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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Book of Hallowe'en + +Author: Ruth Edna Kelley + +Release Date: February 21, 2007 [EBook #20644] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF HALLOWE'EN *** + + + + +Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/illus-frontis.jpg" name="FRONTIS" id="FRONTIS"> +<img src="images/illus-frontis-tn.jpg" width="400" height="263" class="plain" alt="Hallowe'en Festivities. From an Old English Print." title="Hallowe'en Festivities. From an Old English Print." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Festivities.</span><br /><i>From an Old English Print.</i></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>The<br /> +Book of Hallowe'en</h1><p><br /></p> + +<h4>By</h4> +<h3>RUTH EDNA KELLEY, A. M.<br /> +<i>Lynn Public Library</i></h3> +<p><br /></p> +<h5><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></h5><p><br /></p> + +<h4>BOSTON<br /> +LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h5>Published, August, 1919</h5> +<p><br /></p><div class="center"> +<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><span class="smcap">COPYRIGHT</span>, 1919,<br /> +<span class="smcap">By Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.</span><br /></b></span> +<hr class="fm" style="width: 5%; color: black;" /> +<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>All Rights Reserved</i><br /></b></span> +<hr class="fm" style="width: 5%; color: black;" /> +<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>The Book of Hallowe'en</b></span></div> +<p><br /></p> +<h5>Norwood Press<br /> +BERWICK & SMITH CO.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Norwood, Mass.</span><br /> +U. S. A.</h5> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center"><i>To my Mother and the memory of my Father<br /> + who inspired and encouraged me<br /> + in the writing of this<br /> + book</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii" href="#Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>This book is intended to give the reader +an account of the origin and history of +Hallowe'en, how it absorbed some customs +belonging to other days in the year,—such as +May Day, Midsummer, and Christmas. The +context is illustrated by selections from ancient +and modern poetry and prose, related to +Hallowe'en ideas.</p> + +<p>Those who wish suggestions for readings, +recitations, plays, and parties, will find the +lists in the appendix useful, in addition to the +books on entertainments and games to be +found in any public library.</p> + +<p>Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs. +E. P. Dutton & Company for permission to +use the poem entitled "Hallowe'en" from +"The Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by +W. M. Letts; to Messrs. Longmans, Green & +Company for the poem "Pomona," by William +Morris; and to the Editors of <i>The Independent</i> +for the use of five poems.</p> + +<p class="quotsig"> +RUTH EDNA KELLEY.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Lynn</span>, <i>1919</i>.<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix" href="#Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table border="0" width="550" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<col style="width:5%;" /> +<col style="width:80%;" /> +<col style="width:15%;" /> + +<tr><td>CHAP.</td><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Sun-Worship. The Sources of Hallowe'en</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Celts: Their Religion and Festivals</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Samhain</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Pomona</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Coming of Christianity. All Saints'. All Souls'</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Origin and Character of Hallowe'en Omens</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Ireland</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs And Customs in Scotland</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td> <span class="smcap"> and the Hebrides</span></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in England and Man</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Wales</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Brittany and France</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Teutonic Religion. Witches</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Walpurgis Night</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">More Hallowtide Beliefs and Customs</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en in America</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x" href="#Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td></tr> + <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">"Four Poems"</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr> + <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Magazine References To Hallowe'en Entertainments</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> + <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr> + <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Index to Quotations</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr> + <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi" href="#Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +<table border="0" width="400" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<col style="width:80%;" /> +<col style="width:20%;" /> + +<tr><td>Hallowe'en Festivities</td><td align="right"><i><a href="#FRONTIS">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">facing page</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>In Hallowe'en Time</td><td align="right"><a href="#TIME">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Witch of the Walnut-Tree</td><td align="right"><a href="#WALNUT">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Witches' Dance (<i>Valpurgisnacht</i>)</td><td align="right"><a href="#DANCE">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Fortune-Telling</td><td align="right"><a href="#FORTUNE">148</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Hallowe'en Tables, I</td><td align="right"><a href="#W_TABLE">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Hallowe'en Tables, II</td><td align="right"><a href="#CALDRON">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-lantern</td><td align="right"><a href="#JACKOLANTERN">178</a></td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>The Book of Hallowe'en</h1> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" href="#Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF +HALLOWE'EN</h3> + + +<p>If we could ask one of the old-world +pagans whom he revered as his greatest +gods, he would be sure to name among them +the sun-god; calling him Apollo if he were a +Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or Osiris; if +of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the +sun is the center of the physical universe, so +all primitive peoples made it the hub about +which their religion revolved, nearly always +believing it a living person to whom they +could say prayers and offer sacrifices, who +directed their lives and destinies, and could +even snatch men from earthly existence to +dwell for a time with him, as it draws the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2" href="#Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +water from lakes and seas.</p> + +<p>In believing this they followed an instinct +of all early peoples, a desire to make persons +of the great powers of nature, such as the +world of growing things, mountains and +water, the sun, moon, and stars; and a wish +for these gods they had made to take an interest +in and be part of their daily life. The +next step was making stories about them to +account for what was seen; so arose myths +and legends.</p> + +<p>The sun has always marked out work-time +and rest, divided the year into winter idleness, +seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has +always been responsible for all the beauty and +goodness of the earth; it is itself splendid to +look upon. It goes away and stays longer +and longer, leaving the land in cold and +gloom; it returns bringing the long fair days +and resurrection of spring. A Japanese +legend tells how the hidden sun was lured +out by an image made of a copper plate with +saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and +a fire kindled, dancing, and prayers; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" href="#Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +round the earth in North America the Cherokees +believed they brought the sun back upon +its northward path by the same means of +rousing its curiosity, so that it would come +out to see its counterpart and find out what +was going on.</p> + +<p>All the more important church festivals are +survivals of old rites to the sun. "How +many times the Church has decanted the new +wine of Christianity into the old bottles of +heathendom." Yule-tide, the pagan Christmas, +celebrated the sun's turning north, and +the old midsummer holiday is still kept in +Ireland and on the Continent as St. John's +Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance +about them from east to west as the sun appears +to move. The pagan Hallowe'en at the +end of summer was a time of grief for the decline +of the sun's glory, as well as a harvest +festival of thanksgiving to him for having +ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly +had husking-bees when the ears had been +garnered, and now keep our own Thanksgiving +by eating of our winter store in praise of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" href="#Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +God who gives us our increase.</p> + +<p>Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit, lends +us the harvest element of Hallowe'en; the +Celtic day of "summer's end" was a time +when spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the +gods whom Christ dethroned joined the ill-omened +throng; the Church festivals of All +Saints' and All Souls' coming at the same +time of year—the first of November—contributed +the idea of the return of the dead; +and the Teutonic May Eve assemblage of +witches brought its hags and their attendant +beasts to help celebrate the night of +October 31st.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" href="#Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND +FESTIVALS</h3> + + +<p>The first reference to Great Britain in European +annals of which we know was the +statement in the fifth century <span class="smcap">b. c.</span> of the +Greek historian Herodotus, that Phœnician +sailors went to the British Isles for tin. He +called them the "Tin Islands." The people +with whom these sailors traded must have +been Celts, for they were the first inhabitants +of Britain who worked in metal instead of +stone.</p> + +<p>The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries +before Christ came. There is a tradition +in Ireland that they first arrived there +in 270 <span class="smcap">b. c.</span>, seven hundred years before St. +Patrick. The account of them written by +Julius Cæsar half a century before Christ +speaks mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing +them into two ruling classes who kept the +people almost in a state of slavery; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" href="#Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +knights, who waged war, and the Druids who +had charge of worship and sacrifices, and were +in addition physicians, historians, teachers, +scientists, and judges.</p> + +<p>Cæsar says that this cult originated in +Britain, and was transferred to Gaul. Gaul +and Britain had one religion and one language, +and might even have one king, so that +what Cæsar wrote of Gallic Druids must have +been true of British.</p> + +<p>The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and +stream, and feared the powers of evil, as did +the Greeks and all other early races. Very +much of their primitive belief has been kept, +so that to Scotch, Irish, and Welsh peasantry +brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound in tiny +supernatural beings, who may work them +good or evil, lead them astray by flickering +lights, or charm them into seven years' servitude +unless they are bribed to show favor.</p> + +<p>The name "Druid" is derived from the +Celtic word "druidh," meaning "sage," connected +with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The rapid oak-tree—<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" href="#Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Before him heaven and earth quake:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stout door-keeper against the foe.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In every land his name is mine."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Taliesin</span>: <i>Battle of the Trees</i>. +</p> + +<p>for the oak was held sacred by them as a +symbol of the omnipotent god, upon whom +they depended for life like the mistletoe growing +upon it. Their ceremonies were held in +oak-groves.</p> + +<p>Later from their name a word meaning +"magician" was formed, showing that these +priests had gained the reputation of being +dealers in magic.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Druid followed him and suddenly, as +we are told, struck him with a druidic wand, or +according to one version, flung at him a tuft of +grass over which he had pronounced a druidical +incantation."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">O'Curry</span>: <i>Ancient Irish</i>. +</p></div> + +<p>They dealt in symbols, common objects to +which was given by the interposition of +spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8" href="#Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +power to produce certain effects. Since they +were tree-worshippers, trees and plants were +thought to have peculiar powers.</p> + +<p>Cæsar provides them with a galaxy of Roman +divinities, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and +Minerva, who of course were worshipped +under their native names. Their chief god +was Baal, of whom they believed the sun the +visible emblem. They represented him by +lowlier tokens, such as circles and wheels. +The trefoil, changed into a figure composed +of three winged feet radiating from a center, +represented the swiftness of the sun's journey. +The cross too was a symbol of the sun, being +the appearance of its light shining upon dew +or stream, making to the half-closed eye +little bright crosses. One form of the cross +was the swastika.</p> + +<p>To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals +or prisoners of war, often burning them alive +in wicker images. These bonfires lighted on +the hills were meant to urge the god to protect +and bless the crops and herds. From +the appearance of the victims sacrificed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" href="#Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +them, omens were taken that foretold the future. +The gods and other supernatural +powers in answer to prayer were thought to +signify their will by omens, and also by the +following methods: the ordeal, in which the +innocence or guilt of a person was shown by +the way the god permitted him to endure fire +or other torture; exorcism, the driving out of +demons by saying mysterious words or names +over them. Becoming skilled in interpreting +the will of the gods, the Druids came to be +known as prophets.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"O Deirdré, terrible child,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For thee, red star of our ruin,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Great weeping shall be in Eri—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">* * * * *<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Thy feet shall trample the mighty<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Todhunter</span>: <i>Druid song of Cathvah</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>They kept their lore for the most part a +secret, forbidding it to be written, passing it +down by word of mouth. They taught the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" href="#Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +immortality of the soul, that it passed from +one body to another at death.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They instantly again do other bodies take——"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Drayton</span>: <i>Polyolbion</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>They believed that on the last night of the old +year (October 31st) the lord of death gathered +together the souls of all those who had died +in the passing year and had been condemned +to live in the bodies of animals, to decree +what forms they should inhabit for the next +twelve months. He could be coaxed to give +lighter sentences by gifts and prayers.</p> + +<p>The badge of the initiated Druid was a +glass ball reported to be made in summer of +the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests +as the snakes tossed it into the air.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"And the potent adder-stone<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" href="#Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When in undulating twine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The foaming snakes prolific join."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Mason</span>: <i>Caractacus.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>It was real glass, blown by the Druids themselves. +It was supposed to aid the wearer in +winning lawsuits and securing the favor of +kings.</p> + +<p>An animal sacred to the Druids was the cat.</p> + +<p>"A slender black cat reclining on a chain +of old silver" guarded treasure in the old +days. For a long time cats were dreaded by +the people because they thought human beings +had been changed to that form by evil +means.</p> + +<p>The chief festivals of the Druids fell on four +days, celebrating phases of the sun's career. +Fires of sacrifice were lighted especially at +spring and midsummer holidays, by exception +on November 1st.</p> + +<p>May Day and November Day were the +more important, the beginning and end of +summer, yet neither equinoxes nor solstices. +The time was divided then not according to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" href="#Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +sowing and reaping, but by the older method +of reckoning from when the herds were turned +out to pasture in the spring and brought into +the fold again at the approach of winter—by +a pastoral rather than an agricultural people.</p> + +<p>On the night before Beltaine ("Baal-fire"), +the first of May, fires were burned to Baal to +celebrate the return of the sun bringing +summer. Before sunrise the houses were +decked with garlands to gladden the sun +when he appeared; a rite which has survived +in "going maying." The May-Day fires were +used for purification. Cattle were singed by +being led near the flames, and sometimes bled +that their blood might be offered as a sacrifice +for a prosperous season.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">"When lo! a flame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A wavy flame of ruddy light<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leaped up, the farmyard fence above.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And while his children's shout rang high,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His cows the farmer slowly drove<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Across the blaze,—he knew not why."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Kickham</span>: <i>St. John's Eve</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>A cake was baked in the fire with one piece<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" href="#Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +blacked with charcoal. Whoever got the +black piece was thereby marked for sacrifice +to Baal, so that, as the ship proceeded in +safety after Jonah was cast overboard, the +affairs of the group about the May-Eve fire +might prosper when it was purged of the +one whom Baal designated by lot. Later +only the symbol of offering was used, the +victim being forced to leap thrice over the +flames.</p> + +<p>In history it was the day of the coming of +good. Partholon, the discoverer and promoter +of Ireland, came thither from the other +world to stay three hundred years. The gods +themselves, the deliverers of Ireland, first +arrived there "through the air" on May +Day.</p> + +<p>June 21st, the day of the summer solstice, +the height of the sun's power, was marked by +midnight fires of joy and by dances. These +were believed to strengthen the sun's heat. +A blazing wheel to represent the sun was +rolled down hill.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"A happy thought.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" href="#Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Give me this cart-wheel.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I'll have it tied with ropes and smeared with pitch,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And when it's lighted, I will roll it down<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The steepest hillside."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hauptmann</span>: <i>Sunken Bell</i>.<br /> +<span class="i0">(Lewisohn <i>trans.</i>)<br /></span> +</p> + +<p>Spirits were believed to be abroad, and torches +were carried about the fields to protect them +from invasion. Charms were tried on that +night with seeds of fern and hemp, and +dreams were believed to be prophetic.</p> + +<p>Lugh, in old Highland speech "the summer +sun"</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"The hour may hither drift<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When at the last, amid the o'erwearied Shee—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Weary of long delight and deathless joys—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One you shall love may fade before your eyes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Before your eyes may fade, and be as mist<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Caught in the sunny hollow of Lu's hand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lord of the Day."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>had for father one of the gods and for mother +the daughter of a chief of the enemy. Hence +he possessed some good and some evil tendencies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" href="#Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +He may be the Celtic Mercury, for +they were alike skilled in magic and alchemy, +in deception, successful in combats with +demons, the bringers of new strength and +cleansing to the nation. He said farewell to +power on the first of August, and his foster-mother +had died on that day, so then it was +he set his feast-day. The occasion was called +"Lugnasad," "the bridal of Lugh" and the +earth, whence the harvest should spring. It +was celebrated by the offering of the first +fruits of harvest, and by races and athletic +sports. In Meath, Ireland, this continued +down into the nineteenth century, with dancing +and horse-racing the first week of August.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" href="#Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>SAMHAIN</h3> + + +<p>On November first was Samhain ("summer's +end").</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Take my tidings:<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Stags contend;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Snows descend—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Summer's end!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A chill wind raging,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The sun low keeping,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Swift to set<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O'er seas high sweeping.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Dull red the fern;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Shapes are shadows;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wild geese mourn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O'er misty meadows.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Keen cold limes each weaker wing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Icy times—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Such I sing!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Take my tidings."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Graves</span>: <i>First Winter Song</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Then the flocks were driven in, and men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" href="#Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +first had leisure after harvest toil. Fires +were built as a thanksgiving to Baal for +harvest. The old fire on the altar was +quenched before the night of October 31st, +and the new one made, as were all sacred +fires, by friction. It was called "forced-fire." +A wheel and a spindle were used: +the wheel, the sun symbol, was turned from +east to west, sunwise. The sparks were +caught in tow, blazed upon the altar, and +were passed on to light the hilltop fires. +The new fire was given next morning, New +Year's Day, by the priests to the people to +light their hearths, where all fires had been +extinguished. The blessed fire was thought +to protect the year through the home it +warmed. In Ireland the altar was Tlactga, +on the hill of Ward in Meath, where sacrifices, +especially black sheep, were burnt in the new +fire. From the death struggles and look of +the creatures omens for the future year were +taken.</p> + +<p>The year was over, and the sun's life of a +year was done. The Celts thought that at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" href="#Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +this time the sun fell a victim for six months +to the powers of winter darkness. In Egyptian +mythology one of the sun-gods, Osiris, +was slain at a banquet by his brother Sîtou, +the god of darkness. On the anniversary of +the murder, the first day of winter, no Egyptian +would begin any new business for fear of +bad luck, since the spirit of evil was then in +power.</p> + +<p>From the idea that the sun suffered from +his enemies on this day grew the association +of Samhain with death.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the wither'd leaves lie dead;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub the jay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the gloomy day.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" href="#Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">And the wild rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the yellow sun-flower by the brook in autumn beauty stood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till fell the frost from the cold clear heaven, as falls the plague on men,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade, and glen."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Bryant</span>: <i>Death of the Flowers</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>In the same state as those who are dead, +are those who have never lived, dwelling right +in the world, but invisible to most mortals at +most times. Seers could see them at any time, +and if very many were abroad at once others +might get a chance to watch them too.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"There is a world in which we dwell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yet a world invisible.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And do not think that naught can be<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Save only what with eyes ye see:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I tell ye that, this very hour,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Had but your sight a spirit's power,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ye would be looking, eye to eye,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">At a terrific company."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>These supernatural spirits ruled the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" href="#Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +There were two classes: the Tuatha De +Danann, "the people of the goddess Danu," +gods of light and life; and spirits of darkness +and evil. The Tuatha had their chief seat on +the Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish +Sea, and brought under their power the +islands about them. On a Midsummer Day +they vanquished the Fir Bolgs and gained +most of Ireland, by the battle of Moytura.</p> + +<p>A long time afterwards—perhaps 1000 <span class="smcap">b. c.</span>—the +Fomor, sea-demons, after destroying +nearly all their enemies by plagues, exacted +from those remaining, as tribute, "a third +part of their corn, a third part of their milk, +and a third part of their children." This tax +was paid on Samhain. It was on the week +before Samhain that the Fomor landed upon +Ireland. On the eve of Samhain the gods +met them in the second battle of Moytura, and +they were driven back into the ocean.</p> + +<p>As Tigernmas, a mythical king of Ireland, +was sacrificing "the firstlings of every issue, +and the scions of every clan" to Crom Croich, +the king idol, and lay prostrate before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21" href="#Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +image, he and three-fourths of his men mysteriously +disappeared.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">"Then came<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tigernmas, the prince of Tara yonder<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On Hallowe'en with many hosts.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A cause of grief to them was the deed.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dead were the men<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Bamba's host, without happy strength<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Around Tigernmas, the destructive man of the north,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From the worship of Crom Cruaich. 'T was no luck for them.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For I have learnt,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Except one-fourth of the keen Gaels,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not a man alive—lasting the snare!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Escaped without death in his mouth."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht</i> (Meyer <i>trans.</i>).<br /> +</p> + +<p>This was direct invocation, but the fire rites +which were continued so long afterwards were +really only worshipping the sun by proxy, in +his nearest likeness, fire.</p> + +<p>Samhain was then a day sacred to the +death of the sun, on which had been paid a +sacrifice of death to evil powers. Though +overcome at Moytura evil was ascendant at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22" href="#Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +Samhain. Methods of finding out the will +of spirits and the future naturally worked +better then, charms and invocations had more +power, for the spirits were near to help, if care +was taken not to anger them, and due honors +paid.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23" href="#Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>POMONA</h3> + + +<p>Ops was the Latin goddess of plenty. +Single parts of her province were taken over +by various other divinities, among whom was +Pomona (<i>pomorum patrona</i>, "she who cares +for fruits"). She is represented as a maiden +with fruit in her arms and a pruning-knife in +her hand.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I am the ancient apple-queen.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As once I was so am I now—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For evermore a hope unseen<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Betwixt the blossom and the bough.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Ah, where's the river's hidden gold!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And where's the windy grave of Troy?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet come I as I came of old,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">From out the heart of summer's joy."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Morris</span>: <i>Pomona</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Many Roman poets told stories about her, the +best known being by Ovid, who says that she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24" href="#Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +was wooed by many orchard-gods, but preferred +to remain unmarried. Among her +suitors was Vertumnus ("the changer"), the +god of the turning year, who had charge of +the exchange of trade, the turning of river +channels, and chiefly of the change in nature +from flower to ripe fruit. True to his character +he took many forms to gain Pomona's +love. Now he was a ploughman (spring), +now a fisherman (summer), now a reaper +(autumn).</p> + +<p>At last he took the likeness of an old +woman (winter), and went to gossip with +Pomona. After sounding her mind and +finding her averse to marriage, the woman +pleaded for Vertumnus's success.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +"Is not he the first to have the fruits which +are thy delight? And does he not hold thy +gifts in his joyous right hand?" +<p class="cite"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span>: <i>Vertumnus and Pomona</i>.<br /></p> +</div> + +<p>Then the crone told her the story of Anaxarete +who was so cold to her lover Iphis that +he hanged himself, and she at the window<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25" href="#Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +watching his funeral train pass by was +changed to a marble statue. Advising +Pomona to avoid such a fate, Vertumnus +donned his proper form, that of a handsome +young man, and Pomona, moved by the story +and his beauty, yielded and became his wife.</p> + +<p>Vertumnus had a statue in the Tuscan Way +in Rome, and a temple. His festival, the +Vortumnalia, was held on the 23d of August, +when the summer began to wane. Garlands +and garden produce were offered to him.</p> + +<p>Pomona had been assigned one of the +fifteen <i>flamina</i>, priests whose duty it was to +kindle the fire for special sacrifices. She had +a grove near Ostia where a harvest festival +was held about November first. Not much is +known of the ceremonies, but from the +similar August holiday much may be deduced. +Then the deities of fire and water +were propitiated that their disfavor might +not ruin the crops. On Pomona's day doubtless +thanks was rendered them for their aid +to the harvest. An offering of first-fruits was +made in August; in November the winter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26" href="#Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +store of nuts and apples was opened. The +horses released from toil contended in races.</p> + +<p>From Pomona's festival nuts and apples, +from the Druidic Samhain the supernatural +element, combined to give later generations +the charms and omens from nuts and apples +which are made trial of at Hallowe'en.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27" href="#Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'</h3> + + +<p>The great power which the Druids exercised +over their people interfered with the +Roman rule of Britain. Converts were being +made at Rome. Augustus forbade Romans +to became initiated, Tiberius banished the +priestly clan and their adherents from Gaul, +and Claudius utterly stamped out the belief +there, and put to death a Roman knight for +wearing the serpent's-egg badge to win a lawsuit. +Forbidden to practise their rites in +Britain, the Druids fled to the isle of Mona, +near the coast of Wales. The Romans pursued +them, and in 61 <span class="smcap">a. d.</span> they were slaughtered +and their oak groves cut down. During +the next three centuries the cult was stifled to +death, and the Christian religion substituted.</p> + +<p>It was believed that at Christ's advent the +pagan gods either died or were banished.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The lonely mountains o'er<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28" href="#Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">And the resounding shore<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From haunted spring and dale,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Edged with poplar pale,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The parting genius is with sighing sent.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With flower-inwoven tresses torn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>On the Morning of Christ's Nativity.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The Christian Fathers explained all oracles +and omens by saying that there was something +in them, but that they were the work +of the evil one. The miraculous power they +seemed to possess worked "black magic."</p> + +<p>It was a long, hard effort to make men see +that their gods had all the time been wrong, +and harder still to root out the age-long +growth of rite and symbol. But on the old +religion might be grafted new names; Midsummer +was dedicated to the birth of Saint +John; Lugnasad became Lammas. The fires +belonging to these times of year were retained, +their old significance forgotten or reconsecrated. +The rowan, or mountain ash, whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29" href="#Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +berries had been the food of the Tuatha, now +exorcised those very beings. The trefoil +signified the Trinity, and the cross no longer +the rays of the sun on water, but the cross of +Calvary. The fires which had been built +to propitiate the god and consume his sacrifices +to induce him to protect them were +now lighted to protect the people from the +same god, declared to be an evil mischief-maker. +In time the autumn festival of the +Druids became the vigil of All Hallows or All +Saints' Day.</p> + +<p>All Saints' was first suggested in the fourth +century, when the Christians were no longer +persecuted, in memory of all the saints, since +there were too many for each to have a +special day on the church calendar. A day +in May was chosen by Pope Boniface IV in +610 for consecrating the Pantheon, the old +Roman temple of all the gods, to the Virgin +and all the saints and martyrs. Pope +Gregory III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter's +to the same, and that day was made compulsory +in 835 by Pope Gregory IV, as All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30" href="#Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +Saints'. The day was changed from May to +November so that the crowds that thronged +to Rome for the services might be fed from +the harvest bounty. It is celebrated with +a special service in the Greek and Roman +churches and by Episcopalians.</p> + +<p>In the tenth century St. Odilo, Bishop of +Cluny, instituted a day of prayer and special +masses for the souls of the dead. He had +been told that a hermit dwelling near a cave</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"heard the voices and howlings of devils, which +complained strongly because that the souls of +them that were dead were taken away from +their hands by alms and by prayers."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">De Voragine</span>: <i>Golden Legend.</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This day became All Souls', and was set for +November 2d.</p> + +<p>It is very appropriate that the Celtic festival +when the spirits of the dead and the supernatural +powers held a carnival of triumph +over the god of light, should be followed by +All Saints' and All Souls'. The church holy-days +were celebrated by bonfires to light souls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31" href="#Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +through Purgatory to Paradise, as they had +lighted the sun to his death on Samhain. On +both occasions there were prayers: the pagan +petitions to the lord of death for a pleasant +dwelling-place for the souls of departed +friends; and the Christian for their speedy +deliverance from torture. They have in common +the celebrating of death: the one, of the +sun; the other, of mortals: of harvest: the +one, of crops; the other, of sacred memories. +They are kept by revelry and joy: first, to +cheer men and make them forget the malign +influences abroad; second, because as the +saints in heaven rejoice over one repentant +sinner, we should rejoice over those who, after +struggles and sufferings past, have entered +into everlasting glory.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Yet were the fields in bud.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the harvest,—when shall it rise again<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Up through the fire and flood?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> * * * * * +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32" href="#Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></span> +<span class="i2">Was it not all to save<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Harvest of bread?—Harvest of men?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the bright years, wave on wave?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>"Search not, search not, my way-worn;</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2"><i>Search neither weald nor wave.</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>One is their heavy reaping-time</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2"><i>To the earth, that is one wide grave."</i><br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Marks</span>: <i>All Souls' Eve.</i><br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33" href="#Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN +OMENS</h3> + + +<p>The custom of making tests to learn the +future comes from the old system of augury +from sacrifice. Who sees in the nuts thrown +into the fire, turning in the heat, blazing and +growing black, the writhing victim of an old-time +sacrifice to an idol?</p> + +<p>Many superstitions and charms were believed +to be active at any time, but all those +and numerous special ones worked best on +November Eve. All the tests of all the Celtic +festivals have been allotted to Hallowe'en. +Cakes from the May Eve fire, hemp-seed and +prophetic dreams from Midsummer, games +and sports from Lugnasad have survived in +varied forms.</p> + +<p>Tests are very often tried blindfold, so that +the seeker may be guided by fate. Many are +mystic—to evoke apparitions from the past or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34" href="#Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +future. Others are tried with harvest grains +and fruits. Because skill and undivided attention +is needed to carry them through successfully, +many have degenerated into mere +contests of skill, have lost their meaning, and +become rough games.</p> + +<p>Answers are sought to questions about one's +future career; chiefly to: when and whom +shall I marry? what will be my profession +and degree of wealth, and when shall I die?</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/illus-34.jpg" name="TIME" id="TIME"> +<img src="images/illus-34-tn.jpg" width="400" height="255" class="plain" alt="In Hallowe'en Time." title="In Hallowe'en Time." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">In Hallowe'en Time.</span></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35" href="#Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND</h3> + + +<p>Ireland has a literature of Hallowe'en, or +"Samhain," as it used to be called. Most of +it was written between the seventh and the +twelfth centuries, but the events were thought +to have happened while paganism still ruled +in Ireland.</p> + +<p>The evil powers that came out at Samhain +lived the rest of the time in the cave of +Cruachan in Connaught, the province which +was given to the wicked Fomor after the +battle of Moytura. This cave was called the +"hell-gate of Ireland," and was unlocked on +November Eve to let out spirits and copper-colored +birds which killed the farm animals. +They also stole babies, leaving in their place +changelings, goblins who were old in wickedness +while still in the cradle, possessing +superhuman cunning and skill in music. +One way of getting rid of these demon children +was to ill-treat them so that their people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36" href="#Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +would come for them, bringing the right ones +back; or one might boil egg-shells in the +sight of the changeling, who would declare +his demon nature by saying that in his centuries +of life he had never seen such a thing +before.</p> + +<p>Brides too were stolen.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"You shall go with me, newly married bride,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And gaze upon a merrier multitude;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">White-armed Nuala and Ængus of the birds,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Feacra of the hurtling foam, and him<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is the ruler of the western host,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Finvarra, and the Land of Heart's Desire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where beauty has no ebb, decay no flood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But joy is wisdom, time an endless song."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>In the first century <span class="smcap">b. c.</span> lived Ailill and +his queen Medb. As they were celebrating +their Samhain feast in the palace,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Three days before Samhain at all times,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And three days after, by ancient custom<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Did the hosts of high aspiration<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Continue to feast for the whole week."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">O'Ciarain</span>: <i>Loch Garman.</i><br /> +</p> +<p>they offered a reward to the man who should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37" href="#Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +tie a bundle of twigs about the feet of a criminal +who had been hanged by the gate. It +was dangerous to go near dead bodies on +November Eve, but a bold young man named +Nera dared it, and tied the twigs successfully. +As he turned to go he saw</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"the whole of the palace as if on fire before +him, and the heads of the people of it lying on +the ground, and then he thought he saw an +army going into the hill of Cruachan, and he +followed after the army."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Gregory</span>: <i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne.</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>The door was shut. Nera was married to a +fairy woman, who betrayed her kindred by +sending Nera to warn King Ailill of the intended +attack upon his palace the next +November Eve. Nera bore summer fruits +with him to prove that he had been in the +fairy <i>sid</i>. The next November Eve, when the +doors were opened Ailill entered and discovered +the crown, emblem of power, took it +away, and plundered the treasury. Nera +never returned again to the homes of men.</p> + +<p>Another story of about the same time was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38" href="#Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +that of Angus, the son of a Tuatha god, to +whom in a dream a beautiful maiden appeared. +He wasted away with love for her, +and searched the country for a girl who +should look like her. At last he saw in a +meadow among a hundred and fifty maidens, +each with a chain of silver about her neck, +one who was like the beauty of his dream. +She wore a golden chain about her throat, +and was the daughter of King Ethal Anbual. +King Ethal's palace was stormed by Ailill, +and he was forced to give up his daughter. +He gave as a reason for withholding his consent +so long, that on Samhain Princess Caer +changed from a maiden to a swan, and back +again the next year.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"And when the time came Angus went to the +loch, and he saw the three times fifty white +birds there with their silver chains about their +necks, and Angus stood in a man's shape at the +edge of the loch, and he called to the girl: +'Come and speak with me, O Caer!'</p> + +<p>"'Who is calling me?' said Caer.</p> + +<p>"'Angus calls you,' he said, 'and if you do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39" href="#Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +come, I swear by my word I will not hinder +you from going into the loch again.'"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Gregory</span>: <i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne.</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>She came, and he changed to a swan likewise, +and they flew away to King Dagda's +palace, where every one who heard their sweet +singing was charmed into a sleep of three days +and three nights.</p> + +<p>Princess Etain, of the race of the Tuatha, +and wife of Midir, was born again as the +daughter of Queen Medb, the wife of Ailill. +She remembers a little of the land from which +she came, is never quite happy,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"But sometimes—sometimes—tell me: have you heard,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By dusk or moonset have you never heard<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sweet voices, delicate music? Never seen<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The passage of the lordly beautiful ones<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Men call the Shee?"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>even when she wins the love of King Eochaidh. +When they have been married a year, +there comes Midir from the Land of Youth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40" href="#Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +By winning a game of chess from the King, +he gets anything he may ask, and prays to see +the Queen. When he sees her he sings a song +of longing to her, and Eochaidh is troubled +because it is Samhain, and he knows the great +power the hosts of the air "have then over +those who wish for happiness."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Etain, speak!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What is the song the harper sings, what tongue<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is this he speaks? for in no Gaelic lands<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is speech like this upon the lips of men.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No word of all these honey-dripping words<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is known to me. Beware, beware the words<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Brewed in the moonshine under ancient oaks<br /></span> +<span class="i0">White with pale banners of the mistletoe<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Twined round them in their slow and stately death.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It is the feast of Sáveen" (Samhain).<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>In vain Eochaidh pleads with her to stay +with him. She has already forgotten all but +Midir and the life so long ago in the Land of +Youth.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"In the Land of Youth<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41" href="#Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></span> +<span class="i2">There are pleasant places;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Green meadows, woods,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Swift grey-blue waters.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"There is no age there,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Nor any sorrow.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As the stars in heaven<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Are the cattle in the valleys.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Great rivers wander<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through flowery plains.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Streams of milk, of mead,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Streams of strong ale.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"There is no hunger<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And no thirst<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the Hollow Land,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In the Land of Youth."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>She and Midir fly away in the form of two +swans, linked by a chain of gold.</p> + +<p>Cuchulain, hopelessly sick of a strange illness +brought on by Fand and Liban, fairy +sisters, was visited the day before Samhain by +a messenger, who promised to cure him if he +would go to the Otherworld. Cuchulain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42" href="#Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +could not make up his mind to go, but sent +Laeg, his charioteer. Such glorious reports +did Laeg bring back from the Otherworld,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"If all Erin were mine,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the kingship of yellow Bregia,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I would give it, no trifling deed,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To dwell for aye in the place I reached."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Cuchulain's Sick-bed.</i> (Meyer <i>trans</i>.)<br /> +</p> + +<p>that Cuchulain went thither, and championed +the people there against their enemies. He +stayed a month with the fairy Fand. Emer, +his wife at home, was beset with jealousy, and +plotted against Fand, who had followed her +hero home. Fand in fear returned to her deserted +husband, Emer was given a Druidic +drink to drown her jealousy, and Cuchulain +another to forget his infatuation, and they +lived happily afterward.</p> + +<p>Even after Christianity was made the vital +religion in Ireland, it was believed that places +not exorcised by prayers and by the sign of +the cross, were still haunted by Druids. As +late as the fifth century the Druids kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43" href="#Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +their skill in fortune-telling. King Dathi +got a Druid to foretell what would happen to +him from one Hallowe'en to the next, and +the prophecy came true. Their religion was +now declared evil, and all evil or at any rate +suspicious beings were assigned to them or to +the devil as followers.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>Maire Bruin:</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2">Are not they, likewise, the children of God?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>Father Hart:</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2">Colleen, they are the children of the fiend,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And they have power until the end of Time,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When God shall fight with them a great pitched battle<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And hack them into pieces."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The power of fairy music was so great that +St. Patrick himself was put to sleep by a +minstrel who appeared to him on the day +before Samhain. The Tuatha De Danann, +angered at the renegade people who no longer +did them honor, sent another minstrel, who +after laying the ancient religious seat Tara +under a twenty-three years' charm, burned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44" href="#Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +up the city with his fiery breath.</p> + +<p>These infamous spirits dwelt in grassy +mounds, called "forts," which were the +entrances to underground palaces full of +treasure, where was always music and dancing. +These treasure-houses were open only +on November Eve</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"For the fairy mounds of Erinn are always<br /></span> +<span class="i0">opened about Hallowe'en."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Expedition of Nera.</i> (Meyer <i>trans</i>.)<br /> +</p> + +<p>when the throngs of spirits, fairies, and goblins +trooped out for revels about the country. +The old Druid idea of obsession, the besieging +of a person by an evil spirit, was +practised by them at that time.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This is the first day of the winter, and to-day the<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hosts of the Air are in their greatest power."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Warren</span>: <i>Twig of Thorn.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>If the fairies wished to seize a mortal—which +power they had as the sun-god could take +men to himself—they caused him to give +them certain tokens by which he delivered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45" href="#Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +himself into their hands. They might be +milk and fire—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>Maire Bruin:</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2">A little queer old woman cloaked in green,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Who came to beg a porringer of milk.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>Bridget Bruin:</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2">The good people go asking milk and fire<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Upon May Eve—woe to the house that gives,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For they have power over it for a year."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>or one might receive a fairy thorn such as +Oonah brings home, which shrivels up at the +touch of St. Bridget's image;</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Oh, ever since I kept the twig of thorn and +hid it, I have seen strange things, and heard +strange laughter and far voices calling."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Warren</span>: <i>Twig of Thorn.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>or one might be lured by music as he stopped +near the fort to watch the dancing, for the +revels were held in secret, as those of the +Druids had been, and no one could look on +them unaffected.</p> + +<p>A story is told of Paddy More, a great stout<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46" href="#Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +uncivil churl, and Paddy Beg, a cheerful little +hunchback. The latter, seeing lights and +hearing music, paused by a mound, and was +invited in. Urged to tell stories, he complied; +he danced as spryly as he could for +his deformity; he sang, and made himself so +agreeable that the fairies decided to take the +hump off his back, and send him home a +straight manly fellow. The next Hallowe'en +who should come by the same place but +Paddy More, and he stopped likewise to spy +at the merrymaking. He too was called in, +but would not dance politely, added no stories +nor songs. The fairies clapped Paddy Beg's +hump on his back, and dismissed him under +a double burden of discomfort.</p> + +<p>A lad called Guleesh, listening outside a +fort on Hallowe'en heard the spirits speaking +of the fatal illness of his betrothed, the +daughter of the King of France. They said +that if Guleesh but knew it, he might boil an +herb that grew by his door and give it to +the princess and make her well. Joyfully +Guleesh hastened home, prepared the herb,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47" href="#Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +and cured the royal girl.</p> + +<p>Sometimes people did not have the luck to +return, but were led away to a realm of perpetual +youth and music.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>Father Hart.</i> What are you reading?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>Maire Bruin.</i> How a Princess Edane,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A daughter of a King of Ireland, heard<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A voice singing on a May Eve like this,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And followed, half awake and half asleep,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Until she came into the land of faery,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and godly and grave,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and crafty and wise,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and bitter of tongue;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And she is still there, busied with a dance,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Deep in the dewy shadow of a wood,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Or where stars walk upon a mountain-top."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br /> +</p> + + +<p>If one returned, he found that the space +which seemed to him but one night, had been +many years, and with the touch of earthly +sod the age he had postponed suddenly +weighed him down. Ossian, released from +fairyland after three hundred years dalliance +there, rode back to his own country on horseback. +He saw men imprisoned under a block<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48" href="#Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +of marble and others trying to lift the stone. +As he leaned over to aid them the girth +broke. With the touch of earth "straightway +the white horse fled away on his way home, +and Ossian became aged, decrepit, and blind."</p> + +<p>No place as much as Ireland has kept the +belief in all sorts of supernatural spirits +abroad among its people. From the time +when on the hill of Ward, near Tara, in +pre-Christian days, the sacrifices were burned and +the Tuatha were thought to appear on Samhain, +to as late as 1910, testimony to actual +appearances of the "little people" is to be +found.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Among the usually invisible races which I +have seen in Ireland, I distinguish five classes. +There are the Gnomes, who are earth-spirits, and +who seem to be a sorrowful race. I once saw +some of them distinctly on the side of Ben Bulbin. +They had rather round heads and dark +thick-set bodies, and in stature were about two +and one-half feet. The Leprechauns are different, +being full of mischief, though they, too, are +small. I followed a Leprechaun from the town +of Wicklow out to the Carraig Sidhe, "Rock of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49" href="#Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +the Fairies," a distance of half a mile or more, +where he disappeared. He had a very merry +face, and beckoned to me with his finger. A +third class are the Little People, who, unlike the +Gnomes and Leprechauns, are quite good-looking; +and they are very small. The Good People +are tall, beautiful beings, as tall as ourselves.... +They direct the magnetic currents of +the earth. The Gods are really the Tuatha De +Danann, and they are much taller than our race.'"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Wentz</span>: <i>Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>The sight of apparitions on Hallowe'en is +believed to be fatal to the beholder.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"One night my lady's soul walked along the +wall like a cat. Long Tom Bowman beheld her +and that day week fell he into the well and was +drowned."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Pyle</span>: <i>Priest and the Piper.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>One version of the Jack-o'-lantern story +comes from Ireland. A stingy man named +Jack was for his inhospitality barred from all +hope of heaven, and because of practical jokes +on the Devil was locked out of hell. Until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50" href="#Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +the Judgment Day he is condemned to walk +the earth with a lantern to light his way.</p> + +<p>The place of the old lord of the dead, the +Tuatha god Saman, to whom vigil was kept +and prayers said on November Eve for the +good of departed souls, was taken in Christian +times by St. Colomba or Columb Kill, the +founder of a monastery in Iona in the fifth +century. In the seventeenth century the +Irish peasants went about begging money and +goodies for a feast, and demanding in the +name of Columb Kill that fatted calves and +black sheep be prepared. In place of the +Druid fires, candles were collected and lighted +on Hallowe'en, and prayers for the souls of +the givers said before them. The name of +Saman is kept in the title "Oidhche +Shamhna," "vigil of Saman," by which the +night of October 31st was until recently called +in Ireland.</p> + +<p>There are no Hallowe'en bonfires in Ireland +now, but charms and tests are tried. Apples +and nuts, the treasure of Pomona, figure +largely in these. They are representative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51" href="#Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +winter fruits, the commonest. They can be +gathered late and kept all winter.</p> + +<p>A popular drink at the Hallowe'en gathering +in the eighteenth century was milk in +which crushed roasted apples had been mixed. +It was called lambs'-wool (perhaps from "La +Mas Ubhal," "the day of the apple fruit"). +At the Hallowe'en supper "callcannon," +mashed potatoes, parsnips, and chopped +onions, is indispensable. A ring is buried +in it, and the one who finds it in his portion +will be married in a year, or if he is already +married, will be lucky.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"They had colcannon, and the funniest things +were found in it—tiny dolls, mice, a pig made of +china, silver sixpences, a thimble, a ring, and +lots of other things. After supper was over all +went into the big play-room, and dived for +apples in a tub of water, fished for prizes in a +basin of flour; then there were games——"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Trant</span>: <i>Hallowe'en in Ireland.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>A coin betokened to the finder wealth; the +thimble, that he would never marry.</p> + +<p>A ring and a nut are baked in a cake. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52" href="#Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +ring of course means early marriage, the nut +signifies that its finder will marry a widow or +a widower. If the kernel is withered, no +marriage at all is prophesied. In Roscommon, +in central Ireland, a coin, a sloe, and a +bit of wood were baked in a cake. The one +getting the sloe would live longest, the one +getting the wood was destined to die within +the year.</p> + +<p>A mould of flour turned out on the table +held similar tokens. Each person cut off a +slice with a knife, and drew out his prize with +his teeth.</p> + +<p>After supper the tests were tried. In the +last century nut-shells were burned. The +best-known nut test is made as follows: three +nuts are named for a girl and two sweethearts. +If one burns steadily with the girl's +nut, that lover is faithful to her, but if either +hers or one of the other nuts starts away, +there will be no happy friendship between +them.</p> + +<p>Apples are snapped from the end of a stick +hung parallel to the floor by a twisted cord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53" href="#Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +which whirls the stick rapidly when it is let +go. Care has to be taken not to bite the +candle burning on the other end. Sometimes +this test is made easier by dropping the +apples into a tub of water and diving for +them, or piercing them with a fork dropped +straight down.</p> + +<p>Green herbs called "livelong" were plucked +by the children and hung up on Midsummer +Eve. If a plant was found to be still green +on Hallowe'en, the one who had hung it up +would prosper for the year, but if it had +turned yellow or had died, the child would +also die.</p> + +<p>Hemp-seed is sown across three furrows, the +sower repeating: "Hemp-seed, I saw thee, +hemp-seed, I saw thee; and her that is to be +my true love, come after me and draw thee." +On looking back over his shoulder he will see +the apparition of his future wife in the act of +gathering hemp.</p> + +<p>Seven cabbage stalks were named for any +seven of the company, then pulled up, and +the guests asked to come out, and "see their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54" href="#Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +sowls."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"One, two, three, and up to seven;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If all are white, all go to heaven;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">If one is black as Murtagh's evil,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">He'll soon be screechin' wi' the devil."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Red Mike "was a queer one from his birth, +an' no wonder, for he first saw the light +atween dusk an' dark o' a Hallowe'en Eve." +When the cabbage test was tried at a party +where Mike was present, six stalks were found +to be white, but Mike's was "all black an' +fowl wi' worms an' slugs, an' wi' a real bad +smell ahint it." Angered at the ridicule he +received, he cried: "I've the gift o' the night, +I have, an' on this day my curse can blast +whatever I choose." At that the priest +showed Mike a crucifix, and he ran away +howling, and disappeared through a bog into +the ground.</p> + +<p class="quotsig"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Threefold Chronicle.</i></p> + +<p>Twelve of the party may learn their future, +if one gets a clod of earth from the churchyard +sets up twelve candles in it, lights and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55" href="#Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +names them. The fortune of each will be like +that of the candle-light named for him,—steady, +wavering, or soon in darkness.</p> + +<p>A ball of blue yarn was thrown out of the +window by a girl who held fast to the end. +She wound it over on her hand from left to +right, saying the Creed backwards. When she +had nearly finished, she expected the yarn +would be held. She must ask "Who holds?" +and the wind would sigh her sweetheart's name +in at the window.</p> + +<p>In some charms the devil was invoked +directly. If one walked about a rick nine +times with a rake, saying, "I rake this rick +in the devil's name," a vision would come +and take away the rake.</p> + +<p>If one went out with nine grains of oats in +his mouth, and walked about until he heard a +girl's name called or mentioned, he would +know the name of his future wife, for they +would be the same.</p> + +<p>Lead is melted, and poured through a key +or a ring into cold water. The form each +spoonful takes in cooling indicates the occupation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56" href="#Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +of the future husband of the girl who +poured it.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Now something like a horse would cause the +jubilant maiden to call out, 'A dragoon!' Now +some dim resemblance to a helmet would suggest +a handsome member of the mounted +police; or a round object with a spike would +seem a ship, and this of course meant a sailor; +or a cow would suggest a cattle-dealer, or a +plough a farmer."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Threefold Chronicle.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>After the future had been searched, a piper +played a jig, to which all danced merrily with +a loud noise to scare away the evil spirits.</p> + +<p>Just before midnight was the time to go +out "alone and unperceived" to a south-running +brook, dip a shirt-sleeve in it, bring it +home and hang it by the fire to dry. One +must go to bed, but watch till midnight for a +sight of the destined mate who would come +to turn the shirt to dry the other side.</p> + +<p>Ashes were raked smooth on the hearth at +bedtime on Hallowe'en, and the next morning +examined for footprints. If one was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57" href="#Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +turned from the door, guests or a marriage was +prophesied; if toward the door, a death.</p> + +<p>To have prophetic dreams a girl should +search for a briar grown into a hoop, creep +through thrice in the name of the devil, cut +it in silence, and go to bed with it under her +pillow. A boy should cut ten ivy leaves, +throw away one and put the rest under his +head before he slept.</p> + +<p>If a girl leave beside her bed a glass of +water with a sliver of wood in it, and say before +she falls asleep:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Husband mine that is to be,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Come this night and rescue me,"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>she will dream of falling off a bridge into the +water, and of being saved at the last minute +by the spirit of her future husband. To receive +a drink from his hand she must eat a +cake of flour, soot, and salt before she goes to +bed.</p> + +<p>The Celtic spirit of yearning for the unknown, +retained nowhere else as much as in +Ireland, is expressed very beautifully by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58" href="#Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +poet Yeats in the introduction to his <i>Celtic +Twilight</i>.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The host is riding from Knocknarea<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And over the grave of Clooth-na-bare;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Caolte tossing his burning hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Niam calling: 'Away, come away;<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'And brood no more where the fire is bright,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Filling thy heart with a mortal dream;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For breasts are heaving and eyes a-gleam:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Away, come away to the dim twilight<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Arms are heaving and lips apart;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And if any gaze on our rushing band,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">We come between him and the deed of his hand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We come between him and the hope of his heart.'<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The host is rushing twixt night and day,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And where is there hope or deed as fair?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Caolte tossing his burning hair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Niam calling: 'Away, come away.'"<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59" href="#Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>IN SCOTLAND AND THE HEBRIDES</h3> + + +<p>As in Ireland the Scotch Baal festival of +November was called Samhain. Western +Scotland, lying nearest Tara, center alike of +pagan and Christian religion in Ireland, was +colonized by both the people and the customs +of eastern Ireland.</p> + +<p>The November Eve fires which in Ireland +either died out or were replaced by candles +were continued in Scotland. In Buchan, +where was the altar-source of the Samhain +fire, bonfires were lighted on hilltops in the +eighteenth century; and in Moray the idea of +fires of thanksgiving for harvest was kept +to as late as 1866. All through the +eighteenth century in the Highlands and in +Perthshire torches of heath, broom, flax, or +ferns were carried about the fields and villages +by each family, with the intent to cause +good crops in succeeding years. The course<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60" href="#Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +about the fields was sunwise, to have a good +influence. Brought home at dark, the torches +were thrown down in a heap, and made a fire. +This blaze was called "Samhnagan," "of rest +and pleasure." There was much competition +to have the largest fire. Each person put in +one stone to make a circle about it. The +young people ran about with burning brands. +Supper was eaten out-of-doors, and games +played. After the fire had burned out, ashes +were raked over the stones. In the morning +each sought his pebble, and if he found it +misplaced, harmed, or a footprint marked +near it in the ashes, he believed he should die +in a year.</p> + +<p>In Aberdeenshire boys went about the +villages saying: "Ge's a peat t' burn the +witches." They were thought to be out stealing +milk and harming cattle. Torches used +to counteract them were carried from west to +east, against the sun. This ceremony grew +into a game, when a fire was built by one +party, attacked by another, and defended. As +in the May fires of purification the lads lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61" href="#Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +down in the smoke close by, or ran about and +jumped over the flames. As the fun grew +wilder they flung burning peats at each other, +scattered the ashes with their feet, and hurried +from one fire to another to have a part in +scattering as many as possible before they died +out.</p> + +<p>In 1874, at Balmoral, a royal celebration of +Hallowe'en was recorded. Royalty, tenants, +and servants bore torches through the grounds +and round the estates. In front of the castle +was a heap of stuff saved for the occasion. +The torches were thrown on. When the fire +was burning its liveliest, a hobgoblin appeared, +drawing in a car the figure of a witch, +surrounded by fairies carrying lances. The +people formed a circle about the fire, and the +witch was tossed in. Then there were dances +to the music of bag-pipes.</p> + +<p>It was the time of year when servants +changed masters or signed up anew under the +old ones. They might enjoy a holiday before +resuming work. So they sang:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This is Hallaeven,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62" href="#Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">The morn is Halladay;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nine free nichts till Martinmas,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As soon they'll wear away."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Children born on Hallowe'en could see and +converse with supernatural powers more +easily than others. In Ireland, evil relations +caused Red Mike's downfall (q. v.). For Scotland +Mary Avenel, in Scott's <i>Monastery</i>, is the +classic example.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"And touching the bairn, it's weel kenn'd she +was born on Hallowe'en, and they that are born +on Hallowe'en whiles see mair than ither folk."</p></div> + +<p>There is no hint of dark relations, but rather +of a clear-sightedness which lays bare truths, +even those concealed in men's breasts. Mary +Avenel sees the spirit of her father after he +has been dead for years. The White Lady of +Avenel is her peculiar guardian.</p> + +<p>The Scottish Border, where Mary lived, is +the seat of many superstitions and other +worldly beliefs. The fairies of Scotland are +more terrible than those of Ireland, as the +dells and streams and woods are of greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63" href="#Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +grandeur, and the character of the people +more serious. It is unlucky to name the +fairies, here as elsewhere, except by such +placating titles as "Good Neighbors" or "Men +of Peace." Rowan, elm, and holly are a protection +against them.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have tied red thread round the bairns' +throats, and given ilk ane of them a riding-wand +of rowan-tree, forbye sewing up a slip of witch-elm +into their doublets; and I wish to know of +your reverence if there be onything mair that a +lone woman can do in the matter of ghosts and +fairies?—be here! that I should have named +their unlucky names twice ower!"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>Monastery.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>"The sign of the cross disarmeth all evil +spirits."</p> + +<p>These spirits of the air have not human +feelings or motives. They are conscienceless. +In this respect Peter Pan is an immortal fairy +as well as an immortal child. While like a +child he resents injustice in horrified silence, +like a fairy he acts with no sense of responsibility. +When he saves Wendy's brother from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64" href="#Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +falling as they fly,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"You felt it was his cleverness that interested +him, and not the saving of human life."</p> + +<p class="cite4"> +<span class="smcap">Barrie</span>: <i>Peter and Wendy.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>The world in which Peter lived was so near +the Kensington Gardens that he could see +them through the bridge as he sat on the +shore of the Neverland. Yet for a long time +he could not get to them.</p> + +<p>Peter is a fairy piper who steals away the +souls of children.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"No man alive has seen me,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But women hear me play,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sometimes at door or window,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Fiddling the souls away—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The child's soul and the colleen's<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Out of the covering clay."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hopper</span>: <i>Fairy Fiddler.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>On Hallowe'en all traditional spirits are +abroad. The Scotch invented the idea of a +"Samhanach," a goblin who comes out just +at "Samhain." It is he who in Ireland steals<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65" href="#Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +children. The fairies pass at crossroads,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"But the night is Hallowe'en, lady,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The morn is Hallowday;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then win me, win me, and ye will,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For weel I wot ye may.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Just at the mirk and midnight hour<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The fairy folk will ride.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And they that wad their true-love win,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">At Miles Cross they maun bide."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Ballad of Tam Lin.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>and in the Highlands whoever took a three-legged +stool to where three crossroads met, +and sat upon it at midnight, would hear the +names of those who were to die in a year. +He might bring with him articles of dress, +and as each name was pronounced throw one +garment to the fairies. They would be so +pleased by this gift that they would repeal +the sentence of death.</p> + +<p>Even people who seemed to be like their +neighbors every day could for this night fly +away and join the other beings in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66" href="#Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +revels.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This is the nicht o' Hallowe'en<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When a' the witchie may be seen;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Some o' them black, some o' them green,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Some o' them like a turkey bean."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>A witches' party was conducted in this way. +The wretched women who had sold their +souls to the Devil, left a stick in bed which +by evil means was made to have their likeness, +and, anointed with the fat of murdered +babies flew off up the chimney on a broomstick +with cats attendant. Burns tells the +story of a company of witches pulling ragwort +by the roadside, getting each astride her ragwort +with the summons "Up horsie!" and +flying away.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"The hag is astride<br /></span> +<span class="i4">This night for a ride,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The devils and she together:<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Through thick and through thin,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Now out and now in,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Though ne'er so foul be the weather.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> + * * * * * +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"A thorn or a burr<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67" href="#Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></span> +<span class="i4">She takes for a spur,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With a lash of the bramble she rides now.<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Through brake and through briers,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">O'er ditches and mires,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She follows the spirit that guides now."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Herrick</span>: <i>The Hag.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The meeting-place was arranged by the Devil, +who sometimes rode there on a goat. At +their supper no bread or salt was eaten; they +drank out of horses' skulls, and danced, sometimes +back to back, sometimes from west to +east, for the dances at the ancient Baal festivals +were from east to west, and it was evil +and ill-omened to move the other way. For +this dance the Devil played a bag-pipe made +of a hen's skull and cats' tails.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"There sat Auld Nick, in shape o' beast;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A tousie tyke, black, grim, and large,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To gie them music was his charge:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He screw'd the pipes and gart them skirl,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till roof and rafters a' did dirl."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam o' Shanter.</i><br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ring.</p></div> +<p>The light for the revelry came from a torch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68" href="#Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +flaring between the horns of the Devil's steed +the goat, and at the close the ashes were +divided for the witches to use in incantations. +People imagined that cats who had been up +all night on Hallowe'en were tired out the +next morning.</p> + +<p>Tam o' Shanter who was watching such a +dance</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"By Alloway's auld haunted kirk"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>in Ayrshire, could not resist calling out at the +antics of a neighbor whom he recognized, and +was pursued by the witches. He urged his +horse to top-speed,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And win the key-stane of the brig;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There at them thou thy tail may toss,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A running stream they dare na cross!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam o' Shanter.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>but poor Meg had no tail thereafter to toss at +them, for though she saved her rider, she was +only her tail's length beyond the middle of +the bridge when the foremost witch grasped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69" href="#Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +it and seared it to a stub.</p> + +<p>Such witches might be questioned about +the past or future.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"He that dare sit on St. Swithin's Chair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When the Night-Hag wings the troubled air,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Questions three, when he speaks the spell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He may ask, and she must tell."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>St. Swithin's Chair.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Children make of themselves bogies on this +evening, carrying the largest turnips they can +save from harvest, hollowed out and carved +into the likeness of a fearsome face, with teeth +and forehead blacked, and lighted by a candle +fastened inside.</p> + +<p>If the spirit of a person simply appears +without being summoned, and the person is +still alive, it means that he is in danger. If +he comes toward the one to whom he appears +the danger is over. If he seems to go away, +he is dying.</p> + +<p>An apparition from the future especially is +sought on Hallowe'en. It is a famous time +for divination in love affairs. A typical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70" href="#Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +eighteenth century party in western Scotland +is described by Robert Burns.</p> + +<p>Cabbages are important in Scotch superstition. +Children believe that if they pile +cabbage-stalks round the doors and windows +of the house, the fairies will bring them a +new brother or sister.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"And often when in his old-fashioned way<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He questioned me,...<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who made the stars? and if within his hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He caught and held one, would his fingers burn?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If I, the gray-haired dominie, was dug<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From out a cabbage-garden such as he<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was found in——"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Buchanan</span>: <i>Willie Baird.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Kale-pulling came first on the program in +Burns's <i>Hallowe'en</i>. Just the single and unengaged +went out hand in hand blindfolded +to the cabbage-garden. They pulled the first +stalk they came upon, brought it back to the +house, and were unbandaged. The size and +shape of the stalk indicated the appearance +of the future husband or wife.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Maybe you would rather not pull a stalk<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71" href="#Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +that was tall and straight and strong—that +would mean Alastair? Maybe you would +rather find you had got hold of a withered old +stump with a lot of earth at the root—a decrepit +old man with plenty of money in the bank? Or +maybe you are wishing for one that is slim and +supple and not so tall—for one that might mean +Johnnie Semple."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Black</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Wraith.</i><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>A close white head meant an old husband, an +open green head a young one. His disposition +would be like the taste of the stem. To +determine his name, the stalks were hung +over the door, and the number of one's stalk +in the row noted. If Jessie put hers up third +from the beginning, and the third man who +passed through the doorway under it was +named Alan, her husband's first name would +be Alan. This is practised only a little now +among farmers. It has special virtue if the +cabbage has been stolen from the garden of an +unmarried person.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the pith of a cabbage-stalk was +pushed out, the hole filled with tow, which +was set afire and blown through keyholes on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72" href="#Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +Hallowe'en.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Their runts clean through and through were bored,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And stuffed with raivelins fou,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And like a chimley when on fire<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Each could the reek outspue.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Jock through the key-hole sent a cloud<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That reached across the house,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While in below the door reek rushed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like water through a sluice."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Dick</span>: <i>Splores of a Hallowe'en.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Cabbage-broth was a regular dish at the +Hallowe'en feast. Mashed potatoes, as in Ireland, +or a dish of meal and milk holds symbolic +objects—a ring, a thimble, and a coin. +In the cake are baked a ring and a key. The +ring signifies to the possessor marriage, and +the key a journey.</p> + +<p>Apple-ducking is still a universal custom +in Scotland. A sixpence is sometimes dropped +into the tub or stuck into an apple to make +the reward greater. The contestants must +keep their hands behind their backs.</p> + +<p>Nuts are put before the fire in pairs, instead<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73" href="#Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +of by threes as in Ireland, and named for a lover +and his lass. If they burn to ashes together, +long happy married life is destined for the +lovers. If they crackle or start away from +each other, dissension and separation are +ahead.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Jean slips in twa, wi' tentie<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> e'e;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Wha 't was, she wadna tell;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But this is <i>Jock</i>, an' this is <i>me</i>,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">She says in to hersel;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He bleez'd owre her, an' she owre him,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As they wad never mair part;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till fuff! he started up the lum,<a name="FNanchor_2_3" id="FNanchor_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_3" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Jean had e'en a sair heart<br /></span> +<span class="i8">To see't that night."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Careful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_3" id="Footnote_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_3"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Chimney.</p></div> + +<p>Three "luggies," bowls with handles like +the Druid lamps, were filled, one with clean, +one with dirty water, and one left empty. +The person wishing to know his fate in marriage +was blindfolded, turned about thrice, +and put down his left hand. If he dipped it +into the clean water, he would marry a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74" href="#Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +maiden; if into the dirty, a widow; if into +the empty dish, not at all. He tried until he +got the same result twice. The dishes were +changed about each time.</p> + +<p>This spell still remains, as does that of +hemp-seed sowing. One goes out alone with +a handful of hemp-seed, sows it across ridges +of ploughed land, and harrows it with anything +convenient, perhaps with a broom. +Having said:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"Hemp-seed, I saw thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' her that is to be my lass<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Come after me an' draw thee——"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>he looks behind him to see his sweetheart +gathering hemp. This should be tried just at +midnight with the moon behind.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"At even o' Hallowmas no sleep I sought,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I scattered round the seed on every side,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And three times three in trembling accents cried,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75" href="#Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Who shall my true-love be, the crop shall mow.'"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>A spell that has been discontinued is +throwing the clue of blue yarn into the kiln-pot, +instead of out of the window, as in Ireland. +As it is wound backward, something +holds it. The winder must ask, "Wha +hauds?" to hear the name of her future sweetheart.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"An' ay she win't, an' ay she swat—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I wat she made nae jaukin;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till something held within the pat,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Guid Lord! but she was quakin!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But whether 't was the Deil himsel,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Or whether 't was a bauk-en'<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or whether it was Andrew Bell,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">She did na wait on talkin<br /></span> +<span class="i4">To speir<a name="FNanchor_2_5" id="FNanchor_2_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_5" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> that night."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_4"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cross-beam.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_5" id="Footnote_2_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_5"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Ask.</p></div> + +<p>Another spell not commonly tried now is +winnowing three measures of imaginary corn, +as one stands in the barn alone with both +doors open to let the spirits that come in go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76" href="#Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +out again freely. As one finishes the motions, +the apparition of the future husband will +come in at one door and pass out at the other.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'I had not winnowed the last weight clean +out, and the moon was shining bright upon the +floor, when in stalked the presence of my dear +Simon Glendinning, that is now happy. I never +saw him plainer in my life than I did that +moment; he held up an arrow as he passed me, +and I swarf'd awa' wi' fright.... But +mark the end o' 't, Tibb: we were married, and +the grey-goose wing was the death o' him +after a'.'"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>The Monastery.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>At times other prophetic appearances were +seen.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Just as she was at the wark, what does she +see in the moonlicht but her ain coffin moving +between the doors instead of the likeness of a +gudeman! and as sure's death she was in her +coffin before the same time next year."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Anon</span>: <i>Tale of Hallowe'en.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>Formerly a stack of beans, oats, or barley +was measured round with the arms against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77" href="#Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +sun. At the end of the third time the +arms would enclose the vision of the future +husband or wife.</p> + +<p>Kale-pulling, apple-snapping, and lead-melting +(see Ireland) are social rites, but +many were to be tried alone and in secret. A +Highland divination was tried with a shoe, +held by the tip, and thrown over the house. +The person will journey in the direction the +toe points out. If it falls sole up, it means +bad luck.</p> + +<p>Girls would pull a straw each out of a +thatch in Broadsea, and would take it to an +old woman in Fraserburgh. The seeress +would break the straw and find within it a +hair the color of the lover's-to-be. Blindfolded +they plucked heads of oats, and counted +the number of grains to find out how many +children they would have. If the tip was +perfect, not broken or gone, they would be +married honorably.</p> + +<p>Another way of determining the number +of children was to drop the white of an egg +into a glass of water. The number of divisions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78" href="#Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +was the number sought. White of egg +is held with water in the mouth, like the +grains of oats in Ireland, while one takes a +walk to hear mentioned the name of his future +wife. Names are written on papers, and +laid upon the chimney-piece. Fate guides +the hand of a blindfolded man to the slip +which bears his sweetheart's name.</p> + +<p>A Hallowe'en mirror is made by the rays +of the moon shining into a looking-glass. If +a girl goes secretly into a room at midnight +between October and November, sits down at +the mirror, and cuts an apple into nine slices, +holding each on the point of a knife before +she eats it, she may see in the moonlit glass +the image of her lover looking over her left +shoulder, and asking for the last piece of +apple.</p> + +<p>The wetting of the sark-sleeve in a south-running +burn where "three lairds' lands +meet," and carrying it home to dry before the +fire, was really a Scotch custom, but has already +been described in Ireland.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The last Hallowe'en I was waukin<a name="FNanchor_1_6" id="FNanchor_1_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_6" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79" href="#Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></span> +<span class="i2">My droukit<a name="FNanchor_2_7" id="FNanchor_2_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_7" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> sark-sleeve, as ye kin—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His likeness came up the house staukin,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the very grey breeks o' Tam Glen!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam Glen.</i><br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_6" id="Footnote_1_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_6"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Watching.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_7" id="Footnote_2_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_7"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Drenched.</p></div> + +<p>Just before breaking up, the crowd of young +people partook of sowens, oatmeal porridge +cakes with butter, and strunt, a liquor, as they +hoped for good luck throughout the year.</p> + +<p>The Hebrides, Scottish islands off the western +coast, have Hallowe'en traditions of their +own, as well as many borrowed from Ireland +and Scotland. Barra, isolated near the end +of the island chain, still celebrates the Celtic +days, Beltaine and November Eve.</p> + +<p>In the Hebrides is the Irish custom of eating +on Hallowe'en a cake of meal and salt, or +a salt herring, bones and all, to dream of some +one bringing a drink of water. Not a word +must be spoken, nor a drop of water drunk +till the dream comes.</p> + +<p>In St. Kilda a large triangular cake is baked +which must be all eaten up before morning.</p> + +<p>A curious custom that prevailed in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80" href="#Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +island of Lewis in the eighteenth century was +the worship of Shony, a sea-god with a Norse +name. His ceremonies were similar to those +paid to Saman in Ireland, but more picturesque. +Ale was brewed at church from +malt brought collectively by the people. One +took a cupful in his hand, and waded out +into the sea up to his waist, saying as he +poured it out: "Shony, I give you this cup +of ale, hoping that you'll be so kind as to +send us plenty of sea-ware, for enriching our +ground the ensuing year." The party returned +to the church, waited for a given +signal when a candle burning on the altar +was blown out. Then they went out into the +fields, and drank ale with dance and song.</p> + +<p>The "dumb cake" originated in Lewis. +Girls were each apportioned a small piece of +dough, mixed with any but spring water. +They kneaded it with their left thumbs, +in silence. Before midnight they pricked +initials on them with a new pin, and put +them by the fire to bake. The girls withdrew +to the farther end of the room, still in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81" href="#Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +silence. At midnight each lover was expected +to enter and lay his hand on the cake +marked with his initials.</p> + +<p>In South Uist and Eriskay on Hallowe'en +fairies are out, a source of terror to those they +meet.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Hallowe'en will come, will come,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Witchcraft will be set a-going,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fairies will be at full speed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Running in every pass.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Avoid the road, children, children."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But for the most part this belief has died out +on Scottish land, except near the Border, and +Hallowe'en is celebrated only by stories and +jokes and games, songs and dances.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82" href="#Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>IN ENGLAND AND MAN</h3> + + +<p>Man especially has a treasury of fairy +tradition, Celtic and Norse combined. Manx +fairies too dwell in the middle world, since +they are fit for neither heaven nor hell. Even +now Manx people think they see circles of +light in the late October midnight, and little +folk dancing within.</p> + +<p>Longest of all in Man was Sauin (Samhain) +considered New Year's Day. According to +the old style of reckoning time it came on +November 12.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"To-night is New Year's night.<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Hogunnaa!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Mummers' Song.</i></p> + +<p>As in Scotland the servants' year ends with +October.</p> + +<p>New Year tests for finding out the future +were tried on Sauin. To hear her sweetheart's +name a girl took a mouthful of water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83" href="#Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +and two handfuls of salt, and sat down at a +door. The first name she heard mentioned +was the wished-for one. The three dishes +proclaimed the fate of the blindfolded seeker +as in Scotland. Each was blindfolded and +touched one of several significant objects—meal +for prosperity, earth for death, a net for +tangled fortunes.</p> + +<p>Before retiring each filled a thimble with +salt, and emptied it out in a little mound on +a plate, remembering his own. If any heap +were found fallen over by morning, the person +it represented was destined to die in a +year. The Manx looked for prints in the +smooth-strewn ashes on the hearth, as the +Scotch did, and gave the same interpretation.</p> + +<p>There had been Christian churches in +Britain as early as 300 <span class="smcap">a. d.</span>, and Christian +missionaries, St. Ninian, Pelagius, and St. +Patrick, were active in the next century, and +in the course of time St. Augustine. Still the +old superstitions persisted, as they always do +when they have grown up with the people.</p> + +<p>King Arthur, who was believed to have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84" href="#Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +reigned in the fifth century, may be a personification +of the sun-god. He comes from +the Otherworld, his magic sword Excalibur is +brought thence to him, he fights twelve battles, +in number like the months, and is +wounded to death by evil Modred, once his +own knight. He passes in a boat, attended +by his fairy sister and two other queens,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'To the island-valley of Avilion;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor ever wind blows loudly; but it lies<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea——'"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Tennyson</span>: <i>Passing of Arthur.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The hope of being healed there is like that +given to Cuchulain (q. v.), to persuade him to +visit the fairy kingdom. Arthur was expected +to come again sometime, as the sun renews +his course. As he disappeared from the sight +of Bedivere, the last of his knights,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The new sun rose bringing the new year."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><i>Ibid.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Avilion means "apple-island." It was like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85" href="#Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +the Hesperides of Greek mythology, the +western islands where grew the golden apples +of immortality.</p> + +<p>In Cornwall after the sixth century, the +sun-god became St. Michael, and the eastern +point where he appeared St. Michael's seat.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Where the great vision of the guarded mount<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Looks toward Namancos, and Bayona's hold."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Lycidas</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>As fruit to Pomona, so berries were devoted +to fairies. They would not let any one cut a +blackthorn shoot on Hallowe'en. In Cornwall +sloes and blackberries were considered +unfit to eat after the fairies had passed by, because +all the goodness was extracted. So they +were eaten to heart's content on October 31st, +and avoided thereafter. Hazels, because they +were thought to contain wisdom and knowledge, +were also sacred.</p> + +<p>Besides leaving berries for the "Little +People," food was set out for them on Hallowe'en, +and on other occasions. They rewarded +this hospitality by doing an extraordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86" href="#Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +amount of work.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"—how the drudging goblin sweat<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To earn his cream-bowl duly set,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That ten day-laborers could not end.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then lies him down the lubbar fiend,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And stretcht out all the chimney's length<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Basks at the fire his hairy strength."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>L'Allegro.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Such sprites did not scruple to pull away +the chair as one was about to sit down, to +pinch, or even to steal children and leave +changelings in their places. The first hint +of dawn drove them back to their haunts.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"When larks 'gin sing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Away we fling;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And babes new borne steal as we go,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And elfe in bed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We leave instead,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Jonson</span>: <i>Robin Goodfellow.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Soulless and without gratitude or memory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87" href="#Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +spirits of the air may be, like Ariel in <i>The +Tempest</i>. He, like the fairy harpers of Ireland, +puts men to sleep with his music.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>Sebastian</i>. What, art thou waking?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>Antonio</i>. Do you not hear me speak?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>Sebastian</i>. I do; and, surely,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">It is a sleepy language; and thou speak'st<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Out of thy sleep: What is it thou didst say?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">This is a strange repose, to be asleep<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With eyes wide open; standing, speaking, moving,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And yet so fast asleep."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: <i>The Tempest.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The people of England, in common with +those who lived in the other countries of Great +Britain and in Europe, dreaded the coming +of winter not only on account of the cold and +loneliness, but because they believed that at +this time the powers of evil were abroad and +ascendant. This belief harked back to the +old idea that the sun had been vanquished by +his enemies in the late autumn. It was to +forget the fearful influences about them that +the English kept festival so much in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88" href="#Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +winter-time. The Lords of Misrule, leaders +of the revelry, "beginning their rule on All +Hallow Eve, continued the same till the morrow +after the Feast of the Purification, commonlie +called Candelmas day: In all of +which space there were fine and subtle disguisinges, +Maskes, and Mummeries." This +was written of King Henry IV's court at +Eltham, in 1401, and is true of centuries before +and after. They gathered about the fire +and made merry while the October tempests +whirled the leaves outside, and shrieked round +the house like ghosts and demons on a mad +carousal.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The autumn wind—oh hear it howl:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Without—October's tempests scowl,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As he troops away on the raving wind!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And leaveth dry leaves in his path behind.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> + * * * * * +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Tis the night—the night<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the graves' delight,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the warlock<a name="FNanchor_1_8" id="FNanchor_1_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_8" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> are at their play!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Ye think that without<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89" href="#Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">The wild winds shout,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But no, it is they—it is they!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_8" id="Footnote_1_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_8"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Devils.</p></div> + +<p>Witchcraft—the origin of which will be +traced farther on—had a strong following in +England. The three witches in <i>Macbeth</i> are +really fates who foretell the future, but they +have a kettle in which they boil</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Fillet of a fenny snake,<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> + * * * * * +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Eye of newt, and toe of frog,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For a charm of powerful trouble——"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: <i>Macbeth</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>They connect themselves thereby with those +evil creatures who pursued Tam o' Shanter, +and were servants of the Devil. In 1892 in +Lincolnshire, people believed that if they +looked in through the church door on Hallowe'en +they would see the Devil preaching +his doctrines from the pulpit, and inscribing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90" href="#Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +the names of new witches in his book.</p> + +<p>The Spectre Huntsman, known in Windsor +Forest as Herne the Hunter, and in Todmorden +as Gabriel Ratchets, was the spirit of an +ungodly hunter who for his crimes was condemned +to lead the chase till the Judgment +Day. In a storm on Hallowe'en is heard the +belling of his hounds.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Still, still shall last the dreadful chase<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Till time itself shall have an end;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By day they scour earth's cavern'd space,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">At midnight's witching hour, ascend.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This is the horn, the hound, and horse,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That oft the lated peasant hears:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Appall'd, he signs the frequent cross,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When the wild din invades his ears."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>Wild Huntsman.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>In the north of England Hallowe'en was +called "nut-crack" and "snap-apple night." +It was celebrated by "young people and sweethearts."</p> + +<p>A variation of the nut test is, naming +two for two lovers before they are put before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91" href="#Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +the fire to roast. The unfaithful lover's +nut cracks and jumps away, the loyal burns +with a steady ardent flame to ashes.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That in a flame of brightest color blaz'd;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As blaz'd the nut, so may thy passion grow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For 't was thy nut that did so brightly glow."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>The Spell</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>If they jump toward each other, they will be +rivals. If one of the nuts has been named for +the girl and burns quietly with a lover's nut, +they will live happily together. If they are +restless, there is trouble ahead.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"These glowing nuts are emblems true<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of what in human life we view;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ill-matched couple fret and fume,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And thus in strife themselves consume,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or from each other wildly start<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with a noise forever part.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But see the happy, happy pair<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of genuine love and truth sincere;<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">With mutual fondness, while they burn<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92" href="#Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Still to each other kindly turn:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And as the vital sparks decay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Together gently sink away.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till, life's fierce ordeal being past,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their mingled ashes rest at last."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Graydon</span>: <i>On Nuts Burning, Allhallows Eve.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Sometimes peas on a hot shovel are used instead.</p> + +<p>Down the centuries from the Druid tree-worship +comes the spell of the walnut-tree. +It is circled thrice, with the invocation: "Let +her that is to be my true-love bring me some +walnuts;" and directly a spirit will be seen +in the tree gathering nuts.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Last Hallow Eve I sought a walnut-tree,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In hope my true Love's face that I might see;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Three times I called, three times I walked apace;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then in the tree I saw my true Love's face."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The seeds of apples were used in many trials. +Two stuck on cheeks or eyelids indicated by +the time they clung the faithfulness of the +friends named for them.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"See from the core two kernels brown I take:<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93" href="#Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">This on my cheek for Lubberkin is worn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Booby Clod on t'other side is borne;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But Booby Clod soon drops upon the ground,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A certain token that his love's unsound;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While Lubberkin sticks firmly to the last.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh! were his lips to mine but joined so fast."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>In a tub float stemless apples, to be seized +by the teeth of him desirous of having his +love returned. If he is successful in bringing +up the apple, his love-affair will end happily.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The rosy apple's bobbing<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Upon the mimic sea—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'T is tricksy and elusive,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And glides away from me.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"One moment it is dreaming<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Beneath the candle's glare,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then over wave and eddy<br /></span> +<span class="i2">It glances here and there.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"And when at last I capture<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The prize with joy aglow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I sigh, may I this sunshine<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Of golden rapture know<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"When I essay to gather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94" href="#Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span><br /></span> +<span class="i2">In all her witchery<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Love's sweetest rosy apple<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On Love's uncertain sea."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Munkittrick</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Wish.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>An apple is peeled all in one piece, and the +paring swung three times round the head and +dropped behind the left shoulder. If it does +not break, and is looked at over the shoulder +it forms the initial of the true sweetheart's +name.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I pare this pippin round and round again,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My sweetheart's name to flourish on the plain:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I fling the unbroken paring o'er my head.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A perfect 'L' upon the ground is read."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>In the north of England was a unique +custom, "the scadding of peas." A pea-pod +was slit, a bean pushed inside, and the opening +closed again. The full pods were boiled, +and apportioned to be shelled and the peas +eaten with butter and salt. The one finding +the bean on his plate would be married first. +Gay records another test with peas which is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95" href="#Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +like the final trial made with kale-stalks.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"As peascods once I plucked I chanced to see<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One that was closely filled with three times three;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which when I crop'd, I safely home convey'd,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And o'er the door the spell in secret laid;—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The latch moved up, when who should first come in,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But in his proper person—Lubberkin."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Candles, relics of the sacred fire, play an +important part everywhere on Hallowe'en. +In England too the lighted candle and the +apple were fastened to the stick, and as it +whirled, each person in turn sprang up and +tried to bite the apple.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Or catch th' elusive apple with a bound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As with the taper it flew whizzing round."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>This was a rough game, more suited to boys' +frolic than the ghostly divinations that preceded +it. Those with energy to spare found +material to exercise it on. In an old book +there is a picture of a youth sitting on a stick +placed across two stools. On one end of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96" href="#Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +stick is a lighted candle from which he is +trying to light another in his hand. Beneath +is a tub of water to receive him if he over-balances +sideways. These games grew later +into practical jokes.</p> + +<p>The use of a goblet may perhaps come from +the story of "The Luck of Edenhall," a glass +stolen from the fairies, and holding ruin for +the House by whom it was stolen, if it should +ever be broken. With ring and goblet this +charm was tried: the ring, symbol of marriage, +was suspended by a hair within a glass, +and a name spelled out by beginning the +alphabet over each time the ring struck the +glass.</p> + +<p>When tired of activity and noise, the party +gathered about a story-teller, or passed a +bundle of fagots from hand to hand, each +selecting one and reciting an installment of +the tale till his stick burned to ashes.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I tell ye the story this chill Hallowe'en,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For it suiteth the spirit-eve."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>To induce prophetic dreams the wood-and-water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97" href="#Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +test was tried in England also.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Last Hallow Eve I looked my love to see,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And tried a spell to call her up to me.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With wood and water standing by my side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I dreamed a dream, and saw my own sweet bride."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Though Hallowe'en is decidedly a country +festival, in the seventeenth century young +gentlemen in London chose a Master of the +Revels, and held masques and dances with +their friends on this night.</p> + +<p>In central and southern England the +ecclesiastical side of Hallowtide is stressed.</p> + +<p>Bread or cake has till recently (1898) been +as much a part of Hallowe'en preparations as +plum pudding at Christmas. Probably this +originated from an autumn baking of bread +from the new grain. In Yorkshire each person +gets a triangular seed-cake, and the evening +is called "cake night."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98" href="#Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">An end of wheat-sowing we make for this yeare.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Remember you, therefore, though I do it not,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The seed-cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie-pot."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Tusser</span>: <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, 1580.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Cakes appear also at the vigil of All Souls', +the next day. At a gathering they lie in a +heap for the guests to take. In return they +are supposed to say prayers for the dead.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A Soule-cake, a Soule-cake; have mercy on<br /></span> +<span class="i0">all Christen souls for a Soule-cake."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><i>Old Saying.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The poor in Staffordshire and Shropshire +went about singing for soul-cakes or money, +promising to pray and to spend the alms in +masses for the dead. The cakes were called +Soul-mass or "somas" cakes.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Soul! Soul! for a soul-cake;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">One for Peter, two for Paul,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Three for them who made us all."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Notes and Queries.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>In Dorsetshire Hallowe'en was celebrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99" href="#Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +by the ringing of bells in memory of the dead. +King Henry VIII and later Queen Elizabeth +issued commands against this practice.</p> + +<p>In Lancashire in the early nineteenth century +people used to go about begging for candles +to drive away the gatherings of witches. +If the lights were kept burning till midnight, +no evil influence could remain near.</p> + +<p>In Derbyshire, central England, torches of +straw were carried about the stacks on All +Souls' Eve, not to drive away evil spirits, as +in Scotland, but to light souls through Purgatory.</p> + +<p>Like the Bretons, the English have the superstition +that the dead return on Hallowe'en.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Why do you wait at your door, woman,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Alone in the night?'<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'I am waiting for one who will come, stranger,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To show him a light.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He will see me afar on the road,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And be glad at the sight.'<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Have you no fear in your heart, woman,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To stand there alone?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There is comfort for you and kindly content<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100" href="#Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></span> +<span class="i2">Beside the hearthstone.'<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But she answered, 'No rest can I have<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Till I welcome my own.'<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Is it far he must travel to-night,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">This man of your heart?'<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Strange lands that I know not, and pitiless seas<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Have kept us apart,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And he travels this night to his home<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Without guide, without chart.'<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'And has he companions to cheer him?'<br /></span> +<span class="i2">'Aye, many,' she said.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'The candles are lighted, the hearthstones are swept,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The fires glow red.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We shall welcome them out of the night—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Our home-coming dead.'"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Letts</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;"> +<a href="images/illus-100.jpg" name="WALNUT" id="WALNUT"> +<img src="images/illus-100-tn.jpg" width="281" height="400" class="plain" alt="The Witch of the Walnut-Tree." title="The Witch of the Walnut-Tree." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Witch of the Walnut-Tree.</span></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101" href="#Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>IN WALES</h3> + + +<p>In Wales the custom of fires persisted from +the time of the Druid festival-days longer +than in any other place. First sacrifices were +burned in them; then instead of being burned +to death, the creatures merely passed through +the fire; and with the rise of Christianity fire +was thought to be a protection against the +evil power of the same gods.</p> + +<p>Pontypridd, in South Wales, was the Druid +religious center of Wales. It is still marked +by a stone circle and an altar on a hill. In +after years it was believed that the stones +were people changed to that form by the +power of a witch.</p> + +<p>In North Wales the November Eve fire, +which each family built in the most prominent +place near the house, was called Coel +Coeth. Into the dying fire each member of +the family threw a white stone marked so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102" href="#Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +that he could recognize it again. Circling +about the fire hand-in-hand they said their +prayers and went to bed. In the morning +each searched for his stone, and if he could +not find it, he believed that he would die +within the next twelve months. This is still +credited. There is now the custom also of +watching the fires till the last spark dies, and +instantly rushing down hill, "the devil (or +the cutty black sow) take the hindmost." A +Cardiganshire proverb says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A cutty<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> black sow<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On every stile,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Spinning and carding<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Every Allhallows' Eve."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Short-tailed.</p></div> + +<p>November Eve was called "Nos-Galan-Gaeof," +the night of the winter Calends, that +is, the night before the first day of winter. +To the Welsh it was New Year's Eve.</p> + +<p>Welsh fairy tradition resembles that in the +near-by countries. There is an old story of a +man who lay down to sleep inside a fairy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103" href="#Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +ring, a circle of greener grass where the fairies +danced by night. The fairies carried him +away and kept him seven years, and after he +had been rescued from them he would neither +eat nor speak.</p> + +<p>In the sea was the Otherworld, a</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Green fairy island reposing<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In sunlight and beauty on ocean's calm breast."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Parry</span>: <i>Welsh Melodies.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>This was the abode of the Druids, and hence +of all supernatural beings, who were</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Something betwixt heaven and hell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Something that neither stood nor fell."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>The Monastery.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>As in other countries the fairies or pixies are +to be met at crossroads, where happenings, +such as funerals, may be witnessed weeks before +they really occur.</p> + +<p>At the Hallow Eve supper parsnips and +cakes are eaten, and nuts and apples roasted. +A "puzzling jug" holds the ale. In the rim +are three holes that seem merely ornamental.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104" href="#Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +They are connected with the bottom of the +jug by pipes through the handle, and the unwitting +toper is well drenched unless he is +clever enough to see that he must stop up +two of the holes, and drink through the +third.</p> + +<p>Spells are tried in Wales too with apples +and nuts. There is ducking and snapping +for apples. Nuts are thrown into the fire, +denoting prosperity if they blaze brightly, +misfortune if they pop, or smoulder and turn +black.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Old Pally threw on a nut. It flickered and +then blazed up. Maggee tossed one into the +fire. It smouldered and gave no light."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Marks</span>: <i>All-Hallows Honeymoon.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>Fate is revealed by the three luggies and +the ball of yarn thrown out of the window: +Scotch and Irish charms. The leek takes the +place of the cabbage in Scotland. Since King +Cadwallo decorated his soldiers with leeks for +their valor in a battle by a leek-garden, they +have been held in high esteem in Wales. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105" href="#Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +girl sticks a knife among leeks at Hallowe'en, +and walks backward out of the garden. She +returns later to find that her future husband +has picked up the knife and thrown it into +the center of the leek-bed.</p> + +<p>Taking two long-stemmed roses, a girl goes +to her room in silence. She twines the stems +together, naming one for her sweetheart and +the other for herself, and thinking this +rhyme:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Twine, twine, and intertwine.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let his love be wholly mine.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">If his heart be kind and true,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Deeper grow his rose's hue."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>She can see, by watching closely, her lover's +rose grow darker.</p> + +<p>The sacred ash figures in one charm. The +party of young people seek an even-leaved +sprig of ash. The first who finds one calls +out "cyniver." If a boy calls out first, the +first girl who finds another perfect shoot +bears the name of the boy's future wife.</p> + +<p>Dancing and singing to the music of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106" href="#Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +harp close the evening.</p> + +<p>Instead of leaving stones in the fire to +determine who are to die, people now go to +church to see by the light of a candle held in +the hand the spirits of those marked for +death, or to hear the names called. The +wind "blowing over the feet of the corpses" +howls about the doors of those who will not +be alive next Hallowe'en.</p> + +<p>On the Eve of All Souls' Day, twenty-four +hours after Hallowe'en, children in eastern +Wales go from house to house singing for</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"An apple or a pear, a plum or a cherry,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or any good thing to make us merry."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>It is a time when charity is given freely to +the poor. On this night and the next day, +fires are burned, as in England, to light souls +through Purgatory, and prayers are made for +a good wheat harvest next year by the Welsh, +who keep the forms of religion very devoutly.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107" href="#Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE</h3> + + +<p>The Celts had been taught by their priests +that the soul is immortal. When the body +died the spirit passed instantly into another +existence in a country close at hand. We remember +that the Otherworld of the British +Isles, peopled by the banished Tuatha and all +superhuman beings, was either in caves in the +earth, as in Ireland, or in an island like the +English Avalon. By giving a mortal one of +their magic apples to eat, fairies could entice +him whither they would, and at last away +into their country.</p> + +<p>In the Irish story of Nera (q. v.), the corpse +of the criminal is the cause of Nera's being +lured into the cave. So the dead have the +same power as fairies, and live in the same +place. On May Eve and November Eve the +dead and the fairies hold their revels together +and make excursions together. If a young +person died, he was said to be called away by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108" href="#Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +the fairies. The Tuatha may not have been +a race of gods, but merely the early Celts, who +grew to godlike proportions as the years raised +a mound of lore and legends for their pedestal. +So they might really be only the dead, +and not of superhuman nature.</p> + +<p>In the fourth century <span class="smcap">a. d.</span>, the men of +England were hard pressed by the Picts and +Scots from the northern border, and were +helped in their need by the Teutons. When +this tribe saw the fair country of the Britons +they decided to hold it for themselves. After +they had driven out the northern tribes, in +the fifth century, when King Arthur was +reigning in Cornwall, they drove out those +whose cause they had fought. So the Britons +were scattered to the mountains of Wales, to +Cornwall, and across the Channel to Armorica, +a part of France, which they named +Brittany after their home-land. In lower +Brittany, out of the zone of French influence, +a language something like Welsh or old +British is still spoken, and many of the Celtic +beliefs were retained more untouched than in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109" href="#Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +Britain, not clear of paganism till the seventeenth +century. Here especially did Christianity +have to adapt the old belief to her own +ends.</p> + +<p>Gaul, as we have seen from Cæsar's account, +had been one of the chief seats of Druidical +belief. The religious center was Carnutes, +now Chartrain. The rites of sacrifice survived +in the same forms as in the British +Isles. In the fields of Deux-Sèvres fires were +built of stubble, ferns, leaves, and thorns, and +the people danced about them and burned +nuts in them. On St. John's Day animals +were burned in the fires to secure the cattle +from disease. This was continued down into +the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>The pagan belief that lasted the longest in +Brittany, and is by no means dead yet, was +the cult of the dead. Cæsar said that the +Celts of Gaul traced their ancestry from the +god of death, whom he called Dispater. Now +figures of l'Ankou, a skeleton armed with a +spear, can be seen in most villages of Brittany. +This mindfulness of death was strengthened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110" href="#Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +by the sight of the prehistoric cairns of stones +on hilltops, the ancient altars of the Druids, +and dolmens, formed of one flat rock resting +like a roof on two others set up on end with +a space between them, ancient tombs; and by +the Bretons being cut off from the rest of +France by the nature of the country, and shut +in among the uplands, black and misty in +November, and blown over by chill Atlantic +winds. Under a seeming dull indifference +and melancholy the Bretons conceal a lively +imagination, and no place has a greater +wealth of legendary literature.</p> + +<p>What fairies, dwarfs, pixies, and the like +are to the Celts of other places, the spirits of +the dead are to the Celts of Brittany. They +possess the earth on Christmas, St. John's +Day, and All Saints'. In Finistère, that +western point of France, there is a saying that +on the Eve of All Souls' "there are more +dead in every house than sands on the shore." +The dead have the power to charm mortals +and take them away, and to foretell the future. +They must not be spoken of directly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111" href="#Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +any more than the fairies of the Scottish +border, or met with, for fear of evil results.</p> + +<p>By the Bretons of the sixth century the +near-by island of Britain, which they could +just see on clear days, was called the Otherworld. +An historian, Procopius, tells how the +people nearest Britain were exempted from +paying tribute to the Franks, because they +were subject to nightly summons to ferry the +souls of the dead across in their boats, and deliver +them into the hands of the keeper of +souls. Farther inland a black bog seemed to +be the entrance to an otherworld underground. +One location which combined the +ideas of an island and a cave was a city buried +in the sea. The people imagined they could +hear the bells of Ker-Is ringing, and joyous +music sounding, for though this was a city +of the dead, it resembled the fairy palaces of +Ireland, and was ruled by King Grallon and +his fair daughter Dahut, who could lure +mortals away by her beauty and enchantments.</p> + +<p>The approach of winter is believed to drive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112" href="#Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +like the flocks, the souls of the dead from +their cold cheerless graves to the food and +warmth of home. This is why November +Eve, the night before the first day of winter, +was made sacred to them.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"When comes the harvest of the year<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Before the scythe the wheat will fall."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Botrel</span>: <i>Songs of Brittany.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The harvest-time reminded the Bretons of the +garnering by that reaper, Death. On November +Eve milk is poured on graves, feasts and +candles set out on the tables, and fires lighted +on the hearths to welcome the spirits of departed +kinsfolk and friends.</p> + +<p>In France from the twelfth to the fourteenth +century stone buildings like lighthouses were +erected in cemeteries. They were twenty or +thirty feet high, with lanterns on top. On +Hallowe'en they were kept burning to safeguard +the people from the fear of night-wandering +spirits and the dead, so they were +called "lanternes des morts."</p> + +<p>The cemetery is the social center of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113" href="#Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +Breton village. It is at once meeting-place, +playground, park, and church. The tombs +that outline the hills make the place seem +one vast cemetery. On All Souls' Eve in the +mid-nineteenth century the "procession of +tombs" was held. All formed a line and +walked about the cemetery, calling the names +of those who were dead, as they approached +their resting-places. The record was carefully +remembered, so that not one should seem to +be forgotten.</p> + +<p>"We live with our dead," say the Bretons. +First on the Eve of All Souls' comes the religious +service, "black vespers." The blessedness +of death is praised, the sorrows and +shortness of life dwelt upon. After a common +prayer all go out to the cemetery to pray +separately, each by the graves of his kin, or to +the "place of bones," where the remains of +those long dead are thrown all together in +one tomb. They can be seen behind gratings, +by the people as they pass, and rows of skulls +at the sides of the entrance can be touched. +In these tombs are Latin inscriptions meaning:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114" href="#Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +"Remember thou must die," "To-day to +me, and to-morrow to thee," and others reminding +the reader of his coming death.</p> + +<p>From the cemetery the people go to a house +or an inn which is the gathering-place for the +night, singing or talking loudly on the road +to warn the dead who are hastening home, +lest they may meet. Reunions of families +take place on this night, in the spirit of the +Roman feast of the dead, the Feralia, of which +Ovid wrote:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"After the visit to the tombs and to the ancestors +who are no longer with us, it is pleasant +to turn towards the living; after the loss of so +many, it is pleasant to behold those who remain +of our blood, and to reckon up the generations +of our descendants."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<i>Fasti.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>A toast is drunk to the memory of the departed. +The men sit about the fireplace smoking +or weaving baskets; the women apart, +knitting or spinning by the light of the fire +and one candle. The children play with +their gifts of apples and nuts. As the hour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115" href="#Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +grows later, and mysterious noises begin to +be heard about the house, and a curtain sways +in a draught, the thoughts of the company +already centred upon the dead find expression +in words, and each has a tale to tell of +an adventure with some friend or enemy who +has died.</p> + +<p>The dead are thought to take up existence +where they left it off, working at the same +trades, remembering their old debts, likes and +dislikes, even wearing the same clothes they +wore in life. Most of them stay not in +some distant, definite Otherworld, but frequent +the scenes of their former life. They never +trespass upon daylight, and it is dangerous to +meet them at night, because they are very +ready to punish any slight to their memory, +such as selling their possessions or forgetting +the hospitality due them. L'Ankou will +come to get a supply of shavings if the coffins +are not lined with them to make a softer +resting-place for the dead bodies.</p> + +<p>The lively Celtic imagination turns the +merest coincidence into an encounter with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116" href="#Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +spirit, and the poetic temperament of the +narrators clothes the stories with vividness +and mystery. They tell how the presence of +a ghost made the midsummer air so cold that +even wood did not burn, and of groans and +footsteps underground as long as the ghost is +displeased with what his relatives are doing.</p> + +<p>Just before midnight a bell-man goes about +the streets to give warning of the hour when +the spirits will arrive.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"They will sit where we sat, and will talk of +us as we talked of them: in the gray of the +morning only will they go away."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Le Braz</span>: <i>Night of the Dead.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>The supper for the souls is then set out. +The poor who live in the mountains have +only black corn, milk, and smoked bacon to +offer, but it is given freely. Those who can +afford it spread on a white cloth dishes of +clotted milk, hot pancakes, and mugs of +cider.</p> + +<p>After all have retired to lie with both eyes +shut tight lest they see one of the guests,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117" href="#Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +death-singers make their rounds, chanting +under the windows:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"You are comfortably lying in your bed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But with the poor dead it is otherwise;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">You are stretched softly in your bed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While the poor souls are wandering abroad.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"A white sheet and five planks,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A bundle of straw beneath the head,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Five feet of earth above<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are all the worldly goods we own."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Le Braz</span>: <i>Night of the Dead.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>The tears of their deserted friends disturb the +comfort of the dead, and sometimes they appear +to tell those in sorrow that their shrouds +are always wet from the tears shed on their +graves.</p> + +<p>Wakened by the dirge of the death-singers +the people rise and pray for the souls of the +departed.</p> + +<p>Divination has little part in the annals of +the evening, but one in Finistère is recorded. +Twenty-five new needles are laid in a dish, +and named, and water is poured upon them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118" href="#Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +Those who cross are enemies.</p> + +<p>In France is held a typical Continental +celebration of All Saints' and All Souls'. On +October 31st the children go asking for flowers +to decorate the graves, and to adorn the +church. At night bells ring to usher in All +Saints'. On the day itself the churches are +decorated gaily with flowers, candles, and +banners, and a special service is held. On +the second day of November the light and +color give way to black drapings, funeral +songs, and prayers.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119" href="#Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES</h3> + + +<p>The Teutons, that race of northern peoples +called by the Romans, "barbarians," comprised +the Goths and Vandals who lived in +Scandinavia, and the Germans who dwelt +north of Italy and east of Gaul.</p> + +<p>The nature of the northern country was +such that the people could not get a living by +peaceful agriculture. So it was natural that +in the intervals of cattle-tending they should +explore the seas all about, and ravage neighboring +lands. The Romans and the Gauls +experienced this in the centuries just before +and after Christ, and England from the eighth +to the tenth centuries. Such a life made the +Norsemen adventurous, hardy, warlike, independent, +and quick of action, while the Celts +were by nature more slothful and fond of +peaceful social gatherings, though of quicker +intellect and wit.</p> + +<p>Like the Greeks and Romans, the Teutons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120" href="#Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +had twelve gods and goddesses, among whom +were Odin or Wotan, the king, and his wife +Freya, queen of beauty and love. Idun +guarded the apples of immortality, which the +gods ate to keep them eternally young. The +chief difference in Teutonic mythology was +the presence of an evil god, Loki. Like Vulcan, +Loki was a god of fire, like him, Loki was +lame because he had been cast out of heaven. +Loki was always plotting against the other +gods, as Lucifer, after being banished from +Heaven by God, plotted against him and his +people, and became Satan, "the enemy."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"Him the Almighty Power<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With hideous ruin and combustion down<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To bottomless perdition, there to dwell<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In adamantine chains and penal fire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Paradise Lost.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>It was this god of evil in Teutonic myth +who was responsible for the death of the +bright beautiful sun-god, Baldur. Mistletoe +was the only thing in the world which had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121" href="#Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +not sworn not to harm Baldur. Loki knew +this, and gave a twig of mistletoe to Baldur's +blind brother, Hodur, and Hodur cast it at +Baldur and "unwitting slew" him. Vali, a +younger brother of Baldur, avenged him by +killing Hodur. Hodur is darkness and Baldur +light; they are brothers; the light falls a +victim to blind darkness, who reigns until a +younger brother, the sun of the next day, +rises to slay him in turn.</p> + +<p>Below these gods, all nature was peopled +with divinities. There were elves of two +kinds: black elves, called trolls, who were +frost-spirits, and guarded treasure (seeds) in +the ground; and white elves, who lived in +mid-heaven, and danced on the earth in fairy +rings, where a mortal entering died. Will-o'-the-wisps +hovered over swamps to mislead +travellers, and jack-o'-lanterns, the spirits of +murderers, walked the earth near the places +of their crimes.</p> + +<p>The Otherworlds of the Teutons were Valhalla, +the abode of the heroes whom death +had found on the battlefield, and Niflheim,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122" href="#Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +"the misty realm," secure from the cold outside, +ruled over by Queen Hel. Valkyries, +warlike women who rode through the air on +swift horses, seized the heroes from the field +of slaughter, and took them to the halls of +Valhalla, where they enjoyed daily combats, +long feasts, and drinking-bouts, music and +story-telling.</p> + +<p>The sacred tree of the Druids was the oak; +that of the Teutonic priests the ash. The flat +disk of the earth was believed to be supported +by a great ash-tree, Yggdrasil,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"An ash know I standing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Named Yggdrasil,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A stately tree sprinkled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With water the purest;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thence come the dewdrops<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That fall in the dales;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ever-blooming, it stands<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O'er the Urdar-fountain."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><i>Völuspa saga.</i> (Blackwell <i>trans.</i>)<br /> +</p> + +<p>guarded by three fates, Was, Will, and Shall +Be. The name of Was means the past, of +Will, the power, howbeit small, which men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123" href="#Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +have over present circumstances, and Shall +Be, the future over which man has no control. +Vurdh, the name of the latter, gives us +the word "weird," which means fate or fateful. +The three Weird Sisters in <i>Macbeth</i> are +seeresses.</p> + +<p>Besides the ash, other trees and shrubs were +believed to have peculiar powers, which they +have kept, with some changes of meaning, to +this day. The elder (elves' grave), the hawthorn, +and the juniper, were sacred to supernatural +powers.</p> + +<p>The priests of the Teutons sacrificed prisoners +of war in consecrated groves, to Tyr, +god of the sword. The victims were not +burned alive, as by the Druids, but cut and +torn terribly, and their dead bodies burned. +From these sacrifices auspices were taken. A +man's innocence or guilt was manifested by +gods to men through ordeals by fire; walking +upon red-hot ploughshares, holding a heated +bar of iron, or thrusting the hands into red-hot +gauntlets, or into boiling water. If after +a certain number of days no burns appeared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124" href="#Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +the person was declared innocent. If a suspected +man, thrown into the water, floated +he was guilty; if he sank, he was acquitted.</p> + +<p>The rites of the Celts were done in secret, +and it was forbidden that they be written +down. Those of the Teutons were commemorated +in Edda and Saga (poetry and prose).</p> + +<p>In the far north the shortness of summer +and the length of winter so impressed the +people that when they made a story about it +they told of a maiden, the Spring, put to +sleep, and guarded, along with a hoard of +treasure, by a ring of fire. One knight only +could break through the flames, awaken her +and seize the treasure. He is the returning +sun, and the treasure he gets possession of is +the wealth of summer vegetation. So there +is the story of Brynhild, pricked by the +"sleep-thorn" of her father, Wotan, and +sleeping until Sigurd wakens her. They +marry, but soon Sigurd has to give her up to +Gunnar, the relentless winter, and Gunnar +cannot rest until he has killed Sigurd, and +reigns undisturbed. Grimms' story of Rapunzel,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125" href="#Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +the princess who was shut up by a +winter witch, and of Briar-Rose, pricked by a +witch's spindle, and sleeping inside a hedge +which blooms with spring at the knight's approach, +mean likewise the struggle between +summer and winter.</p> + +<p>The chief festivals of the Teutonic year were +held at Midsummer and Midwinter. May-Day, +the very beginning of spring, was celebrated +by May-ridings, when winter and +spring, personified by two warriors, engaged +in a combat in which Winter, the fur-clad +king of ice and snow, was defeated. It was +then that the sacred fire had been kindled, +and the sacrificial feast held. Judgments +were rendered then.</p> + +<p>The summer solstice was marked by bonfires, +like those of the Celts on May Eve and +Midsummer. They were kindled in an open +place or on a hill, and the ceremonies held +about them were similar to the Celtic. As +late as the eighteenth century these same +customs were observed in Iceland.</p> + +<p>A May-pole wreathed with magical herbs is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126" href="#Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +erected as the center of the dance in Sweden, +and in Norway a child chosen May-bride is +followed by a procession as at a real wedding. +This is a symbol of the wedding of sun +and earth deities in the spring. The May-pole, +probably imported from Celtic countries, +is used at Midsummer because the spring +does not begin in the north before June.</p> + +<p>Yule-tide in December celebrated the sun's +turning back, and was marked by banquets +and gayety. A chief feature of all these +feasts was the drinking of toasts to the gods, +with vows and prayers.</p> + +<p>By the sixth century Christianity had supplanted +Druidism in the British Isles. It was +the ninth before Christianity made much progress +in Scandinavia. After King Olaf had +converted his nation, the toasts which had +been drunk to the pagan gods were kept in +honor of Christian saints; for instance, those +to Freya were now drunk to the Virgin Mary +or to St. Gertrude.</p> + +<p>The "wetting of the sark-sleeve," that +custom of Scotland and Ireland, was in its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127" href="#Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +earliest form a rite to Freya as the northern +goddess of love. To secure her aid in a love-affair, +a maid would wash in a running stream +a piece of fine linen—for Freya was fond of +personal adornment—and would hang it before +the fire to dry an hour before midnight. +At half-past eleven she must turn it, and at +twelve her lover's apparition would appear to +her, coming in at the half-open door.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The wind howled through the leafless +boughs, and there was every appearance of an +early and severe winter, as indeed befell. Long +before eleven o'clock all was hushed and quiet +within the house, and indeed without (nothing +was heard), except the cold wind which howled +mournfully in gusts. The house was an old +farmhouse, and we sat in the large kitchen with +its stone floor, awaiting the first stroke of the +eleventh hour. It struck at last, and then all +pale and trembling we hung the garment before +the fire which we had piled up with wood, and +set the door ajar, for that was an essential point. +The door was lofty and opened upon the farmyard, +through which there was a kind of +thoroughfare, very seldom used, it is true, and +at each end of it there was a gate by which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128" href="#Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +wayfarers occasionally passed to shorten the +way. There we sat without speaking a word, +shivering with cold and fear, listening to the +clock which went slowly, tick, tick, and occasionally +starting as the door creaked on its +hinges, or a half-burnt billet fell upon the +hearth. My sister was ghastly white, as white +as the garment which was drying before the +fire. And now half an hour had elapsed and +it was time to turn.... This we did, +I and my sister, without saying a word, and +then we again sank on our chairs on either +side of the fire. I was tired, and as the clock +went tick-a-tick, I began to feel myself dozing. +I did doze, I believe. All of a sudden I sprang +up. The clock was striking one, two, but ere it +could give the third chime, mercy upon us! we +heard the gate slam to with a tremendous +noise...."</p> + +<p>"Well, and what happened then?"</p> + +<p>"Happened! before I could recover myself, +my sister had sprung to the door, and both +locked and bolted it. The next moment she +was in convulsions. I scarcely knew what happened; +and yet it appeared to me for a moment +that something pressed against the door with a +low moaning sound. Whether it was the wind +or not, I can't say. I shall never forget that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129" href="#Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +night. About two hours later, my father came +home. He had been set upon by a highwayman +whom he beat off."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Borrow</span>: <i>Lavengro</i>. +</p></div> + +<p>Freya and Odin especially had had power +over the souls of the dead. When Christianity +turned all the old gods into spirits of +evil, these two were accused especially of possessing +unlawful learning, as having knowledge +of the hidden matters of death. This +unlawful wisdom is the first accusation that +has always been brought against witches. A +mirror is often used to contain it. Such are +the crystals of the astrologers, and the looking-glasses +which on Hallowe'en materialize +wishes.</p> + +<p>From that time in the Middle Ages when +witches were first heard of, it has nearly +always been women who were accused. +Women for the most part were the priests in +the old days: it was a woman to whom +Apollo at Delphi breathed his oracles. In all +times it has been women who plucked herbs +and concocted drinks of healing and refreshment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130" href="#Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +So it was very easy to imagine that +they experimented with poisons and herbs of +magic power under the guidance of the now +evil gods. If they were so directed, they +must go on occasions to consult with their +masters. The idea arose of a witches' Sabbath, +when women were enabled by evil +means to fly away, and adore in secret the +gods from whom the rest of the world had +turned. There were such meeting-places all +over Europe. They had been places of sacrifice, +of judgment, or of wells and springs considered +holy under the old religion, and +whither the gods had now been banished. +The most famous was the Blocksberg in the +Hartz mountains in Germany.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Dame Baubo first, to lead the crew!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A tough old sow and the mother thereon,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then follow the witches, every one."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Goethe</span>: <i>Faust.</i> (Taylor <i>trans.</i>)<br /> +</p> + +<p>In Norway the mountains above Bergen were +a resort, and the Dovrefeld, once the home of +the trolls.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">"It's easy to slip in here,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131" href="#Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">But outward the Dovre-King's gate opens not."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Ibsen</span>: <i>Peer Gynt</i>. (Archer <i>trans.</i>)<br /> +</p> + +<p>In Italy the witches met under a walnut tree +near Benevento; in France, in Puy de Dome; +in Spain, near Seville.</p> + +<p>In these night-ridings Odin was the leader +of a wild hunt. In stormy, blustering autumn +weather</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The wonted roar was up among the woods."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Comus</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Odin rode in pursuit of shadowy deer with +the Furious Host behind him. A ghostly +huntsman of a later age was Dietrich von +Bern, doomed to hunt till the Judgment Day.</p> + +<p>Frau Venus in Wagner's <i>Tannhäuser</i> held +her revels in an underground palace in the +Horselberg in Thuringia, Germany. This +was one of the seats of Holda, the goddess of +spring. Venus herself is like the Christian +conception of Freya and Hel. She gathers +about her a throng of nymphs, sylphs, and +those she has lured into the mountain by intoxicating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132" href="#Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +music and promises. "The enchanting +sounds enticed only those in whose +hearts wild sensuous longings had already +taken root." Of these Tannhäuser is one. +He has stayed a year, but it seems to him +only one day. Already he is tired of the rosy +light and eternal music and languor, and +longs for the fresh green world of action he +once knew. He fears that he has forfeited +his soul's salvation by being there at all, but +cries,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Salvation rests for me in Mary!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Wagner</span>: <i>Tannhäuser</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>At the holy name Venus and her revellers +vanish, and Tannhäuser finds himself in a +meadow, hears the tinkling herd-bells, and a +shepherd's voice singing,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Frau Holda, goddess of the spring,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Steps forth from the mountains old;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She comes, and all the brooklets sing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And fled is winter's cold.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> + * * * * * +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Play, play, my pipe, your lightest lay,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133" href="#Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">For spring has come, and merry May!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><i>Tannhäuser.</i> (Huckel <i>trans.</i>)<br /> +</p> + +<p>praising the goddess in her blameless state.</p> + +<p>By the fifteenth century Satan, taking the +place of the gods, assumed control of the evil +creatures. Now that witches were the followers +of the Devil, they wrote their names +in his book, and were carried away by him +for the revels by night. A new witch was +pricked with a needle to initiate her into his +company. At the party the Devil was adored +with worship due to God alone. Dancing, a +device of the pagans, and hence considered +wholly wicked, was indulged in to unseemly +lengths. In 1883 in Sweden it was believed +that dances were held about the sanctuaries +of the ancient gods, and that whoever +stopped to watch were caught by the dancers +and whirled away. If they profaned holy +days by this dancing, they were doomed to +keep it up for a year.</p> + +<p>At the witches' Sabbath the Devil himself +sometimes appeared as a goat, and the witches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134" href="#Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +were attended by cats, owls, bats, and cuckoos, +because these creatures had once been sacred +to Freya. At the feast horse-flesh, once the +food of the gods at banquets, was eaten. The +broth for the feast was brewed in a kettle +held over the fire by a tripod, like that which +supported the seat of Apollo's priestess at +Delphi. The kettle may be a reminder of the +one Thor got, which gave to each guest whatever +food he asked of it, or it may be merely +that used in brewing the herb-remedies which +women made before they were thought to +practise witchcraft. In the kettle were cooked +mixtures which caused storms and shipwrecks, +plagues, and blights. No salt was +eaten, for that was a wholesome substance.</p> + +<p>The witches of Germany did not have prophetic +power; those of Scandinavia, like the +Norse Fates, did have it. The troll-wives of +Scandinavia were like the witches of Germany—they +were cannibals, especially relishing +children, like the witch in <i>Hansel and Grethel</i>.</p> + +<p>From the fourteenth to the eighteenth century +all through Europe and the new world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135" href="#Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +people thought to be witches, and hence in +the devil's service, were persecuted. It was +believed that they were able to take the form +of beasts. A wolf or other animal is caught +in a trap or shot, and disappears. Later an +old woman who lives alone in the woods is +found suffering from a similar wound. She +is then declared to be a witch.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was once an old castle in the middle +of a vast thick wood; in it lived an old woman +quite alone, and she was a witch. By day she +made herself into a cat or a screech-owl, but +regularly at night she became a human being +again."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Grimm</span>: <i>Jorinda and Joringel</i>. +</p></div> + +<p>"Hares found on May morning are witches +and should be stoned," reads an old superstition. +"If you tease a cat on May Eve, it will +turn into a witch and hurt you."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136" href="#Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>WALPURGIS NIGHT</h3> + + +<p>Walpurga was a British nun who went to +Germany in the eighth century to found holy +houses. After a pious life she was buried at +Eichstatt, where it is said a healing oil +trickled from her rock-tomb. This miracle +reminded men of the fruitful dew which fell +from the manes of the Valkyries' horses, and +when one of the days sacred to her came on +May first, the wedding-day of Frau Holda and +the sun-god, the people thought of her as a +Valkyrie, and identified her with Holda. +As, like a Valkyrie, she rode armed on her +steed, she scattered, like Holda, spring flowers +and fruitful dew upon the fields and vales. +When these deities fell into disrepute, Walpurga +too joined the pagan train that swept +the sky on the eve of May first, and +afterwards on mountain-tops to sacrifice and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137" href="#Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +to adore Holda, as the priests had sacrificed +for a prosperous season and a bountiful harvest.</p> + +<p>So this night was called Walpurgis Night, +when evil beings were abroad, and with them +human worshippers who still guarded the old +faith in secret.</p> + +<p>This is very like the occasion of November +Eve, which shared with May first Celtic manifestations +of evil. Witches complete the list +of supernatural beings which are out on Hallowe'en. +All are to be met at crossroads, with +harm to the beholders. A superstition goes, +that if one wishes to see witches, he must put +on his clothes wrong side out, and creep backward +to a crossroads, or wear wild radish, on +May Eve.</p> + +<p>On Walpurgis Night precaution must be +taken against witches who may harm cattle. +The stable doors are locked and sealed with +three crosses. Sprigs of ash, hawthorn, juniper, +and elder, once sacred to the pagan gods, +are now used as a protection against them. +Horseshoes are nailed prongs up on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138" href="#Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +threshold or over the door. Holy bells are +hung on the cows to scare away the witches, +and they are guided to pasture by a goad +which has been blessed. Shots are fired over +the cornfield. If one wishes, he may hide in +the corn and hear what will happen for a +year.</p> + +<p>Signs and omens on Walpurgis Night have +more weight than at other times except on St. +John's Day.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"On Walpurgis Night rain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Makes good crops of autumn grain,"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>but rain on May Day is harmful to them.</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;"> +<a href="images/illus-138.jpg" name="DANCE" id="DANCE"> +<img src="images/illus-138-tn.jpg" width="307" height="400" class="plain" alt="The Witches' Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.) From Painting by Von Kreling." title="The Witches' Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.) From Painting by Von Kreling." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Witches' Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.)</span><br /><i>From Painting by Von Kreling.</i></span> +</div> + +<p>Lovers try omens on this eve, as they do in +Scotland on Hallowe'en. If you sleep with +one stocking on, you will find on May morning +in the toe a hair the color of your sweetheart's. +Girls try to find out the temperament +of their husbands-to-be by keeping a +linen thread for three days near an image of +the Madonna, and at midnight on May Eve +pulling it apart, saying:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Thread, I pull thee;<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139" href="#Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Walpurga, I pray thee,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That thou show to me<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What my husband's like to be."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>They judge of his disposition by the thread's +being strong or easily broken, soft or tightly +woven.</p> + +<p>Dew on the morning of May first makes +girls who wash in it beautiful.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The fair maid who on the first of May<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Goes to the fields at break of day<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Will ever after handsome be."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><i>Encyclopedia of Superstitions.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>A heavy dew on this morning presages a good +"butter-year." You will find fateful initials +printed in dew on a handkerchief that has +been left out all the night of April thirtieth. +On May Day girls invoke the cuckoo:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Cuckoo! cuckoo! on the bough,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tell me truly, tell me how<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Many years there will be<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till a husband comes to me."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Then they count the calls of the cuckoo until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140" href="#Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +he pauses again.</p> + +<p>If a man wears clothes made of yarn spun +on Walpurgis Night to the May-shooting, he +will always hit the bull's-eye, for the Devil +gives away to those he favors, "freikugeln," +bullets which always hit the mark.</p> + +<p>On Walpurgis Night as on Hallowe'en +strange things may happen to one. Zschokke +tells a story of a Walpurgis Night dream that +is more a vision than a dream. Led to be +unfaithful to his wife, a man murders the +husband of a former sweetheart; to escape +capture he fires a haystack, from which a +whole village is kindled. In his flight he +enters an empty carriage, and drives away +madly, crushing the owner under the wheels. +He finds that the dead man is his own brother. +Faced by the person whom he believes to be +the Devil, responsible for his misfortunes, the +wretched man is ready to worship him if he +will protect him. He finds that the seeming +Devil is in reality his guardian-angel who +sent him this dream that he might learn the +depths of wickedness lying unfathomed in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141" href="#Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +heart, waiting an opportunity to burst out.</p> + +<p>Both May Eve and St. John's Eve are times +of freedom and unrestraint. People are filled +with a sort of madness which makes them +unaccountable for their deeds.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"For you see, pastor, within every one of us +a spark of paganism is glowing. It has outlasted +the thousand years since the old Teutonic +times. Once a year it flames up high, and we +call it St. John's Fire. Once a year comes Free-night. +Yes, truly, Free-night. Then the witches, +laughing scornfully, ride to Blocksberg, upon +the mountain-top, on their broomsticks, the +same broomsticks with which at other times +their witchcraft is whipped out of them,—then +the whole wild company skims along the forest +way,—and then the wild desires awaken in our +hearts which life has not fulfilled."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Sudermann</span>: <i>St. John's Fire</i>. (Porter <i>trans.</i>) +</p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142" href="#Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND +CUSTOMS</h3> + +<p>Only the Celts and the Teutons celebrate +an occasion actually like our Hallowe'en. +The countries of southern Europe make of it +a religious vigil, like that already described +in France.</p> + +<p>In Italy on the night of All Souls', the +spirits of the dead are thought to be abroad, +as in Brittany. They may mingle with living +people, and not be remarked. The +<i>Miserere</i> is heard in all the cities. As the +people pass dressed in black, bells are rung +on street corners to remind them to pray for +the souls of the dead. In Naples the skeletons +in the funeral vaults are dressed up, and the +place visited on All Souls' Day. In Salerno +before the people go to the all-night service at +church they set out a banquet for the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143" href="#Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +If any food is left in the morning, evil is in +store for the house.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Hark! Hark to the wind! 'T is the night, they say,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When all souls come back from the far away—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The dead, forgotten this many a day!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"And the dead remembered—ay! long and well—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the little children whose spirits dwell<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In God's green garden of asphodel.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Have you reached the country of all content,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O souls we know, since the day you went<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From this time-worn world, where your years were spent?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Would you come back to the sun and the rain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sweetness, the strife, the thing we call pain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And then unravel life's tangle again?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I lean to the dark—Hush!—was it a sigh?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or the painted vine-leaves that rustled by?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or only a night-bird's echoing cry?"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Sheard</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>In Malta bells are rung, prayers said, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144" href="#Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +mourning worn on All Souls' Day. Graves +are decorated, and the inscriptions on tombs +read and reread. For the poor is prepared an +All Souls' dinner, as cakes are given to the +poor in England and Wales. The custom of +decorating graves with flowers and offering +flowers to the dead comes from the crowning +of the dead by the ancients with short-lived +blooms, to signify the brevity of life.</p> + +<p>In Spain at dark on Hallowe'en cakes and +nuts are laid on graves to bribe the spirits not +to disturb the vigils of the saints.</p> + +<p>In Germany the graves of the dead are +decorated with flowers and lights, on the first +and second of November. To drive away +ghosts from a church a key or a wand must +be struck three times against a bier. An All +Souls' divination in Germany is a girl's going +out and asking the first young man she meets +his name. Her husband's will be like it. If +she walks thrice about a church and makes a +wish, she will see it fulfilled.</p> + +<p>Belgian children build shrines in front of +their homes with figures of the Madonna and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145" href="#Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +candles, and beg for money to buy cakes. As +many cakes as one eats, so many souls he +frees from Purgatory.</p> + +<p>The races of northern Europe believed that +the dead returned, and were grieved at the +lamentations of their living relatives. The +same belief was found in Brittany, and among +the American Indians.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Think of this, O Hiawatha!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Speak of it to all the people,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That henceforward and forever<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They no more with lamentations<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sadden souls of the departed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the Islands of the Blessèd."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Hiawatha</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>The Chinese fear the dead and the dragons +of the air. They devote the first three weeks +in April to visiting the graves of their ancestors, +and laying baskets of offerings on +them. The great dragon, Feng-Shin, flies +scattering blessings upon the houses. His +path is straight, unless he meets with some +building. Then he turns aside, and the +owner of the too lofty edifice misses the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146" href="#Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +blessing.</p> + +<p>At Nikko, Japan, where there are many +shrines to the spirits of the dead, masques are +held to entertain the ghosts who return on +Midsummer Day. Every street is lined with +lighted lanterns, and the spirits are sent back +to the otherworld in straw boats lit with +lanterns, and floated down the river. To see +ghosts in Japan one must put one hundred +rush-lights into a large lantern, and repeat +one hundred lines of poetry, taking one light +out at the end of each line; or go out into +the dark with one light and blow it out. +Ghosts are identified with witches. They +come back especially on moonlit nights.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"On moonlight nights, when the coast-wind +whispers in the branches of the tree, O-Matsue +and Teoyo may sometimes be seen, with bamboo +rakes in their hands, gathering together the +needles of the fir."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Rinder</span>: <i>Great Fir-Tree of Takasago.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>There is a Chinese saying that a mirror is +the soul of a woman. A pretty story is told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147" href="#Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +of a girl whose mother before she died gave +her a mirror, saying:</p> + +<p>"Now after I am dead, if you think longingly +of me, take out the thing that you +will find inside this box, and look at it. +When you do so my spirit will meet yours, +and you will be comforted." When she was +lonely or her stepmother was harsh with her, +the girl went to her room and looked earnestly +into the mirror. She saw there only +her own face, but it was so much like her +mother's that she believed it was hers indeed, +and was consoled. When the stepmother +learned what it was her daughter cherished +so closely, her heart softened toward the +lonely girl, and her life was made easier.</p> + +<p>By the Arabs spirits were called Djinns (or +genii). They came from fire, and looked +like men or beasts. They might be good or +evil, beautiful or horrible, and could disappear +from mortal sight at will. Nights when they +were abroad, it behooved men to stay under +cover.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Ha! They are on us, close without!<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148" href="#Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></span> +<span class="i2">Shut tight the shelter where we lie;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With hideous din the monster rout,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dragon and vampire, fill the sky."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hugo</span>: <i>The Djinns.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/illus-148.jpg" name="FORTUNE" id="FORTUNE"> +<img src="images/illus-148-tn.jpg" width="400" height="273" class="plain" alt="Fortune-Telling." title="Fortune-Telling." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fortune-Telling.</span></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149" href="#Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA</h3> + + +<p>In Colonial days Hallowe'en was not celebrated +much in America. Some English still +kept the customs of the old world, such as +apple-ducking and snapping, and girls tried +the apple-paring charm to reveal their lovers' +initials, and the comb-and-mirror test to see +their faces. Ballads were sung and ghost-stories +told, for the dead were thought to return +on Hallowe'en.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was a young officer in Phips's company +at the time of the finding of the Spanish +treasure-ship, who had gone mad at the sight of +the bursting sacks that the divers had brought +up from the sea, as the gold coins covered the +deck. This man had once lived in the old stone +house on the 'faire greene lane,' and a report +had gone out that his spirit still visited it, and +caused discordant noises. Once ... on a +gusty November evening, when the clouds were +scudding over the moon, a hall-door had blown +open with a shrieking draft and a force that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150" href="#Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +caused the floor to tremble."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Butterworth</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Reformation.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>Elves, goblins, and fairies are native on +American soil. The Indians believed in evil +<i>manitous</i>, some of whom were water-gods who +exacted tribute from all who passed over their +lakes. Henry Hudson and his fellow-explorers +haunted as mountain-trolls the Catskill +range. Like Ossian and so many other +visitors to the Otherworld, Rip Van Winkle +is lured into the strange gathering, thinks +that he passes the night there, wakes, and +goes home to find that twenty years have +whitened his hair, rusted his gun, and +snatched from life many of his boon-companions.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"My gun must have cotched the rheumatix +too. Now that's too bad. Them fellows have +gone and stolen my good gun, and leave me this +rusty old barrel.</p> + +<p>"Why, is that the village of Falling Waters +that I see? Why, the place is more than twice +the size it was last night—I——</p> + +<p>"I don't know whether I am dreaming, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151" href="#Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +sleeping, or waking."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Jefferson</span>: <i>Rip Van Winkle</i>.<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>The persecution of witches, prevalent in +Europe, reached this side of the Atlantic in +the seventeenth century.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This sudden burst of wickedness and crime<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was but the common madness of the time,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When in all lands, that lie within the sound<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Sabbath bells, a witch was burned or drowned."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Men and women who had enemies to accuse +them of evil knowledge and the power to +cause illness in others, were hanged or pressed +to death by heavy weights. Such sicknesses +they could cause by keeping a waxen image, +and sticking pins or nails into it, or melting +it before the fire. The person whom they +hated would be in torture, or would waste +away like the waxen doll. Witches' power +to injure and to prophesy came from the +Devil, who marked them with a needle-prick. +Such marks were sought as evidence at trials.</p> + +<p>"Witches' eyes are coals of fire from the pit."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152" href="#Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +They were attended by black cats, owls, bats, +and toads.</p> + +<p>Iron, as being a product of fire, was a protection +against them, as against evil spirits +everywhere. It had especial power when in +the shape of a horseshoe.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This horseshoe will I nail upon the threshold.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There, ye night-hags and witches that torment<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The neighborhood, ye shall not enter here."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>The holiday-time of elves, witches, and +ghosts is Hallowe'en. It is not believed in +here except by some children, who people the +dark with bogies who will carry them away +if they are naughty.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Onc't they was a little boy wouldn't say his prayers—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' when he went to bed at night, away upstairs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His mammy heerd him holler, an' his daddy heerd him bawl,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wasn't there at all!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an' press,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153" href="#Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span><br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' seeked him up the chimbley-flue, an' ever'wheres, I guess;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you, ef you don't watch out!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Riley</span>: <i>Little Orphant Annie.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p>Negroes are very superstitious, putting faith +in all sorts of supernatural beings.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Blame my trap! how de wind do blow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And dis is das de night for de witches, sho!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dey's trouble going to waste when de ole slut whine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' you hear de cat a-spittin' when de moon don't shine."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Riley</span>: <i>When de Folks is Gone</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>While the original customs of Hallowe'en +are being forgotten more and more across the +ocean, Americans have fostered them, and are +making this an occasion something like what +it must have been in its best days overseas. +All Hallowe'en customs in the United States +are borrowed directly or adapted from those +of other countries. All superstitions, everyday<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154" href="#Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +ones, and those pertaining to Christmas +and New Year's, have special value on Hallowe'en.</p> + +<p>It is a night of ghostly and merry revelry. +Mischievous spirits choose it for carrying off +gates and other objects, and hiding them or +putting them out of reach.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dear me, Polly, I wonder what them boys +will be up to to-night. I do hope they'll not put +the gate up on the shed as they did last year."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Wright</span>: <i>Tom's Hallowe'en Joke</i>. +</p></div> + +<p>Bags filled with flour sprinkle the passers-by. +Door-bells are rung and mysterious raps +sounded on doors, things thrown into halls, +and knobs stolen. Such sports mean no more +at Hallowe'en than the tricks played the +night before the Fourth of July have to do +with the Declaration of Independence. We +see manifested on all such occasions the spirit +of "Free-night" of which George von Hartwig +speaks so enthusiastically in <i>St. John's +Fire</i> (page 141).</p> + +<p>Hallowe'en parties are the real survival of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155" href="#Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +the ancient merrymakings. They are prepared +for in secret. Guests are not to divulge +the fact that they are invited. Often they +come masked, as ghosts or witches.</p> + +<p>The decorations make plain the two elements +of the festival. For the centerpiece of +the table there may be a hollowed pumpkin, +filled with apples and nuts and other fruits of +harvest, or a pumpkin-chariot drawn by field-mice. +So it is clear that this is a harvest-party, +like Pomona's feast. In the coach rides +a witch, representing the other element, of +magic and prophecy. Jack-o'-lanterns, with +which the room is lighted, are hollowed +pumpkins with candles inside. The candle-light +shines through holes cut like features. +So the lantern becomes a bogy, and is held up +at a window to frighten those inside. Corn-stalks +from the garden stand in clumps about +the room. A frieze of witches on broomsticks, +with cats, bats, and owls surmounts the +fireplace, perhaps. A full moon shines over +all, and a caldron on a tripod holds fortunes +tied in nut-shells. The prevailing colors are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156" href="#Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +yellow and black: a deep yellow is the color +of most ripe grain and fruit; black stands for +black magic and demoniac influence. Ghosts +and skulls and cross-bones, symbols of death, +startle the beholder. Since Hallowe'en is a +time for lovers to learn their fate, hearts and +other sentimental tokens are used to good +effect, as the Scotch lads of Burns's time wore +love-knots.</p> + +<p>Having marched to the dining-room to the +time of a dirge, the guests find before them +plain, hearty fare; doughnuts, gingerbread, +cider, popcorn, apples, and nuts honored by +time. The Hallowe'en cake has held the +place of honor since the beginning here in +America. A ring, key, thimble, penny, and +button baked in it foretell respectively speedy +marriage, a journey, spinsterhood, wealth, +and bachelorhood.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Polly was going to be married, Jennie was +going on a long journey, and you—down went +the knife against something hard. The girls +crowded round. You had a hurt in your throat, +and there, there, in your slice, was the horrid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157" href="#Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +hateful, big brass thimble. It was more than +you could bear—soaking, dripping wet, and an +old maid!"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Bradley</span>: <i>Different Party</i>. +</p></div> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/illus-156a.jpg" name="W_TABLE" id="W_TABLE"> +<img src="images/illus-156a-tn.jpg" width="200" height="189" class="plain" alt="A Witch Table." title="A Witch Table." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Witch Table.</span></span> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/illus-156b.jpg"> +<img src="images/illus-156b-tn.jpg" width="200" height="157" class="plain" alt="An Owl Table. Hallowe'en Tables, I." title="An Owl Table. Hallowe'en Tables, I." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Owl Table.<br />Hallowe'en Tables, I.</span></span> +</div> + +<p>The kitchen is the best place for the rough +games and after-supper charms.</p> + +<p>On the stems of the apples which are to be +dipped for may be tied names; for the boys +in one tub, for the girls in another. Each +searcher of the future must draw out with his +teeth an apple with a name which will be +like that of his future mate.</p> + +<p>A variation of the Irish snap-apple is a +hoop hung by strings from the ceiling, round +which at intervals are placed bread, apples, +cakes, peppers, candies, and candles. The +strings are twisted, then let go, and as the +hoop revolves, each may step up and get a +bite from whatever comes to him. By the +taste he determines what the character of his +married life will be,—whether wholesome, +acid, soft, fiery, or sweet. Whoever bites the +candle is twice unfortunate, for he must pay +a forfeit too. An apple and a bag of flour are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158" href="#Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +placed on the ends of a stick, and whoever +dares to seize a mouthful of apple must risk +being blinded by flour. Apples are suspended +one to a string in a doorway. As they swing, +each guest tries to secure his apple. To blow +out a candle as it revolves on a stick requires +attention and accuracy of aim.</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/illus-158a.jpg" name="CALDRON" id="CALDRON"> +<img src="images/illus-158a-tn.jpg" width="200" height="178" class="plain" alt="A Witches'-Caldron Table." title="A Witches'-Caldron Table." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Witches'-Caldron Table.</span></span> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/illus-158b.jpg"> +<img src="images/illus-158b-tn.jpg" width="200" height="188" class="plain" alt="A Black-Cat Table. Hallowe'en Tables, II." title="A Black-Cat Table. Hallowe'en Tables, II." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Black-Cat Table.<br />Hallowe'en Tables, II.</span></span> +</div> + +<p>The one who first succeeds in threading a +needle as he sits on a round bottle on the +floor, will be first married. Twelve candles +are lighted, and placed at convenient distances +on the floor in a row. As the guest leaps +over them, the first he blows out will indicate +his wedding-month. One candle only placed +on the floor and blown out in the same way +means a year of wretchedness ahead. If it +still burns, it presages a year of joy.</p> + +<p>Among the quieter tests some of the most +common are tried with apple-seeds. As in +England a pair of seeds named for two lovers +are stuck on brow or eyelids. The one who +sticks longer is the true, the one who soon +falls, the disloyal sweetheart. Seeds are used +in this way to tell also whether one is to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159" href="#Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +a traveler or a stay-at-home. Apple-seeds are +twice ominous, partaking of both apple and +nut nature. Even the number of seeds found +in a core has meaning. If you put them +upon the palm of your hand, and strike it +with the other, the number remaining will +tell you how many letters you will receive in +a fortnight. With twelve seeds and the +names of twelve friends, the old rhyme may +be repeated:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"One I love,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Two I love,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Three I love, I say;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Four I love with all my heart:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Five I cast away.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Six he loves,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Seven she loves,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Eight they both love;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nine he comes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ten he tarries,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Eleven he courts, and<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Twelve he marries."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Nuts are burned in the open fire. It is generally +agreed that the one for whom the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160" href="#Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +that pops is named, loves.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"If he loves me, pop and fly;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If he hates me, live and die."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Often the superstition connected therewith is +forgotten in the excitement of the moment.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"When ebery one among us toe de smallest pickaninny<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Would huddle in de chimbley cohnah's glow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Toe listen toe dem chilly win's ob ole Novembah's<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Go a-screechin' lack a spook around de huts,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Twell de pickaninnies' fingahs gits to shakin' o'er de embahs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' dey laik ter roas' dey knuckles 'stead o' nuts."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">In Werner's</span> <i>Readings, Number 31</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Letters of the alphabet are carved on a +pumpkin. Fate guides the hand of the blindfolded +seeker to the fateful initial which he +stabs with a pin. Letters cut out of paper +are sprinkled on water in a tub. They form +groups from which any one with imagination +may spell out names.</p> + +<p>Girls walk down cellar backward with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161" href="#Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +candle in one hand and a looking-glass in the +other, expecting to see a face in the glass.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Last night 't was witching Hallowe'en,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dearest; an apple russet-brown<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I pared, and thrice above my crown<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whirled the long skin; they watched it keen;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I flung it far; they laughed and cried me shame—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dearest, there lay the letter of your name.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Took I the mirror then, and crept<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Down, down the creaking narrow stair;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The milk-pans caught my candle's flare<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And mice walked soft and spiders slept.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I spoke the spell, and stood the magic space,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dearest—and in the glass I saw your face!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"And then I stole out in the night<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Alone; the frogs piped sweet and loud,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The moon looked through a ragged cloud.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thrice round the house I sped me light,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dearest; and there, methought—charm of my charms!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">You met me, kissed me, took me to your arms!"<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Opper</span>: <i>The Charms</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p>There are many mirror-tests. A girl who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162" href="#Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +sits before a mirror at midnight on Hallowe'en +combing her hair and eating an apple will see +the face of her true love reflected in the glass. +Standing so that through a window she may +see the moon in a glass she holds, she counts +the number of reflections to find out how +many pleasant things will happen to her in +the next twelve months. Alabama has taken +over the Scotch mirror test in its entirety.</p> + +<p>A girl with a looking-glass in her hand +steps backward from the door out into the +yard. Saying:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Round and round, O stars so fair!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ye travel, and search out everywhere.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I pray you, sweet stars, now show to me,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">This night, who my future husband shall be!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>she goes to meet her fate.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"So Leslie backed out at the door, and we +shut it upon her. The instant after, we heard a +great laugh. Off the piazza she had stepped +backward directly against two gentlemen coming +in.</p> + +<p>"Doctor Ingleside was one, coming to get his +supper; the other was a friend of his.... 'Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163" href="#Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +John Hautayne,' he said, introducing +him by his full name."</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Whitney</span>: <i>We Girls.</i> +</p></div> + +<p>A custom that is a reminder of the lighted +boats sent down-stream in Japan to bear away +the souls of the dead, is that which makes use +of nut-shell boats. These have tiny candles +fastened in them, are lighted, and named, and +set adrift on a tub of water. If they cling to +the side, their namesakes will lead a quiet +life. Some will float together. Some will +collide and be shipwrecked. Others will bear +steadily toward a goal though the waves are +rocked in a tempest. Their behavior is +significant. The candle which burns longest +belongs to the one who will marry first.</p> + +<p>The Midsummer wheel which was rolled +down into the Moselle River in France, and +meant, if the flames that wreathed it were not +extinguished, that the grape-harvest would be +abundant, has survived in the fortune wheel +which is rolled about from one guest to another, +and brings a gift to each.</p> + +<p>The actions of cats on Hallowe'en betoken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164" href="#Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +good or bad luck. If a cat sits quietly beside +any one, he will enjoy a peaceful, prosperous +life; if one rubs against him, it brings good +luck, doubly good if one jumps into his +lap. If a cat yawns near you on Hallowe'en, +be alert and do not let opportunity +slip by you. If a cat runs from you, you +have a secret which will be revealed in seven +days.</p> + +<p>Different states have put interpretations of +their own on the commonest charms. In +Massachusetts the one who first draws an +apple from the tub with his teeth will be first +married. If a girl steals a cabbage, she will +see her future husband as she pulls it up, or +meet him as she goes home. If these fail, she +must put the cabbage over the door and +watch to see whom it falls on, for him she is +to marry. A button concealed in mashed +potato brings misfortune to the finder. The +names of three men are written on slips of +paper, and enclosed in three balls of meal. +The one that rises first when they are +thrown into water will disclose the sought-for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165" href="#Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +name.</p> + +<p>Maine has borrowed the yarn-test from +Scotland. A ball is thrown into a barn or +cellar, and wound off on the hand. The +lover will come and help to wind. Girls in +New Hampshire place in a row three dishes +with earth, water, and a ring in them, respectively. +The one who blindfolded touches +earth will soon die; water, will never marry; +the ring, will soon be wedded.</p> + +<p>To dream of the future on Hallowe'en in +Pennsylvania, one must go out of the front +door backward, pick up dust or grass, wrap +it in paper, and put it under his pillow.</p> + +<p>In Maryland girls see their future husbands +by a rite similar to the Scotch "wetting of the +sark-sleeve." They put an egg to roast, and +open wide all the doors and windows. The +man they seek will come in and turn the egg. +At supper girls stand behind the chairs, knowing +that the ones they are to marry will come +to sit in front of them.</p> + +<p>The South has always been famous for its +hospitality and good times. On Hallowe'en a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166" href="#Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +miniature Druid-fire burns in a bowl on the +table. In the blazing alcohol are put fortunes +wrapped in tin-foil, figs, orange-peel, raisins, +almonds, and dates. The one who snatches +the best will meet his sweetheart inside of a +year, and all may try for a fortune from the +flames. The origin of this custom was the +taking of omens from the death-struggles of +creatures burning in the fire of sacrifice.</p> + +<p>Another Southern custom is adapted from +one of Brittany. Needles are named and +floated in a dish of water. Those which cling +side by side are lovers.</p> + +<p>Good fortune is in store for the one who +wins an apple from the tub, or against whose +glass a ring suspended by a hair strikes with +a sharp chime.</p> + +<p>A very elaborate charm is tried in Newfoundland. +As the clock strikes midnight a +girl puts the twenty-six letters of the alphabet, +cut from paper, into a pure-white bowl which +has been touched by the lips of a new-born +babe only. After saying:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Kind fortune, tell me where is he<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167" href="#Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></span> +<span class="i0">Who my future lord shall be;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From this bowl all that I claim<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is to know my sweetheart's name."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>she puts the bowl into a safe place until morning. +Then she is blindfolded and picks out +the same number of letters as there are in her +own name, and spells another from them.</p> + +<p>In New Brunswick, instead of an apple, a +hard-boiled egg without salt is eaten before a +mirror, with the same result. In Canada a +thread is held over a lamp. The number +that can be counted slowly before the thread +parts, is the number of years before the one +who counts will marry.</p> + +<p>In the United States a hair is thrown to the +winds with the stanza chanted:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"I pluck this lock of hair off my head<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To tell whence comes the one I shall wed.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fly, silken hair, fly all the world around,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Until you reach the spot where my true love is found."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The direction in which the hair floats is +prophetic.</p> + +<p>The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168" href="#Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, +using Burns's poem <i>Hallowe'en</i> as a guide; or +to go a-souling as the English used. In short, +no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en +is out of fashion now. "Cyniver" has +been borrowed from Wales, and the "dumb-cake" +from the Hebrides. In the Scotch +custom of cabbage-stalk pulling, if the stalk +comes up easily, the husband or wife will be +easy to win. The melted-lead test to show +the occupation of the husband-to-be has been +adopted in the United States. If the metal +cools in round drops, the tester will never +marry, or her husband will have no profession. +White of egg is used in the same way. +Like the Welsh test is that of filling the +mouth with water, and walking round the +house until one meets one's fate. An adaptation +of the Scottish "three luggies" is the +row of four dishes holding dirt, water, a ring, +and a rag. The dirt means divorce, the +water, a trip across the ocean, the ring, marriage, +the rag, no marriage at all.</p> + +<p>After the charms have been tried, fagots are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169" href="#Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +passed about, and by the eerie light of burning +salt and alcohol, ghost stories are told, +each concluding his installment as his fagot +withers into ashes. Sometimes the cabbage +stalks used in the omens take the place of +fagots.</p> + +<p>To induce prophetic dreams salt, in quantities +from a pinch to an egg full, is eaten before +one goes to bed.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Miss Jeanette, that's such a fine trick! +You must swallow a salt herring in three bites, +bones and all, and not drink a drop till the apparition +of your future spouse comes in the night +to offer you a drink of water.'"</p> + +<p class="cite"> +<span class="smcap">Adams</span>: <i>Chrissie's Fate</i>. +</p></div> + +<p>If, after taking three doses of salt two +minutes apart, a girl goes to bed backward, +lies on her right side, and does not move till +morning, she is sure to have eventful dreams. +Pills made of a hazelnut, a walnut, and nutmeg +grated together and mixed with butter +and sugar cause dreams: if of gold, the husband +will be rich; if of noise, a tradesman;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170" href="#Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +if of thunder and lightning, a traveler. As +in Ireland bay-leaves on or under a man's +pillow cause him to dream of his sweetheart. +Also</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Turn your boots toward the street,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leave your garters on your feet,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Put your stockings on your head,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">You'll dream of the one you're going to wed."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Lemon-peel carried all day and rubbed on the +bed-posts at night will cause an apparition to +bring the dreaming girl two lemons. For +quiet sleep and the fulfilment of any wish eat +before going to bed on Hallowe'en a piece of +dry bread.</p> + +<p>A far more interesting development of the +Hallowe'en idea than these innocent but +colorless superstitions, is promised by the +pageant at Fort Worth, Texas, on October +thirty-first, 1916. In the masque and pageant +of the afternoon four thousand school children +took part. At night scenes from the pageant +were staged on floats which passed along the +streets. The subject was <i>Preparedness for</i> +<i>Peace</i>, and comprised scenes from American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171" href="#Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +history in which peace played an honorable +part. Such were: the conference of William +Penn and the Quakers with the Indians, and +the opening of the East to American trade. +This is not a subject limited to performances +at Hallowtide. May there not be written and +presented in America a truly Hallowe'en +pageant, illustrating and befitting its noble +origin, and making its place secure among +the holidays of the year?</p> + +<hr style="width: 85%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172" href="#Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Bring forth the raisins and the nuts—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To-night All-Hallows' Spectre struts<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Along the moonlit way.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No time is this for tear or sob,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or other woes our joys to rob,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But time for Pippin and for Bob,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And Jack-o'-lantern gay.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Come forth, ye lass and trousered kid,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From prisoned mischief raise the lid,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And lift it good and high.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leave grave old Wisdom in the lurch,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Set Folly on a lofty perch,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor fear the awesome rod of birch<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When dawn illumes the sky.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'Tis night for revel, set apart<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To reillume the darkened heart,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And rout the hosts of Dole.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Tis night when Goblin, Elf, and Fay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Come dancing in their best array<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To prank and royster on the way,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And ease the troubled soul.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The ghosts of all things, past parade,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173" href="#Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Emerging from the mist and shade<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That hid them from our gaze,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And full of song and ringing mirth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In one glad moment of rebirth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Again they walk the ways of earth,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As in the ancient days.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The beacon light shines on the hill,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The will-o'-wisps the forests fill<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With flashes filched from noon;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And witches on their broomsticks spry<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Speed here and yonder in the sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And lift their strident voices high<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Unto the Hunter's moon.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The air resounds with tuneful notes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From myriads of straining throats,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">All hailing Folly Queen;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So join the swelling choral throng,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forget your sorrow and your wrong,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In one glad hour of joyous song<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To honor Hallowe'en.<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">J. K. Bangs</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 85%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174" href="#Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN FAILURE</b></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Who's dat peekin' in de do'?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Set mah heart a-beatin'!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thought I see' a spook for sho<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On mah way to meetin'.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Heerd a rustlin' all aroun',<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Trees all sort o' jiggled;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An' along de frosty groun'<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Funny shadders wriggled.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Who's dat by de winder-sill?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Gittin' sort o' skeery;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Feets is feelin' kind o' chill,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Eyes is sort o' teary.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Most as nervous as a coon<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When de dawgs is barkin',<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Er a widder when some spoon<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Comes along a-sparkin'.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Whass dat creepin' up de road,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Quiet like a ferret,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hoppin' sof'ly as a toad?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Maybe hit's a sperrit!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lordy! hope dey ain't no ghos'<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175" href="#Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +<span class="i2">Come to tell me howdy.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I ain't got no use for those<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Fantoms damp an' cloudy.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Whass dat standin' by de fence<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Wid its eyes a-yearnin',<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Drivin' out mah common-sense<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Wid its glances burnin'?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Don't dass skeercely go to bed<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Wid dem spookses roun' me.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ain't no res' fo' dis yere head<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When dem folks surroun' me.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Whass dat groanin' soun' I hear<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Off dar by de gyardin?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lordy! Lordy! Lordy dear,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Grant dis sinner pardon!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I won't nebber—I declar'<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ef it ain't my Sammy!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sambo, what yo' doin' dar?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Yo' can't skeer yo' mammy!<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Carlyle Smith</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 85%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176" href="#Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Pixie, kobold, elf, and sprite<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All are on their rounds to-night,—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In the wan moon's silver ray<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thrives their helter-skelter play.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Fond of cellar, barn, or stack<br /></span> +<span class="i0">True unto the almanac,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">They present to credulous eyes<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Strange hobgoblin mysteries.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Cabbage-stumps—straws wet with dew—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Apple-skins, and chestnuts too,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And a mirror for some lass<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Show what wonders come to pass.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Doors they move, and gates they hide<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mischiefs that on moonbeams ride<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Are their deeds,—and, by their spells,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Love records its oracles.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Don't we all, of long ago<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177" href="#Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> +<span class="i0">By the ruddy fireplace glow,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In the kitchen and the hall,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Those queer, coof-like pranks recall?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Eery shadows were they then—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But to-night they come again;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Were we once more but sixteen<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Precious would be Hallowe'en.<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Joel Benton</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896</i>.<br /> +</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;"> +<a href="images/illus-178.jpg" name="JACKOLANTERN" id="JACKOLANTERN"> +<img src="images/illus-178-tn.jpg" width="287" height="400" class="plain" alt="No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-Lantern." title="No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-Lantern." /></a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">No Hallowe'en without<br />a Jack-o'-Lantern.</span></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 85%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178" href="#Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A gypsy flame is on the hearth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sign of this carnival of mirth.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through the dun fields and from the glade<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Flash merry folk in masquerade—<br /></span> +<span class="i4">It is the witching Hallowe'en.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Pale tapers glimmer in the sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The dead and dying leaves go by;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dimly across the faded green<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Strange shadows, stranger shades, are seen—<br /></span> +<span class="i4">It is the mystic Hallowe'en.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Soft gusts of love and memory<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beat at the heart reproachfully;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The lights that burn for those who die<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Were flickering low, let them flare high—<br /></span> +<span class="i4">It is the haunting Hallowe'en.<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">A. F. Murray</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909.</i><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 85%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179" href="#Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> + +<h2>Magazine References to Hallowe'en Entertainments</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Charades</span>:</p> + +<p> +Charades, menu, tests. H. Bazar, 32:894.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Children's Parties</span>:</p> + +<p> +Fortune games for very little children. St. N., 23:33.<br /> +Hallowe'en fortunes for boys and girls. Delin., 66:631.<br /> +Masquerade, games, tests. W. H. C., 35:43.<br /> +Decorations. W. H. C., 36:34.<br /> +Old-fashioned games. St. N., 35:51.<br /> +Children's celebration of Hallowe'en. St. N., 32:1124.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Church Parties</span>:</p> + +<p> +Mystic party. L. H. J., 22:57.<br /> +For Young People's Soc. L. H. J., 26:34.<br /> +"Phantom fair." W. H. C., 39:32.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Club Parties</span>:</p> + +<p> +For Country Club. Invitation. Costumes. Supper. Dance.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">W. H. C., 41:30.</span><br /> +"Candle-light café." W. H. C., 42. Oct., 1915.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Costumes</span>:</p> + +<p> +Delin., 78:258.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Country-House Party</span>:</p> + +<p> +Country Life, 18:624.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dances</span>:</p> + +<p> +Dances, drills, costumes. Delin., 78:258.<br /> +Hallowe'en party. W. H. C., 40:39.<br /> +Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Decorations and Favors</span>:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180" href="#Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> + +<p> +Autumn-leaf decorations and prizes. Delin., 64:638.<br /> +Cobweb party. Delin., 91:44.<br /> +Hall: Handicraft for handy girls.<br /> +Place-cards, verses. L. H. J., 28:50.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 31:40.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 39:1046.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 20:48.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 16:38.</span><br /> +Cinderella party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br /> +Favors. H. Bazar, 45:516.<br /> +Nut favors. W. H. C., 32:53.<br /> +Original decorations. W. H. C., 32:32.<br /> +Fads and frills. W. H. C., 32:24.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Games and Fortunes</span>:</p> + +<p> +Witchery games for Hallowe'en. Delin., 64:576.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">H. Bazar., 33:1650.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">L. H. J., 20:48.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">L. H. J., 25:58.</span><br /> +Blain: Games for Hallowe'en.<br /> +Quaint customs. H. Bazar, 46:578.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 8em;">H. Bazar, 32:894.</span><br /> +Witches' think cap. L. H. J., 32:29.<br /> +Hallowe'en happenings. St. N., 35:51.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Invitations</span>:</p> + +<p> +H. Bazar, 33:1650.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Parties</span> (miscellaneous):</p> + +<p> +H. Bazar, 28 pt. 2:841.<br /> +H. Bazar, 32:894.<br /> +L. H. J., 29:105.<br /> +L. H. J., 30:103.<br /> +Nut-crack night party. H. Bazar, 41:1106.<br /> +Nut-crack party. H. Bazar, 38:1092.<br /> +Novel party. W. H. C., 31:42.<br /> +Yarn party. L. H. J., 26:63.<br /> +L. H. J., 23:68.<br /> +L. H. J., 14:25.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181" href="#Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br /> +Novel party with musical accompaniment. Musician, 18:665.<br /> +Cotter's Saturday night. W. H. C., 38:40.<br /> +"Ghosts I have met" party. Pantomime. W. H. C., 37:27.<br /> +Two jolly affairs. W. H. C., 39:32.<br /> +Tryst of witches. Good H., 53:463.<br /> +Tam o' Shanter party. Delin., 85:26.<br /> +Jolly good time. Delin., 74:367.<br /> +Hints for Hallowe'en hilarities. L. H. J., 27:46.<br /> +Jolly party. L. H. J., 19:41.<br /> +Hallowe'en fun. L. H. J., 33:33.<br /> +Pumpkin stunt party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.<br /> +Character party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">School Parties</span>:</p> + +<p> +"Cotter's Saturday night." W. H. C., 38:40.<br /> +High school party. W. H. C., 42:34.<br /> +How the college girl celebrates Hallowe'en. W. H. C., 31:16.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Suppers, Table Decorations, Menus</span>:</p> + +<p> +Hallowe'en suppers. H. Bazar, 35:1670.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 37:1063.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 24:78.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 16:38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">W. H. C., 40:39.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">W. H. C., 43:35.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 44:641.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 45:507.</span><br /> +Hallowe'en party table. L. H. J., 29:44.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">H. Bazar, 32:894.</span><br /> +Hallowe'en supper. Good H., 53:569.<br /> +</p> + +<p>The pages refer always to the October number of +the year.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182" href="#Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> + +<h2>Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">TITLE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">AUTHOR</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">SOURCE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>All Hallowe'en</i> (story)</td><td></td><td align='left'>All the Year Round, 60:347</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Hopper</td><td align='left'>Eng. Illus. Mag., 18:225</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Lyall</td><td align='left'>Temple Bar., 124:379</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Black cat</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Poe</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Boogah Man</i></td><td align='left'>Dunbar</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Brier-Rose</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Broomstick brigade</i></td><td align='left'>J. T. Wagner</td><td align='left'>6 Barclay St., N. Y. City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Bud's fairy tale</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='left'>Child-world</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Children's Play with musical<br /> accompaniment</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left' valign='top'>Musician, 16:693</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Corn-song</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Whittier</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Elder-tree mother</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Andersen</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairies</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Allingham</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy and witch</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Nelson</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Feast of the little lanterns</i><br /> (operetta)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Bliss</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Fisherman and the genie</i> (story)</td><td></td><td align='left'><i>Arabian Nights</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghost</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>O'Connor</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghosts I have met</i></td><td align='left'>Bangs</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghost's touch</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Collins</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Golden arm</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Clemens</td><td align='left'><i>How to tell a story</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Goblin stone</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wickes</td><td align='left'>Child's Book, p. 127</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Guess who</i> (song and drill)</td><td align='left'>Murray</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en adventure</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>McDonald</td><td align='left'>Canad. Mag., 12:61</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en adventure</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Koogle</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183" href="#Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en frolic</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Cone</td><td align='left'>St. N. 20 pt. 1:15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Haunted gale</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wormwood</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>House in the wood</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Butterkin</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Asbjornsen</td><td align='left'><i>Fairy tales from the far north</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Donna Juana</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Brooks</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Mother Goose recital</i></td><td align='left'>Musician, 21:633</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Nix of the mill-pond</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Peter Pan in Kensington<br /> Gardens</i> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Barrie</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Rapunzel</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Red shoes</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Andersen</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Scarecrows a-roaming</i> (play)</td><td></td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Seein' things</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Field</td><td align='left'>Love songs of childhood</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Snow-white</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Straw phantom</i> (pantomime)</td><td align='left'>Blackall</td><td align='left'>St. N., 44:1133</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Testing of Sir Gawayne</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Merington</td><td align='left'><i>Festival plays</i>, p. 211</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Voyage of Bran</i></td><td align='left'>Meyer</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Walpurgisnight</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Zschokke</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Wind in the rose-bush</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Freeman</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184" href="#Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> + +<h2>INDEX TO QUOTATIONS</h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Quotations Index"> +<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">TITLE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">AUTHOR</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">SOURCE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>All-hallows honeymoon</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Marks</td><td align='right'>104</td><td align='left'> New Eng. Magazine, 37:308</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Marks, J. P.</td><td align='right'>31-32</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ancient Irish</i></td><td align='left'>O'Curry</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Ballad of Tam Lin</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>65</td><td align='left'> Child's Ballads</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Battle of the trees</i></td><td align='left'>Taliesin</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='left'> <i>Neo-druidical heresy</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Caractacus</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Mason</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Celtic twilight</i><br /> (poem in introduction to)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Yeats</td><td align='right' valign='top'>58</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Charms</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Opper</td><td align='right'>161</td><td align='left'> Munsey, 30:285</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Comus</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne</i></td><td align='left'>Gregory</td><td align='right'>37-38-39</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Cuchulain's sick-bed</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>42</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Death of the flowers</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Bryant</td><td align='right'>18-19</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Different party</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Bradley</td><td align='right'>156-157</td><td align='left'> Harper's Bazar, 41:131</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='left'> <i>Neo-druidical heresy</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Djinns</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Hugo</td><td align='right'>148</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Druid song of Cathvah</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Todhunter</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Expedition of Nera</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>44</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"Fair maid who"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>139</td><td align='left'> Encyc. of Superstitions</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy-faith in Celtic countries</i></td><td align='left'>Wentz</td><td align='right'>48-49</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy fiddler</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Hopper</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Fasti</i></td><td align='left'>Ovid</td><td align='right'>114</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Faust</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Goethe</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>First winter song</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Graves</td><td align='right'>16</td><td></td><td align='left' valign="top"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185" href="#Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"Five hundred points"</td><td align='left'>Tusser</td><td align='right'>98</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i><br /> (play)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Longfellow</td><td align='right' valign='top'>151-152</td><td align='left'></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Golden Legend</i></td><td align='left'>De Voragine</td><td align='right'>30</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Great fir-tree of Takasago</i><br /> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'> Rinder</td><td align='right' valign='top'>146</td><td align='left' valign='top'> <i>Old-world Japan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"Green fairy island"</td><td align='left'>Parry</td><td align='right'>103</td><td align='left'> Welsh Melodies</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hag</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Herrick</td><td align='right'>66-67</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>73-74-75</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Coxe</td><td align='right'>18-19-88-<br />89-96</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Letts</td><td align='right'>99-100</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Sheard</td><td align='right'>143</td><td align='left'> Canadian mag., 36:33</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Bangs</td><td align='right'>172-173</td><td align='left'> Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Benton</td><td align='right'>176-177</td><td align='left'> Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Murray</td><td align='right'>178</td><td align='left'> Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en Failure</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Smith</td><td align='right'>175</td><td align='left'> Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en or Christie's fate</i><br /> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Adams</td><td align='right' valign='top'>169</td><td align='left' valign='top'> Scribner's, 3:26</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en in Ireland</i></td><td align='left'>Trant</td><td align='right'>51</td><td align='left'> <i>Dewdrops and Diamonds</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en Fantasy</i> (play),<br /> (Priest and the Piper)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Pyle</td><td align='right' valign='top'>49</td><td align='left' valign='top'> Harper's Bazar, 31, pt. 2: 947</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en reformation</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Butterworth</td><td align='right'>149-150</td><td align='left'> Century, 27:48</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en wish</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Munkittrick</td><td align='right'>93-94</td><td align='left'> Harper's Weekly, Oct. 27, 1900</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hiawatha</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Longfellow</td><td align='right'>145</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Immortal Hour</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Sharp</td><td align='right'>39-40-41</td><td align='left'> Fortn. Rev. 74:867</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Jorinda and Joringel</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='right'>135</td><td align='left'> Grimm's Fairy Tales</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>L'Allegro</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>86</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Land of Heart's Desire</i> (play)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Yeats</td><td align='right'>36-43-45-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186" href="#Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span><br />47</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Lavengro</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Borrow</td><td align='right'>129</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Orphant Annie</i></td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='right'>152-153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Loch Garman</i></td><td align='left'>O'Ciarain</td><td align='right'>36</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Lycidas</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Macbeth</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Shakspere</td><td align='right'>89</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Monastery</i> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Scott</td><td align='right'>62-63-76-<br />103</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Night of the dead</i></td><td align='left'>Le Braz</td><td align='right'>116-117</td><td align='left'> <i>Legend of the dead</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"On nuts burning"</td><td align='left'>Graydon</td><td align='right'>91-92</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>On the morning of Christ's<br /> nativity</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Milton</td><td align='right' valign='top'>28</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Paradise Lost</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Passing of Arthur</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Tennyson</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Pastorals</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Gay</td><td align='right'>74-75-92-<br />93-94-95-<br />97</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Peer Gynt</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Ibsen</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Peter and Wendy</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Barrie</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Polyolbion</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Drayton</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Pomona</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Morris</td><td align='right'>23</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Rip Van Winkle</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Jefferson</td><td align='right'>150-151</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Robin Goodfellow</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Johnson</td><td align='right'>86</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>St. John's Eve</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Kickham</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>St. John's Fire</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Sudermann</td><td align='right'>141</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>St. Swithin's Chair</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Scott</td><td align='right'>69</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"Soul, soul"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>98</td><td align='left'> Notes and Queries</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Spell</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Gay</td><td align='right'>91</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Splores of a Hallowe'en</i><br /> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Dick</td><td align='right' valign='top'>72</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Sunken bell</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Hauptmann</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Tale of Hallowe'en</i> (story)</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>76</td><td align='left'> Leisure Hour, 23:765</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Tam Glen</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Tam o' Shanter</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>67-68</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Tannhäuser</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wagner</td><td align='right'>132-133</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Tempest</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Shakspere</td><td align='right'>67</td><td align='left'></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Three-fold chronicle</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Sharp</td><td align='right'>54-56</td><td align='left'> Harper's, 73:842<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187" href="#Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Tom's Hallowe'en joke</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Wright</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='left'> <i>Dewdrops and Diamonds</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Twig of thorn</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Warren</td><td align='right'>44-45</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Vertumnus and Pomona</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Ovid</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Völuspa</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>122</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>We girls</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Whitney</td><td align='right'>162-163</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"When comes the harvest"</td><td align='left'>Botrel</td><td align='right'>112</td><td align='left'> <i>Songs of Brittany</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>When de folks is gone</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"When ebery one"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='left'> Werner's Readings, No. 31</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Wild huntsman</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Scott</td><td align='right'>90</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Willie Baird</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Buchanan</td><td align='right'>70</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188" href="#Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + +<h2>INDEX</h2> +<table style="width:75%;" border="0" summary="ABC jumps"> + <tr> + <td> <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_K">K</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_Y">Y</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td> + </tr> +</table> +<div class="index"> +<p><br /></p> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_A" name="IX_A"></a><span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /></li> +<li><a name="Adder-stone" id="Adder-stone"></a>Adder-stone, (serpent's-egg badge), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li> +<li>Ailill, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ale, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /></li> + +<li>All Hallows Eve, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. See also <a href="#Halloween">Hallowe'en</a><br /></li> + +<li>All Saints', <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + +<li>All Souls', <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>Alphabet, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li> + +<li>America, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li> + +<li>Anaxarete, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /></li> + +<li>Angus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ankou, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /></li> + +<li>Apollo, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Apparitions. See <a href="#Ghosts">Ghosts</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Apples" id="Apples"></a>Apples, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li> + +<li>Apple-island, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> + +<li>Apple-seeds, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /></li> + +<li>Arabs, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ariel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li> + +<li>Armorica, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li> + +<li>Arthur, King, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Ash-tree" id="Ash-tree"></a>Ash-tree, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>berries of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Ashes, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>Augury. See <a href="#Omens">Omens</a><br /></li> + +<li>August, Roman festival in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /></li> + +<li>August first, Celtic festival of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li> + +<li>Augustus, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li> + +<li>Avilion (Avalon), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ayrshire, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_B" name="IX_B"></a><span class="smcap">Baal</span>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li> + +<li>Baal-fire, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /></li> + +<li>Baldur, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li> + +<li>Balmoral, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /></li> + +<li>Barra, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bats, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bay-leaves, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bean, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bedivere, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li> + +<li>Belgian, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>Beltaine, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bells, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li> + +<li>Benevento, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bergen, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li> + +<li>Black, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li>Black sheep, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li> + +<li>Black sow, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Black vespers," <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /></li> + +<li>Blindfolded seekers, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /></li> + +<li>Blocksberg, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li> + +<li>Boats, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bochica, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Bonfires" id="Bonfires"></a>Bonfires, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>to light through Purgatory, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br /></li> + <li>to protect from evil, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Boniface, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li> + +<li>Border, Scottish, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bretons, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Briar, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li> + +<li>Briar-Rose, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li> + +<li>Bride, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Britain" id="Britain"></a>Britain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>British Isles, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189" href="#Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>Brittany, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li> + +<li>Brynhild, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> + +<li>Buchan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li> + +<li>Button, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_C" name="IX_C"></a><a name="Cabbages" id="Cabbages"></a><span class="smcap">Cabbages</span>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cadwallo, King, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li> + +<li>Caer, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cæsar, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Cake" id="Cake"></a>Cake, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li>Callcannon, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /></li> + +<li>Canada, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li> + +<li>Candlemas Day, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li> + +<li>Candles, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cardiganshire, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li> + +<li>Carnutes, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cat, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li> + +<li>Catskill Mts., <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Celtic twilight</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /></li> + +<li>Celts, classes of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>beliefs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br /></li> + <li>characteristics of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Cemeteries, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Changelings, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /></li> + +<li>Charms. See <a href="#Omens">Omens</a><br /></li> + +<li>Chartrain, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cherokees, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li> + +<li>Chinese, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + +<li>Christ, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li> + +<li>Christian religion, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Britain, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br /></li> + <li>in Ireland, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /></li> + <li>in Brittany, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br /></li> + <li>in Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Christmas, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li> + +<li>Church, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>festivals, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Circle, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li> + +<li>Claudius, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cluny, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li> + +<li>Coel Coeth, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li> + +<li>Coins, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li>Colonies, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li> + +<li>Columb Kill. See <a href="#St_Colomba">St. Colomba</a><br /></li> + +<li>Connaught, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li> + +<li>Continent, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li> + +<li>Corn, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br /> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>-stalks, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Cornwall, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li> + +<li>Creed, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /></li> + +<li>Crom Croich (Cruaich), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cross, sun-symbol, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Christian, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-roads, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Cruachan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cuchulain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cuckoos, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li> + +<li>Cyniver, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_D" name="IX_D"></a><span class="smcap">Dagda</span>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dahut, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dance, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li> + +<li>Danann. See <a href="#Tuatha_De_Danann">Tuatha De Danann</a><br /></li> + +<li>Danu, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dathi, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Dead" id="Dead"></a>Dead, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>return, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br /></li> + <li>disturbed by weeping, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Death, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Lord of. See Saman.<br /></li> + <li>Samhain associated with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /></li> + <li>prophesied, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Decoration of graves, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>Delphi, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Deux-Sèvres, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> + +<li>Devil, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dew, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dietrich von Bern, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Dishes" id="Dishes"></a>Dishes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dispater, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dissatisfied, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li> + +<li>Djinns, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /></li> + +<li>Doll, wax, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dolmens, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190" href="#Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>Dorsetshire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dovrefeld, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dragon, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dreams, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>prophetic, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Drink, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>Druid, meaning, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>draught, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /></li> + <li>festivals, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /></li> + <li>lamps, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br /></li> + <li>stone, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br /></li> + <li>stones, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br /></li> + <li>wand, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-fire, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Druids, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as priests, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /></li> + <li>powers of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>"Drus," <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dumb-cake, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li> + +<li>Dwarfs, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_E" name="IX_E"></a><span class="smcap">Earth</span>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>Edane, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>. See also <a href="#Etain">Etain</a><br /></li> + +<li>Edda, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> + +<li>Egg, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>white of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-shells, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Egyptian beliefs, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li> + +<li>Eichstatt, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li> + +<li>Elder, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li> + +<li>Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Elm, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li> + +<li>Elves, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li> + +<li>Emer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li> + +<li>England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>English, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li> + +<li>Eochaidh, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li> + +<li>Episcopalians, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li> + +<li>Eriskay, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Etain" id="Etain"></a>Etain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ethal, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li> + +<li>Europe, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + +<li>Excalibur, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li> + +<li>Exorcism, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_F" name="IX_F"></a><span class="smcap">Fagots</span>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fairies, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fand, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fates, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Feast, of dead, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of poor, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Feng-Shin, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + +<li>Feralia, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fern, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li> + +<li>Finistère, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fir Bolgs, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fire, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>-god, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /></li> + <li>spirits of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Fires, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, 112. See also <a href="#Bonfires">Bonfires</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Flamina</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li> + +<li>Flour, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /></li> + +<li>Flowers, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fomor, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li> + +<li>Footprints, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Forced-fire," <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li> + +<li>Fort Worth, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Forts" id="Forts"></a>Forts, fairy, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li> + +<li>France, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Franks, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Free-night," <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li> + +<li>Freya, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Furious Host," <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Future, questions about, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_G" name="IX_G"></a><span class="smcap">Gabriel Ratchets</span>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li> + +<li>Gaul, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li> + +<li>Germans, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li> + +<li>Germany, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Ghosts" id="Ghosts"></a>Ghosts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, 155. See also <a href="#Dead">Dead</a><br /></li> + +<li>Glass, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li> + +<li>Gnomes, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /></li> + +<li>Goat, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Goblin, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li> + +<li>Gods of Ireland. See <a href="#Tuatha_De_Danann">Tuatha De Danann</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Good Neighbors," <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Good People," 45, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /></li> + +<li>Goths, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li> + +<li>Grallon, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Great Britain. See <a href="#Britain">Britain</a><br /></li> + +<li>Greek, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>Gregory, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191" href="#Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Guleesh, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li> + +<li>Gunnar, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_H" name="IX_H"></a><span class="smcap">Hair</span>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Halloween" id="Halloween"></a>Hallowe'en, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pagan, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /></li> + <li>charms at, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;<br /></li> + <li>born on, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li><i>Hallowe'en</i>, poem, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Hansel and Grethel</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hares, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hartz Mts., <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li> + +<li>Harvest, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hazel, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hearts, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hebrides, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hemp, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /></li> + +<li>Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Henry Hudson, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li>Herbs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li> + +<li>Herne the Hunter, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li> + +<li>Herodotus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hesperides, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> + +<li>Highlands, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hodur, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li> + +<li>Holda, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li> + +<li>Holiday, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hollow Land, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li> + +<li>Holly, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li> + +<li>Hoop, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /></li> + +<li>Horselberg, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Horseshoes, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li> + +<li>Horus, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li> + +<li>Husking-bees, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_I" name="IX_I"></a><span class="smcap">Iceland</span>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li> + +<li>Idun, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>Immortality, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>Indians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li>Invocation, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li> + +<li>Iona, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li> + +<li>Iphis, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ireland <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>belief in fairies, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Irish Sea, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li> + +<li>Iron, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li> + +<li>Italy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ivy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_J" name="IX_J"></a><span class="smcap">Jack-o'-lantern</span>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Japan, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li> + +<li>Jokes, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li> + +<li>Jonah, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /></li> + +<li>Juniper, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li> + +<li>Jupiter, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_K" name="IX_K"></a><span class="smcap">Kale</span>. See <a href="#Cabbages">Cabbages</a><br /></li> + +<li>Kensington Gardens, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ker-Is, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Kettle, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Key, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_L" name="IX_L"></a><span class="smcap">Laeg</span>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Lambswool," <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lammas, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lancashire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Land of Heart's Desire, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li> + +<li>Land of Youth, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Lanterns of the dead," <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lanterns in Japan, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li> + +<li>Latin. See <a href="#Rome">Rome</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lead-melting, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li> + +<li>Leek, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /></li> + +<li>Legends, origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lemons, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> + +<li>Leprechauns, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lewis, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li> + +<li>Liban, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lincolnshire, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Little People," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Livelong," <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /></li> + +<li>Loki, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>London, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lords of Misrule, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li> + +<li>Love-knots, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192" href="#Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>Lucifer, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Luck of Edenhall," <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /></li> + +<li>Luggies. See <a href="#Dishes">Dishes</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lugh, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li> + +<li>Lugnasad, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_M" name="IX_M"></a><span class="smcap"><i>Macbeth</i></span>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li> + +<li>Magic, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>black, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Maine, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>Malt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li> + +<li>Malta, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>Man, Isle of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /></li> + +<li>Manitous, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mars, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li> + +<li>Martinmas, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mary, Virgin, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mary Avenel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li> + +<li>Maryland, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li> + +<li>Master of the Revels, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> + +<li>May-bride, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + +<li>May Eve and Day, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;<br /> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>-fires, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-pole, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-ridings, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-shooting, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Meal, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li> + +<li>Meath, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li> + +<li>Medb, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li> + +<li>Meg, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Men of Peace," <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mercury, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li> + +<li>Midir, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li> + +<li>Middle Ages, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li> + +<li>Midsummer, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li> + +<li>Milk, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li> + +<li>Minerva, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mirror, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Miserere</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mistletoe, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>Modred, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li> + +<li>Mona, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Monastery</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li> + +<li>Moon, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /></li> + +<li>Moray, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li> + +<li>Moytura, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li> + +<li>Music, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Myths, origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_N" name="IX_N"></a><span class="smcap">Naples</span>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Needles, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li> + +<li>Negroes, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li> + +<li>Nera, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /></li> + +<li>Net, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>Neverland, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li> + +<li>New Brunswick, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li> + +<li>New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>New Year, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, 154. See also <a href="#Years_end">Year's end</a><br /></li> + +<li>New Year's Day, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li> + +<li>Niflheim, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li> + +<li>Nikko, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li> + +<li>Norse, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Norway, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Nos Galan Gaeof," <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li> + +<li>November, Eve, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br /></li> + <li>in Rome, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /></li> + <li>second, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Nuts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_O" name="IX_O"></a><span class="smcap">Oak</span>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li> + +<li>Oats, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li> + +<li>Oatmeal cakes, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>Obsession, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /></li> + +<li>October 31st, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Odin" id="Odin"></a>Odin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Oidhche Shamhna," <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li> + +<li>Olaf, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Omens" id="Omens"></a>Omens, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>from sacrifices, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br /></li> + <li>evil, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Oonah, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ops, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ordeal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> + +<li>Osiris, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ossian, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193" href="#Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>Ostia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li> + +<li>Otherworld, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ovid, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /></li> + +<li>Owls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_P" name="IX_P"></a><span class="smcap">Paddy Beg</span>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /></li> + +<li>Paddy More, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /></li> + +<li>Paganism, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pageant, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pantheon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li> + +<li>Paradise, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /></li> + +<li>Partholon, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /></li> + +<li>Parties, Hallowe'en, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Peace, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /></li> + +<li>Peas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pelagius, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>Perthshire, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li> + +<li>Peru, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li> + +<li>Peter Pan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li> + +<li>Phœnicians, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> + +<li>Picts, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li> + +<li>Piper, fairy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pixies, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pomona, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Pontypridd, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Preparedness for Peace</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> + +<li>Procopius, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> + +<li>Prophets,<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Druids as, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /></li> + <li>witches as, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Pumpkins, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /></li> + +<li>Purgatory, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> + +<li>Puy de Dome, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Puzzling-jug," <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_R" name="IX_R"></a><span class="smcap">Races</span>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /></li> + +<li>Rapunzel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li> + +<li>Red Mike, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li> + +<li>Rick, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ring, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li> + +<li>Rip Van Winkle, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Rome" id="Rome"></a>Rome, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>relations to Druids, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /></li> + <li>All Saints' in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Roses, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /></li> + +<li>Rowan. See <a href="#Ash-tree">Ash-tree</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_S" name="IX_S"></a><span class="smcap">Sacrifices</span>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>to Baal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /></li> + <li>omens from, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /></li> + <li>to Tyr, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>St. Augustine, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Bridget, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="St_Colomba" id="St_Colomba"></a>St. Colomba, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Gertrude, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. John's Day and Eve, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Kilda, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Michael, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Ninian, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Odilo, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li> + +<li>St. Patrick, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> + +<li>Saga, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> + +<li>Salerno, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Salt, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> + +<li>Saman, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Samhain" id="Samhain"></a>Samhain (Sáveen), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /></li> + +<li>Samhnagan, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /></li> + +<li>Samhanach, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sark. See <a href="#Shirt">Shirt</a><br /></li> + +<li>Satan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sauin. See <a href="#Samhain">Samhain</a><br /></li> + +<li>Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>belief in fairies in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Scots, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li> + +<li>Seasons, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li> + +<li>Seaweed, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li> + +<li>Secrecy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Druid rites, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Seed-cake, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> + +<li>Seeds, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li> + +<li>Serpent's-egg. See <a href="#Adder-stone">Adder-stone</a><br /></li> + +<li>Seville, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Shee, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Shirt" id="Shirt"></a>Shirt-sleeve, wetting the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>Shoe, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> + +<li>Shony, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li> + +<li>Shropshire, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Sid," <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. See also <a href="#Forts">Forts</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194" href="#Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>Sigurd, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sîtou, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sleep, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sloe, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> + +<li>Snakes. See <a href="#Adder-stone">Adder-stone</a><br /></li> + +<li>Snap-apple. See <a href="#Apples">Apples</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sol, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li> + +<li>Soul-cakes. See <a href="#Cake">Cake</a><br /></li> + +<li>South, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>South Uist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sowens, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>Spain, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li> + +<li>Spectre Huntsman, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li> + +<li>Spirits, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>abroad, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;<br /></li> + <li>evil, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Staffordshire, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /></li> + +<li>Stones, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> + +<li>Stories, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> + +<li>Straw, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Strunt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Summer's end," <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sun-god, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br /> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>-worship, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /></li> + <li>-wise, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Superstitions, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li> + +<li>Swans, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li> + +<li>Swastika, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li> + +<li>Sweden, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li> + +<li>Symbols, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_T" name="IX_T"></a><span class="smcap">Tam o' Shanter</span>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tannhäuser, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Tara" id="Tara"></a>Tara, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li> + +<li><i>Tempest</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li> + +<li>Teuton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> + +<li>Teutonic, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li> + +<li>Thanksgiving, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for harvest, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Thimble, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li>Thor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Thorn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li> + +<li>Thread, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li> + +<li>Thuringia, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tiberius, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tigernmas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Tin Islands," <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tlactga, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li> + +<li>Toads, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li> + +<li>Toasts, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> + +<li>Todmorden, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li> + +<li>Torches, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tree-worship, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li> + +<li>Trefoil, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li> + +<li>Trinity, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tripod, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Trolls, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Tuatha_De_Danann" id="Tuatha_De_Danann"></a>Tuatha De Danann, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li> + +<li>Tub, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>apples in. See <a href="#Apples">Apples</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Tyr, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_U" name="IX_U"></a><span class="smcap">United States</span>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_V" name="IX_V"></a><span class="smcap">Valhalla</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li> + +<li>Vali, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li> + +<li>Valkyries, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li> + +<li>Vandals, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li> + +<li>Venus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /></li> + +<li>Vertumnus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li> + +<li>Vortumnalia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li> + +<li>Vulcan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> + +<li>Vurdh, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_W" name="IX_W"></a><span class="smcap">Wales</span>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>belief in fairies in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>Walnut-tree, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li> + +<li>Walpurga, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li> + +<li>Ward, Hill of. See <a href="#Tara">Tara</a><br /></li> + +<li>Water, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li>Wedding of sun and earth, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li> + +<li>"Weird Sisters," <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li> + +<li>Wendy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li> + +<li>Wheel,<br /> + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sun-symbol, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /></li> + <li>of fortune, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li> + </ul></li> + +<li>White Lady, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li> + +<li>Wild Huntsman, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li> + +<li>Will-o'-the-wisps, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li> + +<li>Windsor Forest, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li> + +<li>Winnowing, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195" href="#Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>Winter, first day of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li> + +<li>Witches, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> + +<li>Witchcraft, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li> + +<li>Wood, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> + +<li>Wotan. See <a href="#Odin">Odin</a><br /></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_Y" name="IX_Y"></a><span class="smcap">Yarn</span>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li> + +<li><a name="Years_end" id="Years_end"></a>Year's end, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li> + +<li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li> + +<li>Yggdrasil, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li> + +<li>Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> + +<li>Yule, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_Z" name="IX_Z"></a><span class="smcap">Zschokke</span>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" summary="Transcriber's Notes"> +<tr><td align='left'><h3>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h3> +<p>Adjusted placement of footnotes.</p> +<p>Page 88: Retained irregular spelling of "Candelmas" in quoted material +versus standard spelling in index.</p> +<p>Page 182: Standardized punctuation.</p> +<p>Pages 191 & 194: Standardized index cross-reference words.</p> +<p>Page 204: Standardized spelling of "sick-bed."</p> +<p>Page 207: Standardized spelling of <i>Völuspa</i>.</p></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF HALLOWE'EN *** + +***** This file should be named 20644-h.htm or 20644-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/6/4/20644/ + +Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Ted Garvin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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