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diff --git a/20146.txt b/20146.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e5a3ca --- /dev/null +++ b/20146.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1486 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and +Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. Strohm + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and Furnace Testing + +Author: Rufus T. Strohm + +Release Date: December 20, 2006 [EBook #20146] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO 1: *** + + + + +Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Jason Isbell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + UNITED STATES FUEL ADMINISTRATION + BUREAU OF CONSERVATION + + Engineering Bulletin No. 1 + + BOILER AND FURNACE + TESTING + + Prepared by + + Rufus T. Strohm + Associate Editor, Power + + [Illustration: Maximum Production + + Minimum Waste] + + WASHINGTON + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + 1918 + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + +MAXIMUM PRODUCTION. + +MINIMUM WASTE. + + +The United States Fuel Administration is making every effort, +through the producers and transportation lines, to obtain an +adequate supply of fuel for the industries of the country. + +Twenty-five to fifty million tons of coal a year can be saved by +the improved operation of steam-power plants without changing their +present equipment and without abating their production the +slightest. + +It is absolutely necessary that this saving be realized, if our +overburdened railroads are to be relieved and our industries kept +in full operation. + +The extent to which it will be realized depends upon the +cooperation of the owners, engineers, and firemen of every power +plant of the country. + +YOUR FIRING LINE IS AT THE FURNACE DOOR. + + DAVID MOFFAT MYERS, + _Advisory Engineer to United States Fuel Administration_. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + +BOILER AND FURNACE TESTING. + +By RUFUS T. STROHM. + + +NECESSITY FOR TESTING BOILERS. + +A boiler test is necessary in order to determine how well the +boiler is doing the work expected of it; that is to say, we must +find out whether we are wasting coal in making steam and how much +this waste may be. Such a test may be made to discover the +efficiency of the boiler, or the quantity of water it is +evaporating, or the cost of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water. + +The United States Fuel Administration recommends that every boiler +plant have some means of daily checking the efficiency of the +boiler and furnace. The simplest and best way of finding out how +efficiently the boiler is working is to make an evaporation test, +as described in this bulletin. All the necessary records can be +made automatically with suitable instruments, although in many +small plants the coal must be weighed on ordinary scales. The +efficiency of the furnace can be found by making analyses of the +flue gases. (See Bulletin No. 2 of the United States Fuel +Administration.) + +Too many engineers and firemen have the idea that they are not +fitted to make boiler tests. This is altogether wrong. Any man who +can weigh water and coal and read steam gages and thermometers is +able to do the work required in making a boiler test for +evaporation or efficiency. Such a test requires a knowledge of the +following: + + 1. The total weight of coal used. + + 2. [1]The total weight of water fed to and evaporated by the + boiler. + + 3. The average temperature of the feed water. + + 4. The average steam pressure in the boiler. + +If these four items are known, a series of simple calculations will +show how much water is being evaporated per pound of coal, and the +efficiency of the boiler and furnace. + +To make a test, the following apparatus and instruments are +necessary: + + 1. Scales to weigh the coal. + + 2. Apparatus to weigh or measure the feed water. + + 3. Thermometers to take feed-water temperature. + + 4. Gages to indicate steam pressure. + +A boiler test to be of value should extend over a period of at +least eight hours. The longer the test the more accurate the +results. + +[Footnote 1: For the sake of simplicity, only the essential +elements of boiler and furnace testing are treated in this +bulletin. For rules covering the refinements for an exhaustive +test, the reader is referred to the boiler test code of the +American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Copies of this code can +be obtained from the secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New +York City.] + + +WEIGHING THE COAL. + +The weight of coal used during a test may easily be found by using +an ordinary wheelbarrow and a platform scales, arranged as in +figure 1. At each side of the scales build an incline with its top +level with the top of the platform, but take care not to have +either one touch the platform. Set the empty wheelbarrow on the +scales, run the movable weight or poise out until it exactly +balances the weight of the barrow and lock it in position with the +thumbscrew. + +Next, put weights on the scale pan _A_ to correspond to a net +weight of 250 or 300 pounds of coal. Fill the barrow with coal, run +it on the scales, and add coal or take off coal until the scales +balance. This is easily done by having a small pile of coal _B_ +beside the scales. If the weights on the scale pan represent, say, +300 pounds, the net weight of coal in the barrow is exactly 300 +pounds. This coal is wheeled in front of the boiler and dumped on +the clean floor, and the barrow is returned for another load. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 1._ + +1 _Set to balance tare of wheelbarrow_ +2 _Add to balance net weight of coal_] + +Each time the barrow of coal is weighed on the scales and taken to +the boiler being tested, a tally mark should be made on a board +nailed to the wall beside the scales. Each tally mark represents +300 pounds of coal, since the amount of coal in the barrow is +adjusted at each weighing, so that the scales just balance. At the +end of the test, therefore, the number of tally marks is multiplied +by 300, and the product is the weight of coal used, provided it has +all been fired; but if any coal remains in front of the boiler at +the close of the test, it must be gathered up and weighed, and its +weight must be subtracted from the total weight indicated by the +tally marks to get the number of pounds of coal actually fired. You +should, of course, start the test with no coal in front of the +boiler. + +Care must be taken not to forget to make a tally mark each time a +barrow of coal is run off the scales. By setting the scales so as +to show any net weight, such as 250 or 300 pounds, and making each +barrow load exactly this weight, much time is saved, as it is +unnecessary to change any of the weights or the position of the +rider on the scale beam. + +If the coal used in the test is to be analyzed, take a sample of +from 4 to 6 pounds from each barrow and throw it into a box near +the scales. Do this _before_ the coal is weighed. These small +amounts from the various barrow loads will then give a fair average +sample of the coal used during the test. + +The condition of the furnace should be the same at the end of the +test period as at the start. Therefore, at the moment the test is +begun, observe the thickness of the fuel bed and the condition of +the fire. If the fire was cleaned, say, an hour before the test +began, see that it is cleaned an hour before the time when the test +is scheduled to end. If the coal was fired, say, eight minutes +before the test started, the last coal used during the test should +be fired eight minutes before the end of the test. The object of +these precautions is to insure the same conditions at start and +finish, as nearly as possible; otherwise, the coal weighed will not +be the same as the coal consumed. + + +MEASURING THE FEED WATER. + +The quantity of water fed to the boiler during the test may be +found by metering or by weighing. A reliable water meter is +recommended for this work. There are a number of good makes, of +different types, such as: + + 1. Venturi meter. + + 2. Weir or V-notch meters. + + 3. Diaphragm meters. + + 4. Displacement meters. + + 5. Water weighers. + +The best form of meter to use in any particular case depends on the +local conditions in the plant; but _every plant should be provided +with a permanently installed meter of some type_. The displacement +form of meter should be used only with cold water, however. + +If there is no meter or water weigher in the plant, the feed water +used during the test can be measured by the three-barrel +arrangement illustrated in figure 2. + +Obtain three water-tight barrels, and set two of them close +together on a platform directly over the third, leaving about 12 +inches above barrel 3 in which to fit the valves _V_ and the +nipples in the bottoms of barrels 1 and 2. Near the top of each of +the barrels 1 and 2 screw a 1-inch overflow pipe _O_. + +Run a pipe _P_ from the city main or other source of supply above +barrels 1 and 2, and put a valve _A_ on the pipe leading to each +barrel. From barrel 3 run a suction pipe to the feed pump that is +to pump water to the boiler to be tested. It is best to have a +by-pass from the usual water supply direct to the feed pump, or to +another pump connected to the boiler, so that in case of any +trouble with the testing barrels, the regular operation of the +boiler may be resumed without shutting down. + +The next step is to fill barrels 1 and 2 with water until they +overflow at _O_. This water should be of practically the same +average temperature as that which is to be used during the test. +Barrel 3 should be high enough above the feed pump so that the pump +will handle hot water. Put barrel 3 on a scales, before connecting +it to the feed pump, and weigh it. Then let the water from barrel 1 +run into barrel 3, and weigh again. The second weight minus the +first weight is the net weight of water run in from barrel 1 and is +the weight of water contained in barrel 1 when filled to the +overflow. The weight of water in barrel 2 when it is filled to the +overflow can be found in like manner. Mark these weights down. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 2._] + +When the net weights are found and barrel 3 is removed from the +scales and connected to the feed pump, the apparatus is ready to +begin the test. Start with the level of the water about 1 foot +below the top of the barrel 3, and drive a nail into the barrel to +mark this level. When the test is finished, the level should be +brought to the same point, so that the water that has passed +through barrels 1 and 2 will accurately represent the weight of +water fed to the boiler during the test. + +When the test is to begin, stop the feed pump and tie a string +around the gage glass on the boiler to mark the height of the water +level in the boiler. Then start the pump connected to barrel 3. +Fill barrels 1 and 2 up to the overflow before the test is started. +Then open the valve _V_ on barrel 1 and let the water run into +barrel 3 as fast as the feed pump draws water from barrel 3. When +barrel 1 is emptied close its valve _V_ and open its valve _A_ so +as to refill it. + +While barrel 1 is filling empty barrel 2 into barrel 3 in the same +way, and continue to fill and empty barrels 1 and 2 alternately. In +this way barrel 3 will be kept supplied with water that has been +measured in barrels 1 and 2, the net weights of which were found +before the test began. Keep a separate tally of the number of times +each of the barrels 1 and 2 is emptied into barrel 3. At the end of +the test the number of tallies for each barrel multiplied by the +weight of the water that barrel will hold will be the weight of +water measured in that barrel. The sum of these weights for barrels +1 and 2 will be the weight of water used in the test. + +With a three-barrel arrangement like this, water can be weighed +rapidly enough to supply 300 boiler horsepower. + +Before starting a test make sure that there is no chance for water +to leak into or out of the boiler. See that the blow-off is tight, +that there is no drip from gage cocks, and that the feed-line +connections are tight, so that all the water fed to the boiler will +represent accurately the amount evaporated during the test. + +If a meter is used instead of the three-barrel method, make +absolutely sure that the meter is correct, as the accuracy of the +test depends on the accuracy with which the water measurements are +made. _After a meter is installed, test it to see that it operates +correctly under the plant conditions._ + +The water level in the boiler should be the same at the end of the +test as at the beginning. As the time for stopping the test draws +near, therefore, try to bring the conditions the same as at the +start. Do not, however, run the feed pump rapidly in the last few +minutes for the test in order to obtain the same water level. If +there is a slight difference in level, calculate the weight of +water it represents and make the necessary correction to the total +weight of water fed. + + +TEMPERATURE OF FEED WATER. + +Every plant should have a thermometer on the feed line, so as to +find the temperature of the feed water. Preferably, this +thermometer should be of the recording type. If such a form of +thermometer is used during the test, it is unnecessary to take the +feed temperature at stated intervals, as the record will show the +varying temperatures, and so the average feed temperature during +the test can easily be found. + +If there is no thermometer in the feed line, take the feed-water +temperature by means of a thermometer hung in barrel 3 (figure 2) +by a hook over the edge of the barrel. Read this thermometer every +half hour during the test if the feed-water temperature is fairly +uniform; but if it varies considerably, read the thermometer every +15 minutes. The object is to obtain the average feed-water +temperature during the test period. Therefore, mark down the +temperatures as read at the stated intervals. At the close of the +test add the readings and divide their sum by the number of +readings and you will have the average temperature of the feed +water. + + +STEAM PRESSURE. + +Every boiler is fitted with a steam gage by which the pressure is +indicated. It is important that the pressure gage be accurate. What +is wanted in a test is the average pressure of the steam in the +boiler, therefore, observe the pressure at regular intervals, just +as with the feed-water temperature, and mark down these gage +readings. The sum of the readings divided by the number of readings +taken will be the average steam pressure during the test. + +A recording steam gage is best and makes its own readings. + + +WORKING UP THE TEST. + +After the boiler test has been made, so as to find the weight of +coal burned, weight of feed water used, feed-water temperature and +steam pressure, the efficiency, the horsepower, and the economy +must be obtained by calculation from the test results. The process +of figuring the desired results from the test data is called +"working up the test." + +To illustrate the method used in finding the efficiency, etc., +suppose that the data obtained from the test are as follows: + + Length of test hours 10 + Total weight of coal fired pounds 5,000 + Total weight of water evaporated do. 35,000 + Average temperature of feed water deg.F 180 + Average steam pressure, gage pounds per square inch 100 + +The efficiency of any process is always a comparison, or ratio, of +the output to the input. In the case of a steam boiler the +efficiency is the percentage of the heat supplied in the coal that +is usefully employed in making steam. The output of the steam +boiler is the heat represented by the quantity of water evaporated +by a pound of coal, taking into account the feed temperature and +the steam pressure, and input is the amount of heat contained in a +pound of the coal used. The efficiency of the boiler is the output +divided by the input. + +The heat contained in a pound of coal is called the "calorific +value" or "heating value" of the coal. It can be found by taking a +fair average sample of the coal used during the test, as explained +in connection with weighing the coal, and sending the sample to a +chemist, who will make a calorimeter test to determine its heating +value. + +At the end of the test the sample fuel should be spread out on a +clean floor and all lumps broken up, so that no pieces are larger +than 2 inches maximum diameter. Then the gross sample should be +very thoroughly mixed by shoveling, after which it should be spread +out in the form of a square of uniform depth and quartered down +until a final average sample is obtained for shipment to a +competent chemist, experienced in fuel analysis. (See Bureau of +Mines Technical Paper No. 133.) + +About 2 quarts of the chemist's sample should be put in air-tight +tins or jars for the determination of moisture; the balance of the +sample (the total weight of which should be from 10 to 50 pounds, +depending on the total weight of coal used in the test) may be +packed in a wooden box lined with paper to prevent splinters from +mingling with the sample. A duplicate coal sample should be kept at +the plant to be used in case of loss of the sample sent to the +chemist. + +The Bureau of Mines has published a bulletin or pamphlet giving the +analyses and heating values of the various kinds and grades of coal +from all parts of the United States. (Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. +22.) This bulletin can be used to learn the approximate heating +value of the coal. Simply find out what district the coal used in +the test came from, and its grade, and then refer to the bulletin +to obtain the heating value of the coal. If a chemist can be +obtained to make a heat test, however, it is better to use the +heating value he determines. + +Suppose that during the test the coal used was run-of-mine +bituminous having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. Every pound of +coal fired, then, carried into the furnace 13,500 heat units, and +this value therefore is the _input_ to be used in calculating the +boiler efficiency. + +During the test 5,000 pounds of coal was fired and 35,000 pounds of +water was fed and evaporated. This means that 35,000 / 5,000 = 7 +pounds of water was evaporated per pound of coal burned. This is +the "actual evaporation," and the heat required to evaporate this 7 +pounds of water is the output to be used in calculating the +efficiency. + +Every fireman knows that it takes more coal, and therefore more +heat, to make steam with cold feed water than with hot feed water; +also, that it is somewhat easier to make steam at a low pressure +than at a high pressure. So it is plain that the heat required to +evaporate 7 pounds of water into steam depends on two things, +namely, (1) the temperature of the feed water and (2) the pressure +of the steam in the boiler. From the data of the test, both the +average feed-water temperature and the average steam pressure are +known, and so it is a simple matter to find out the amount of heat +needed to evaporate 7 pounds of water from the average temperature +to steam at the average pressure. + +A pound of water at 212 deg. F. must have 970.4 B. t. u. added to it to +become a pound of steam at 212 deg. F., or zero gage pressure. This +value, 970.4 B. t. u., is called the latent heat of steam at +atmospheric pressure, or the heat "from and at 212 deg. F." It is the +heat required to change a pound of water _from_ 212 deg. F. to steam +_at_ 212 deg. F., and is used by engineers as a standard by which to +compare the evaporation of different boilers. + +In a boiler test the temperature of the feed water is usually +something less than 212 deg. F., and the steam pressure is commonly +higher than zero, gage. In the test outlined previously, the +feed-water temperature was 180 deg. F. and the pressure was 100 pounds +per square inch, gage. It must be clear, then, that the amount of +heat required to change a pound of water at 180 deg. to steam at 100 +pounds gage pressure is not the same as to make a pound of steam +from and at 212 deg. F. + +To make allowance for the differences in temperature and pressure, +the actual evaporation must be multiplied by a number called the +"factor of evaporation." The factor of evaporation has a certain +value corresponding to every feed-water temperature and boiler +pressure, and the values of this factor are given in the +accompanying table. Along the top of the table are given the gage +pressures of the steam. In the columns at the sides of the table +are given the feed-water temperatures. To find the factor of +evaporation for a given set of conditions, locate the gage pressure +at the top of the table and follow down that column to the +horizontal line on which the feed-water temperature is located. The +value in this column and on the horizontal line thus found is the +factor of evaporation required. If the feed water has a temperature +greater than 212 deg. F., obtain the proper factor of evaporation from +the Marks and Davis steam tables. + +Take the data of the test, for example. The average steam pressure +is 100 pounds, gage. The average feed-water temperature is 180 deg. F. +So, in the table locate the column headed 100 and follow down this +column to the line having 180 at the ends, and the value where the +column and the line cross is 1.0727, which is the factor of +evaporation for a feed-water temperature of 180 deg. F. and a steam +pressure of 100 pounds, gage. + +This factor, 1.0727, indicates that to change a pound of water at +180 deg. F. to steam at 100 pounds requires 1.0727 times as much heat +as to change a pound of water at 212 deg. F. to steam at atmospheric +pressure. In other words, the heat used in producing an actual +evaporation of 7 pounds under the test conditions would have +evaporated 7 x 1.0727 = 7.5 pounds from and at 212 deg. F. Hence, 7.5 +pounds is called the "equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. F." +per pound of coal used. + +As already stated, it takes 970.4 B. t. u. to make a pound of steam +from and at 212 deg. F. Then to make 7.5 pounds there would be required +7.5 x 970.4 = 7,278 B. t. u. This is the amount of heat required to +change 7.5 pounds of water at 212 deg. F. to steam at zero gage +pressure, but it is also the heat required to change 7 pounds of +water at 180 deg. F. to steam at 100 pounds gage pressure, because 7.5 +pounds from and at 212 deg. F. is equivalent to 7 pounds from 180 deg. F. +to steam at 100 pounds. Therefore, the 7,278 B. t. u. is the amount +of heat usefully employed in making steam per pound of coal fired, +and so it is the _output_. Accordingly, the efficiency of the +boiler is-- + + Output 7,278 + ~ Efficiency = ------ = ------ = 0.54, nearly. + Input 13,500 + +In other words, the efficiency of the boiler is 0.54, or 54 per +cent, which means that only a little more than half of the heat in +the coal is usefully employed in making steam. + +The chart shown in figure 3 is given to save the work of figuring +the efficiency. If the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal is +calculated and the heating value of the coal is known, the boiler +efficiency may be found directly from the chart. At the left-hand +side locate the point corresponding to the equivalent evaporation +and at the bottom locate the point corresponding to the heating +value of the coal. Follow the horizontal and vertical lines from +these two points until they cross, and note the diagonal line that +is nearest to the crossing point. The figures marked on the +diagonal line indicate the boiler efficiency. + +Take the case just worked out, for example. The equivalent +evaporation is 7.5 pounds and the heating value of the fuel is +13,500 B. t. u. At the left of the chart locate the point 7.5 +midway between 7 and 8 and at the bottom locate the point 13,500 +midway between 13,000 and 14,000. Then follow the horizontal and +vertical lines from these two points until they cross, as indicated +by the dotted lines. The crossing point lies on the diagonal +corresponding to 54, and so the efficiency is 54 per cent. + + +BOILER HORSEPOWER OR CAPACITY. + +The capacity of a boiler is usually stated in boiler horsepower. A +boiler horsepower means the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of water per +hour from and at 212 deg. F. Therefore, to find the boiler horsepower +developed during a test, calculate the evaporation from and at 212 deg. +F. per hour and divide it by 34.5. + +Take the test previously mentioned, for example. The evaporation +from and at 212 deg. F. or the equivalent evaporation, was 7.5 pounds +of water per pound of coal. The weight of coal burned per hour was +5,000 / 10 = 500 pounds. Then the equivalent evaporation was 7.5 x +500 = 3,750 pounds per hour. According to the foregoing definition +of a boiler horsepower, then-- + + 3,750 + Boiler horsepower = ----- = 109. + 34.5 + + +The "rated horsepower" of a boiler, or the "builders' rating," is +the number of square feet of heating surface in the boiler divided +by a number. In the case of stationary boilers this number is 10 or +12, but 10 is very commonly taken as the amount of heating surface +per horsepower. Assuming this value and assuming further that the +boiler tested had 1,500 square feet of heating surface, its rated +horsepower would be 1,500 / 10 = 150 boiler horsepower. + +It is often desirable to know what per cent of the rated capacity +is developed in a test. This is found by dividing the horsepower +developed during the test by the builders' rating. In the case of +the boiler tested, 109 horsepower was developed. The percentage of +rated capacity developed, therefore, was 109 / 150 = 0.73, or 73 +per cent. + + +HEATING SURFACE. + +The heating surface of a boiler is the surface of metal exposed to +the fire or hot gases on one side and to water on the other side. +Thus, the internal surface of the tubes of a fire-tube boiler is +the heating surface of the tubes, but the outside surface of the +tubes of a water-tube boiler is the heating surface of those tubes. +In addition to the tubes, all other surfaces which have hot gases +on one side and water on the other must be taken into account. For +instance, in a fire-tube boiler from one-half to two-thirds of the +shell (depending on how the boiler is set) acts as heating surface. +In addition to this, the surface presented by both heads, below the +water level, has to be computed. The heating surface of each head +is equal to two-thirds its area minus the total area of the holes +cut away to receive the tubes. + + +COST OF EVAPORATION. + +The cost of evaporation is usually stated as the cost of fuel +required to evaporate 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212 deg. F. To +find it, multiply the price of coal per ton by 1,000 and divide the +result by the product of the equivalent evaporation per pound of +coal and the number of pounds in a ton. + +Suppose that the cost of the coal used in the foregoing test was +$3.60 per ton of 2,000 pounds. The equivalent evaporation per pound +of coal was 7.5 pounds. Therefore the cost of evaporating 1,000 +pounds of water from 180 deg. F. to steam at 100-pound gage, is-- + + $3.60 x 1,000 + ------------- = $0.24, or 24 cents. + 7.5 x 2,000 + + +TABLE OF TEST RESULTS. + +After the test has been made and properly worked up, as heretofore +described, collect all the results of the test on one sheet, so +that they can be kept in convenient form for reference and for +comparison with later tests. A brief form of arranging the results +is as follows: + + 1. Date of test May 20, 1918 + 2. Duration of test hours 10 + 3. Weight of coal used pounds 5,000 + 4. Weight of water fed and evaporated do. 35,000 + 5. Average steam pressure, gauge do. 100 + 6. Average feed-water temperature deg.F. 180 + 7. Factor of evaporation 1.0727 + 8. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. F. pounds 37,545 + + EFFICIENCY. + + 9. Efficiency of boiler and furnace per cent 54 + + CAPACITY. + + 10. Boiler horsepower developed 109 + 11. Builders' rated horsepower 150 + 12. Percentage of rated horsepower developed per cent 73 + + ECONOMIC RESULTS. + + 13. Actual evaporation per pound of coal pounds 7 + 14. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. F. + per pound of coal as fired, pounds 7.5 + 15. Cost of coal per ton (2,000 pounds) $3.60 + 16. Cost of coal to evaporate 1,000 pounds from and at + 212 deg. F. $0.24 + + +HOW TO USE THE TEST RESULTS. + +The object of working up a test is to obtain a clear idea as to the +efficiency of operation of the boiler or its operating cost. +Consequently, after the calculations have been made, they should be +used as a basis for study with the idea of improving the boiler +performance. + +Take the matter of boiler efficiency, for example, as found from +the test mentioned. Its value was 54 per cent. This is altogether +too low and indicates wasteful operation. The efficiency of a +hand-fired boiler ought not to be less than 65 per cent, and it can +be increased to 70 per cent by careful management under good +conditions. + +The chart in figure 3 can be used to indicate the evaporation that +should be obtained in order to reach a desired efficiency. Suppose, +for example, that it is desired to know how much water per pound of +coal must be evaporated to produce a boiler efficiency of 65 per +cent with coal having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. per pound. + +Locate 13,500 at the bottom of the chart, follow the vertical line +until it meets the diagonal marked 65 per cent, and then from this +point follow the horizontal line to the left-hand edge, where the +figure 9 is found. This means that the equivalent evaporation from +and by 212 deg. F. per pound of coal must be 9 pounds of water. If the +steam pressure is 100 pounds gauge, and the feed-water temperature +is 180 deg. F. the factor of evaporation is 1.0727, then the actual +evaporation must be 9 / 1.0727 = 8.36 pounds per pound of coal. In +other words, to increase the efficiency from 54 per cent to 65 per +cent under the same conditions of pressure and feed-water +temperature, it would be necessary to increase the actual +evaporation from 7 pounds to 8.36 pounds. This would mean +practically 20 per cent more steam from the same weight of coal +used. + +[Illustration: _Heating Value of Coal, in B. t. u. Per Pound_ + +FIG. 3.] + +How to do this will require some study and experimenting on the +part of the fireman or engineer. The three most common reasons for +low-boiler efficiency are (1) excess air, (2) dirty heating +surfaces, and (3) loss of coal through the grates. _The first of +these items is the most important of the three._ In most cases the +greatest preventable waste of coal in a boiler plant is directly +due to excess air. Excess air simply means the amount of air which +gets into the furnace and boiler which is not needed for completing +the combustion of the coal. Very often twice as much air is +admitted to the boiler setting as is required. This extra or excess +air is heated and carries heat out through the chimney instead of +heating the water in the boiler to make steam. There are two ways +in which this excess air gets into the furnace and boiler setting. +First, by a combination of bad regulation of drafts and firing. The +chances are your uptake damper is too wide open. Try closing it a +little. Then, there may be holes in the fire. Keep these covered. +The second way excess air occurs is by leakage through the boiler +setting, through cracks in the brickwork, leaks around the frames +and edges of cleaning doors, and holes around the blow-off pipes. +There are also other places where such air can leak in. + +Take a torch or candle and go over the entire surface of your +boiler setting--front, back, sides, and top. Where the flame of the +torch is drawn inward there is an air leak. Plaster up all air +leaks and repair the brickwork around door frames where necessary. +You should go over your boiler for air leaks once a month. + +In regard to best methods of firing soft coal, see Technical Paper +No. 80 of the Bureau of Mines, which may be obtained from your +State Fuel Administrator. + +Dirty heating surfaces cause low efficiency because they prevent +the heat in the hot gases from getting through into the water. +Therefore, keep the shell and tubes free of soot on one side and +scale on the other. Soot may be removed by the daily use of +blowers, scrapers, and cleaners. The problem of scale and pure feed +water is a big one and should be taken up with proper authorities +on the subject. + +There are many things that may be done to increase the efficiency +of the boiler and to save coal. For convenience a number of these +points are grouped in the following list: + + WHAT TO DO. | WHY. + | + 1. Close up all leaks in the boiler | To prevent waste of heat due to + setting. | excess air admitted. + | + 2. Keep shell and tubes free from | To allow the heat to pass easily + soot and scale. | into the water. + | + 3. Use grates suited to the fuel | To prevent loss of unburnt coal + to be burned. | through air spaces. + | + 4. Fire often, and little at a | To obtain uniform conditions and + time. | better combustion. + | + 5. Cover all thin spots and keep | To prevent burning holes in bed + fire bed level. | and admitting excess air. + | + 6. Do not allow clinkers to form | Because they reduce the effective + on side or bridge walls. | area of the grate. + | + 7. Keep the ash pit free from ashes | To prevent warping and burning out + and hot clinkers. | of the grates. + | + 8. Do not stir the fire except when | Because stirring causes clinker + necessary. | and is likely to waste coal. + | + 9. Use damper and not ash-pit doors | Because less excess air is + to control draft. | admitted by so doing. + | + 10. See that steam pipes and valves | Because steam leaks waste heat + are tight. | and therefore coal. + | + 11. Keep blow-off valves tight. | Because leaks of hot water waste + | coal. + | + 12. Cover steam pipes and the tops | To prevent radiation and loss of + of boilers. | heat. + +Make a boiler test under the conditions of operation as they now +exist in your plant. Then make all possible improvements as +suggested in this bulletin, make another test afterwards and note +the increase in the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal used. + +Remember that the _firing line_ in the boiler room can be just as +patriotic and helpful as the _firing line_ at the front. + + +_Table of factors of evaporation._ + + ============================================================================ + Feed | Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge. + temperature,|--------------------------------------------------------------- + deg.F. | 30 | 50 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 + ------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- + 32 | 1.2073| 1.2144| 1.2195| 1.2216| 1.2234| 1.2251| 1.2266| 1.2279 + 35 | 1.2042| 1.2113| 1.2164| 1.2184| 1.2203| 1.2219| 1.2235| 1.2248 + 38 | 1.2011| 1.2082| 1.2133| 1.2153| 1.2172| 1.2188| 1.2204| 1.2217 + 41 | 1.1980| 1.2051| 1.2102| 1.2122| 1.2141| 1.2157| 1.2173| 1.2186 + 44 | 1.1949| 1.2020| 1.2071| 1.2091| 1.2110| 1.2126| 1.2142| 1.2155 + 47 | 1.1918| 1.1989| 1.2040| 1.2060| 1.2079| 1.2095| 1.2111| 1.2124 + 50 | 1.1887| 1.1958| 1.2009| 1.2029| 1.2048| 1.2064| 1.2080| 1.2093 + 53 | 1.1856| 1.1927| 1.1978| 1.1998| 1.2017| 1.2033| 1.2049| 1.2062 + 56 | 1.1825| 1.1896| 1.1947| 1.1967| 1.1986| 1.2002| 1.2018| 1.2031 + 59 | 1.1794| 1.1865| 1.1916| 1.1937| 1.1955| 1.1972| 1.1987| 1.2000 + 62 | 1.1763| 1.1835| 1.1885| 1.1906| 1.1924| 1.1941| 1.1956| 1.1970 + 65 | 1.1733| 1.1804| 1.1854| 1.1875| 1.1893| 1.1910| 1.1925| 1.1939 + 68 | 1.1702| 1.1773| 1.1823| 1.1844| 1.1862| 1.1879| 1.1894| 1.1908 + 71 | 1.1671| 1.1742| 1.1792| 1.1813| 1.1832| 1.1848| 1.1864| 1.1877 + 74 | 1.1640| 1.1711| 1.1762| 1.1782| 1.1801| 1.1817| 1.1833| 1.1846 + 77 | 1.1609| 1.1680| 1.1731| 1.1751| 1.1770| 1.1786| 1.1802| 1.1815 + 80 | 1.1578| 1.1650| 1.1700| 1.1721| 1.1739| 1.1756| 1.1771| 1.1785 + 83 | 1.1548| 1.1619| 1.1669| 1.1690| 1.1708| 1.1725| 1.1740| 1.1754 + 86 | 1.1518| 1.1588| 1.1638| 1.1659| 1.1678| 1.1694| 1.1710| 1.1723 + 89 | 1.1486| 1.1557| 1.1608| 1.1628| 1.1647| 1.1663| 1.1679| 1.1692 + 92 | 1.1455| 1.1526| 1.1577| 1.1597| 1.1616| 1.1632| 1.1648| 1.1661 + 95 | 1.1424| 1.1495| 1.1546| 1.1566| 1.1585| 1.1602| 1.1617| 1.1630 + 98 | 1.1393| 1.1465| 1.1515| 1.1536| 1.1554| 1.1571| 1.1586| 1.1600 + 101 | 1.1363| 1.1434| 1.1484| 1.1505| 1.1523| 1.1540| 1.1555| 1.1569 + 104 | 1.1332| 1.1403| 1.1453| 1.1474| 1.1492| 1.1509| 1.1525| 1.1538 + 107 | 1.1301| 1.1372| 1.1423| 1.1443| 1.1462| 1.1478| 1.1494| 1.1507 + 110 | 1.1270| 1.1341| 1.1392| 1.1412| 1.1431| 1.1447| 1.1463| 1.1476 + 113 | 1.1239| 1.1310| 1.1360| 1.1382| 1.1400| 1.1417| 1.1432| 1.1445 + 116 | 1.1209| 1.1280| 1.1330| 1.1351| 1.1369| 1.1386| 1.1401| 1.1415 + 119 | 1.1178| 1.1249| 1.1299| 1.1320| 1.1339| 1.1355| 1.1370| 1.1384 + 122 | 1.1147| 1.1218| 1.1269| 1.1289| 1.1308| 1.1324| 1.1340| 1.1353 + 125 | 1.1116| 1.1187| 1.1238| 1.1258| 1.1277| 1.1293| 1.1309| 1.1322 + 128 | 1.1085| 1.1156| 1.1207| 1.1227| 1.1246| 1.1262| 1.1278| 1.1291 + 131 | 1.1054| 1.1125| 1.1176| 1.1197| 1.1215| 1.1232| 1.1247| 1.1260 + 134 | 1.1023| 1.1095| 1.1145| 1.1166| 1.1184| 1.1201| 1.1216| 1.1230 + 137 | 1.0993| 1.1064| 1.1114| 1.1135| 1.1153| 1.1170| 1.1185| 1.1199 + 140 | 1.0962| 1.1033| 1.1083| 1.1104| 1.1123| 1.1139| 1.1154| 1.1168 + 143 | 1.0931| 1.1002| 1.1052| 1.1073| 1.1092| 1.1108| 1.1124| 1.1137 + 146 | 1.0900| 1.0971| 1.1022| 1.1042| 1.1061| 1.1077| 1.1093| 1.1106 + 149 | 1.0869| 1.0940| 1.0991| 1.1011| 1.1030| 1.1046| 1.1062| 1.1075 + 152 | 1.0838| 1.0909| 1.0960| 1.0980| 1.0999| 1.1015| 1.1031| 1.1044 + 155 | 1.0807| 1.0878| 1.0929| 1.0950| 1.0968| 1.0985| 1.1000| 1.1013 + 158 | 1.0776| 1.0847| 1.0898| 1.0919| 1.0937| 1.0954| 1.0969| 1.0982 + 161 | 1.0745| 1.0817| 1.0867| 1.0888| 1.0906| 1.0923| 1.0938| 1.0952 + 164 | 1.0715| 1.0786| 1.0836| 1.0857| 1.0875| 1.0892| 1.0907| 1.0921 + 167 | 1.0684| 1.0755| 1.0805| 1.0826| 1.0844| 1.0861| 1.0876| 1.0890 + 170 | 1.0653| 1.0724| 1.0774| 1.0795| 1.0813| 1.0830| 1.0845| 1.0859 + 172 | 1.0632| 1.0703| 1.0754| 1.0774| 1.0793| 1.0809| 1.0825| 1.0838 + 174 | 1.0611| 1.0683| 1.0733| 1.0754| 1.0772| 1.0789| 1.0804| 1.0817 + 176 | 1.0591| 1.0662| 1.0712| 1.0733| 1.0752| 1.0768| 1.0783| 1.0797 + 178 | 1.0570| 1.0641| 1.0692| 1.0712| 1.0731| 1.0747| 1.0763| 1.0776 + 180 | 1.0549| 1.0621| 1.0671| 1.0692| 1.0710| 1.0727| 1.0742| 1.0756 + 182 | 1.0529| 1.0600| 1.0650| 1.0671| 1.0690| 1.0706| 1.0721| 1.0735 + 184 | 1.0508| 1.0579| 1.0630| 1.0650| 1.0669| 1.0685| 1.0701| 1.0714 + 186 | 1.0488| 1.0559| 1.0609| 1.0630| 1.0648| 1.0665| 1.0680| 1.0694 + 188 | 1.0467| 1.0538| 1.0588| 1.0609| 1.0628| 1.0644| 1.0660| 1.0673 + 190 | 1.0446| 1.0517| 1.0568| 1.0588| 1.0607| 1.0623| 1.0639| 1.0652 + 192 | 1.0425| 1.0497| 1.0547| 1.0568| 1.0586| 1.0603| 1.0618| 1.0632 + 194 | 1.0405| 1.0476| 1.0526| 1.0547| 1.0566| 1.0582| 1.0597| 1.0611 + 196 | 1.0384| 1.0455| 1.0506| 1.0526| 1.0545| 1.0561| 1.0577| 1.0590 + 198 | 1.0363| 1.0435| 1.0485| 1.0506| 1.0524| 1.0541| 1.0556| 1.0570 + 200 | 1.0343| 1.0414| 1.0464| 1.0485| 1.0504| 1.0520| 1.0535| 1.0549 + 202 | 1.0322| 1.0393| 1.0444| 1.0464| 1.0483| 1.0499| 1.0515| 1.0528 + 204 | 1.0301| 1.0372| 1.0423| 1.0444| 1.0462| 1.0479| 1.0494| 1.0507 + 206 | 1.0281| 1.0352| 1.0402| 1.0423| 1.0441| 1.0458| 1.0473| 1.0487 + 208 | 1.0260| 1.0331| 1.0381| 1.0402| 1.0421| 1.0437| 1.0453| 1.0466 + 210 | 1.0239| 1.0310| 1.0361| 1.0381| 1.0400| 1.0416| 1.0432| 1.0445 + 212 | 1.0218| 1.0290| 1.0340| 1.0361| 1.0379| 1.0396| 1.0411| 1.0425 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +_Table of factors of evaporation_--Concluded. + + ============================================================================ + Feed | Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge. + temperature,|--------------------------------------------------------------- + deg.F. | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 | 190 | 200 + ------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- + 32 | 1.2292| 1.2304| 1.2315| 1.2324| 1.2333| 1.2342| 1.2351| 1.2358 + 35 | 1.2261| 1.2273| 1.2283| 1.2293| 1.2302| 1.2311| 1.2320| 1.2327 + 38 | 1.2230| 1.2242| 1.2252| 1.2262| 1.2271| 1.2280| 1.2288| 1.2296 + 41 | 1.2199| 1.2211| 1.2221| 1.2231| 1.2240| 1.2249| 1.2257| 1.2265 + 44 | 1.2168| 1.2180| 1.2190| 1.2200| 1.2209| 1.2218| 1.2226| 1.2234 + 47 | 1.2137| 1.2149| 1.2159| 1.2168| 1.2178| 1.2187| 1.2195| 1.2202 + 50 | 1.2106| 1.2118| 1.2128| 1.2137| 1.2147| 1.2156| 1.2164| 1.2171 + 53 | 1.2075| 1.2087| 1.2097| 1.2107| 1.2116| 1.2125| 1.2133| 1.2141 + 56 | 1.2044| 1.2056| 1.2066| 1.2076| 1.2085| 1.2094| 1.2102| 1.2110 + 59 | 1.2013| 1.2025| 1.2035| 1.2045| 1.2054| 1.2063| 1.2072| 1.2079 + 62 | 1.1982| 1.1994| 1.2005| 1.2014| 1.2023| 1.2032| 1.2041| 1.2048 + 65 | 1.1951| 1.1963| 1.1974| 1.1983| 1.1992| 1.2002| 1.2010| 1.2017 + 68 | 1.1920| 1.1933| 1.1943| 1.1952| 1.1961| 1.1971| 1.1979| 1.1986 + 71 | 1.1889| 1.1902| 1.1912| 1.1921| 1.1931| 1.1940| 1.1948| 1.1955 + 74 | 1.1859| 1.1871| 1.1881| 1.1890| 1.1900| 1.1909| 1.1917| 1.1924 + 77 | 1.1828| 1.1840| 1.1850| 1.1860| 1.1869| 1.1878| 1.1886| 1.1894 + 80 | 1.1797| 1.1809| 1.1820| 1.1829| 1.1838| 1.1847| 1.1856| 1.1863 + 83 | 1.1766| 1.1778| 1.1789| 1.1798| 1.1807| 1.1817| 1.1825| 1.1832 + 86 | 1.1735| 1.1748| 1.1758| 1.1767| 1.1776| 1.1786| 1.1794| 1.1801 + 89 | 1.1704| 1.1717| 1.1727| 1.1736| 1.1746| 1.1755| 1.1763| 1.1770 + 92 | 1.1674| 1.1686| 1.1696| 1.1705| 1.1715| 1.1724| 1.1732| 1.1739 + 95 | 1.1643| 1.1655| 1.1665| 1.1675| 1.1684| 1.1693| 1.1701| 1.1709 + 98 | 1.1612| 1.1624| 1.1635| 1.1644| 1.1653| 1.1662| 1.1671| 1.1678 + 101 | 1.1581| 1.1593| 1.1604| 1.1613| 1.1622| 1.1632| 1.1640| 1.1647 + 104 | 1.1550| 1.1563| 1.1573| 1.1582| 1.1592| 1.1601| 1.1609| 1.1616 + 107 | 1.1519| 1.1532| 1.1542| 1.1551| 1.1561| 1.1570| 1.1578| 1.1585 + 110 | 1.1489| 1.1501| 1.1511| 1.1521| 1.1530| 1.1539| 1.1547| 1.1555 + 113 | 1.1458| 1.1470| 1.1481| 1.1490| 1.1499| 1.1508| 1.1515| 1.1524 + 116 | 1.1427| 1.1439| 1.1450| 1.1459| 1.1468| 1.1478| 1.1486| 1.1493 + 119 | 1.1396| 1.1409| 1.1419| 1.1428| 1.1437| 1.1447| 1.1455| 1.1462 + 122 | 1.1365| 1.1378| 1.1388| 1.1397| 1.1407| 1.1416| 1.1424| 1.1431 + 125 | 1.1335| 1.1347| 1.1357| 1.1366| 1.1376| 1.1385| 1.1393| 1.1400 + 128 | 1.1304| 1.1316| 1.1326| 1.1336| 1.1345| 1.1354| 1.1362| 1.1370 + 131 | 1.1273| 1.1285| 1.1295| 1.1305| 1.1314| 1.1323| 1.1332| 1.1339 + 134 | 1.1242| 1.1254| 1.1265| 1.1274| 1.1283| 1.1292| 1.1301| 1.1308 + 137 | 1.1211| 1.1224| 1.1234| 1.1243| 1.1252| 1.1262| 1.1270| 1.1277 + 140 | 1.1180| 1.1193| 1.1203| 1.1212| 1.1221| 1.1231| 1.1239| 1.1246 + 143 | 1.1149| 1.1162| 1.1172| 1.1181| 1.1191| 1.1200| 1.1208| 1.1215 + 146 | 1.1119| 1.1131| 1.1141| 1.1150| 1.1160| 1.1169| 1.1177| 1.1184 + 149 | 1.1088| 1.1100| 1.1110| 1.1120| 1.1129| 1.1138| 1.1146| 1.1154 + 152 | 1.1057| 1.1069| 1.1079| 1.1089| 1.1098| 1.1107| 1.1115| 1.1123 + 155 | 1.1026| 1.1038| 1.1048| 1.1058| 1.1067| 1.1076| 1.1085| 1.1092 + 158 | 1.0995| 1.1007| 1.1018| 1.1027| 1.1036| 1.1045| 1.1054| 1.1061 + 161 | 1.0964| 1.0976| 1.0987| 1.0996| 1.1005| 1.1014| 1.1023| 1.1030 + 164 | 1.0933| 1.0945| 1.0956| 1.0965| 1.0974| 1.0984| 1.0992| 1.0999 + 167 | 1.0902| 1.0914| 1.0925| 1.0934| 1.0943| 1.0953| 1.0961| 1.0968 + 170 | 1.0871| 1.0883| 1.0894| 1.0903| 1.0912| 1.0922| 1.0930| 1.0937 + 172 | 1.0850| 1.0863| 1.0873| 1.0882| 1.0892| 1.0901| 1.0909| 1.0916 + 174 | 1.0830| 1.0842| 1.0853| 1.0862| 1.0871| 1.0880| 1.0889| 1.0896 + 176 | 1.0809| 1.0822| 1.0832| 1.0841| 1.0850| 1.0860| 1.0868| 1.0875 + 178 | 1.0789| 1.0801| 1.0811| 1.0820| 1.0830| 1.0839| 1.0847| 1.0854 + 180 | 1.0768| 1.0780| 1.0791| 1.0800| 1.0809| 1.0818| 1.0827| 1.0834 + 182 | 1.0747| 1.0760| 1.0770| 1.0779| 1.0788| 1.0798| 1.0806| 1.0813 + 184 | 1.0727| 1.0739| 1.0749| 1.0759| 1.0768| 1.0777| 1.0785| 1.0793 + 186 | 1.0706| 1.0718| 1.0729| 1.0738| 1.0747| 1.0756| 1.0765| 1.0772 + 188 | 1.0685| 1.0698| 1.0708| 1.0717| 1.0727| 1.0736| 1.0744| 1.0751 + 190 | 1.0665| 1.0677| 1.0687| 1.0697| 1.0706| 1.0715| 1.0723| 1.0731 + 192 | 1.0644| 1.0656| 1.0667| 1.0676| 1.0685| 1.0694| 1.0703| 1.0710 + 194 | 1.0623| 1.0636| 1.0646| 1.0655| 1.0664| 1.0674| 1.0682| 1.0689 + 196 | 1.0603| 1.0615| 1.0625| 1.0635| 1.0644| 1.0653| 1.0661| 1.0669 + 198 | 1.0582| 1.0594| 1.0605| 1.0614| 1.0623| 1.0632| 1.0641| 1.0648 + 200 | 1.0561| 1.0574| 1.0584| 1.0593| 1.0602| 1.0612| 1.0620| 1.0627 + 202 | 1.0541| 1.0553| 1.0563| 1.0572| 1.0582| 1.0591| 1.0599| 1.0606 + 204 | 1.0520| 1.0532| 1.0542| 1.0552| 1.0561| 1.0570| 1.0579| 1.0586 + 206 | 1.0499| 1.0511| 1.0522| 1.0531| 1.0540| 1.0550| 1.0558| 1.0565 + 208 | 1.0478| 1.0491| 1.0501| 1.0510| 1.0520| 1.0529| 1.0537| 1.0544 + 210 | 1.0458| 1.0470| 1.0480| 1.0490| 1.0499| 1.0508| 1.0516| 1.0524 + 212 | 1.0437| 1.0449| 1.0460| 1.0469| 1.0478| 1.0487| 1.0496| 1.0503 + + + + +PUBLICATIONS ON THE UTILIZATION OF COAL AND LIGNITE. + +A limited supply of the following publications of the Bureau of +Mines has been printed and is available for free distribution until +the edition is exhausted. Requests for all publications can not be +granted, and to insure equitable distribution applicants are +requested to limit their selection to publications that may be of +especial interest to them. Requests for publications should be +addressed to the Director, Bureau of Mines. + +The Bureau of Mines issues a list showing all its publications +available for free distribution, as well as those obtainable only +from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, +on payment of the price of printing. Interested persons should +apply to the Director, Bureau of Mines, for a copy of the latest +list. + + +PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION. + +BULLETIN 58. Fuel briquetting investigations, July, 1904, to July, +1912, by C. A. Wright. 1913. 277 pp., 21 pls., 3 figs. + +BULLETIN 76. United States coals available for export trade, by +Van. H. Manning. 1914. 15 pp., 1 pl. + +BULLETIN 85. Analyses of mine and car samples of coal collected in +the fiscal years 1911 to 1913, by A. C. Fieldner, H. I. Smith, A. +H. Fay, and Samuel Sanford. 1914. 444 pp., 2 figs. + +BULLETIN 89. Economic methods of utilizing western lignites, by E. +J. Babcock. 1915. 74 pp., 5 pls., 5 figs. + +BULLETIN 119. Analyses of coals purchased by the Government during +the fiscal years 1908-1915, by G. S. Pope. 1916. 118 pp. + +BULLETIN 135. Combustion of coal and design of furnaces, by Henry +Kreisinger, C. E. Augustine, and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 144 pp., 1 pl., +45 figs. + +BULLETIN 136. Deterioration in the heating value of coal during +storage, by H. C. Porter and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 38 pp., 7 pls. + +BULLETIN 138. Coking of Illinois coals, by F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 71 +pp., 11 pls. 1 fig. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 34. Experiments with furnaces for a hand-fired +return tubular boiler, by S. B. Flagg, G. C. Cook, and F. E. +Woodman. 1914. 32 pp., 1 pl., 4 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 50. Metallurgical coke, by A. W. Belden. 1913. 48 +pp., 1 pl., 23 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 76. Notes on the sampling and analysis of coal, by +A. C. Fieldner. 1914. 59 pp., 6 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 80. Hand-firing soft coal under power-plant +boilers, by Henry Kreisinger. 1915. 83 pp., 32 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 97. Saving fuel in heating a house, by L. P. +Breckenridge and S. B. Flagg. 1915. 35 pp., 3 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 98. Effect of low-temperature oxidation on the +hydrogen in coal and the change of weight of coal in drying, by S. +H. Katz and H. C. Porter. 1917. 16 pp., 2 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 123. Notes on the uses of low-grade fuel in Europe, +by R. H. Fernald. 1915. 37 pp., 4 pls., 4 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 133. Directions for sampling coal for shipment or +delivery, by G. S. Pope. 1917. 15 pp., 1 pl. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 137. Combustion in the fuel bed of hand-fired +furnaces, by Henry Kreisinger, F. K. Ovitz, and C. E. Augustine. +1916. 76 pp., 2 pls., 21 figs. 15 cents. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 148. The determination of moisture in coke, by A. +C. Fieldner and W. A. Selvig. 1917. 13 pp. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 170. The diffusion of oxygen through stored coal, +by S. H. Katz. 1917. 49 pp., 1 pl., 27 figs. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 172. Effects of moisture on the spontaneous heating +of stored coal, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter. 1917. 25 pp., 1 +pl., 8 figs. + + +PUBLICATIONS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED ONLY THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT +OF DOCUMENTS. + +BULLETIN 8. The flow of heat through furnace walls, by W. T. Ray +and Henry Kreisinger. 1911. 32 pp., 19 figs. 5 cents. + +BULLETIN 11. The purchase of coal by the Government under +specifications, with analyses of coal delivered for the fiscal year +1908-9, by G. S. Pope. 1910. 80 pp. 10 cents. + +BULLETIN 13. Resume of producer-gas investigations, October 1, +1904, to June 30, 1910, by R. H. Fernald and C. D. Smith. 1911. 393 +pp., 12 pls., 250 figs. 65 cents. + +BULLETIN 14. Briquetting tests of lignite at Pittsburgh, Pa., +1908-9, with a chapter on sulphite-pitch binder, by C. L. Wright. +1911. 64 pp., 11 pls., 4 figs. 15 cents. + +BULLETIN 18. The transmission of heat into steam boilers, by Henry +Kreisinger and W. T. Ray. 1912. 180 pp., 78 figs. 20 cents. + +BULLETIN 21. The significance of drafts in steam-boiler practice, +by W. T. Ray and Henry Kreisinger. 64 pp., 26 figs. 10 cents. + +BULLETIN 22. Analyses of coals in the United States, with +descriptions of mine and field samples collected between July 1, +1904, and June 30, 1910, by N. W. Lord, with chapters by J. A. +Holmes, F. M. Stanton, A. C. Fieldner, and Samuel Sanford. 1912. +Part I, Analyses, pp. 1-321; Part II, Descriptions of samples, pp. +321-1129. 85 cents. + +BULLETIN 23. Steaming tests of coals and related investigations, +September 1, 1904, to December 31, 1908, by L. P. Breckenridge, +Henry Kreisinger, and W. T. Ray. 1912. 380 pp., 2 pls., 94 figs. 50 +cents. + +BULLETIN 27. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel for house-heating +boilers, by D. T. Randall. 44 pp., 3 pls., 2 figs. 10 cents. + +BULLETIN 37. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal +on locomotives, including torpedo-boat tests, and some foreign +specifications for briquetted fuel, by W. F. M. Goss. 1911. 58 pp., +4 pls., 35 figs. 15 cents. + +BULLETIN 40. The smokeless combustion of coal in boiler furnaces, +with a chapter on central heating plants, by D. T. Randall and H. +W. Weeks. 1912. 188 pp., 40 figs. 20 cents. + +BULLETIN 41. Government coal purchases under specifications, with +analyses, for the fiscal year 1909-10 by G. S. Pope, with a chapter +on the fuel-inspection laboratory of the Bureau of Mines, by J. D. +Davis. 1912. 97 pp., 3 pls., 9 figs. 15 cents. + +BULLETIN 109. Operating details of gas producers, by R. H. Fernald. +1916. 74 pp. 10 cents. + +BULLETIN 116. Methods of sampling delivered coal, and +specifications for the purchase of coal for the Government, by G. +S. Pope. 1916. 64 pp., 5 pls., 2 figs. 15 cents. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 20. The slagging type of gas producer, with a brief +report of preliminary tests, by C. D. Smith. 1912. 14 pp., 1 pl. 5 +cents. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 63. Factors governing the combustion of coal in +boiler furnaces; a preliminary report, by J. K. Clement, J. C. W. +Frazer, and C. E. Augustine. 1914. 46 pp., 26 figs. 10 cents. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 65. A study of the oxidation of coal, by H. C. +Porter. 1914. 30 pp., 12 figs. 5 cents. + +TECHNICAL PAPER 114. Heat transmission through boiler tubes, by +Henry Kreisinger and F. K. Ovitz. 1915. 36 pp., 23 figs. 10 cents. + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: + +Page 5: Added period to the sentence: "If the coal used in the test +is to be analyzed, take a sample of from 4 to 6 pounds from each +barrow and throw it into a box near the scales.". + +Page 11: Changed typo "calcuate" to "calculate." + +Page 18: Changed typo "1.1854" to "1.0854", see intersecting +columns 184 deg. F and 200 psi. + +Page 19: Changed typo "Samuel Sandford" to "Samuel Sanford." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and +Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. 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