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Strohm. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; right: 3%; + font-size: 75%; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + color: silver; background-color: inherit; + font-variant: normal;} /* page numbers */ + + .pagenum a {text-decoration: none; color: silver; background-color: inherit;} + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid black 1px;} + .bl {border-left: solid black 1px;} + .bt {border-top: solid black 1px;} + .br {border-right: solid black 1px;} + .bbox {border: solid black 1px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + .toc a {text-decoration: none;} + a {text-decoration: none;} + a[name] {position:absolute;} /* Fix Opera bug */ + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and +Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. Strohm + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and Furnace Testing + +Author: Rufus T. Strohm + +Release Date: December 20, 2006 [EBook #20146] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO 1: *** + + + + +Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Jason Isbell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> + +<div class='center' style="font-size: 12pt"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="TABLE OF CONTENTS" class="toc"> +<col style="width:85%" /> +<col style="width:15%" /> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Title Page</td><td><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Foreword</td><td><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Boiler and Furnace Testing</td><td><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Necessity for Testing Boilers</td><td><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Weighing the Coal</td><td><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Measuring the Feed Water</td><td><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Temperature of Feed Water</td><td><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Steam Pressure</td><td><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Working up the Test</td><td><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Boiler Horsepower or Capacity</td><td><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Heating Surface</td><td><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Cost of Evaporation</td><td><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Table of Test Results</td><td><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">How to Use the Test Results</td><td><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Table of Factors of Evaporation</td><td><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Table of Factors of Evaporation—Concluded</td><td><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Publications on the Utilization of Coal and Lignite</td><td><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Publications Available for Free Distribution</td><td><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Publications That May Be Obtained Only Through</td><td><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> the Superintendent of Documents</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Illustrations</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> Figure 1</td><td><a href="#FIG1">4</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> Figure 2</td><td><a href="#FIG2">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> Figure 3</td><td><a href="#FIG3">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Transcriber's Notes</td><td><a href="#TN">np</a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> +<p><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" href="#Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="Title Page" class="bbox"> + +<tr><td class="bb"> +<p class="center smcap" style="font-size: 12pt">UNITED STATES FUEL ADMINISTRATION<br /> +<span style="font-size: 10pt">BUREAU OF CONSERVATION</span></p> + +</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<p class="center" style="font-size: 14pt"><b>Engineering Bulletin No. 1</b></p> + +<h1> BOILER <span class="smcap">and</span> FURNACE <br /> +TESTING</h1> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 8pt">Prepared by</p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 14pt"><b>Rufus T. Strohm</b><br /> +<span style="font-size: 10pt">Associate Editor, Power</span></p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 179px;"> +<img src="images/title.jpg" width="179" height="256" alt="Maximum Production: Minimum Waste" title="Maximum Production: Minimum Waste" /> +</div><p><br /></p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 10pt">WASHINGTON<br /> +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br /> +1918</p> +</td></tr></table> +<p><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2" href="#Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> +<h2>MAXIMUM PRODUCTION.</h2> + +<h2>MINIMUM WASTE.</h2> + + +<p>The United States Fuel Administration is making every effort, through the producers +and transportation lines, to obtain an adequate supply of fuel for the industries +of the country.</p> + +<p>Twenty-five to fifty million tons of coal a year can be saved by the improved operation +of steam-power plants without changing their present equipment and without +abating their production the slightest.</p> + +<p>It is absolutely necessary that this saving be realized, if our overburdened railroads +are to be relieved and our industries kept in full operation.</p> + +<p>The extent to which it will be realized depends upon the cooperation of the owners, +engineers, and firemen of every power plant of the country.</p> + +<h3>YOUR FIRING LINE IS AT THE FURNACE DOOR.</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right"> +<span class="smcap">David Moffat Myers</span>, <br /> +<i>Advisory Engineer to United States Fuel Administration</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" href="#Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + +<h2>BOILER AND FURNACE TESTING.</h2> + +<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Rufus T. Strohm</span>.</p> + +<hr style="width: 10%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;"/> + +<h3>NECESSITY FOR TESTING BOILERS.</h3> + +<p>A boiler test is necessary in order to determine how well the boiler +is doing the work expected of it; that is to say, we must find out +whether we are wasting coal in making steam and how much this +waste may be. Such a test may be made to discover the efficiency +of the boiler, or the quantity of water it is evaporating, or the cost +of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water.</p> + +<p>The United States Fuel Administration recommends that every +boiler plant have some means of daily checking the efficiency of the +boiler and furnace. The simplest and best way of finding out how +efficiently the boiler is working is to make an evaporation test, as +described in this bulletin. All the necessary records can be made +automatically with suitable instruments, although in many small +plants the coal must be weighed on ordinary scales. The efficiency +of the furnace can be found by making analyses of the flue gases. +(See Bulletin No. 2 of the United States Fuel Administration.)</p> + +<p>Too many engineers and firemen have the idea that they are not +fitted to make boiler tests. This is altogether wrong. Any man +who can weigh water and coal and read steam gages and thermometers +is able to do the work required in making a boiler test for evaporation +or efficiency. Such a test requires a knowledge of the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. The total weight of coal used.</p> + +<p>2. <a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>The total weight of water fed to and evaporated by the boiler.</p> + +<p>3. The average temperature of the feed water.</p> + +<p>4. The average steam pressure in the boiler.</p></div> + +<p>If these four items are known, a series of simple calculations will +show how much water is being evaporated per pound of coal, and the +efficiency of the boiler and furnace.</p> + +<p>To make a test, the following apparatus and instruments are +necessary:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Scales to weigh the coal.</p> + +<p>2. Apparatus to weigh or measure the feed water.</p> + +<p>3. Thermometers to take feed-water temperature.</p> + +<p>4. Gages to indicate steam pressure.</p></div> + +<p>A boiler test to be of value should extend over a period of at least +eight hours. The longer the test the more accurate the results.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For the sake of simplicity, only the essential elements of boiler and furnace testing are treated in this +bulletin. For rules covering the refinements for an exhaustive test, the reader is referred to the boiler test +code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Copies of this code can be obtained from the +secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" href="#Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> +<h3>WEIGHING THE COAL.</h3> + +<p>The weight of coal used during a test may easily be found by using +an ordinary wheelbarrow and a platform scales, arranged as in +figure 1. At each side of the scales build an incline with its top level +with the top of the platform, but take care not to have either one +touch the platform. Set the empty wheelbarrow on the scales, run +the movable weight or poise out until it exactly balances the weight +of the barrow and lock it in position with the thumbscrew.</p> + +<p>Next, put weights on the scale pan <i>A</i> to correspond to a net weight +of 250 or 300 pounds of coal. Fill the barrow with coal, run it on the +scales, and add coal or take off coal until the scales balance. This +is easily done by having a small pile of coal <i>B</i> beside the scales. If +the weights on the scale pan represent, say, 300 pounds, the net +weight of coal in the barrow is exactly 300 pounds. This coal is +wheeled in front of the boiler and dumped on the clean floor, and +the barrow is returned for another load.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;"><a name="FIG1" id="FIG1"></a> +<img src="images/fig01.jpg" width="563" height="266" alt="Fig. 1.; 1 Set to balance tare of wheelbarrow; 2 Add to balance net weight of coal" title="Figure 1." /> +</div> + +<p>Each time the barrow of coal is weighed on the scales and taken +to the boiler being tested, a tally mark should be made on a board +nailed to the wall beside the scales. Each tally mark represents 300 +pounds of coal, since the amount of coal in the barrow is adjusted +at each weighing, so that the scales just balance. At the end of the +test, therefore, the number of tally marks is multiplied by 300, and +the product is the weight of coal used, provided it has all been fired; +but if any coal remains in front of the boiler at the close of the test, +it must be gathered up and weighed, and its weight must be subtracted +from the total weight indicated by the tally marks to get +the number of pounds of coal actually fired. You should, of course, +start the test with no coal in front of the boiler.</p> + +<p>Care must be taken not to forget to make a tally mark each time +a barrow of coal is run off the scales. By setting the scales so as to +show any net weight, such as 250 or 300 pounds, and making each bar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" href="#Page_5">[5]</a></span>row +load exactly this weight, much time is saved, as it is unnecessary +to change any of the weights or the position of the rider on the +scale beam.</p> + +<p>If the coal used in the test is to be analyzed, take a sample of +from 4 to 6 pounds from each barrow and throw it into a box near +the scales. Do this <i>before</i> the coal is weighed. These small amounts +from the various barrow loads will then give a fair average sample +of the coal used during the test.</p> + +<p>The condition of the furnace should be the same at the end of the +test period as at the start. Therefore, at the moment the test is +begun, observe the thickness of the fuel bed and the condition of the +fire. If the fire was cleaned, say, an hour before the test began, see +that it is cleaned an hour before the time when the test is scheduled +to end. If the coal was fired, say, eight minutes before the test +started, the last coal used during the test should be fired eight minutes +before the end of the test. The object of these precautions is +to insure the same conditions at start and finish, as nearly as possible; +otherwise, the coal weighed will not be the same as the coal +consumed.</p> + + +<h3>MEASURING THE FEED WATER.</h3> + +<p>The quantity of water fed to the boiler during the test may be +found by metering or by weighing. A reliable water meter is recommended +for this work. There are a number of good makes, of different +types, such as:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Venturi meter.</p> + +<p>2. Weir or V-notch meters.</p> + +<p>3. Diaphragm meters.</p> + +<p>4. Displacement meters.</p> + +<p>5. Water weighers.</p></div> + +<p>The best form of meter to use in any particular case depends on +the local conditions in the plant; but <i>every plant should be provided +with a permanently installed meter of some type</i>. The displacement +form of meter should be used only with cold water, however.</p> + +<p>If there is no meter or water weigher in the plant, the feed water +used during the test can be measured by the three-barrel arrangement +illustrated in figure 2.</p> + +<p>Obtain three water-tight barrels, and set two of them close together +on a platform directly over the third, leaving about 12 inches above +barrel 3 in which to fit the valves <i>V</i> and the nipples in the bottoms +of barrels 1 and 2. Near the top of each of the barrels 1 and 2 +screw a 1-inch overflow pipe <i>O</i>.</p> + +<p>Run a pipe <i>P</i> from the city main or other source of supply above +barrels 1 and 2, and put a valve <i>A</i> on the pipe leading to each barrel. +From barrel 3 run a suction pipe to the feed pump that is to pump +water to the boiler to be tested. It is best to have a by-pass from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" href="#Page_6">[6]</a></span> +the usual water supply direct to the feed pump, or to another pump +connected to the boiler, so that in case of any trouble with the testing +barrels, the regular operation of the boiler may be resumed without +shutting down.</p> + +<p>The next step is to fill barrels 1 and 2 with water until they overflow +at <i>O</i>. This water should be of practically the same average +temperature as that which is to be used during the test. Barrel 3 +should be high enough above the feed pump so that the pump will +handle hot water. Put barrel 3 on a scales, before connecting it to +the feed pump, and weigh it. Then let the water from barrel 1 run +into barrel 3, and weigh again. The second weight minus the first +weight is the net weight of water run in from barrel 1 and is the +weight of water contained in barrel 1 when filled to the overflow. +The weight of water in barrel 2 when it is filled to the overflow can +be found in like manner. Mark these weights down.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;"><a name="FIG2" id="FIG2"></a> +<img src="images/fig02.jpg" width="559" height="280" alt="Figure 2." title="Figure 2." /> +</div> + +<p>When the net weights are found and barrel 3 is removed from the +scales and connected to the feed pump, the apparatus is ready to +begin the test. Start with the level of the water about 1 foot below +the top of the barrel 3, and drive a nail into the barrel to mark this +level. When the test is finished, the level should be brought to the +same point, so that the water that has passed through barrels 1 and 2 +will accurately represent the weight of water fed to the boiler during +the test.</p> + +<p>When the test is to begin, stop the feed pump and tie a string +around the gage glass on the boiler to mark the height of the water +level in the boiler. Then start the pump connected to barrel 3. +Fill barrels 1 and 2 up to the overflow before the test is started. +Then open the valve <i>V</i> on barrel 1 and let the water run into barrel 3 +as fast as the feed pump draws water from barrel 3. When barrel 1 +is emptied close its valve <i>V</i> and open its valve <i>A</i> so as to refill it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" href="#Page_7">[7]</a></span> +While barrel 1 is filling empty barrel 2 into barrel 3 in the same way, +and continue to fill and empty barrels 1 and 2 alternately. In this +way barrel 3 will be kept supplied with water that has been measured +in barrels 1 and 2, the net weights of which were found before the +test began. Keep a separate tally of the number of times each of the +barrels 1 and 2 is emptied into barrel 3. At the end of the test the +number of tallies for each barrel multiplied by the weight of the +water that barrel will hold will be the weight of water measured in +that barrel. The sum of these weights for barrels 1 and 2 will be +the weight of water used in the test.</p> + +<p>With a three-barrel arrangement like this, water can be weighed +rapidly enough to supply 300 boiler horsepower.</p> + +<p>Before starting a test make sure that there is no chance for water +to leak into or out of the boiler. See that the blow-off is tight, that +there is no drip from gage cocks, and that the feed-line connections +are tight, so that all the water fed to the boiler will represent accurately +the amount evaporated during the test.</p> + +<p>If a meter is used instead of the three-barrel method, make absolutely +sure that the meter is correct, as the accuracy of the test depends +on the accuracy with which the water measurements are made. +<i>After a meter is installed, test it to see that it operates correctly under +the plant conditions.</i></p> + +<p>The water level in the boiler should be the same at the end of the +test as at the beginning. As the time for stopping the test draws +near, therefore, try to bring the conditions the same as at the start. +Do not, however, run the feed pump rapidly in the last few minutes +for the test in order to obtain the same water level. If there is a +slight difference in level, calculate the weight of water it represents +and make the necessary correction to the total weight of water fed.</p> + + +<h3>TEMPERATURE OF FEED WATER.</h3> + +<p>Every plant should have a thermometer on the feed line, so as to +find the temperature of the feed water. Preferably, this thermometer +should be of the recording type. If such a form of thermometer +is used during the test, it is unnecessary to take the feed temperature +at stated intervals, as the record will show the varying temperatures, +and so the average feed temperature during the test can easily be +found.</p> + +<p>If there is no thermometer in the feed line, take the feed-water +temperature by means of a thermometer hung in barrel 3 (figure 2) by +a hook over the edge of the barrel. Read this thermometer every +half hour during the test if the feed-water temperature is fairly uniform; +but if it varies considerably, read the thermometer every 15 +minutes. The object is to obtain the average feed-water temperature +during the test period. Therefore, mark down the tempera<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8" href="#Page_8">[8]</a></span>tures +as read at the stated intervals. At the close of the test add the +readings and divide their sum by the number of readings and you +will have the average temperature of the feed water.</p> + + +<h3>STEAM PRESSURE.</h3> + +<p>Every boiler is fitted with a steam gage by which the pressure is +indicated. It is important that the pressure gage be accurate. +What is wanted in a test is the average pressure of the steam in +the boiler, therefore, observe the pressure at regular intervals, just as +with the feed-water temperature, and mark down these gage readings. +The sum of the readings divided by the number of readings taken will +be the average steam pressure during the test.</p> + +<p>A recording steam gage is best and makes its own readings.</p> + + +<h3>WORKING UP THE TEST.</h3> + +<p>After the boiler test has been made, so as to find the weight of coal +burned, weight of feed water used, feed-water temperature and steam +pressure, the efficiency, the horsepower, and the economy must be +obtained by calculation from the test results. The process of figuring +the desired results from the test data is called "working up the test."</p> + +<p>To illustrate the method used in finding the efficiency, etc., suppose +that the data obtained from the test are as follows:</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Efficiency test data"> +<col style="width:50%;" /> +<col style="width:35%;" /> +<col style="width:15%;" /> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Length of test....................................</td> + <td align='right'>hours</td> + <td align='right'>10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Total weight of coal fired...................</td> + <td align='right'>pounds</td> + <td align='right'>5,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Total weight of water evaporated.......</td> + <td align='right'>do.</td> + <td align='right'>35,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Average temperature of feed water....</td> + <td align='right'>°F</td> + <td align='right'>180</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>Average steam pressure, gage............</td> + <td align='right'>pounds per square inch</td> + <td align='right'>100</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>The efficiency of any process is always a comparison, or ratio, of the +output to the input. In the case of a steam boiler the efficiency is the +percentage of the heat supplied in the coal that is usefully employed +in making steam. The output of the steam boiler is the heat represented +by the quantity of water evaporated by a pound of coal, +taking into account the feed temperature and the steam pressure, +and input is the amount of heat contained in a pound of the coal +used. The efficiency of the boiler is the output divided by the input.</p> + +<p>The heat contained in a pound of coal is called the "calorific value" +or "heating value" of the coal. It can be found by taking a fair +average sample of the coal used during the test, as explained in connection +with weighing the coal, and sending the sample to a chemist, +who will make a calorimeter test to determine its heating value.</p> + +<p>At the end of the test the sample fuel should be spread out on a +clean floor and all lumps broken up, so that no pieces are larger than +2 inches maximum diameter. Then the gross sample should be very +thoroughly mixed by shoveling, after which it should be spread out +in the form of a square of uniform depth and quartered down until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" href="#Page_9">[9]</a></span> +a final average sample is obtained for shipment to a competent +chemist, experienced in fuel analysis. (See <a href="#p133">Bureau of Mines Technical +Paper No. 133</a>.)</p> + +<p>About 2 quarts of the chemist's sample should be put in air-tight +tins or jars for the determination of moisture; the balance of the +sample (the total weight of which should be from 10 to 50 pounds, +depending on the total weight of coal used in the test) may be packed +in a wooden box lined with paper to prevent splinters from mingling +with the sample. A duplicate coal sample should be kept at the +plant to be used in case of loss of the sample sent to the chemist.</p> + +<p>The Bureau of Mines has published a bulletin or pamphlet giving +the analyses and heating values of the various kinds and grades of +coal from all parts of the United States. (<a href="#p22">Bureau of Mines Bulletin +No. 22.</a>) This bulletin can be used to learn the approximate heating +value of the coal. Simply find out what district the coal used in +the test came from, and its grade, and then refer to the bulletin to +obtain the heating value of the coal. If a chemist can be obtained +to make a heat test, however, it is better to use the heating value +he determines.</p> + +<p>Suppose that during the test the coal used was run-of-mine bituminous +having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. Every pound of +coal fired, then, carried into the furnace 13,500 heat units, and this +value therefore is the <i>input</i> to be used in calculating the boiler +efficiency.</p> + +<p>During the test 5,000 pounds of coal was fired and 35,000 pounds +of water was fed and evaporated. This means that 35,000 ÷ 5,000 = 7 +pounds of water was evaporated per pound of coal burned. This is +the "actual evaporation," and the heat required to evaporate this +7 pounds of water is the output to be used in calculating the efficiency.</p> + +<p>Every fireman knows that it takes more coal, and therefore more +heat, to make steam with cold feed water than with hot feed water; +also, that it is somewhat easier to make steam at a low pressure +than at a high pressure. So it is plain that the heat required to +evaporate 7 pounds of water into steam depends on two things, +namely, (1) the temperature of the feed water and (2) the pressure +of the steam in the boiler. From the data of the test, both the average +feed-water temperature and the average steam pressure are +known, and so it is a simple matter to find out the amount of heat +needed to evaporate 7 pounds of water from the average temperature +to steam at the average pressure.</p> + +<p>A pound of water at 212° F. must have 970.4 B. t. u. added to it +to become a pound of steam at 212° F., or zero gage pressure. This +value, 970.4 B. t. u., is called the latent heat of steam at atmospheric +pressure, or the heat "from and at 212° F." It is the heat +required to change a pound of water <i>from</i> 212° F. to steam <i>at</i> 212° F.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" href="#Page_10">[10]</a></span> +and is used by engineers as a standard by which to compare the +evaporation of different boilers.</p> + +<p>In a boiler test the temperature of the feed water is usually something +less than 212° F., and the steam pressure is commonly higher +than zero, gage. In the test outlined previously, the feed-water temperature +was 180° F. and the pressure was 100 pounds per square +inch, gage. It must be clear, then, that the amount of heat required +to change a pound of water at 180° to steam at 100 pounds +gage pressure is not the same as to make a pound of steam from and +at 212° F.</p> + +<p>To make allowance for the differences in temperature and pressure, +the actual evaporation must be multiplied by a number called +the "factor of evaporation." The factor of evaporation has a certain +value corresponding to every feed-water temperature and boiler pressure, +and the values of this factor are given in the accompanying +table. Along the top of the table are given the gage pressures of +the steam. In the columns at the sides of the table are given the +feed-water temperatures. To find the factor of evaporation for a +given set of conditions, locate the gage pressure at the top of the +table and follow down that column to the horizontal line on which +the feed-water temperature is located. The value in this column +and on the horizontal line thus found is the factor of evaporation +required. If the feed water has a temperature greater than 212° F., +obtain the proper factor of evaporation from the Marks and Davis +steam tables.</p> + +<p>Take the data of the test, for example. The average steam pressure +is 100 pounds, gage. The average feed-water temperature is +180° F. So, in the table locate the column headed 100 and follow +down this column to the line having 180 at the ends, and the value +where the column and the line cross is 1.0727, which is the factor of +evaporation for a feed-water temperature of 180° F. and a steam +pressure of 100 pounds, gage.</p> + +<p>This factor, 1.0727, indicates that to change a pound of water at +180° F. to steam at 100 pounds requires 1.0727 times as much heat +as to change a pound of water at 212° F. to steam at atmospheric +pressure. In other words, the heat used in producing an actual evaporation +of 7 pounds under the test conditions would have evaporated +7 × 1.0727 = 7.5 pounds from and at 212° F. Hence, 7.5 pounds is +called the "equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F." per pound +of coal used.</p> + +<p>As already stated, it takes 970.4 B. t. u. to make a pound of +steam from and at 212° F. Then to make 7.5 pounds there would +be required 7.5 × 970.4 = 7,278 B. t. u. This is the amount of heat +required to change 7.5 pounds of water at 212° F. to steam at zero +gage pressure, but it is also the heat required to change 7 pounds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" href="#Page_11">[11]</a></span> +of water at 180° F. to steam at 100 pounds gage pressure, because +7.5 pounds from and at 212° F. is equivalent to 7 pounds from 180° +F. to steam at 100 pounds. Therefore, the 7,278 B. t. u. is the +amount of heat usefully employed in making steam per pound of +coal fired, and so it is the <i>output</i>. Accordingly, the efficiency of the +boiler is—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="formula" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">~ Efficiency = </td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">Output</td> + <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2">=</td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">7,278</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"> = 0.54, nearly.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align: center">Input</td> + <td style="text-align: center">13,500</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>In other words, the efficiency of the boiler is 0.54, or 54 per cent, +which means that only a little more than half of the heat in the coal +is usefully employed in making steam.</p> + +<p>The chart shown in figure 3 is given to save the work of figuring +the efficiency. If the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal is +calculated and the heating value of the coal is known, the boiler +efficiency may be found directly from the chart. At the left-hand +side locate the point corresponding to the equivalent evaporation +and at the bottom locate the point corresponding to the heating +value of the coal. Follow the horizontal and vertical lines from +these two points until they cross, and note the diagonal line that is +nearest to the crossing point. The figures marked on the diagonal +line indicate the boiler efficiency.</p> + +<p>Take the case just worked out, for example. The equivalent +evaporation is 7.5 pounds and the heating value of the fuel is 13,500 +B. t. u. At the left of the chart locate the point 7.5 midway between +7 and 8 and at the bottom locate the point 13,500 midway between +13,000 and 14,000. Then follow the horizontal and vertical lines +from these two points until they cross, as indicated by the dotted +lines. The crossing point lies on the diagonal corresponding to 54, +and so the efficiency is 54 per cent.</p> + + +<h3>BOILER HORSEPOWER OR CAPACITY.</h3> + +<p>The capacity of a boiler is usually stated in boiler horsepower. A +boiler horsepower means the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of water +per hour from and at 212° F. Therefore, to find the boiler horsepower +developed during a test, calculate the evaporation from and +at 212° F. per hour and divide it by 34.5.</p> + +<p>Take the test previously mentioned, for example. The evaporation +from and at 212° F. or the equivalent evaporation, was 7.5 +pounds of water per pound of coal. The weight of coal burned per +hour was 5,000 ÷ 10 = 500 pounds. Then the equivalent evaporation +was 7.5 × 500 = 3,750 pounds per hour. According to the foregoing +definition of a boiler horsepower, then—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="formula" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">Boiler horsepower = </td> + <td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">3,750</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"> = 109.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align: center">34.5</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" href="#Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> +<p>The "rated horsepower" of a boiler, or the "builders' rating," is +the number of square feet of heating surface in the boiler divided +by a number. In the case of stationary boilers this number is 10 +or 12, but 10 is very commonly taken as the amount of heating +surface per horsepower. Assuming this value and assuming further +that the boiler tested had 1,500 square feet of heating surface, its +rated horsepower would be 1,500 ÷ 10 = 150 boiler horsepower.</p> + +<p>It is often desirable to know what per cent of the rated capacity +is developed in a test. This is found by dividing the horsepower +developed during the test by the builders' rating. In the case of +the boiler tested, 109 horsepower was developed. The percentage +of rated capacity developed, therefore, was 109 ÷ 150 = 0.73, or 73 +per cent.</p> + + +<h3>HEATING SURFACE.</h3> + +<p>The heating surface of a boiler is the surface of metal exposed to +the fire or hot gases on one side and to water on the other side. +Thus, the internal surface of the tubes of a fire-tube boiler is the +heating surface of the tubes, but the outside surface of the tubes of +a water-tube boiler is the heating surface of those tubes. In addition +to the tubes, all other surfaces which have hot gases on one side +and water on the other must be taken into account. For instance, +in a fire-tube boiler from one-half to two-thirds of the shell (depending +on how the boiler is set) acts as heating surface. In addition to +this, the surface presented by both heads, below the water level, has +to be computed. The heating surface of each head is equal to two-thirds +its area minus the total area of the holes cut away to receive +the tubes.</p> + + +<h3>COST OF EVAPORATION.</h3> + +<p>The cost of evaporation is usually stated as the cost of fuel required +to evaporate 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° F. To find it, +multiply the price of coal per ton by 1,000 and divide the result by +the product of the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal and the +number of pounds in a ton.</p> + +<p>Suppose that the cost of the coal used in the foregoing test was +$3.60 per ton of 2,000 pounds. The equivalent evaporation per +pound of coal was 7.5 pounds. Therefore the cost of evaporating +1,000 pounds of water from 180° F. to steam at 100-pound gage, is—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="formula" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0"> + <tr> + <td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">$3.60 × 1,000</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"> = $0.24, or 24 cents.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="text-align: center">7.5 × 2,000</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" href="#Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> + +<h3>TABLE OF TEST RESULTS.</h3> + +<p>After the test has been made and properly worked up, as heretofore +described, collect all the results of the test on one sheet, so +that they can be kept in convenient form for reference and for comparison +with later tests. A brief form of arranging the results is as +follows:</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="test results"> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>1. Date of test...............................................................................</td> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='right'> May 20, 1918</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>2. Duration of test..........................................................................</td> + <td align='right'>hours</td> + <td align='right'>10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>3. Weight of coal used...................................................................</td> + <td align='right'>pounds</td> + <td align='right'>5,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>4. Weight of water fed and evaporated...........................................</td> + <td align='right'>do.</td> + <td align='right'>35,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>5. Average steam pressure, gauge...................................................</td> + <td align='right'>do.</td> + <td align='right'>100</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>6. Average feed-water temperature.................................................</td> + <td align='right'>°F.</td> + <td align='right'>180</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>7. Factor of evaporation.................................................................</td> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='right'>1.0727</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>8. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F..................................</td> + <td align='right'>pounds</td> + <td align='right'>37,545</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3">EFFICIENCY.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>9. Efficiency of boiler and furnace...................................................</td> + <td align='right'>per cent</td> + <td align='right'>54</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3">CAPACITY.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>10. Boiler horsepower developed...................................................</td> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='right'>109</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>11. Builders' rated horsepower.......................................................</td> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='right'>150</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>12. Percentage of rated horsepower developed...............................</td> + <td align='right'>per cent</td> + <td align='right'>73</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3">ECONOMIC RESULTS.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align='left'>13. Actual evaporation per pound of coal........................................</td> + <td align='right'>pounds</td> + <td align='right'>7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>14. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F................................</td> + <td align='right'>pounds</td> + <td align='right'>7.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"> per pound of coal as fired,</td> + <td align="right"></td> + <td align="right"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>15. Cost of coal per ton (2,000 pounds).........................................</td> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='right'>$3.60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left'>16. Cost of coal to evaporate 1,000 pounds from and at 212° F.....</td> + <td align='right'></td> + <td align='right'>$0.24</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<h3>HOW TO USE THE TEST RESULTS.</h3> + +<p>The object of working up a test is to obtain a clear idea as to the +efficiency of operation of the boiler or its operating cost. Consequently, +after the calculations have been made, they should be +used as a basis for study with the idea of improving the boiler performance.</p> + +<p>Take the matter of boiler efficiency, for example, as found from +the test mentioned. Its value was 54 per cent. This is altogether +too low and indicates wasteful operation. The efficiency of a hand-fired +boiler ought not to be less than 65 per cent, and it can be increased +to 70 per cent by careful management under good conditions.</p> + +<p>The chart in figure 3 can be used to indicate the evaporation that +should be obtained in order to reach a desired efficiency. Suppose, +for example, that it is desired to know how much water per pound +of coal must be evaporated to produce a boiler efficiency of 65 per +cent with coal having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. per pound.</p> + +<p>Locate 13,500 at the bottom of the chart, follow the vertical line +until it meets the diagonal marked 65 per cent, and then from this +point follow the horizontal line to the left-hand edge, where the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" href="#Page_14">[14]</a></span> +figure 9 is found. This means that the equivalent evaporation +from and by 212° F. per pound of coal must be 9 pounds of water. +If the steam pressure is 100 pounds gauge, and the feed-water temperature +is 180° F. the factor of evaporation is 1.0727, then the +actual evaporation must be 9 ÷ 1.0727 = 8.36 pounds per pound of +coal. In other words, to increase the efficiency from 54 per cent to +65 per cent under the same conditions of pressure and feed-water +temperature, it would be necessary to increase the actual evaporation +from 7 pounds to 8.36 pounds. This would mean practically +20 per cent more steam from the same weight of coal used.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;"><a name="FIG3" id="FIG3"></a> +<img src="images/fig03.jpg" width="548" height="609" alt="Heating Value of Coal, in B. t. u. Per Pound; Fig. 3." title="Figure 3. " /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" href="#Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> +<p>How to do this will require some study and experimenting on the +part of the fireman or engineer. The three most common reasons +for low-boiler efficiency are (1) excess air, (2) dirty heating surfaces, +and (3) loss of coal through the grates. <i>The first of these items is +the most important of the three.</i> In most cases the greatest preventable +waste of coal in a boiler plant is directly due to excess air. +Excess air simply means the amount of air which gets into +the furnace and boiler which is not needed for completing the combustion +of the coal. Very often twice as much air is admitted to the +boiler setting as is required. This extra or excess air is heated and +carries heat out through the chimney instead of heating the water +in the boiler to make steam. There are two ways in which this +excess air gets into the furnace and boiler setting. First, by a +combination of bad regulation of drafts and firing. The chances +are your uptake damper is too wide open. Try closing it a little. +Then, there may be holes in the fire. Keep these covered. The +second way excess air occurs is by leakage through the boiler setting, +through cracks in the brickwork, leaks around the frames and edges +of cleaning doors, and holes around the blow-off pipes. There are +also other places where such air can leak in.</p> + +<p>Take a torch or candle and go over the entire surface of your +boiler setting—front, back, sides, and top. Where the flame of the +torch is drawn inward there is an air leak. Plaster up all air leaks +and repair the brickwork around door frames where necessary. +You should go over your boiler for air leaks once a month.</p> + +<p>In regard to best methods of firing soft coal, see <a href="#p80">Technical Paper +No. 80</a> of the Bureau of Mines, which may be obtained from your +State Fuel Administrator.</p> + +<p>Dirty heating surfaces cause low efficiency because they prevent +the heat in the hot gases from getting through into the water. Therefore, +keep the shell and tubes free of soot on one side and scale on the +other. Soot may be removed by the daily use of blowers, scrapers, +and cleaners. The problem of scale and pure feed water is a big one +and should be taken up with proper authorities on the subject.</p> + +<p>There are many things that may be done to increase the efficiency +of the boiler and to save coal. For convenience a number of these +points are grouped in the following list:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" href="#Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<col style="width:50%;" /> +<col style="width:50%;" /> + <tr> + <td align='center' style="border-right: 1pt black solid"><b>WHAT TO DO.</b></td> + <td align='center' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"><b>WHY.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">1. Close up all leaks in the boiler setting.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent waste of heat due to excess air admitted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">2. Keep shell and tubes free from soot and scale.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To allow the heat to pass easily into the water.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">3. Use grates suited to the fuel to be burned.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent loss of unburnt coal through air spaces.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">4. Fire often, and little at a time.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To obtain uniform conditions and better combustion.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">5. Cover all thin spots and keep fire bed level.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent burning holes in bed and admitting excess air.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">6. Do not allow clinkers to form on side or bridge walls.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because they reduce the effective area of the grate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">7. Keep the ash pit free from ashes and hot clinkers.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent warping and burning out of the grates.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">8. Do not stir the fire except when necessary.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because stirring causes clinker and is likely to waste coal.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">9. Use damper and not ash-pit doors to control draft.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because less excess air is admitted by so doing.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">10. See that steam pipes and valves are tight.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because steam leaks waste heat and therefore coal.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">11. Keep blow-off valves tight.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because leaks of hot water waste coal.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">12. Cover steam pipes and the tops of boilers.</td> + <td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent radiation and loss of heat.</td> + </tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Make a boiler test under the conditions of operation as they now +exist in your plant. Then make all possible improvements as suggested +in this bulletin, make another test afterwards and note the +increase in the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal used.</p> + +<p>Remember that the <i>firing line</i> in the boiler room can be just as +patriotic and helpful as the <i>firing line</i> at the front.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" href="#Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Table of factors of evaporation.</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-top: 1pt black solid" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="evaporation factors"> +<tr><td align='center'>Feed<br /> temperature,</td><td align='center' colspan="8" style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' class="bb">°F.</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 30</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 50</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 70</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 80</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 90</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 100</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 110</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>32.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2073</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2144</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2195</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2216</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2234</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2251</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2266</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2279</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>35.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2042</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2113</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2164</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2184</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2203</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2219</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2235</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2248</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>38.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2011</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2082</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2133</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2153</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2172</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2188</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2204</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2217</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>41.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1980</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2051</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2102</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2122</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2141</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2157</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2173</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2186</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>44.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1949</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2020</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2071</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2091</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2110</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2126</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2142</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2155</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>47.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1918</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1989</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2040</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2060</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2079</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2095</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2111</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2124</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>50.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1887</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1958</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2009</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2029</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2048</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2064</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2080</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2093</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>53.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1856</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1927</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1978</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1998</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2017</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2033</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2049</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2062</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>56.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1825</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1896</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1947</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1967</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1986</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2002</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2018</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2031</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>59.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1794</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1865</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1916</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1937</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1955</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1972</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1987</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2000</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>62.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1763</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1835</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1885</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1906</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1924</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1941</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1956</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1970</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>65.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1733</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1804</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1854</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1875</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1893</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1910</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1925</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1939</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>68.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1702</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1773</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1823</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1844</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1862</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1879</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1894</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1908</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>71.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1742</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1792</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1813</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1832</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1848</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1864</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1877</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>74.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1640</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1711</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1762</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1782</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1801</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1817</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1833</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1846</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>77.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1680</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1731</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1751</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1770</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1786</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1802</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1815</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>80.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1578</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1650</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1700</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1721</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1739</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1756</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1771</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1785</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>83.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1548</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1619</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1669</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1690</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1708</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1725</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1740</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1754</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>86.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1518</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1588</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1638</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1659</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1678</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1694</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1710</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1723</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>89.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1486</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1557</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1608</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1628</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1647</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1663</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1679</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1692</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>92.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1455</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1526</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1577</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1597</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1616</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1648</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1661</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>95.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1424</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1495</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1546</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1566</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1585</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1602</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1617</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1630</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>98.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1393</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1465</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1515</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1536</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1554</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1571</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1586</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1600</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>101.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1363</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1434</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1484</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1505</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1523</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1540</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1555</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1569</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>104.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1332</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1403</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1453</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1474</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1492</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1509</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1525</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1538</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>107.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1301</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1372</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1423</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1443</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1462</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1494</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1507</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>110.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1270</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1341</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1392</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1412</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1431</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1447</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1463</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1476</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>113.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1239</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1310</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1360</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1382</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1400</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1417</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1432</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1445</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>116.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1209</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1280</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1330</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1351</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1369</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1386</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1401</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1415</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>119.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1178</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1249</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1299</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1320</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1339</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1355</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1370</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1384</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>122.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1147</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1218</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1269</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1289</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1308</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1324</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1340</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1353</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>125.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1116</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1187</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1238</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1258</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1277</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1293</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1309</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1322</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>128.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1085</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1156</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1207</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1227</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1246</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1262</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1278</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1291</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>131.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1054</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1125</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1176</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1197</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1215</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1232</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1247</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1260</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>134.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1023</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1095</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1145</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1166</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1184</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1201</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1216</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1230</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>137.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0993</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1064</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1114</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1135</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1153</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1170</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1185</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1199</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>140.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0962</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1033</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1083</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1104</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1123</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1139</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1154</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1168</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>143.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0931</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1002</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1052</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1073</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1092</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1108</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1124</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1137</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>146.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0900</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0971</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1022</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1042</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1061</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1077</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1093</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1106</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>149.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0869</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0940</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0991</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1011</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1030</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1046</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1062</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1075</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>152.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0838</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0909</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0960</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0980</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0999</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1015</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1031</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1044</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>155.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0807</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0878</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0929</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0950</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0968</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0985</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1000</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1013</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>158.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0776</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0847</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0898</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0919</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0937</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0954</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0969</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0982</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>161.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0745</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0817</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0867</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0888</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0906</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0923</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0938</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0952</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>164.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0715</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0786</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0836</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0857</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0875</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0892</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0907</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0921</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>167.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0684</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0755</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0805</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0826</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0844</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0861</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0876</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0890</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>170.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0653</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0724</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0774</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0795</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0813</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0830</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0845</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0859</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>172.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0703</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0754</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0774</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0793</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0825</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0838</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>174.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0611</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0683</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0733</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0754</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0772</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0789</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0804</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0817</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>176.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0591</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0662</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0712</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0733</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0752</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0768</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0783</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0797</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>178.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0570</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0641</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0692</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0712</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0731</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0747</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0763</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0776</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>180.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0549</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0621</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0692</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0710</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0742</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0756</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>182.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0529</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0600</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0650</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0690</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0706</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0721</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0735</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>184.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0508</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0579</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0630</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0650</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0669</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0685</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0701</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0714</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>186.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0488</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0559</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0630</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0648</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0665</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0680</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0694</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>188.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0467</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0538</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0588</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0628</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0660</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0673</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>190.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0446</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0517</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0568</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0588</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0607</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0623</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0639</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0652</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>192.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0425</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0497</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0547</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0568</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0586</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0603</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0618</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0632</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>194.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0405</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0476</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0526</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0547</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0566</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0597</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0611</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>196.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0384</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0455</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0506</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0526</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0545</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0577</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0590</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>198.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0363</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0435</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0485</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0506</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0524</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0541</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0556</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0570</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>200.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0343</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0414</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0464</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0485</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0504</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0520</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0535</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0549</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>202.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0322</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0393</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0444</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0464</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0483</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0515</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0528</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>204.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0301</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0372</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0423</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0444</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0462</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0479</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0494</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0507</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>206.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0281</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0352</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0402</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0423</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0441</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0458</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0473</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0487</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>208.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0260</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0331</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0381</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0402</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0421</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0437</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0453</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0466</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>210.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0239</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0310</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0361</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0381</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0400</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0416</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0432</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0445</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>212.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0218</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0290</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0340</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0361</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0379</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0396</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0411</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0425</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" href="#Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> + +<h3><i>Table of factors of evaporation</i>—Concluded.</h3> + +<div class='center'> + +<table style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-top: 1pt black solid" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="evaporation factors cont"> + <tr> + <td align='center'>Feed<br /> temperature,</td> + <td align='center' colspan="8" style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='center' class="bb">°F.</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 130</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 140</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 150</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 160</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 170</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 180</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 190</td> + <td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 200</td> + </tr> +<tr><td align='right'>32.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2292</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2304</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2315</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2324</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2333</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2342</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2351</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2358</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>35.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2261</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2273</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2283</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2293</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2302</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2311</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2320</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2327</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>38.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2230</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2242</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2252</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2262</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2271</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2280</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2288</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2296</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>41.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2199</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2211</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2221</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2231</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2240</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2249</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2257</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2265</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>44.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2168</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2180</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2190</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2200</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2209</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2218</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2226</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2234</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>47.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2137</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2149</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2159</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2168</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2178</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2187</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2195</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2202</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>50.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2106</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2118</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2128</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2137</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2147</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2156</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2164</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2171</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>53.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2075</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2087</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2097</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2107</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2116</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2125</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2133</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2141</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>56.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2044</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2056</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2066</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2076</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2085</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2094</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2102</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2110</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>59.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2013</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2025</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2035</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2045</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2054</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2063</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2072</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2079</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>62.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1982</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1994</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2005</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2014</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2023</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2032</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2041</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2048</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>65.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1951</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1963</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1974</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1983</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1992</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2002</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2010</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2017</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>68.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1920</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1933</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1943</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1952</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1961</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1971</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1979</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1986</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>71.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1889</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1902</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1912</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1921</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1931</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1940</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1948</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1955</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>74.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1859</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1871</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1881</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1890</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1900</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1909</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1917</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1924</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>77.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1828</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1840</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1850</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1860</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1869</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1878</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1886</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1894</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>80.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1797</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1820</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1829</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1838</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1847</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1856</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1863</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>83.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1766</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1778</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1789</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1798</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1807</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1817</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1825</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1832</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>86.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1735</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1748</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1758</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1767</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1776</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1786</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1794</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1801</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>89.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1704</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1717</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1736</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1746</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1755</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1763</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1770</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>92.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1674</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1686</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1696</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1705</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1715</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1724</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1732</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1739</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>95.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1643</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1655</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1665</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1675</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1684</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1693</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1701</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1709</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>98.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1612</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1624</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1635</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1653</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1662</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1678</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>101.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1581</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1593</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1604</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1613</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1622</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1640</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1647</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>104.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1550</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1563</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1573</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1592</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1601</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1616</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>107.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1519</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1532</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1542</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1551</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1570</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1578</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1585</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>110.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1489</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1501</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1511</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1521</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1530</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1539</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1547</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1555</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>113.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1458</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1470</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1481</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1490</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1508</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1515</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1524</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>116.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1427</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1439</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1450</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1459</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1468</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1486</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1493</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>119.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1396</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1409</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1419</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1428</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1437</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1447</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1455</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1462</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>122.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1365</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1378</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1388</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1397</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1407</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1416</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1424</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1431</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>125.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1335</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1347</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1357</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1366</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1376</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1385</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1393</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1400</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>128.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1304</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1316</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1326</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1336</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1345</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1354</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1362</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1370</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>131.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1273</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1285</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1295</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1305</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1314</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1323</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1332</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1339</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>134.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1242</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1254</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1265</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1274</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1283</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1292</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1301</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1308</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>137.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1211</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1224</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1234</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1243</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1252</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1262</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1270</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1277</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>140.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1180</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1193</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1203</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1212</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1221</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1231</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1239</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1246</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>143.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1149</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1162</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1172</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1181</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1191</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1200</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1208</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1215</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>146.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1119</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1131</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1141</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1150</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1160</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1169</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1177</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1184</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>149.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1088</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1100</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1110</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1120</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1129</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1138</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1146</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1154</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>152.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1057</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1069</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1079</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1089</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1098</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1107</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1115</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1123</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>155.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1026</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1038</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1048</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1058</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1067</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1076</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1085</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1092</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>158.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0995</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1007</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1018</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1027</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1036</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1045</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1054</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1061</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>161.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0964</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0976</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0987</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0996</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1005</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1014</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1023</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1030</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>164.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0933</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0945</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0956</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0965</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0974</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0984</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0992</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0999</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>167.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0902</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0914</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0925</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0934</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0943</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0953</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0961</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0968</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>170.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0871</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0883</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0894</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0903</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0912</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0922</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0930</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0937</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>172.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0850</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0863</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0873</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0882</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0892</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0901</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0909</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0916</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>174.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0830</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0842</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0853</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0862</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0871</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0880</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0889</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0896</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>176.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0822</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0832</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0841</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0850</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0860</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0868</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0875</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>178.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0789</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0801</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0811</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0820</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0830</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0839</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0847</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0854</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>180.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0768</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0780</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0791</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0800</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0818</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0827</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0834</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>182.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0747</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0760</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0770</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0779</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0788</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0798</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0806</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>184.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0739</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0749</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0759</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0768</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0777</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0785</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0793</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>186.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0706</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0718</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0729</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0738</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0747</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0756</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0765</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0772</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>188.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0685</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0698</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0708</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0717</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0736</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0744</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0751</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>190.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0665</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0677</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0687</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0697</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0706</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0715</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0723</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0731</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>192.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0656</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0667</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0676</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0685</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0694</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0703</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0710</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>194.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0623</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0636</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0646</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0655</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0664</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0674</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0682</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0689</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>196.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0603</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0615</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0625</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0635</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0653</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0661</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0669</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>198.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0594</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0605</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0614</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0623</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0641</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0648</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>200.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0574</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0584</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0593</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0602</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0612</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0620</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0627</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>202.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0541</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0553</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0563</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0572</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0591</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0599</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0606</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>204.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0520</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0532</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0542</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0552</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0570</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0579</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0586</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>206.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0511</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0522</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0531</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0540</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0550</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0558</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0565</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>208.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0491</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0501</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0510</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0520</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0529</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0537</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0544</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>210.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0458</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0470</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0480</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0490</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0508</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0516</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0524</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>212.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0437</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0449</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0460</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0469</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0487</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0496</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0503</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" href="#Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + +<h3>PUBLICATIONS ON THE UTILIZATION OF COAL AND LIGNITE.</h3> + +<p>A limited supply of the following publications of the Bureau of +Mines has been printed and is available for free distribution until +the edition is exhausted. Requests for all publications can not be +granted, and to insure equitable distribution applicants are requested +to limit their selection to publications that may be of especial +interest to them. Requests for publications should be addressed to +the Director, Bureau of Mines.</p> + +<p>The Bureau of Mines issues a list showing all its publications +available for free distribution, as well as those obtainable only from +the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, on +payment of the price of printing. Interested persons should apply +to the Director, Bureau of Mines, for a copy of the latest list.</p> + + +<h3>PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.</h3> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 58. Fuel briquetting investigations, July, 1904, to July, 1912, by C. A. +Wright. 1913. 277 pp., 21 pls., 3 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 76. United States coals available for export trade, by Van. H. Manning. +1914. 15 pp., 1 pl.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 85. Analyses of mine and car samples of coal collected in the fiscal +years 1911 to 1913, by A. C. Fieldner, H. I. Smith, A. H. Fay, and Samuel Sanford. +1914. 444 pp., 2 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 89. Economic methods of utilizing western lignites, by E. J. Babcock. +1915. 74 pp., 5 pls., 5 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 119. Analyses of coals purchased by the Government during the fiscal +years 1908-1915, by G. S. Pope. 1916. 118 pp.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 135. Combustion of coal and design of furnaces, by Henry Kreisinger, +C. E. Augustine, and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 144 pp., 1 pl., 45 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 136. Deterioration in the heating value of coal during storage, by H. C. +Porter and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 38 pp., 7 pls.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 138. Coking of Illinois coals, by F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 71 pp., 11 pls. +1 fig.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 34. Experiments with furnaces for a hand-fired return tubular +boiler, by S. B. Flagg, G. C. Cook, and F. E. Woodman. 1914. 32 pp., 1 pl., 4 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 50. Metallurgical coke, by A. W. Belden. 1913. 48 pp., 1 pl., +23 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 76. Notes on the sampling and analysis of coal, by A. C. +Fieldner. 1914. 59 pp., 6 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> <a name="p80" id="p80"></a>80. Hand-firing soft coal under power-plant boilers, by Henry +Kreisinger. 1915. 83 pp., 32 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 97. Saving fuel in heating a house, by L. P. Breckenridge and +S. B. Flagg. 1915. 35 pp., 3 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 98. Effect of low-temperature oxidation on the hydrogen in +coal and the change of weight of coal in drying, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter. +1917. 16 pp., 2 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 123. Notes on the uses of low-grade fuel in Europe, by R. H. +Fernald. 1915. 37 pp., 4 pls., 4 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> <a name="p133" id="p133"></a>133. Directions for sampling coal for shipment or delivery, by +G. S. Pope. 1917. 15 pp., 1 pl.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 137. Combustion in the fuel bed of hand-fired furnaces, by +Henry Kreisinger, F. K. Ovitz, and C. E. Augustine. 1916. 76 pp., 2 pls., 21 figs. +15 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" href="#Page_20">[20]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 148. The determination of moisture in coke, by A. C. Fieldner +and W. A. Selvig. 1917. 13 pp.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 170. The diffusion of oxygen through stored coal, by S. H. +Katz. 1917. 49 pp., 1 pl., 27 figs.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 172. Effects of moisture on the spontaneous heating of stored +coal, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter. 1917. 25 pp., 1 pl., 8 figs.</span></p> + + +<h3>PUBLICATIONS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED ONLY THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT +OF DOCUMENTS.</h3> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 8. The flow of heat through furnace walls, by W. T. Ray and Henry +Kreisinger. 1911. 32 pp., 19 figs. 5 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 11. The purchase of coal by the Government under specifications, +with analyses of coal delivered for the fiscal year 1908-9, by G. S. Pope. 1910. 80 pp. +10 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 13. Résumé of producer-gas investigations, October 1, 1904, to June 30, +1910, by R. H. Fernald and C. D. Smith. 1911. 393 pp., 12 pls., 250 figs. 65 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 14. Briquetting tests of lignite at Pittsburgh, Pa., 1908-9, with a chapter +on sulphite-pitch binder, by C. L. Wright. 1911. 64 pp., 11 pls., 4 figs. 15 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 18. The transmission of heat into steam boilers, by Henry Kreisinger +and W. T. Ray. 1912. 180 pp., 78 figs. 20 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 21. The significance of drafts in steam-boiler practice, by W. T. Ray +and Henry Kreisinger. 64 pp., 26 figs. 10 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> <a name="p22" id="p22"></a>22. Analyses of coals in the United States, with descriptions of mine +and field samples collected between July 1, 1904, and June 30, 1910, by N. W. Lord, +with chapters by J. A. Holmes, F. M. Stanton, A. C. Fieldner, and Samuel Sanford. +1912. Part I, Analyses, pp. 1-321; Part II, Descriptions of samples, pp. 321-1129. +85 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 23. Steaming tests of coals and related investigations, September 1, +1904, to December 31, 1908, by L. P. Breckenridge, Henry Kreisinger, and W. T. +Ray. 1912. 380 pp., 2 pls., 94 figs. 50 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 27. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel for house-heating boilers, by D. T. +Randall. 44 pp., 3 pls., 2 figs. 10 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 37. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal on locomotives, +including torpedo-boat tests, and some foreign specifications for briquetted +fuel, by W. F. M. Goss. 1911. 58 pp., 4 pls., 35 figs. 15 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 40. The smokeless combustion of coal in boiler furnaces, with a chapter +on central heating plants, by D. T. Randall and H. W. Weeks. 1912. 188 pp., +40 figs. 20 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 41. Government coal purchases under specifications, with analyses, +for the fiscal year 1909-10 by G. S. Pope, with a chapter on the fuel-inspection laboratory +of the Bureau of Mines, by J. D. Davis. 1912. 97 pp., 3 pls., 9 figs. 15 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 109. Operating details of gas producers, by R. H. Fernald. 1916. +74 pp. 10 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 116. Methods of sampling delivered coal, and specifications for the +purchase of coal for the Government, by G. S. Pope. 1916. 64 pp., 5 pls., 2 figs. +15 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 20. The slagging type of gas producer, with a brief report of +preliminary tests, by C. D. Smith. 1912. 14 pp., 1 pl. 5 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 63. Factors governing the combustion of coal in boiler furnaces; +a preliminary report, by J. K. Clement, J. C. W. Frazer, and C. E. Augustine. +1914. 46 pp., 26 figs. 10 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 65. A study of the oxidation of coal, by H. C. Porter. 1914. +30 pp., 12 figs. 5 cents.</span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 114. Heat transmission through boiler tubes, by Henry Kreisinger +and F. K. Ovitz. 1915. 36 pp., 23 figs. 10 cents.</span></p> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="Transcriber's Notes"> +<tr><td><b><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</b> + +<p>Added table of contents to HTML version.</p> + +<p>Page 5: Added period to the sentence: "If the coal used in the test is to be analyzed, take a sample of +from 4 to 6 pounds from each barrow and throw it into a box near +the scales.".</p> + +<p>Page 11: Changed typo "calcuate" to "calculate."</p> + +<p>Page 18: Changed typo "1.1854" to "1.0854", see intersecting columns 184° F and 200 psi.</p> + +<p>Page 19: Changed typo "Samuel Sandford" to "Samuel Sanford."</p> +</td></tr></table> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and +Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. 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