but then this began with the creation of the world,
and contained the greater part of the Old and New Testament.

Being originally devised by the clergy to withdraw the minds of the
people from the profane and immoral buffooneries to which they were
accustomed, ecclesiastics did not hesitate to join in the performance,
and even to permit the representation to take place in churches and
chapels. Afterwards the ordering and arrangement of them fell into the
hands of the gilds, or different trading companies.

In process of time the rigid religious simplicity of these
performances was broken in upon, and the devil and a circle of
infernal associates were introduced to relieve the performance, and to
excite laughter by all sorts of strange noises and antics. By and by,
abstract personifications, such as Truth, Justice, Mercy, etc., found
their way into these plays, and they then became moral plays, or
"Moralities." These were in their highest vogue in the reigns of
Henries VII. and VIII., and Holinshed tells a story of one played at
Christ-tide 1526-27.

"This Christmasse was a goodlie disguising plaied at Graies In, which
was compiled for the most part by maister John Roo, sergeant at the
law manie yeares past, and long before the cardinall had any
authoritie. The effect of the plaie was that lord gouernance was ruled
by dissipation and negligence, by whose misgouernance and evill order
ladie publike weale was put from gouernance; which caused rumor
populi, inwarde grudge and disdaine of wanton souereignetie to rise,
with a great multitude, to expell negligence and dissipation, and to
restore publike weale againe to hir estate, which was so doone.

"This plaie was so set foorth with riche and costlie apparell, with
strange devises of Maskes and morrishes, that it was highlie praised
of all men, sauing of the cardinall, which imagined that the play had
been devised of him, and in a great furie sent for the said maister
Roo, and took from him his coife, and sent him to the Fleet; and
after, he sent for the yoong gentlemen that plaied in the plaie, and
them highlie rebuked and threatned, and sent one of them, called
Thomas Moile, of Kent, to the Fleet; but by means of friends, maister
Roo and he were deliuered at last. This plaie sore displeased the
cardinall, and yet it was neuer meant to him, as you haue heard.
Wherfore manie wise men grudged to see him take it so hartilie, and
euer the cardinall said that the king was highlie displeased with it,
and spake nothing of himselfe."

J.P. Collier, in his _Annals of the Stage_ (ed. 1879, pp. 68, 69),
gives an account of two Interludes played before royalty at Richmond,
Christ-tide 1514-15, which he found in a paper folded up in a roll in
the Chapter House. "The Interlud was callyd the tryumpe of Love and
Bewte, and yt was wryten and presented by Mayster Cornyshe and
oothers of the Chappell of our soverayne lorde the Kynge, and the
chyldern of the sayd Chapell. In the same, Venus and Bewte dyd tryumpe
over al ther enemys, and tamyd a salvadge man and a lyon, that was
made very rare and naturall, so as the Kynge was gretly plesyd
therwyth, and gracyously gaf Mayster Cornysshe a ryche rewarde owt of
his owne hand, to be dyvyded with the rest of his felows. Venus did
synge a songe with Beawte, which was lykyd of al that harde yt, every
staffe endyng after this sorte--

     "Bowe you downe, and doo your dutye
     To Venus and the goddes Bewty:
     We tryumpe hye over all,
     Kyngs attend when we doo call.

"Inglyshe, and the oothers of the Kynges pleyers, after pleyed an
Interluyt, whiche was wryten by Mayster Midwell, but yt was so long,
yt was not lykyd: yt was of the fyndyng of Troth, who was caryed away
by ygnoraunce and ypocresy. The foolys part was the best, but the kyng
departyd befor the end to hys chambre."

Of Christ-tide Masques I have already written, and after they fell
into desuetude there was nothing theatrical absolutely peculiar to
Christmas until Rich, in 1717, introduced the comic pantomime at his
theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, where, on 26th December of that year,
he produced _Harlequin Executed_. Davies says: "To retrieve the credit
of his theatre, Rich created a species of dramatic composition,
unknown to this, and I believe to any other country, which he called a
pantomime; it consisted of two parts--one serious, and the other
comic. By the help of gay scenes, fine habits, grand dances,
appropriate music, and other decorations, he exhibited a story from
Ovid's _Metamorphoses_, or some other fabulous writer. Between the
pauses, or acts, of this serious, representation he interwove a comic
fable; consisting chiefly of the courtship of Harlequin and Columbine,
with a variety of surprizing adventures and tricks, which were
produced by the magic wand of Harlequin; such as the sudden
transformation of palaces and temples to huts and cottages, of men and
women into wheelbarrows and joint stools, of trees turned into
houses, colonades to beds of tulips, and mechanics' shops into
serpents and ostriches." From 1717 until 1761, the date of his death,
he brought out a succession of pantomimes, all of which were eminently
successful, and ran at least forty or fifty nights each. That the
pantomime, very slightly altered from Rich's first conception, still
is attractive, speaks for itself.

No other style of entertainment for Christ-tide was ever so popular.
Garrick tried spectacular drama, and failed. Walpole, writing to Lady
Ossory, 30th December 1772, says: "Garrick has brought out what he
calls a _Christmas tale_, adorned with the most beautiful scenes, next
to those in the Opera at Paradise, designed by Loutherbourg. They have
much ado to save the piece from being sent to the Devil. It is
believed to be Garrick's own, and a new proof that it is possible to
be the best actor and the worst author in the world, as Shakspeare was
just the contrary." Some of us are old enough to remember with delight
Planche's extravaganzas, _The King of the Peacocks_, etc., which were
so beautifully put on the stage of the Lyceum Theatre by Madame
Vestris, but I do not think they were a financial success, and they
have never been repeated by other managers.

Up to a very recent date a stock piece at the minor theatres on Boxing
Night was the tragedy of _The London Merchant; or, The History of
George Barnwell_, acted at Drury Lane in 1731, which was so successful
that the Queen sent for the MS. to read it, and Hone (_Every-Day
Book_, ii. 1651) remarks as a notable circumstance that "the
representation of this tragedy was omitted in the Christmas holidays
of 1819 at both the theatres for the first time."

It was considered a highly moral play, and was acted for the
particular benefit of apprentices, to deter them from the crime of
theft, and from keeping company with bad women. David Ross, the actor,
wrote in 1787 the following letter to a friend:--

"In the year 1752, during the Christmas holidays, I played George
Barnwell, and the late Mrs. Pritchard played Millwood. Doctor
Barrowby, physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, told me he was sent
for by a young gentleman in Great St. Helen's, apprentice to a very
capital merchant. He found him very ill with a slow fever, a heavy
hammer pulse, that no medicine could touch. The nurse told him he
sighed at times so very heavily that she was sure something lay heavy
on his mind. The Doctor sent every one out of the room, and told his
patient he was sure there was something that oppressed his mind, and
lay so heavy on his spirits, that it would be in vain to order him
medicine, unless he would open his mind freely. After much
solicitation on the part of the Doctor, the youth confessed there was
something lay heavy at his heart; but that he would sooner die than
divulge it, as it must be his ruin if it was known. The Doctor assured
him, if he would make him his confidant, he would, by every means in
his power, serve him, and that his secret, if he desired it, should
remain so to all the world, but to those who might be necessary to
relieve him.

"After much conversation he told the Doctor he was the second son of a
gentleman of good fortune in Hertfordshire; that he had made an
improper acquaintance with a kept mistress of a captain of an Indiaman
then abroad; that he was within a year of being out of his time, and
had been intrusted with cash, drafts, and notes, which he had made
free with, to the amount of two hundred pounds. That, going two or
three nights before to Drury Lane to see Ross and Mrs. Pritchard in
their characters of George Barnwell and Milwood, he was so forcibly
struck, he had not enjoyed a moment's peace since, and wished to die,
to avoid the shame he saw hanging over him. The Doctor asked where his
father was? He replied he expected him there every minute, as he was
sent for by his master upon his being taken so very ill. The Doctor
desired the young man to make himself perfectly easy, as he would
undertake his father should make all right; and, to get his patient in
a promising way, assured him, if his father made the least hesitation,
he should have the money of him.

"The father soon arrived. The Doctor took him into another room, and
after explaining the whole cause of his son's illness, begged him to
save the honour of his family and the life of his son. The father,
with tears in his eyes, gave him a thousand thanks, said he would step
to his banker and bring the money. While the father was gone Dr.
Barrowby went to his patient, and told him everything would be settled
in a few minutes to his ease and satisfaction; that his father was
gone to his banker for the money, and would soon return with peace and
forgiveness, and never mention or even think of it more. What is very
extraordinary, the Doctor told me that, in a few minutes after he
communicated this news to his patient, upon feeling of his pulse,
without the help of any medicine, he was quite another creature. The
father returned with notes to the amount of L200, which he put into
his son's hands. They wept, kissed, embraced. The son soon recovered,
and lived to be a very eminent merchant.

"Dr. Barrowby never told me the name; but the story he mentioned often
in the green-room of Drury Lane Theatre; and after telling it one
night when I was standing by, he said to me, 'You have done some good
in your profession--more, perhaps, than many a clergyman who preached
last Sunday,' for the patient told the Doctor the play raised such
horror and contrition in his soul that he would, if it would please
God to raise a friend to extricate him out of that distress, dedicate,
the rest of his life to religion and virtue. Though I never knew his
name or saw him, to my knowledge, I had, for nine or ten years, at my
benefit a note sealed up, with ten guineas, and these words--'_A
tribute of gratitude from one who was highly obliged, and saved from
ruin, by seeing Mr. Ross's performance of Barnwell._'"




CHAPTER XXII

     Profusion of Food at Christ-tide--Old English
     Fare--Hospitality--Proclamations for People to spend
     Christ-tide at their Country Places--Roast Beef--Boar's
     Head--Boar's Head Carol--Custom at Queen's Coll.
     Oxon.--Brawn--Christmas Pie--Goose Pie--Plum Pudding--Plum
     Porridge--Anecdotes of Plum Pudding--Large one--Mince
     Pies--Hackin--Folk-lore--Gifts at Christ-tide--Yule
     Doughs--Cop-a-loaf--Snap-dragon.


If any exception can be taken to Christ-tide in England, it is to the
enormous amount of flesh, fowl, etc., consumed. To a sensitive mind,
the butchers' shops, gorged with the flesh of fat beeves, or the
poulterers, with their hecatombs of turkeys, are repulsive, to say the
least. It is the remains of a coarse barbarism, which shows but little
signs of dying out. Profusion of food at this season is traditional,
and has been handed down from generation to generation. A Christmas
dinner must, if possible, be every one's portion, down to the pauper
in the workhouse, and even the prisoner in the gaol. Tusser, who,
though he could write--

     At Christmas we banket, the riche with the poore,
     Who then (but the miser) but openeth his doore.
     At Christmas, of Christ, many Carols we sing;
     And give many gifts, for the joy of that King,

could also sing of "Christmas husbandly fare"--

     Good husband and huswife, now chiefly be glad,
     Things handsome to have, as they ought to be had.
     They both do provide against Christmas do come,
     To welcome their neighbor, good chere to have some.
     Good bread and good drinke, a good fier in the hall,
     Brawne, pudding, and souse, and good mustard withall.
     Biefe, Mutton, and Porke, shred pies of the best,
     Pig, veale, goose, and capon, and Turkey well drest.
     Cheese, apples, and nuttes, ioly Carols to here,
     As then, in the countrey, is compted good chere.
     What cost to good husband is any of this?
     Good houshold provision, only, it is.
     Of other, the like I do leave out a meny,
     That costeth the husband man never a peny.

But his intention in this provision is not for personal
gratification--

     At Christmas, be mery, and thankfull withall,
     And feast thy poore neighbours, the great with y^{e} small.
     Yea, al the yere long, to the poore let us give,
     God's blessing to follow us while we do live.

This hospitality in the country was made the subject of legislation,
for James I. much disliked the flocking of the gentry, etc., to
London, as he said in his address to the council of the Star Chamber:
"And therefore, as every fish lives in his own place, some in the
fresh, some in the salt, some in the mud, so let every one live in his
own place--some at Court, some in the city, some in the country;
specially at festival times, as Christmas, and Easter, and the rest."
Nay, he issued a proclamation ordering the landed gentry to repair to
their country seats at Christmas, which is thus noticed in a letter
from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton (21st December 1622):
"Diverse Lords and personages of quality have made means to be
dispensed withall for going into the country this Christmas, according
to the proclamation; but it will not be granted, so that they pack
away on all sides for fear of the worst." And Charles I. inherited his
father's opinions on this matter, for he also proclaimed that "every
nobleman or gentleman, bishop, rector, or curate, unless he be in the
service of the Court or Council, shall in forty days depart from the
cities of London and Westminster, and resort to their several counties
where they usually reside, and there keep their habitations and
hospitality."

As to Christmas fare, place must be given, I think, to "The Roast Beef
of Old England," which used to be a standing dish on every table--from
the "Sir Loin," said to have been knighted by Charles II. when in a
merry mood, to the "Baron of Beef," which is, like a "saddle" of
mutton, two loins joined together by the backbone. This enormous dish
is not within the range of ordinary mortals; but the Queen always
keeps up the custom of having one wherever she may be, at Windsor, or
Osborne. Beef may be said to be the staple flesh of England, and is
procurable by every one except the very poorest, whilst it is not
given to all to obtain the lordly boar's head, which used to be an
indispensable adjunct to the Christmas feast. One thing is, that wild
boars only exist in England either in zoological gardens or in a few
parks--notably Windsor--in a semi-domesticated state. The bringing in
the boar's head was conducted with great ceremony, as Holinshed tells
us that in 1170, when Henry I. had his son crowned as joint-ruler with
himself, "Upon the daie of coronation King Henrie, the father, served
his sonne at the table, as server, bringing up the bore's head with
trumpets before it, according to the maner."

In "Christmasse carolles, newely enprinted at Lond[=o], in the
fletestrete at the Sygne of the Sonne, by Wynkyn de Worde. The Yere of
our lorde M.D.XXI.," is the following, which, from its being "newely
enprinted," must have been older than the date given:--

     A carol bringyng in the bores heed.
         Caput apri differo[75]
         Reddens laudes domino.
     The bores heed in hande bring I,
     With garlands gay and rosemary.
     I praye you all synge merely
         Qui estis in conuiuio.
     The bores heed I understande
     Is the chefe servyce in this lande
     Loke where euer it be fande[76]
         Servite cum cantico.
     Be gladde lordes bothe more and lasse,[77]
     For this hath ordeyned our stewarde
     To chere you all this Christmasse
     The bores heed with mustarde.
                    Finis.

[Footnote 75: Defero.]

[Footnote 76: Found.]

[Footnote 77: Great and small.]

The custom of ceremoniously introducing the boar's head at Christ-tide
was, at one time, of general use among the nobility, and still
obtains at Queen's College, Oxford; and its _raison d'etre_ is said to
be that at some remote time a student of this College was walking in
the neighbouring forest of Shotover (_Chateau vert_), and whilst
reading Aristotle was attacked by a wild boar. Unarmed, he did not
know how to defend himself; but as the beast rushed on him with open
mouth he rammed the Aristotle down its throat, exclaiming, "_Graecum
est_," which ended the boar's existence. Some little ceremony is still
used when it is brought in; the head is decorated, as saith the carol,
and it is borne into the hall on the shoulders of two College
servants, followed by members of the College and the choir. The carol,
which is a modification of the above, is generally sung by a Fellow,
assisted by the choir, and the boar's head is solemnly deposited
before the Provost, who, after helping those sitting at the high
table, sends it round to all the other tables.

Dr. King, in his _Art of Cookery_, gives the following recipe for
dishing up a boar's head:--

     Then if you would send up the Brawner's head,
     Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread;
     His foaming tusks let some large pippin grace,
     Or midst these thundering spears an orange place.
     Sauce, like himself, offensive to its foes,
     The roguish mustard, dangerous to the nose.
     Sack, and the well-spic'd Hippocras the wine,
     Wassail the bowl with ancient ribbons fine,
     Porridge with plums, and turkies with the chine.

Of the boar's head was made _brawn_, which, when well made, is good
indeed; and this was another Christmas dish. Sandys says: "The French
do not seem to have been so well acquainted with brawn; for on the
capture of Calais by them they found a large quantity, which they
guessed to be some dainty, and tried every means of preparing it; in
vain did they roast it, bake it, boil it; it was impracticable and
impenetrable to their culinary arts. Its merits, however, being at
length discovered, 'Ha!' said the monks, 'what delightful fish!' and
immediately added it to their stock of fast day viands. The Jews,
again, could not believe it was procured from that impure beast, the
hog, and included in their list of clean animals."

Then there was a dish, "the Christmas pie," which must have been very
peculiar, if we can trust Henri Misson, who was in England in the
latter end of the seventeenth century. Says he: "Every Family against
_Christmass_ makes a famous Pye, which they call _Christmass_ Pye: It
is a great Nostrum the composition of this Pasty; it is a most learned
Mixture of Neats-tongues, Chicken, Eggs, Sugar, Raisins, Lemon and
Orange Peel, various kinds of Spicery, etc." Can this be the pie of
which Herrick sang?--

     Come, guard this night the Christmas pie,
     That the thiefe, though ne'r so slie,
     With his flesh hooks don't come nie
              To catch it;
     From him, who all alone sits there,
     Having his eyes still in his eare,
     And a deale of nightly feare,
              To watch it.

Fletcher, in his poem _Christmas Day_,[78] thus describes the pie:--

     Christmas? give me my beads; the word implies
     A plot, by its ingredients, beef and pyes.
     The cloyster'd steaks, with salt and pepper, lye
     Like Nunnes with patches in a monastrie.
     Prophaneness in a conclave? Nay, much more
     Idolatrie in crust! Babylon's whore
     Rak'd from the grave, and bak'd by hanches, then
     Serv'd up in _coffins_ to unholy men:
     Defil'd with superstition like the Gentiles
     Of old, that worship'd onions, roots, and lentils.

[Footnote 78: _Ex Otio Negotium_, etc., ed. 1656, p. 114.]

The _Grub Street Journal_ of 27th December 1733 has an essay on
Christmas Pye; but it is only a political satire, and not worth
quoting here. There was once a famous Christmas pie which obtained the
following notice in the _Newcastle Chronicle_, 6th January 1770:
"Monday last, was brought from Howick to Berwick, to be shipp'd for
London, for sir Hen. Grey, bart., a pie, the contents whereof are as
follows: viz. 2 bushels of flour, 20 lbs. of butter, 4 geese, 2
turkies, 2 rabbits, 4 wild ducks, 2 woodcocks, 6 snipes, and 4
partridges, 2 neats' tongues, 2 curlews, 7 blackbirds, and 6 pigeons;
it is supposed a very great curiosity, was made by Mrs. Dorothy
Patterson, house keeper at Howick. It was near nine feet in
circumference at bottom, weighs about twelve stones, will take two men
to present it to table; it is neatly fitted with a case, and four
small wheels to facilitate its use to every guest that inclines to
partake of its contents at table."

Brand says that in the north of England a goose is always the chief
ingredient in the composition of a Christmas pie. Ramsay, in his
_Elegy on Lucky Wood_, tells us that, among other baits by which the
good ale-wife drew customers to her house, she never failed to tempt
them at Christmas with a _Goose pie_--

     Than ay at _Yule_ whene'er we came,
            _A bra' Goose Pye_;
     And was na that a good Belly baum?
              Nane dare deny.

A writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (May 1811, p. 423), speaking of
Christmas in the North Riding of Yorkshire, says: "On the feast of St.
Stephen large goose pies are made, all which they distribute among
their needy neighbours, except one, which is carefully laid up, and
not tasted till the purification of the Virgin, called Candlemas Day."

Plum pudding is a comparatively modern dish--not two centuries old;
but, nowadays, wherever an Englishman travels--even when engaged in
war--be he in any of our colonies, a plum pudding must be had. If an
explorer, some loving hand has presented him with one. Were not our
soldiers, in the latter part of the Crimean War, bountifully supplied
with plum puddings? Was there ever a Christmas on board a man-of-war
without one? It is now a national institution, and yet none can tell
of its genesis. It has been evolved from that dish of which Misson
gives us a description: "They also make a Sort of Soup with Plums,
which is not at all inferior to the Pye, which is in their language
call'd Plum porridge." We can find no reference to plum pudding in the
diaries either of Evelyn or Pepys, and perhaps as early an instance as
any of a _Christmas_ plum pudding is in _Round about our Coal Fire_
(1730?): "In Christmas holidays the tables were all spread from the
first to the last; the sirloins of beef, the minced pies, the plum
porridge, the capons, geese, turkeys, and plum puddings, were all
brought upon the board."

Plum porridge is very frequently mentioned, and Brand gives an
instance (vol. i. p. 296, note) of it being eaten in this century.
"Memorandum. I dined at the Chaplain's Table at St. James's on
Christmas Day 1801, and partook of the first thing served up and eaten
on that festival at table, _i.e._ a tureen full of rich luscious plum
porridge. I do not know that the custom is anywhere else retained."
"Plum porridge was made of a very strong broth of shin of beef, to
which was added crumb of bread, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, mace,
currants, raisins, and dates. It was boiled gently, and then further
strengthened with a quart of canary and one of red port; and when
served up, a little grape verjuice or juice of orange was popped in as
a zest."--_Daily Telegraph_, 21st January 1890.

Plum pudding is a peculiarly _English_ dish, and foreigners, as a
rule, do not know how to make it properly, and many are the stories
told thereanent. In a leading article in the _Daily Telegraph_, 21st
January 1890, a recipe is given, copied from the _Kreuz Zeitung_, for
making a plum pudding: "The cook is to take dough, beer in the course
of fermentation, milk, brandy, whiskey, and gin in equal parts; bread,
citronate, large and small raisins in profusion. This must be stirred
by the whole family for at least three days, and it is then to be hung
up in a linen bag for six weeks '_in order thoroughly to ferment_.'"

There is a somewhat amusing story told in vol. i. of _Anecdotes and
Biographical Sketches_ by Lady Hawkins, widow of Sir John Hawkins, the
friend of Johnson. Dr. Schomberg, of Reading, in the early part of his
life spent a Christmas at Paris with some English friends. They were
desirous to celebrate the season, in the manner of their own country,
by having, as one dish on their table, an English plum pudding; but no
cook was found equal to the task of making it. A clergyman of the
party had, indeed, a receipt-book, but this did not sufficiently
explain the process. Dr. Schomberg, however, supplied all that was
wanting by throwing the recipe into the form of a prescription, and
sending it to an apothecary to be made up. To prevent any chance of
error, he directed that it should be boiled in a cloth, and sent home
in the same cloth. At the specified hour it arrived, borne by the
apothecary's assistant, and preceded by the apothecary himself,
dressed according to the professional formality of the time, with a
sword. Seeing, on his entry into the apartment, instead of signs of
sickness, a table well filled, and surrounded by very merry faces, he
perceived that he was made a party to a joke that turned on himself,
and indignantly laid his hand on his sword; but an invitation to taste
his own cookery appeased him, and all was well.

There is a good plum pudding story told of Lord Macartney when he was
on his embassy to China, and wished to give gratification to a
distinguished mandarin. He gave instructions to his Chinese _chef_,
and, no doubt, they were carried out most conscientiously, but it came
to table in a soup tureen, for my Lord _had forgotten all about the
cloth_.

I cannot verify the following, nor do I know when it occurred. At
Paignton Fair, near Exeter, a plum pudding of vast dimensions was
drawn through the town amid great rejoicings. No wonder that a
brewer's copper was needed for the boiling, seeing that the pudding
contained 400 lbs. of flour, 170 lbs. of beef suet, 140 lbs. of
raisins, and 240 eggs. This eight hundred pounder or so required
continuous boiling from Saturday morning till the following Tuesday
evening. It was finally placed on a car decorated with ribbons and
evergreens, drawn through the streets by eight oxen, cut up, and
distributed to the poor.

Every housewife has her own pet recipe for her Christmas pudding, of
undoubted antiquity, none being later than that left as a precious
legacy by grandmamma. Some housewives put a thimble, a ring, a piece
of money, and a button, which will influence the future destinies of
the recipients. It is good that every person in the family should take
some part in its manufacture, even if only to stir it; and it should
be brought to table hoarily sprinkled with powdered sugar, with a fine
piece of berried holly stuck in it, and surrounded on all sides by
blazing spirits.

Mince pie, as we have seen in Ben Jonson's masque, is one of the
daughters of Father Christmas, but the mince pie of his day was not
the same as ours; they were made of meat, and were called _minched_
pies, or _shrid_ pies. The meat might be either beef or mutton, but it
was chopped fine, and mixed with plums and sugar. It is doubtful
whether it was much known before the time of Elizabeth, although
Shakespeare knew it well; but with poetic licence he makes it as known
at the siege of Troy (_Troilus and Cressida_, Act i. sc. 2).

"_Pandarus_--Is not birth, beauty, good shape, discourse, manhood,
learning, gentleness, virtue, youth, liberality, and such like, the
spice and salt that season a man?

"_Cressida_--Ay, a minced man; and then to be baked with no date[79]
in the pie,--for then the man's date's out."

[Footnote 79: Dates were an ingredient in most kinds of pastry. See
_All's Well that Ends Well_, Act i. sc. 1--"Your date is better in
your pie and your porridge than in your cheek."]

Gradually the meat was left out, and more sweets introduced, until the
product resulted in the modern mince pie, in which, however, some
housewives still introduce a little chopped meat. There is no luck for
the wight who does not eat a mince pie at Christmas. If he eat one, he
is sure of one happy month; but if he wants a happy twelve months, he
should eat one on each of the twelve days of Christmas.

There was another form of eating the minced or shrid meat, in the form
of a great sausage, called "the hackin," so called from to _hack_, or
chop; and this, by custom, must be boiled before daybreak, or else the
cook must pay the penalty of being taken by the arms by two young men,
and by them run round the market-place till she is ashamed of her
laziness.

A writer in _Notes and Queries_ (5 ser. x. 514) gives a very peculiar
superstition prevalent in Derbyshire: "A neighbour had killed his
Christmas pig, and his wife, to show her respect, brought me a goodly
plate of what is known as 'pig's fry.' The dish was delivered covered
with a snowy cloth, with the strict injunction, 'Don't wash the plate,
please!' Having asked why the plate was to be returned unwashed, the
reply was made, 'If _you_ wash the plate upon which the fry was
brought to you, the pig won't take the salt.'"

A very pretty custom obtained, as we learn by the records of Evelyn's
father's shrievalty. In those days of hospitality, when the hall of
the great house was open to the neighbours during Christ-tide, they
used to contribute some trifle towards the provisions; a list has been
kept of this kindly help on this occasion. Two sides of venison, two
half brawns, three pigs, ninety capons, five geese, six turkeys, four
rabbits, eight partridges, two pullets, five sugar loaves, half pound
nutmegs, one basket of apples and eggs, three baskets of apples, two
baskets of pears.

At one time the bakers used to make and present to their customers two
little images of dough, called Yule doughs, or doos, and it seems
probable that these were meant to represent our Lord and His mother.
At Alnwick, in Northumberland, a custom existed of giving sweetmeats
to children at Christ-tide, called Yule Babies, in commemoration of
our Saviour's nativity. There are various other cakes peculiar to this
season. At Llantwit Major, Co. Glamorgan, they make "finger cakes"--or
cakes in the form of a hand, on the back of which is a little bird;
but what its symbolism is I know not. In some parts of Cornwall it is
customary for each household to make a batch of currant cakes on
Christmas eve. These cakes are made in the ordinary manner, and
coloured with a decoction of saffron, as is the custom in those parts.
On this occasion the peculiarity of the cakes is, that a small portion
of the dough in the centre of the top of each is pulled up, and made
into a form which resembles a very small cake on the top of a large
one, and this centre-piece is specially called "The Christmas." Each
person in the house has his or her special cake, and every one ought
to taste a small piece of every other person's cake. Similar cakes are
also bestowed on the hangers-on of the establishment, such as
laundresses, sempstresses, charwomen, etc.

Another correspondent (Wiltshire) of _Notes and Queries_ (6 ser. xii.
496) says: "Can any one tell me the origin of a cake called a
cop-a-loaf or cop loaf? It was a piece of paste made in the shape of a
box or casket, ornamented at the top with the head of a cock or
dragon, with currants for eyes. It was always placed, in my young
days, at the bedside on Christmas morning, and, it is scarcely
necessary to say, eaten before breakfast. Inside was an apple." Brand
says: "In Yorkshire (Cleveland) the children eat, at the present
season, a kind of gingerbread, baked in large and thick cakes, or flat
loaves, called _Pepper Cakes_. They are also usual at the birth of a
child. One of these cakes is provided, and a cheese; the latter is on
a large platter or dish, and the pepper cake upon it. The cutting of
the Christmas cheese is done by the master of the house on Christmas
Eve, and is a ceremony not to be lightly omitted. All comers to the
house are invited to partake of the pepper cake and Christmas cheese."

Any notice of Christmas cheer would be incomplete without mention
being made of _Snap-dragon_. It is an old sport, and is alluded to by
Shakespeare in _Henry IV._, part ii. Act ii. sc. 4, where Falstaff
says--

     And drinks off candles' ends for flap-dragons.

And in _Loves Labours Lost_, Act v. sc. 1--

     Thou art easier swallowed than a flap-dragon.

It is a kind of game, in which brandy is poured over a large dish full
of raisins, and then set alight. The object is to snatch the raisins
out of the flame and devour them without burning oneself. This can be
managed by sharply seizing them, and shutting the mouth at once. It is
suggested that the name is derived from the German _schnapps_, spirit,
and _drache_, dragon.




CHAPTER XXIII

     The First Carol--Anglo-Norman Carol--Fifteenth-Century
     Carol--"The Twelve Good Joys of Mary"--Other Carols--"A
     Virgin most Pure"--"Noel"--Festive Carol of Fifteenth
     Century--"A Christenmesse Carroll."


Bishop Jeremy Taylor very appropriately said that the first Christmas
carol was sung by the angels at the Nativity of our Saviour--"GLORY TO
GOD IN THE HIGHEST, AND ON EARTH PEACE, GOODWILL TOWARD MEN." No man
knows when the custom began of singing carols, or hymns on Christmas
day in honour of the Nativity; but there can be no doubt that it was
of very ancient date in the English Church, and that it has been an
unbroken custom to this day, when the practice is decidedly on the
increase, as may be judged from the many collections of ancient
carols, and of modern ones as well. It would be impossible for me to
give anything like a representative collection of Christmas carols,
because of space, but I venture to reproduce a few old ones, and
first, perhaps the oldest we have, an Anglo-Norman carol, which is in
the British Museum, and with it I give Douce's very free translation.
It will be seen by this that all carols were not of a religious kind,
but many were songs appropriate to the festive season:--

     Seignors ore entendez a nus,
     De loinz sumes venuz a wous,
       Pur quere Noel;
     Car lun nus dit que en cest hostel
     Soleit tenir sa feste anuel
       Ahi cest iur.
         Deu doint a tuz icels joie d'amurs
         Qi a DANZ NOEL ferunt honors.

     Seignors io vus di por veir
     KE DANZ NOEL ne uelt aveir
       Si joie non:
     E replein sa maison
     De payn, de char, e de peison,
       Por faire honor.
         Deu doint, etc.

     Seignors il est crie en lost
     Qe cil qui despent bien e tost,
       E largement;
     E fet les granz honors sovent
     Deu li duble quanque il despent
       Por faire honor.
         Deu doint, etc.

     Seignors escriez les malveis,
     Car vus nel les troverez jameis
       De bone part;
     Botun, batun, ferun groinard,
     Car tot dis a le quer cunard
       Por faire honor.
         Deu doint, etc.

     NOEL beyt bein li vin Engleis
     E li Gascoin e li Franceys
       E l'Angeuin;
     NOEL fait beivre son veisin,
     Si quil se dort, le chief en clin,
       Sovent le ior.
         Deu doint, etc.

     Seignors io vus di par NOEL,
     E par li sires de cest hostel,
       Car benez ben:
     E io primes beurai le men,
     E pois apres chescon le soen,
       Par mon conseil.
     Si io vus di trestoz Wesseyl
     Dehaiz eil qui ne dirra Drincheyl.


     TRANSLATION.

     Now, lordings, listen to our ditty,
       Strangers coming from afar;
     Let poor minstrels move your pity,
       Give us welcome, soothe our care:
     In this mansion, as they tell us,
       Christmas wassell keeps to-day;
     And, as the king of all good fellows,
       Reigns with uncontrouled sway.

     Lordings, in these realms of pleasure,
       Father Christmas yearly dwells;
     Deals out joy with liberal measure,
       Gloomy sorrow soon dispels:
     Numerous guests, and viands dainty,
       Fill the hall and grace the board;
     Mirth and beauty, peace and plenty,
       Solid pleasures here afford.

     Lordings, 'tis said the liberal mind,
       That on the needy much bestows,
     From Heav'n a sure reward shall find;
       From Heav'n, whence ev'ry blessing flows.
     Who largely gives with willing hand,
       Or quickly gives with willing heart,
     His fame shall spread throughout the land,
       His mem'ry thence shall ne'er depart.

     Lordings, grant not your protection
       To a base unworthy crew,
     But cherish, with a kind affection,
       Men that are loyal, good, and true.
     Chase from your hospitable dwelling
       Swinish souls that ever crave;
     Virtue they can ne'er excel in,
       Gluttons never can be brave.

     Lordings, Christmas loves good drinking.
       Wines of Gascoigne, France, Anjou,
     English ale that drives out thinking,
       Prince of liquors, old or new.
     Every neighbour shares the bowl,
       Drinks of the spicy liquor deep,
     Drinks his fill without controul,
       Till he drowns his care in sleep.

     And now--by Christmas, jolly soul!
       By this mansion's generous sieur!
     By the wine, and by the bowl,
       And all the joys they both inspire!
     Here I'll drink a health to all:
       The glorious task shall first be mine:
     And ever may foul luck befall
       Him that to pledge me shall decline.

     THE CHORUS.

     Hail, Father Christmas! hail to Thee!
     Honour'd ever shalt thou be!
     All the sweets that love bestows,
     Endless pleasures, wait on those
     Who, like vassals brave and true,
     Give to Christmas homage due.

Wynkyn de Worde first printed Christmas carols in 1521, but there were
many MS. carols in existence before then. Here is a very pretty one
from Mr. Wright's fifteenth-century MS.:--

     To blys God bryng us al and sum.
     _Christe, redemptor omnium._

     In Bedlem, that fayer cyte,
     Was born a chyld that was so fre,
     Lord and prince of hey degre,
         _Jam lucis orto sidere._

     Jhesu, for the lowe of the,
     Chylder wer slayn grett plente
     In Bedlem, that fayer cyte,
         _A solis ortus cardine._

     As the sune schynyth in the glas,
     So Jhesu of hys moder borne was;
     Hym to serve God gyffe us grace,
         _O Lux beata Trinitas._

     Now is he oure Lord Jhesus;
     Thus hath he veryly vysyt us;
     Now to mak mery among us
       _Exultet coelum laudibus._

The next carol I give has always been a popular favourite, and can be
traced back to the fourteenth century, when it was called "Joyes
Fyve." In Mr. Wright's fifteenth-century MS. it is "Off the Five Joyes
of Our Lady." It afterwards became the "Seven Joys of Mary," and has
expanded to

     THE TWELVE GOOD JOYS OF MARY.

     The first good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of One,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To suck at her breast-bone.
         To suck at her breast-bone, good man,
           And blessed may he be,
         Both Father, Son and Holy Ghost,
           To all eternity.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Two,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To make the lame to go.
         To make the lame, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Three,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To make the blind to see.
         To make the blind to see, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Four,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To read the Bible o'er.
         To read, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Five,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To raise the dead alive.
         To raise, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Six,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To wear the crucifix.
         To wear, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Seven,
     To see her own Son Jesus
       To wear the Crown of Heaven.
         To wear, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Eight,
     To see our blessed Saviour
       Turn darkness into light.
         Turn darkness, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Nine,
     To see our blessed Saviour
       Turn water into wine.
         Turn water, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Ten,
     To see our blessed Saviour
       Write without a pen.
         Write without, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Eleven,
     To see our blessed Saviour
       Shew the gates of Heaven.
         Shew the gates, etc.

     The next good joy our Mary had,
       It was the joy of Twelve,
     To see our blessed Saviour
       Shut close the gates of Hell.
         Shut close, etc.

"On Christmas Day in the Morning" and "God rest You, Merry Gentlemen,"
are both very old and popular, the latter extremely so; in fact, it is
the carol most known. The next example was first printed by the Rev.
Arthur Bedford, who wrote many books and published sermons between
1705 and 1743, but his version began somewhat differently:--

     A Virgin unspotted, the Prophets did tell,
     Should bring forth a Saviour, as now it befell.

     A VIRGIN MOST PURE.

     A Virgin most pure, as the Prophets did tell,
     Hath brought forth a Baby, as it hath befell,
     To be our Redeemer from death, hell and Sin,
     Which Adam's transgression hath wrapped us in.
         Rejoice and be merry, set sorrow aside,
         Christ Jesus, our Saviour, was born on this tide.

     In Bethlehem, a city in Jewry it was--
     Where Joseph and Mary together did pass,
     And there to be taxed, with many ane mo,
     For Caesar commanded the same should be so.
         Rejoice, etc.

     But when they had entered the city so fair,
     A number of people so mighty was there,
     That Joseph and Mary, whose substance was small,
     Could get in the city no lodging at all.
         Rejoice, etc.

     Then they were constrained in a stable to lie,
     Where oxen and asses they used to tie;
     Their lodging so simple, they held it no scorn,
     But against the next morning our Saviour was born.
         Rejoice, etc.

     Then God sent an Angel from heaven so high,
     To certain poor shepherds in fields where they lie,
     And bid them no longer in sorrow to stay,
     Because that our Saviour was born on this day.
         Rejoice, etc.

     Then presently after, the shepherds did spy
     A number of Angels appear in the sky,
     Who joyfully talked, and sweetly did sing,
     "To God be all Glory, our Heavenly King."
         Rejoice, etc.

     Three certain Wise Princes they thought it most meet
     To lay their rich offerings at our Saviour's feet;
     So then they consented, and to Bethlehem did go,
     And when they came thither they found it was so.
         Rejoice, etc.

But all Christmas carols were not religious--many of them were of the
most festive description; but here is one, temp. Henry VIII., which is
a mixture of both:--

     Noel, Noel, Noel, Noel,
     Who is there, that singeth so, Noel,
         Noel, Noel?

     I am here, Sir Christhismass,
     Welcome, my lord Christhismass,
     Welcome to all, both more and less.
         Come near, Noel.

     _Dieu vous garde, beau Sire_, tidings I you bring,
     A maid hath born a Child full young,
     The which causeth for to sing,
         Noel.

     Christ is now born of a pure maid,
     In an ox stall He is laid,
     Wherefore sing we all at a braid,[80]
         Noel.

     _Buvez bien par toute la compagnie_,
     Make good cheer, and be right merry,
     And sing with us, now, joyfully,
         Noel.

[Footnote 80: Suddenly.]

Of the purely festive carols here is an example of the fifteenth
century, from Mr. Wright's MS.:--

     At the begynnyng of the mete
     Of a borejs hed 3e schal hete;
     And in the mustard 3e xal wete;
         And 3e xal syngyn, or 3e gon.

     Wolcom be 3e that ben here,
     And 3e xal have ryth gud chere,
     And also a ryth gud face;
         And 3e xal syngyn, or 3e gon.

     Welcum be 3e everychon,
     For 3e xal syngyn ryth anon;
     Hey 3ow fast that 3e had don,
         And 3e xal syngyn, or 3e gon.

The last I give is of the sixteenth century, and is in the British
Museum (MS. Cott. Vesp. A. xxv.):--

     A CHRISTENMESSE CARROLL

       A bonne, God wote!
       Stickes in my throate,
     Without I have a draught,
       Of cornie aile,
       Nappy and staile,
     My lyffe lyes in great wanste.
       Some ayle or beare,
       Gentell butlere,
     Some lycoure thou hus showe,
       Such as you mashe,
       Our throtes to washe
     The best were that you brew.

       Saint, master and knight,
       That Saint Mault hight,
     Were prest between two stones;
       That swet humour
       Of his lycoure
     Would make us sing at once.

       Mr. Wortley,
       I dar well say,
     I tell you as I thinke,
       Would not, I say,
       Byd hus this day,
     But that we shuld have drink.

       His men so tall
       Walkes up his hall,
     With many a comly dishe;
       Of his good meat
       I cannot eate,
     Without a drink i-wysse.
       Now gyve hus drink,
       And let cat wynke,
     I tell you all at once,
       Yt stickes so sore,
       I may sing no more,
     Tyll I have dronken once.




CHAPTER XXIV

     Christmas Gifts forbidden in the City of London--Charles II.
     and Christmas Gifts--Christmas Tree--Asiatic
     Descent--Scandinavian Descent--Candles on the Tree--Early
     Notices of in England--Santa Claus--Krishkinkle--Curious
     Tenures of Land at Christmas.


The presentation of gifts on Christmas day was an English custom of
very great antiquity; so great that, in 1419, the practice had become
much corrupted, and the abuse had to be sternly repressed. Hence we
find the following[81] "_Regulation made that the Serjeants and other
officers of the Mayor, Sheriffs, or City, shall not beg for Christmas
gifts._

[Footnote 81: _Corporation Letter-book_, i. fol. 238.]

"Forasmuch as it is not becoming or agreeable to propriety that those
who are in the service of reverend men, and from them, or through
them, have the advantage of befitting food and raiment, as also of
reward, or remuneration, in a competent degree, should, after a
perverse custom, be begging aught of people, like paupers; and seeing
that in times past, every year at the feast of our Lord's Nativity
(25th December), according to a certain custom, which has grown to be
an abuse, the vadlets of the Mayor, the Sheriffs and the Chamber of
the said city--persons who have food, raiment, and appropriate
advantages, resulting from their office,--under colour of asking for
an oblation, have begged many sums of money of brewers, bakers, cooks,
and other victuallers; and, in some instances, have, more than once,
threatened wrongfully to do them an injury if they should refuse to
give them something; and have frequently made promises to others that,
in return for a present, they would pass over their unlawful doings
in mute silence; to the great dishonour of their masters, and to the
common loss of all the city: therefore, on Wednesday, the last day of
April, in the 7th year of King Henry the Fifth, by William Sevenok,
the Mayor, and the Aldermen of London, it was ordered and established
that no vadlet, or other sergeant of the Mayor, Sheriffs, or City,
should in future beg or require of any person, of any rank, degree, or
condition whatsoever, any moneys, under colour of an oblation, or in
any other way, on pain of losing his office."

Royalty was not above receiving presents on this day, and as, of
course, such presents could not be of small value, it must have been
no small tax on the nobility. Pepys (23rd February 1663) remarks:
"This day I was told that my Lady Castlemaine hath all the King's
Christmas presents, made him by the Peers, given to her, which is a
most abominable thing." He records his own Christmas gifts (25th
December 1667): "Being a fine, light, moonshine morning, home round
the city, and stopped and dropped money at five or six places, which I
was the willinger to do, it being Christmas day."

But the prettiest method of distributing Christmas gifts was reserved
for comparatively modern times, in the Christmas tree. Anent this
wonderful tree there are many speculations, one or two so curious that
they deserve mention. It is said of a certain living Professor that he
deduces everything from an Indian or Aryan descent; and there is a
long and very learned article by Sir George Birdwood, C.S.I., in the
_Asiatic Quarterly Review_ (vol. i. pp. 19, 20), who endeavours to
trace it to an eastern origin. He says: "Only during the past thirty
or forty years has the custom become prevalent in England of employing
the Christmas tree as an appropriate decoration, and a most delightful
vehicle for showering down gifts upon the young, in connection with
domestic and public popular celebrations of the joyous ecclesiastical
Festival of the Nativity. It is said to have been introduced among us
from Germany, where it is regarded as indigenous, and it is, probably,
a survival of some observance connected with the pagan Saturnalia of
the winter solstice, to supersede which, the Church, about the fifth
century of our era, instituted Christmas day.

"It has, indeed, been explained as being derived from the ancient
Egyptian practice of decking houses at the time of the winter solstice
with branches of the date palm, the symbol of life triumphant over
death, and therefore of perennial life in the renewal of each
bounteous year; and the supporters of this suggestion point to the
fact that pyramids of green paper, covered all over with wreaths and
festoons of flowers, and strings of sweetmeats, and other presents for
children, are often substituted in Germany for the Christmas Tree.

"But similar pyramids, together with similar trees, the latter,
usually, altogether artificial, and often constructed of the costliest
materials, even of gems and gold, are carried about at marriage
ceremonies in India, and at many festivals, such as the Hoolee, or
annual festival of the vernal equinox. These pyramids represent Mount
Meru and the earth; and the trees, the Kalpadruma, or 'Tree of Ages,'
and the fragrant Parajita, the tree of every perfect gift, which grew
on the slopes of Mount Meru; and, in their enlarged sense, they
symbolise the splendour of the outstretched heavens, as of a tree,
laden with golden fruit, deep-rooted in the earth. Both pyramids and
trees are also phallic emblems of life, individual, terrestrial, and
celestial. Therefore, if a relationship exists between the Egyptian
practice of decking houses at the winter solstice with branches of the
date palm, and the German and English custom of using gift-bearing and
brilliantly illuminated evergreen trees, which are, nearly always,
firs, as a Christmas decoration, it is most probably due to collateral
rather than to direct descent; and this is indicated by the Egyptians
having regarded the date palm, not only as an emblem of immortality,
but, also, of the starlit firmament."

Others attempt to trace the Christmas tree to the Scandinavian legend
of the mystic tree Yggdrasil, which sprang from the centre of
Mid-gard, and the summit of As-gard, with branches spreading out over
the whole earth, and reaching above the highest heavens, whilst its
three great roots go down into the lowest hell.

A writer in the _Cornhill Magazine_, December 1886, thus accounts for
the candles on the tree--

"But how came the lights on the Christmas tree?

"In the ninth month of the Jewish year, corresponding nearly to our
December, and on the twenty-fifth day, the Jews celebrated the Feast
of the Dedication of their Temple. It had been desecrated on that day
by Antiochus; it was rededicated by Judas Maccabeus; and then,
according to the Jewish legend, sufficient oil was found in the Temple
to last for the seven-branched candlestick for seven days, and it
would have taken seven days to prepare new oil. Accordingly, the Jews
were wont, on the twenty-fifth of Kislen, in every house, to light a
candle, on the next day, two, and so on, till on the seventh and last
day of the feast, seven candles twinkled in every house. It is not
easy to fix the exact date of the Nativity, but it fell, most
probably, on the last day of Kislen, when every Jewish house in
Bethlehem and Jerusalem was twinkling with lights. It is worthy of
notice that the German name for Christmas is _Weihnacht_, the Night of
Dedication, as though it were associated with this feast. The Greeks
also call Christmas the Feast of Lights; and, indeed, this also was a
name given to the Dedication Festival, _Chanuka_, by the Jews."

That this pretty Christ-tide custom came to us from Germany there can
be no doubt, and all the early notices of it show that it was so. Thus
the first mention of it that I can find is in _Court and Private Life
in the Time of Queen Charlotte, being the Journals of Mrs. Papendiek_,
vol. ii. 158. Speaking of Christ-tide 1789, she says: "This Christmas
Mr. Papendiek proposed an illuminated tree, according to the German
fashion, but the Blagroves being at home for their fortnight, and the
party at Mrs. Roach's for the holidays, I objected to it. Our eldest
girl, Charlotte, being only six the 30th of this November, I thought
our children too young to be amused at so much expense and trouble."

A.J. Kempe, Esq., in a footnote to p. 75 of the Losely MSS., edited by
him in 1836, says: "We remember a German of the household of the late
Queen Caroline making what he termed a _Christmas tree_ for a juvenile
party at that festive season. The tree was a branch of some evergreen
fastened to a board. Its boughs bent under the weight of gilt oranges,
almonds, &c., and under it was a neat model of a farm house,
surrounded by figures of animals, &c., and all due accompaniments."

Charles Greville, in his _Memoirs_, writes thus of Christ-tide 1829
as celebrated at Panshanger. "The Princess Lieven got up a little
_fete_ such as is customary all over Germany. Three trees in great
pots were put upon a long table covered with pink linen; each tree was
illuminated with three circular tiers of coloured wax candles--blue,
green, red, and white. Before each tree was displayed a quantity of
toys, gloves, pocket handkerchiefs, work boxes, books, and various
articles--presents made to the owner of the tree. It was very pretty.
Here it was only for the children; in Germany the custom extends to
persons of all ages."

One more extract, to show about what time it became popular, and I
have done. It is from _Mary Howitt, an Autobiography_ (vol. i. 298).
"Our practical knowledge of the Christmas tree was gained in this
first winter at Heidelberg. Universal as the custom now is, I believe
the earliest knowledge which the English public had of it was through
Coleridge in his _Biographia Literaria_. It had, at the time I am
writing of--1840--been introduced into Manchester by some of the
German merchants established there. Our Queen and Prince Albert
likewise celebrated the festival with its beautiful old German
customs. Thus the fashion spread, until now even our asylums, schools,
and workhouses have, through friends and benefactors, each its
Christmas tree."

Another pretty Christ-tide custom has also come to us from Germany,
that of putting presents into stockings left out for the purpose
whilst the children sleep on Christmas eve. St. Nicholas (or Santa
Claus, as he is now called), the patron of children, ought to get the
credit of it. In America the presents are supposed to be brought by a
fabulous personage called _Krishkinkle_, who is believed to come down
the chimney laden with good things for those children whose conduct
had been exemplary during the past year; for peccant babies the
stocking held a birch rod. _Krishkinkle_ is a corruption of
_Christ-kindlein_ or Child Christ.

There are some very curious tenures of lands and manors connected with
Christmas which must not be passed over. I have taken them from
Blount's book on the subject, as being the best authority.

BONDBY, Lincolnshire.--Sir Edward Botiler, knight, and Ann, his wife,
sister and heir of Hugh le Despencer, hold the manor of Bondby, in
the county of Lincoln, by the service of bearing a white rod before
our Lord the King on the Feast of Christmas, if the King should be in
that county at the said feast.

BRIDSHALL, Staffordshire.--Sir Philip de Somerville, knight, holdeth
of his lord, the Earl of Lancaster, the manor of Briddeshalle by these
services, that at such time as his lord holdeth his Christmas at
Tutbury, the said Sir Philip shall come to Tutbury upon Christmas
Even, and shall be lodged in the town of Tutbury, by the marshal of
the Earl's house, and upon Christmas Day he himself, or some other
knight, his deputy, shall go to the dresser, and shall sew[82] his
lord's mess, and then shall he carve the same meat to his said lord,
and this service shall he do as well at supper as at dinner, and, when
his lord hath eaten, the said Sir Philip shall sit down in the same
place where his lord sat, and shall be served at his table by the
steward of the Earl's house. And upon St. Stephen's day, when he hath
dined, he shall take his leave of his lord and shall kiss him; and all
these services to-fore rehearsed, the said Philip hath done by the
space of xlviii years, and his ancestors before him, to his lords,
Earls of Lancaster.

[Footnote 82: Place the dishes before him, and remove them.]

BRIMINGTON, Derbyshire.--Geoffery, son of William de Brimington, gave,
granted, and confirmed to Peter, son of Hugh de Brimington, one toft
with the buildings, and three acres of land in the fields there, with
twenty pence yearly rent, which he used to receive of Thomas, son of
Gilbert de Bosco, with the homages, etc., rendering yearly to him and
his heirs a pair of white gloves, of the price of a halfpenny, at
Christmas yearly, for all services.

BROOK HOUSE, Yorkshire.--A farm at Langsett, in the parish of Peniston
and county of York, pays yearly to Godfrey Bosville, Esqre., a
snowball at Midsummer, and a red rose at Christmas.

BURGE, Derbyshire.--Hugh, son and heir of Philip de Stredley, made
fine with the King by two marks for his relief for the Mill of Burge,
in the county of Derby, which the said Philip held of the King _in
capite_, by the service of finding one man bearing a heron falcon,
every year in season, before the King, when he should be summoned,
and to take for performing the said service, at the cost of the King,
two robes at Whitsuntide and Christmas.

GREENS-NORTON, Northamptonshire.--This, so named of the Greens
(persons famed in the sixteenth century for their wealth), called
before Norton-Dauncy, was held of the King _in capite_ by the service
of lifting up their right hands towards the King yearly, on Christmas
day, wheresoever the King should then be in England.

HAWARDEN AND BOSELE, Cheshire.--The manors of Hawarden and Bosele,
with the appurtenances in the county of Cheshire, are held of the King
_in capite_ by Robert de Monhault, Earl of Arundel, by being steward
of the county of Cheshire, _viz._ by the service of setting down the
first dish before the Earl of Chester at Chester on Christmas day.

HEDSOR, Bucks.--An estate in this parish, called Lambert Farm, was
formerly held under the manor by the service of bringing in the first
dish at the lord's table on St. Stephen's day, and presenting him with
two hens, a cock, a gallon of ale, and two manchets of white bread;
after dinner the lord delivered to the tenant a sparrow hawk and a
couple of spaniels, to be kept at his costs and charges for the lord's
use.

HEMINGSTON, Suffolk.--Rowland le Sarcere held one hundred and ten
acres of land in Hemingston by serjeanty; for which, on Christmas day
every year, before our sovereign lord the King of England, he should
perform altogether, and at once, a leap, puff up his cheeks, therewith
making a sound, and let a crack.

LEVINGTON, Yorkshire.--Adam de Bras, lord of Skelton, gave in marriage
with his daughter Isabel, to Henry de Percy, eldest son and heir of
Joceline de Lovain (ancestor to the present Duke of Northumberland),
the manor of Levington, for which he and his heirs were to repair to
Skelton Castle every Christmas day, and lead the lady of that castle
from her chamber to the chapel to mass, and thence to her chamber
again, and after dining with her, to depart.

REDWORTH, Co. Durham.--In the fourth year of Bishop Skirlawe, 1391,
John de Redworth died, seised in his demesne, &c. of two messuages and
twenty-six acres of land and meadow, with the appurtenances, in
Redworth, held of the said Lord Bishop _in capite_ by homage and
fealty, and the service of four shillings and ten pence a year, to be
paid at the Exchequer at Durham, and the rent of one hen and two parts
of a hen to be paid at the same Exchequer yearly at Christmas.

STAMFORD, Lincolnshire.--William, Earl Warren, lord of this town in
the time of King John, standing upon the castle walls, saw two bulls
fighting for a cow in the Castle Meadow, till all the butchers' dogs
pursued one of the bulls (maddened with noise and multitude) clean
through the town. This sight so pleased the Earl that he gave the
Castle Meadow, where the bulls' duel had begun, for a common to the
butchers of the town, after the first grass was mown, on condition
that they should find a mad bull the day six weeks before Christmas
day, for the continuance of the sport for ever.

THURGARTON AND HORSEPOLL, Notts.--The tenants of these manors held
their lands by these customs and services. Every native and villein
(which were such as we call husbandmen) paid each a cock and a hen,
besides a small rent in money, for a toft and one bovate of land, held
of the Priory of Thurgarton. These cocks and hens were paid the second
day in Christmas, and that day every one, both cottagers and natives,
dined in the hall; and those who did not had a white loaf and a flagon
of ale, with one mess from the kitchen. And all the reapers in
harvest, which were called hallewimen, were to eat in the hall one day
in Christmas, or afterwards, at the discretion of the cellarer.

There is a curious custom still carried out at Queen's College,
Oxford. On the feast of the Circumcision the bursar gives to every
member a needle and thread, adding the injunction, "Take this and be
thrifty." It is said, I know not with what truth, that it is to
commemorate the name of the founder, Robert Egglesfield--by the
visible pun, _aiguille_ (needle) and _fil_ (thread).




CHAPTER XXV

     Christ-tide Literature--Christmas Cards--Their
     Origin--Lamplighter's Verses--Watchman's Verses--Christmas
     Pieces.


The literature specially designed nowadays for Christmas reading is
certainly not of a high order, whether we take books--which are issued
at this time by the hundred--or the special numbers of magazines and
newspapers, all of which have rubbishing stories with some tag in them
relating to Christ-tide. Tales of ghosts, etc., were at one time very
fashionable, and even Dickens pandered to this miserable style of
writing, not enhancing his reputation thereby.

Akin in merit to this literature are the mottoes we find in the _bon
bon_ crackers, and the verses on Christmas cards, which are on a par
with those which adorned the defunct valentine. When first Christmas
cards came into vogue they were expensive and comparatively good; now
they are simply rubbish, and generally have no allusion either in the
design, or doggrel to Christ-tide, to which they owe their existence.
Their origin was thoroughly threshed out in _Notes and Queries_, and I
give the correspondence thereon (6th series, v. 155).

"Christmas cards were first published and issued from Summerly's _Home
Treasury_ Office, 12 Old Bond Street, in the year 1846. The design was
drawn by J.C. Horsley, R.A., at the suggestion of Sir Henry Cole,
K.C.B., and carried out by De la Rue and Co."

(_Ib._ 376) "Mr. Platt is somewhat in error in stating that the first
Christmas card was carried out by De la Rue and Co. This firm
republished it last year (1881) in chromo-lithography, but in 1846 it
was produced in outline by lithography, and coloured by hand by a
colourer of that time named Mason, when it could not have been sold
for less than a shilling. Last year chromo-lithography enabled it to
be produced for two pence. The original publisher was Mr. Joseph
Cundall. It may be well to place the design on record. A trellis of
rustic work in the Germanesque style divided the card into a centre
and two side panels. The sides were filled by representations of the
feeding of the hungry and the clothing of the naked; in the central
compartment a family party was shown at table--an old man and woman, a
maiden and her young man, and several children,--and they were
pictured drinking healths in wine. On this ground certain total
abstainers have called in question the morality of Mr. Horsley's
design."

_The Publishers' Circular_, 31st December 1883 (p. 1432), says:
"Several years ago, in the Christmas number of _The Publishers'
Circular_, we described the original Christmas card, designed by Mr.
J.C. Horsley, R.A., at the suggestion of Sir Henry Cole, and no
contradiction was then offered to our theory that this must have been
the real and original card. On Thursday, however, Mr. John Leighton,
writing under his _nom de plume_, 'Luke Limner,' comes forward to
contest the claim of priority of design, and says: 'Occasional cards
of a purely private character have been done years ago, but the
Christmas card pure and simple is the growth of our town and our time.
It began in 1862, the first attempts being the size of the ordinary
gentleman's address card, on which were simply put "A Merry Christmas"
and "A Happy New Year"; after that there came to be added robins and
holly branches, embossed figures and landscapes. Having made the
original designs for these, I have the originals before me now; they
were produced by Goodall and Son. Seeing a growing want, and the great
sale obtained abroad, this house produced (1868) a "Little Red Riding
Hood," a "Hermit and his Cell," and many other subjects in which snow
and the robin played a part.' We fail to see how a card issued in 1862
can ante-date the production of 1846, a copy of which is in our
possession; and although there is no copyright in an idea, the title
to the honour of originating the pretty trifle now so familiar to us
seems to rest with Sir Henry Cole."

_The Times_ of 2nd January 1884 has the following letter:--

"SIR--The writer of the article on Christmas Cards in _The Times_ of
December 25th is quite right in his assertion. The first Christmas
card ever published was issued by me in the usual way, in the year
1846, at the office of _Felix Summerly's Home Treasury_, at 12 Old
Bond Street. Mr. Henry Cole (afterwards Sir Henry) originated the
idea. The drawing was made by J.C. Horsley, R.A.; it was printed in
lithography by Mr. Jobbins of Warwick Court, Holborn, and coloured by
hand. Many copies were sold, but possibly not more than 1000. It was
of the usual size of a lady's card. Those my friend Luke Limner speaks
of were not brought out, as he says, till many years after.--JOSEPH
CUNDALL."

As works of art--compared with the majority of Christmas cards, which
are mostly "made in Germany"--the card almanacs presented by tradesmen
to their customers are generally of a very superior character.

In the old days, when there were oil lamps in the streets, the
lamplighter, like the bellman and the watchman, used annually at
Christmas to leave some verses at every house to remind its occupier
that Boxing day drew nigh. One example will suffice, and its date is
1758:--

     THE LAMPLIGHTER'S POEM:

     Humbly Presented to all His worthy Masters and Mistresses.

     _Compos'd by a Lamplighter._

     Revolving Time another Glass has run,
     Since I, last year, this Annual Task begun,
     And Christmas now beginning to appear
     (Which never comes, you know, but once a year),
     I have presum'd to bring my Mite once more,
     Which, tho' it be but small, is all my Store;
     And I don't doubt you'll take it in good Part,
     As 'tis the Tribute of a grateful Heart.
       Brave Prussia's king, that true Protestant Prince,
     For Valour Fam'd, endow'd with Martial Sense;
     Against three mighty Potentates did stand,
     Who would have plundered him of all his Land:
     But God, who knew his Cause was Just and Right,
     Gave him such Courage and Success in Fight:
     Born to oppose the Pope's malignant clan,
     He'll do whatever Prince or Hero can;
     Retrieve that martial Fame by Britons lost,
     And prove that Faith which graceless Christians boast.
     O! make his Cause, ye Powers above! your Care;
     Let Guilt shrink back, and Innocence appear.
       But, now, with State Affairs I must have done,
     And to the Business of my Lamps must run;
     When Sun and Moon from you do hide their Head,
     Your busy Streets with artful Lights are spread,
     And gives you Light with great indulgent Care,
     Makes the dark Night like the bright Day appear;
     Then we poor useful Mortals nimbly run
     To light your Lamps before the Day is gone:
     With strictest Care, we to each Lamp give Fire,
     The longest Night to burn: you do require
     Of us to make each Lamp to burn that time,
     But, oft, we do fall short of that Design:
     Sometimes a Lamp goes out at Master's Door,
     This happens once which ne'er did so before:
     The Lamp-man's blamed, and ask'd the reason why
     That should go out, and others burning by?
     Kind, worthy Sirs, if I may be so bold,
     A truer Tale to you was never told;
     We trim, we give each Lamp their Oil alike,
     Yet some goes out, while others keep alight:
     Why they do so, to you we can't explain,
     It ne'er did sink into our shallow Brain:
     Nor have we heard that any one could tell,
     That secret Place where Life of Fire does dwell,
     Such various Motions in it we do find,
     And a hard Task with it to please Mankind.
       Now, our kind Master, who Contractor is,
     If a Complaint he hears of Lamps amiss,
     With strictest Care the Streets looks round about,
     And views the Lamps, takes Notice which are out;
     Then, in great Fury, he to us replies,
     Such Lamps were out, why have I all this Noise?
     Go fetch those Burners all down here to me,
     That where the Fault is I may plainly see:
     Then straight he views them, with Remains of Oil,
     Crys, ah! I thought you did these Lamps beguile;
     But now the thing I do more plainly see,
     The Burning Oil is a great Mystery:
     Then come, my Boys, to work, make no delay,
     Keep from Complaints, if possible you may;
     Clean well each Glass, I'll spare for no Expence
     Where I contract, to please th' Inhabitants.
       Since Time still flies, and Life is but a Vapour,
     'Tis now high time that I conclude my Paper,
     And, if my Verses have the Luck to Please,
     My Mind will be exceedingly at ease;
     But, if this shouldn't Please, I know what will,
     And that's with Diligence to serve you still.
                 FINIS.

Hone, in his _Every-Day Book_ (vol. i. p. 1627), gives, date 1823:--

     A COPY OF CHRISTMAS VERSES,

     presented to the

     INHABITANTS OF BUNGAY

     By their Humble Servants, the late Watchmen,

     JOHN PYE and JOHN TYE.

     Your pardon, Gentles, while we thus implore,
     In strains not less _awakening_ than of yore,
     Those smiles we deem our best reward to catch,
     And, for the which, we've long been on the _Watch_;
     Well pleas'd if we that recompence obtain,
     Which we have ta'en so many _steps_ to gain.
     Think of the perils in our _calling past_,
     The chilling coldness of the midnight blast,
     The beating rain, the swiftly-driving snow,
     The various ills that we must undergo,
     Who roam, the glow-worms of the human race,
     The living Jack-a-Lanthorns of the place.
       'Tis said by some, perchance to mock our toil,
     That we are prone to "_waste the midnight oil_!"
     And that a task thus idle to pursue
     Would be an idle _waste of money_, too!
     How hard that we the _dark_ designs should rue
     Of those who'd fain make _light_ of all we do!
     But such the fate which oft doth merit greet,
     And which now drives us fairly off our beat!
     Thus it appears from this, our dismal plight,
     That _some_ love _darkness_ rather than the _light_.
       Henceforth, let riot and disorder reign,
     With all the ills that follow in their train;
     Let TOMS and JERRYS unmolested brawl
     (No _Charlies_ have they now to _floor_ withal).
     And "rogues and vagabonds" infest the Town,
     Far cheaper 'tis to _save_ than _crack a crown_.
       To brighter scenes we now direct our view--
     And, first, fair Ladies, let us turn to you.
     May each NEW YEAR new joys, new pleasures bring,
     And Life for you be one delightful spring!
     No summer's sun annoy with fev'rish rays,
     No winter chill the evening of your days!
       To you, kind Sirs, we next our tribute pay:
     May smiles and sunshine greet you on your way!
     If married, calm and peaceful be your lives;
     If single, may you, forthwith, get you wives!
       Thus, whether Male or Female, Old or Young
     Or Wed, or Single, be this burden sung:
     Long may you live to hear, and we to call,
     "_A Happy Christmas and New Year to all._"

The present generation has never seen, and probably never heard of,
"Christmas pieces," or specimens of handwriting, which went out of
vogue fifty years ago. It was very useful, as the boy took great pride
in its writing, and parents could judge of their children's
proficiency in penmanship. Sometimes these sheets were surrounded with
elaborate flourishings of birds, pens, scrolls, etc., such as the
writing-master of the last century delighted in; others were headed
with copper-plate engravings, sometimes coloured. Here are a few of
the subjects: Ruth and Boaz, Measuring the Temple (Ezekiel), Philip
Baptising the Eunuch, The Good Samaritan, Joshua's Command, John the
Baptist Preaching in the Wilderness, The Seven Wonders of the World,
King William III., St. Paul's Shipwreck, etc., etc.

A publisher, writing to _Notes and Queries_ in 1871 (4 series, vi.
462) about these "Christmas Pieces," says: "As a youngster, some
thirty years ago, in my father's establishment, the sale of 'school
pieces,' or 'Christmas pieces,' as they were called, was very large.
My father published some thirty different subjects (a new one every
year, one of the old ones being let go out of print). There were also
three other publishers of them. The order to print used to average
about 500 of each kind, but double of the Life of our Saviour. Most of
the subjects were those of the Old Testament. I only recollect four
subjects not sacred. Printing at home, we generally commenced the
printing in August from the copper-plates, as they had to be coloured
by hand. They sold, retail, at sixpence each, and we used to supply
them to the trade at thirty shillings per gross, and to schools at
three shillings and sixpence per dozen, or two dozen for six shillings
and sixpence. Charity boys were large purchasers of these pieces, and
at Christmas time used to take them round their parish to show, and,
at the same time, solicit a trifle. The sale never began before
October in the country, and December in London; and early in January
the stock left used to be put by until the following season. It is
over fifteen years since any were printed by my firm, and the last new
one I find was done in lithography."




CHAPTER XXVI

     Carol for St. Stephen's Day--Boxing Day--Origin of
     Custom--Early Examples--The Box--Bleeding Horses--Festivity
     on this Day--Charity at Bampton--Hunting the Wren in
     Ireland--Song of the Wren Boys.


On the day succeeding Christmas day the Church commemorates the death
of the proto-martyr Stephen, and in honour of this festival the
following carol is sung:--

     In friendly Love and Unity,
       For good _St. Stephen's_ Sake,
     Let us all, this blessed Day,
       To Heaven our Prayers make:
     That we with him the Cross of Christ
       May freely undertake.
         _And_ Jesus _will send you his Blessing._

     Those accursed Infidels
       That stoned him to Death,
     Could not by their cruelties
       Withhold him from his Faith,
     In such a godly Martyrdom
       Seek we all the Path.
         _And_ Jesus, etc.

     And whilst we sit here banqueting,
       Of dainties having Store,
     Let us not forgetful be
       To cherish up the Poor;
     And give what is convenient
       To those that ask at Door.
         _And_ Jesus, etc.

     For God hath made you Stewards here,
       Upon the Earth to dwell;
     He that gathereth for himself,
       And will not use it well,
     Lives far worse than _Dives_ did,
       That burneth now in Hell.
         _And_ Jesus, etc.

     And, now, in Love and Charity,
       See you your Table spread,
     That I may taste of your good Cheer,
       Your _Christmas_ Ale and Bread:
     Then I may say that I full well
       For this, my Carol, sped.
         _And_ Jesus, etc.

     For Bounty is a blessed Gift,
       The Lord above it sends,
     And he that gives it from His Hands,
       Deserveth many Friends:
     I see it on my Master's Board,
       And so my Carol ends.
         _Lord_ Jesus, etc.

But St. Stephen's day is much better known in England as "Boxing Day,"
from the kindly custom of recognising little services rendered during
the year by giving a Christmas box--a custom which, of course, is
liable to abuse, and especially when, as in many instances, it is
regarded as a right, in which case it loses its pleasant significance.
No one knows how old this custom is, nor its origin. Hutchinson, in
his _History of Northumberland_ (vol. ii. p. 20), says: "The Paganalia
of the Romans, instituted by Servius Tullius, were celebrated in the
beginning of the year; an altar was erected in each village, where all
persons gave money." There is a somewhat whimsical account of its
origin in the first attempt at _Notes and Queries_, _The_ Athenian
_Oracle_, by John Dunton (1703, vol. i. 360).

"Q. _From whence comes the custom of gathering of_ Christmas Box
Money? _And how long since?_

"A. It is as Ancient as the word _Mass_, which the Romish Priests
invented from the _Latin_ word _Mitto_, to send, by putting People in
Mind to send Gifts, Offerings, Oblations, to have Masses said for
everything almost, that a Ship goes not out to the _Indies_, but the
Priest have a Box in that Ship, under the Protection of some Saint.
And for Masses, as they Cant, to be said for them to that Saint, etc.,
the Poor People must put something into the Priest's Box, which is not
to be Opened till the Ship Return. Thus the Mass at that time was
called _Christ's Mass_, and the Box, _Christ's Mass Box_, or Money
gathered against that time, that Masses might be made by the Priests
to the Saints, to forgive the People the Debaucheries of that time;
and from this, Servants had the Liberty to get Box-money, because they
might be able to pay the Priest for his Masses, because _No Penny, No
Paternoster_."

At all events, the Christmas box was a well-known institution in the
early seventeenth century. We have already seen Pepys "dropping money"
here and there at Christ-tide, and on 28th December 1668 he notes:
"Called up by drums and trumpets; these things and boxes having cost
me much money this Christmas already, and will do more." Yet the
custom must have been much older, for in the accounts of Dame Agnes
Merett, Cellaress of Syon Monastery, at Isleworth, in 29 Henry VIII.,
1537-38 (_Record Office Roll_, T.G. 18,232), the following are
entered among the _Foreigne Paymentes_: "Reward to the servauntes at
Crystemas, with their aprons xxs. Reward to the Clerk of the Kechyn,
xiijs. iiijd. Reward to the Baily of the Husbandry, vis. viijd. Reward
to the Keeper of the Covent Garden, vis. viijd."

As time went on we find increasing notices of Christmas boxes. In
Beaumont and Fletcher's _Wit without Money_ (Act ii. sc. 2) "A Widow
is a Christmas box that sweeps all."

Swift, in his _Journal to Stella_, mentions them several times. 26th
December 1710: "By the Lord Harry, I shall be undone here with
Christmas boxes. The rogues at the Coffee-house have raised their tax,
every one giving a crown, and I gave mine for shame, besides a great
many half-crowns to great men's porters," etc.

24th December 1711: "I gave Patrick half a crown for his Christmas
box, on condition he would be good; and he came home drunk at
midnight."

2nd January 1712: "I see nothing here like Christmas, excepting brawn
and mince pies in places where I dine, and giving away my half crowns
like farthings to great men's porters and butlers."

Gay, in his _Trivia_, thus mentions it:--

     Some boys are rich by birth beyond all wants,
     Belov'd by uncles, and kind, good, old aunts;
     When Time comes round, a _Christmas Box_ they bear,
     And one day makes them rich for all the year.

But the Christmas _box_ was an entity, and tangible; it was a saving's
box made of earthenware, which must be broken before the cash could be
extracted, as can be proved by several quotations, and the gift took
its name from the receptacle for it.

In Mason's _Handful of Essaies_ 1621: "Like a swine, he never doth
good till his death; as an apprentice's box of earth, apt he is to
take all, but to restore none till hee be broken."

In the frontispiece to Blaxton's _English Usurer_, 1634, the same
simile is used:--

     Both with the Christmas Boxe may well comply,
     It nothing yields till broke; they till they die.

And again, in Browne's _Map of the Microcosme_, 1642, speaking of a
covetous man, he says, he "doth exceed in receiving, but is very
deficient in giving; like the Christmas earthen Boxes of apprentices,
apt to take in money, but he restores none till hee be broken, like a
potter's vessell, into many shares."

Aubrey, in his _Wiltshire Collections_, _circ._ 1670 (p. 45), thus
describes a _trouvaille_ of Roman coins. "Among the rest was an
earthen pott of the colour of a Crucible, and of the shape of a
prentice's Christmas Box, with a slit in it, containing about a quart,
which was near full of money. This pot I gave to the Repository of the
Royal Society at Gresham College."

And, to wind up these Christmas box notices, I may quote a verse from
Henry Carey's "Sally in our Alley" (1715?).

     When Christmas comes about again,
       Oh! then I shall have money;
     I'll hoard it up, and box and all,
       I'll give it to my honey.

There used to be a very curious custom on St. Stephen's day, which
Douce says was introduced into this country by Danes--that of bleeding
horses. That it was usual is, I think, proved by very different
authorities. Tusser says:--

     Yer Christmas be passed, let horsse be let blood,
     For manie a purpose it dooth him much good;
     The day of S. Steeven old fathers did use;
     If that do mislike thee, some other day chuse.

And Barnebe Googe, in his translation of Naogeorgus, remarks:--

     Then followeth Saint Stephen's day, whereon doth every man
     His horses iaunt and course abrode, as swiftly as he can;
     Untill they doe extreemely sweate, and than they let them blood,
     For this being done upon this day, they say doth do them good,
     And keepes them from all maladies and secknesse through the yeare,
     As if that Steuen any time tooke charge of horses heare.

Aubrey, also, in his _Remains of Gentilisme_, says: "On St. Stephen's
day the farrier came constantly, and blouded all our cart horses."

It was occasionally the day of great festivity, even though it came
so very closely after Christmas day; and Mr. J.G. Nichols, in _Notes
and Queries_ (2 ser. viii. 484), quotes a letter, dated 2nd January
1614, in confirmation. It is from an alderman of Leicester to his
brother in Wood Street, Cheapside. "Yow wryte how yow reacayved my
lettar on St. Steven's day, and that, I thanke yow, yow esteemed yt as
welcoom as the 18 trumpytors; w^{t} in so doing, I must and will
esteme yowres, God willing, more wellcoom then trumpets and all the
musicke we have had since Christmas, and yet we have had prety store
bothe of owre owne and othar, evar since Christmas. And the same day
we were busy w^{t} hollding up hands and spoones to yow, out of
porredge and pyes, in the remembraunce of yowre greate lyberality of
frute and spice, which God send yow long lyffe to contynew, for of
that day we have not myssed anny St. Steven this 47 yeare to have as
many gas (_guests_) as my howse will holld, I thank God for yt."

In Southey's _Common Place Book_ it is noted that the three Vicars of
Bampton, Oxon., give beef and beer on the morning of St. Stephen's day
to those who choose to partake of it. This is called St. Stephen's
breakfast. The same book also mentions a singular custom in Wales,
that on this day everybody is privileged to whip another person's legs
with holly, which is often reciprocated till the blood streams down;
and this is corroborated in Mason's _Tales and Traditions of Tenby_,
where it is mentioned as being practised in that town.

We have heard of hunting the wren in the Isle of Man; the same custom
obtains in the south of Ireland, only it takes place on St. Stephen's
day. There is a tradition which is supposed to account for this
animosity against this pretty and harmless little bird. In one of the
many Irish rebellions a night march was made by a body of rebels on a
party of royalists, and when, about dawn of day, they neared the
sleeping out-posts, a slumbering drummer was aroused by a tapping on
his drum; and, giving the alarm, the rebels were repulsed. The tapping
was caused by a wren pecking at the crumbs left on the drum-head after
the drummer's last meal. Henceforward a grudge was nursed against the
wren, which has existed until now.

The "wren boys" go round, calling at houses, either having a dead wren
in a box, or hung on a holly bush, and they sing a song:--

     The Wran, the Wran, the king of all birds,
     On St. Stephen's day she's cotched in the furze;
     Although she's but wee, her family's great,
     So come down, Lan'leddy, and gie us a trate.
       Then up wi' the kettle, an' down wi' the pan,
       An' let us ha' money to bury the Wran.

Croker, in his _Researches in the South of Ireland_ (p. 233), gives us
more of this song:--

     The Wren, the Wren, the King of all birds,
     St. Stephen's day was caught in the furze;
     Although he is little, his family's great,
     I pray you, good landlady, give us a treat.

     My box would speak if it had but a tongue,
     And two or three shillings would do it no wrong;
     Sing holly, sing ivy--sing ivy, sing holly,
     A drop just to drink, it would drown melancholy.

     And, if you draw it of the best,
     I hope in Heaven your soul may rest;
     But, if you draw it of the small,
     It won't agree with the Wren boys at all, etc. etc.

"A small piece of money is usually bestowed on them, and the evening
concludes in merrymaking with the money thus collected."




CHAPTER XXVII

     St. John's Day--Legend of the Saint--Carols for the
     Day--Holy Innocents--Whipping Children--Boy
     Bishops--Ceremonies connected therewith--The King of
     Cockney's Unlucky Day--Anecdote thereon--Carol for the Day.


The 27th December is set apart by the Church to commemorate St. John
the Evangelist. Googe, in his translation of Naogeorgus, says:--

     Next _John_ the sonne of _Zebedee_ hath his appoynted day,
     Who once by cruell tyraunts will, constrayned was, they say,
     Strong poyson up to drinke, therefore the Papistes doe beleeve
     That whoso puts their trust in him, no poyson them can greeue.
     The wine beside that hallowed is, in worship of his name,
     The priestes doe giue the people that bring money for the same.
     And, after, with the selfe same wine are little manchets made,
     Agaynst the boystrous winter stormes, and sundrie such like trade.
     The men upon this solemne day do take this holy wine,
     To make them strong, so do the maydes, to make them faire and fine.

In explanation of this I may quote from Mrs. Jameson's _Sacred and
Legendary Art_ (ed. 1857, p. 159): "He (St. John) bears in his hand
the sacramental cup, from which a serpent is seen to issue. St.
Isidore relates that at Rome an attempt was made to poison St. John in
the cup of the sacrament; he drank of the same, and administered it to
the communicants without injury, the poison having, by a miracle,
issued from the cup in the form of a serpent, while the hired assassin
fell down dead at his feet. According to another version of this story
the poisoned cup was administered by order of the Emperor Domitian.
According to a third version, Aristodemus, the high priest of Diana at
Ephesus, defied him to drink of the poisoned chalice, as a test of
the truth of his mission. St. John drank unharmed--the priest fell
dead."

Wright gives two very pretty carols for St. John's day.

     TO ALMYGHTY GOD PRAY FOR PEES.

     _Amice Christi Johannes._

     O glorius Johan Evangelyste,
     Best belovyd with Jhesu Cryst,
     _In Cena Domini_ upon hys bryst
         _Ejus vidisti archana._

     Chosen thou art to Cryst Jhesu,
     Thy mynd was never cast frome vertu;
     Thi doctryne of God thou dydest renu,
         _Per ejus vestigia._

     Cryst on the rod, in hys swet passyon,
     Toke the hys moder as to hyr sone;
     For owr synnes gett grace and pardon,
         _Per tua sancta merita._

     O most nobble of evangelystes all,
     Grace to owr maker for us thou call,
     And off swetenesse celestyall,
         _Prebe nobis pocula._

     And aftur the cowrs of mortalite,
     In heven with aungels for to be,
     Sayyng Ozanna to the Trinitye.
         _Per seculorum secula._


     PRAY FOR US, THOU PRYNCE OF PES.

     _Amici Christi, Johannes._

     To the now, Crystys der derlyng,
     That was a mayd bothe old and 3yng,
     Myn hert is sett for to syng
         _Amici Christi, Johannes._

     For he was so clene a maye,
     On Crystys brest aslepe he laye,
     The prevyteys of hevyn ther he saye.
         _Amici Christi, Johannes._

     Qwhen Cryst beforne Pilate was browte,
     Hys clene mayd forsoke hym nowte,
     To deye with hym was all hys thowte,
         _Amici Christi, Johannes._

     Crystys moder was hym betake,
     Won mayd to be anodyris make,
     To help that we be nott forsake,
         _Amici Christi, Johannes._

On 28th December the Holy Innocents, or the children slain by order of
Herod, are borne in mind. Naogeorgus says of this day:--

     Then comes the day that calles to minde the cruell _Herode's_ strife,
     Who, seeking Christ to kill, the King of everlasting life,
     Destroyde the little infants yong, a beast unmercilesse,
     And put to death all such as were of two yeares age or lesse.
     To them the sinfull wretchesse crie, and earnestly do pray,
     To get them pardon for their faultes, and wipe their sinnes away.
     The Parentes, when this day appeares, do beate their children all,
     (Though nothing they deserve), and servaunts all to beating fall,
     And Monkes do whip eche other well, or else their Prior great,
     Or Abbot mad, doth take in hande their breeches all to beat:
     In worship of these Innocents, or rather, as we see,
     In honour of the cursed King, that did this crueltee.

In the Rev. John Gregorie's pamphlet, _Episcopus Puerorum in die
Innocentium_ (1683, p. 113), he says: "It hath been a Custom, and yet
is elsewhere, to whip up the Children upon _Innocents' day_ morning,
that the memory of this Murther might stick the closer, and, in a
moderate proportion, to act over again the cruelty in kind."

By the way, the Boy Bishop went out of office on Innocents' day, and
the learned John Gregorie aforesaid tells us all about him. "The
_Episcopus Choristarum_ was a Chorister Bishop chosen by his Fellow
Children upon St. Nicholas Day.... From this Day till _Innocents' Day_
at night (it lasted longer at the first) the _Episcopus Puerorum_ was
to bear the name and hold up the state of a _Bishop_, answerably
habited with a _Crosier_, or _Pastoral Staff_, in his hand, and a
_Mitre_ upon his head; and such an one, too, some had, as was _multis
Episcoporum mitris sumptuosior_ (saith one), very much richer than
those of Bishops indeed.

"The rest of his Fellows from the same time being were to take upon
them the style and counterfeit of Prebends, yielding to their Bishop
no less than Canonical obedience.

"And look what service the very Bishop himself with his Dean and
Prebends (had they been to officiate) was to have performed. The very
same was done by the Chorister Bishop and his Canons upon the Eve and
Holiday." Then follows the full ritual of his office, according to the
Use of Sarum; and it was provided, "That no man whatsoever, under the
pain of _Anathema_, should interrupt, or press upon these Children at
the Procession spoken of before, or in any part of their _Service_ in
any ways, but to suffer them quietly to perform and execute what it
concerned them to do.

"And the part was acted yet more earnestly, for _Molanus_ saith that
this Bishop, in some places, did receive Rents, Capons, etc., during
his year; And it seemeth by the statute of _Sarum_, that he held a
kind of Visitation, and had a full correspondency of all other State
and Prerogative.... In case the Chorister Bishop died within the
Month, his Exequies were solemnized with an answerable glorious pomp
and sadness. He was buried (as all other Bishops) in all his
Ornaments, as by the Monument in stone spoken of before,[83] it
plainly appeareth."

[Footnote 83: A stone monument of a boy bishop found in Salisbury
Cathedral.]

Hone, in his _Every-Day Book_ (vol. i. pp. 1559-60), gives a facsimile
of this monument from Gregorie's book, and says: "The ceremony of the
boy bishop is supposed to have existed, not only in collegiate
churches, but in almost every parish in England. He and his companions
walked the streets in public procession. A statute of the Collegiate
Church of St. Mary Overy, in 1337, restrained one of them to the
limits of his own parish. On December 7, 1229, the day after St.
Nicholas' Day, a boy bishop in the chapel at Heton, near
Newcastle-on-Tyne, said vespers before Edward I. on his way to
Scotland, who made a considerable present to him, and the other boys
who sang with him. In the reign of King Edward III, a boy bishop
received a present of nineteen shillings and sixpence for singing
before the king in his private chamber on Innocents' day. Dean Colet,
in the statutes of St. Paul's School, which he founded in 1512,
expressly ordains that his scholars should, every Childermas Day,[84]
'come to Paulis Churche, and hear the Chylde Bishop's Sermon; and,
after, be at hygh masse, and each of them offer a penny to the
Chylde-Bishop; and with them, the maisters and surveyors of the
Scole.'"

[Footnote 84: The Anglo-Saxons called Innocents' day Childe-mass or
Childer-mass.]

By a proclamation of Henry VIII., dated 22nd July 1542, the show of
the boy bishop was abrogated, but in the reign of Mary it was revived
with other Romish ceremonials. A flattering song was sung before that
queen by a boy bishop, and printed. It was a panegyric on her
devotion, and compared her to Judith, Esther, the Queen of Sheba, and
the Virgin Mary.

The accounts of St. Mary at Hill, London, in the 10th Henry VI., and
for 1549 and 1550, contain charges for boy bishops for those years. At
that period his estimation in the Church seems to have been
undiminished; for on 13th November 1554 the Bishop of London issued an
order to all the clergy of his diocese to have boy bishops and their
processions; and in the same year these young sons of the old Church
paraded St. Andrew's, Holborn, and St. Nicholas, Olaves, in Bread
Street, and other parishes. In 1556 Strype says that "the boy bishops
again went abroad, singing in the old fashion, and were received by
many ignorant but well-disposed persons into their houses, and had
much good cheer."

Speaking of the Christmas festivities at Lincoln's Inn, Dugdale[85]
says: "Moreover, that the _King of Cockneys_, on _Childermass_ Day,
should sit and have due service; and that he and all his officers
should use honest manner and good Order, without any wast or
destruction making, in Wine, Brawn, Chely, or other Vitaills."

[Footnote 85: _Orig. Jur._, p. 246.]

In Chambers's _Book of Days_ we find that, "In consequence probably of
the feeling of horror attached to such an act of atrocity, Innocents'
Day used to be reckoned about the most unlucky throughout the year,
and in former times no one who could possibly avoid it began any work,
or entered on any undertaking on this anniversary. To marry on
Childermas Day was specially inauspicious. It is said of the equally
superstitious and unprincipled monarch, Louis XV., that he would never
perform any business or enter into any discussion about his affairs on
this day, and to make to him then any proposal of the kind was certain
to exasperate him to the utmost. We are informed, too, that in
England, on the occasion of the coronation of King Edward IV., that
solemnity, which had been originally intended to take place on a
Sunday, was postponed till the Monday, owing to the former day being,
in that year, the festival of Childermas. The idea of the
inauspicious nature of the day was long prevalent, and is even not yet
wholly extinct. To the present hour, we understand, the housewives in
Cornwall, and probably also in other parts of the country, refrain
scrupulously from scouring or scrubbing on Innocents' Day."

At the churches in several parts of the country muffled peals are rung
on this day, and with the Irish it is called "La crosta na bliana," or
"the cross day of the year," and also, "Diar daoin darg," or "Bloody
Thursday," and on that day the Irish housewife will not warp thread,
nor permit it to be warped; and the Irish say that anything begun upon
that day must have an unlucky ending.

A writer in _Notes and Queries_ (4 ser. xii. 185) says: "The following
legend regarding the day is current in the county of Clare. Between
the parishes of Quin and Tulla, in that county, is a lake called
Turlough. In the lake is a little island; and among a heap of loose
stones in the middle of the island rises a white thorn bush, which is
called 'Scagh an Earla' (the Earl's bush). A suit of clothes made for
a child on the 'Cross day' was put on the child; the child died. The
clothes were put on a second and on a third child; they also died. The
parents of the children at length put out the clothes on the 'Scag an
Earla,' and when the waters fell the clothes were found to be full of
dead eels."

Here is a good carol for Innocents' day, published in the middle of
the sixteenth century:--

     A CAROL OF THE INNOCENTS.

     Mark this song, for it is true,
     For it is true, as clerks tell:
     In old time strange things came to pass,
     Great wonder and great marvel was
         In Israel.

     There was one, Octavian,
     Octavian of Rome Emperor,
     As books old doth specify,
     Of all the wide world truly
         He was lord and governor.

     The Jews, that time, lack'd a king,
     They lack'd a king to guide them well,
     The Emperor of power and might,
     Chose one Herod against all right,
         In Israel.

     This Herod, then, was King of Jews
     Was King of Jews, and he no Jew,
     Forsooth he was a Paynim born,
     Wherefore on faith it may be sworn
         He reigned King untrue.

     By prophecy, one Isai,
     One Isai, at least, did tell
     A child should come, wondrous news,
     That should be born true King of Jews
         In Israel.

     This Herod knew one born should be,
     One born should be of true lineage,
     That should be right heritor;
     For he but by the Emperor
         Was made by usurpage.

     Wherefore of thought this King Herod,
     This King Herod in great fear fell,
     For all the days most in his mirth,
     Ever he feared Christ his birth
         In Israel.

     The time came it pleased God,
     It pleased God so to come to pass,
     For man's soul indeed
     His blessed Son was born with speed,
         As His will was.

     Tidings came to King Herod,
     To King Herod, and did him tell,
     That one born forsooth is he,
     Which lord and king of all shall be
         In Israel.

     Herod then raged, as he were wode (mad),
     As he were wode of this tyding,
     And sent for all his scribes sure,
     Yet would he not trust the Scripture,
         Nor of their counselling.

     This, then, was the conclusion,
     The conclusion of his counsel,
     To send unto his knights anon
     To slay the children every one
         In Israel.

     This cruel king this tyranny,
     This tyranny did put in ure (practice),
     Between a day and years two,
     All men-children he did slew,
         Of Christ for to be sure.

     Yet Herod missed his cruel prey,
     His cruel prey, as was God's will;
     Joseph with Mary then did flee
     With Christ to Egypt, gone was she
         From Israel.

     All the while these tyrants,
     These tyrants would not convert,
     But innocents young
     That lay sucking,
         They thrust to the heart.

     This Herod sought the children young,
     The children young, with courage fell.
     But in doing this vengeance
     His own son was slain by chance
         In Israel.

     Alas! I think the mothers were woe,
     The mothers were woe, it was great skill,
     What motherly pain
     To see them slain,
         In cradles lying still!

     But God Himself hath them elect,
     Hath them elect in heaven to dwell,
     For they were bathed in their blood,
     For their Baptism forsooth it stood
         In Israel.

     Alas! again, what hearts had they,
     What hearts had they those babes to kill,
     With swords when they them caught,
     In cradles they lay and laughed,
         And never thought ill.




CHAPTER XXVIII

     New Year's Eve--Wassail--New Year's Eve
     Customs--Hogmany--The Cl[=a]vie--Other Customs--Weather
     Prophecy.


New Year's eve is variously kept--by some in harmless mirth, by others
in religious exercises. Many churches in England have late services,
which close at midnight with a carol or appropriate hymn, and this
custom is especially held by the Wesleyan Methodists in their "Watch
Night," when they pray, etc., till about five minutes to twelve, when
there is a dead silence, supposed to be spent in introspection, which
lasts until the clock strikes, and then they burst forth with a hymn
of praise and joy.

The wassail bowl used to hold as high a position as at Christmas eve,
and in Lyson's time it was customary in Gloucestershire for a merry
party to go from house to house carrying a large bowl, decked with
garlands and ribbons, singing the following wassail song:--

     Wassail! Wassail! all over the town,
     Our toast it is white, our ale it is brown,
     Our bowl it is made of a maplin tree;
     We be good fellows all, I drink to thee.

     Here's to our horse, and to his right ear,
     God send our maister a happy New Year;
     A happy New Year as e'er he did see--
     With my wassailing bowl I drink to thee.

     Here's to our mare, and to her right eye,
     God send our mistress a good Christmas pye:
     A good Christmas pye as e'er I did see--
     With my wassailing bowl I drink to thee.

     Here's to Fill-pail (cow) and to her long tail,
     God send our measter us never may fail
     Of a cup of good beer, I pray you draw near,
     And our jolly wassail it's then you shall hear.

     Be here any maids? I suppose there be some,
     Sure they will not let young men stand on the cold stone
     Sing hey, O maids, come trole back the pin,
     And the fairest maid in the house let us all in.

     Come, butler, come bring us a bowl of the best:
     I hope your soul in heaven will rest:
     But, if you do bring us a bowl of the small,
     Then down fall butler, bowl, and all.

Until recently, a similar custom obtained in Nottinghamshire; but, in
that case, the young women of the village, dressed in their best,
carried round a decorated bowl filled with ale, roasted apples, and
toast, seasoned with nutmeg and sugar, the regulation wassail
compound. This they offered to the inmates of the house they called
at, whilst they sang the following, amongst other verses:--

     Good master, at your door,
       Our wassail we begin;
     We are all maidens poor,
       So we pray you let us in,
     And drink our wassail.
         All hail, wassail!
         Wassail! wassail!
     And drink our wassail.

In Derbyshire, on this night, a cold posset used to be prepared, made
of milk, ale, eggs, currants, and spices, and in it is placed the
hostess's wedding ring. Each of the party takes out a ladleful, and in
so doing tries to fish out the ring, believing that whoever shall be
fortunate enough to get it will be married before the year is out. It
was also customary in some districts to throw open all the doors of
the house just before midnight, and, waiting for the advent of the New
Year, to greet him as he approaches with cries of "Welcome!"

At Muncaster, in Cumberland, on this night the children used to go
from house to house singing a song, in which they crave the bounty
"they were wont to have in old King Edward's time"; but what that was
is not known.

It was a custom at Merton College, Oxford, according to Pointer
(_Oxoniensis Academia_, ed. 1749, p. 24), on the last night in the
year, called Scrutiny Night, for the College servants, all in a body,
to make their appearance in the Hall, before the Warden and Fellows
(after supper), and there to deliver up their keys, so that if they
have committed any great crime during the year their keys are taken
away, and they consequently lose their places, or they have them
delivered to them afresh.

On this night a curious custom obtained at Bradford, in Yorkshire,
where a party of men and women, with blackened faces, and
fantastically attired, used to enter houses with besoms, and "sweep
out the Old Year."

Although Christmas is kept in Scotland, there is more festivity at the
New Year, and perhaps one of the most singular customs is that which
was told by a gentleman to Dr. Johnson during his tour in the
Hebrides. On New Year's eve, in the hall or castle of the Laird, where
at festal seasons there may be supposed to be a very numerous company,
one man dresses himself in a cow's hide, upon which the others beat
with sticks. He runs, with all this noise, round the house, which all
the company quit in a counterfeited fright, and the door is then shut.
On New Year's eve there is no great pleasure to be had out of doors in
the Hebrides. They are sure soon to recover sufficiently from their
terror to solicit for readmission, which is not to be obtained but by
repeating a verse, with which those who are knowing and provident are
provided.

In the Orkney Islands it was formerly the custom for bands of people
to assemble and pay a round of visits, singing a song which began--

     This night it is guid New'r E'en's night,
       We're a' here Queen Mary's men:
     And we're come here to crave our right,
       And that's before our Lady!

In the county of Fife this night was called "Singen E'en," probably
from the custom of singing carols then. This day is popularly known
in Scotland as _Hogmany_, and the following is a fragment of a
Yorkshire _Hagmena_ song:--

     To-night it is the New Year's night, to-morrow is the day,
     And we are come for our right and for our ray,
     As we used to do in Old King Henry's day:
         Sing, fellows! sing, Hagman-ha!

     If you go to the bacon flick, cut me a good bit;
     Cut, cut and low, beware of your maw.
     Cut, cut and round, beware of your thumb,
     That me and my merry men may have some:
         Sing, fellows! sing, Hag-man-ha!

     If you go to the black ark (chest), bring me ten marks;
     Ten marks, ten pound, throw it down upon the ground,
     That me and my merry men may have some:
         Sing, fellows! sing, Hog-man-ha!

The meaning of this word "Hogmany" is not clear, and has been a source
of dispute among Scottish antiquaries; but two suggestions of its
derivation are probable. One is that it comes from _Au qui menez_ (To
the mistleto go), which mummers formerly cried in France at Christmas;
and the other is that it is derived from _Au gueux menez_, _i.e._
bring the beggars--which would be suitable for charitable purposes at
such a time. In some remote parts of Scotland the poor children robe
themselves in a sheet, which is so arranged as to make a large pocket
in front, and going about in little bands, they call at houses for
their Hogmany, which is given them in the shape of some oat cake, and
sometimes cheese, the cakes being prepared some days beforehand, in
order to meet the demand. On arriving at a house they cry "Hogmany,"
or sing some rough verse, like--

                         Hogmanay,
                         Trollolay,
     Give us of your white bread, and none of your grey!

In _Notes and Queries_ (2 ser. ix. 38) a singular Scotch custom is
detailed. Speaking of the village of Burghead, on the southern shore
of the Moray Frith, the writer says: "On the evening of the last day
of December (old style) the youth of the village assemble about dusk,
and make the necessary preparations for the celebration of the
'cl[=a]vie.' Proceeding to some shop, they demand a strong empty
barrel, which is usually gifted at once; but if refused, taken by
force. Another for breaking up, and a quantity of tar are likewise
procured at the same time. Thus furnished, they repair to a particular
spot close to the sea shore, and commence operations.

"A hole, about four inches in diameter, is first made in the bottom of
the stronger barrel, into which the end of a stout pole, five feet in
length, is firmly fixed; to strengthen their hold, a number of
supports are nailed round the outside of the former, and also closely
round the latter. The tar is then put into the barrel, and set on
fire; and the remaining one being broken up, stave after stave is
thrown in, until it is quite full. The 'cl[=a]vie,' already burning
fiercely, is now shouldered by some strong young man, and borne away
at a rapid pace. As soon as the bearer gives signs of exhaustion,
another willingly takes his place; and should any of those who are
honoured to carry the blazing load meet with an accident, as sometimes
happens, the misfortune excites no pity, even among his near
relatives.

"In making the circuit of the village they are said to confine
themselves to their old boundaries. Formerly the procession visited
all the fishing boats, but this has been discontinued for some time.
Having gone over the appointed ground, the 'cl[=a]vie' is finally
carried to a small artificial eminence near the point of the
promontory, and, interesting as being a portion of the ancient
fortifications, spared, probably on account of its being used for this
purpose, where a circular heap of stones used to be hastily piled up,
in the hollow centre of which the 'cl[=a]vie' was placed, still
burning. On this eminence, which is termed the 'durie,' the present
proprietor has recently erected a small round column, with a cavity in
the centre, for admitting the free end of the pole, and into this it
is now placed. After being allowed to burn on the 'durie' for a few
minutes, the 'cl[=a]vie' is most unceremoniously hurled from its
place, and the smoking embers scattered among the assembled crowd, by
whom, in less enlightened times, they were eagerly caught at, and
fragments of them carried home, and carefully preserved as charms
against witchcraft." Some discussion took place on the origin of this
custom, but nothing satisfactory was eliminated.

Another correspondent to the same periodical (2 ser. ix. 322) says: "A
practice, which may be worth noting, came under my observation at the
town of Biggar (in the upper ward of Lanarkshire) on 31st December
last. It has been customary there, from time immemorial, among the
inhabitants to celebrate what is called 'Burning out the Old Year.'
For this purpose, during the day of the 31st, a large quantity of fuel
is collected, consisting of branches of trees, brushwood, and coals,
and placed in a heap at the 'Cross'; and about nine o'clock at night
the lighting of the fire is commenced, surrounded by a crowd of
onlookers, who each thinks it a duty to cast into the flaming mass
some additional portion of material, the whole becoming sufficient to
maintain the fire till next, or New Year's morning is far advanced.
Fires are also kindled on the adjacent hills to add to the importance
of the occasion."

In Ireland, according to Croker (_Researches in the South of Ireland_,
p. 233), on the last night of the year a cake is thrown against the
outside door of each house, by the head of the family, which ceremony
is said to keep out hunger during the ensuing year:--

     If New Year's Eve night wind blow South,
     It betokeneth warmth and growth;
     If West, much milk, and fish in the sea;
     If North, much cold and storms there will be;
     If East, the trees will bear much fruit;
     If North-East, flee it, man and brute.




CHAPTER XXIX

     New Year's Day--Carol--New Year's Gifts--"Dipping"--Riding
     the "Stang"--Curious Tenures--God Cakes--The
     "Quaaltagh"--"First-foot" in Scotland--Highland Customs--In
     Ireland--Weather Prophecies--Handsel Monday.


There is a peculiar feeling of satisfaction that comes over us with
the advent of the New Year. The Old Year, with its joys and sorrows,
its gains and disappointments, is irrevocably dead--dead without hope
of resurrection, and there is not one of us who does not hope that the
forthcoming year may be a happier one than that departed.

The following very pretty "Carol for New Year's Day" is taken from
_Psalmes, Songs, and Sonnets_, composed by William Byrd, Lond. 1611:--

     O God, that guides the cheerful sun
       By motions strange the year to frame,
     Which now, returned whence it begun,
       From Heaven extols Thy glorious Name;
     This New Year's season sanctify
       With double blessings of Thy store,
     That graces new may multiply,
       And former follies reign no more.
     So shall our hearts with Heaven agree,
     And both give laud and praise to Thee. Amen.

     Th' old year, by course, is past and gone,
       Old Adam, Lord, from us expel;
     New creatures make us every one,
       New life becomes the New Year well.
     As new-born babes from malice keep,
       New wedding garments, Christ, we crave;
     That we Thy face in Heaven may see,
       With Angels bright, our souls to save.
     So shall our hearts with Heaven agree,
     And both give laud and praise to Thee. Amen.

The Church takes no notice of the first of January as the beginning of
a New Year, but only as the Feast of the Circumcision of our Lord, and
consequently, being included in the twelve days of Christ-tide
festivity, it was only regarded as one of them, and no particular
stress was placed upon it. There were, and are, local customs peculiar
to the day, but, with the exception of some special festivity, general
good wishes for health and prosperity, and the giving of presents,
there is no extraordinary recognition of the day.

Naogeorgus says of it:--

     The next to this is New Yeares day, whereon to every frende,
     They costly presents in do bring, and Newe Yeares giftes do sende.
     These giftes the husband gives his wife, and father eke the childe,
     And maister on his men bestowes the like, with favour milde.
     And good beginning of the yeare, they wishe and wishe againe,
     According to the auncient guise of heathen people vaine.
     These eight dayes no man doth require his dettes of any man,
     Their tables do they furnish out with all the meate they can:
     With Marchpaynes, Tartes, and Custards great, they drink with
       staring eyes,
     They rowte and revell, feede and feast, as merry all as Pyes:
     As if they should at th' entrance of this newe yeare hap to die,
     Yet would they have theyr bellyes full, and auncient friendes allie.

The custom of mutual gifts on this day still obtains in England, but
is in great force in France. Here it was general among all classes,
and many are the notices of presents to Royalty, but nowadays a
present at Christmas has very greatly superseded the old custom. We
owe the term "pin-money" to the gift of pins at this season. They were
expensive articles, and occasionally money was given as a commutation.
Gloves were, as they are now, always an acceptable present, but to
those who were not overburdened with this world's goods an orange
stuck with cloves was deemed sufficient for a New Year's gift.

Among the many superstitious customs which used to obtain in England
was a kind of "Sortes Virgilianae," or divination, as to the coming
year. Only the Bible was the medium, and the operation was termed
"dipping." The ceremony usually took place before breakfast, as it was
absolutely necessary that the rite should be performed fasting. The
Bible was laid upon a table, and opened haphazard, a finger being
placed, without premeditation, upon a verse, and the future for the
coming year was dependent upon the sense of the verse pitched upon. A
correspondent in _Notes and Queries_ (2 ser. xii. 303) writes: "About
eight years ago I was staying in a little village in Oxfordshire on
the first day of the year, and happening to pass by a cottage where an
old woman lived whom I knew well, I stepped in, and wished her 'A
Happy New Year.' Instead of replying to my salutation, she stared
wildly at me, and exclaimed in a horrified tone, 'New Year's Day! and
I have never dipped.' Not having the slightest idea of her meaning, I
asked for an explanation, and gathered from her that it was customary
to _dip_ into the Bible before twelve o'clock on New Year's Day, and
the first verse that met the eye indicated the good or bad fortune of
the inquirer through the ensuing year. My old friend added: 'Last year
I dipped, and I opened on Job, and sure enough, I have had nought but
trouble ever since.' Her consternation on receiving my good wishes was
in consequence of her having let the opportunity of dipping go by for
that year, it being past twelve o'clock."

Another singular custom which used to obtain in Cumberland and
Westmoreland is noted in a letter in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for
1791, vol. lxi., part ii. p. 1169: "Early in the morning of the first
of January the _Faex Populi_ assemble together, carrying _stangs_[86]
and baskets. Any inhabitant, stranger, or whoever joins not this
ruffian tribe in sacrificing to their favourite Saint day, if
unfortunate enough to be met by any of the band, is immediately
mounted across the stang (if a woman, she is basketed), and carried,
shoulder height, to the nearest public-house, where the payment of
sixpence immediately liberates the prisoner. No respect is paid to any
person; the cobler on that day thinks himself equal to the parson, who
generally gets mounted like the rest of his flock; whilst one of his
porters _boasts and prides himself_ in having, but just before, got
the _Squire_ across the pole. None, though ever so industriously
inclined, are permitted to follow their respective avocations on that
day."

[Footnote 86: Poles. To ride the stang was a popular punishment for
husbands who behaved cruelly to their wives.]

Blount, in his _Tenures of Land_, etc., gives a very curious tenure by
which the Manor of Essington, Staffordshire, was held; the lord of
which manor (either by himself, deputy, or steward) oweth, and is
obliged yearly to perform, service to the lord of the Manor of Hilton,
a village about a mile distant from this manor. The Lord of Essington
is to bring a goose every New Year's day, and drive it round the fire,
at least three times, whilst Jack of Hilton is blowing the fire. This
Jack of Hilton is an image of brass, of about twelve inches high,
having a little hole at the mouth, at which, being filled with water,
and set to a strong fire, which makes it evaporate like an _aeolipole_,
it vents itself in a constant blast, so strongly that it is very
audible, and blows the fire fiercely.

When the Lord of Essington has done his duty, and the other things are
performed, he carries his goose into the kitchen of Hilton Hall, and
delivers it to the cook, who, having dressed it, the Lord of
Essington, or his deputy, by way of farther service, is to carry it to
the table of the lord paramount of Hilton and Essington, and receives
a dish from the Lord of Hilton's table for his own mess, and so
departs.

He also gives a curious tenure at Hutton Conyers, Yorkshire: "Near
this town, which lies a few miles from Ripon, there is a large common,
called Hutton Conyers Moor.... The occupiers of messuages and cottages
within the several towns of Hutton Conyers, Melmerby, Baldersby,
Rainton, Dishforth, and Hewick have right of estray for their sheep to
certain limited boundaries on the common, and each township has a
shepherd.

"The lord's shepherd has a pre-eminence of tending his sheep on any
part of the common, and, wherever he herds the lord's sheep, the
several other shepherds have to give way to him, and give up their
hoofing place, so long as he pleases to depasture the lord's sheep
thereon. The lord holds his court the first day in the year, and, to
entitle those several townships to such right of estray, the shepherd
of each township attends the court, and does fealty by bringing to
the court a large apple-pie and a twopenny sweet cake, except the
shepherd of Hewick, who compounds by paying sixteenpence for ale
(which is drunk as aftermentioned) and a wooden spoon; each pie is cut
in two, and divided by the bailiff, one half between the steward,
bailiff, and the tenant of a coney warren, and the other half into six
parts, and divided amongst the six shepherds of the beforementioned
six townships. In the pie brought by the shepherd of Rainton, an inner
one is made, filled with prunes. The cakes are divided in the same
manner. The bailiff of the manor provides furmety and mustard, and
delivers to each shepherd a slice of cheese and a penny roll. The
furmety, well mixed with mustard, is put into an earthen pot, and
placed in a hole in the ground in a garth belonging to the bailiff's
house, to which place the steward of the court, with the bailiff,
tenant of the warren, and six shepherds adjourn, with their respective
wooden spoons. The bailiff provides spoons for the steward, the tenant
of the warren, and himself. The steward first pays respect to the
furmety by taking a large spoonful; the bailiff has the next honour,
the tenant of the warren next, then the shepherd of Hutton Conyers,
and afterwards the other shepherds by regular turns; then each person
is served with a glass of ale (paid for by the sixteenpence brought by
the Hewick shepherd), and the health of the Lord of the Manor is
drunk; then they adjourn back to the bailiff's house, and the further
business of the court is proceeded with."

The question was asked (_Notes and Queries_, 2 ser. ii. 229), but
never answered, Whether any reader could give information respecting
the ancient custom in the city of Coventry of sending God Cakes on the
first day of the year? "They are used by all classes, and vary in
price from a halfpenny to one pound. They are invariably made in a
triangular shape, an inch thick, and filled with a kind of mince meat.
I believe the custom is peculiar to that city, and should be glad to
know more about its origin. So general is the use of them on January
1st, that the cheaper sorts are hawked about the streets, as hot Cross
buns are on Good Friday in London."

In Nottinghamshire it is considered unlucky to take anything out of a
house on New Year's day before something has been brought in;
consequently, as early as possible in the morning, each member of the
family brings in some trifle. Near Newark this rhyme is sung:--

     Take out, and take in,
     Bad luck is sure to begin;
     But take in and take out,
     Good luck will come about.

Train, in his _History of the Isle of Man_ (ed. 1845, vol. ii. 115),
says that on 1st January an old custom is observed, called the
_quaaltagh_. In almost every parish throughout the island a party of
young men go from house to house singing the following rhyme:--

     Again we assemble, a merry New Year
     To wish to each one of the family here,
     Whether man, woman, or girl, or boy,
     That long life and happiness all may enjoy;
     May they of potatoes and herrings have plenty,
     With butter and cheese, and each other dainty;
     And may their sleep never, by night or day,
     Disturbed be by even the tooth of a flea:
     Until at the Quaaltagh again we appear,
     To wish you, as now, all a happy New Year.

When these lines are repeated at the door, the whole party are invited
into the house to partake of the best the family can afford. On these
occasions a person of dark complexion always enters first, as a
light-haired male or female is deemed unlucky to be the first-foot, or
_quaaltagh_, on New Year's morning. The actors of the _quaaltagh_ do
not assume fantastic habiliments like the Mummers of England, or the
Guisards of Scotland; nor do they, like these rude performers of the
Ancient Mysteries, appear ever to have been attended by minstrels
playing on different kinds of musical instruments.

The custom of _first-footing_ is still in vogue in many parts of
Scotland, although a very good authority, _Chambers's Book of Days_
(vol. i. p. 28), says it is dying out:--

"Till very few years ago in Scotland the custom of the wassail bowl,
at the passing away of the old year, might be said to be still in
comparative vigour. On the approach of twelve o'clock a _hot pint_
was prepared--that is, a kettle or flagon full of warm, spiced, and
sweetened ale, with an infusion of spirits. When the clock had struck
the knell of the departed year, each member of the family drank of
this mixture, 'A good health and a happy New Year, and many of them!'
to all the rest, with a general hand-shaking, and perhaps a dance
round the table, with the addition of a song to the tune of _Hey
tuttie taitie_--

     "Weel may we a' be,
     Ill may we never see,
     Here's to the King
     And the gude companie! etc.

"The elders of the family would then most probably sally out, with the
hot kettle, and bearing also a competent provision of buns and short
cakes, or bread and cheese, with the design of visiting their
neighbours, and interchanging with them the same cordial greetings. If
they met by the way another party similarly bent whom they knew, they
would stop, and give and take sips from their respective kettles.
Reaching the friends' house, they would enter with vociferous good
wishes, and soon send the kettle a-circulating. If they were the first
to enter the house since twelve o'clock, they were deemed the
_first-foot_; and, as such, it was most important, for luck to the
family in the coming year, that they should make their entry, not
empty-handed, but with their hands full of cakes, and bread and
cheese; of which, on the other hand, civility demanded that each
individual in the house should partake.

"To such an extent did this custom prevail in Edinburgh, in the
recollection of persons still living, that, according to their
account, the principal streets were more thronged between twelve and
one in the morning than they usually were at mid-day. Much innocent
mirth prevailed, and mutual good feelings were largely promoted. An
unlucky circumstance, which took place on the 1st January of 1812,
proved the means of nearly extinguishing the custom. A small party of
reckless boys formed the design of turning the innocent festivities of
_first-footing_ to account, for the purposes of plunder. They kept
their counsel well. No sooner had the people come abroad on the
principal thoroughfares of the Old Town, than these youths sallied out
in small bands, and commenced the business which they had undertaken.
Their previous agreement was--to _look out for the white neckcloths_,
such being the best mark by which they could distinguish, in the dark,
individuals likely to carry any property worthy of being taken. A
great number of gentlemen were thus spoiled of their watches and other
valuables. The least resistance was resented by the most brutal
maltreatment. A policeman and a young man of the rank of a clerk in
Leith died of the injuries they had received. An affair so singular,
so uncharacteristic of the people among whom it happened, produced a
widespread and lasting feeling of surprise. The outrage was expiated
by the execution of three of the youthful rioters on the chief scene
of their wickedness; but from that time it was observed that the old
custom of going about with the _hot pint_--the ancient wassail--fell
off.

       *       *       *       *       *

"There was, in Scotland, a _first-footing_ independent of the _hot
pint_. It was a time for some youthful friend of the family to steal
to the door, in the hope of meeting there the young maiden of his
fancy, and obtaining the privilege of a kiss, as her _first-foot_.
Great was the disappointment on his part, and great the joking among
the family, if, through accident or plan, some half-withered aunt or
ancient grand-dame came to receive him instead of the blooming Jenny."

In Sir T.D. Hardy's _Memoirs of Lord Langdale_ (1852, vol. i., p. 55)
is the following extract from a letter dated 1st January 1802. "Being
in Scotland, I ought to tell you of Scotch customs; and really they
have a charming one on this occasion (_i.e._ New Year's day). Whether
it is meant as a farewell ceremony to the old one, or an introduction
to the New Year, I can't tell; but on the 31st of December almost
everybody has a party, either to dine or sup. The company, almost
entirely consisting of young people, wait together till twelve o'clock
strikes, at which time every one begins to move, and they all fall to
work. At what? why, kissing. Each male is successively locked in pure
Platonic embrace with each female; and after this grand ceremony,
which, of course, creates infinite fun, they separate and go home.
This matter is not at all confined to these, but wherever man meets
woman it is the peculiar privilege of this hour. The common people
think it necessary to drink what they call _hot pint_, which consists
of strong beer, whisky, eggs, etc., a most horrid composition, as bad
or worse than that infamous mixture called _fig-one_,[87] which the
English people drink on Good Friday."

[Footnote 87: Or _Fig-sue_, which is a mixture of ale, sliced figs,
bread, and nutmeg, all boiled together, and eaten hot. This mess is
made in North Lancashire, and partaken of on Good Friday, probably by
way of mortifying the flesh.]

Pennant tells us, in his _Tour in Scotland_, that on New Year's day
the Highlanders burned juniper before their cattle; and Stewart, in
_Popular Superstitions of the Highlanders of Scotland_, says, as soon
as the last night of the year sets in, it is the signal with the
Strathdown Highlander for the suspension of his usual employment, and
he directs his attention to more agreeable callings. The men form into
bands, with tethers and axes, and, shaping their course to the juniper
bushes, they return home with mighty loads, which are arranged round
the fire to dry until morning. A certain discreet person is despatched
to the _dead and living ford_, to draw a pitcher of water in profound
silence, without the vessel touching the ground, lest its virtue
should be destroyed, and on his return all retire to rest.

Early on New Year's morning, the _usque-cashrichd_, or water from the
_dead and living ford_, is drunk, as a potent charm until next New
Year's day, against the spells of witchcraft, the malignity of evil
eyes, and the activity of all infernal agency. The qualified
Highlander then takes a large brush, with which he profusely asperses
the occupants of all beds, from whom it is not unusual for him to
receive ungrateful remonstrances against ablution. This ended, and the
doors and windows being thoroughly closed, and all crevices stopped,
he kindles piles of the collected juniper in the different apartments,
till the vapour collected from the burning branches condenses into
opaque clouds, and coughing, sneezing, wheezing, gasping, and other
demonstrations of suffocation ensue. The operator, aware that the more
intense the _smuchdan_, the more propitious the solemnity, disregards
these indications, and continues, with streaming eyes and averted
head, to increase the fumigation, until, in his own defence, he admits
the air to recover the exhausted household and himself. He then treats
the horses, cattle, and other bestial stock in the town with the same
smothering, to keep them from harm throughout the year.

When the gudewife gets up, and having ceased from coughing, has gained
sufficient strength to reach the bottle _dhu_, she administers its
comfort to the relief of the sufferers; laughter takes the place of
complaint, all the family get up, wash their faces, and receive the
visits of their neighbours, who arrive full of congratulations
peculiar to the day. _Mu nase choil orst_, "My Candlemas bond upon
you," is the customary salutation, and means, in plain words, "You owe
me a New Year's gift." A point of great emulation is, who shall salute
the other first, because the one who does so is entitled to a gift
from the person saluted. Breakfast, consisting of all procurable
luxuries, is then served, the neighbours not engaged are invited to
partake, and the day ends in festivity.

Of New Year's customs in Ireland a correspondent in _Notes and
Queries_ (5 ser. iii. 7), writes: "On New Year's day I observed boys
running about the suburbs at the County Down side of Belfast, carrying
little twisted wisps of straw, which they offer to persons whom they
meet, or throw into houses as New Year Offerings, and expect in return
to get any small present, such as a little money, or a piece of bread.

"About Glenarm, on the coast of County Antrim, the 'wisp' is not used;
but on this day the boys go about from house to house, and are regaled
with 'bannocks' of oaten bread, buttered; these bannocks are baked
specially for the occasion, and are commonly small, thick, and round,
and with a hole through the centre. Any person who enters a house at
Glenarm on this day must either eat or drink before leaving it."

It is only natural that auguries for the weather of the year should be
drawn from that on which New Year's day falls, and not only so, but,
as at Christmas, the weather for the ensuing year was materially
influenced, according to the day in the week on which this
commencement of another year happened to fall. It is, however,
satisfactory to have persons able to tell us all about it, and thus
saith Digges, in his _Prognosticacion Everlasting, of ryghte goode
Effect_, Lond., 1596, 4to.

"It is affirmed by some, when New Yeare's day falleth on the Sunday,
then a pleasant winter doth ensue: a naturall summer: fruite
sufficient: harvest indifferent, yet some winde and raine: many
marriages: plentie of wine and honey; death of young men and cattell:
robberies in most places: newes of prelates, of kinges; and cruell
warres in the end.

"On Monday, a winter somewhat uncomfortable; summer temperate: no
plentie of fruite: many fansies and fables opened: agues shall reigne:
kings and many others shall dye: marriages shall be in most places:
and a common fall of gentlemen.

"On Tuesday, a stormie winter: a wet summer: a divers harvest: corne
and fruite indifferent, yet hearbes in gardens shall not flourish:
great sicknesse of men, women, and yong children. Beasts shall hunger,
starve, and dye of the botch; many shippes, gallies, and hulkes shall
be lost; and the bloodie flixes shall kill many men; all things deare,
save corne.

"On Wednesday, lo, a warme winter; in the end, snowe and frost: a
cloudie summer, plentie of fruite, corne, hay, wine, and honey: great
paine to women with childe, and death to infants: good for sheepe:
news of kinges: great warres: battell, and slaughter towards the
middell.

"On Thursday, winter and summer windie; a rainie harveste: therefore
wee shall have overflowings: much fruite: plentie of honey: yet flesh
shall be deare: cattell in general shall dye: great trouble; warres,
etc.: with a licencious life of the feminine sexe.

"On Friday, winter stormie: summer scant and pleasant: harvest
indifferent: little store of fruite, of wine and honey: corne deare:
many bleare eyes: youth shall dye: earthquakes are perceived in many
places: plentie of thunders, lightnings and tempestes: with a sudden
death of cattell.

"On Saturday, a mean winter: summer very hot: a late harvest: good
cheape garden hearbs: much burning: plentie of hempe, flax and honey.
Old folke shall dye in most places: fevers and tercians shall grieve
many people: great muttering of warres: murthers shall be suddenly
committed in many places for light matters."

In Scotland the first Monday is kept as a great holiday among servants
and children, to whom _Handsel Monday_, as it is called, is analogous
to _Boxing Day_ in England, when all expect some little present in
token of affection, or in recognition of services rendered during the
past year. In the rural districts _Auld Handsel Monday_--that is, the
first Monday after the twelfth of the month--is kept in preference. It
is also a day for hiring servants for another year, and at
farm-houses, after a good substantial breakfast, the remainder of the
day is spent as a holiday.




CHAPTER XXX

     Eve of Twelfth Day--Thirteen Fires--Tossing the
     Cake--Wassailing Apple-Trees--The Eve in Ireland--Twelfth
     Day, or Epiphany--Carol for the Day--Royal Offerings.


The 5th of January is the eve of the Epiphany, and the Vigil of
Twelfth day, which used to be celebrated by the liberal use of the
customary wassail bowl. In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1791, p.
116, we get a good account of the customs in Herefordshire on that
night. "On the eve of Twelfth day, at the approach of evening, the
farmers, their friends, servants, etc., all assemble; and near six
o'clock, all walk together to a field where wheat is growing. The
highest part of the ground is always chosen, where twelve small fires
and one large one are lighted up. The attendants, headed by the master
of the family, pledge the company in old cider, which circulates
freely on these occasions. A circle is formed round the large fire,
when a general shout and hallooing takes place, which you hear
answered from all the villages and fields near, as I have myself
counted fifty or sixty fires burning at the same time, which are
generally placed on some eminence. This being finished, the company
all return to the house, where the good housewife and her maids are
preparing a good supper, which on this occasion is very plentiful.

"A large cake is always provided, with a hole in the middle. After
supper, the company all attend the bailiff (or head of the oxen) to
the Wain house, where the following particulars are observed: the
master, at the head of his friends, fills the cup (generally of strong
ale), and stands opposite the first or finest of the oxen (twenty-four
of which I have often seen tied up in their stalls together); he then
pledges him in a curious toast; the company then follow his example
with all the other oxen, addressing each by their name. This being
over, the large cake is produced, and is with much ceremony put on the
horn of the first ox, through the hole in the cake; he is then tickled
to make him toss his head: if he throws the cake behind, it is the
mistress's perquisite; if before (in what is termed the _boosy_), the
bailiff claims the prize. This ended, the company all return to the
house, the doors of which are in the meantime locked, and not opened
till some joyous songs are sung. On entering, a scene of mirth and
jollity commences, and reigns through the house till a late hour the
next morning. Cards are introduced, and the merry tale goes round. I
have often enjoyed the hospitality, friendship, and harmony I have
been witness to on these occasions."

On p. 403 of the same volume another correspondent writes as to the
custom on Twelfth day eve in Devonshire. "On the Eve of the Epiphany
the farmer, attended by his workmen, with a large pitcher of cyder,
goes to the orchard, and there, encircling one of the best-bearing
trees, they drink the following toast three several times:--

     "Here's to thee, old apple tree,
     Whence thou may'st bud, and whence thou may'st blow!
     And whence thou may'st bear apples enow!
     Hats full!--Caps full!
     Bushel,--bushel,--sacks full!
     And my pockets full, too! Huzza!

"This done, they return to the house, the doors of which they are sure
to find bolted by the females, who, be the weather what it may, are
inexorable to all entreaties to open them, till some one has guessed
at what is on the spit, which is generally some nice little thing
difficult to be hit on, and is the reward of him who first names it.
The doors are then thrown open, and the lucky clodpole receives the
tit-bit as his recompence. Some are so superstitious as to believe
that, if they neglect this custom, the trees will bear no apples that
year."

Referring to these customs, Cuthbert Bede remarks (_Notes and
Queries_, 2 ser. viii. 448): "A farmer's wife told me that where she
had lived in Herefordshire, twenty years ago, they were wont, on
Twelfth Night Eve, to light in a wheat field twelve small fires, and
one large one.... She told me that they were designed to represent the
blessed Saviour and his twelve Apostles. The fire representing Judas
Iscariot, after being allowed to burn for a brief time, was kicked
about, and put out.... The same person also told me that the ceremony
of placing the twelfth cake on the horn of the ox was observed in all
the particulars.... It was twenty years since she had left the farm,
and she had forgotten all the words of the toast used on that
occasion: she could only remember one verse out of three or four:--

     "Fill your cups, my merry men all!
     For here's the best ox in the stall;
     Oh! he's the best ox, of that there's no mistake,
     And so let us crown him with the Twelfth Cake."

_The Derby and Chesterfield Reporter_ of 7th January 1830 gives the
following notice of the Herefordshire customs: "On the eve of Old
Christmas day there are thirteen fires lighted in the cornfields of
many of the farms, twelve of them in a circle, and one round a pole,
much longer and higher than the rest, in the centre. These fires are
dignified by the names of the Virgin Mary and the Twelve Apostles, the
lady being in the middle; and while they are burning, the labourers
retire into some shed or out-house, where they can behold the
brightness of the Apostolic flame. Into this shed they lead a cow, on
whose horn a large plum cake has been stuck, and having assembled
round the animal, the oldest labourer takes a pail of cider, and
addresses the following lines to the cow with great solemnity; after
which the verse is chaunted in chorus by all present:--

     "Here's to thy pretty face and thy white horn,
     God send thy master a good crop of corn,
     Both wheat, rye, and barley, and all sorts of grain,
     And, next year, if we live, we'll drink to thee again.

"He then dashes the cider in the cow's face, when, by a violent toss
of her head, she throws the plum cake on the ground; and if it falls
forward, it is an omen that the next harvest will be good; if
backward, that it will be unfavourable. This is the ceremony at the
commencement of the rural feast, which is generally prolonged to the
following morning."

In Ireland,[88] "on Twelve Eve in Christmas, they use to set up, as
high as they can, a sieve of oats, and in it a dozen of candles set
round, and in the centre one larger, all lighted. This is in memory of
our Saviour and His Apostles--lights of the world."

[Footnote 88: Vallancey's _Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis_, vol. i.
No. 1. p. 124.]

The 6th of January, or twelfth day after Christmas, is a festival of
the Church, called _the Epiphany_ (from a Greek word signifying
"appearance"), or Manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles; and it
arises from the adoration of the Wise Men, or _Magi_, commonly known
as "the Three Kings," _Gaspar_, _Melchior_, and _Balthazar_, who were
led by the miraculous star to Bethlehem, and there offered to the
infant Christ gold, frankincense, and myrrh. The following carol is in
the Harl. MSS. British Museum, and is of the time of Henry VII.:--

     Now is Christmas i-come,
     Father and Son together in One,
     Holy Ghost as ye be One,
           In fere-a;
     God send us a good new year-a.

     I would now sing, for and I might,
     Of a Child is fair to sight;
     His mother bare him this enders[89] night,
           So still-a;
     And as it was his will-a.

     There came three kings from Galilee
     To Bethlehem, that fair citie,
     To see Him that should ever be
           By right-a,
     Lord, and King, and Knight-a.

     As they came forth with their offering,
     They met with Herod, that moody king,
     He asked them of their coming
           This tide-a;
     And thus to them he said-a:

     "Of whence be ye, you kings three?"
     "Of the East, as you may see,
     To seek Him that should ever be
           By right-a,
     Lord, and King, and Knight-a."

     "When you to this Child have been,
     Come you home this way again,
     Tell me the sights that ye have seen,
           I pray-a;
     Go not another way-a."

     They took their leave, both old and young,
     Of Herod, that moody king;
     They went forth with their offering,
           By light-a
     Of the Star that shone so bright-a.

     Till they came into the place
     Where Jesus and his mother was,
     There they offered with great solace,
           In fere-a,
     Gold, incense, and myrrh-a.

     When they had their offering made,
     As the Holy Ghost them bade,
     Then were they both merry and glad,
           And light-a;
     It was a good fair sight-a.

     Anon, as on their way they went,
     The Father of Heaven an Angel sent,
     To those three kings that made present,
           That day-a,
     Who thus to them did say-a:

     "My Lord hath warned you every one,
     By Herod King ye go not home,
     For, an' you do, he will you slone[90]
           And strye-a,[91]
     And hurt you wonderly-a."

     So forth they went another way,
     Through the might of God, His lay,[92]
     As the Angel to them did say,
           Full right-a,
     It was a fair good sight-a.

     When they were come to their countree,
     Merry and glad they were all three,
     Of the sight that they had see
           By night-a;
     By the Star's shining light-a.

     Kneel we now all here adown
     To that Lord of great renown,
     And pray we in good devotion
           For grace-a,
     In Heaven to have a place-a.

[Footnote 89: Last.]

[Footnote 90: Slay.]

[Footnote 91: Stay, hinder.]

[Footnote 92: Law.]

This festival was held in high honour in England; and up to the reign
of George III. our Kings and Queens, attended by the Knights of the
three great Orders--the Garter, the Thistle, and the Bath--were wont
to go in state to the Chapel Royal, St. James's, and there offer gold,
frankincense, and myrrh, in commemoration of the _Magi_; but when
George III. was incapacitated, mentally, from performing the functions
of royalty, it was done by proxy, and successive sovereigns have found
it convenient to perform this act of piety vicariously.

It must have been a magnificent function in the time of Henry VII., as
we learn by Le Neve's _Royalle Book_. "As for Twelfth Day, the King
must go crowned, in his royal robes, kirtle, surtout, his furred hood
about his neck, his mantle with a long train, and his cutlas before
him; his armills upon his arms, of gold set full of rich stones; and
no temporal man to touch it but the King himself; and the squire for
the body must bring it to the King in a fair kerchief, and the King
must put them on himself; and he must have his sceptre in his right
hand, and the ball with the cross in his left hand, and the crown upon
his head. And he must offer that day gold, myrrh, and sense; then must
the Dean of the Chapel send unto the Archbishop of Canterbury, by
clerk, or priest, the King's offering that day; and then must the
Archbishop give the next benefice that falleth in his gift to the same
messenger. And then the King must change his mantle when he goeth to
meat, and take off his hood, and lay it about his neck; and clasp it
before with a great rich ouche; and this must be of the same colour
that he offered in. And the Queen in the same form as when she is
crowned."

Now the ceremonial is as simple as it can be made. In the Chapel
Royal, St. James's, after the reading of the sentence at the
offertory, "Let your light so shine before men," etc., while the organ
plays, two members of Her Majesty's household, wearing the royal
livery, descend from the royal pew, and, preceded by the usher,
advance to the altar rails, where they present to one of the two
officiating clergymen a red bag, edged with gold lace or braid, which
is received in an alms dish, and then reverently placed upon the
altar. This bag, or purse, is understood to contain the Queen's
offering of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.




CHAPTER XXXI

     "The King of the Bean"--Customs on Twelfth Day--Twelfth
     Cakes--Twelfth Night Characters--Modern Twelfth Night--The
     Pastry Cook's Shops--Dethier's Lottery--The Song of the
     Wren--"Holly Night" at Brough--"Cutting off the Fiddler's
     Head."


But another sovereign had a great deal to do with Twelfth day, "The
King of the Bean," who takes his title from a bean, or a silver penny,
baked in a cake, which is cut up and distributed, and he is king in
whose slice the bean is found. Naogeorgus gives us the following
account of Twelfth day:--

     The wise men's day here foloweth, who out from _Persia_ farre,
     Brought giftes and presents unto Christ, conducted by a starre.
     The Papistes do beleeve that these were kings, and so them call,
     And do affirme that of the same there were but three in all.
     Here sundrie friendes togither come, and meete in companie,
     And make a king amongst themselves by voyce, or destinie:
     Who, after princely guise, appoyntes his officers alway.
     Then, unto feasting doe they go, and long time after play:
     Upon their hordes, in order thicke, the daintie dishes stande,
     Till that their purses emptie be, and creditors at hande.
     Their children herein follow them, and choosing princes here,
     With pompe and great solemnitie, they meete and make good chere:
     With money eyther got by stealth, or of their parents eft,
     That so they may be traynde to knowe, both ryot here and theft.
     Then also every housholder, to his abilitie,
     Doth make a mightie Cake, that may suffice his companie:
     Herein a pennie doth he put, before it comes to fire,
     This he devides according as his housholde doth require.
     And every peece distributeth, as round about they stand,
     Which, in their names, unto the poore, is given out of hand:
     But, who so chaunceth on the peece wherin the money lies,
     Is counted king amongst them all, and is, with showtes and cries,
     Exalted to the heavens up, who, taking chalke in hande,
     Doth make a crosse on every beame, and rafters as they stande:
     Great force and powre have these agaynst all injuryes and harmes
     Of cursed devils, sprites, and bugges,[93] of coniurings and charmes.
     So much this king can do, so much the Crosses brings to passe,
     Made by some servant, maide, or childe, or by some foolish asse.
     Twise sixe nightes then from Christmasse, they do count with diligence
     Wherein eche maister, in his house, doth burne up Franckensence:
     And on the Table settes a loafe, when night approcheth nere,
     Before the Coles, and Franckensence, to be perfumed there:
     First bowing downe his heade he standes, and nose, and eares, and eyes
     He smokes, and with his mouth receyve the fume that doth arise:
     Whom followeth streight his wife, and doth the same full solemly,
     And of their children every one, and all their family:
     Which doth preserve, they say, their teeth, and nose, and eyes,
       and eare,
     From every kind of maladie, and sicknesse all the yeare.
     When every one receyved hath this odour, great and small,
     Then one takes up the pan with Coales, and Franckensence, and all,
     Another takes the loafe, whom all the rest do follow here,
     And round about the house they go, with torch or taper clere,
     That neither bread nor meat do want, nor witch with dreadful charme
     Have powre to hurt their children, or to do their cattell harme.
     There are, that three nightes onely do perfourme this foolish geare,
     To this intent, and thinke themselves in safetie all the yeare.
     To Christ dare none commit himselfe. And in these dayes beside,
     They iudge what weather all the yeare shall happen and betide:
     Ascribing to ech day a month. And, at this present time,
     The youth in every place doe flocke, and all appareld fine,
     With Pypars through the streetes they runne, and sing at every dore,
     In commendation of the man, rewarded well therefore:
     Which on themselves they do bestowe, or on the Church, as though
     The people were not plagude with Roges and begging Fryers enough.
     There Cities are, where boyes and gyrles togither still do runne,
     About the streete with like, as soone as night beginnes to come,
     And bring abrode their wassell bowles, who well rewarded bee,
     With Cakes and Cheese, and great good cheare, and money plentiouslie.

[Footnote 93: Bugbears, goblins.]

The above gives us Twelfth day customs in the sixteenth century.
Herrick tells us how it was celebrated a hundred years later, when
they had added a queen to the festivities, as they had, previously,
given a consort to the Lord of Misrule.

     _Twelfe night, or_ King _and_ Queene.

       Now, now the mirth comes
       With the cake full of plums,
     Where Beane's the _King_ of the sport here;
       Besides, we must know
       The Pea also
     Must revell, as _Queene_, in the Court here.

       Begin, then, to chuse
       (This night, as ye use),
     Who shall for the present delight here,
       Be a _King_ by the lot,
       And who shall not
     Be Twelfe-day _Queene_ for the night here.

       Which knowne, let us make
       Joy-sops with the cake;
     And let not a man then be seen here
       Who un-urg'd will not drinke
       To the base, from the brink,
     A health to the _King_ and the _Queene_ here.

       Next, crowne the bowle full
       With gentle lamb's-wooll;
     Adde sugar, nutmeg, and ginger,
       With store of ale too;
       And thus ye must doe
     To make the wassaile a swinger.

       Give then to the _King_
       And _Queene_ wassailing;
     And though, with ale, ye be whet here,
       Yet part ye from hence
       As free from offence
     As when ye innocent met here.

This custom of having a Twelfth cake and electing a king and queen has
now died out, and is only known by tradition; so utterly died out
indeed, that in the British Museum Library there is not a single sheet
of "Twelfth-night Characters" to show the younger race of students
what they were like. The nearest approach to them preserved in that
national collection of literature are some Lottery squibs, which
imitated them; and Hone, writing in 1838, says: "It must be admitted,
however, that the characters sold by the pastry cooks are either
commonplace or gross; when genteel, they are inane; when humorous,
they are vulgar."

A correspondent in the _Universal Magazine_ for 1774 thus describes
the drawing for King and Queen at that date. He says: "I went to a
friend's house in the country to partake of some of those innocent
pleasures that constitute a merry Christmas. I did not return till I
had been present at drawing King and Queen, and eaten a slice of the
Twelfth Cake, made by the fair hands of my good friend's consort.
After tea, yesterday, a noble cake was produced, and two bowls,
containing the fortunate chances for the different sexes. Our host
filled up the tickets; the whole company, except the King and Queen,
were to be ministers of state, maids of honour, or ladies of the
bed-chamber. Our kind host and hostess, whether by design or accident,
became king and queen. According to Twelfth-day law, each party is to
support their character till midnight."

Here we see they had no sheets of "Twelfth-night Characters" (the loss
of which I deplore), but they were of home manufacture. Hone, in his
_Every-Day Book_, vol. i. p. 51, describes the drawing some fifty
years later. "First, buy your cake. Then, before your visitors arrive,
buy your characters, each of which should have a pleasant verse
beneath. Next, look at your invitation list, and count the number of
ladies you expect; and, afterwards, the number of gentlemen. Then take
as many female characters as you have invited ladies; fold them up,
exactly of the same size, and number each on the back, taking care to
make the king No. 1 and the queen No. 2. Then prepare and number the
gentlemen's characters. Cause tea and coffee to be handed to your
visitors as they drop in. When all are assembled, and tea over, put as
many ladies' characters in a reticule as there are ladies present;
next, put the gentlemen's characters in a hat. Then call a gentleman
to carry the reticule to the ladies, as they sit, from which each lady
is to draw one ticket, and to preserve it unopened. Select a lady to
bear the hat to the gentlemen for the same purpose. There will be one
ticket left in the reticule, and another in the hat, which the lady
and gentleman who carried each is to interchange, as having fallen to
each. Next, arrange your visitors according to their numbers; the king
No. 1, the queen No. 2, and so on. The king is then to recite the
verse on his ticket; then the queen the verse on hers, and so the
characters are to proceed in numerical order. This done, let the cake
and refreshments go round, and hey! for merriment!"

The Twelfth cakes themselves were, in the higher class, almost as
beautiful as wedding cakes, but they might be had of all prices, from
sixpence to anything one's purse might compass; and the confectioner's
(they called them pastry cooks in those days) windows were well worth
a visit, and crowds did visit them, sometimes a little practical
joking taking place, such as pinning two persons together, etc.
Quoting Hone again: "In London, with every pastry cook in the city,
and at the west end of the town, it is 'high change' on Twelfth day.
From the taking down the shutters in the morning, he and his men, with
additional assistants, male and female, are fully occupied by
attending to the dressing out of the window, executing orders of the
day before, receiving fresh ones, or supplying the wants of chance
customers. Before dusk the important arrangement of the window is
completed. Then the gas is turned on, with supernumerary argand lamps
and manifold waxlights, to illuminate countless cakes, of all prices
and dimensions, that stand in rows and piles on the counters and
sideboards, and in the windows. The richest in flavour and heaviest in
weight and price are placed on large and massy salvers; one,
enormously superior in size, is the chief object of curiosity; and all
are decorated with all imaginable images of things animate and
inanimate. Stars, castles, kings, cottages, dragons, trees, fish,
palaces, cats, dogs, churches, lions, milkmaids, knights, serpents,
and innumerable other forms in snow-white confectionery, painted with
variegated colours, glitter by 'excess of light' from mirrors against
the walls, festooned with artificial wonders of Flora."

As the fashion of Twelfth cakes declined, the pastry cooks had to push
their sale in every way possible, not being very particular as to
overstepping the law, by getting rid of them by means of drawings,
raffles, and lotteries, which for a long time were winked at by the
authorities, until they assumed dimensions which could not be
ignored, and M. Louis Dethier was summoned at Bow Street on 26th
December 1860, under the Act 42 Geo. III. cap. 119, sec. 2, for
keeping an office at the Hanover Square Rooms for the purpose of
carrying on a lottery "under the name, device, and pretence of a
distribution of Twelfth cakes." He had brought a similar distribution
to a successful conclusion in 1851, but that was the exceptional year
of the Great Exhibition, and he was not interfered with; but this was
for L10,000 worth of cakes to be drawn for on ten successive days,
beginning 26th December--tickets one shilling each. This was an
undoubted lottery on a grand scale. The case was completely proved
against Dethier, but he was not punished, as he abandoned his scheme,
putting up with the loss.

There were some curious customs in different parts of the kingdom on
Twelfth day, but I doubt whether many are in existence now. The
following, taken from _Notes and Queries_ (3 ser. v. 109), was in
vogue in 1864. "It is still the custom in parts of Pembrokeshire on
Twelfth night to carry about a wren.

"The wren is secured in a small house made of wood, with door and
windows--the latter glazed. Pieces of ribbon of various colours are
fixed to the ridge of the roof outside. Sometimes several wrens are
brought in the same cage; and oftentimes a stable lantern, decorated
as above mentioned, serves for the wren's house. The proprietors of
this establishment go round to the principal houses in the
neighbourhood, where, accompanying themselves with some musical
instrument, they announce their arrival by singing the 'Song of the
Wren.' The wren's visit is a source of much amusement to children and
servants; and the wren's men, or lads, are usually invited to have a
draught from the cellar, and receive a present in money. The 'Song of
the Wren' is generally encored, and the proprietors very commonly
commence high life below stairs, dancing with the maid-servants, and
saluting them under the kissing bush, where there is one. I have
lately procured a copy of the song sung on this occasion. I am told
that there is a version of this song in the Welsh language, which is
in substance very near to the following:--

     "THE SONG OF THE WREN.

     "Joy health, love, and peace
     Be to you in this place,
     By your leave we will sing
     Concerning our King:
     Our King is well drest,
     In silks of the best;
     With his ribbons so rare,
     No King can compare.
     In his coach he does ride,
     With a great deal of pride;
     And with four footmen
     To wait upon him.

     We four were at watch,
     And all nigh of a match;
     With powder and ball,
     We fired at his hall.
     We have travelled many miles
     Over hedges and stiles,
     To find you this King,
     Which we now to you bring.
     Now Christmas is past,
     Twelfth day is the last,
     Th' Old Year bids adieu;
     Great joy to the New."

Hone, in his _Table Book_, p. 26, gives a description of "Holly Night"
at Brough, Westmoreland, in 1838. "Formerly the 'Holly Tree' at Brough
was really holly, but ash being abundant, the latter is now
substituted. There are two head inns in the town, which provide for
the ceremony alternately, although the good townspeople mostly lend
their assistance in preparing the tree, to every branch of which they
fasten a torch. About eight o'clock in the evening it is taken to a
convenient part of the town, where the torches are lighted, the town
band accompanying, and playing till all is completed, when it is
removed to the lower end of the town; and after divers salutes and
huzzas from the spectators, is carried up and down the town in stately
procession. The band march behind it, playing their instruments, and
stopping every time they reach the town bridge and the cross, where
the 'holly' is again greeted with shouts of applause. Many of the
inhabitants carry lighted branches and flambeaus; and rockets, squibs,
etc., are discharged on the joyful occasion. After the tree is thus
carried, and the torches are sufficiently burnt, it is placed in the
middle of the town, when it is again cheered by the surrounding
populace, and is afterwards thrown among them. They eagerly watch for
this opportunity; and, clinging to each end of the tree, endeavour to
carry it away to the inn they are contending for, where they are
allowed their usual quantum of ale and spirits, and pass a merry
night, which seldom breaks up before two in the morning."

According to Waldron, in his _Description of the Isle of Man_, 1859,
p. 156, the following singular custom is in force on Twelfth day. In
this island there is not a barn unoccupied on the whole twelve days
after Christmas, every parish hiring fiddlers at the public charge. On
Twelfth day the fiddler lays his head in the lap of some one of the
wenches, and the _mainstyr fiddler_ asks who such a maid, or such a
maid, naming all the girls one after another, shall marry, to which he
answers according to his own whim, or agreeable to the intimacies he
has taken notice of during the time of merriment, and whatever he says
is absolutely depended upon as an oracle; and if he couple two people
who have an aversion to each other, tears and vexation succeed the
mirth; this they call "cutting off the fiddler's head," for after this
he is dead for a whole year.




CHAPTER XXXII

     St. Distaff's Day--Plough Monday--Customs on the Day--Feast
     of the Purification.


Here Christ-tide ought to end, and men and women should have returned
to their ordinary avocations, but the long holiday demoralised them;
and although the women were supposed to set to work on the day
succeeding Twelfth day, thence called St. Distaff's day, or Rock[94]
day, there was rough play, as Herrick tells us:--

     Partly work, and partly play,
     Ye must, on _St. Distaff's day_:
     From the Plough soone free your teame;
     Then come home and fother them.
     If the Maides a spinning goe,
     Burne the flax, and fire the tow:
     Bring in pails of water then,
     Let the Maides bewash the men.
     Give _S. Distaffe_ all the right,
     Then bid Christmas sport _good-night_.
     And, next morrow, every one
     To his owne vocation.

[Footnote 94: A name for a spinning wheel.]

The men, however, could not settle down to work so speedily, serious
work not beginning till after "Plough Monday," or the Monday after
Twelfth Day. Tusser says:

     Plough Munday, next after that twelf tide is past,
     Bids out with the plough--the worst husband is last.
     If plowman get hatchet, or whip to the skrene,
     Maids loseth their cocke, if no water be seen.

This verse would be rather enigmatical were it not explained in
_Tusser Redivivus_ (1744, p. 79). "After Christmas (which, formerly,
during the twelve days, was a time of very little work) every
gentleman feasted the farmers, and every farmer their servants and
task-men. _Plough Monday_ puts them in mind of their business. In the
morning, the men and the maid-servants strive who shall show their
diligence in rising earliest. If the ploughman can get his whip, his
ploughstaff, hatchet, or any thing that he wants in the field, by the
fireside before the maid hath got her kettle on, then the maid loseth
her Shrove-tide cock, and it belongs wholly to the men. Thus did our
forefathers strive to allure youth to their duty, and provided them
with innocent mirth as well as labour. On this Plough Monday they have
a good supper and some strong drink."

In many parts of the country it was made a regular festival, but, like
all these old customs, it has fallen into desuetude. However, Hone's
_Every-Day Book_ was not written so long ago, and he there says: "In
some parts of the country, and especially in the North, they draw the
plough in procession to the doors of the villagers and townspeople.
Long ropes are attached to it, and thirty or forty men, stripped to
their clean white shirts, but protected from the weather by waistcoats
beneath, drag it along. Their arms and shoulders are decorated with
gay coloured ribbons tied in large knots and bows, and their hats are
smartened in the same way. They are usually accompanied by an old
woman, or a boy dressed up to represent one; she is gaily bedizened,
and called the _Bessy_. Sometimes the sport is assisted by a humourous
countryman to represent a _fool_. He is covered with ribbons, and
attired in skins, with a depending tail, and carries a box to collect
money from the spectators. They are attended by music and Morris
Dancers, when they can be got; but it is always a sportive dance with
a few lasses in all their finery, and a superabundance of ribbons.
The money collected is spent at night in conviviality."

Chambers's _Book of Days_ also gives an account of this frolic. "A
correspondent, who has borne a part (cow-horn blowing) on many a
Plough Monday in Lincolnshire, thus describes what happened on these
occasions under his own observation:--Rude though it was, the Plough
procession threw a life into the dreary scenery of winter as it came
winding along the quiet rutted lanes on its way from one village to
another; for the ploughmen from many a surrounding thorpe, hamlet, and
lonely farm-house united in the celebration of Plough Monday. It was
nothing unusual for at least a score of the 'sons of the soil' to yoke
themselves with ropes to the plough, having put on clean smock-frocks
in honour of the day. There was no limit to the number who joined in
the morris dance, and were partners with 'Bessy,' who carried the
money box; and all these had ribbons in their hats, and pinned about
them, wherever there was room to display a bunch. Many a hard-working
country Molly lent a helping hand in decorating her Johnny for Plough
Monday, and finished him with an admiring exclamation of--'Lawks,
John! thou dost look smart, surely!' Some also wore small bunches of
corn in their hats, from which the wheat was soon shaken out by the
ungainly jumping which they called dancing. Occasionally, if the
winter was severe, the procession was joined by threshers carrying
their flails, reapers bearing their sickles, and carters with their
long whips, which they were ever cracking to add to the noise, while
even the smith and the miller were among the number, for the one
sharpened the plough-shares, and the other ground the corn; and Bessy
rattled his box, and danced so high that he showed his worsted
stockings and corduroy breeches; and, very often, if there was a thaw,
tucked up his gown-skirts under his waistcoat and shook the bonnet off
his head, and disarranged the long ringlets that ought to have
concealed his whiskers. For Bessy is to the procession of Plough
Monday what the leading _figurante_ is to the opera or ballet, and
dances about as gracefully as the hippopotami described by Dr.
Livingstone. But these rough antics were the cause of much laughter,
and rarely do we ever remember hearing any coarse jest that could call
up an angry blush to a modest cheek.

"No doubt they were called 'plough bullocks' through drawing the
plough, as bullocks were formerly used, and are still yoked to the
plough in some parts of the country. The rubbishy verses they recited
are not worth preserving, beyond the line which graces many a
public-house sign, of 'God speed the Plough.' At the large farm-house,
besides money, they obtained refreshment; and, through the quantity of
ale they thus drank during the day, managed to get what they called
'their load' by night.

"But the great event of the day was when they came before some house
which bore signs that the owner was well-to-do in the world, and
nothing was given to them. Bessy rattled his box, and the ploughmen
danced, while the country lads blew their bullock's horns, or shouted
with all their might; but if there was still no sign, no forthcoming
of either bread and cheese or ale, then the word was given, the
ploughshare driven into the ground before the door or window, the
whole twenty men yoked pulling like one, and, in a minute or two, the
ground was as brown, barren, and ridgy as a newly ploughed field. But
this was rarely done, for everybody gave something, and, were it but
little, the men never murmured, though they might talk of the
stinginess of the giver afterwards amongst themselves, more especially
if the party was what they called 'well off in the world.' We are not
aware that the ploughmen were ever summoned to answer for such a
breach of the law, for they believe, to use their own expressive
language, 'they can stand by it, and no law in the world can touch
'em, 'cause it's an old charter.'

"One of the mummers generally wears a fox's skin in the form of a
hood; but, beyond the laughter the tail that hangs down his back
awakens by its motion when he dances, we are at a loss to find a
meaning. Bessy formerly wore a bullock's tail behind, under his gown,
and which he held in his hand while dancing, but that appendage has
not been worn of late."

On the 2nd of February--the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed
Virgin Mary--all Christ-tide decorations are to be taken down, and
with them ends all trace of that festive season.

     Farwell, Crystmas fayer and fre;
     Farwell, Newers Day with the;
     Farwell, the Holy Epyphane;
         And to Mary now sing we.

     "_Revertere, revertere_, the queen of blysse and of beaute."


THE END








End of Project Gutenberg's A Righte Merrie Christmasse, by John Ashton

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RIGHTE MERRIE CHRISTMASSE ***

***** This file should be named 19979.txt or 19979.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/9/7/19979/

Produced by Julie Barkley, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

*** END: FULL LICENSE ***